Arrêt du Tribunal


**Case T-84/03**

**Maurizio Turco**

**v**

**Council of the European Union**

(Openness – Public access to Council documents – Partial refusal of access – Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 – Exceptions)

Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber), 23 November 2004

Summary of the Judgment

1.     *European Communities – Institutions – Right of public access to documents – Regulation No 1049/2001 – Exceptions to the right
of access to documents – Interpretation*

*(European Parliament and Council Regulation No 1049/2001, Art. 4(2))*

2.     *European Communities – Institutions – Right of public access to documents – Regulation No 1049/2001 – Exceptions to the right
of access to documents – Protection of legal advice – Scope*

*(European Parliament and Council Regulation No 1049/2001, Art. 4(2))*

3.     *European Communities – Institutions – Right of public access to documents – Regulation No 1049/2001 – Exceptions to the right
of access to documents – Protection of legal advice – Overriding public interest – Meaning – Burden of proof*

*(European Parliament and Council Regulation No 1049/2001, Art. 4(2))*

1.     The words ‘legal advice’, in the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 regarding public access to European
Parliament, Council and Commission documents, must be understood as meaning that the protection of the public interest may
preclude the disclosure of the contents of documents drawn up by the Council’s legal service in the context of court proceedings
but also for any other purpose. Whilst it is true that the exceptions to access to documents fall to be interpreted and applied
restrictively so as not to frustrate application of the general principle of giving the public the widest possible access
to documents held by the institutions, that principle set forth in the case-law applies, however, only to the definition of
the scope of an exception where that exception is capable of giving rise to several different constructions. In this case,
the expression ‘legal advice’ does not, in itself, present any difficulty of interpretation, so that there is no reason for
thinking that it covers only advice drawn up in the context of court proceedings. The consequence of the contrary construction
suggested by the applicant would be that the inclusion of legal advice among the exceptions under Regulation No 1049/2001
had no practical effect.

(see paras 60-62)

2.     The wording of the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 regarding public access to European Parliament,
Council and Commission documents, as well as the interpretation resulting from its comparison with the Code of Conduct concerning
public access to Council and Commission documents and the institutions’ decisions concerning public access to their documents
adopted prior to Regulation No 1049/2001, show that the Community legislature intended, in that regulation, to provide for
an exception relating to legal advice distinct from that relating to court proceedings. Since the term ‘court proceedings’
has already been interpreted in the context of the right of public access to the institutions’ documents, the Court considers
that that definition, reached for the purpose of interpreting Decision 94/90 on public access to Commission documents, is
relevant for the purposes of Regulation No 1049/2001. Thus, since legal advice drawn up in the context of court proceedings
is already included in the exception relating to the protection of court proceedings, the express reference to ‘legal advice’
among the exceptions necessarily has a meaning distinct from that of the exception relating to court proceedings. It follows
that an applicant is not justified in claiming that a legal opinion relating to an institution’s legislative activity cannot
come within the exception relating to legal advice within the meaning of the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No
1049/2001. However, the institution is bound to assess in each individual case whether the documents whose disclosure is sought
actually fall within the exceptions set out in Regulation No 1049/2001.

(see paras 57-58, 64-66, 69)

3.     The overriding public interest, under Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 regarding public access to European Parliament,
Council and Commission documents, capable of justifying the disclosure of a document which undermines the protection of legal
advice must, as a rule, be distinct from the principles of openness, of democracy and of greater participation of citizens
in the decision-making process, principles which are implemented by the provisions of that regulation as a whole. If that
is not the case, it is, at the very least, incumbent on the applicant to show that, having regard to the specific facts of
the case, the invocation of those same principles is so pressing that it overrides the need to protect the document in question.
In addition, although it may be possible that the institution in question itself identifies an overriding public interest
capable of justifying the disclosure of such a document, it is for the applicant who intends to rely on such an interest to
invoke it in his application so as to invite the institution to give a decision on that point.

(see paras 81-84)


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber) 23 November 2004[(1)](#Footnote1)

(Openness – Public access to Council documents – Partial refusal of access – Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 – Exceptions)In Case T-84/03,**Maurizio Turco,** residing in Pulsano (Italy), represented by O.W. Brouwer, T. Janssens and C. Schillemans, lawyers,

applicant,

supported by**Republic of Finland,** represented by T. Pynnä and A. Guimaraes-Purokoski, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,**Kingdom of Denmark,** represented initially by J. Liisberg and subsequently by J. Molde, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,and**Kingdom of Sweden,** represented by A. Kruse and K. Wistrand, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,

interveners,

v

**Council of the European Union,** represented by J.-C. Piris and M. Bauer, acting as Agents,

defendant,

supported by**United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,** represented by C. Jackson, acting as Agent, and by P. Sales and J. Stratford, Barristers, with an address for service in Luxembourg,and**Commission of the European Communities,** represented by M. Petite, C. Docksey and P. Aalto, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,APPLICATION for annulment of the Council’s decision of 19 December 2002 partially refusing the applicant access to certain
documents appearing on the agenda of the Justice and Home Affairs Council meeting of 14 and 15 October 2002,


THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE
OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),


composed of: P. Lindh, President, R. García-Valdecasas and J.D. Cooke, Judges,Registrar: I. Natsinas, Administrator,

gives the following


### Judgment


**: **Legal framework****

1
Article 255 EC provides:‘1.     Any citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State, shall
have a right of access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, subject to the principles and the conditions
to be defined in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3.2.       General principles and limits on grounds of public or private interest governing this right of access to documents shall be
determined by the Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 within two years of the entry
into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam....’

2
Recitals 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 11 in the preamble to Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (OJ 2001 L 145, p. 43), adopted
pursuant to Article 255 EC, state as follows:‘(1) The second subparagraph of Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union enshrines the concept of openness, stating that
the Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions
are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen.(2) Openness enables citizens to participate more closely in the decision-making process and guarantees that the administration
enjoys greater legitimacy and is more effective and more accountable to the citizen in a democratic system. Openness contributes
to strengthening the principles of democracy and respect for fundamental rights as laid down in Article 6 ... EU ... and in the
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.(3) The conclusions of the European Council meetings held at Birmingham, Edinburgh and Copenhagen stressed the need to introduce
greater transparency into the work of the Union institutions. This Regulation consolidates the initiatives that the institutions
have already taken with a view to improving the transparency of the decision-making process.(4) The purpose of this Regulation is to give the fullest possible effect to the right of public access to documents and to
lay down the general principles and limits on such access in accordance with Article 255(2) ... EC ... ....(6) Wider access should be granted to documents in cases where the institutions are acting in their legislative capacity,
including under delegated powers, while at the same time preserving the effectiveness of the institutions’ decision-making
process. Such documents should be made directly accessible to the greatest possible extent....(11) In principle, all documents of the institutions should be accessible to the public. However, certain public and private
interests should be protected by way of exceptions. The institutions should be entitled to protect their internal consultations
and deliberations where necessary to safeguard their ability to carry out their tasks. In assessing the exceptions, the institutions
should take account of the principles in Community legislation concerning the protection of personal data, in all areas of
Union activities....’

3
Article 4 of that regulation provides:‘Exceptions1. The institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of:

(a)
: the public interest as regards:


–
: public security,


–
: defence and military matters,


–
: international relations,


–
: the financial, monetary or economic policy of the Community or a Member State;

(b)     privacy and the integrity of the individual, in particular in accordance with Community legislation regarding the protection
of personal data.2. The institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of:


–
: commercial interests of a natural or legal person, including intellectual property,


–
: court proceedings and legal advice,


–
: the purpose of inspections, investigations and audits,

unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure.3. Access to a document, drawn up by an institution for internal use or received by an institution, which relates to a matter
where the decision has not been taken by the institution, shall be refused if disclosure of the document would seriously undermine
the institution’s decision-making process, unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure.Access to a document containing opinions for internal use as part of deliberations and preliminary consultations within the
institution concerned shall be refused even after the decision has been taken if disclosure of the document would seriously
undermine the institution’s decision-making process, unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure....’
****Facts****

4
By e-mail of 22 October 2002 the applicant submitted a request to the Council for access to the documents appearing on the
agenda of the Justice and Home Affairs Council meeting which took place in Luxembourg on 14 and 15 October 2002, including
an opinion of the Council’s legal service on a proposal for a Council Directive laying down minimum standards for the reception
of applicants for asylum in Member States.

5
By e-mail of 5 November 2002 the Council granted the applicant’s request in respect of 15 of the 20 documents. It refused
the applicant full access to four documents relating to legislative proposals (documents Nos 12903/02, 12616/02, 12616/02
COR 1 and 12619/02) on the basis of the first subparagraph of Article 4(3) of Regulation No 1049/2001. The Council also refused
the applicant access to the opinion of its legal service mentioned in paragraph 4 above (document No 9077/02) on the basis
of Article 4(2) of that regulation. With regard to that opinion, the Council stated:‘Document [No] 9077/02 is an opinion of the Council legal service concerning a proposal for a Council Directive laying down
minimum standards for the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States.Given its content, the release of this document could undermine the protection of internal legal advice to the Council as
referred to in Article 4(2) of the Regulation. In the absence of any specific reasons pointing to a particular overriding
public interest in disclosure, the General Secretariat has concluded that, on balance, the interest in protecting internal
legal advice outweighs the public interest and has therefore decided to refuse access to this document pursuant to Article
4(2) of the Regulation. This exception covers the entire content of the document. Consequently, it is not possible to grant
partial access pursuant to Article 4(6) of the Regulation.’

