[Cite as In re: W.H., H.W., J.W. III, J.W., P.W., E.W., J.W. IV, 2016-Ohio-8206.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

MARION COUNTY 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-19 

 W.H. 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-20 

 H.W. 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-21 

 J.W., III 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-22 

 J.W., 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-23 

 P.W. 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-2- 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-24 

 E.W. 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 

IN RE: 

 CASE NO. 9-16-25 

 J.W., IV 

[LAURA HORN - APPELLANT] O P I N I O N 

[JAMES WISE, JR. - APPELLANT] 

 

Appeals from Marion County Common Pleas Court 

Juvenile/Family Division 

Trial Court Nos. 2013AB00219, 2013AB00220, 2013AB00221, 2013AB00222, 

2013AB00241, 2013AB00242 and 2013AB00243 

Judgments Affirmed 

Date of Decision: December 19, 2016 

 

APPEARANCES: 

 

Nathan D. Witkin for Appellant-Father 

Robert C. Nemo for Appellant-Mother 

 Justin J. Kahle for Appellee 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-3- 

SHAW, P.J. 

{¶1} Mother-Appellant, Laura Horn (“Mother”), and Father-Appellant, 

James Wise, Jr. (“Father”), appeal the March 28, 2016 judgments of the Marion 

County Court of Common Pleas, Family Division, granting the motion for 

permanent custody of their seven children filed by Marion County Children Services 

(the “Agency”) and terminating their parental rights. On appeal, Appellants claim 

that the trial court erred in granting the Agency’s motion for permanent custody 

because the Agency failed to use reasonable efforts and diligent case planning 

toward their reunification with the children. Appellants also allege that the guardian 

ad litem provided ineffective assistance of counsel to the children and prejudiced 

their case. The Appellants further assert that the trial court’s decision to grant the 

Agency’s motion for permanent custody was not supported by competent, credible 

evidence and was against the weight of the evidence. 

{¶2} On October 28, 2013, the Agency filed complaints and motions for 

emergency temporary custody of Appellants’ children, W.H. (born October 2007), 

H.W. (born September 2008), J.W. III (born July 2010), and J.W. (born November 

2012).1

 The Agency claimed that the children were dependent pursuant to R.C. 

2151.04(C) on the basis that “[t]he home is infested with roaches. Caseworker 

 

1

 We note that another child, D.W., was included in this motion, but the record reveals that he is the son of 

Father and another woman, Jennifer E. D.W. went to live with Jennifer E. as a result of these proceedings. 

Therefore, D.W. was not included in the Agency’s permanent custody motion and is not part of this appeal. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-4- 

observed roaches all over the walls, floors, refrigerator, and on containers of food. 

Caseworker also observed the two youngest children in a pack-n-play where roaches 

were crawling.” 2 (Oct. 28, 2013 Compl.) The trial court granted the Agency’s 

motion for emergency temporary custody, appointed counsel for Appellants, and 

appointed a guardian ad litem for the children. The children were placed in a foster 

home and Appellants were given weekly supervised visitation with the children at 

the Agency. 

{¶3} The Agency filed a case plan delineating objectives and goals for 

facilitating Appellants’ reunification with the children, with the primary concern 

being the Appellants’ ability to remediate the environmental hazards in the home 

and maintain appropriate housing for the children. Both Mother and Father were 

given a list of specific case plan objectives to accomplish, which included, among 

other things, completing substance abuse and mental health screenings and 

following the recommendations from those screenings, keeping their home free of 

environmental hazards and allowing the county department of health to complete 

inspections of the home, completing parenting classes, including learning about the 

effects of cockroach infestations on young children, and not permitting anyone to 

 

2

 The record also indicates that the impetus for the Agency’s investigation prompting the filing of these 

complaints came from an anonymous tip stating that the children were being physically abused by the parents, 

the home was infested with cockroaches, the parents were not nurturing the children, there was traffic in and 

out of the home, there was marijuana in the home, the children witnessed a domestic violence incident 

between Father and an unknown male resulting in an injury to Father, Appellants snort pills in front of the 

children, and the children do not have beds. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-5- 

live in the home other than Appellants. Father was also given the task of completing 

a domestic violence screening based upon an alleged history of domestic violence. 

{¶4} On November 15, 2013, the trial court held a shelter care hearing and 

ordered that the children remain in the temporary custody of the Agency. 

{¶5} On December 30, 2013, the Agency filed another motion for emergency 

temporary custody this time concerning a set of triplets, P.W., E.W., and J.W. IV, 

born to Appellants in early December 2013, and alleging that the children were 

dependent pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C). In the motion, the Agency alleged that 

Appellants had failed to remediate the cockroach infestation, which prompted the 

removal of the other four children from their home. The Agency further stated that 

the triplets had been released from the hospital on apnea monitors, which required 

sanitary conditions. The Agency noted that Appellants’ visitation with the triplets 

had been sporadic in the hospital, and that they had not received training to use the 

apnea monitors or to dispense the triplets’ medications. 

{¶6} The Agency also expressed concern with Appellants’ general ability to 

meet the medical needs of the triplets, who were born premature, and highlighted 

examples in which Appellants had failed to meet the medical needs of the other four 

children removed from Appellants’ home in October of 2013. The trial court 

granted the Agency’s motion and placed the triplets in the temporary custody of the 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-6- 

Agency. The trial court subsequently approved the Agency’s case plan, which 

incorporated the triplets. 

{¶7} On January 24, 2014, the parties appeared before a Magistrate for an 

adjudication hearing, where the following testimony relative to the Agency’s 

complaints was presented. 

{¶8} Jerry Marquis, a code enforcement officer with the Marion Public 

Health Department testified that prior to being notified by the Agency, he had been 

to Appellants’ home regarding a report of solid waste situated around the house. 

However, he did not conduct an inspection of the interior of the home until a formal 

complaint was made by the Agency in November 2013 relative to this case. During 

his inspection, Mr. Marquis recalled assessing numerous violations, including 

cockroaches dead and alive throughout the home, various structural problems, 

general uncleanliness and unsanitary issues, no running water or toilet facilities, no 

kitchen sink or suitable food preparation area and a collapsed roof in the kitchen, 

and the vent from the hot water heater not allowing for proper ventilation of carbon 

monoxide. 

{¶9} Mr. Marquis discussed pictures he took depicting the condition of 

Appellants’ home on November 13, 2013, which showed a large amount of trash 

and tires scattered throughout the interior and exterior of the home, deteriorating 

floors, structurally unstable stairs, unsecured electrical switches/outlets creating an 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-7- 

electrocution hazard if touched, nonfunctional toilets filled with human waste, 

several uncovered five gallon buckets filled with human waste placed throughout 

the home, soiled mattress piled on garbage, along with evidence of the cockroach 

infestation. He explained that he informed Father of the repairs that need to be made 

and gave him a written notice of the violations, but “was not met with real good 

reception” as Father became confrontational with him. (Jan. 24, 2014 Adjudication 

Hrg. at 6). 

