Filed 12/16/15 Santos v. Wells Fargo Bank CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for 

publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

WILLY SANTOS et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D066998

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2013-00064706- 

 CU-BC-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Joan M. Lewis, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Yasmine Djawadian and Yasmine Djawadian for Plaintiffs and 

Appellants.

Severson & Werson, Jan T. Chilton and Kerry W. Franich for Defendant and 

Respondent.
2

I.

INTRODUCTION

California courts have repeatedly applied the "universal rule that the failure to 

disclose a potential lender liability claim in a bankruptcy action precludes subsequent 

prosecution of such an action." (Conrad v. Bank of America (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 

133, 151 (Conrad); see, e.g., Hamilton v. Greenwich Investors XXVI, LLC (2011) 195 

Cal.App.4th 1602 (Hamilton), Billmeyer v. Plaza Bank of Commerce (1995) 42 

Cal.App.4th 1086.) In such an instance, the debtor who failed to disclose the lender 

liability claim in the bankruptcy proceeding, and thereby deprived the bankruptcy 

trustee of the right to pursue the action, is judicially estopped from asserting the claim 

once the bankruptcy plan has been confirmed. (See Hamilton, supra, at p. 1610.)

Appellants Willy and Shalihe Santos ("the Santoses") sued their lender, 

respondent Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Wells Fargo), as well as another entity, NDEX 

West, LLC.1 In a first amended complaint, the Santoses brought claims for breach of 

oral contract, promissory estoppel, and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing against Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo demurred to the first amended complaint on 

several grounds, including that all of the Santoses' claims are barred by the doctrine of 

judicial estoppel. In support of this argument, Wells Fargo requested that the trial 

court take judicial notice of documents demonstrating both that the Santoses failed to 

 

1 Wells Fargo is the only respondent on appeal.
3

list any claims against Wells Fargo in their bankruptcy filings, and that the bankruptcy 

court had confirmed the Santoses' bankruptcy plan. The trial court granted the 

unopposed request for judicial notice and sustained Wells Fargo's demurrer without 

leave to amend on numerous grounds, including that the action was barred by the 

doctrine of judicial estoppel. The court subsequently entered a judgment of dismissal 

in favor of Wells Fargo.

On appeal, the Santoses claim that the trial court erred in sustaining the 

demurrer without leave to amend. The Santoses contend that the trial court erred in 

concluding that their claims are barred by the doctrine of judicial estoppel. They also 

claim that the matter should be remanded to the trial court with directions that the 

court permit them leave to amend their complaint to allege an unfair competition cause 

of action. We conclude that the trial court properly sustained the demurrer without 

leave to amend because all of the claims alleged in the first amended complaint are 

barred by the doctrine of judicial estoppel. We further conclude that the Santoses are 

judicially estopped from asserting a proposed unfair competition cause of action. 

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.2

 

2 In light of our conclusion, we need not consider any of the other grounds on 

which the trial court sustained Wells Fargo's demurrer, nor need we consider the 

Santoses' claims pertaining to these grounds.
4

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The first amended complaint

The Santoses alleged that in January 2010, a representative of Wells Fargo 

entered into an oral "trial loan modification" agreement with them pertaining to a loan 

on their home (the Property). The Santos further alleged that in April 2010, Wells 

Fargo breached this agreement by failing to enter into a permanent loan modification, 

notwithstanding the fact that the Santoses had fulfilled all of their obligations under 

the trial loan modification agreement. The Santoses contended that Wells Fargo's 

failure to enter into a permanent loan modification under these circumstances gave rise 

to claims for breach of an oral contract, promissory estoppel and breach of the 

covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

B. Wells Fargo's demurrer to the first amended complaint

Wells Fargo demurred to the complaint on several grounds, including that all of 

the Santoses' causes of action are barred by the doctrine of judicial estoppel. Wells 

Fargo argued that the Santoses failed to disclose any of their claims against Wells 

Fargo in the Santoses' bankruptcy schedules, despite the fact that all of the facts giving 

rise to the Santoses' claims in this action preceded their filings in the bankruptcy court. 