6
By letter of 22 November 2002, the applicant made a confirmatory application under Article 7(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001.
The applicant claimed that the Council had incorrectly applied the exceptions to the right of public access to the documents
of the institutions, provided for in Article 4(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1049/2001 and that the overriding public interest
in disclosure of the documents in question is the principle of democracy and citizen participation in the legislative process.

7
By letter of 19 December 2002 (‘the contested decision’), the Council rejected the applicant’s confirmatory application. As
regards the four documents relating to legislative proposals the letter stated:‘Although progress has been made by the Council on these matters, the deliberations on the legislative acts in question are
still going on. The Council holds, therefore, the view that, in those circumstances, the release of the entire documents would
be premature and considers that, on balance, the interest in protecting the institution’s decision-making process still outweighs
the public interest ... with regard to the identification of the delegations whose positions are recorded in the documents,
as this could considerably reduce the flexibility of delegations to re-consider their positions or lead to a re-opening of
the debate and thereby seriously undermine the Council’s decision-making process.’

8
As regards the opinion of its legal service, the Council, in the contested decision, considered that only the first paragraph
of the opinion could be disclosed and that it was appropriate to confirm the decision of 5 November 2002 refusing the applicant
access to the remainder of that opinion. Regarding the existence of an overriding public interest within the meaning of that
article, the Council stated:‘The Council considers that such an overriding public interest is not constituted by the mere fact that the release of those
documents containing the legal service’s advice on legal questions arising in the debate on legislative initiatives would
be in the general interest of increasing transparency and openness of the institution’s decision-making process. In fact,
this criterion would apply to virtually all written opinions or similar documents of the legal service, thereby making it
practically impossible for the Council to refuse access to any legal service opinion under Regulation No 1049/2001. The Council
considers that such a result would be clearly contrary to the will of the legislator as it is expressed in Article 4(2) of
Regulation No 1049/2001, since it would deprive that provision of any practical effect.’

9
By letter of 19 May 2003, the Council informed the applicant that the four documents relating to legislative proposals to
which he had had only partial access had, in part, been made public in their entirety or, as to the remainder, had been sent
to him personally.
****Procedure****

10
By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 28 February 2003, the applicant brought the present
action.

11
By order of 20 October 2003, the President of the Fifth Chamber of the Court of First Instance granted leave to intervene
to the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden, in support of the applicant, and to the Commission
and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in support of the Council.

12
The interveners lodged their statements in intervention within the time-limits set.

13
Upon hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (Fifth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure.

14
The parties presented oral argument and replied to the Court’s questions at the hearing on 24 June 2004.
****Forms of order sought by the parties****

15
The applicant claims that the Court should:


–
: annul the contested decision;


–
: order the Council to pay the costs, including those of the interveners.

16
The Council contends that the Court should:


–
: declare that there is no need to adjudicate on the action in so far as the contested decision refused full access to the four
  documents relating to legislative proposals;


–
: decide on the costs relating to the case not proceeding to judgment, pursuant to Article 87(6) of the Rules of Procedure of
  the Court of First Instance;


–
: dismiss the remainder of the application as unfounded;


–
: order the applicant to pay the costs.

17
The Republic of Finland, in support of the applicant, claims that the Court should annul the contested decision.

18
The Kingdom of Sweden, in support of the applicant, claims that the Court should annul the contested decision in so far as
it refuses the applicant access to the Council’s legal opinion.

19
The Commission, in support of the Council, contends that the Court should:


–
: dismiss the application;


–
: order the applicant to pay the costs, including those relating to the Commission’s intervention.

20
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in support of the Council, contends that the Court should dismiss
the application.
****Law****

21
In support of his application, the applicant submits that, with regard to the four documents relating to legislative proposals,
the Council acted in breach of Article 4(3) of Regulation No 1049/2001 and of its duty to state reasons. With regard to the
legal opinion in question, the applicant claims that the Council acted in breach of Article 4(2) of that regulation.**The refusal of access to the entirety of the four documents relating to legislative proposals**Arguments of the parties

22
The Council states that, when the application was made, documents No 12616/02 and No 12616/02 COR 1 had not been made public
in their entirety although the regulation to which the documents relate had already been adopted. The documents were, however,
fully released on the internet on 26 March 2003. The Council states in this regard that, despite its efforts to make those
documents available on the internet, as provided for by Article 11(6) of Annex II, entitled ‘Specific provisions regarding
public access to Council documents’, to Council Decision 2002/682/EC, Euratom of 22 July 2002 adopting the Council’s Rules
of Procedure (OJ 2002 L 230, p. 7), and owing to an administrative backlog, it was not possible to do so before the present
action was brought.