{¶10} Mr. Marquis returned to Appellants’ home on December 28, 2013, and 

recalled that Father continued to be confrontational, preventing him from inspecting 

most of the home. Father was given another written notice of the violations. Mr. 

Marquis did note that the home had running water at the time, however, there was 

no improvement made with the dilapidated stairs and the electrical safety concerns. 

{¶11} On January 6, 2014, Mr. Marquis returned to Appellants’ home a third 

time and no significant improvement had been made. He delivered a “Notice To 

Abate Nuisance and/or Violation” and informed Appellants that they would be 

given five days to correct the violations before the matter would be taken to the 

Board of Health. (State’s Ex. C). On January 14, 2014, Mr. Marquis followed up 

on the violations contained in the Notice. He explained that Father answered the 

door and told him that some of the repairs had been made. Mr. Marquis was not 

able to enter the home due to Father’s confrontational attitude. Mr. Marquis 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-8- 

returned to deliver a notice declaring the home uninhabitable, deeming the home 

unsuitable for human habitation, and giving Appellants ten days to vacate the home. 

Appellants were instructed to contact the county department of health when the 

violations were corrected and to provide documentation that a certified electrician 

and plumber had made the necessary repairs. Mr. Marquis testified that since then 

Appellants have not contacted the department of health or provided him with the 

necessary paperwork. Accordingly, Mr. Marquis testified that Appellants’ home 

was still deemed uninhabitable at the time of the adjudication hearing. 

{¶12} Mandy Davis, the Agency’s investigator involved in the children’s 

removal from the home, provided testimony recalling that the Agency’s initial 

involvement was due to allegations of a roach infestation and drugs being sold out 

of the home. Ms. Davis provided similar testimony as Mr. Marquis describing the 

interior of the home and noted that “[t]here were thousands of roaches everywhere. 

There were roaches, you know, on the food that was sitting on the counters, there 

was roaches on the fridge, in the playpen with the kids. When I arrived the kids 

were actually playing a game called “squash the roach” with a fly swatter * * *.” 

(Jan. 24, 2014 Adjud. Hrg. at 34). She also described roach bites all over the 

children’s hands and ears. 

{¶13} Karena Pryor, the Agency’s ongoing caseworker handling the case, 

testified that when the triplets were born in December 2013, the Agency did not 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-9- 

think it was appropriate for the newborns to be placed in Appellants’ home. Ms. 

Pryor explained that the triplets were six weeks pre-mature and needed around the 

clock care because they were on apnea monitors and medication. 

{¶14} On March 6, 2014, after conducting an independent review, the trial 

court approved and adopted the Magistrate’s decision finding the children to be 

dependent. 

{¶15} On April 4, 2014, the trial court held a dispositional hearing and 

ordered that the children remain in the temporary custody of the Agency and that 

the parties follow the case plan. 

{¶16} Throughout the case, the Agency filed a series of semi-annual reviews 

which indicated Appellants had made insufficient progress in meeting the case plan 

objectives. Appellants’ eventually completed the initial substance abuse and mental 

health assessments after several months of the case pending. However, the Agency 

noted that Father refused to follow the counseling center’s recommendation of 

participating in group drug treatment and of completing drug screens at the 

counseling center. The record indicates that Father did agree to complete drug 

screens for the Agency’s caseworker. There were two drug screens done by the 

Agency in August and October 2014. Father tested positive for marijuana, cocaine, 

benzoylecgonine (a metabolite of cocaine), and ecgonine methyl ester (a metabolite 

of cocaine) on both occasions. Father completed two more drug screens in January 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-10- 

2015 and February 2015. The results of which indicated him testing positive for 

THC and opiates, and THC, respectively. Father refused to submit to a domestic 

violence assessment and refused to take parenting classes, stating to the Agency’s 

caseworker that he knows how to parent his children and there is nothing the classes 

would be able to teach him. Father also had not learned of the effects of 

cockroaches on young children. 

{¶17} The record indicated that Mother received SSI due to a disability 

which rendered her low functioning. She had completed the initial substance abuse 

and mental health screenings, but was inconsistent in complying with drug screens. 

The record indicates that a drug screen for Mother in 2014 was positive for 

hydromorphone, with no prescription provided to the caseworker, and again positive 

for hydrocodone, this time with a prescription for Cyclobenzaprine provided to the 

caseworker. Mother had also failed to complete parenting classes or to educate 

herself of the effects of cockroaches on small children. The caseworker noted in 

each semi-annual review, that even though Father and Mother claimed to be the only 

ones living in the home, there were always other people in the home when she 

visited. 

{¶18} The record establishes that the children were placed together in two 

different foster homes. W.H., H.W., J.W. III, and J.W. were together in one home 

and the triplets were in another. As the case progressed, it became evident to the 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-11- 

Agency that Appellants had not been meeting the developmental needs of the four 

older children removed from their home in October 2013. 

{¶19} Specifically, since the removal of the children from Appellants’ home, 

the Agency learned that the oldest child, W.H., had been diagnosed with epilepsy 

and had problems with his speech, the next oldest, H.W., suffered from seizures, 

was not toilet trained, had problems with her speech, and was also subject to chronic 

urinary tract infections. It was later discovered that H.W. had three kidneys and 

kidney disease, which resulted in her undergoing surgery while the case was 

pending. There was no indication that Appellants had been addressing these 

medical concerns or ensuring that the children were taking the proper medication. 

{¶20} The Agency also discovered that J.W. III had been referred to a 

specialist when he was five-months-old for possible hip dysplasia, however no 

action was taken by Appellants. While it was discovered through x-rays that J.W. 

III’s hips were normal, it was also revealed that he had a large skin tag removed 

from his face which was causing him distress. J.W. III also had issues with his 

speech and was not taken to an early intervention specialist by Appellants despite 

qualifying for the services. 

{¶21} J.W., the youngest of the four children removed from Appellants’ 

home, had a large mole or birthmark on his back that was supposed to be monitored 

by a dermatologist every six months for growth or possible cancerous changes. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-12- 

However, the record indicates that Appellants had not taken him to the doctor to 

address this while he was in their care. J.W. was also prescribed glasses and was 

receiving speech therapy. 

{¶22} While in the Agency’s temporary custody, the children were assessed 

by the appropriate health care providers and placed on a treatment plan to remedy 

their developmental delays and to address the untreated medical conditions. 

According to the semi-annual reviews, all the children had made significant 

progress while in foster care. The case reviews further noted that Appellants had 

attended less than half of the scheduled visitations with the children. 

{¶23} In March of 2015, Mother gave birth to a set of twins, who tested 

positive for barbiturates at the time of their birth. Notably, these children are not 

part of this case. 

