Cenozoic ·Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Eulimidae and 

Volutidae Through Terebridae) 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1171 
Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Eulimidae and . 

Volutidae Through Terebridae) 

By HARRY S. LADD 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1171 

Descriptions or citations of 2 71 representatives of 

gastropod families from seven island groups 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON:1982 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

JAMES G. WATT, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Ladd, Harry Stephen, 1899-

Cenozoic fossil mollusks from western Pacific islands. 

(Geological Survey professional paper ; 1171) 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:1171 

1. Mollusks, Fossil. 2. Paleontology-Cenozoic. 3. Paleontology-Oceanica. I. Title. II. Series: United States. 

Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 1171. 

QE80l.L278 564'.3 80-607049 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 

Acknowledgments ---------------------------------------------------- 1 

Geology ----------------------------------------------------------------- 3 

Stratigraphy and corre,lation ------------------------------------------ 3 

Paleontology ------------------------------------------------------------- 3 

Geographic and geologic distribution of species -------------------------- 3 

Pal~ology --------------------------------------------------------- 17 

Faunal relations ----------------------------------------------------- 19 Systematic paleontology _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _____ _ __ _ __ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _ __ ___ 20 

Additional species in families covered in Ladd (1966, 1972, 1977) ------ 20 

Families covered in the present paper ------------------------------ 55 Eulimidae _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ ____ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ ___ _ __ _ __ __ ___ _ 55 

Volutidae ---------------------------------------------------- 56 

Volutomitridae ----------------------------------------------- 56 

Cancellariidae ----------------------------------------------- 56 

Marginellidae ------------------------------------------------ 58 

Turridae ---------------------------------------------------- 59 

Conidae ----------------------------------------------------- 71 

Terebridae -------------------------------------------------- 81 Localities _________________________________ ------ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ _ __ _ 85 

Selected references ------------------------------------------------------- 87 

Index -------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

[Plates follow index] 

PLATE 1. Scissurellidae, Fissurellidae, Acmaeidae. 

2. Trochidae, Turbinidae. 

3. Turbinidae, Neritidae, Architectonicidae, Thiaridae, Epitoniidae, Capulidae, Cyclostrematidae. 

4. Calyptraeidae, Strombidae. 

5. Eratoidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae. 

6. Ovulidae, N aticidae. 

7. Cassidae, Cyma tiidae. 

8. Colubrariidae, Bursidae, Tonnidae, Ficidae, Muricidae. 

9. Muricidae. 

10. Thaididae, Magilidae. 

11. Magilidae, Buccinidae, Thaididae, Cassidae. 

12. Nassariidae. 

13. Fasciolariidae, Olividae, Mitridae. 

14. Mitridae, Volutomitridae, Cancellariidae. 

15. Volutidae. 

16. Magilidae, Buccinidae, N assariidae. 

17. Ovulidae. 

18. Turridae. 

19. Turridae, Nassariidae, Conidae. 

20-23. Turridae. 

24. Turridae, Trochidae, Conidae, Terebridae. 

25-29. Conidae. 

30. Terebridae. 

31. Rissoidae, Architeetonicidae. 

III 
IV 

PLATE 

FIGURE 

TABLE 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37; 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

1. 

2. 

3-4. 

CONTENTS 

Architectonicidae. 

Acmaeidae, Cocculinidae, Rissoidae, Fossaridae, Strombidae, Ovulidae, Bursidae. 

Trochidae, Strombidae. 

Architectonicidae, Turritellidae, Seguenziidae, Muricidae, Columbellidae. 

Turbinidae, Columbellidae, Naticidae. 

Columbellidae, Cerithiidae, Eulimidae, Marginellidae, Turbinidae, Cyclostrematidae. 

N assariidae. 

Trochidae. 

Scissurellidae, Turbinidae. 

Trochidae, Colubrariidae, Mitridae, Eulimidae. 

Page 

Index map showing location of island groups ---------------------------------------------------- 2 

Sketch map of Santo, New Hebrides, showing major SM fossil stations on the Navaka and Kere Rivers 17 

Photographs of: 

3. Pleistocene beds cropping out on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides ------------------- 18 

4. Flat-lying Pleistocene beds on the Kere River, Santo, New He.brides ----------------------- 18 

TABLES 

Page 

1. Correlation chart of Cenozoic units in the island area--------------------------------------------- 4 

2. Suggested relationship between planktonic foraminiferal zones and letter stages based on larger 

Foraminifera ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 

3. Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area ---------------------- 7 

4. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area ------------------------------- 12 
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; 

GASTROPODS (EULIMIDAE AND VOLUTIDAE THROUGH TEREBRIDAE) 

By HARRY s. LADD 

ABSTRACT 

Descriptions and citations of Cenozoic fossil mollusks from 

seven island groups in the western Pacific, started in Professional Papers 531, 532, and 533, are continued in the 

present report, which deals with 271 forms. These forms include representatives of the Eulimidae and seven other gastropod families-Volutidae through Terebridae--as well as 

many additions to families previously covered. One new 

genus is named in the Turridae, and 52 new species and subspecies are described. 

The fossils, like those treated in the earlier reports, are, 

clearly Indo-Pacific in general aspect, but an increasing number of fossils appear to be closely related to living and fossil 

species from North and South America and the Caribbean 

area. These new fossils come mostly from rich off-ree·f deposits in the New Hebrides and Fiji. 

INTRODUCTION 

The present report is the fourth in a series (see 

Ladd, 1966, 1972, 1977) that attempts to de·scribe 

or cite all fossil mollusks collected from seven island 

groups in the western Pacific. These groups extend 

from the Marianas and Palau in the northwest 

through the Marshall, Ellice 1 , and New Hebrides 

groups to Fiji and Tonga in the southeast-the 

"island area" of the text, which is enclosed by a 

solid line on figure 1. The preceding reports in the 

series covered the chitons, archaeogastropoda, mesogastropods, and part of the neogastropoda. The 

present report treats many of the remaining neogastropods. 

In this report, 271 species ·and subspecies of gastropods are described or recorded, including additions to families previously cove·red and representatives of eight families (Acmaeidae, Cocculinidae, 

Cyclostrematidae, Seguenziidae, Eulimidae, Fossa.ridae, Colubrariidae, and Volutomitridae) not previously covered. The fossils discussed in the present 

paper range in age from early Miocene to Holocene. 

The following references, containing identifications of fossil mollusks, supplement those cited on 

1 In 1976, the name Ellice was officially chansred to Tuvalu. 

pages 3-5 of Ladd (1966), page 1 of Ladd (1972), 

and pa.ge 1 of Ladd (1977). 

1975 Mallick, D. I. J., and Greenbaum, David, The Navaka 

fossiliferous sands and the Kere shell bed: New 

Hebrides Condominium, Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1973, 

p, 8-12. Includes identifications and photographs of 

eight species of gastropods and refers to others. 

Paleoecological interpretations based on the mollusks 

and on other types of fossils are given. 

1975 Ladd, H. S., Two Pleistocene volutes from the New 

Hebrides (Mollusca; Gastropoda): Veliger, v. 18, no. 

2, p. 134-138. 

1976 Ladd, H. S., New Pleistocene Neogastropoda from the 

New Hebrides: Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 127-138. One 

new genus and 11 new species from the Navaka Sands 

are described and figured, along with a highly decorated cone, possibly identical with a living species. 

Paleoecology and age are briefly discussed. 

1976 Hindle, W. H., Geology of west-central Vanua Levu: 

Fiji Mineral Resources Div. Bull. 1, 176 p., geol. 

maps. Includes lists of fossil mollusks (p. 10, 37-38, 

40, 41, 42) identified by H. S. Ladd. 

1977 Mallick, D. I. J., and Greenbaum, David, Geology of 

southern Santo: New Hebrides Condominium, Geol. 

Survey, Regional Rept., 84 p. Includes (p. 52-54, 56) 

names of fossil mollusks identified by H. S. Ladd. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

As in earlier units in this se·ries, I am deeply indebted to field geologis1ts and their ·assistants on the 

Geological Surveys of Fiji 2 and New Hebrides for 

extensive collections of fossils that were transmitted 

to me for identification. From Fiji, I received such 

materiaJ from Peter Rodda, F. E. I. Coulson, and 

William Hindle. From the New Hebrides, Dr. D. I. 

J. Mallick and Dr. David Greenbaum sent extensive 

collections of fossils from Pleistocene beds on Santo. 

Dr. Thomas Waller of the Smithsonian Institution 

and Warren Blow, then of the U.S. Geological Survey, visited the island in 1974 and collected bulk 

samples. 

2ln 1972, the Geological Survey Department of Fiji was amalgamated 

with the Mines Section of the Departmept of Lands, Mines and Mineral 

Resources to form the Mineral Resources Division of a new Ministry 

of Lands and Mineral Resources. 

1 
2 f;E l .UZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

FIGURE 1.-Location of island groups (solid line) from which fossil mollusks have been obtained. Dashed line marks structural boundary of Pacific basin (andesite line). Islands .shown include the surrounding reefs. 

Dr. C. P. Nuttall of the British Museum (Natural 

History) loaned Fijian fossils from their collections. 

Dr. Alan J. Kohn of the University of Washington 

reviewed the many fossil species of Conus from the 

islands, and Dr. W. F. Ponder of the Australian 

Museum checked some of my identifications of foss.ils, as did Richard Petit of Myrtle Beach, S.C. As 

in earlier reports, I am indebted to my colleagues in 

Washington-Drs. H. A. Rehder and J. P. E. 

Morrison, Richard S. Houbrick, and Druid Wilson, 

all of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.-
PALEONTOLOGY 3 

for discussions involving the identification of certain 

fos:sils. All photographs, except for SEM views, 

were taken by Robert H. McKinney of the U.S. 

Geological Survey. 

The manuscript has benefited from technical reviews by Dr. R. Tucker Abbott of Greenfield, Del., 

and Dr. Harald A. Rehder of the U.S. National 

Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 

GEOLOGY 

STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION 

In recent years, geological work in the island area 

outlined in the Introduction has been la.rgely confined to Fiji and the New Hebrides. Most of the 

islands in those two group's have now been mapped 

geologically. The stratigraphic units shown in table 

1 differ but little from those given by Ladd in 1977. 

In Tonga, according to press reports, there are 

plans for additional drilling in search of oil. A report by Wells (1976) on Eocene corals from deposits 

on Eua was accompanied by a supplementary report 

by John E. Fitch on fossil otoliths from the same 

deposit. 

Two other developments a.re worthy of special 

note. One dea,ls with the ages of Tertiary units, the 

other with Quate·rnary beds. 

In 1975, W. S. Cole and Darwin Kadar, in separate articles, published the resul·ts of their detailed 

studies of a remarkable sample from the Miocene 

of Java that contained both larger and smaller 

Foraminifera. After reviewing the findings of the 

Java sample and similar occurrences from other 

parts of the southwest Pacific, Cole p.roposed a reasonable correlation that would tie the widely used 

letter classification (based on larger Foraminifera) 

with the N scale (based on planktonic Foraminifera). The suggested correlation appears in table 2. 

The second development is not tied to the work 

of a single individual or to work in a particular 

locality. During the past 10 years or so, radiometric 

methods of determining exact ages have been improved and have been appHed to many beds in or 

near the island ·area (Rodda, and others, 1967). Detailed studies at Eniwetok and Bikini in the Marshall Islands have located and dated stratigraphic 

intervals of reef growth and ·associated lagoonal 

sedimentation during the Quaternary (Tracey and 

Ladd, 1974; Henny and others, 1974). 

PALEONTOLOGY 

GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF 

SPECIES 

[See tables 3 and 4.] 

On the island of Santo in the New Hebrides, a 

thin series of richly fossiliferous beds crops out on 

the ·south-flowing Navaka and Ke,re Rivers. Locations of these beds are shown on a sketch map (fig. 

2 3 ), and some of the actual outcrops are shown 

in figures 3 and 4. The exposures were discovered 

by Mallick and Greenbaum (1975, p. 8, 9) of the 

New Hebrides Survey while they were mapping on 

Santo. They named the beds the Navaka Sands and 

the Kere Shell bed and identified the N avaka Sands 

with the Tasiriki foundation beds found by Mawson 

in 1905 on the southwes:t coast of Santo. The first 

fos•sils sent by Mallick and Greenbaum to the U.S. 

National Museum for identification proved of such 

inte·rest that Thomas Waller of the Smithsonian Ins:titution and Warren Blow, then of the U.S. Geological Survey, visited the- island in 1974 to collect 

bulk samples. These samp~e·s proved very rich in 

fossil mollusks-pe·rhaps the most diversified and 

cert~dnly the best preserved fauna of fossil mollusks 

yet discovered in the islands of the Pacific. Age of 

the mollusks has been determined as Pleistocene 

(Ladd, 1976, p. 128). 

Early in 1973, WilHam Hindle, geo~ogist with the 

Fiji Survey, visited Rotuma for a period of 2 weeks. 

This volcanic island, which lies 220 miles (352 km) 

north-northwest of Fiji, a.ppea.red ve·ry young to 

him, perhaps no more than a few thousand years 

old. The tuff cones at some places contained considerable coral and some .shell debris. On the north 

ooa~st (S·tation KR32, at a point 600 yards (546 m) 

northwest of the village of Maftoa), Hindle (ora~ 

commun., 1973) collected shaHow-wa.ter shells from 

the tuff--a cerithid, a cypraeid, an immature 

·JI.lassarius (Arcularia), a worn muricid, and a fragment of a large spondylid. The only specifically idenfiable ~orms were a shell of Cypraea helvola 

Linnaeus and one of Strombus (Lentigo) pipus 

(Roding) . The latter is figured on plate 4 of the 

present report. Prior to Hindle's visit, no fossils had 

been coUected from Rotuma. 

In July 1973, in company with William Hindle, 

Peter Rodda, ·and Howard Colley of the Fiji Survey, 

I revisted parts of the northwest coast of Vanua 

Levu, made brief examinations of Thikombia-i-Ra 

(Fiji's most northedy island), Yanutha, and 

Lauthala, and made brief visits to some small lime3 In figure 2 only two SM stations are shown. One is on the Navaka 

River ( SM43); the other is on the Kere River ( SM242). The many USGS localities cited in the text on these rivers are close to the SM 

stations. 
4 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GAS,TROPODS 

TABLE !.--Correlation chart of Cenozoic units in the island area 

o::•z 

~u;Q MARSHALL 

PERIOD EPOCH t-ent- t-41(41( 

L£J...J(.) 

...J(.)~ ENIW ETOK 

Holocene 

QUATERNARY 

Pleistocene >.~ 

~~ ·- ... ~Q) 

Pliocene h u ... 

,c.E 

Gl"' -c 

0.«1 

w ! g E_ 

z Ill Ota 

w ~ uc 

.... o (.9 QlO 0 Q)bO w f 0:~ z Miocene >. 

-.:: 

Ill 

LIJ 

e 

TERTIARY 

d Q) 

Oligocene .... 

Ia 

...J w c z 

w 

(.9 

0 

w b Reef c omplex .....1 

<{ >. a.. Eocene ~ 

Ia 

""' a 

'Occurrence on Sylvania Guyot adjoining Bikini 

(Hamilton and Rex, 1959). 

•Robinson (1969). 3Reported as Burdigalian-lower Pliocene. 

•Mitchell (1971). 

•This is a generalized section from Rodda's 

map of 1967. In this and other reports (Fiji 

Geol. Survey Dept. 1965, 1966, Rodda and Band, 

1967, Band, 1968) the Fiji Survey recognizes volcanic 

groups, sedimentary groups, and undifferentiated 

units that cannot, at present, be accurately integrated. 

•Generalized section based on lbbetson (1969). 

Rickard (1970) and Coulson (1971). 7

List of formations given in Hindle (1976). 

BIKINI 

>. 

;: 

.!! 

~ 

u Ill 

-"C 

Q)Q) 

c..c 

.B«; 

lllc 

Q) 0 

Eo 

=t:IO 

~Ia 

Q)-

Q) 

0: 

? 

? 

? 

Globigerina 

ooze 1 

ELUCE 

(TUVALU) 

PALAU 

FUNAFUTI SAIPAN 

Beach deposits Raised 

beaches 

Reef Peleliu Tanapag limestone limestone limestone 

Mariana 

limestone ? 

Terrace 

deposits 

Palau 

limestone 

? 

~ e 

Fina-s1.su 

Tagpochau 

limestone 

? '-? 

Ngeremiengui 

Formation 

~?--?- Matansa Limestone 

Aimelik Dens1nyam• Formation 

Formation Hacman Format1on 

7

Babelthuap1 · Formation · 

MARIANA 

TINIAN 

Raised-beach 

sand and 

gravel 

Mariana 

limestone 

Tagpochau 

limestone 

Pyroclastic 

rocks 

GUAM 

Beach 

deposits 

Mariana 

limestone 

-?-

Ali fan 

Limestone Janum 

Formation 

Barrigada 

Limestone 

Bonya 

limestone 

Umatac 

Formation 

Alutom 

limestone 
PALEONTOLOGY 5 

'!'ABLE !.-Continued. 

NEW HEBRIDES FIJI 

TO NGA II VITI LEVU I VANUA 1111 

< LAU LEVU 6 

&. 

u Northern ~ Group North Santo 2 

0 

Q. Malekula • ~ 

4D Alluvium and ILl u Alluvium Mango Reef 0 

0 Odinite !other deposits lime stone :r 

.!2~ ~CD Thuvu Mbua Group 

Alluvium, etc. Alluvium, etc. ~ ~ 

• CD Fulanga Reef OGI Gl u Monkey Face Xu ~ Verata 0 Limestone lime stone CD~ Group 0 Tenmaru u ·- ? ... ll 0 4D 

.!!!~ Papatai Mba Gill Limestone fil: Limestone Ndalithoni Tuatua Limestone Reef il:u II 

c: Koroimavua Limestone Undu Group lime stone II ? II u c: .2 II Tawoli Calcilutite Navosa Malua Formation il: Koro Mbasanga u Tuff Tawoli Calcarenite 3 

.2 Volcanics 

Wounpouko Calca- "0 

il: c: Nandi renite 3 «< Futuna Natewa II Limestone Group 7 c: Mendrausuthu Lau II 

u Volcanics 

.2 Ra ~ 

Pailapa Graywacke 

"0 

c:ll 

Savura ~?-

llava Volcanics «Sc: 

II Peteao Graywacke Port Sandwich Formation 1111 Singatoka c:U c: Ounay Subgraywacke Andesite, etc. II.Q II 

u Pelapa Graywacke Minor intrusive rocks g~ Wainimala .2 Mamasa Volcanics Lambubu Breccia ILl 

~ Pelowou Limestone Matanui Group 

Peteao Limestone 

'Ql' Intrusive Limest one and 

rocks tuffa ceo us ~--~ limes tone Ol Younger 

~ ,..o 

... Q) mtrus1ve rocks .! z IPU Basement Red mudstone ~~g~Jr Tholo ? ... 0 0...·-

::E complex formation ~--~~ Plutonics 
6 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 2.-Suggestecl relationship between planktonic foraminiferal zones and letter stages based on larger Foraminifera. 

Zones by Blow Sub-

(1969) and Kadar Epochs epochs Letter stages Southwest 

(1975) (in- Pacific by Cole (1975) 1 

formal) 

N23 Holocene and Not applied 

Pleistocene 

N22 

N21 

N20 Pliocene Th 

N19 

N18 

N17 late Tg 

N16 

N15 

N14 

N13 

N12 

Nll Miocene Tf 

NlO 

N9 

N8 

N7 early: Te 

N6 

N5 

N4 

N3 

N2. late Td 

Nl ---- P20 Oligocene 

P19 early: Tc 

P18 

P17 

Pl6 

P15 Eocene late Tb 

P14 

1 In a paper published the same year, Haak and Postuma (1975) sug- gested a very similar correlation between the planktonic zones and those 

of the letter scale. 

stone islands on nearby reefs, including Nggele Levu 

and Va;tauba. A stop was also made on Thombia, a 

tuff crate·r. Fossil mollusks were collected at several 

places, but only a few we·re gastropods, and most 

of these were poorly preserved. We visited Ronald 

Bartholomew's fossil locality near N aweni on Vanna 

Levu. The roadcut there, from which a Thatcheria 

and other mollusks had been collected by others 

many years earlier, was found to be he'avily overgrown, and our efforts at co.Jlecting yielded little of 

interest. 