23
As regards documents No 12619/02 and No 12903/02, it was decided on 19 May 2003 to release them entirely even though the legislative
proceedings connected with them had not yet led to the adoption of a final text.

24
Since the applicant’s request concerning those documents has been satisfied, the Council, supported by the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, considers that the action has become devoid of purpose in so far as it concerns the
refusal to give him full access to those four documents. Consequently, there is no need to adjudicate on this part of the
action (order of the Court of First Instance of 17 September 1997 in Case T-26/97 *Antillean Rice Mills* v *Commission* [1997] ECR II-1347, paragraph 15).

25
Therefore, it is not necessary to reply to the applicant’s arguments regarding the right of access to those documents.

26
The applicant accepts that, due to the Council’s decision to grant access to those four documents relating to legislative
proposals, this action has become devoid of purpose in so far as it concerns the refusal to give him full access to those
documents. However, the applicant points out that the Council has given no explanation for its change of position as to the
disclosure of the documents.

27
If the Council were, however, to take the position that it has not reconsidered the reasoning underlying the contested decision,
the application would not be devoid of purpose. The Council should not be able to escape judicial review by deciding to disclose
the documents concerned. Moreover, the legality of a decision should be assessed at the date on which it was taken: this is
an expression of the principles of legality and access to justice. The applicant therefore requests that the Court reject
the Council’s request for a declaration that there is no need to adjudicate on the action and considers, in any event, that
the Council must be ordered to pay the costs in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure.Findings of the Court

28
The Court notes that, by letter of 19 May 2003, the Council informed the applicant that documents No 12903/02, No 12616/02,
No 12616/02 COR 1 and No 12619/02 had been disclosed in their entirety.

29
Since the applicant has had access to those four documents, the annulment of the contested decision, in so far as it refuses
the applicant access to those documents in part, would have no additional effect in relation to the release of those documents
in their entirety.

30
Since the action has become devoid of purpose in so far as concerns the category of documents considered, there is no need
to adjudicate on that point.**The refusal of access to the opinion of the Council’s legal service**Arguments of the parties

31
The applicant claims that the Council’s refusal to give him access to the opinion of its legal service infringes Article 4(2)
of Regulation No 1049/2001. He puts forward three arguments to that effect.

32
The applicant submits, primarily, that Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 does not apply to legal opinions relating to
draft legislation. He claims that the exception to the principle of public access to documents contained in that article refers
to ‘court proceedings and legal advice’. This exception is not therefore intended to cover all the Council’s internal or external
legal opinions but is designed to ensure that legal advice drawn up in the context of actual or potential future legal proceedings,
which is comparable to written communications between a lawyer and a client, will not be disclosed unless there is an overriding
public interest in its disclosure. Moreover, the European Ombudsman reached the same conclusion in one of his reports to the
Parliament.

33
Legal opinions relating to legislative proposals are therefore not covered by the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation
No 1049/2001. The appropriate provision, which could justify refusal of access to legal opinions drafted in the context of
the examination of legislative proposals, is Article 4(3) of the regulation. The Council made an error of law by failing to
rely on that provision in the contested decision.

34
Furthermore, pursuant to consistent case-law, all exceptions to the principle of the widest possible access to documents held
by an institution should be interpreted and applied strictly and on a case-by-case basis. The applicant claims that the factors
raised by the Council in fact support the view that it was precisely the legislature’s intention to limit the meaning of ‘legal
advice’ to legal advice drawn up in the context of actual or potential legal proceedings. It follows that the exception in
Article 4(2), second indent, of Regulation No 1049/2001 relating to ‘court proceedings and legal advice’ does not cover both
legal advice drafted in the course of the legislative procedure and legal advice drawn up in the context of legal proceedings.
Notwithstanding the uncertainty as regards earlier legislative measures relating to access to documents and the Court of First
Instance’s interpretation in that respect in Case T-92/98 *Interporc* v *Commission* [1999] ECR II-3521, Regulation No 1049/2001 now makes it clear that ‘court proceedings’ encompasses not only the pleadings
and other documents lodged in court proceedings, but also ‘legal advice’ drawn up in the context of such actual or potential
proceedings.

35
In the alternative, assuming that the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 applies to this case, the applicant,
supported by the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of Denmark and the Republic of Finland, points out that that exception must
be interpreted and applied strictly.

