IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2004-CA-01920-SCT

DEMARCUS SMITH, A MINOR, 

AND KIARA SMITH, A MINOR, 

AND TEVON SMITH, A MINOR, 

DECEASED AND/OR ESTATE OF 

TEVON SMITH BY CARL SMITH, 

PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE, 

NATURAL FATHER AND NEXT FRIEND, 

ALL BY THEIR NATURAL FATHER AND 

NEXT FRIEND, CARL SMITH, INDIVIDUALLY,

AND AS A WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARY OF

TEVON SMITH, AND CARL SMITH ON BEHALF OF

ALL OF TEVON SMITH’S WRONGFUL DEATH

BENEFICIARIES

v.

CASSANDRA L. HOLMES, INDIVIDUALLY 

AND AS NATURAL GUARDIAN AND NEXT

FRIEND OF DEMARCUS HOLMES AND 

KIARA HOLMES, AND AS PERSONAL

REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF 

TEVON HOLMES, DECEASED; 

AND BOONE EXPRESS, INC.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/28/2004

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LARRY O. LEWIS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: TUNICA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: DANIEL A. SEWARD

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: B. HUMPHREYS McGEE, III 

MICHAEL N. WATTS 

TODD B. MURRAH

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 12/15/2005

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:
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CONSOLIDATED WITH

NO. 2004-CA-02116-SCT

DEMARCUS SMITH, A MINOR, 

AND KIARA SMITH, A MINOR, 

AND TEVON SMITH, A MINOR, 

DECEASED AND/OR ESTATE OF 

TEVON SMITH BY CARL SMITH, 

PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE, 

NATURAL FATHER AND NEXT FRIEND, 

ALL BY THEIR NATURAL FATHER 

AND NEXT FRIEND, CARL SMITH,

INDIVIDUALLY, AND AS A 

WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARY OF 

TEVON SMITH, AND CARL SMITH 

ON BEHALF OF ALL OF TEVON SMITH’S

WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES 

v.

BOONE EXPRESS, INC. AND MICHAEL DALE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/28/2004

TRIAL JUDGE: LARRY O. LEWIS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: TUNICA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: DANIEL A. SEWARD 

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: TODD B. MURRAH 

NATURE OF THE CASE: WRONGFUL DEATH

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 12/15/2005

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. These consolidated appeals raise issues of parental immunity, priority jurisdiction, a

fiduciary’s conflict of interest, and joinder of wrongful death beneficiaries. We find that (1)

Glaskox ex rel. Denton v. Glaskox, 614 So. 2d 906, 909 (Miss. 1992), abrogated the doctrine
1Case number 2004-CA-01920-SCT is the appeal from the denial of the motion to

intervene and/or join. Case number 2004-CA-02116-SCT is the appeal from the dismissal of

Carl’s wrongful death complaint. These two appeals are consolidated.

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of parental immunity for a parent who negligently causes injuries to his or her child in an

automobile accident; (2) under Long v. McKinney, 897 So. 2d 160 (Miss. 2005), only one

wrongful death complaint may be filed – the one that is first filed; (3) under Long, all wrongful

death beneficiaries have a right to be joined in the wrongful death lawsuit; (4) under Long, the

personal representative of an estate in a wrongful death suit has a fiduciary relationship to the

wrongful death beneficiaries; and (5) a fiduciary should not have any conflicts of interest.

FACTS

¶2. An automobile accident occurred in Tunica County, Mississippi, between an automobile

operated by Cassandra L. Holmes and an eighteen-wheeler truck owned by Boone Express, Inc.,

and operated by Michael Dale. Witnesses to the accident aver that Cassandra turned left in

front of oncoming traffic. Cassandra’s children, Demarcus Smith, Kiara Smith and Tevon

Smith, were injured in the accident, and Tevon was killed. 