{¶24} On May 29, 2015, the Agency filed motions requesting permanent 

custody of the children based upon Appellants’ failure to substantially remedy the 

conditions which led to the children’s removal from the home and their continued 

placement in the Agency’s temporary custody. The Agency also cited the children’s 

need for a permanent and stable home as an additional reason supporting their 

request that its motion for permanent custody of the children be granted.3

 

 

3

 We note that Father is not the biological father of W.H. and that the identity of W.H.’s father was unknown. 

Nevertheless, the record establishes that notice to W.H.’s father of the Agency’s motion for permanent 

custody was made by publication. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-13- 

{¶25} On December 7, 2015, the guardian ad litem filed a report 

recommending that the Agency be “awarded custody of said children.” (GAL 

December 7, 2015 report at 4). 

{¶26} On December 7, 2015, March 1, 2016, and March 10, 2016, the trial 

court held hearings on the Agency’s motion for permanent custody. Several 

witnesses testified for the Agency, including the county code enforcement officer 

from the department of health, counselors from Marion Area Counseling Center, the 

Agency’s ongoing caseworker, the Agency’s visitation monitor, and the guardian 

ad litem. The testimony at the hearing revealed the following. 

{¶27} Mary Riley, a treatment specialist at the Marion Area Counseling 

Center, recalled seeing Father for one session in August of 2014. She explained 

that at that point Father’s alcohol and other drug assessment had been completed 

and she was meeting with him to establish a treatment plan. However, a treatment 

plan was never created due to Father abruptly leaving the session after twenty 

minutes because he refused to take a drug test. She explained that the drug screening 

was necessary to determine a baseline of drug use so that a treatment plan could be 

tailored to his needs. She recalled Father stating his belief that drug tests were 

unconstitutional, getting up, and slamming the door on his way out. Father did not 

return to the counseling center after this initial meeting. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-14- 

{¶28} Irene Johnson, a mental therapist at the Marion Area Counseling 

Center, testified that she met with Mother for one individual counseling session in 

July of 2014. She explained that Mother completed an alcohol and other drugs 

assessment and that no substance abuse treatment was recommended. However, 

Mother was referred to her for mental health counseling due to depression, but no 

treatment was recommended after the session. 

{¶29} Jerry Marquis, Code Enforcement Officer with the Marion County 

Department of Health, reiterated much of the same testimony given at the 

adjudication hearing regarding the condition of the home at the time of the four 

older children’s removal and the Agency’s initial involvement leading to up the 

Board of Health’s decision to declare the home uninhabitable in January of 2014. 

Mr. Marquis next visited the home in April of 2014 and noted that some 

improvement was made, but the home was still inhabitable at that time. 

{¶30} Mr. Marquis then visited in July of 2014 and observed the kitchen was 

remodeled, with the siding and the roof fixed, but still noted quite a bit of solid waste 

around the home. Mr. Marquis again visited the home in September of 2014. He 

determined that the majority of the necessary repairs had been completed and 

removed the uninhabitable placard. He returned to view the home in June 2015 

prior to a hearing, but was unable to gain entry due to Father’s volatility toward him. 

Despite being prevented from inspecting the interior of the home, he observed an 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-15- 

increase of solid waste and garbage in the yard. He took pictures of the outside of 

the home in July, August, and November 2015, and noted a decline in the home’s 

overall outward condition, with an increase in the amount of waste and garbage in 

the yard, and the continued dilapidation of the front porch steps. At the time of the 

December 2015 permanent custody hearing, Mr. Marquis reported that the current 

condition of the home had worsened to the point that he was considering initiating 

the process to deem the home uninhabitable again. 

{¶31} Karena Pryor, the Agency’s ongoing caseworker assigned to the case, 

testified that the original removal of the four oldest children was due to the condition 

of Appellants’ home and that the triplets were removed because the condition of the 

home had not improved at the time of their birth. Ms. Pryor discussed the case plan 

put into effect to facilitate the children’s reunification with Appellants. She 

explained that with regard to Father, the case plan was developed to address the 

Agency’s concerns of Father’s history of domestic violence, his chronic marijuana 

use, and his need for parenting classes due to the condition of the home. She recalled 

that Father completed an alcohol and other drug assessment, but that Father had not 

been cooperative with following up with the counseling center or with submitting 

to drug screens as directed by the case plan. 

{¶32} Ms. Pryor attempted to make contact with Appellants at least once a 

month, but Appellants only met with her sporadically. She explained that in the six 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-16- 

months leading up to the permanent custody hearing, Appellants had stopped all 

together trying to make an effort to meet with her. When she did meet with 

Appellants at their home, it was mainly on the front porch because Appellants did 

not want her inside. After the Spring of 2015, Appellants did not let her in the home 

to assess its suitability for the children. She testified that Father had yet to complete 

a domestic violence screening because he saw no need for it. According to the case 

plan, Father was also supposed to complete parenting classes, explore suitable 

housing options, and allow the department of health into the home to do inspections. 

{¶33} Ms. Pryor testified that Mother had not completed parenting classes 

and neither parent had learned about the effects of roaches on young children. Ms. 

Pryor’s inability to see the interior of the home impeded her assessment of whether 

Appellants had complied with the case plan objectives. For example, she could not 

make a determination of whether the housing was suitable, if Appellants could 

provide for the children’s basic needs, or who was living in the home. Ms. Pryor 

noted throughout the semi-annual reviews that there were always numerous other 

individuals at the home when she visited despite the fact that Appellants maintained 

they were the only ones living there. 

{¶34} Appellants were also supposed to maintain the minimum utilities of 

water, electric, and heat in the home. Ms. Pryor recalled that at the March 2016 

permanent custody hearing, the Appellants had admitted that their home did not 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-17- 

have running water. Ms. Pryor believed Appellants’ lack of cooperation in allowing 

the home to be assessed for its appropriateness for the children hindered Appellants’ 

progress towards reunification with the children. She expressed her belief that 

Appellants had not demonstrated an ability to provide for the children’s basic needs 

and that the children needed permanency which Appellants could not provide. 

{¶35} Angie Johnson, a case aide who supervises visitation at the Agency, 

testified to observing Appellants’ visitation with the four older children since 

November of 2013, and with the triplets after their birth in December 2013. The 

last visit she observed took place on August 4, 2015. The visit with the triplets 

occurred first and she described Appellants’ interaction with the nearly two-yearold triplets as appropriate, playful, and nurturing. With regard to the visit with the 

older children, Ms. Johnson noted that only three of the children attended because 

one was at camp. 

{¶36} In general, she described seeing a strong bond between Appellants and 

the four older children. However, she did not describe the same bond present with 

the triplets and observed that the triplets appear not to comprehend that Appellants 

were their biological parents. Ms. Johnson explained that Appellants had missed 

numerous visits over the duration of the case and were placed on a mandatory call 

ahead policy, which required Appellants to call the Agency and confirm they 

intended to visit that day in order for a visitation to take place. She explained that 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-18- 

this policy is to ensure the parents show up for the visitation so as not to put the 

children through the disappointment of waiting at the Agency only to have no one 

arrive. 