The many petrologic and geophysical data that 

have been accumulated seem to indicate that some 

form of crustal (plate) movement has been involved 

in the formation of the existing islands of Lau and 

Tonga. Exact interpretations still vary, but there is 

every reason to believe that in the near future movements and dates will be generally agreed upon. 

In 1967, Dickinson published a comprehensive 

review of available data on the tectonic his1tory of 

Fiji. 

In 1970, Milsom published a map of the Fiji area 

in the southwest Pacific,· using bathymetry by 

Menard and other's (1969). He suggested that the 

Lau Ridge might be an example of a "dead" island 

arc, its activity transferred to the Tonga-Kermadec 

region after a post-Miocene change in sea-floor 

spreading. 

In 1971, regional relations in the New Hebrides 

Islands were summarized by Mitchell and Warden, 

who showed that eastern and western belts of 

islands containing Neogene rocks are bisected by a 

central chain of active and recently extinct voloanoes. Massive reef limes.tones were laid down in 

all three belts during Pliocene and Quate,rnary time. 

Also in 1971, Chase published a tectonic history of 

the Fiji Plateau based on all available geological and 

geophysical data. 

In 1973, Green and Cullen published an updated 

summary of Fijian geology and included an account 

of probable tectonic evolution. 

In 1975, Lingen summarized the deep-sea-sediment drilling in the southwest Pacific. In 197 4, 

Hawkins had described the Lau Basin (between Fiji 

and Tonga) as being underlain by young sea-floor 

tholeiitic basalt. He noted that the basin has a very 

thin sedimentary cover, except near the bordering 

ridges on the east and west. 

In 1976, Gill compared the volcanic rocks of Lau 

with those of Tonga. He concluded that available 

data favored Karig's (1970) interpretation that the 

Lau and Tonga ridges were united ·as an island arc 

from Eocene to Miocene time before being separated 

in the Pliocene. The rifting formed the Lau Basin, 

an area characterized by shallow depths (2,300 m) 

and little sediment (0-100 m, generally; 700 m 

maximum, close to the bordering ridges). 

In two earlier reports in the present series (Ladd, 

1966, 1972), some of the difficulties of distinguishing 

Pleistocene and Holocene fos,sils obtained from drill 

holes and from outcrops were briefly discussed. Also 

mentioned was the difficulty of drawing a boundary 

between the Qua te,rnary beds and the underlying 

sediments of the Pliocene. 

In 1969, Berggren published a summary of Cenozoic chronos;tratigraphy, planktonic foraminiferal 

zonation, and the radiometric time scale. This report 

was followed by a broad review of climatic events 

during the past 15 million yea.rs ("Late Neogene") 

by Berggren and van Couvering (1974). Opinions 

still differ on the exact limits of the Pleistocene, but 

as the number of radiometric age determinations 

grow, there seems to be a widespread feeling that 
PALEONTOLOGY 7 

TABLE 3.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area 

Species Palau Guam Saipan w~~k Bikini Ffu~~- H~~j;ies Fiji Tonga 

Additions to families covered in Ladd { 1966, 1972, 1977), plus Acmaeidae, Cocculinidae, Cyclostrematidae, 

Fossaridae, and Cotubrariidae not previously covered 

Scissurellidae : 

Anatoma japonica A. Adams ------------------------------------ Sinezona carinata (A. Adams) -----------------------------------

cingulata (0. G. Costa) ------------------------------------- F~ssurellidae: 

Emarginula sp. C ---------------------------------------------- (Emnrginella) exi1nia A. Adams ----------------------------- Puncturella (Puncturella) agger Watson ------------------------- (Cranopsis) pileolus A. Adams ------------------------------ Zeidora calceolina A. Adams ------------------------------------

Rimula sp. A -------------------------------------------------- Acmaeidae: . 

Chiazacmea cf. C. pygmaea Kuroda and Habe --------------------- Patelloida cf. P. latistrigata (Angas) -------------------------·--- Cocculinidae: 

Cocculina nipponica Kuroda and Habe ---------------------------- Trochidae: 

Calliotropis rewaensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------

? sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- Turcica (Perrinea) fijiensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------- (Per'rinea) waiwailevensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------

Turcicula sp. A ------------------------------------------------ Calliotrochus navakaensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------- Enida warreni Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------------- Solariella (Ethaliopsis) vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------- Microgaza (Microgaza) navakaensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------

? sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- Turbinidae: 

Astraea (Bolma) girgyllus (Reeve) ------------------------------

Arene (Arene) sp. B ------------------------------------------- Denta1·ene navakaense Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------- depressa Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------- Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus ----------------------------- Homalopoma (Cantrainea) whipplei Ladd, n. sp ------------------- (Cantrainea?) dnlidi Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------- Cydostrematidae: 

Cyclostrema somidi Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------- cf. C. somidi Ladd ------------------------------------------ Neritidae: 

N eritina zigzag Lamarck _______________________________________ _ 

Smaragdia (Smaragdia) cf. S. viridis (Linnaeus) ----------------- Rissoidae: 

Zebina (Cibdezebina) metaltilana Ladd -------------------------- (]1;! oerchiella) supracostata (Garrett) _______________________ _ 

sp. A -------------------------------------------------- Architectonicidae: 

Mannonuia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------

kerensis Ladd, n. sp -----------------------------------------

sp. A ------------------------------------------------------ sp --------------------------------------------------------- Pseudomalaxis (Pseudomalaxis?) roddai Ladd, n. sp --------------- A rchitectonica maxima (Philippi) ______________________________ _ 

(Pseudotorinia) aff. A. (P.) euprepes Woodring -------------- Turritellidae: Siliquaria cumingii ( Morch) ___________________________________ _ 

aff. S. armata Kuroda, Habe, and Kozuge --------------------- Thiaridae: 

Thiara (Plotia) scabra (Muller) --------------------------------- Cerithiidae: 

Clypeomorus coralium (Kiener) --------------------------------- Seguenziidae: 

Seguenzia donaldi Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------- Epitoniidae: 

Epitonium cf. E. replicata (Sowerby) ---------------------------- (Cycloscala) cf. E. revolutum (Hedley) ----------------------

Eulimidae: 

Eulima santoensis Ladd, n. sp -----------------------------------

sp. A -------~--------------------------------------------- X 

Balcis martinii (A. Adams) ------------------------------------- aff. B. kanaka (Pilsbry) ------------------------------------ aff. B. vitrea (A. Adams) -----------------------------------

X 

X 

Seguenziidae, Eulimidae, 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
8 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 3.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Species Palau Guam Saipan :et;"k Bikini Ff~~f- H~~hles Fiji Tonga 

Strombidae: 

Varicospira cf. V. cancellata (Lamarck) ------------------------- cancellata spinifera (Martin) _______________________________ _ 

Tibia powisii (Petit) -------------------------------------------- Strombus (Canarium) labiatus (Roding) ------------------------- (Canarium) microurceus (Kira) ---------------------------- (Dolomena) minimus Linnaeus ------------------------------ plicatus columba Lamarck ______________________________ _ 

(Lentigo) pipus (Roding) ----------------------------------- (Euprotomus) bulla ( Roding) ______________________________ _ 

Fossaridae: 

Couthouyia kerensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------- Capulidae: 

Capulus japonicus A. Adams ------------------------------------ Calyptryraeidae: 

Crepidula sp. A ------------------------------------------------ Eratoidae: 

Trivirostra (Dolichupis) producta (Gaskoin) --------------------- Cypraeidae: 

Cypraea (Erronea) gracilis Gaskoin ----------------------------- (Erronea) pulchella Swainson ______________________________ _ 

cf. C. pyriformis Gray ------------------------------------

(lVotadusta) punctata Linnaeus ------------------------------ Ovulidae (Amphiperatidae) : 

Pedicularia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------ Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitablis Cate ------------------------

Dentiovula masaoi Cate -----------------------------------------

tadashigei Cate --------------------------------------------- Ovula ishibashii (Kuroda) -------------------------------------- Phenacovolva longirost-rata ( Sowerby) ---------------------------

Volva (Volva) volva Linnaeus -------~-----------------:.::~---------· Naticidae: 

lVatica (lVatica) a-reolata Recluz --------------------------------- (lV atica) vitellus ( Linnaeus) ___________________________ ---- _ 

(Tectonatica) aff. lV. violacea Sowerby ----------------------- N everita albumen ( Linnaeus) _ -- _ -- ___ -- _ ------- _ -- _________ ----

Eunaticina sp -------------------------------------------------- Sinum undulatum (Lischke) ------------------------------------- Cassidae: 

Morum (Cancellomorum) cancellata (Sowerby) ------------------- Phalium areola ( Linnaeus) ____________________ ----- ____________ _ Casmaria ponderosa ( Gmelin) __________________________________ _ 

Cymatiidae: 

Gyrinium cf. G. reticulare robusta (Fulton) ----------------------- Cymatium (Ranularia) sinensis (Reeve) -------------------------- (Ranularia) gutturnium (Roding) -------------------------- Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus) ------------------------------------ Bursidae: 

Bursa bufonia dunkeri Kira -------------------------------------

rubeta (Linnaeus) ------------------------------------------ Tonnidae: 

Tonna cerevisina Hedley ---------------------------------------- allium (Dillwyn) ------------------------------------------- Ficidae: 

Ficus ficoides (Lamarck) --------------------------------------- Muricidae: 

Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck) ---------------------------------- cf. C. superbus (Sowerby) ----------------------------------- J.lurex (Murex) pecten (Lightfoot) ------------------------------ (Murex) tribulus Linnaeus ---------------------------------- rectirostris Sowerby ------------------------------------ aff. M. aduncospinosus Beck ----------------------------- Pterynotus (Naquetia) barclayi (Reeve) ------------------------- Typhis cf. T. japonicus (A. Adams) ------------------------------ Thaididae: 

Drupa (Morula) concatenata (Lamarck) ------------------------- Drupella cornus ( Roding) _____________ --- _____________________ _ 

Mancinella aff. M. bufo (Lamarck) ------------------------------ Magilidae ( Coralliophilidae) : 

Coralliophila mallicki Ladd -------------------------------------- Latiaxis roddai Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------- ( Tolema) deburghiae (Reeve) ------------------------------- cf. L. winckworthi Fulton -------------------------------

blowi Ladd --------------------------------------------

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 9 

TABLE B.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Species Palau Guam Saipan .!r:.!'k Bikini F:fu~r H~~hles Fiji Tonga 

Columbellidae: 

Anachis (Costoanachis) mawsoni Ladd, n. sp ----------------------

(Costoanachis) sp. A --------------------------------------- Buccinidae : 

H indsia sinensis ( Sowerby) _ -- _ --------------------------------- rewaensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------- Siphonofusus walleri (Ladd) ------------------------------------

Phos bakeri Ladd ----------------------------------------------- Euthria rewaensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------

Aietula kerensis Ladd ------------------------------------------- santoensis Ladd -------------------------------------------- cf. AI. mitrella (Adams and Reeve) --------------------------- Colubrariidae: 

Colubraria maculosa (Gmelin) ----------------------------------- obscura (Reeve) -------------------------------------------

tortuosa (Reeve) ------------------------------------------- rehderi Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------------- N assariidae: 

Nassarius (Plicarcularia) globosus (Quoy and Gaimard) ---------- (Plicarcularia) cf. N. bimaculatus (A. Adams) ---------------

(Niotha) albescens (Dunker) -------------------------------- nodiferus (Powys) ------------------------------------- variegatus (A. Adams) --------------------------------- (Zeuxis) dorsatus (Roding) -------------------------------- margaritiferus (Dunker) ------------------------------- (Alectrion) barsdelli Ladd -----------------------------------

glans (Linnaeus) --------------------------------------- Bathynassa bolangoi Ladd -------------------------------------- Fasciolariidae: 

Latirus craticulatus ( Linnaeus) ___ -- ___ --__ --- _________ - _______ _ 

paetelianus (Kuster) ______ ---------------- __________ -------

polygonus ( Gmelin) ---------------------------------------- cf. L. formosio'l· Melvill ------------------------------------- Dolicholatirus cf. D. lancea ( Gmelin) ----------------------------

~usinus colus (Linnaeus) --------------------------------------- Olividae: Oliva ispida ( Roding) __________________________ ------ _________ _ 

Mitridae: 

Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson --------------------------- Cancilla (Cancilla) isabella (Swainson) -------------------------- Vexillum (Vexillum) coccineum (Reeve) ------------------------- ( Vexillum) vulpecula ( Linnaeus) ___________________________ _ subdivisum ( Gmelin) ____ .:_ _____________________________ _ 

(Costellaria) polygonum (Gmelin) --------------------------- cf. V. bellum (Pease) ----------------------------------- (Pusia) millecostatum (Brode rip) __________________________ _ 

Families covered in this report 

Volutidae: 

Lyria mallicki Ladd --------------------------------------------

santoensis Ladd -------------------------------------------- Volutomitridae: 

Volutomitra? vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------ Cancellariidae: 

Cancellaria tholoensis Ladd ------------------------------------- (AI erica) asperella Lamarck ________________________________ _ 

petiti Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------- Trigonostoma (Scalptia) crenifera (Sowerby) --------------------

Neadmete nausorensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------- Marginellidae: 

Alarginella cf. AI. (Granula) iota Hedley ------------------------- ( Eratoidea) ringicula Sower by ____________________________ _ 

Volvarina cf. V. avena (Kiener) -------------------------------- Turridae: 

Gemmula speciosa (Reeve) -------------------------------------- kieneri ( Doumet) _______________ - -------- _ ----------------- woodwardi (Martin) ___________________________________ _ 

congener (E. A. Smith) ------------------------------------- monilifera (Pease) ----------------------'------------------- aff. G. clifdenensis Powell __ ------- _ -------------------------

sp. A ----------------------------------------------------- Nasavusavuia nuttalli Ladd, n. g. et n. sp ------------------------ Ptychosyrinx aff. P. timorensis teschi Powell ---------------------- Cryptogemma richmondi Ladd, n. sp -----------------------------

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
10 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 3.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil nwllusk species in the island a1·ea-Continued 

Species Palau Guam Saipan !t,kBikini Ff~~f- H~~hles Fiji Tonga 

Families covered in this report-Continued 

Turridae-Continued 

~pidrona greenbaumi Ladd -------------------------------------- Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) acuta (Perry) ------------------------- (Lophiotmna) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp ----------------------- cf. L. leucotropis (Adams and Reeve) ----------------------- (LophiotmTis) indica Roding -------------------------------- Turris cr'ispa crispa (Lamarck) --------------------------------- Comitas aff. C. kamakurana (Pilsbry) ---------------------------- nausorensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------ waluensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------

sp. A ------------------------------------------------------ Leucosyrinx fijiensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------- rabbidgei Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------- Clavosurcula? briggsi Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------- Clathrodrillia kerensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------- Crassispira rnacneili Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------- Inquisitor walleri Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------ Agathotorna 'Vanualevensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------- Guraleus vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------- fijiensis Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------------- formosus Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------- Ithycythara lata Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------- Euclathurella santoensis Ladd ----------------------------------- ? sp. A ______________ ---·-- _____ --------------------- ______ _ 

~ucithara stromboides (Reeve) ---------------------------------- sawitrae (Beets) ___ ---------- __ ----------- ________________ _ 

marshallensis Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------- ~trema palauensis Ladd, n. sp -----------------------------------

sp. A ------------------------------------------------------ Eubela wnodrn?Vi Ladrl. n. sp ------------------------------------- Thatcheria vitiensis Charig -------------------------------------- Clinura? fijiensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------

Conidae: 

? sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- ? sp. B ----------------------------------------------------