Wells Fargo also argued that the Santoses had indicated that they would surrender the 

Property to Wells Fargo in their bankruptcy plan, while in this action they sought to 

enjoin foreclosure proceedings. Wells Fargo further argued that the bankruptcy court 
5

had relied on the Santoses' representations in confirming the Santoses' bankruptcy 

plan.

C. Wells Fargo's request for judicial notice

Wells Fargo filed a request for judicial notice in support of its demurrer and 

requested that the trial court take judicial notice of various documents, including the 

following documents from the Santoses' bankruptcy proceeding: the Santoses' Chapter 

13 bankruptcy petition, their bankruptcy schedules, their original and amended 

bankruptcy plans, and the bankruptcy court's confirmation of the Santoses' amended 

bankruptcy plan.

D. The Santoses' opposition to the demurrer

The Santoses filed an opposition in which they maintained that the issues in this 

case and those in the bankruptcy case are "entirely distinguishable," and that they did 

"nothing . . . in the bankruptcy case that was intentional or misleading." The Santoses 

also argued that they had every "right to file for bankruptcy and adjust their debts,"

and to also "adjudicate their rights against Defendants." The Santoses suggested that 

the doctrine of judicial estoppel should not apply because the bankruptcy court did not 

rely on any of their allegedly inconsistent representations.

E. The trial court's order sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend

After Wells Fargo filed a reply, and the trial court held a hearing on the 

demurrer, the trial court issued an order granting Wells Fargo's unopposed request for 

judicial notice and sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend. The trial court 
6

sustained the demurrer without leave to amend on several grounds, including that the 

"doctrine of judicial estoppel bar[s] this action."

F. The judgment and the Santoses' appeal

The trial court entered a judgment of dismissal in favor of Wells Fargo, from 

which the Santoses timely appeal.

III.

DISCUSSION

A. The trial court properly sustained Wells Fargo's demurrer without leave to 

amend on the ground that the Santoses' lender liability claims are barred by the 

doctrine of judicial estoppel

The Santoses claim that the trial court erred in concluding that their lender 

liability claims are barred by the doctrine of judicial estoppel and in sustaining Wells 

Fargo's demurrer on that ground.

1. Governing law

a. The law governing the review of orders sustaining a demurrer 

without leave to amend

In Hamilton, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at pages 1608-1609, the court outlined the 

following well-established law governing the review of an order sustaining a demurrer 

without leave to amend:

"A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. We review the complaint de 

novo to determine whether it alleges facts sufficient to state a cause of action. For 

purposes of review, we accept as true all material facts alleged in the complaint, but 

not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law. We also consider matters 

that may be judicially noticed. [Citation.] When a demurrer is sustained without 

leave to amend, 'we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect 

can be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and 

we reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm.' [Citation.] 

Plaintiff has the burden to show a reasonable possibility the complaint can be 

amended to state a cause of action." (Fn. omitted.)
7

b. Judicial estoppel and post-bankruptcy lender liability claims

"The doctrine of judicial estoppel, sometimes called the doctrine of 

' " 'preclusion of inconsistent positions' " ' [citation], ' " 'precludes a party from gaining 

an advantage by taking one position, and then seeking a second advantage by taking an 

incompatible position. [Citations.] The doctrine's dual goals are to maintain the 

integrity of the judicial system and to protect parties from opponents' unfair strategies. 

[Citation.] Application of the doctrine is discretionary.' " [Citation.] The doctrine 

applies when "(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the positions were taken 

in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party was successful in 

asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or accepted it as true); 

(4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position was not taken as 

a result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake." ' " (Blix Street Records, Inc. v. Cassidy

(2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 39, 47.)