{¶37} The Agency submitted two documents exhibiting the Appellants’ 

visitation summary for each group of children, the four older children and the 

triplets. As for the four older children, the summary spanned the timeframe of 

November 1, 2013 to February 23, 2016, about a week before the last permanent 

custody hearing where Ms. Johnson’s testimony was presented. The visitation 

summary with the triplets began on March 25, 2014 and also ended on February 23, 

2016. Both summaries demonstrated that Appellants had not visited with the 

children since August 4, 2015, despite a weekly visitation schedule being in place 

and Appellants were either a “no call or no show” for nearly thirty appointments 

since their last visit. (State’s Exs. 12 and 13, March 1, 2016 Hrg. at 84). 

{¶38} According to Ms. Johnson, Appellants attended 39 of the 123 

visitations scheduled with the four older children. She acknowledged that three of 

those visitations were cancelled by the Agency. As for the triplets, Appellants 

attended 22 out of 111 scheduled visits, with the Agency being responsible for three 

cancellations. The visitation summaries for the four older children and triplets 

showed a similar pattern of Appellants’ attending nearly half the visitations in the 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-19- 

beginning of the case with a sharp drop off in visitations during the early part of 

2015. 

{¶39} The guardian ad litem for the children testified and also agreed that 

permanent custody was in the children’s best interest. 

{¶40} On March 28, 2016, the trial court issued judgment entries granting 

the Agency’s motion for permanent custody of the children. In its judgment entries, 

the trial court made findings of facts and found by clear and convincing evidence 

that the children cannot be placed with the parents in a reasonable period of time or 

should not be placed with the parents in accordance with the factors contained in 

R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)-(16). The trial court also found that granting the Agency’s 

motions for permanent custody was in the best interest of the children. 

{¶41} Both Mother and Father filed appeals from the trial court’s judgments 

granting the Agency permanent custody of the children, and asserted the following 

assignments of error on appeal.4

MOTHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT GRANTING 

PERMANENT CUSTODY OF APPELLANT’S CHILDREN TO 

APPELLEE WAS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE 

CHILDREN. 

 

4

 We note, for reasons not apparent from the record, that Father failed to file a notice of appeal in case no. 9-

16-21 regarding the trial court’s disposition of the case as to J.W. III. However, due to the over lapping 

nature of mother’s and father’s assignments of errors, this oversight is not determinative to the outcome of 

J.W. III’s case on appeal. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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MOTHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II 

THE GUARDIAN AD LITEM RENDERED INEFFECTIVE 

ASSISTANCE BY FAILING TO PERFORM A THOROUGH 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATION. 

FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I 

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY NOT 

STRIKING THE GUARDIAN’S REPORT AND TESTIMONY 

AS NOT BEING COMPETENT, CREDIBLE EVIDENCE. 

FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II 

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY 

FOLLOWING THIS RECOMMENDATION AND NOT 

DISCHARGING THE GUARDIAN UNDER R.C. 2151.281(D). 

FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III 

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR IN 

FAILING TO ASCERTAIN THE WISHES OF THE CHILD OR 

SPECIFICALLY CONSIDER THE BEST INTEREST 

FACTORS IN R.C. 2151.414(D). 

FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IV 

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY 

FINDING THAT MARION COUNTY CHILDREN SERVICES 

MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO RETURN THE 

CHILDREN TO THE PARENTS. 

FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR V 

THE TRIAL COURT’S DECISION IS AGAINST THE 

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE BECAUSE 

APPELLEE DID NOT PROVE BY CLEAR AND 

CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT THE COURT SHOULD 

GRANT ITS MOTION FOR PERMANENT CUSTODY OF 

THE MINOR CHILDREN. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR VI 

THE CASE PLAN IN THIS MATTER DID NOT FOLLOW 

THE GENERAL GOALS AND PRIORITIES OF R.C. 

2151.412(H). 

{¶42} For ease of discussion we elect to discuss some of Appellants’ 

assignments of error together and out of order. 

Evidence Supporting the Trial Court’s Decision 

{¶43} In Mother’s first Assignment of Error and Father’s third and fifth 

Assignments of Error, Appellants argue that the trial court’s decision to grant the 

Agency’s motion for permanent custody is not supported by sufficient evidence and 

is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In making this argument, Father also 

contends that the trial court failed to make certain required findings. 

Standard of Review 

{¶44} A trial court’s decision to grant permanent custody of a child must be 

supported by clear and convincing evidence. The Supreme Court of Ohio has 

defined “clear and convincing evidence” as “[t]he measure or degree of proof that 

will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the 

allegations sought to be established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere 

preponderance, but not to the extent of such certainty, as required beyond a 

reasonable doubt, as in criminal cases.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-22- 

paragraph three of the syllabus; In re: Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 370 

(1985). 

{¶45} In reviewing whether the trial court based its decision upon clear and 

convincing evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine 

whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite 

degree of proof.” State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1990); See also, C.E. 

Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279 (1978), syllabus. If the trial 

court’s judgment is “supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all 

the essential elements of the case,” a reviewing court may not reverse that judgment. 

Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d at 74. 

{¶46} Moreover, “an appellate court should not substitute its judgment for 

that of the trial court when there exists competent and credible evidence supporting 

the findings of fact and conclusion of law.” Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d at 74. Issues 

relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence are 

primarily for the trier of fact. Deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is 

“crucial in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties' 

demeanor and attitude that does not translate to the record well.” Davis v. 

Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419 (1997); See also, In re: Christian, 4th Dist. 

Athens No. 04CA10, 2004-Ohio-3146, ¶ 7; In re: C.W., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

20140, 2004-Ohio-2040, ¶ 17. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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{¶47} Section 2151.414(B)(1) of the Revised Code sets forth a two-pronged 

test for a trial court granting an Agency’s motion for permanent custody. The court 

may grant permanent custody of a child to the movant if the court determines that it 

is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent custody to the agency that filed 

the motion for permanent custody and that any of the following apply: 

(a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the 

temporary custody of one or more public children services 

agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more 

months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or has not 

been in the temporary custody of one or more public children 

services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or 

more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as 

described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised 

Code, the child was previously in the temporary custody of an 

equivalent agency in another state, and the child cannot be placed 

with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should 

not be placed with the child’s parents. 

(b) The child is abandoned. 

(c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child 

who are able to take permanent custody. 

(d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more 

public children services agencies or private child placing agencies 

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month 

period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of one or 

more public children services agencies or private child placing 

agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-twomonth period and, as described in division (D)(1) of section 

2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the 

temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state. 