Conus acuelifonnis Reeve ---------------------------------------- acneliformis 1ncki1ine11i Ladd, n. subsp -------------------------

~~~~!u!uLi~~~~~c~-======================================= c.f. C. aristophanes Sowerby ---------------------------------

cf. C. bonus Nomura --------------------------------------- cf. C. catus Hwa.ss ----------------------------------------- charigi Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------- cf. C. coelinae Crosse ---------------------------------------

corrugatus Sowerby ---------------------------------------- eburneus Hwass -------------------------------------------- cf. C. emaciatus Reeve -------------------------------------- cf. C. eugrammatus Bartsch and Rehder ----------------------

excelsus Sowerby ------------------------------------------- finulinus Linnaeus _________________________________________ _ 

cf. C. gembacanus Martin ----------------------------------- geographus Linnaeus ---------------------------------------

glans Hwass ----------------------------------------------- gloriamaris Chemnitz ______________________________________ _ gracilis Sowerby __________________________________________ _ 

vouensis Ladd -------------------------------------------- grangeri Sowerby ------------------------------------------- gubernator Hwass ------------------------------------------ insculptus Kiener ------------------------------------------- kimioi (Habe) ------------- _____ ------------ __ --------- ____ _ 

cf. C. litteratus Linnaeus ------------------------------------

macarae miliaris Hwa·ss Bernardi ------------------------------------------ ____________________________________________ _ 

nussatella mucronatus Linnaeus lteeve ------------------------------------------ _______________________________________ _ ochroleucus Gmelin ________________________________________ _ 

or·bi.gnyi Audouin ------ ____ -- _ ---------------- _------------- cf. C. nertusus Hwass --------------------------------------- praecellens A. Adams ---------------------------------------

quercinus Hwass ------------------------------------------- recluzianus Bernardi ---------------------------------------- aff. C. saecularis Melvill ------------------------------------- aff. C. socialis Martin ---------------------------------------

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 

TABLE 3.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the islnnd a1·ea-Continued 

Species 

Families covered in this report-Continued 

Conidae-Continued 

Conus st1·iatus Linnaeus ___________________________________ ------

sulcatus ll~ass --------------------------------------------- undulatus Sower by ______________ --------------------------

terebra Born ----------------------------------------------- cf. C. tessulatus Born ---------------------------------------

vimineus Reeve --------------------------------------------- yanuyanuensis Ladd _______________________________ ----------

sp. A ----------------------------------------------------- sp -------------------------------------------------------- Kenyonia cf. K. chiangi (Azuma) -------------------------------- Terebridae: 

llastula sp ----------------------------------------------------- Terebra (Terebra) subulata (Linnaeus) -------------------------- (Strioterebrum) torquata Adams and Reeve ------------------

nebulusa Sowerby -----------------------------------------

sp. A ----------------------------------------------------

sp. -------------7---------------------------------------- (Decorihastula) a/finis Gray ________________________________ _ 

(Mic1·otrypetes) vanua.le1:ensis Ladd, n. sp. --------------------

kerensis Ladd -------------------------------------------- (Oxymeris) maculata (Linnaeus) ---------------------------- interlineata (Des hayes) __________________________________ _ 

cf. T. felina (Dillwyn) ---------------·---------------------

argus (Hinds) -------------------------------------------

sp. B ---------------------------------------------------- (Myurella) myuro.c; Lamarck --------------------------------

pretiosa Reeve -------------------------------------------- alveolata llinds _________________________________________ _ 

(Triplostephanw~) trise1·iata Gray---------------------------- Total of 271 species 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

11 

X X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
12 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 4.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area 

(Queries following occurrences show uncertainty as to the exact age of the beds from which the fossils were obtained. The Alifan Limestone of Guam may be Miocene or Pliocene (Tertiary g or h) ; the Mariana Limestone of the same island may be Pliocene or Pleistocene 1 

Species Late 

Eocene b 

Tertiarv Quaternary 

Early Miocene M~~~~e Pliocene Ple:s- Holocene Living 

e f g h tocene 

Additions to families covered in Ladd ( 1966, 1972, 1977), plus Acmaeidae, Cocculinidae, Cyclostrematidae, Seguenziidae, Eulimidae, 

Fossaridae, and Colubrariidae not previously covered 

Scissurellidae: 

Anatoma japonica A. Adams ----------------------------------- Sinezona carinata (A. Adams) --------------------------------- cingulata (0. G. Costa) ----------------------------------- Fissurellidae: 

~marginula sp. C --------------------------------------------- (~marginella) eximia A. Adams ---------------------------- Puncturella (Puncturella) agger Watson ------------------------ (Cranopsis) pileolus A. Adams -----------------------------

Zeidora calceolina A. Adams ------------------------------------

Rimula sp. A ------------------------------------------------- Acmaeidae: 

Chiazacmea cf. C. pygmaea Kuroda and Habe ------------------- Patelloida cf. P. latistrigata (Angas) --------------------------- Cocculinidae: 

Coccuz.ina nipponica Kuroda and Habe -------------------------- Trochidae: 

Calliotropis rewaensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------

? sp. A --------------------------------------------------- Tu~cica (Perrinea) fijiensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------- (Perrinea) waiwailevensis Ladd n. sp -----------------------

Turcicula sp. A ----------------------------------------------- Calliotrochus navakaens-is Ladd, n. sp --------------------------

Enida warreni Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------- Solariella (~thaliopsis) vitilevensis Ladd. n. sp ------------------ Microgaza (Microgaza) navakaensis Ladd, n. sp -----------------

? sp. A -------------------------------------------------- Turbinidae: 

Astraea (Bolma) girgyllus (Reeve) ----------------------------

Arene (Arene) sp. B ------------------------------------------- Dentarene navakaense Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------- depressa Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------- Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus ---------------------------- Homalopoma (Cantrainea) whiJJplei Ladd, n. sp ------------------

(Cantrainea?) druidi Ladd, n. sp -------------------------- Cyclostrematidae: Cyclostrema somidi Ladd, n. sp _____ ..., ___________________________ _ 

cf. C. somidi Ladd ----------------------------------------- Neritidae: 

Neritina z·igzag Lamarck -------------------------------------- Smaragdia (Smaragdia) cf. S. viridis (Linnaeus) ---------------- Ri.ssoidae: 

Zebina (Cibdezebina) metaltilana Ladd ------------------------- (Moerchiella) supracostata (GarreU) -----------------------

sp. A ------------------------------------------------ Architectonicidae: 

Mannonuia navakaens1"s Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------- kerensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------

sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- sp ------------------------------------------------------- Pseudomalaxis (Pseudomo.la.xis?) roddai Ladd, n. sp --------------

Architectonica maxima (Philippi) ------------------------------- (Pseudotorim"a) aff. A. (P.) euprepes Woodring ------------- Turritellidae: 

Siliquaria cuminnii (Morch) ----------------------------------- aff. S. armata Kuroda, Habe, and Kozuge -------------------- Thiaridae: 

Thiara (Plotia) scabra (Muller) ------------------------------- Cerithiidae: 

Clypeomorus coralium (Kiener) _______________________________ _ 

Seguenziidae: 

Seouenzia donaldi Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------- Epito,iidae: 

~pitonium cf. ~. reJJlicata (Sowerby) --------------------------- (Cycloscala) cf. ~. revolutum (Hedley) --------------------- Eulimidae: 

~ulima santoensis Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------------

sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- X 

X 

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X 

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X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 13 

TABLE 4.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Eulimidae-Continued 

Balcis martinii (A. Adams) ------------------------------------- aff. B. kanaka (Pilsbry) ----------------------------------- aff. B. vitrea (A. Adams) --------------------------------- Strombidae: 

Varicospira cf. V. cancellata (Lamarck) ------------------------

., . cancel~a~.a spin_ifera (Martin) ------------------------------ T~v~a pow~sn (Petit) ------------------------------------------ Strombus (Canarium) labiatus (Roding) ------------------------ (Canarium) m,ic?·ourceus (Kira) -------------------------- (Dolomena) minimus Linnaeus ----------------------------- plicatus columba Lamarck ------------------------------ (Lentigo) pipus ( Roding) ______ --------------------------- (Euprotomus) bulla (Roding) ----------------------------- Fossaridae: 

Couthouyia kerensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------

Capulidae: 

Capulus japonicus A. Adams -----------------------------------

Calyptyraeidae: 

Crepidula sp. A ----------------------------------------------

Eratoidae: 

Trivirostra (Dolichupis) producta (Gaskoin) --------------------

Cypraeidae: 

Cypraea (Erronea) gracilis Gaskoin --------------------------- (Erronea) pulchella Swainson ____________________________ _ 

cf. C. pyriformis Gray --------------------------------- (Notadusta) punctata Linneaus, ----------------------------- Ovulidae (Amphiperatidae): 

Pedicularia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------- Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitablis Cate ----------------------- Dentiovula masaoi Cate ---------------------------------------- tadashigei Cate __________________________________________ _ 

Ovula ishibashii (Kuroda) ____________________________________ _ 

Phenacovolva longirost?·ata (Sowerby) --------------------------- Volva (Volva) volva Linnaeus ---------------------------------- Naticidae: 

Natica (Natica) areolata Recluz -------------------------------- (Natica) 'vitellu8 (Linnaeus) ______________________________ _ 

(Tectonatica) aff. N. 'L'iolacea Sowerby ----------------------- N everita albumen ( Linnaeus) ___________ ~ _____________________ _ Eunaticina sp ______________________________________________ - __ 

Sinum undulatum (Lischke) ----------------------------------- Cassidae: 

Morum (Cancellomorum) cancellata (Sowerby) ----------------- Phalium areola ( Linnaeus) ___________________________________ _ Casmaria ponderosa ( Gmelin) ________________________________ _ 

Cymatiidae: 

Gyrinium cf. G. reticulare robusta (Fulton) --------------------- Cymatium (Ranularia) sinensis (Reeve) ------------------------ (Ranularia) gutturnium (Roding) ------------------------- Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus) ---------------------------------- Bursidae: 

Bursa bufonia dunkeri Kira ------------------------------------ rubeta ( Linnaeus) _______________________________________ _ 

Tonnidae: 

Tonna cerevisina Iledley --------------------------------------- allium (Dillwyn) _________________________________________ _ 

Ficidae: 

Ficus ficoides (Lamarck) --------------------------------------- Muricidae: Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck) ________________________________ _ 

cf. C. superbus (Sowerby) --------------------------------- Murex (Murex) pecten (Lightfoot) ----------------------------- (Murex) tribulus Linnaeus -------------------------------- rectirostris Sower by _________________________________ _ 

aff. M. aduncospinosus Beck ----------------------------

Late 

Eocene b 

Pterynotus ( N aquetia) barclayi (Reeve) _______________________ _ 

Typhis cf. T. japonicus (A. Adams) ---------------------------- Thaididae: 

Drupa (Morula) concatenata (Lamarck) ----------------------- Drupella cornus (Roding) ------------------------------------- Mancinella aff. M. bufo (Lamarck) -----------------------------

Tertiary Quaternary 

Early Miocene Mf':C~e Pliocene Ple:s- ~Iolocene Living e g h tocene 

X X 

? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

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X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 
14 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 4.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Tertiary Quaternary 

Species Late 

Eocene 

b 

Early Miocene M~~~~e Pliocene Pleis- Holocene Living e f g h tocene 

Magilidae ( Coralliophilidae) : 

Coralliophila mallicki Ladd ------------------------------------ Latiaxis roddai Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------- (To lema) de burg hiae (Reeve) _____________________________ _ 

cf. L. winckworthi Fulton -----------------------------

blowi Ladd ------------------------------------------- Columbellidae: 

Anachis (Costoanachis) mawsoni Ladd, n. sp -------------------

(Costoanachis) sp. A --------------------------------------

Buccinidae: 

Hindsia sinensis ( Sowerby) ------------------------------------ rewaensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------- Siphonofusus walleri (Ladd) -----------------------------------

Phos bakeri Ladd --------------------------------------------- Euthria rewaensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------

Aletula kerensis Ladd ------------------------------------------ santoensis Ladd ------------------------------------------- cf. M. mitrella (Adams and Reeve) --------------------------

Colubrariidae: 

Colubraria maculosa ( Gmelin) _______________________ -·- _______ _ 

obscura (Reeve) ------------------------------------------ tortuosa (Reeve) ------------------------------------------ rehderi Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------- N assariidae: 

Nassarius (Plicarcularia) globosus (Quoy and Gaimard) ________ _ 

(Plica1·cularia) cf. N. bimaculatus (A. Adams) ------------- (N iotha) albescens (Dunker) ______________________________ _ 

nodiferus (Powys) ------------------------------------ variegatus (A. Adams) -------------------------------- (Zeuxis) dorsatus (Roding) ------------------------------- margaritiferus (Dunker) _____________ -----------------

(Alectrion) barsdelli Ladd ---------------------------------

glans (Linnaeus) ------------------------------------- Bathynassa bolangoi Ladd ------------------------------------- Fasciolariidae: 

Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus) ------------------------------- paetelianus (Kuster) ____________________________________ _ 

polygonus ( Gme.Jin) --------------------------------------- cf. L. formosior Melvill ------------------------------------ Dolicholatirus cf. D. lancea (Gmelin) --------------------------- Fusinus colus (Linnaeus) -------------------------------------

Olividae: Oliva ispida ( Roding) ________________________________________ _ 

Mitridae: 

Alitra (Nebularia) contracta Swain&on -------------------------- Cancilla (Cancilla) isabella (Swain son) ________________________ _ 

Vexillum (Vexillum) coccineum (Reeve) ------------------------- (Vexillum) vulpecula (Linnaeus) --------------------------- subdivisum ( Gmelin) ------------------------------- __ _ (Costellaria) polygonum (Gmelin) ------------------------- cf. V. bellum (Pease) --------------------------------- (Pusia) millecostatum (Broderip) -------------------------

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

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X 

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X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X --------------------------------------------------- Families covered in this report 

Volutidae: Lyria mallicki Ladd ___________________________________________ _ 

santoensis Ladd ------------------------------------------- Volutomitridae: 

Volutomitra? vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------

Cancellariidae: Cancellaria tholoensis Ladd ___________________________________ _ 

(Merica) asperella Lamarck ------------------------------- petiti Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------------- T,rigorwstoma (Scalptia) crenifera (Sowerby) ------------------- Neadmete nausorensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------

Marginellidae: 

Alarginella cf. A/. (Granula) iota Hedley ------------------------ ( Eratoidea) ringicula Sower by ____________________________ _ 

Volvarina cf. V. avena (Kiener) -------------------------------

X 

X X X 

X X 

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X X 

X 

X X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 15 

TABLE 4.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Species 

Turridae: 

Gemmula speciosa (Reeve) -------------------------------------

kieneri (Doumet) ----------------------------------------- woodwardi (Martin) ---------------------------------- congener (E. A. Smith) ----------------------------------- monilifera (Pease) _______________________ - ___________ -- __ _ 

aff. G. clifdenensis Powell -----------------------------------

sp. A ----------------------------------------------------- Nasavusavuia nuttalli Ladd, n. g. et n. sp ------------------------ Ptychosyrinx aff. P. timorensis teschi Powell --------------------- Cryptogemma richmondi Ladd, n. sp ----------------------------- Epidrq,na greenbaumi Ladd ------------------------------------- Lophiotoma (Lo7Jhiotmna) acutet (Perry) ------------------------ (Lophiotoma) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------- cf. L. leucot1·opis (Adams and Reeve) ---------------------- (Lophioturris) indica Roding ------------------------------ Turris crispa crispa (Lamarck) -------------------------------- Comitas aft'. C. kamakurana (Pilsbry) --------------------------- nausorensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------ waluensis Ladd, n. sp --------------------------------------

sp. A ----------------------------------------------------- Leucosyrinx fijiensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------- rabbidgei Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------------- Clavosurcula? briggsi Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------- Clathrodrillia kerensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------ Crassispira macneili Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------- Inquisitor walleri Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------- Agathotoma vanualevensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------- Guraleus vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------- fiiiensis Lad d. n. sp _______________________________________ _ 

formosus Ladd, n. sp -------------------------------------- lthycythara lata Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------ Euclathurella santoensis Ladd ----------------------------------

? sp. A --------------------------------------------------- Eucithara stromboides (Reeve) ________________________________ _ sawitrae (Beets) _________________________________________ _ 

marshallensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------- Etrema palauensis Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------

sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- Enbela woodrowi Ladcl. n. sp ------------------------------------ Thatcheria vitiensis Charig ___________________________________ _ 

Clinura? fi.iensis Ladd, n. sp ------------------------------------

Conidae: 

? sp. A --------------------------------------------------- ? sp. B ---------------------------------------------------

Conus aculeiformis Reeve ________________________ ------- _ --- _ --

aculeifornds mckinneyi Ladd, n. subsp -----------------------

~~~~~:n!ut~~~::~k-====================================== cf. C. aristophanes Sowe.rby -------------------------------- cf. C. bonus Nomura --------------------------------------- cf. C. catus H wass ________________________________________ _ 

charigi Ladd, n. sp ---------------------------------------- cf. C. coelinae Crosse --------------------------------------

corrugatus Sowerby --------------------------------------- ebu.rneus H wa.ss _________ ----- _____________ ----- _________ _ 

cf. C. emaciatus Reeve ------------------------------------- cf. C. eugrammatus Bartsch a.nd Rehder ---------------------

exce~us Sowerby ------------------------------------------ figulinus Linnaeus _______________________________________ _ 

cf. C. gembacanus Martin ---------------------------------- geogra.phus Linnaeus ________________ -------------- _______ _ 

glans Hwass ---------------------------------------------- gloriamaris Ch.ernnitz _____________________________________ _ gracilis Sower by _________________________________________ _ 

vouensis Ladd ---------------------------------------- grangeri Sowerby ----------------------------------------- gubernator II wass ________________________________________ _ 

insculptus Kiener ----------------------------------------- kimioi (Habe) -------------------------------------------- cf. C. litteratus Linnaeus -----------------------------------

macarae Bernardi -----------------------------------------

E~:!~e Early 

b e 

Tertiary Quaternary 

Miocene Mr~~e ePiiocene Pleis- Holocene Living f 0

g n h tocene 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

? X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

IX 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
16 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 4.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Tertiary Quatern_ar_.:.y __ 

Species E~:~e Early 

b e 

Miocene M~~~~ePiiocene ~~~~~Holocene Living 

g b 

Conidae-Continued 

Conus 1nilinris H wass ___________________________ ---------- _ ----

mucronatus Reeve ----------------------------------------- nussatella Linnaeus --------------------------------------- ochroleucus Gmelin ----------------------------------------

orbignyi Audouin ------------------------------------------ cf. G. pertnsus Hwass -------------------------------------- praecellens A. Adams --------------------------------------

quercinus Hvvass ------------------------------------------ recluzianus Bernardi -------------------------------------- aff. C. saecularis Melvill -----------------------------------

aff. C. socialis Martin -------------------------------------- striatus Linnaeus ________________________________________ _ sulcatus H vvass __________________________________________ _ 

undulatus Sovverby ------------------------------------

terebra Born ---------------------------------------------- cf. C. tessulatus Born -------------------------------------- vimineus Reeve __________________________________________ _ 

yanuyanuensis Ladd ---------------------------------------

sp. A ---------------------------------------------------- sp ------------------------------------------------------- X 

Kenyonia cf. K. chiangi (Azuma) ------------------------------- Terebridae: 

llastula sp --------------------------------------------------- X 

Terebra (Terehra) subulata (Linnaeus) ------------------------- (Strioterebrum) torquata Adams and Reeve -----------------

nebulosa Sowerby -------------------------------------

sp. A ------------------------------------------------ sp --------------------------------------------------- (Decorihastuln) affinis Gray-------------------------------- (Microtrypetes) vanualevensis Ladd, n. sp -------------------

kerensis Ladd ----------------------------------------- ( Oxymeris) maculata (Linnaeus) --------- ________________ _ interlineata, (Desha yes) ______________________________ _ 

cf. T. felina (Dillvvyn) --------------------------------

argus (Hinds) ---------------------------------------- sp. B ------------------------------------------------- (Myurella) myU'ros Lamarck ------------------------------- pretiosa Reeve ___________________ -- ___ -- ___ -----------

alveolata Hinds -----~--------------------------------­ (Triplosteplzanus) triseriata Gray --------------------------

Total of 271 species 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 17 

15"15'S 

BIG BAY 

MT. TA.lWEMASANA ;../ /: 

SANTO PEAK 

.A. 

Cape Que1ros 

0 

I 

0 

5 

I I I 5 10 

SANTO ISLAND 

10 

I I 

15 I 

20 

15 

I 

I 

20 

I 

25 KILOMETERS 

0 

25 MILES 

I 

~ 

'";>(") 

-;;., lj ~MAEWO ~ 

SANTO ()~· C7 ~ PENTACOST 

6 AMBRYN MALEKUL 00 

EPI 

"! • 

6EFATE 

() IS"S+--------E-R_R_OM_A_N_G_O+ lB" 

NEW HEBRIDES ~ CONDOMINIUM TANNA (\... • 

0 100 MILES V I I 11 ~ I ,, I I 

0 100 KILOMETERS 

166"E \) 170"E 

FIGURE 2.-Sketch map of Santo, New Hebrides, showing major SM fossil stations on the Navaka and Kere Rivers. 

the Pleistocene began nearly 2 million years ago and 

lasted until about 7,000 years B.P. (before the 

present). Morrison (1969, p. 370) concluded that 

the time-stratigraphic interval from 12,000 to 10,000 

years B.P. was the most likely boundary between 

the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Frye and others 

(1968) and Willman and Frye (1970, p. 37, 61, 126) 

cited sequences of tills and soil profiles to place the 

end of the Pleistocene above the Valderan Substage 

-about 7,000 years B.P. 

PALEOECOLOGY 

There are no significant additions to the generalized paleoecological s.tatements given in earlier 

reports of the present se·ries (Ladd, 1966, p. 11, 

13-15; 1972, p. 3, 11; 1977, p. 6). 

In special articles dealing with mollusks from the 

highly fossHiferous Pleistocene beds of Santo in the 

New Hebrides, available paleoecological data have 

been summarized by the ·author (1975, p. 134-136; 

1976, p. 128). The fossiliferous beds crop out on 

two south-flowing streams, the Navaka on the west 

(fig. 1) and the Kere on the east (fig. 2) . The beds 

on the Navaka contain a highe~r proportion of opensea planktonic mollusks along with numerous shells 

of Pedicularia that lived on octocorals at moderate 

depths. The beds on the Navaka also contained a 

few intermediate valves of chitons. The beds on the 
18 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS: GASTROPODS 

FIGURE 3.-Pleistocene beds cropping out on the Navaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. Thomas Waller and Warren 

Blow collected bulk samples f:vom these beds in 1974. 

Photograph by Waller. 

FIGURE 4.-Flat-lying Pleistocene beds on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. These beds were among the first 

studied by D. I. J. Mallick (SM242), and from them, 

Thomas Waller and Warren Blow collected bulk samples. 

Photograph by Blow. 

Kere contained no pedicularias but did yield great 

numbers of large, shallow-water mollusks, the fruits 

of a lowland tree (Garcinia) (Fosberg, 1978), and 

a single fossil chiton plate (a worn tail valve of a 

species of Lucilina) . All the Santo beds were probably deposited in an offreef environment, but the 

beds on the Navaka probably accumulated in somewhat deeper water than did those on the Kere. 

Practically all the elevated limestones found in the 

island area are reef associated and are believed to 

have accumulated in very shallow water in lagoo s 

or at intertidal levels in high-energy environments. 