36
According to the applicant and the Republic of Finland, the Council’s interpretation of that exception is too wide and results
in the Council refusing to give access to almost all the documents drafted by its legal service. The Republic of Finland observes
further that the position adopted by the Council is inconsistent with the principle of proportionality.

37
Although the Council can refuse access to the opinions of its legal service, it can do so only after analysing each legal
opinion individually and establishing the concrete reasons justifying refusal of access (Case T-174/95 *Svenska Journalistförbundet* v *Council* [1998] ECR II‐2289, paragraph 112, and Case T‐211/00 *Kuijer* v *Council* [2002] ECR II‐485, paragraph 56). However, in the present case the Council has failed to demonstrate that the disclosure of
the legal opinion in question would undermine the protection of legal advice.

38
The Kingdom of Denmark states, in that regard, that the Council has failed to assess whether the legal opinion in question
could be disclosed, because the Council takes the view that all the opinions drawn up by its legal service in the course of
the legislative procedure constitute a category which is not subject to disclosure. However, in its view and in the view of
the Republic of Finland, the Council is required in each individual case to weigh up the interests set out in Article 4(2)
of Regulation No 1049/2001. The Republic of Finland adds that in assessing the exception in that article account should also
be taken of the passage of time between the drafting of the legal advice and the request for access thereto.

39
The applicant submits that a general prohibition on disclosing all legal service opinions cannot be inferred from the case-law.
That case-law does not preclude a distinction between legal advice drafted in the course of the legislative procedure and
legal advice drawn up in the context of court proceedings. Furthermore, the judgments relied on by the Council are not relevant
to the present case since the problems which arose in the cases leading to those judgments related to whether opinions of
the Council’s legal service could be produced without specific permission in the context of proceedings before the Court of
First Instance. The applicant, the Kingdom of Denmark and the Republic of Finland point out that those cases did not moreover
relate to the application of Regulation No 1049/2001. The applicant refers in that regard to the judgment in Case C-350/92
*Spain* v *Council* [1995] ECR I-1985, paragraph 35, Advocate General Jacobs’s Opinion (at page I‐1988) in the same case and the judgment in
Case T-44/97 *Ghignone and Others* v *Council* [2000] ECR-SC I-A-223 and II-1023, paragraph 48.

40
Concerning the order of the President of the Court of First Instance of 3 March 1998 in Case T-610/97 R *Carlsen* v *Council* [1998] ECR II‐485, cited by the Council in the contested decision, the applicant submits that the decision to prohibit the
disclosure of the legal opinion in question in that case was taken in the context of interim proceedings, which implies a
less far-reaching analysis of the facts and legal issues involved. It would have been difficult for the Court of First Instance
in that case to come to any other conclusion without prejudging the outcome of the main proceedings.

41
With regard to the necessary independence of the opinions of its legal service relied upon by the Council in support of its
refusal to disclose the legal opinion in question, the applicant, supported by the Kingdom of Denmark, submits that under
Article 22 of the Rules of Procedure of the Council the legal service pursues the interests of the institution to which it
organically belongs and is hierarchically answerable and that it plays a clear role in the legislative function of that institution.
Disclosure of the opinions of the legal service would therefore help to protect it against improper external influences and,
in particular, against influences from the Member States, and to safeguard its impartiality.

42
Furthermore, as the applicant and the Republic of Finland submit, the agents of the legal services of the Community institutions
and the legal services themselves have a task different from that of lawyers external to the institution. Thus they do not
have the same type of independence as characterises the legal profession.

43
The Kingdom of Sweden submits, in that regard, that although certain pieces of information in legal opinions may fall within
the scope of the exception set out in the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, the institution must assess
the possibility of their disclosure in the light of the information which they contain and determine whether that disclosure
would undermine the protection of legal advice. It cannot therefore be considered, as a general rule, that legal opinions
are confidential.

44
The Kingdom of Sweden adds that the legislature did not wish to exclude disclosure of legal advice from the scope of Regulation
No 1049/2001. It submits also that other factors must be taken into consideration for the purposes of that assessment. Thus
Article 207(3) EC aims at greater openness within the legislative process. Furthermore, the stage reached by the legislative
procedure and the nature of the act to be adopted may be significant.

45
In the further alternative, the applicant submits that, even if the Council was justified in applying the second indent of
Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, it could not have considered that the disclosure of its legal service’s opinion would
undermine the protection of legal advice.

46
He alleges, first, that the Council has not explained in what way disclosure of the legal opinion in question would undermine
the protection of legal advice. The Council merely indicates that independent legal advice is essential to its workings and
that its disclosure would lead to uncertainty as to the lawfulness of legislative acts.