(e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or 

parents from whose custody the child has been removed has been 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-24- 

adjudicated an abused, neglected, or dependent child on three 

separate occasions by any court in this state or another state. 

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) (emphasis added). 

{¶48} In this case, the trial court made findings pursuant to R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(a), specifically considering “whether the children cannot be placed 

with the parents in a reasonable period of time and should not be placed with their 

parents * * *.” (Mar. 28, 2016 JE at 6). Section 2151.414(E) of the Revised Code 

sets forth the factors a trial court must consider in determining whether a child 

cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should 

not be placed with the child’s parents. Here, the trial court determined the following 

factors in R.C. 2151.414(E) to be relevant to its determination in this case: 

(E) In determining at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of 

this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 

2151.353 of the Revised Code whether a child cannot be placed 

with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should 

not be placed with the parents, the court shall consider all 

relevant evidence. If the court determines, by clear and convincing 

evidence, at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section 

or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the 

Revised Code that one or more of the following exist as to each of 

the child’s parents, the court shall enter a finding that the child 

cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or 

should not be placed with either parent: 

(1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home 

and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts 

by the agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that 

initially caused the child to be placed outside the home, the parent 

has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy 

the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child’s 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-25- 

home. In determining whether the parents have substantially 

remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental 

utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social 

and rehabilitative services and material resources that were made 

available to the parents for the purpose of changing parental 

conduct to allow them to resume and maintain parental duties. 

* * * 

(4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward 

the child by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate 

with the child when able to do so, or by other actions showing an 

unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for the 

child; 

* * * 

(14) The parent for any reason is unwilling to provide food, 

clothing, shelter, and other basic necessities for the child or to 

prevent the child from suffering physical, emotional, or sexual 

abuse or physical, emotional, or mental neglect. 

{¶49} R.C. 2151.414(E) (emphasis added). The trial court stated the following in 

its judgment entry regarding these factors: 

The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the Agency 

provided over two years of case planning and made diligent and 

reasonable efforts to assist the parents to remedy the problems 

that caused the children to be placed outside the home. The Court 

further finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parents 

failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the 

conditions that caused the children to remain in the Agency’s 

custody. 

Pursuant to Ohio Revised Code § 2151.414(E)(4) the Court finds 

by clear and convincing evidence the parents demonstrated a lack 

of commitment to the children by failing to regularly support, 

visit or communicate with the children when able to do so. 

Specifically the parents repeatedly failed to provide a safe and 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-26- 

habitable home for the children. Also see Ohio Revised Code § 

2151.414(E)(14). 

(Mar. 28, 2016 JE at 7). 

{¶50} The record supports the trial court’s findings that these factors are 

relevant to the disposition of this case. The uncontroverted evidence establishes 

that the conditions causing the children to be placed outside Appellants’ home were 

the unsanitary and dangerous state of Appellants’ home, which also led the county 

department of health to deem the home uninhabitable. Even though Appellants had 

made some progress in remedying the conditions of the home, enough for the county 

code enforcement officer to remove the uninhabitable placard in the Fall of 2014, 

the only evidence in the record indicates that the condition of the home began to 

deteriorate to the point to where the county code enforcement officer discussed 

initiating the process to deem the home uninhabitable again in December 2015. 

Notably, the case plan specifically required that Appellants permit the county code 

enforcement officer into their home for inspections. However, Appellants’ repeated 

conduct in refusing admittance to the county code enforcement officer into the 

house to assess the conditions of the home only served to buttress the Agency’s 

position that Appellants had made insufficient progress in remedying the deplorable 

conditions to make the home suitable for the children’s return. See R.C. 

2151.414(E)(1), (14). 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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{¶51} Moreover, the uncontested evidence in the record establishes that the 

Agency set up weekly supervised visitations for Appellants to visit with the 

children. However, in the over two-and-a-half-year period that the children were in 

the temporary custody of the Agency, Appellants attended 39 of the 123 scheduled 

visits with the four older children and attended only 22 of the 111 scheduled visits 

with the triplets. The reports from the Agency’s visitation monitor, which were 

admitted at the permanent custody hearing, demonstrated that Appellants failed to 

exercise a single visitation with the children from August 2015 to February 2016, 

and that Appellants’ attendance in visitations prior to that time was inconsistent and 

sporadic. See R.C. 2151.414(E)(4). 

{¶52} In addition to the finding that the children should not be placed with 

Appellants or cannot be placed with Appellants in a reasonable period of time, the 

trial court must also make a determination as to whether granting the Agency’s 

motion for permanent custody is in the children’s best interest. In determining the 

best interest of the child at a permanent custody hearing, R.C. 2151.414(D) 

mandates that the trial court must consider all relevant factors, including, but not 

limited to, the following: (1) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with 

the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and out-of-home providers, and 

any other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the wishes of the child 

as expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-28- 

regard for the maturity of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child; and (4) the 

child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of 

placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody. We note that the 

focus of the “best interest” determination is upon the child, not the parents—

specifically R.C. 2151.414(C) prohibits the court from considering the effect a grant 

of permanent custody would have upon the parents. 

{¶53} It is well-established that “[t]he discretion which the juvenile court 

enjoys in determining whether an order of permanent custody is in the best interest 

of a child should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding 

and the impact the court’s determination will have on the lives of the parties 

concerned.” In re C.H., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2016CA00081, 2016-Ohio-5202, ¶ 41 

citing In re Mauzy Children, 5th Dist. Stark No.2000CA00244, (Nov. 13, 2000), 

quoting In re Awkal, 95 Ohio App.3d 309, 316 (8th Dist.1994). 

{¶54} In the present case, the trial court’s decision indicates that it 

considered the best interest factors and the record supports the trial court’s finding 

that granting the Agency’s motion for permanent custody is in the children’s best 

interests. As noted by the trial court in its judgment entries granting permanent 

custody, the record illustrates that Appellants’ failed to attend to the four older 

children’s serious medical conditions or to address their developmental delays while 

the children were in Appellants’ care. The record suggests that some of the medical 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-29- 

conditions and concerns were bought to Appellants’ attention, but were ignored. 

However, after being in the Agency’s temporary custody for just a short while and 

having services provided to address the children’s medical and developmental 

needs, the record indicates that the children had made significant progress in 

overcoming these issues and even began to thrive. 

{¶55} The record also demonstrates that while Appellants appeared to have 

a strong bond with the four older children, a similar bond with the triplets was absent 

due to: the triplets being placed in the Agency’s temporary custody shortly after 

their birth; Appellants’ subsequent poor visitation attendance; and the triplets’ 

tender age and inability to understand that Appellants are their biological parents. 