Of the thousands of limestone-outcrop and drill-hole 

samples that have been examined during the present 

study, only one yielded an identifiable pteropod, 

which was in cuttings from a drill hole on Eniwetok 1 at a depth of 35-40 feet (11-12 m). The 

species, Cavolinia tYidentata occidentalis Dall, was 

the same one that F. S. MacNeil (unpub. data, 

1950) collected on the inner edge of the beach at 

Taka Atoll (USNM 614457), also in the Marshall 

Islands. In general, pteropods seem to be too fragile 

to survive in reef-associated deposits. When, however, the clays and marls of offreef sediments are 

examined, pteropods and similar planktonic mollusks (notably Atlantis) are found in great abundance. Notable examples are the upper Tertiary 

marls of Fiji and the Pleistocene beds of Santo in 

the New Hebrides. Such occurrences demonstrate 

two things : ( 1) free access of waters of the pen 

sea and (2) deposition in quiet water. In such deposits, the only suggestion of water movement is the 

tendency of tubular forms, like styliolids, to be 

grouped in parallel position, as though rolled by 

bottom currents. 

Questions about the interisland dispersal of small 

mollusks, especially land shells, have been briefly 

discussed earlier (Ladd, 1958, 1960) and more recently and more fully discussed by Solem ( 1 976) . 

The dispersal problems are by no means limited to 

mollusks. Ostracodes seem to have their own means 

of interisland transport. In the island area in 1951, 

for example, Fosberg (1955, p. 33) found freshwater ostracodes living in rain-filled cavities and 

irregularities in the bases of Pisonia trees on little 

known Bikar in the Marshall Islands, where there 

is no other fresh water. Such occurrences, though 

widely recognized, are little understood. 

Station I1010 on the south coast of Vanua Levu, 

Fiji, yielded a presumed deep-water mollusk, 

Eubela. Age of the sample, based prima ily on 

smaller Foraminifera (Ruth Todd, written commun., 

197 4), was thought to be possibly Pliocene (Tertiary h). David Bukry of the U.S. Geological Survey 

(written commun., 1977) found a diverse assem4 In 1974, the Board on Geographic Names recognized a n ew spelling, 

Eniwetak, and that spelling is being widely adopted. To avoid confusion in the pt·€s_nt seri€s of reports, the old spelling, Eniwetok, is continued. 
PALEONTOLOGY 19 

blage of nannoplankton that contained relatively 

few discoasters. This assembla.ge suggested a deep 

environment of deposition. The maximum depth 

could only be estimated on the basis of known dissolution sequences. Bukry also found Syracosphaera 

histrica Kamptner, which dissolves below about 

3,800 m (Roth and Berger, ,1975, p. 104). 

Bukry al,so examined three samples from the 

Navaka Sands for nannoplankton. Two of these 

consisted of sediment obtained from inside the shells 

of fossil mollusks. One was from the Kere River 

(USGS locality 25715), the other from the Navaka 

River (USGS locality 25731). The third sample was 

from an outcrop at the north end of the N avaka 

River exposures (USGS locality 25736). Nannoplankton were found .to be common to abundant in 

all three samples. The samples also contained ascidian spicules, suggesting a fully marine offreef depositionaJ environment. Older Tertiary coccoliths such 

as Cyclicargolithus, Discoaster and Sphenolithus 

had been reworked into the samples. The indigenous 

coccoliths were a low-diversity, normal-salinity assemblage. Characteristic inshore taxa such as 

Braarudosphaera were missing. Bukry believed that 

nearshore related turbidity could account for the low 

diversity of the nannoplankton, primarily an openocean group. Depth of deposition was estimated to 

be less than 500 m on the basis of the ascidian 

spicule distribution (Hekel, 1973, p. 10; David 

Bukry, written commun., 1977). 

The bulk samples collected on the Kere and 

Navaka Rivers on Santo, New Hebrides, by Thomas 

Waller and Warren Blow contained mos:t of the 

species colleC'ted earlier by Mallick and Greenbaum 

of the New Hebrides Survey, as well as others not 

previously collected. Many of the Santo species belong to families previously covered (in Ladd, 1966, 

1972, and 1977), hence the length, in the present 

pa;per, of the section devoted to "Additional species." 

All the material making up the bulk samples collected by Waller and Blow in 1974 has not yet been 

fully processed, and additional species, particularly 

those having small shells," will doubtless continue to 

appear. It is already apparent, however, that the 

Pleistocene sediments of Santo contain the richest, 

most diversified, and best preserved faunas of fossil 

mollusks ye1t discovered in the islands of the Pacific 

-probably in the whole Indo-Pacific ·region (La.dd, 

1976). In my 1976 paper, I described new species 

of mollusks from the Navaka Sands of Santo and 

sugge·sted (p. 128) that the high percentage of new 

species from the Pleistocene beds might reflect 

present lack of knowledge of the existing fauna. One 

of the species described in the 1976 paper, Fasciolaria walleri 5 has now been recovered from deep 

wate·r off Mactan Island in the Philippines. On December 20, 1977, two shells of this species were 

shown to me by Mary Young, a dealer, who had obtained them from Dr. B. M. Olivera of the University of Utah. I feel confident that other rep·resentatives of the numerous fossil species will be obtained 

from the existing seas. 

FAUNAL RELATIONS 

As norted in earlier ~reports in the present series 

(Ladd, 1966, 1972, 1977), the fossil molluscan 

faunas obtained from the island a,rea are clearly 

Indo-Pacific in general aspect. Exceptional cases 

have been recorded relating island-area fossils to 

American genera (Haplocochlias, Arene) (Ladd, 

1966). Recently, studies of the rich Pleistocene deposits from the island of Santo in the New Hebrides 

and beds in the Pliocene of Fiji have made apparent 

additional ties between the east (America and the 

Caribbean) and the west (isl,and area). 

A trochid, recently found in the Pleistocene beds 

of Santo, appears to be related to Caribbean and 

North Ame.rican forms. It is a species of Microgaza, 

a genus known only from the Ca:ribbean. (A second 

species, provisionally refe·rTed to Microgaza, was 

found in the Pliocene of Fiji.) 

Two turbinids, both from the Pliocene of Fiji, are 

referred to Cantrainea, subgenus of H omaloporna. 

Cantra1:nea includes a group known only from Europe, except for one species, H. (C.) panamensis 

(Dall), a form that lives at depths of 350-1,150 m 

off parts of the west coast of America (Keen, 1971, 

p. 350). 

An architectonicid from the Pleistocene beds of 

southern Santo that appears closely related to a 

Terti,ary Caribbean species is cited as Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) aff. A. euprepes Woodring. 

The two species differ chiefly in minor sculptural 

features. 

In commenting upon the "Ga.ribbean conneotion" 

seemingly shown by some muricid shells from the 

island area, Emily Vokes (written commun., 1978) 

noted that a form described as Murex bantamensis 

coulsoni (Ladd, 1977, p. 38, pl. 13, figs. 12-15; pl. 14, 

figs. 1, 2) was much like an undescribed. form from 

the upper Miocene of the Dominican Republic. 

Two eas.tern genera of .turrids appear to have had 

representatives in the New Heb:ddes area during 

the Pleistocene: A species from the Kere River beds 

r. This species is now recognized as belonging to the buccinid genus Siphonofusus. 
20 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

was provisionally assigned to Euclathurella (Ladd, 

1976, p. 134), and in the present paper, a species is 

assigned to lthycythara. 

The above statements all deal with gastropods. In 

1973, Thomas Waller (written commun.) of the 

Smithsonian Institution examined some small pecten 

shells recovered from a. sample collected on the 

Navaka River in southern Santo. He placed the 

shells in the genus Pectinella. Studies of the microstructure of the shells suggested that the Pleistocene 

New Hebrides examples were nearly identical with 

the typical Atlantic form known only from Holocene 

shells collected in Cuban waters. This rema·rkable 

discovery was primarily responsible for the collecting trip to the New Hebrides taken by Waller and 

Warren Blow in 197 4. 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 

The arrangement of families in the Gastropoda is 

essentially that of Taylor and Sohl (1962). The 

Eulimidae were not treated in Ladd, 1972. The 

Taylor-Soh! order is followed in the text, but there 

are irregularities in the arrangement of the plates. 

The preparation of the present report extended over 

a period of years that covered also periods of extensive foss:il collecting, particularly in the New Hebrides. Late additions to the collection under study 

appeared with unexpec.ted frequency and, when 

identified, we1re photographed and added to supplementary plates. 

In the present report, one new subgenus, Nasavusavuia, a turrid from the Pliocene of Fiji, is proposed. (Recently, Bathynassa was described as a 

new genus in the N assariidae from the Pleistocene 

of the New Hebrides (Ladd, 1976, p. 131)). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIES IN F AMILJES COVERED IN 

LADD (1966, 1972, 1977) 

Family SCISSURELLIDAE 

Genus SCISSURELLA Orbigny 

Orbigny, 1824, Soc. Histo1ire Nat. Paris Mem. 1, p. 341. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 146) .-Scissurella 

laevigata Orbigny. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

Subgenus ANATOMA Woodward 

Woodward, 1859,"Zool. Soc. London Proc. p. 204. 

Type (by original designation) .-Scissurella 

crispata Fleming. Holocene, North Sea. 

Scissure!la (Anatoma) japonica A. Adams 

Plate 1, figures 1, 2 

Anatomus japonicus A. Adams, 1862, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, p. 2 of rep·rint. 

A natoma japonica (A. Adams), Habe, 1964, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 9. 

As pointed out by Adams, this species closely resembles the type of the subgenus, A. crispata, in 

sculpture. Represented in the fossil collections by 

four shells from the Pleistocene beds at station SM43 

on the N avaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured specimen, USNM 214325, measures: height 1.5 

mm, diameter 2.4 mm. 

The species lives today in Japanese waters. 

Genus SINEZONA Finlay 

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 57, p. 341. 

Type (by original designation) .-Scissurella 

brevis Hedley. Holocene, New Zealand. 

Sinezona carinata (A. Adams) 

Plate 1, figures 3, 4 

Scissurella carinata A. Adams, 1862, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

His.tory, v. 10, p. 346. 

Woodwardia carinata (A. Adams), Habe, 1951, Illust. 

catalogue Japanese shells, no. 11, p. 68, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6. 

A single incomplete shell of this strongly keeled 

s.pecies was collected at USGS locaHty 25718 on the 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The last whorl 

of the shell is broken, so that the foramen appears 

as a fissure. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 214324: 

height 1.3 mm, diameter 2.1 mm. 

S. carinata lives today in Japanese waters from 

inte·rtidal levels to 70 fathoms. In the Marshall 

Isl~ands, sman shells were found in the drift on 

Rongelap. The New Hebrides shell seems to be the 

first reported as a fossil. 

Sinezona cingulata (0. G. Costa) 

Plate 40, figures 1-3 

Scissurella cingulata Costa, 1861, Microdoride Mediterranean, 

p. 61, pl. 12, figs. 9a, b; Pilsbry, 1890, Manual Conchology, ser. 1, v. 12, p. 61, pl. 57, figs. 1-7. 

Schismope cingulata (Costa), Warmke and Abbott, 1961. 

Caribbean seashells, p. 35, text-fig. 10. 

Scissurella (Scissurella) cingulata (Costa), Abbott, 1974, 

American seashells 2d ed., p. 17. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

250154: height 2.6 mm, diameter 2.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-One shell from USGS locality 25715, 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

The species was originally described from Holocene 

shells from the Mediterranean and was later recognized from Bermuda and the Caribbean. The New 

Hebrides fossil appears :to be speC>ific:ally identical 

with slightly smaller Holocene shells found in drift 

on Rongerik Atoll in the Marshalls (USNM 
PALEONTOLOGY 21 

594639) . According to Abbott, the species is common today in algae on mangrove roots. 

Family FISSURELLIDAE 

Genus EMARGINULA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1801, Systeme animaux sans vertebres, p. 69. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Emarginula conica Lamarck. Holocene, European Seas. 

Emarginula sp. C 

Plate 1, figures 7, 8 

A shell of ·an E·marginula recovered from the 

Pleistocene beds on the Navaka River (USGS locality 25655), Santo, New Hebrides, differs from 

other species of the genus. It may rep·resent an undescribed form, but the single shell is incomplete, 

and a na,me is withheld. 

The shell is small, thin, and moderately convex; 

the apex lies close to the posterior edge and is 

strongly incurved. The most striking features are 

the strong, obscurely noded radial ribs, six on one 

side, seven on the other. The ribs are overridden by 

close-set concentric threads that are best seen under 

magnification; slit na.rrow and open for more than 

one-third of its length. The shell, USNM 214277, 

measures : length 3.6 mm, width 2.4 mm. 

Subgenus EMARGINELLA Pilsbry 

Pilsbry, 1891, Manual Conchology, ser. 1, v. 12, p. 269. 

Type (by original designation) .-Emarginula 

cuvie1·i Audouin. Holocene, Red Sea. 

Emarginula (Emarginella) eximia A. Adams 

Plate 1, figures 5, 6 

Emarginula eximia A. Adams, 1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

pt. 19, p. 86; 1863, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Fissurellidae, p. 212, pl. 246, fig. 63; Pils.bry, 1891, Manual 

Conchology, ser. 1, v. 12, p. 267, pl. 28, fig. 26. 

Emarginula (Emarginella) eximia (A. Adams), Habe, 1964, 

Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 3, fig. 10. 

A small, oval, flattened shell wit~ strong scaly 

radiating ribs cancellated by concentric ridges; apex 

posterior, curved backwards. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214305: length 9.9 mm, width 6.1 mm, height 2.5 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Three shells from the Kere River 

outcrops (USGS localities 25715 and 25718), Santo, 

New Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. The species lives 

today in the Amami Islands and southward. 

Genus PUNCTURELLA Lowe 

Lowe, 1827, Zool. Jour. v. 3, no. 9, p. 77. 

Subgenus PUNCTURELLA ss. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Patella noachina Linnaeus. Holocene, northern seas. 

Puncturella (Puncturella) agger Watson 

Plate 1, figures 12, 13 

Puncturella agger Watson, 1884, Linnean Soc. London Jour., 

v. 17, p. 32; 1886, Challenger Report, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 

6; Pilsbry, 1891, Manual Conchology, ser. 1, v. 12, p. 

233, pl. 26, figs. 32-35. 

A single specimen, USNM 214322, collected from 

.the Pleistocene beds at station SM43 on the Navaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides, measures: length 2.5 

mm, width 1.7 mm, convexity 1.8 mm. Watson described the Holocene shell from the W es~t Indies at 

a depth of 390 fathoms (710 m) ; a shell in the 

USNM collection (No. 276623) was dredged in 

the Philippines at 171 fathoms (313m). 

Subgenus CRANOPSIS A. Adams 

Adams, A., 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. History ser. 3, v. 5, 

p. 302. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Cranopsis pelex A. 

Adams. Holocene, western Pac.ific. 

Puncture]a ( Cranopsis) pileolus A. Adams 

Plate 1, figures 9-11 

Cranopsis pileolus A. Adams, 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History ser. 3, v. 6, p. 120; Sowerby, 1862, Thesaurus 

Conchyliorum, Fissurellidae, p. 209, pL 10, Cranopsis, 

figs.1, 2. 

Puncturella (Cranopsis) pileolus A. Adams, Pilsbry, 1890, 

Manual Conchology, ser. 1, v. 12, p. 241, pL 28, fig. 9; 

Habe, 1964, Shells of the western Padfic in color, v. 

2, p. 4. 

Shell small, elliptical in outline, highly convex, 

laterally compressed; apex s~trongly recurved, projeeting beyond t:he posterior ma.rgin. Sculpture consisting of strong radiating ribs that ·are cancelled 

by weaker concentric lirae. M~argin sharply crenulated; interior with a narrow marginal platform 

project:ing from the posterior half of the shell; poste~rior end of slit lies under an arched platform. 

Measurements of the ·single fossil, USNM 214315: 

length 3.2 mm, width 2.2 mm, convexity 1.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Pleistocene beds cropping out at station SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. The speeies lives today in Japanese waters. 

Genus ZEIDORA A. Adams 

Adams, A. 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 3, v. 5, 

p. 301-302. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Zeidora calceolina A. 

Adams. Holocene, Japan. 
22 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Zeidora calceolina A. Adams 

Plate 1, figures 14-16 

Zeido1·a calceolina A. Adams, 1860 Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History ser. 3, v. 5, p. 302; Sowerby, 1862, Thesaurus 

Conchyliorum, v. 3, p. 209, pl. 10, fig. 3; Kuroda, Habe, 

and Oyama, 1971, Sea.sheUs of the Sagami Bay, 

Tokyo, Maruzen Co., p. 7, pl. 106, figs. 4-6. 

Six shells of this wide-septum 'species were recovered from the Pleistocene marls on the Navaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214304, from USGS locality 25734: length 3.1 mm, 

width 3.1 mm, convexity 1.4 mm. 

I have not seen Holocene examples, but the New 

Hebrides fos,sils agree in all respects with the excellent illustrations published by Kuroda, Habe, and 

Oyama (1971), who reported the species living in 

Japanese waters at depths of 50 to 200m. They also 

cited a Pleistocene fossil from Kyushu. 

Rimula sp. A 

Small, oval in outline wi.th a crenulated margin; 

highly convex with apex strongly recurved over the 

posterior margin; perforation narrow, located anteriorly between two elevated ribs. Sculpture cons~is,ting of about a dozen ribs, exclusive of those 

bounding the slit; in the grooves between ribs are 

closeset lirae. 

Measurem~nt of the single specimen, USNM 

214378: length 2.0 mm. 

The Fijian fossil appears to be conspecific with 

a lot of Holocene shells in the Na.tional Museum (no. 

292376) collected off Tablas Island in the Philippines at a depth of 73 fathoms (134m). 

Occurrence.-Single shell from Station C2026, 

near Nausori, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Family ACMAEIDAE 

Genus CHIAZACMEA 

Oliv.er, 1926 New Zealand Ins,t. Trans., v. 56, p. 558. 

Type (by origina,l designation) .-Patelloida flammea Quoy and Gaimard. Holocene, southwest Pacific. 

Chiazacmca d. C. pygmaea sygnatoides Kuroda and Habe 

Plate 33, figures 1, 2 

A single small shell from the Pleistocene beds on 

the Kere River (USGS locality 25718), Santo, New 

Hebrides, may represent this Holocene species. As 

shown in the illustrations, the shell is a low cone 

with an elliptical base, its apex anterior to the midpoint. The·re are low radial ribs but because of erosion, they a.re clearly visible only near the margin 

of the shell. The eroded surface retains traces of 

brown radial rays. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 214361: 

length 3.2 mm, width 2.6 mm, convexity 1.5 mm. 

C. pygmaea sygnatoides Kuroda and Habe (Kuroda and others, 1971, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 11), with 

which the fossil is compared, lives in Japanese 

waters and off Okinawa from the intertidal zone to 

a depth of 20 m. 

Genus PATELLOIDA Quoy and Gaimard 

Quoy and Gaimard, 1834, Voyage Astrolabe, Zoologi·e, v. 3, 

pt. 1, p. 349. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zoo I. Soc. London Proc. pt 15, p. 158) .-Patelloida 

rugosa Quoy and Ga.imard. Holocene, Indonesia. 

Patelloida cf. P. latistrigata (Angas) 

Plate 1, figures 17-19 

A single small shell from the Pleistocene beds on 

the Kere River (USGS locality 25717), Santo, New 

Hebrides, may represent this Holocene South Austra1ian species (Angas, 1865, p. 154; Macpherson 

and Gabriel, 1962, p. 48, fig. 64), although I have 

seen no specimens for detailed comparison. The fossil is strongly ribbed and much depressed. The apex 

lies about one-third of the length from the slightly 

narrowed anterior end. Sculpture consists of a 

dozen broad, rounded radial ribs that crenulate the 

margin of the shell. 