47
In the applicant’s view, the Council’s argument that the disclosure of legal opinions could affect their independence cannot
be accepted. Indeed, the Council has failed to show in what way disclosure of legal opinions would constrain the legal service
to modify them. Their disclosure would rather encourage the legal service to act with diligence, independence and objectivity,
since third parties will be able to scrutinise those opinions. The applicant adds that many legal opinions merely involve
a brief analysis of the legal basis of the proposed legislation without containing detailed and confidential arguments from
the legal service. Finally, the applicant notes that in many Member States, such as Italy or the Netherlands, legal advice
on legislative proposals which is drafted by legal services or committees and intended for governments is publicly available.
Given the importance which is attributed at national level to access to such legal advice, the applicant submits that he had
a legitimate expectation of obtaining such information from the Council.

48
Regarding the Council’s argument that a challenge to the legality of finally adopted legislative acts could be helped by the
disclosure of legal opinions relating to the legislative procedure, the applicant points out that only the exception set out
in Article 4(3) of Regulation No 1049/2001 is applicable. However, the Council has not relied upon that provision and therefore
its arguments on this point should be disregarded.

49
In any event, disclosure of a legal opinion will not as such affect the legality of the legislative act in question, since
acts of the Community institutions are presumed valid as long as they have not been annulled by the Community Courts.

50
Secondly, there is an overriding public interest in public access to legal opinions relating to legislative initiatives. Furthermore,
the Council considered incorrectly that the overriding public interest justifying disclosure cannot consist in the principles
of transparency and openness. The Kingdom of Denmark submits, in that regard, that the interest in openness in the decision-making
process takes precedence over the interests put forward by the Council in order to refuse disclosure of legal opinions.

51
In conclusion, the applicant submits that the Council has infringed Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 and that it has
acted in breach of citizens’ fundamental political and civil rights as guaranteed, in particular, by Article 6 EU.

52
The Council, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Commission dispute the applicant’s arguments.Findings of the Court

53
Regulation No 1049/2001, adopted pursuant to Article 255 EC, establishes the principles, conditions and limitations governing
the exercise of the right of public access to the documents of the Parliament, the Council and the Commission in order to
secure a more significant role for citizens in the decision-making process, to ensure that the administration acts with greater
propriety, efficiency and responsibility vis-à-vis the citizens in a democratic system and to help to strengthen the principles
of democracy and respect for fundamental rights.

54
Under the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, the institutions are required to refuse access to a document
where its disclosure would undermine the protection of court proceedings and legal advice, unless there is an overriding public
interest in such disclosure.

55
First of all, the applicant submits that the only legal advice covered by that article is that drawn up by the legal services
in the context of court proceedings and not that drawn up in the course of the institutions’ legislative activity. Since the
legal opinion in question here concerns a proposal for a Council directive laying down minimum standards for the reception
of applicants for asylum in the Member States, the exception under the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001
cannot apply to it.

56
However, the wording of that provision cannot support the argument that only documents capable of undermining the protection
of legal advice drawn up in the context of court proceedings are covered.

57
In addition, neither the Code of Conduct concerning public access to Council and Commission documents approved by those two
institutions on 6 December 1993 (93/730/EC (OJ 1993 L 340, p. 41)) nor the institutions’ decisions concerning public access
to their documents adopted prior to Regulation No 1049/2001 (Council Decision 93/731/EC of 20 December 1993 (OJ 1993 L 340,
p. 43), Commission Decision 94/90/ECSC, EC, Euratom of 8 February 1994 (OJ 1994 L 46, p. 58) and European Parliament Decision
97/632/EC, ECSC, Euratom of 10 July 1997 (OJ 1997 L 263, p. 27)), specifically referred, as an exception to the right of public
access to those documents, to the protection of the legal advice of those institutions. Those texts refer, however, to the
protection of court proceedings.

58
It follows that the Community legislature intended, in Regulation No 1049/2001, to provide for an exception relating to legal
advice distinct from that relating to court proceedings.

59
In that regard, the interpretation suggested by the applicant, according to which the legal advice covered by the second indent
of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 is that drawn up in the course of court proceedings pursued by the institutions’
legal services, would have required the legislator to give a specific indication to that effect, by providing, for example,
that the intended protection related to ‘court proceedings and, particularly, legal advice in connection therewith’. Such
is not however the case.

60
It is true that, according to settled case-law, the exceptions to access to documents fall to be interpreted and applied restrictively
so as not to frustrate application of the general principle of giving the public the widest possible access to documents held
by the institutions (see, by analogy, concerning Decision 94/90, Case T‐309/97 *Bavarian Lager* v *Commission* [1999] ECR II‐3217, paragraph 39, and Case T‐191/99 *Petrie and Others* v *Commission* [2001] ECR II‐3677, paragraph 66).