{¶56} We note that Father argues on appeal that the trial court failed to 

ascertain the wishes of the children in its best interest determination. The record 

establishes that at the time of the permanent custody hearing the children were ages 

eight, seven, five, three and two. The guardian ad litem testified at the permanent 

custody hearing that due to the children’s immaturity he was not able to determine 

their wishes, but opined that the children appeared to be very well adjusted in their 

current placement with the Agency. Notably, in making his complaint, Father has 

failed to point us to any evidence in the record contradicting the guardian ad litem’s 

assessment. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-30- 

{¶57} In sum, the overarching concerns with the persistent unsanitary and 

hazardous conditions in Appellants’ home, along with Appellants’ refusal to 

cooperate with the Agency and other authorities in remediating the conditions 

causing the children to be placed outside the home, Appellants’ lack of attentiveness 

to serious medical and developmental concerns with the four older children, and 

Appellants’ failure to regularly attend visitation with the children all support the 

Agency’s position that the children were in need of a legally secure permanent 

placement, which could not be achieved without a grant of permanent custody. 

Accordingly, we find the trial court’s determinations that the children could not and 

should not be returned to Appellants and that the grant of permanent custody is in 

the best interests of the children are supported by sufficient evidence and are not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Mother’s first assignment of error and 

Father’s third and fifth assignments of error are overruled. 

The Agency’s Reasonable Efforts and Case Plan 

{¶58} In Father’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that the record does 

not support the trial court’s conclusion that the Agency made reasonable efforts to 

prevent the continued removal of the children from Appellants’ home. In Father’s 

sixth assignment of error, he argues that the Agency failed to attempt to find familyplacement options before placing the children in foster care, contrary to the 

requirements of R.C. 2151.412(H). 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-31- 

{¶59} Section 2151.419(A)(1) of the Revised Code governs reasonable 

efforts by a public children services agency “to prevent the removal of the child 

from the child’s home, to eliminate the continued removal of the child from the 

child’s home, or to make it possible for the child to return safely home.” The agency 

has the burden of proving that it has made those reasonable efforts. In re B.P., 3d 

Dist. Logan No. 8-15-07, 2015-Ohio-5445, ¶ 39. 

{¶60} “ ‘Reasonable efforts means that a children’s services agency must act 

diligently and provide services appropriate to the family’s need to prevent the 

child’s removal or as a predicate to reunification.’ ” In re H.M.K., 3d Dist. Wyandot 

Nos. 16-12-15 and 16-12-16, 2013-Ohio-4317, ¶ 95, quoting In re D.A., 6th Dist. 

Lucas No. L-11-1197, 2012-Ohio-1104, ¶ 30. “ ‘Reasonable efforts’ does not mean 

all available efforts. Otherwise, there would always be an argument that one more 

additional service, no matter how remote, may have made reunification possible.” 

Id., quoting In re M.A.P., 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2012-08-164 and CA2012-08-

165, 2013-Ohio-655, ¶ 47. 

{¶61} “ ‘Nevertheless, the issue is not whether there was anything more that 

[the agency] could have done, but whether the [agency’s] case planning and efforts 

were reasonable and diligent under the circumstances of this case.’ ” In re A.M.A., 

3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-13-02, 2013-Ohio-3779, ¶ 29, quoting In re Leveck, 3d 

Dist. Hancock Nos. 5-02-52, 5-02-53, and 5-02-54, 2003-Ohio-1269, ¶ 10. “We 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-32- 

also note that the statute provides that in determining whether reasonable efforts 

were made, the child’s health and safety is paramount.” Id., citing R.C. 

2151.419(A)(1). 

{¶62} In its judgment entries granting permanent custody, the trial court 

found “pursuant to Ohio Revised Code § 2151.419(A)(1) that the Agency made 

reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of the children from the home of their 

parents, eliminate the continued removal of the children from their parents’ home 

and taken steps to make it possible for the children to be returned home safely. 

However [the] parents’ failure to work with the Agency in achieving the goals and 

objectives of the case plan in this regard prevented return of the children to the 

parents’ home.” (March 28, 2016 JE at 7). As previously discussed at length, the 

record accurately reflects the trial court’s finding as to reasonable efforts. 

{¶63} Nevertheless, Father seems to primarily take issue with the fact that 

Appellants were not given increased visitation with the children when their home 

was deemed inhabitable by the county code enforcement officer in the Fall of 2014. 

Despite the fact that the county code enforcement officer had removed the 

uninhabitable placard at this time, indicating only that Appellants had taken the 

minimal steps to remedy the atrocious conditions to make the home suitable for 

human habitation at its basic level, Appellants had still not complied with case plan 

objectives which required them to complete parenting classes and educate 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-33- 

themselves about the effects of cockroach infestations on small children. Nor had 

Appellants regularly attended the scheduled visitations with the children at the 

Agency or demonstrated in any way to the Agency their ability to provide the most 

basic and fundamental support for the children. 

{¶64} The record also demonstrates that during the initial phases of the case, 

the Agency attempted to find alternative housing for Appellants, but Father became 

agitated by the idea and insisted in staying in the home, which at the time belonged 

to his father. Thus, the Agency’s assistance in finding Appellants an appropriate 

home free of environmental and structural hazards—which was the undisputed 

cause of the children’s removal from the home—was never pursued due to 

Appellants’ unwillingness to find alternative housing. 

{¶65} The Agency also moved times and dates around to make visitation 

easier on Appellants. Ms. Johnson, the visitation monitor, recalled Appellants had 

a hard time getting transportation to the Agency, and that it is the Agency’s policy 

not to remove children from school for visitation. The Agency merged the visitation 

schedules with the two groups of children to accommodate Appellants so that they 

could visit with the triplets earlier and see the older children after school. The 

Agency also offered to provide bus tickets and cab vouchers to Appellants to help 

them get to the visitations. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-34- 

{¶66} Given the evidence in the record supporting the trial court’s 

determination that the Agency used reasonable efforts to eliminate the continued 

removal of the children from Appellants’ home, or to make it possible for the 

children to return safely home, and nothing in the record to support Father’s 

criticism of the Agency’s conduct, we do not find merit in Father’s fourth 

assignment of error. 

{¶67} Father also claims the Agency’s case plan was deficient because it 

failed to comply with R.C. 2151.412(H) setting forth “general priorities” by which 

an agency “shall” be guided in developing a case plan. See In re A.J., 5th Dist. 

Licking No. 14-CA-35, 2014-Ohio-3755, ¶¶ 20-21. The portion of R.C. 