Measurements, USNM 214350: length 11.5 mm, 

width 9.0 mm, convexity 2.8 mm. 

In Australia, the species lives on rock surfaces at 

intertidal levels. 

Family COCCULINIDAE 

Genus COCCULINA 

Dall, 1882 U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 4 (for 1881), p. 402. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Suter, 1913, 

Man. New Zealand Mollusca, p. 173) .-Cocculina 

rathbuni Dall. Holocene, Atlantic coast of North 

America. 

Cocculina nipponica Kuroda and Habe 

Plate 33, figures 3, 4 

Cocculina nipponica Kuroda and Habe, 1949 Venus, v. 15, 

nos. 5-8, p. 59, 62, pl. 3, fig. 1; Habe, 1964, Shells of 

the we.s·tern Pacd.fic .in color, v. 2, p. 24, pl. 8, fig. 21; 

Kuroda, Habe, and Oyama, 1971, Seashells of Sagami 

Bay, p. 56, pl. 106, fig. 25. 

Three shells from the Pleistocene beds on the 

Navaka River (USGS localities 25652, 25734, and 

station SM43) seem to represent this species, 

though I have not seen specimens. The figured shell, 
PALEONTOLOGY 23 

USNM 214360, from USGS locality 25652, measures: length 2.4 mm, width 1.6 mm, convexity 1.1 

mm. All three fossils are smaller than the Japanese 

examples described by Kuroda and Habe. As pointed 

out by Habe, this species may be a form of C. subcompressa described by Schepman (1908, p. 21, pl. 1, 

fig. 9) from Indonesia. 

Occurrence.-N avaka River outcrops, Santo, New 

Hebrides. In Japan, the specie's has been reported 

from depths of 50-930 m. Schepman reported his 

species from 216 m. 

Family TROCHIDAE 

Genus CALLIOTROPIS Seguenza 

Seguenza, 1903, Soc. Geol. Italiana, Boll., v. 21, p. 462. 

Type (by original de,signation) .-Trochus ottoi 

Phillipi. Pliocene and Pleistocene, Italy. 

Calliotropis rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 39, figures 5-8 

Shell small, trochiform, height and diameter approximately equal. Protoconch of about three smooth 

convex whorls, followed by about three sculptured 

whorls. Sculpture consisting of four strong sp,iral 

keels, the upper two, which are close to the deeply 

excava,ted suture, are strongly beaded, the beads extended as retracted axials. The lower pair of spiral 

keels form the periphery and are nearly smooth. 

Base gently convex with four spiral ribs. The rib 

that encircles the wide and deep umbilicus and the 

rib next to it are beaded; the other two basal ribs 

are smooth. Aperture subcircular, nacreous within, 

outer lip thin, scalloped by the spiral keels; edge of 

inner lip reflected over umbilicus. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250126: 

height 3.2 mm, diameter 3.0 mm. 

C. 1·ewaensis seems related to a Holocene species 

from Indonesia described by Schepman (1908, p. 49, 

pl. 3, fig. 7) as Sola·riella mutabilis. The Fijian fossils are smaller than the Holocene shells, have an 

additional major keel, but lack the secondary spirals 

of the Holocene shells. Also, on the Holocene shells 

all major ·spiral keels are beaded; on the fossils, the 

peripheral keels are smooth. 

Occurrence.-Two shells from station C2026, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; a.ge, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Calliotropis? sp. A 

Plate 39, figures 9-12 

A single shell, which may be immature, is provisionaUy assigned to Calliotropis. The small shell is 

conical in outline with a deeply excavated suture. 

A protoconch of one or more s~mooth convex whorls 

is followed by 51/2 whorls that make up the teleoconch. Sculpture consisting of three strong spiral 

ribs that are deeply beaded by axials; periphery of 

body whorl angular; base flattened with half a 

dozen low, sHghtly beaded s·pirals. Aperture nearly 

circular; outer lip thin; callus of inner lip slightly 

extended over edge of a narrow umbilicus. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214421: height 5.0 mm, diameter 4.6 mm. 

I have not been able to identify the fossil with 

a living species. In major features, it resembles a 

shell dredged off Celebes (Sulawesi) (USNM 

239196) at a depth of 647 fathoms (1,183 m), but 

the fossil is smaller, has more subdued sculpture on 

the base, and coarser and more numerous spirals on 

the te.Jeoconch. 

Occurrence.-USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, 

Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Genus TURCICA A. Adams 

A. Adams, 1854, Zool. Soc. London Proc. p. 37. 

Type (by monotype) .-Turcica monilifera A. 

Adams. Holocene, Morton Bay, Australia. 

Subgenus PERRINIA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1854, Genera of Recent Mollusca. v. 1, p. 

419. 

Type (by subsequent designation. Pilsbry, 1889, 

Manual Conchology, ser. 1, v. 11, p. 15) .-Monodonta angul'ifera Adams. Holocene, Philippine 

Islands. 

Turcica (Perrinia) fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 39, figures 1-4 

Shell sma.Il, trochoid, nacreous within. Protoconch 

incomplete; teleoconch flat-sided, composed of about 

41h whorls cove·red by strong spiral ribs that are 

beaded by close-set axials; suture deeply excavated; 

periphery of body whorl angulate, formed by a 

strong spiral rib; base convex with sculpture like 

that of remainder of teleoconch; imperforate; aperture subcircular, inner lip callused, its edge free; 

columella with two well-developec teeth; oute~r lip 

thin, its edge crenulate, lira:te within. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250128: 

height 3.6 mm, diameter 3.3 mm. 

T. fijiensis closely resembles T. anguli/era, the 

type of Perrinia, but is smaller and more finely 

sculptured and has two prominent columellar teeth, 

rather than one as in the Holocene shell. 

Occurrence.-A single shell from station C2026, 

Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Turcica (Perrinea) waiwailevensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 24, figures 10-13 

Small, trochoid ; protoconch of about one smooth 
24 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

whorl, followed by 41/2 sculptured whorls covered 

by strong ribs that are beaded by close-set axials; 

spirals that cover the base are smaller than those 

on the spire; imperforate; aperture subcircular; 

columella with a single large tooth near its base; 

outer lip with a thin edge, !irate within. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250142: 

height 4.4 mm, diameter 3.3 mm. 

T. (P.) waiwailevensis closely resembles T. (P.) 

jijiensis that occurs with it at station C2026 on Viti 

Levu, but T. (P.) waiwailevensis has only a single 

columellar tooth, and the lower part of its body 

whorl is evenly rounded with no trace of an angulation or enlarged peripheral rib. 

Occu?Tence.-Holotype and an immature shell 

from station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). 

Genus TURCICULA Dall 

Dall, 1881, Harvard Coli., Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 9, 

p. 42. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Margarita (Turcicula) 

imperialis Dall. Holocene, Cuba. 

Turcicula sp. A 

Plate 2, figures 1-3 

Shell small, conical, thin, composed of five or more 

whorls. Sides of spire flattened; base slightly convex; Columella short, aperture subrectangular. 

Sculpture consisting of two primary noded spirals 

that form the periphery. The beadlike nodes of the 

spirals are joined between the spirals by low axial 

ribs that are continued faintly across the flattened 

part of the whorl above the peripheral spirals; on 

the base are three spirals, the inner two beaded, and 

fine axial lines of growth. 

Measurements of the only shell, USNM 214271; 

height (apex incomplete) 3.6 mm, diameter 3.4 mm. 

Turcicula sp. A resembles T. imperialis, type of 

the genus, in many features, but on the Holocene 

type, a large·r shell, the lower of the two major 

spirals forms the periphery; on the fossil, both 

spirals combine to form the pe·riphery. The fossil 

has shorter columella and stronger spirals on the 

base than does the Holocene shell. The fossil probably represents an undescribed species, but the small 

incomplete shell seems inadequate as a type. 

A much larger Holocene species was described by 

Dall (1889, p. 377; 1890b, p. 346, pl. 7, fig. 3) as 

T. bairdii. Small shells of this species have sculptural features suggesting Turcicula sp. A, particularly strong basal sculpture, but the two are clearly 

distinct. 

Occur1·encc.-Station C2019, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The related type, T. 

imperialis, was dredged off Cuba in 200 fathoms of 

water. 

Genus CALLIOTROCHUS Fischer 

Fischer, 1879, in Kiener (fide Keen, 1960, Treatise Invert. 

Paleontology, pt. I, Mollusca 1, p. 1256). 

Type (by monotypy) .-Turbo phasianellus Deshayes. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Calliotrochus navakaensis Ladd, n~ sp. 

Plate 34, figures 9-11 

Shell minute, conical, composed of about five 

smooth whorls, suture impressed, aperture nearly 

circular, nacreous within, outer lip beveled, inner 

lip callused, umbilicus a faint linear groove. Color 

pattern consisting of subparallel narrow lines of 

reddish brown. On the base, the colorlines parallel 

the angular periphery; above the periphery, the 

color bands descend from dark subsutural blobs, to 

cross the whorl from right to left. 

Measurements of the holotype (only specimen), 

USNM 214405: height 4.2 mm, diameter 3.2 mm. 

C. navalcaensis bears a close resemblance to the 

genotype, C. phasianellu.s, though I have not seen 

specimens. The chief difference seems to lie in the 

mottled color pattern of the Holocene shell. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from station 

SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; 

age, Pleistocene. 

Genus ENIDA A. Adams 

A. Adams, 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 3, v. 

5, p. 408. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Kobelt, 1879 

(fide Keen, 1960, Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. I, Mollusca 1, p. 1256)) .-G1:bbula . .faponica 

A. Adams, Holocene, Japan. 

Enida warreni Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 4-14 

Small, depressed-conical, deeply umbilicate; whorls 

about five, flattened, separated by a deeply excavated 

suture; base flattened, umbilicus wide; aperture subquadrate, rim slightly flaring. Sculpture consisting 

of spiral ribs that are beaded by close-set oblique 

axials; periphery of body whorl composed of two 

strong spirals with crenulated edges; base slightly 

convex with a half dozen spiral ribs, the one encircling the umbilicus being much stronger than the 

othe·rs. 

Both type specimens re·tain radiating bands of 
PALEONTOLOGY 25 

reddish-brown that widen toward the periphery 

(pl. 2, especially figs. 4, 6, 13). 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214354: 

height 1.7 mm, diameter 3.4 mm; pa.ratype, USNM 

214355: height 2.5 mm, diameter 3.1 mm. 

E. wan·eni is smaller than E. japonica, type of the 

genus, but ~there are more important differences. On 

E. japonica, the periphery is formed by a single 

sharp carina ; this species has a smoother base and 

less definitely outlined color a~reas than E. warreni. 

The strongly marked color pattern of E. warreni 

differentiates it from described species of the deepwater genus Basilissa, which the fossils resemble 

in other respects. 

This species is named for Warren Blow, who, as a 

member of the U.S. Geological Survey, collected the 

types on the Kere and Navaka Rivers. 

Occurrence.-Holotype from USGS locality 25718 

on the Kere River; para type from USGS locality 

25734 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

A single shell was also collected ·at station SM43 on 

the N avaka. An incomplete· shell was collected from 

SM242 on the Kere; this shell retains no trace of 

color pa.ttern. Age of all fossils is Pleis.tocene. 

The related species Enida japonica has been recovered from depths of 50-200 m off Japan (taken 

alive from 69-80 m) and has also been reported 

f~om Indonesia (Kuroda and others, 1971, p. 20). 

Genus SOLARIELLA Wood 

Wood, S. V., 1842, Annals and Mag. Nat. History v. 9, p. 

531. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Solariella maculata Wood. 

Pliocene, England. 

Subgenus ETHALIOPSIS Schepman 

Schepman, 1908, Prosobranchia of the Siboga Exped., pt. 1, 

p. 51. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Solariella (Ethailiopsis) 

callomphala Schepman. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Solariella (Ethaliopsis) vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 41, figures 1-3 

Small, trochoid spire of medium height composed 

of about six rounded whorls; nacreous within. Aperture subquadrate, umbilicus wide and deep, its margin crenulated radially; umbilicus partly concealed 

by an extension of the inner lip. Sculpture consisting 

of faint re1tracted axials and fine close-set spiral 

cords that on the base, are slightly more prominent 

near t:he umbilicus than elsewhere. Traces of dark 

zigzag axial lines are preserved on the dorsal surface 

of the holotype. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214407: 

height 3.6 mm, diamete~r 4.8 mm. 

S. (E.) vitilevensis is much s~maller than Ethaliopsis katoi Kuroda and Habe (Habe, 1964, (in Kira 

and Habe, 1965, v. 2, p. 17, pl. 6, fig. 16), is more 

strongly sculptured than that species and has a 

different color pattern. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens from station C1764; 

age, probably Pliocene. This seems to be the first 

fossil occurrence of Ethaliopsis. 

Genus MICROGAZA Dall 

Dall, 1881, Harvard Coli., Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 9, 

p. 50. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Microgaza rotella DaU. 

Holocene, West Indies. 

Subgenus MICROGAZA s. s. 

Microgaza (Microgaza) navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 34, figures 1-5 

Shell small, lenticular with a low -spire and a 

rounded periphery. Protoconch a smooth inflated 

whorl, followed by about two whorls ma~ked with 

spiral threads; on later whorls there is a beaded 

spiral immediately below the suture; faint spirals 

are present above the periphery. Aperture broadly 

triangular, nacreous within; umbilicus wide and 

deep, its side vertical for each whorl. Umbilicus 

bordered, except close to aperture, by a band of 

axial wrinkles that extends one-third to one-half 

way across the base; belt of wrinkles spirals down 

the umbilicus. Upper part of whorls marked with 

brown zigzag lines ; on base, the bands are more 

widely spaced and less sharply marked. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214398: 

height 4.7 mm, diameter 7.7 mm. The holotype is the 

largest and most complete of the five fossil shells. 

Shells of the Holocene genotype, M. rotella Dall, 

in the USNM collections contain examples from off 

Barbados, Cuba, and Florida from depths of 73-150 

fathoms. Woodring (1928, p. 435, pl. 37, figs. 1-3) 

described a subspecies of M. rotella as M. r. vetula 

from the Miocene of Jamaica. Though strikingly 

similar to both of these Caribbean forms, M. navakaensis differs in the presence of spiral threads on 

the early postnuclear whorls and in its strong color 

pattern. In describing the Bowden subspecies, Woodring norted that some of the fossils showed traces 

of na,rrow color bands diverging spirally from the 

suture. These bands can hardly be compared with 

the pattern shown by the New Hebrides fossils, 

though the resemblance may have been closer when 

the Bowden shells were alive. 
26 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Occurrence.-Represented by five shells, all from 

the N avaka River Pleistocene outcrops. The bolotype is from USGS locality 25731. 

Microgaza? sp. A 

Plate 34, figures 6-8 

Small, with a low spire and an angular periphery. 

Protoconch consisting of about one smooth inflated 

whorl, followed by four or more flattened sculptured 

whorls; there is a beaded spiral immediately below 

the suture and three smaller unbeaded spirals-one 

at the periphery, one a short distance above, the 

other below. Base rounded, showing traces of lesser 

spirals. Aperture broadly triangular, nacreous 

within. Umbilicus wide, deep, and steep-sided, a~s in 

typical Microgaza, but the axials that radiate from 

it are strongly beaded by spirals. Weaker spirals are 

visible on the steep sides of the umbilicus. 

Measurements of the single incomplete specimen, 

USNM 214400: height 4.5 mm, diameter 3.6 mm. 

The incomplete Fijian fossil is provisionally assigned to MicTogaza. It may represent a different 

group. M. oblita Jung from the Pliocene of Trinidad 

(Jung, 1969, p. 422, pl. 42, figs. 4-9) has an angular 

periphery, as does the Fijian shell, but it has a 

lowe·r spire and lacks many of the sculptural features described above. 

Occurrence.-A single incomplete shell from station C2024, Viti Levu, Fiji; age Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). 

Family TURBINIDAE 

Genus ASTRAEA Roding 

Subgenus BOLMA Risso 

Risso, 1826, Histoire nat. principales productions Europe 

meridionale * * * p. 117. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Turbo Tugosus Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic. 

Astraea (Bolma) girgyllus (Reeve) 

Plate 2, figure 15; plate 3, figur·e 1 

Trochus girgyllus R·eeve, 1871, Conchologica Iconica, v. 14, 

Trochus, pl. 10, no. 53. 

Turbo (Bolma) girgyllus (Reeve), Sowerby, 1884, Thesaurus 

Conchyliorum, Turbo, no. 57, p. 208, pl. 7, fig. 23. 

Two incomplete shells from the Pleistocene beds on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides (station 

SM242). One shell measures: height 41.0 mm, diameter 31.6 mm; the other: height 42 mm, diameter 

40 mm. The species was described from a Holocene 

shell found in Chinese waters. Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Genus ARENE 

Arene (Arene) sp. 8 

Plate 37, figures 17-20 

Shell minute with a low turreted spire whose early 

whorls are flattened. Sculpture of body whorl consisting of two strong spirals, the upper larger one 

forming the periphery and bearing a dozen triangular scales opening forward; the lower smaller 

spiral is inconspicuously scaly and borders the flattened base. Axial sculpture relatively subdued on 

the spire but strongly developed on the base near 

the open umbilicus. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

250143: height 2.2 mm, diameter 2.8 mm. 

The New Hebrides fossil closely resembles Bathyliot'ina, a genus created by Habe ( 1964, in Kira and 

Habe, 1965, v. 2, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 1) with type Liotia 

armata A. Adams. The species lives in the western 

Pacific, but I have not seen specimens. Arene sp. B 

superficially resembles Liotia (Arene) venusta described by Woodring (1928, p. 423, pl. 35, figs. 4-6) 

from Bowden, Jamaica, but there are many differences. Like the New Hebrides fossil, the one from 

Jamaica is represented by a single she.U ; both probably are immature. 

Occurrence.-Station SM43, Na.vaka River, Santo, 

New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

GenmDENTARENEhed~e 

Iredale, 1929, Queensland Mus. Mem. 9, p. 274. 

Type (by original designation) .-Dentarene sarcina Iredale, new name for Delphinula crenata 

Kiener. Holocene, Philippines. 

Collections made from the Pleistocene beds cropping out on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides, 

contained two small ra.re species of li01tids, as described below. One proved a fairly typical Dentarene, D. navakaense; the other, characterized by a 

flattened spire, is given the name D. depressa. 

Dentarene navakaense Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 40, figures 4-6 

Shell small, spire modera;tely high, composed of 

about four whorls whose upper surfaces are gently 

convex; periphery of shell made up of a dozen triangular spines, opening fo·rward spines curved upward; space between periphery and suture covered 

by a series of poorly defined spiral cords, the cord 

next to the suture larger than the others and beaded. 

Below the soaled periphery is a flattened strip bordered by a scaly spiral less prominent than the 

peripheral spiral above. On the base are two secondary spirals of axially oriented beads and a more 
PALEONTOLOGY 27 

prominent beaded spiral that encircles a deep umbilicus. This spiral tied to inne1r lip of the subcircular aperture. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250163: 

diameter 3.5 mm, height 2.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and two other shells from 

USGS locality 25734, Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. 

Denlarene depressa Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 40, figures 7-11 

SheU small, spire depressed below ~the level of the 

body whorl; spire composed of about four whorls, 

the uppe'r surfaces gently convex. Periphery formed 

of about a dozen elongated triangular spines, opening forward and curved upward. Upper surfaces of 

whorls mostly smooth but showing traces of axial 

lines of growth near outer margins. Lower surface 

most.Iy smooth except for a row of spines similar to 

those forming the periphe,ry above but slightly 

smaller; this row of spines spirals down the deep 

umbilicus. Aperture circular except for angles made 

by the two rows of spines. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250161: 

diameter 3.5 mm, height (upper spines omitted) 1.5 

mm; the para type, USNM 250162: diameter 3.6 ·mm, 

height (upper spines om:itted) 1.6 mm. 