61
The principle set forth in the case-law applies, however, only to the definition of the scope of an exception where that exception
is capable of giving rise to several different constructions. In this case, the expression ‘legal advice’ does not, in itself,
present any difficulty of interpretation, so that there is no reason for thinking that it covers only advice drawn up in the
context of court proceedings. Moreover, the consequence of the contrary construction suggested by the applicant would be that
the inclusion of legal advice among the exceptions under Regulation No 1049/2001 had no practical effect.

62
Therefore, the words ‘legal advice’ must be understood as meaning that the protection of the public interest may preclude
the disclosure of the contents of documents drawn up by the Council’s legal service in the context of court proceedings but
also for any other purpose.

63
In addition, as regards ‘court proceedings’ within the meaning of Decision 94/90, the Court has held that that term covers
not only the pleadings or other documents lodged and internal documents concerning the investigation of the case before the
Court but also correspondence concerning the case between the directorate-general concerned and the legal service or a lawyer’s
practice (*Interporc* v *Commission*, cited above, paragraph 41).

64
Given that the term ‘court proceedings’ has already been interpreted in the context of the right of public access to the institutions’
documents, the Court considers that that definition, reached for the purpose of interpreting Decision 94/90, is relevant for
the purposes of Regulation No 1049/2001.

65
Thus, since legal advice drawn up in the context of court proceedings is already included in the exception relating to the
protection of court proceedings, within the meaning of the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, the express
reference to ‘legal advice’ among the exceptions necessarily has a meaning distinct from that of the exception relating to
court proceedings.

66
It follows that the applicant is not justified in claiming that a legal opinion relating to an institution’s legislative activity,
such as that in question in this case, cannot come within the exception relating to legal advice within the meaning of the
second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001.

67
In the light of the foregoing, the Council was justified in relying on the exception under the second indent of Article 4(2)
of Regulation No 1049/2001 in order to determine whether it should give the applicant access to the opinion of its legal service.

68
Secondly, the applicant alleges that the Council did not examine the legal opinion in question, on the ground that legal opinions
are, by nature, confidential. He also disputes the relevance of the Council’s argument based on the need for its legal service
to safeguard its independence.

69
It is appropriate to note that the institution is bound to assess in each individual case whether the documents whose disclosure
is sought actually fall within the exceptions set out in Regulation No 1049/2001 (see, by analogy, as regards Decision 94/90,
Joined Cases C-174/98 P and C-189/98 P *Netherlands and**Van der Wal* v *Commission* [2000] ECR I‐1, paragraph 24).

70
In this case, the document in question is an opinion of the Council’s legal service concerning a proposal for a Council directive
laying down minimum standards for the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States.

71
However, the fact that the document in question is a legal opinion cannot, of itself, justify application of the exception
relied upon. Indeed, as previously observed, any exception to the right of access to the institutions’ documents under Regulation
No 1049/2001 must be interpreted and applied strictly (see, to that effect, Case T‐20/99 *Denkavit**Nederland* v *Commission* [2000] ECR II‐3011, paragraph 45).

72
It is therefore for the Court to assess, in this case, whether the Council has made an error of assessment in finding, pursuant
to the second indent of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, that the disclosure of the legal opinion in question would
undermine the protection to which that type of document may be entitled.

73
In order to justify its refusal to disclose the entirety of the legal opinion in question, the Council contends, in essence,
in the contested decision, that the advice of its legal service is an important instrument enabling it to ensure that its
acts are compatible with Community law and to pursue the discussion of the legal aspects at issue. It argues also that such
disclosure could give rise to uncertainty as regards the legality of legislative acts adopted following such advice. The Council
also refers to the Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in *Spain* v *Council*, as well as the order in *Carlsen and Others* v *Council*, and the judgment in *Ghignone and Others* v *Council*.

74
It is true that that reasoning, relating to the need for protection relied upon, seems to relate to all the Council’s legal
advice on legislative acts and not specifically to the legal opinion in question. However, the generality of the Council’s
reasoning is justified by the fact that giving additional information, making particular reference to the contents of the
legal opinion in question, would deprive the exception relied upon of its effect.

75
In addition, although the Council at first refused the applicant access to the legal opinion in question, it is clear from
the contested decision that it finally agreed to disclose the introductory paragraph only of the opinion. In that introductory
paragraph, it is stated that the opinion in question contains the advice of the Council’s legal service on the question of
the Community’s powers regarding access of third country nationals to the labour market.

76
It follows that the complaint that the Council did not consider the contents of the legal opinion in question for the purpose
of giving a decision on the request for access in question is unfounded.

77
As regards the relevance of the need, identified by the Council in the contested decision, for protection of that advice,
the Court finds that the disclosure of the legal opinion in question would have the effect of making public the Council’s
internal discussions on the question of the Community’s powers regarding access of third country nationals to the labour market
and, more widely, on the question of the legality of the legislative act to which it relates.