¶3. Cassandra filed a wrongful death and personal injury lawsuit against Boone Express and

Dale on September 18, 2002. On October 21, 2002 , Carl Smith, the natural father of all of

the children, filed his own wrongful death lawsuit and a separate motion to intervene and/or

join in Cassandra’s lawsuit. Finding that Carl was not a necessary party, the circuit court

denied the motion to intervene and/or join. The circuit court dismissed Carl’s wrongful death

lawsuit on the basis that only one wrongful death action can be filed. From these two orders,

Carl appeals.1
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DISCUSSION

I. PARENTAL IMMUNITY.

¶4. The circuit judge denied Carl’s motion to intervene on the basis that Carl wished to

raise negligence and wrongful death claims against Cassandra and that such claims would be

barred due to parental immunity. We find that the circuit judge erred. The principle of parental

immunity, which bars an unemancipated minor from suing his or her parent for injuries caused

by the negligence of the parent, has been abrogated in this State, insofar as the negligent

operation of motor vehicles is concerned. Glaskox ex rel. Denton v. Glaskox, 614 So. 2d

906, 909 (Miss. 1992); see also Ales v. Ales, 650 So. 2d 482, 486 (Miss. 1995). The

Glaskox court held as follows: “We hold that the judicially created doctrine of parental

immunity has outlived its purpose and adopt the majority view abrogating the principle as it

applies to the negligent operation of a motor vehicle.” Glaskox, 614 So. 2d at 912.

Accordingly, we find that the circuit court erred in denying Carl’s motion to intervene.

II. MOTION TO JOIN OR INTERVENE.

¶5. The denial of a motion to intervene is an appealable final order. Cohen v. Cohen, 748

So. 2d 91, 93 (Miss. 1999) (citing Guar. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Pittman, 501 So. 2d 377, 380

(Miss. 1987)). Rule 24(a)(2) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure provides that anyone

who “is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede

his ability to protect that interest” may intervene by right “unless the applicant’s interest is

adequately represented by existing parties.”

¶6. The circuit court denied Carl’s motion to join Cassandra’s lawsuit because, as a

wrongful death beneficiary, Carl’s interests would be protected in Cassandra’s lawsuit. We
2Although the current version of the wrongful death statute was not in effect at the time

of the accident (January, 2002), the list of those persons who may sue thereunder has not

changed since 2002, even though the most recent amendment thereto was enacted in 2004.

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have recently held that, if a wrongful death beneficiary wishes to join a wrongful death lawsuit,

his motion to join should be granted: “[I]n wrongful death litigation, all claims shall be joined

in one suit.” Long v. McKinney, 897 So. 2d 160, 174 (Miss. 2005). Therefore, under Long,

Carl should have been joined as a party plaintiff because he is a wrongful death beneficiary.

We note that the Long case was handed down after these appeals were filed, so the circuit

court did not have the benefit of our holding when it denied the motion. 

III. RACE TO THE COURTHOUSE. 

¶7. There is no question that Cassandra filed a wrongful death complaint before Carl filed

his own complaint. Both are Tevon’s natural parents and are therefore wrongful death

beneficiaries who are entitled to bring a wrongful death lawsuit under Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-

13 (Rev. 2004).2 

¶8. It is clear under our jurisprudence that only one of the wrongful death beneficiaries may

bring a wrongful death lawsuit. Long, 897 So. 2d at 168. See also Jones v. Steiner, 481 F.2d

392 (5th Cir. 1973). Because only one wrongful death lawsuit may be filed, and two such

lawsuits have been filed, the rule of prior jurisdiction comes into play:

It is fundamental that a plaintiff is not authorized simply to ignore a prior action

and bring a second, independent action on the same state of facts while the

original action is pending. Hence a second action based on the same cause will

generally be abated where there is a prior action pending in a court of competent

jurisdiction within the same state or jurisdictional territory, between the same

parties, involving the same or substantially the same subject matter and cause of

action, and in which prior action the rights of the parties may be determined and

adjudged.
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Long, 897 So. 2d at 172 (quoting Lee v. Lee, 232 So. 2d 370, 373 (Miss. 1970)); accord

Harrison County Dev. Comm’n v. Daniels Real Estate, Inc., 880 So. 2d 272, 276 (Miss.