The s·pecies be81rs a resemblance to Pterarene described by Sakurai and Habe (1977) from Japanese 

waters but, as the author noted, that genus has only 

a single stellate peripheral keeL 

Occurrence.-Holotype and pa.ratype from the 

Pleistocene beds the Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides (station SM43 and USGS locality 25731). 

Genus TURBO Linnaeus 

Linn.aeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 761. 

Subgenus TURBO s. s. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 203) .-Turbo 

petholatus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. Also reported as a Cenozoic fossil on va,rious islands in the 

Southwest Pacific (Ladd, 1966, p. 47). 

Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus 

Plate 2, figures 16, 17 

Turbo petholatus Linna.eus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 762. 

A large and well-colored sheU of the type species 

of Turbo was collected from the Pleis1tocene beds a.t 

USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. Because of the excellence of its color preservation, the shell (USNM 214366) is shown on 

plate 2. It measures 50 mm in he1ght, 40 mm in 

diameter. 

Genus HOMALOPOMA Carpenter 

Carpenter, 1846, Hritish Assoc. Adv. Sci. Rept. for 1863, p. 

537. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Turbo sanguine a Linnaeus. Holocene, Mediterrane,an Sea. 

Subgenus CANTRAINEA Jeffreys 

Jeffreys, 1883, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 109. 

Type (by original designation) .-Turbo peloritanus Contraine. Holocene, Medirte·rranean Sea. 

Homalopoma (Canlrainea) whipplei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figures 1-4 

SheH small with a turbinate spire. Protoconch of 

about one smooth convex whorl followed by 3lf2 

whorls that make up the teleoconch. Sculpture on 

body whorl consisting of four strong, widely spaced 

spiral keels, one close to the suture, the others 

nearer the base where they form a projecting peripheral band ; base smooth except for growth lines. 

Secondary spirals discernible only under magnification. Axial sculpture poor, consisting of growth lines 

and, on the whorls of the spire, obscure subsutural 

beads. Aperture subcircular, nacreous within; outer 

lip thin, crenulated by the spiral keels; inner lip 

thickened by a toothlike callus at about the midpoint. Umbilicus concealed by columellar callus. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214419: 

height 5.0 mm, diameter 5.6 mm. 

The Fiji foss.il seems most closely related to 

Homalopoma (Cantrainea) panamensis (Dall) 

(cited by Keen, 1971, p. 350). Other species of 

Cantrainea are confined to the Tertiary and Holocene of Europe. H. (C.) whipplei is smaller than H. 

(C.) panamensis and has a lower spire and a more 

prominent subsutural keel. 

This species is named for G. Leslie Whipple who 

did much to establish a geologic chronology for Viti 

Levu. 

Occu1-rence.-A single specimen from station 

C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Dall's related Panamic species has been reported 

from 380 to 1,150 m. 

Homalopoma (Canlrainea ?) druidi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 36, figures 5-8 

Shell small, turbinate. Protoconch of about one 

smooth convex whorl, followed by about 31;2 strongly 

sculptured whorls. On the body whorl are six primary spiral ribs, the lowest three larger than the 

others; secondary spirals present over the entire 
28 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WES.TERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

shell, including the base where the riblet bordering 

the umbilicus is larger than the others. Aperture 

subcircular; columella with a heavy callus with two 

rounded projections anteriorly, the callus projeoting 

over part of the umbilicus; outer lip thin, beveled 

within. 

Measurements of -the holotype, USNM 250139, 

only specimen: height 5.2 mm, dia:meter 5.7 mm. 

This specie·s superficially resembles H. (C.) 

whipplei described above but has more numerous 

primary spirals, much stronger seoonda.ry SP'irals, a 

dual columellar callus, and a more open umbilicus. 

The reference of H. druidi to the subgenus Cantrainea is questioned because of its umbilical features. 

This species is named for Druid Wilson, formerly 

of the Geological Survey, now with the Smi,thsonian, 

who has aided me greatly during my study of western Pacific fossil mollusks. 

Occurrence.-Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Family CYCLOSTREMATIDAE 

Genus CYCLOSTREMA Marryat 

Marryat, 1818, Linnean Soe. London Trans., v. 12, p. 338. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Cyclostrema cancellata 

Marryat. Holocene, West Indies. 

Cyclostrema somidi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 15-17 

Minute, apex sunken; later whorls forming slow 

spire, upper surface of whorls flat and smooth; periphery with prominent triangular ·spines, 11 on 

body whorl, that curve upward and are open forward. A second spiral keel below the periphery has 

smaller, more numerous spines. Aperture circular; 

umbilicus ·apparently deep, bordered by a coa.~sely 

puckered rib. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214416: 

height 1.5 mm, diamete·r 2.3 mm. 

I have not found a clos·e relative of C. somidi. Its 

prominent peripheral spines are comparable with 

thos·e found on some species of Liotina (Dentarene) 

and Astraea (Bellastraea), but those forms l'ack the 

second spiral keel that seems to charooterize this 

Cyclostrema. The specific name is Fijian for very 

small, minute. 

Occurrence.-Two shells from station C2026, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Cyclostrema cf. C. somidi Ladd 

Pla·te 37, figures 21-25 

Shell·small, planorboid, spire depressed below the 

level of the flattened body whorL Pe·riphery of the 

shell formed by two strong spiral ridges. The upper 

of the two spirals is the larger and is ex·tended into 

a series of regularly spaced, upturned triangular 

projections that give the shell a starlike appearance 

when viewed from ·above; nine such projections are 

present on the body whorl of the single complete 

specimen, an immature shell. Base flattened, widely 

umbilicate, the steep-sided umbilicus bordered by a 

noded rib. 

Measurements of the complete specimen, USNM 

250141: height 1.6 mm, diameter 0.7 mm. 

A second shell, USNM 250140 (diameter 3.2), 

represents a larger individual but is incomplete. It 

may represent a distinct species, as it has a secondary spiral on its upper ·Surf·ace that is not found on 

the complete shell and the base is less flattened (pl. 

37, fig. 25) but shows ·strong axial ribs. 

The New Hebrides shells appea~r to be closely related to C. somidi Ladd from the Pliocene of Fiji. 

Occurrence.-Two shells from station SM43 on 

the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Family NERITIDAE 

Genus NERITINA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1816, Encyclopedie methodique. Histoire nat. vers, 

v. 3, p. 455; liste p. 11. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Children, 1823, 

Lamarck's gene·ra of shells, p. 111) .-Nerita pulligera L.inneaus. Holocene, rivers of India and Melanesia. 

Neritina zigzag Lamarck 

Plate 3, figures 2, 3 

Neritina zigzag Lama.rck, 1822, Histoire nat. an:imaux sans 

vertebres, v. 6, no. 2, p. 185. 

Neritina ziczac Lamarck, Sowerby, 1849, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, v. 2, Abt. 10, Neritina p. 540; Martens, 

1879, Conchylien Cabinet, v. 2, Abt. 10, p. 101, pl. 2, 

figs. 6, 7; pl. 10, figs. 20-22. 

Represented by .three somewhat worn shells from 

the Kere River outcrops, Santo, N e·w Hebrides. The 

largest and most complete of these, USNM 308095, 

i's figured. It measures: height 23.0 mm, diameter 

22.8 mm. These Pleistocene sheHs :are .the first fossil 

occurrence. According to published reports, the 

species lives today in the Philippines and Tahiti. 

Genus SMARAGDIA Issei 

Issei, 1860, Malacologia del Mare Rosso, p, 212. 

Subgenus SMARAGDIA s. s. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Kobelt, in Martini and Chemnitz, 1879, SY'stematische ConchylienCabine·t v. 2, p. 246) .-Nerita viridis Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 
PALEONTOLOGY 29 

Smaragdia (Smaragdia) d. S. viridis (Linnaeus) 

Pia te 3, figures 4, 5 

Small shells of the S. vi rid is type were recovered 

from shallow horizons in three diamond drill holes 

in western Viti Levu. Many of the shells are worn, 

but all retain traces of their original color pakte·rna se·ries of thin zigzag lines ·that, as Olsson and 

Harbison (1953, p. 341) pointed out, charaoterize 

shells from the Mediterranean. The Fijian fossils 

may represent more than one species, but shells of 

this group vary widely, and no probable divi·sion 

seems possible. The figured specimen, USNM 214246 

from station C1766, measures: height 4.6 mm, diameter 5.0 mm. 

Oc~urrence.-More than 40 sheUs from ,three drill 

holes in western Viti Levu at depths of 9-62 m ('stations C1763, C1764, C1766, C1769, C1872, C2055). 

Most of the shells are very small, but two are larger 

than the others ; one of these is figured. Age, probably Pliocene. 

Family RISSOIDAE 

Genus ZEBINA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1854, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 328. 

Type (by subsequent designation, G. Nevill, 1885, 

Hand list Mollusca Indian Museum, pt. 2, p. 93) .-

Rissoina coronata Recluz. Holocene, Mauritius. 

Subgenus CIBDEZEBINA Woodring 

Woodring, 1928, Carnegie lnst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 369. 

Type (by original designation) ~-Rissoina browniana d'Orbigny. Holocene, West Indies. 

Zebina (Cibdezebina) metaltilana Ladd 

Plate 31, figures 1, 2 

Zebina (Cibdezebina) metaltilana Ladd, 1966, U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 531, p. 64, pl. 12, fig. 10. 

About a dozen specimens believed to represent 

this species were collected from the Pleistocene beds 

at station SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. The species was described originally from 

the Miocene and younger beds drilled in the Marshall Islands; it was also recove·red from the Miocene of Fiji and was found living in Bikini's lagoon. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from the 

Pleistocene of the New Hebrides, USNM 250159 : 

height 4.0 mm, diameter 1.7 mm. 

This specimen shows the posterior denticle, but 

most of the shells are immature and show no dentides at all. 

Subgenus MOERCHIELLA G. Nevill 

Nevill, 1885, Hand list Mollusca Ind.ian Museum, pt. 2, p. 88. 

Type (by original designation) .-Rissoina gigantea Deshayes. Holocene, Philippine Islands. 

Zebina (Moercbiella) supracostata (Garrett) 

Plate 33, figures 5, 6 

Rissoina supracostata Garrett, 1873, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., pt. 2, p. 209, pl. 2, fig. 1. 

A single .shell, USNM 214377, was found in the 

Pleis1tocene beds at USGS locality 25715 on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebride·s. It measures: height 

5.7 mm, diameter 2.0 mm. 

Garrett described Rissoina supracostata from 

Holocene sheU:s collected in Fiji. I have not seen 

shells from the type area, but the New Hebrides 

foss.il is conspecific with shells in a lot in the Hirase 

collection (USNM 342187) collected from Osumi at 

the northern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The lot 

cons:ists of 10 shells that show considerable varia.tion 

in the strength and extent of the axials on the early 

whorls of the teleoconch. 

Zebina (Moercbiella) sp. A 

Plate 33, figures 7, 8 

Medium in size, elongate, with a high flat-sided 

spire. Teleoconch of about eight slightly convex 

whorls. All whorls covered by fine close-se~t oblique 

axial ribs that are slightly stronger near the apex, 

becoming ne1

arly obsolete on the body whorl; all 

whorls with microscopic spirals tha,t are most prominent on the body whorl; suture lightly impres·sed; 

aperture oblique, broadly lenticul~a.r; outer lip thickened behind; inner lip callused. 

Measure·ments of the figured specimen, USNM 

214371: height 10.1 mm, diameter 4.0 mm. 

The single shell may represent an undescribed 

species, but it is incomplete. It is characterized particularly by the uniformity of the axials on the 

whorls of the teleoconch ; there is no marked break 

between ribbed and unribbed whorls. 

Occurrence.-USGS locality 25731 on the Navaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE 

Genus MANGONUIA Mestayer 

Mestayer, 1930, New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 61, p. 144-145. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Mangonuia bollonsi Mest~ayer. Holocene, off North Cape, New Ze·aland. 

Mangonuia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 31, figures 3-5 

Small with spire flattened. Adult sculpture of both 

the upper and the lower surfaces starting from a 

prominent varix. On the upper surface are two 

beaded peripheral cords, the lower one the larger; a 
30 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

smaller beaded cord is also present next to the suture. The lower surface is widely umbilicate with a 

peripheral beaded cord comparable with the peripheral cords of the upper surface. Be.tween the primary cords of the upper and lower surf•aces is a 

gently concave beveled area carrying two fine secondary spiTals. On the upper surface, the gently 

convex area's are covered with fine curved axial lines. 

Aperture made subquadrate by the peripheral cords. 

Measurements of the holotype~ USNM 250150 : 

diameter 3.5 mm, height 0.9 mm. 

M. navakaensis seems closely related to M. bollonsi, Holocene type of the genus from New Zealand, 

but the fossil shells, through smaller, have a more 

prominent varix initiating the adult sculpture. The 

fossils are also less depre.ssed apically and have 

stronger spi~als around the umbilicus, weaker axial 

sculpture both above and below. The secondary 

spirals on the beveled margin area are stronger on 

the Holocene shell. The holotype and two other 

fossil shells assigned to M. navakaensis may be immature. 

M. meridionalis (Hedley, 1903) has weaker 

spirals below and three secondary spirals in the 

beveled area. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and two other shells from 

station SM43 on the Navaka River. Age of fossils, 

Pleistocene. 

Mangonuia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 31, figures 6-8 

Small, spire gently convex. Adul·t sculpture above 

starting from a fairly prominent varix and consisting 

of two primary peripheral beaded spirals; the lower 

one is the larger and forms the sharply crenulated 

periphery. Ins.ide the primary pe·ripheral spirals on 

the upper surface are five secondary spirals, the one 

next to the suture slightly la:rger than the others; 

secondary spirals weakly beaded by curved axi•als. 

Shell widely umbilicate below, the entire surface 

covered by beaded spirals. The s:piral bounding a 

beveled zone below the periphery is ·slightly larger 

than the others. The beveled zone has three beaded 

spi~als and a trace of a foul"lth above (beneath the 

prominent pe•ripheral ·spiral). Aperture subcircular. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250151: 

diameter 4.3 mm, height 1.1 mm. 

One of the four shells from the type locality, 

though incomplete, is larger than the others and 

CJarried remnants of still another whorl, now broken 

away. A complete adult shell of M. kerensis would 

probably be considerably larger than the figured 

holotype. 

M. kerensis is closely related to M. navakaensis, 

described above, but is less fla,ttened apically, has a 

less conspicuous peripheral spiral below, and has 

stronger ·spirals in the so-called beveled area. M. 

kerensis has strongeT axials on the upper surface 

than does M. navakaensis. 

The Kere River species also resembles the Holocene species described by Hedley (1903, p. 351) 

from Australia, as Omalaxis meridionalis. That species, however has a more strongly developed peripheral axial below and weaker, unbeaded spirals in the 

beveled area. 

Occurrence.-Four shells from USGS locality 

25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

Pleistocene. 

Mangonuia sp. A 

Plate 31, figures 9-11 

A minute shell collected on the Navak•a Rive·r 

with shells of M. navakaensis may represent a distinct species. Adult sculpture stavts with a varix 

both above and below. The pe.riphera'l margin is not 

angularly beveled between the upper and lower surfaces as in M. navakaensis; its upper surface is margined by only a single beaded cord, and its lower 

-surfaee lacks the secondary spirals of M. nava-

'caensis. The single shell, USNM 250160, may be 

immature. It measures: diameter 2.5 mm, height 

0.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, 

New Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. 

Mangonuia sp. 

Plate 32, figures 1-9 

Three small, inco·mplete, and probably immature 

1hells may represent one or more unusual species of 

11angonuia. They are flattened :above, each shell con1isting of a large, convex smooth nuclear whorl sepl·rated from several highly sculptured whorls by 

1. varix. Upper surface covered by four or five 

1trongly beaded spiral ribs, of which the peripheral 

··ib next to the suture is stronger. The lower surface 

~overed by beaded spirals, the largest spiraling into 

·he wide umbilicus. One or two beaded spirals form 

. he periphery; if two are present, they are subequal 

·n strength; if one only is present, it is located cen-

:;rally. Aperture subcircular. or made slightly irregu-

'ar by spirals. 

Measurements of the two shells from the Kere 

River: USNM 250164, dia,me'te'r 3.4 mm, height 1.4 

mm; USNM 250165, diame,ter 3.1 mm, height 1.2 

mm. A single sheH from the Navaka Rive·r, USNM 

250166 measures: diameter 3.3 mm, height 1.1 mm. 
PALEONTOLOGY 31 

Differences in the peripheral sculpture suggest 

that more than one species may be represented. Additional material, particularly adult shells, are 

needed to settle this question. 

Occurrence.-Two shells from USGS locality 

25715 on the Kere River, one shell from station 

SM43 on the Navaka River, both on Santo, New 

Hebrides. All specimens Pleistocene. 

Genus PSEUDOMALAXIS Fischer 

Fischer, 1885, Manuel Conchyliologie, p. 714. 

Subgenus PSEUDOMALAXIS s. s. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Bifrontia? zanclaea 

Philippi. Pliocene, Sicily. 

Pseudomalaxis (Pseudomalaxis?) roddai Ladd, n. sp 

Plate 32, figures 10-12 

Shell small, flattened ~hove, widely concave below; 

whorls about three; (adult sculpture above and 

below starting from a varix and consisting of two 

prominent subequal beaded pe1ripheral cords and a 

smaJler beaded spiral om~d at the suture. The per:iphera'l cords make the last whorl quadr:ate in section; 

the flattened upper surface shows obscure traces of 

axials. Both upper and lower surfaces depressed at 

the suture, but the whorls are in contact. 

Measurements of the holotype, the only specimen, 

USNM 250149: diameter 2.6 mm, height 0.8 mm. 

I have not found a close relative of P. roddai, 

living or fossil. The reference to Pseudomalaxis s.s. 

is questioned because the shell shows no trace of 

s·piral sculpture other than the beaded cords. 

This species is named for Peter Rodda, Senior 

Geologis1t with the Mineral Resources Division in 

Fiji, who has collected many fossils on Viti Levu, 

including the one here described. 

Occurrence.-Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Genus ARCHITECTONICA Roding 

Architectonica maxima (Philippi) 

Plate 3, figures 6-8 

Solarium maximum Philippi, 1848, Zeitschr. Malakologie, v. 

5, p. 170. 

Architectonica maxima (Philippi), Kira, 1962, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 25, pl. 13, fig. 7; 

Kuroda, Habe, and Oyama, 1971, Sea shells of Sagami 

Bay, p. 261, pl. 61, fig. 28; Gernohorsky, 1972, Marine 

shells of the Padfic, v. 2, p. 194, pl. 3. fig. 7. 

One large shell (figured) and two smaller ones 

from USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175078: height 35.4 mm, diameter 62.0 mm. 

The species 1i ves today in many parts of the 

western Pacific and has been in parts of Indonesia 

since late Tertiary time (Vlerk, 1931, p. 256). 

Subgenus PSEUDOTORINIA Sacco 

Sacco, 1892, Molluschi dei terzianii de Piemonte e deUa 

Liguria, pt. 12, p. 66. 

Type (by original designation) .-Solarium obtusum Bronn. Miocene and Pliocene of Italy. 

Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) aff. A. (P.) euprepes Woodring 

Plate 35, figures 1-3. 

Three shells from the Pleistocene beds of Santo, 

New Hebrides, appear to very closely rel~arted to the 

Tertiary species described by Woodring (1928, p. 