2151.412(H) relevant to Father’s argument addresses who “should” have custody 

of a child: 

(H) In the agency’s development of a case plan and the court’s 

review of the case plan, the child’s health and safety shall be the 

paramount concern. The agency and the court shall be guided by 

the following general priorities: 

(1) A child who is residing with or can be placed with the 

child’s parents within a reasonable time should remain in 

their legal custody even if an order of protective supervision 

is required for a reasonable period of time; 

(2) If both parents of the child have abandoned the child, 

have relinquished custody of the child, have become 

incapable of supporting or caring for the child even with 

reasonable assistance, or have a detrimental effect on the 

health, safety, and best interest of the child, the child should 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-35- 

be placed in the legal custody of a suitable member of the 

child’s extended family; 

(3) If a child described in division (H)(2) of this section has 

no suitable member of the child’s extended family to accept 

legal custody, the child should be placed in the legal custody 

of a suitable nonrelative who shall be made a party to the 

proceedings after being given legal custody of the child; 

(4) If the child has no suitable member of the child’s 

extended family to accept legal custody of the child and no 

suitable nonrelative is available to accept legal custody of the 

child and, if the child temporarily cannot or should not be 

placed with the child’s parents, guardian, or custodian, the 

child should be placed in the temporary custody of a public 

children services agency or a private child placing agency * 

* *. 

R.C. 2151.412(H)(1), (2), (3), (4). “Ohio courts have consistently recognized that 

the language of R.C. 2151.412(H) is precatory, not mandatory.” In re C.C., 3d Dist. 

Marion Nos. 9-16-07, 9-16-08, 2016-Ohio-6981, ¶ 17; In re A.J., 5th Dist. Licking 

No. 14-CA-35, 2014-Ohio–3755, ¶ 21, quoting In re M.H., 4th Dist. Vinton No. 11 

CA683, 2011–Ohio–5140, ¶ 44–45. 

{¶68} Contrary to Father’s argument on appeal, the Agency’s caseworker 

repeatedly noted in the case plans that no suitable kin had been identified that were 

able to care for the children. The record demonstrates that it was initially noted in 

the case plan that the Agency was asked about a potential kinship placement, but 

Appellants denied any relationship with that individual. Father points to this 

exchange with an unidentified woman at the shelter care hearing in November of 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-36- 

2013, shortly after the case was initiated, to suggest that the Agency failed to 

adequately explore kinship options. 

The Court: Ma’am? 

Unidentified Female: I’m the grandma of [H.W.], [J.W. III], 

[J.W.]—and I would like to be able to visit my grandchildren. Is 

there any way possible that I can do that? 

The Court: This procedure’s only in regards to the parents. 

Unidentified Female: Okay. I thought I’d just ask. 

The Court: At some point in time maybe in the, you know, in the 

future we can let—you may want to talk to a lawyer about what 

kind of rights you have as a grandparent. 

(Nov. 15, 2013 Hrg. at 10). 

{¶69} Notably, there was no motion for legal custody filed by a relative or 

other potential caregiver in this case. Moreover, this exchange with the trial court 

alone does not demonstrate that the Agency failed to comply with the guidelines set 

forth in R.C. 2151.412(H). Accordingly, we are not persuaded by Father’s argument 

that the Agency’s case plan was deficient in this manner. Therefore, Father’s fourth 

and sixth assignments of error are overruled. 

The Guardian Ad-Litem 

{¶70} In Mother’s second assignment of error and Father’s first and second 

assignments of error, Appellants claim the trial court erred in overruling trial 

counsel’s motion to strike the guardian’s report and in not discharging the guardian 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-37- 

ad litem under R.C. 2151.281(D). As the basis for their claim, Appellants assert 

that the guardian ad litem did not fulfill his duty to conduct an independent 

investigation and review, and did not comply with the guidelines in Sup.R. 48. 

{¶71} Section 2151.281(I) of the Revised Code requires a guardian ad litem 

in a permanent custody case to: “perform whatever functions * * * necessary to 

protect the best interest of the child, including, but not limited to, investigation, 

mediation, monitoring court proceedings, and monitoring the services provided the 

child by the public children services agency or private child placing agency that has 

temporary or permanent custody of the child, and shall file any motions and other 

court papers that are in the best interest of the child * * *.” Id. 

{¶72} In this case, the guardian ad litem filed his report on December 7, 

2015, the first day of the permanent custody hearing. On the last day of the 

permanent custody hearing, the guardian ad litem was called to the stand on crossexamination. Prior to the guardian ad litem testifying, trial counsel for Mother made 

an oral motion to strike the guardian ad litem’s report on the basis that it did not 

constitute a “final report” because the guardian ad litem failed to specify “permanent 

custody” when he recommended that the Agency “be awarded custody” of the 

children in his report. The trial court overruled counsel’s motion, noting that the 

guardian ad litem was about to take the stand and could clarify or update his 

recommendation for the parties if necessary. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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{¶73} The guardian ad litem’s testimony reveals that he twice visited 

Appellants’ home and noted no significant improvement in the condition, observed 

the children to be well-adjusted in their foster care placements less than one month 

prior to the permanent custody hearing, attended all necessary hearings and court 

proceedings, interacted with Appellants in the courtroom and twice outside the court 

proceedings, and reviewed pertinent Agency documents and conferred with the 

Agency’s caseworker. He expressed his reason for recommending the trial court 

grant the Agency’s motion for permanent custody was primarily based upon the 

parents having had ample opportunity to either remedy the cause for the children’s 

removal by making the home suitable for the children’s return or to be willing to 

seek alternative housing, but that Appellants failed to do so in the two-and-a-half 

year period. 

{¶74} Appellants claim that the guardian ad litem failed to comply with the 

guidelines stated in Sup. R. 48(D). Specifically, Appellants argue that the guardian 

ad litem failed to fulfill the minimum responsibilities set forth in Sup.R. 48(D)(13), 

which states: 

(13) A guardian ad litem shall make reasonable efforts to become 

informed about the facts of the case and to contact all parties. In 

order to provide the court with relevant information and an 

informed recommendation as to the child's best interest, a 

guardian ad litem shall, at a minimum, do the following, unless 

impracticable or inadvisable because of the age of the child or the 

specific circumstances of a particular case: 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-39- 

(a) Meet with and interview the child and observe the child 

with each parent, foster parent, guardian or physical 

custodian and conduct at least one interview with the child 

where none of these individuals is present; 

(b) Visit the child at his or her residence in accordance with 

any standards established by the court in which the guardian 

ad litem is appointed; 

(c) Ascertain the wishes of the child; 

(d) Meet with and interview the parties, foster parents and 

other significant individuals who may have relevant 

knowledge regarding the issues of the case; 

(e) Review pleadings and other relevant court documents 

in the case in which the guardian ad litem is appointed; 

(f) Review criminal, civil, educational and administrative 

records pertaining to the child and, if appropriate, to the 

child’s family or to other parties in the case; 

(g) Interview school personnel, medical and mental health 

providers, child protective services workers and relevant 

court personnel and obtain copies of relevant records; 

(h) Recommend that the court order psychological 

evaluations, mental health and/or substance abuse 

assessments, or other evaluations or tests of the parties as the 

guardian ad litem deems necessary or helpful to the court; 

and 

(i) Perform any other investigation necessary to make an 

informed recommendation regarding the best interest of the 

child. 