78
The disclosure of such advice could, given the particular nature of such documents, give rise to lingering doubts as to the
lawfulness of the legislative act in question.

79
In addition, it is important to point out that the Council is justified in considering that the independence of the opinions
of its legal service, drawn up at the request of other services of that institution or at least intended for them, can constitute
an interest to be protected. In that regard, the applicant has not explained how, in the circumstances of this case, disclosure
of the legal opinion in question would help to protect the Council’s legal service from improper external influences.

80
In the light of the foregoing, the Council made no error of assessment in considering that there was an interest in protecting
the legal opinion in question.

81
Thirdly, as regards the existence of an overriding public interest within the meaning of Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001
in disclosure of the legal opinion in question, the applicant claims that the Council has not examined whether there is such
an interest. The applicant submits, in that regard, that the principles of transparency, openness and of democracy or of the
participation of citizens in the decision-making process, are overriding public interests which warrant the disclosure of
the legal opinion in question.

82
However, those principles are implemented by the provisions of Regulation No 1049/2001 as a whole, as evidenced by recitals
1 and 2 of the preamble, which refer explicitly to the principles of openness, of democracy and of greater participation of
citizens in the decision-making process (see paragraph 2 above).

83
The overriding public interest, under Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001, capable of justifying the disclosure of a document
which undermines the protection of legal advice must therefore, as a rule, be distinct from the above principles which underlie
that regulation. If that is not the case, it is, at the very least, incumbent on the applicant to show that, having regard
to the specific facts of the case, the invocation of those same principles is so pressing that it overrides the need to protect
the document in question. That is not, however, the case here.

84
In addition, although it may be possible that the institution in question itself identifies an overriding public interest
capable of justifying the disclosure of such a document, it is for the applicant who intends to rely on such an interest to
invoke it in his application so as to invite the institution to give a decision on that point.

85
In this case, since the Council did not make an error of assessment in finding that the overriding public interests invoked
by the applicant did not justify disclosure of the legal opinion in question, it cannot be criticised for not having identified
other overriding public interests.

86
In the light of the foregoing, this application must be rejected in so far as it relates to the refusal of access to the Council’s
legal opinion.**The application for measures of organisation of procedure**

87
The Court finds that there is no need to rule on the application for measures of organisation of procedure made by the applicant
in his pleadings and seeking an order that the Council transmit to the Court in their entirety the documents whose disclosure
is sought.

88
In so far as that application seeks the production to the Court of the four documents relating to legislative proposals, it
has become devoid of purpose, since the applicant has had access to those documents.

89
In so far as that application seeks the production to the Court of the legal opinion in question, there is no need to grant
it, since the Court considers itself sufficiently informed by the contents of the case-file. **Costs**

90
Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Article 87(6) thereof provides that, where a case does not proceed to judgment,
the costs are in the discretion of the Court of First Instance.

91
As the Court has stated above, the action has become devoid of purpose in so far as it concerns the refusal of full access
to the four documents of the Council relating to legislative proposals (documents No 12616/02, No 12616/02 COR 1, No 12903/02
and No 12619/02).

92
In its pleadings, the Council admitted that documents No 12616/02 and No 12616/02 COR 1 should have been transmitted to the
applicant prior to the commencement of these proceedings. As it was, the Council’s conduct induced the commencement of the
proceedings in so far as they concern those two documents and led to the applicant incurring unnecessary costs.

93
As regards documents No 12619/02 and No 12903/02, the Council finally decided to transmit them to the applicant after the
commencement of these proceedings, even though the legislative acts to which they related had not yet been adopted, without
explaining that change of attitude.

94
The Council must therefore bear half of its costs relating to the proceedings and pay one half of the costs incurred by the
applicant.

95
On the other hand, the applicant having failed in so far as the action relates to the refusal of access to the Council’s legal
opinion, it is appropriate to order him to bear half of his own costs relating to the proceedings as well as half of the costs
incurred by the Council.

96
Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the Member States and institutions which have intervened
in the proceedings are to bear their own costs.

On those grounds,

THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
hereby:****1.
: Dismisses the action in so far as it concerns the refusal of access to the Council’s legal opinion;**

**2.
: Declares that there is no need to adjudicate as to the remainder;**

**3.
: Orders the applicant and the Council each to bear half of the costs of the proceedings;**

**4.
: Orders the interveners to bear their own costs.****

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| Lindh | García-Valdecasas | Cooke |
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Delivered in public in Luxembourg on 23 November 2004.

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| H. Jung | P. Lindh |

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| Registrar | President |

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: Language of the case: English.