357, pl. 27, figs. 15-17) from Jamaica. The figured 

shell from the New Hebrides is an adult; one of the 

othe·rs is im.mature. All three have elaborate sculpture similar to that of the Jamaican species. The 

New Hebrides shells have a wider umbilicus than the 

Jamaican species, and the,ir marginal cusps are 

sharper. The 30 shells from the Aldrich collection 

assigned to A. euprepes by Woodring are mostly 

immature and resemble the smalleT of the two 

Navaka River shells. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214406: height 3.3 mm, diameter 7.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from the Pleistocene beds on the Kere River (USGS locality 25718); 

a second adult shell and an immature shell from 

Station SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Family TURRITELLIDAE 

Additional slit worm shells were found in the 

Pleistocene beds exposed on Santo. 

Genus SILIQUARIA Bruguiere 

Bruguiere, 1789, Encyclopedie methodique. Histoire nat. vers, 

v. 1, p. 15. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis generum malacozoorum, v. 2, p. 455) .-

Serpula anguina Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Siliquaria cumingii (Morch) 

Plate 35, figures 4, 5 

Tenagodus (Siliquaria) cumingii Morch, 1860, Zool. Soc. 

London Proc., v. 28, p. 403. 

Siliquaria (Agathirses) cumingi Morch, Kira, 1962, She.lls 

·of the weste,rn Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 25, pl. 13, fig. 8. 

Siliquaria cumingi Morch, Mwtsura, 1977, Kanazawa Univ. 

Sci. Rept., v. 22, p. 144, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17. 

The figured specimen, USNM 214414, from the 

Kere River, USGS locality 27518, Santo, New Hebrides, and several smaller sheHs from the Navaka 
32 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

River outcrops appear to represent this Holocene 

species, which is widespread in the western Pacific 

today. The incomplete figured shell measures: height 

37.6 mm, breadth 19.l mm. The fossils are Pleistocene in age, as are those from Japan cited by 

Matsura. 

Siliquaria aff. S. armata Kuroda, Habe and Kozuge 

Plate 35, figures 6-8 

The figured specimen, USNM 214415, is larger 

than the shell described by Kuroda, Habe, and 

Kozuge (in Kuroda and others, 1971, p. 64), and it 

has more numerous spiral cords (eight as a-gainst 

five or six). The incomplete fossil measures: height 

8.6 m·m, breadth 18.8 mm. As the authors of S. 

armata point out, their species closely resembles the 

type of the genus, S. anguina (Linnaeus). 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from USGS locality 25718 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; a smaller shell was found at station SM43 on 

the Navaka River; age of both shells, Plei.stocene. 

Family THIARIDAE 

Genus THIARA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 2, p. 109. 

Type (fide W enz, 1938, Handbuch der PaHizoologie, Gastropoda, p. 712) .- Helix amarula Linnaeus. Holocene, Reunion. 

Subgenus PLOTIA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 2, p. 95. 

Type (fide Thiele, 1931, Handbuch de·r Systematischen weichtierkunde, p. 200) .-Buccinum scabrum Miil'ler. Holocene, Indo-Pacific 

Tbiara (Piotia) scabra (Muller) 

Plate 3, figure 9 

Buccinum scabrum Muller, 1774, Vermium terrestrium et 

:fluviatilium, v. 2, p. 136. 

Thiara scabra (Muller), Benthem Jutting, 1956, Treubia, v. 

23, pt. 2, p. 393, figs. 72, 78 (see for additional refe·rences). 

A s:ingle bleached shell that clearly represents this 

variable Holocene freshwater species was collected 

by Harold Stearns from a. gr,avel bar in the Sarakata 

River near the south coast of Santo, New Hebrides 

(USGS locality 21031). Though fragile, the shell is 

nearly complete. The body whorl is unfilled, but the 

presence of cemented material along part of the 

suture and in the broken apex indicate that the 

specimen .is a fossil, not the sheU of a living example that was washed into the river. The sheU, USNM 

214319, measures: height 12.8 mm, diameter (incomplete) 5.7 mm. The shell is probably Pleis1tocene in 

age. 

Family CERITHIIDAE 

As recorded in Ladd, 1972, members of the 

family Cerithiidae were found -in variety and abundance in the reef-associated deposits of the island 

area. This was to be expected, as cerithids flourish 

today in shallow (intertidal) waters. They were not 

abundant in the richly fos.siliferous Tertiary offshore marls of Fiji and, for the same reason, were 

found to be rare in the Pleistocene beds of Santo. 

Among th6usands of shells collected from Santo, less 

than two dozen were cerithids and, of these, nearly 

half were from outcrops on the Wambu River. Only 

three species were identified. One of these, Clypeomorphus coralium (Kiener), is illustrated; the other 

two are treated in Ladd, 1972, as Rhinoclavis (Proclava) sordidula (Gould) and Bittium (lschnocerithium) rostrata ( Sowerby) . 

Genus CL YPEOMORUS Jousseaume 

J ousseaume, 1888, Soc. Zoo I. France Mem. 1, p. 171-173. 

Type (by original designation) .-Clypeomorus 

clypeomorus J ousseaume. Holocene, Red Sea area. 

Clypeomorus coralium (Kiener) 

Plate 37, figures 6-8 

Cerithium coralium Kiener, 1841, Ooquilles vivantes, Cerithium, p. 32, pl. 8, fig. 3. 

Cerithium corallium Kiener, Sowerby, 1855, Thesaurus 

Conchyliorum, Cerithium, p. 863, pl. 129, fig. 63. 

Clypeomorus coralium (Ki·ener), Kira, 1962, Shells of western 

Pacific in color, p. 27, pl. 13, fig. 20. 

This Holocene Philippine species is represented in 

the extens-ive Santo Pleistocene collections by 14 

shells from half a dozen localities. The figured specimen, USNM 250167 from station SM308, on the 

\Vambu River, measures: height 16.4 mm, diameter 

6.0mm. 

Family SEGUENZllDAE 

Genus SEGUENZIA Jeffreys 

Jeffreys, 1876, Royal Soc. London Proc., v. 25. p. 187, 202. 

Type (by subsequent designa.tion, Harris, 1897, 

Catalogue Tertiary Mollusca, British Mus., pt. 1, 

Australasian, p. 266) .-Seguenzia formosa Jeffreys. 

Holocene, Atlantic. 

Seguenzia donaldi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 35, figures 9-15 

Shell minute, iridescent; protoconch inconspicuous, consisting of about one whorl; teleoconch of 

about five whorls that form a turreted trochoid 

spire. Aperture irregular in outline; outer lip indented by a deep sinus at the suture (on some 

shells, this sinus widens posteriorly) and shallower 

sinuses at the periphery and near the base. The 
PALEONTOLOGY 33 

columella borders a narrow deep umbilicus and 

terminates near its base in a toothlike projection. 

Body whorl has two prominent spiral carinae, one 

close to the suture, the other at the periphery; immediately below the peripheral carina is a smaller 

carina, and there are several less prominent spirals 

on the gently convex base. Axial sculpture, fine 

threads visible only under high magnification. 

Measurements of the types: Holotype, USNM 

214409, height 2.2 mm, diameter 2.1 mm; para type, 

USNM 214411, height 2.1 mm, diameter 2.1 mm. 

The Ne·w Hebrides fossils are much smaller than 

numerous Holocene species with which they have 

been compared. In size, the New Hebrides shells are 

comparable with the Miocene species from Bowden, 

Jamaica, described by Woodring (1928, p. 327, pl. 

24, figs. 6, 7) as S. hapala, but they have a better 

developed umbilicus and more subdued axial sculpture than does that species. The New Hebrides fossils more closely resemble Holocene shells dredged 

in .the Philippine area from a depth of 226 fathoms 

(413 m) (USNM 285266). The larger Holocene 

shells have a less wen developed umbilicus and 

stronger axial sculpture. 

This deep-water species is named for Dr. Donald 

I. J. Mallick, who made the first extensive collections 

from the Navaka River outcrops that yielded this 

species in some abundance. 

Occurrence.-Many shells from station SM43 on 

the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

Pleistocene. 

Family EPITONIIDAE 

Genus EPITONIUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 2, p. 91. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Suter, 1913, 

Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 319.-Turbo 

scalaris Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Epitonium cf. E. replicata (Sowerby) 

Plate 3, figures 10-12 

Fossil shells from the Pleistocene of the New 

Hebrides are probably identical with the Holocene 

shell described by Sowerby (1844, p. 84, pl. 32, figs. 

23, 24), but most Pleistocene shells show more numerous axial ribs (9-10 on body whorl) than do 

Holocene shells. 

Measure:ments of the figured specimen, USNM 

214303: height 12.3 mm, diameter 7.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Fifteen complete shells from USGS 

locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. E. replicata lives today in 

Japan and many parts of the southwest Pacific. 

Subgenus CYCLOSCALA Dall 

Dall, 1889, Harvard Coli., Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 18, 

p. 316. 

Type (by subsequent designation, de Boury, 1909, 

Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 57, p. 258) .-Scala dunkeriana Dall ( =Scalaria echinaticosta d'Orbigny). 

Holocene, West Indies. 

Epitonium (Cydoscala) cf. E. revolutum (Hedley) 

Plate 3, figure 13 

A single incomplete shell from Pliocene beds, station C1766, Viti Levu, Fiji, may represent this 

species that was described by Hedley from the sands 

of a la.goon beach at Funafuti, Ellice Islands. The 

Fiji fossH has a wider and more closely coiled shell 

and more numerous axial lamellae than do the two 

shells described from the upper Miocene beds of 

Palau (Ladd, 1972, p. 51, pl. 13, fig. 4). The Fiji 

shell, USNM 214326, measures: height 2.3 mm, diameter 1.4 mm. 

Family STROMBIDAE 

Genus VARICOSPIRA Eames 

Eames, F. E., 1952, Royal Soc. London Philos. Trans, ser., 

B, v. 236, no. 631, p. 70. 

Type (by original designation) .-Strombus cancellatus Lamarck, Holocene, Philippines. 

Varicospira cf. V. cancellata (lamarck) 

Plate 34, figures 12-14 

Two incomplete shells that probably represent 

this genotype were recovered from Station MWC 40, 

on Maewo, New Hebrides; age, probably Pleistocene. 

The figured specimen, USNM 214402, measures: 

length 30.5 mm, diameter (incomplete) 10.0 mm. 

Varicospira cancellata spinifera (Martin) 

Plate 4, figures 7, 8 

Rostellaria (Rimella) spinifera Ma:fltin, 1899, Geol. ReichsMus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, p. 192, pl. 30, figs. 447, 448. 

Rimella (Dientomochilus) cancellata spinifera (Martin), Altena, 1941, Le:idsche geol. MededeeL v. 12, p. 42; Cox, 

1948, Schweizerische Paleont. Abh., v. 66, p. 31, pl. 2, 

figs. 6a-c. 

Two small shells from station C2026, Fiji, appear 

to represent this species. One is incomplete anteriorly, but the other, the figured specimen, USNM 

214289, retains its smooth labrum with a short spine 

near its base, features that dis<tinguish Martin's 

form from V. cancellata (Lamarck). The figured 

fossil measures: length (incomplete) 17.3 mm, diameter 8.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-The Fijian shells from station 

C2026, Viti Levu, are from the upper Tertiary 
34 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

(stage f or g). Described from the Pliocene of Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Obi). 

Genus TIBIA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 2, p. 123. 

Subgenus TIBIA s. s. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1906, 

Jour. Conchology (Leeds), v. 11, p. 295) .-Murex 

/usus Linnaeus, Holocene, wes,tern Pacific. 

Tibia powisii (Petit) 

Plate 4, figures 3-6 

Rostellaria powisii Petit, 1840, Rev. Zoologie v. 3, p. 326; 

1842, Mag. Zoologie, pl. 53; Tesch, 1920, PaHiontologie 

von Timor, pt. 14, Jungtertilire und Quartare Mollusken, p. 51, pl. 130, fig. 170. 

Tibia powisi Kira, 1962, Shells of the western PacHic in color, 

v. 1, p. 35, pl. 16, fig. 10. 

This is one of the most abundanrt shells in the 

Ple,istocene marls on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebride,s. Some of the sheHs have strong spiral 

ridges, particularly on the later whorls; on other 

shells, the whorls of ~the spire are nearly s·mooth. 

Some shells are intermediate between the two. 

Measure·ments of a strongly sculptured example, 

USNM 214285: length 45.4 mm, diameter 17.0 mm; 

a smooth shell, USNM 214286: length 45.9 mm, 

diameter 17.3 mm. 

The species lives today in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan and has been recognized in the 

Pliocene of Timor. A smaller form, T. powisii modesta, was described by Martin from the Pliocene 

of Java and has been widely recognized in the Pliocene of Fiji (Ladd, 1972, p. 56, pl. 15, figs. 2, 3) . 

Genus STROMBUS Linnaeus 

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae 10th ed. p. 742. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 515) .-Strombus pugilis Linnaeus. Holocene, Caribbean and 

Florida. 

Subgenus CANARIUM Schumacher 

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitaHons des vers tesrtaces, Copenhagen, p. 219. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Canarium ustulatum 

Schumacher ( = Strom bus urceus Linnaeus) . Holocene, southwest Pacific. 

Strombus (Canarium) labiatus (Roding) 

Plate 4, figures 9, 10 

Lambis labiatus Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, 

pt. 2, p. 63, no. 806. 

Strombus (Canarium) labiatus (Roding), Abbott, 1960, IndoPacific Mollusca v. 1, no. 2, p. 67-69, pl. 20, figs. 22, 23; 

pl. 44; pl. 45, figs. 1-6 (see for addrtional references). 

A single well-preserved shell of the strongly 

sculptured form of this variable species was found 

at station C2026 on Viti Levu, Fiji. The specimen, 

USNM 214235, measures: length 33.4 mm, diameter 

17.4 mm. S. labiatus lives today in the western Pacific from Japan to northern Australia and from 

Fiji westward into the Indian Ocean (Abbortt, 1960, 

pl. 46) . It is found in some abundance on the reefs 

off Viti Levu today. The fossil, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h), cannot be distinguished from Holocene shells 

from the same area. 

Strombus (Canarium) microurceus (Kira) 

Plate 33, figures 11, 12 

Canarium microurceus Kira, 1955, Kuroda Ms., Colored illust. 

shells Japan, ed. 1, pl. 15, fig. 5 (nomen nudum); 1959, 

ed. 2, p. 35, pl. 15, fig. 5. 

Strombus (Canarium) microurceus (Kira), Abbott, 1960, 

Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 71, pl. 20, figs. 

24, 25. 

Strombus microurceus (Kira), Cernohorsky, 1965, Records 

Fiji Mus., v. 1, no. 1, p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 20. 

Two incomplete and slightly worn shells from a 

drill hole in the Nandi area, Viti Levu, Fiji (s1tation 

C2173) seem to represent this Holocene species that 

is known from the western Pacific-from northern 

Australia to Japan and eastward to Fiji and Samoa. 

The shells from C2173 are probably Pliocene in a~ge 

and are the first recorded fossil occurrence. The 

figured specimen, USNM 214380, measures: length 

24.8 mm, diameter 11.6 mm. 

Subgenus DOLOMENA lredale 

Iredale, 1931, Australian Mus. Records, v. 18, no. 4, p. 212. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strom bus pulchellus Reeve 

( = Strom bus plicatus pulchellus Reeve) , Holocene, 

Red Sea. 

Strombus (Dolomena) minimus Linnaeus 

Strontbus minimus Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa plantarum, appendix, p. 549; Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 

1, no. 2, p. 105, pl. 18, figs. 4, 5; pl. 74, fig. 3; Cernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Recs., v. 1, no. 1, p. 8, pl. 2, 

fig.11. 

A single incomplete shell from station C1763, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pleistocene. The shell, 

USNM 214313, measures: length (incomplete) 17.5 

mm, diameter 16.5 mm. The species lives today 

throughout the southwest Pacific-from Fjji to Indonesia and north to the Ryukyu Islands. Martin 

(1899, p. 182, pl. 29, figs. 421) reported it from the 

Pliocene of Java. 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus columba Lamarck 

Plate 4, figures 11, 12 

Strombus columba Lamarck, 1822, Histoire nat. animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 7, p. 208. 
PALEONTOLOGY 35 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus columba Lamarck, Abbott, 

1960, Indo~Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 90-91, pl. 

18, figs. 1, 2; pl. 63, fig. 1 (see for additional 

synonymy). 

Two typical specimens from river debris (station 

SG79) on the Sarakata River, Santo, New Hebrides, 

are probably Pleistocene in age. The figured shell 

measures: length 44.8 mm, diameter 25.3 mm. 

As Abbott pointed out, this species is characteristic of the western Indian Ocean area. Shells in the 

National Museum collection, however (No. 609962), 

are from New Caledonia. Abbott (1960) questioned 

the Vredenberg report of an occurrence in the Gaj 

beds (upper Miocene) in West Pakistan. 

Subgenus LENTIGO Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1886, Le Naturaliste, Paris, 1st ser., v. 3, no. 28, 

p. 220. 

Type (by monotypy) : Strom bus lentiginosus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Strombus (Lentigo) pipus (Roding) 

Plate 4, figures 13, 14 

Lambis pipa Roding. 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, 

p. 63. 

Strombus pipus (Roding), Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 119, pl. 17, figs. 9, 10; Cernohorsky, 

1972, Marine tshells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 81, pl. 17, 

fig. 9. 

Cernohorsky reported the species to be rare in 

most Pacific localities; it is interesting, therefore, to 

find it one of the first two identifiable fossil mollusks 

recovered from a tuff cone on the island of Rotuma. 

The shell, USNM 214284, measures: length (spire 

incomplete) 40.8 mm, diameter 32.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Single shell from beds forming a 

tuff cone on the north coa:s1t of Rotuma. Collec,ted by 

William Hindle; age, Holocene. The spedes lives 

today in the western Pacific from the Society Islands 

to Indonesia and in western Indian Ocean. According to Abbott, it lives at depths of 8-39 f·athoms. 

Subgenus EUPROTOMUS Gill 

Gill, T., 1870, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 5, p. 131. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strombus aurisdianae 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific . 

Strombus (Euprotomus) bulla (Roding) 

Plate 4, figures 15-17 

Lambis bulla Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 

2, p. 64. 

Strombus bulla (Roding), Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 128, pl. 14, figs. 5, 6, pl. 101, fig. 

5 (see for additional citations). 

This spedes with its curved posterior projectfon 

of the outer lip and its strongly recurved siphonal 

canal has been recently reviewed by Abbott. The 

figured specimen, USNM 214234, a s·m'all shell, 

measures: length 43.1 mm, width 24.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from U.S. Geological Survey station 25715 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Cox (1930, 

p. 137) reported .the species (asS. auris dianae Linnaeus) from the Pleistocene of Kenya. It lives today 

in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands to 

Samoa (Abbott, 1960, pl. 106). 

Family FOSSARIDAE 

Genus COUTHOUYIA A. Adams 

Adams, A., 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 5, p. 410. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Couthouyia decussata A. 

Adams, Holocene, Japan. 

Couthouyia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 33, figures 9, 10 

Shell small, globose, thin; composed of four 

who·rls, those of the spire small, the body whorl 

enormous. Aperture and lower pa.rt of body whorl 

separated from the rest of the shell by a wide umbilicus; aperture semicircular in outline, columella 

straight, outer lip thin. Sculpture consisting of fine, 

close-set spirals that are stronger over the middle 

part of the body whorl than elsewhere; spirals 

beaded by equally close-set axials. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214367: 

height 3.6 mm, diameter 3.0 mm. 

The closest living relative of C. kerensis is C. 

gracilis (Brazier), a small and equally fragile species found in Sydney Harbor (Henn and Brazier, 

1894, p. 169, pl. 14, fig. 4; Hedley, 1900, p. 506, pl. 

26, fig. 13), but there are s;triking differences: C. 

kerensis is shorter, has a much wider umbilicus, and 

its whorls are more strongly sculptured. C. exilis 

(Murdock) from the Pliocene of New Zealand (Murdock, 1899, p. 220, pl. 20, fig. 6) likewise ha·s a 

narrower umbilicus than does C. kerensis and is less 

strongly sculptured. 