{¶75} The record establishes that the guardian ad litem complied with many 

of these guidelines. Appellants appear to take issue with the fact that the guardian 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-40- 

ad litem never observed them interact with the children. However, as previously 

noted, Appellants attended only a small portion of the scheduled visitations over a 

two-and-half-year period. Appellants also claim that the two times the guardian ad 

litem visited their home were inadequate given the fact that the condition of the 

home was such an important aspect of this case. We find this argument highly 

speculative on Appellants’ part that an increase of the guardian ad litem’s visits to 

their home would have made a difference in the overall outcome in this case given 

the fact that over a year into the Agency’s involvement Appellants refused to let the 

Agency’s caseworker or the county code enforcement officer into the home. 

{¶76} Further, there is no indication in the record that Appellants would have 

treated the guardian ad litem differently and welcomed him into the home to view 

the conditions. Moreover, the record suggests that due to the Appellants’ failure to 

permit an inspection of the home—by either the caseworker or the health 

department, there was no opportunity for the conditions of the home to be viewed 

to ensure the children’s safety if returned. To the contrary, the uncontroverted 

evidence in the record suggests that the conditions of the home had not improved, 

but were again deteriorating. 

{¶77} Even if the guardian ad litem failed to sufficiently comply with Sup.R. 

48, several appellate districts have previously held that Sup.R. 48 does not create 

substantive rights. In re E. W., 4th Dist. Washington No. 10CA18, 10CA19, 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-41- 

10CA20, 2011-Ohio-2123, ¶ 12; accord In re J.A. W., 11th Dist. Trumbull No.2013-

T-0009, 2013-Ohio-2614, ¶ 47; In re K. V., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1087, 2012-

Ohio-190, ¶ 30 (stating that the Rules of Superintendence do not give rise to 

substantive rights, and so the filing of a guardian ad litem’s report is not 

mandatory.). “ ‘They are not the equivalent of rules of procedure and have no force 

equivalent to a statute. They are purely internal housekeeping rules which are of 

concern to the judges of the several courts but create no rights in individual 

defendants.’ ” Allen v. Allen, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.2009-T-0070, 2010-Ohio-475, 

¶ 31, quoting State v. Gettys, 49 Ohio App.2d 241, 243, (3d. Dist. 1976). 

{¶78} Appellants also specifically assert that the trial court is precluded from 

considering the guardian ad litem’s recommendation because his determination 

regarding the maturity level of the eight-year-old’s and seven-year-old’s ability to 

express their wishes was unsubstantiated. Even assuming arguendo that the 

guardian ad litem was mistaken in his assessment, Appellants cannot demonstrate 

that any error relating to the guardian ad litem’s failure to ascertain the specific 

wishes of the two eldest children affected the outcome of the proceedings. See In re 

N.G., 9th Dist. No. 12CA010143, 2012-Ohio-2825, ¶ 28 (holding that the absence 

of evidence of child’s wishes was not reversible error in the permanent custody 

appeal because there was substantial evidence on the remaining mandatory factors 

and the guardian ad litem had investigated the case and had given a report to the 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

-42- 

trial court about the child’s best interests). Here, the considerations attendant to 

Appellants’ failure to remedy the conditions of the home—which implicated serious 

health and safety concerns—and their lack of commitment toward the children 

during the case by failing to regularly attend visitations were paramount to any 

potential desire expressed by the oldest children to return to Appellants’ home. 

{¶79} It is worth noting that a number of courts have determined that when 

parents cannot establish any prejudice arising from the action or non-action of a 

guardian ad litem, it is harmless error. See, In re Sanders Children, 5th Dist. 

Tuscarawas No. 2004 AP 08 0057, 2004-Ohio-5878, ¶ 76; see also In re West, 4th 

Dist. Athens No. 05CA4, 2005-Ohio-2977, ¶ 27 (concluding that mother could not 

establish prejudice when mother did not show what other evidence the guardian ad 

litem could have discovered that may have affected the guardian’s 

recommendation); In re Seitz, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.2002-T-97, 2003-Ohio-5218, 

¶ 29 (“[I]t is not immediately apparent that a custodial disposition should be 

reversed on the basis of arguably ineffective service by the guardian ad litem.”); In 

re E.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79249 (Nov. 8, 2001) (“ ‘ * * * [W]hen parents 

cannot establish prejudice arising from the misfeasance, or nonfeasance, of a 

guardian ad litem, it is harmless error.’ ”), quoting In re Breslav, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 75468 (Apr. 13, 2000); In re J.C., 4th Dist. Adams No. 07CA833, 2007-Ohio-
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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3781, ¶ 14 (determining that any error associated with guardian ad litem’s failure to 

interview children of tender years did not affect the outcome of the proceeding). 

{¶80} Moreover, it is important to recognize that a trial court is not bound by 

the recommendation of the guardian ad litem. In re M.Z., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 

11CA010104, 2012-Ohio-3194, ¶ 35; In re Andrew B., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L01-

1440, 2002-Ohio-3977, at ¶ 64; Roberts v. McGrady, 9th Dist. Summit No. 16986, 

at *4 (May 10, 1995) (concluding that because a guardian ad litem’s report is not 

dispositive, but merely evidence for the court’s consideration, any unfair bias was 

harmless error). The trial court determines a guardian ad litem’s credibility and the 

weight to be given to his/her report. The trial judge, as trier of fact, was entitled to 

believe or disbelieve the guardian ad litem’s testimony and to consider it in the 

context of all the evidence before the court. Also of note, counsel for Appellants 

questioned the guardian ad litem, and addressed specific questions regarding his 

investigation and the basis of his report at the permanent custody hearing. 

Appellants have failed to point to any portion of the judgment entries that 

demonstrates that the trial judge erroneously relied on the testimony or the report of 

the guardian ad litem. Nor do they point to any particular finding that is 

unreasonable or otherwise unsupported by the evidence because of improper 

reliance on the testimony of the guardian ad litem. 
Case Nos. 9-16-19 – 9-16-25 

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{¶81} Based upon our prior discussion of the facts and circumstances in this 

case establishing the overwhelming evidence that Appellants’ failed to remedy the 

abhorrent conditions of the home, which caused the children’s initial removal, and 

their failure to regularly exercise visitation with the children or to follow the 

directives in the Agency’s case plan, Appellants cannot show that any alleged 

deficiency in the guardian ad litem’s performance affected the outcome of these 

proceedings. Thus, we find no grounds for reversal due to the trial court’s 

consideration of the guardian ad litem’s report, testimony, and recommendation. 

Accordingly, Mother’s second assignment of error and Father’s first and second 

assignments of error are overruled. 

{¶82} For all these reasons, Mother’s and Father’s assignments of error are 

overruled and the judgments are affirmed. 

Judgments Affirmed 

PRESTON and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur. 

/jlr