" 'Courts of various jurisdictions have held that a debtor's assertion [in a civil 

action] of legal claims not disclosed in earlier bankruptcy proceedings constitutes an 

assumption of inconsistent positions. . . . This holding stems from the requirement that 

a debtor seeking the shelter provided by federal bankruptcy laws disclose all legal or 

equitable property interests to a bankruptcy court. . . . [¶] The omission of a cause of 

action or claim "from . . . mandatory bankruptcy filings is tantamount to a 

representation that no such claim existed." ' " (Gottlieb v. Kest (2006) 141 

Cal.App.4th 110, 137 (Gottlieb).)
8

This rule "has been applied by California courts." (Hamilton, supra, 195 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1610.) Thus, " ' "courts that have considered the effect of a debtor's 

failure to disclose a potential lender-liability lawsuit in a bankruptcy proceeding have 

universally held that the debtor is equitably estopped, judicially estopped or barred by 

res judicata from bringing the action after confirmation of the bankruptcy 

reorganization plan." ' " (Ibid.) For example, in Hamilton, the court concluded that a 

"borrower's failure to disclose, in earlier bankruptcy proceedings, the existence of his 

breach of contract and fraud claims against the lender bars the borrower from litigating 

those claims now." (Id. at p. 1605.) The Hamilton court reasoned in part:

"Here, plaintiff Henry Hamilton declared under penalty of perjury that the 

[bankruptcy] schedules he filed were true and correct, and he failed to list his claim 

against the bank, one of his principal creditors, in answer to an express question about 

counterclaims and setoffs. The complaint shows the events on which plaintiffs base 

their fraud and breach of contract claims against the bank occurred many months 

before plaintiff filed his bankruptcy proceeding, so he must have known of the facts 

allegedly justifying the claim, yet he failed to disclose the claim." (Id. at p. 1614.)

2. Application

Wells Fargo established that each of the elements of the doctrine of judicial 

estoppel was present so as to bar the Santoses' claims in the first amended complaint 

against Wells Fargo. The Santoses took inconsistent positions in two different judicial 

proceedings. In July 2012, the Santoses filed a bankruptcy schedule in which they 

were required to list "contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature . . . ." The 

Santoses indicated that they had no such claims. Further, in their October 2012 

amended bankruptcy plan, the Santoses stated that they would surrender the Property 

to Wells Fargo in full satisfaction of the debt they owed.
9

Notwithstanding these representations in the bankruptcy court, the Santoses 

have taken directly contrary positions in this case: first, by alleging three causes of 

action against Wells Fargo, and second, by seeking to enjoin Wells Fargo from 

foreclosing on the Property.

In addition, the bankruptcy court relied on the Santoses' representations that they 

had no claims against Wells Fargo and that they would surrender the Property to Wells 

Fargo when it confirmed their amended chapter 13 plan. (See Hamilton, supra, 195 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1610 [confirmation of debtor's bankruptcy plan is an acceptance of 

debtor's position sufficient to trigger application of judicial estoppel]; Gottlieb, supra, 141 

Cal.App.4th at p. 141 [same].)

Finally, all of the actions on which the Santoses base their complaint in this case 

arose in 2010 and 2011, before they filed their bankruptcy schedules and amended plan in 

2012. Further, the bankruptcy court confirmed the Santoses' bankruptcy plan in June 

2013, just two months before the Santoses filed this action in August 2013.

Under these circumstances, the "universal rule that the failure to disclose a 

potential lender liability claim in a bankruptcy action precludes subsequent 

prosecution of such an action" (Conrad, supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 151) fully applies, 

and the doctrine of judicial estoppel bars the claims that the Santoses assert in the first 

amended complaint.

The Santoses' arguments to the contrary are, to put it charitably, not persuasive. 

First, the Santoses contend that Wells Fargo relied solely on federal law in the trial 

court. This claim is unpersuasive since California law relies heavily on federal law in 
10

this context (see, e.g., Hamilton, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1609-1614 [discussing 

and relying on federal case law]; Gottlieb, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at pp. 139-141 

[same]). In any event, Wells Fargo cited California authority, including Hamilton, in 

its reply brief in the trial court.