2004), overruled on other grounds, City of Jackson v. Estate of Stewart ex rel. Womack,

908 So. 2d 703 (Miss. 2005). Here, the two complaints pertain to the same state of facts,

subject matter and cause of action – the infant child’s death. Cassandra’s lawsuit was pending

in a court of competent jurisdiction within the same state as Carl’s, and the two complaints

involved the same parties – all of Tevon’s wrongful death beneficiaries and the alleged thirdparty tortfeasor. Because Carl’s wrongful death complaint was filed after Cassandra’s, we find

that the circuit court’s dismissal of Carl’s complaint was eminently correct. 

IV. PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AS FIDUCIARY.

¶9. One of the issues raised by Carl is that Cassandra allegedly has a conflict of interest

which bars her from serving as personal representative for the wrongful death beneficiaries.

This issue -- that is, whether Cassandra’s role as an alleged tortfeasor would prejudice in any

way the other wrongful death beneficiaries’ claims – was raised in Carl’s motion to intervene

which was denied by the circuit court. Since the best interests of the minor children are

involved, the conflict of interest issue must be considered.

¶10. One who brings a wrongful death suit as the personal representative acts in a fiduciary

capacity:

The [wrongful death statute] speaks in terms of a litigant bringing

the suit "for the benefit of all persons entitled under law to

recover . . .” and "for the benefit of all parties concerned . . . .”

Thus, bringing suit in such a representative capacity renders the

named plaintiff a fiduciary to all he or she proposes to represent,

much the same as in litigation instituted by the executor or
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executrix of an estate. Those being represented must trust the

named plaintiff to properly prosecute the litigation, enter into fair

settlement negotiations, and handle all funds recovered as trust

funds for the benefit of those entitled to them. 

Long, 897 So. 2d at 169 (footnote omitted). If a trustee has a conflict of interest, “he has a

duty to refuse the trust, resign, or remove the conflicting personal interest.” Estate of

Bodman v. Bodman, 674 So. 2d 1245, 1249 (Miss. 1996); see also Jackson v. Jackson, 732

So. 2d 916, 921 (Miss. 1999) (applying same duty to a conservator).

¶11. Because Cassandra is a fiduciary by way of her being the personal representative of the

wrongful death beneficiaries, and Carl has raised a claim of conflict of interest, this issue must

be considered by the circuit court. We therefore remand this issue to the circuit court for a

determination of whether Cassandra should remain as personal representative and whether the

children’s interests would be best represented by a guardian ad litem or the appointment of

another person as personal representative. The circuit court should consider the fact that cases

with unnamed defendant tortfeasors are tried regularly and, seemingly, without jury confusion.

See, e.g., Classic Coach, Inc. v. Johnson, 823 So. 2d 517 (Miss. 2002). Moreover, Miss.

Code Ann. § 11-7-15 (Rev. 2004) provides that a person who “may have been guilty of

contributory negligence” is not barred from recovery. This principle may be extrapolated so

that a person who “may have been guilty of contributory negligence” is not barred from filing

suit against other tortfeasors. 

¶12. The circuit court should also consider any conflicts between Cassandra and Carl and

whether Carl’s interests would be prejudiced if Cassandra remains the personal representative.
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CONCLUSION

¶13. We reverse the circuit court’s denial of Carl Smith’s motion to join, and we remand this

case, No. 2004-CA-01920-SCT, to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion. We affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of Carl Smith’s complaint.

¶14. CASE NUMBER 2004-CA-01920-SCT: REVERSED AND REMANDED.

¶15. CASE NUMBER 2004-CA-02116-SCT: AFFIRMED.

SMITH, C.J., COBB, P.J., CARLSON, DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.,

CONCUR. EASLEY, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DIAZ AND GRAVES, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.