The Santoses also repeat the conclusory assertions that they made in the trial court 

to the effect that they did nothing more than file for bankruptcy and list the Property as 

collateral. As discussed above, in the bankruptcy proceeding, the Santoses failed to list 

their claims against Wells Fargo. In addition, the Santoses affirmatively represented to 

the bankruptcy court that they would surrender the Property.

The Santoses contend that Gottlieb is "very similar" to this case and note that the 

Gottlieb court concluded that the doctrine of judicial estoppel did not apply in that case 

because the "creditors were not harmed as the bankruptcy case was dismissed without a 

confirmation of a plan of reorganization." (Citing Gottlieb, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 138-139.) However, in this case, unlike in Gottlieb, the Santoses' amended 

bankruptcy plan was confirmed by the bankruptcy court. Indeed, Gottlieb makes clear 

that a bankruptcy court's confirmation of a debtor's bankruptcy plan may constitute 

sufficient acceptance of the debtor's position to estop the debtor from asserting an 

inconsistent position in subsequent litigation.3 (Gottlieb, supra, at pp. 139-140.)

 

3 Further, while the Santoses claim that they "can plead that no determination on 

the merits was made during the bankruptcy proceedings," they do not dispute that their 

amended plan was confirmed and do not distinguish California case law holding that 

such confirmation constitutes a sufficient determination on the merits to trigger the

doctrine of judicial estoppel.
11

The Santoses also claim that there are "new facts" that would "eviscerate" Wells 

Fargo's judicial estoppel argument. In support of this contention, the Santoses note that at 

the demurrer hearing, their attorney explained that she recently learned from the Santoses'

bankruptcy counsel that the Santoses had been " 'trying to work with' " Wells Fargo on 

another loan modification during their bankruptcy proceedings. This argument fails 

because the Santoses do not explain why they never amended their bankruptcy plan to 

state that they did not intend to surrender the Property. Nor does this new fact address 

the Santoses' failure to list their causes of action against Wells Fargo in their bankruptcy 

schedule.

Finally, the Santoses assert that they can "plead facts that show that they 

intended to maintain their home and did not take inconsistent positions." Such a 

conclusory assertion does not sufficiently demonstrate how they could amend their 

complaint to avoid the application of the doctrine of judicial estoppel. (See Rakestraw 

v. California Physicians' Service (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 39, 43 [to satisfy his burden 

of demonstrating a reasonable possibility of amendment on appeal from an order 

sustaining a demurrer, "a plaintiff 'must show in what manner he can amend his 

complaint and how that amendment will change the legal effect of his pleading' "].)

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly sustained Wells Fargo's 

demurrer without leave to amend on the ground that the Santoses' lender liability 

claims are barred by the doctrine of judicial estoppel.
12

B. The Santoses are judicially estopped from asserting their proposed claim for 

unfair competition

The Santoses contend that the judgment should be reversed and the matter 

remanded to the trial court so that they can allege a new cause of action for unfair 

competition (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200) against Wells Fargo, based on the same 

alleged misrepresentations that formed the basis of the claims they allege in their first 

amended complaint. The Santoses acknowledge that the alleged facts that would form 

the basis of this proposed unfair competition claim "are inevitably intertwined with the 

facts alleged in the [first amended complaint] regarding [Wells Fargo's] promises and 

actions during the loan modification." For the same reasons that we have set forth in 

part III.A. ante, with respect to the claims contained in the first amended complaint, 

the Santoses are judicially estopped from asserting their proposed claim for unfair 

competition.

Accordingly, we conclude that the Santoses are not entitled to a reversal of the 

judgment and a remand in order to permit them to assert a claim for unfair 

competition.
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IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Wells Fargo is entitled to recover its costs on appeal.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

PRAGER, J.*

 

* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant 

to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.