Occurrence.-Holotype, only specimen, from 

USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Family CAPULIDAE 

Genus CAPULUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 54. 

Type (by original designation) .-Patella ungarica Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies. 

Capulus japonicus A. Adams 

Plate 3, figure 14 

Capulus japonicus A. Adams, 1861, Annals and Mag. Na:t. 

History, p. 11 (reprint); Kuroda and Habe, 1954, 
36 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Venus, v. 18, no. 1, p. 6, 13, pl. 1. fig. 20·a, 20b; Kuroda, 

Habe, and Oyama, 1971, Sea sheUs of Sagami Bay, p. 

88, pl. 23, fig. 11. 

Thin shells that probably represent this variable 

species were recovered from the Pleistocene beds at 

USGS localities 25731 and 25739 and station SM43 

on the Navaka River, Santo,, New Hebrides. The 

figured specimen, USNM 214359, measures: length 

4.2 mm, width 2.7 mm, convexity 3.7 mm. The species has been collected alive off Japan at depths of 

69-85 m (Kuroda and others, 1971). 

Family CALYPTRAEIDAE 

Genus CREPIDULA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat., Paris. Mem. p. 78. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Patella fornicata Linnaeus. Holocene, Atlantic. 

Crepidula sp. A 

Plate 4, figures 1, 2 

Shell minute, flattened with a coiled apex near its 

posterior end; marked exteriorly by concentric 

lines; interiorly there is a shelly platform across 

the posterior part of the concave shell. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214410: length 2.8 mm, width 2.7 mm. 

This little species is identical with juvenile shells 

of a Holocene species dredged off Borneo from 

depths of 292 fathoms (534 m) (USNM 289673). 

Occurrence.-Three shells from Station SM43, 

Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Family ERATOIDAE 

Genus TRIVIROSTRA Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zoo!. FI'Ianc•e, Bull. 9, p. 100. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Roberts, 1885, 

in Tryon, Manual Conchology, v. 7, p. 161) ,_:_Trivia 

scabriuscula Gray ( = Cypraea oryza Lamarck). 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus DOLICHUPIS lredale 

Iredale, 1930, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 10, p. 83. 

Type (by original designation) .-Cypraea producta Gaskoin. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Trivirostra (Dolicbupis) producta (Gaskoin) 

Plate 5, figures 1-3 

Cypraea producta Gaskoin, 1836, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 

1835, p. 200. 

Pusula producta (Gaskoin), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells 

of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 112, pl. 22, fig. 135. 

Trivirostra (Dolichupis) producta (Ga.skoin), Cernohorsky, 

1968, Veliger, v. 10, no. 4, p. 370, pl. 52, figs. 20, 20a. 

Two small shells from the Pleistocene beds on the 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, represent this 

species that reportedly lives today from Indonesia 

to the Tuamotu Islands. The figured specimen, 

USNM 214334, from USGS locality 25715, measures: length 7.1 mm, lateral diamete·r 5.3 mm, dorsoventral dia.meter 4.1 mm. The species has not previously been reported as a fossil. 

Family CYPRAEIDAE 

Genus CYPRAEA Linnaeus 

Linnaeus, 1758, Sy;stema naturae, lOth ed., p. 718. 

Subgenus ERRONEA Troschel 

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung 

einer natiirl. Klass., v. 1, p. 205, 210. 

Type (by subsequent designation, following virtual tautonymy, Schilder, 1924, Archiv. fiir Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, no. 4, p. 202) .-Cypraea errones 

Linnaeus, Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Cypraea (Erronea) gracilis Gaskoin 

Plate 5, figure 4 

Cypraea gracilis Gaskoin, 1849, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 

1848, pt. 16, p. 93-94; Burgess, 1970, The living cowries, p. 140, pi. 9a, figs. A-D. 

Several small shells from the Pleistocene beds on 

the Kere River (SM242) probably represent this 

s.pecies that lives today in many parts of the western 

Pacific and widely in the Indian Ocean. All the fossils show scattered brown spots on the ventral surface but retain no traces of other coloration. The 

figured specimen USNM 175132, measures: length 

14.4 mm, lateral diameter 8.1 mm, dorsoventral diameter 6.9 mm. 

Cypraea (Erronea) pulchella Swainson 

Plate 5, figures 5, 6 

Cypraea pulchella Swainson, 1823, Philos. Mag., v. 61, p. 376; 

Burgess, 1970, The living cowries, p. 70, pl. 5, figs. 

A, B. 

Holocene shells of this species are characterized 

particularly by their dark brown teeth that are extended on the columeHa.r side. On the nume,rous 

fossils from the Kere River outcrops, the color of 

the teeth in most spe·cimens is restricted to the 

columellar side, but on some shells, patches of brown 

color are also retained on the dorsal side. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214279 (SM242) : length 31.4 mm, lateral diameter 

17.9 mm, dorsoventral diameter 9.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Abundant in the Pleistocene beds on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The species 

live'S today in many parts of the western Pacific, 

fron1 New Britain to the China coast. 
PALEONTOLOGY 37 

Cypraea (Erronea) cf. C. pyriformis Gray 

Plate 5, figures 7, 8 

Two small thin shells from the Pleistocene marls 

at USGS locality 25715 on the Kere Rive·r, Santo, 

New Hebrides, may represent this common western 

Pacific Holocene species. The columellar teeth retain a trace of brown stain, and other brown stains 

appear scattered over the dorsal surface, near the 

base and above the edge of the outer lip. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214292: length 27.2 mm, lateral diameter 17.0 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 14.1 mm. 

Subgenus NOTADUSTA Schilder 

Schilder, 1935, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 21, p. 350. 

Type (by original de,signa.tion) .-Notadusta victoriana Schilder, late Miocene, Australia. 

Cypraea (Notadusta) punctata Linnaeus 

Plate 5, figures 9-11 

Cypraea punctata Linnaeus, 1771, Mantissa plantarum, appendix, p. 548; Cernohorsky 1964, Veliger, v. 6, p. 193. 

pl. 25, fig. 45; Burgess, 1970, The living cowries, p. 

104, pl. 7 A, figs. D, E, F. 

Notadusta punctata (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 91, pl. 16, fig. 87. 

The single fossil retains traces of the widely 

spaced dark spots on the dorsal side. 

Measure·ments: length 11.2 mm, lateral diameter 

5.6 mm, dorsoventral diameter 5.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Pleist.ocene beds on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides (SM242). The species lives today from the west coast of Africa to Polynesia 

(Burgess, 1970, distribution map, p. 104). 

Family OVULIDAE (AMPHIPERATIDAE) 

Genus PEDICULARIA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malaoology, p. 245, 357. 

Type (by m·onotypy) .-Pedicularia sicula Sowerby. Holocene Mediterranean Sea. 

Shells of Pedicularia are present in some abundance in the Pleistocene beds on the Navaka River, 

Santo, New Hebrides, at USGS locality 25734 and 

25731 (SM43). The shells are small and are exceedingly variable in form and in sculpture. Many of 

them probably repre,sent the living species P. pacifica (Pea.se), known from many parts of the area, 

including Japan. This same species was recognized 

from a Holocene sediment in a drill hole on Eniwetok in the Marsha.Jl Islands (Ladd, 1977, p. 25). 

Pedicularia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 17, figures 1-5 

Shell small, stout; exposed conical spire is eroded 

but apparently consisted of about three whorls. On 

the lowest whorl, two spirals are crossed by regularly spaced axials that are more prominent where 

they cross the spirals than on the intervening low 

areas. Body whorl greatly expanded, covered by 

rounded spirals that are more widely spaced above 

and below. The spirals are crossed by less well developed axials and by several cons;picuous varixlike 

axial elevations. Aperture semiovate; constrieted anteriorly; columella elevated and •slightly sinuous, 

oute·r lip thickened. 

Measurements of the holotype and only specimen, 

USNM 214385: length 5.7 mm, diameter 4.4 mm. 

The shell is small but does not appear to be a 

juvenile. I have not been able to locate a close relative in Holocene faunas. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from USGS locality 25734 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. 

Genus CRENA VOL VA Cate 

Cate, 1973, Veliger, v. 15, Supp., p. 49. 

Type (by original designation) .-Ovulum striatulum Sowerby. Holocene, East Indies. 

Subgenus SERRA TO VOL VA Cate 

Cate, 1973, Velige·r, v. 15, Supp., p. 53. 

Type (by original des,igna.tion) .-Primovula (Diminiovula) dondani Cate. Holocene, Philippines. 

Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitablis Cate 

Plate 5, figures 15, 16 

Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitablis Cate, 1973, Veliger, v. 

15, Supp., p. 54, fig. 112. 

A single shell from the Pleistocene beds on the 

Kere River, USNM 308098, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The fossil is larger than the Holocene type from 

Japan described by Cate. The fossil measures: length 

17.9 mm, width 10.5 mm, dorsoventral diameter 9.0 

mm. This is the first fossil occurrence. As noted 

by Cate, the species is very closely related to the 

type species of Serratovolva, C. (S.) dondani Cate. 

Genus DENTIOVULA Habe 

Habe, 1961, Colored illustrations of the shelLs of Japan, II, 

p. 41, pl. 19, fig. 9. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Ovulum dorsuosum Hinds. 

Holocene, Japan. 

Dentiovula masaoi Cate 

PlaJte 5, figures 12-14 

Dentiovula masaoi Ca.te, 1973, Veliger, v. 15, Supp., p. 15, figs. 

23, 23a. 

Small shells that clea.rly represent this unusual 

species were found at USGS 'locality 25734 and 
38 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

25731 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; 

age, Pleistocene. The figured shell, USNM 214358, 

measures: length 6.0 mm, lateral diameter 3.0 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 2.7 mm. Cate described the 

species from the Holocene of Japan but noted an 

occurrence in the Philippines. 

Dentiovula ladashigei Cate 

Plate 33, figures 13, 14 

Dentiovula tadashigei Cate, 1973, Veliger. v. 15, Supp., p. 14, 

fig. 22. 

Rep·resented by a single shell from the Pleistocene 

beds exposed at USGS locality 25718 on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. The specimen, USNM 

214381, measures: height 9.8 mm, diameter 5.1 mm. 

Cate's type was collected in Sagami Bay, Japan. 

Genus OVULA Bruguiere 

Bruguiere, 1789, Encylopedie methodique Histoire nat. vers, 

v. 1, p. 15. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Lamarck, 1801, 

Systeme animaux sans vertebres, p. 72) .-Ovula 

oviform is ( = Bulla ovum Linnaeus) . Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Ovula ishibashii (Kuroda) 

Plate 6, figures 3, 4 

Amphiperas isibasii Kuroda, 1928, Venus, v. 1, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4. 

Pseudosimnia (Margovula) ishibashii (Kurod·a), Kira, 1962, 

Shell.s of the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 45, pl. 

19, fig. 8. 

Ovula ishibashii (Kuroda), Cate, 1973, Velige.r, v. 15, Supp., 

p. 65, fig. 145. 

Shell large, inflated, smooth. Outer lip thickened 

with strong teeth on the inner .g,ide; poste,riorly, the 

outer lip forms a rounded loop that unites with a 

short lov.r fold on ihe inner lip, the structure suppol'lted dorsally by an elevated spirally ridged callus 

that covers the apex of the shell. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214231: length 31.5 mm, lateral diame·ter 19.5 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 16.9 mm. 

The species is similar to M argovula pyriformis 

(Sowerby) and M. tinctilis Gate, but I have not seen 

specimens (discussed by Ca.te, 1973, p. 16, 19, 66). 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from the outcrops 

of Pleistocene marls on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. Figured specimen from USGS locality 

25715, a smaBer shell from USGS local·ity 25718, 

and one from station SM242. The species lives today 

in Japanese waters. Not previously reported as a 

fossil. 

Genus PHENACOVOL VA lredale 

Iredale, 1930, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 10, pt. 1, p. 85. 

Type (by original designation) .-Phenacovolva 

nectarea Iredale. Holocene, Australia. 

Phen::.covolva longirostrata (Sower by) 

Plate 6, figure 2 

Ovulum longirostratum Sowerby, 1828, Zool. Jour. London, v. 

4, p. 160; Reeve, 1865, Conchologica Ic.onica, v. 15, 

Ovulum, pl. 9, figs. 40a-c. 

Volva (Phenacovolva) longirostrata (S.owerby), Cernohorsky, 

1971, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 8, p. 126. 

Half a dozen narrow shells with thin, acuminate, 

recurved ends were recovered from the· Pleistocene 

marls on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The 

figured specimen, USNM 214258, from USGS locality 25715, measures: height 51.5 mm, diameter 

8.5 mm. The species lives today off Japan and New 

Zealand at depths from about 50 m to nearly 150 m 

(Cate, 1973, p. 107). 

Genus VOL VA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 21-22. 

Subgenus VOL VA s.s. 

Type (by tautonymy) .-Volva textoria Roding 

( = Bulla volva Linnaeus). Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Volva (Volva) volva (Linnaeus) 

Plate 6, figure 1 

Bulla volva Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 725. 

Volva volva (Linnaeus), Cernohovsky, 1967, Marine sheUs of 

of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 108, fig. 127; Oate, 1973, A systematic revision of the Recent cypraeid family Ovulidae, Veliger, v. 15, Supp., p. 109, fig. 245. 

Two shells of this widespread and fairly common 

Holocene Pacific species were collected from the 

Pleistocene marls on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. The figured specimen, USNM 308099, 

measures: height (incomplete) 54.6 mm, diameter 

19.1 mm. 

Family NATICIDAE 

Genus NA TICA Scopoli 

Scopoli, 1777, Introductio historiam naturalem, p. 392. 

Subgenus NA TIC A s. s. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Harris, 1897, 

Cat. Tertiary Mollusca * * * British Mus., pt. 1, 

p. 255) .-N erita vitellus Linnaeus. Holocene western Pacific. 

Natica (Natica) areolata Recluz 

Plate 6, figures 5, 6 

Natica areolata Recluz, 1844, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 11, 

p. 206; Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology, v. 8, p. 25, pl. 

6, fig. 23. 

Natica (Natica) areolata Recluz, Cernohorsky, 1971, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 8, p. 182, figs. 26, 28-30. 
PALEONTOLOGY 39 

The figured specimen, USNM 214247, and one 

other shell from station SM242 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides, retain identifiable traces of 

the brownish axial color bands that characterize the 

species. Many other shells from the same station do 

not reta.in color and cannot be identified with certainty. The figured s;pecimen measures: height 20.9 

mm, diameter 23.1 mm. Age of all specimens, Pleistocene. The species lives today .in the Philippines and 

Fiji; it has not previously been reported as a fossil. 

Natica (Natica) vitellus (Linnaeus) 

Pla.te 6, figure 7 

Nerita vitellus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 

776. 

Natica vitellus (Linnaeus), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in oolor, v. 1, p. 42, pl. 18, fig. 17. 

Natica (Natica) vitellus (Linnaeus), Oernohorsky, 1971, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 8, p. 173, figs. 2-5 

(see for additional ·synonymy). 

Four shells from the Pleistocene beds on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured shell from 

station SM242, measures: height 36.3 mm., diamete·r 

37.8 mm. The body whorl retains clear traces of the 

brown zones that characterize Holocene shells. The 

speeies lives today in the western Pacific and into 

the Indian Ocean. According to Vlerk (1931, p. 

259), it has been recorded from the upper Tertiary 

in several parts of what is now Indonesia. 

Subgenus TECTONA TICA Sacco 

Sacco, 1890, Torino Univ., Mus. Zoo!. Anat. Boll. 33. 

Type (by monotypy) .-N atica tectula Bovs. Late 

Tertiary, Italy. 

Natica (T ectonatica) aff. N. violacea Sowerby 

Plate 6, figures 8-10 

Eight shells from the Kere River outcrops, Santo, 

New Hebrides (SM242 and USGS locality 25715), 

retain traces of spiral rows of brown spots that 

strongly suggest the color pattern of N. violacea 

Sowerby, but none of the three has a parietal callus 

as extensive as that shown by all Holocene examples 

(see Cernohorsky, 1971, p. 189). 

Measurements of the figured specimen: height 

18.5 mm, diameter 19.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Stations on Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebridges ; age, .Pleistocene. 

Genus NEVERIT A Risso 

Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle principales productions Europe 

meridionale, v. 4, p. 149. 

Neverita albumen (Linnaeus} 

Plate 6, figures 11, 12 

Nerita albumen Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 776. 

Polinices (Neverita) albumen (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1971, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 8, p. 195, figs. 57, 58 

(see for additional referenc.es). 

Two small ·specimens of this somewhat variable 

species were collected from the Pleistocene marls on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured 

specimen, USNM 214245 from USGS locality 25715, 

measures: height 13.3 mm, diameter 17.4 mm. The 

species lives today in many parts of the western 

Pacific and into the Indian Ocean. MacNeil ( 1960, 

p. 53) compared Miocene shells from Okinawa with 

this species. 

Genus EUNATICINA Fischer 

Fischer, 1885, Manuel Conchyliologie, p. 768 (= Naticina 

Gray, 1847, Zoo!. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 150). 

Type (by original designation.) -N atica papilla 

Gmelin. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Eunaticina sp. 

Plate 36, figures 12-14 

Shell small with a low spire; protoconch not preserved, body· whorl greatly inflated; aperture 

broadly ovate; columeUa curved, inner lip callused, 

the callus curved over the edge of the wide umbilicus; outer lip imperfect on the single specimen 

but apparently thin. Sculpture consisting of fine, 

close-set, slightly wavy spiral grooves that cover the 

entire shell. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

250138: height 8.3 mm, diameter 10.2 mm. 

The Fijian fossil is closely re~ated to, possibly 

identical with, E. papilla (Gmelin), type of the 

genus. Tha.t species lives around Viti Levu today, 

though it is said to be uncommon (Cernohorsky, 

1971, p. 202). The fos·sil is smaller than most Holocene shells, but this may be due to immaturity. 

Occurrence.-Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Genus SINUM Roding 

Roding, 1789, Mus. Boltoenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 14. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1915, U.S. 

Na·tl. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 109) : Helix haliotoidea Linnaeus ( = Sinum haliotoideum Roding) . Holocene, 

western Pacific. 

Sinum undulatum (Lischke) 

Plate 6, figs. 13, 14 

Type (by monotypy) .-Neverita 

Risso. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

joshephina Siga'retus undulCLtus Lischke, 1872, Malacolog. Blatter, v. 19, 

p.l03. 
40 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Sinum (Ectosinum) undulatus (Recluz), Habe, 1964, Shells 

of the western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 61, pl. 18, fig. 12. 

Simon undulaturn (Lischke), Kuroda and others, 1971, Sea 

shells of Sagami Bay, p. 123, pl. 109, figs. 8, 9. 

A small but otherwise typical shell measures: 

height 4.5 mm, diameter 9.1 mm. It was recovered 

from the shell-bearing beds at station SM259, Santo, 

New Hebrides; age, probably Pleistocene. The species lives today in waters off Japan and Okinawa 

at depths of 5-50 m (Kuroda and others, 1971). 

Family CASSIDAE 

Genus MORUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Bo•ltenianum, Hamburg, p. 53. 

Type (by monotypy) .-M orum purpureum Roding 

( = Strombus oniscus Linnaeus). Holocene, Florida 

to Brazil. 

Subgenus CANCELLOMORUM Emerson and Old 

Emerson, W. K., and Old, W. E., 1963, Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 2153, p. 18. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oniscia grande 

A. Adams. Holocene, Japan. 

Morum (CanceUomorum) cancellala (Sowerby) 

Plate 11, figures 17, 18 

Oniscidia cancellata 8ow~rby, 1824, Genera of recent and fossil shells, pl. 233, figs. 1-3. 

Morum (Onimusiro) cancellatum (Sowerby), Habe, 1964, 

Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 68, pl. 20, 

fig. 6. 

A small, strongly sculptured shell whose broadly 

triangular body whorl is topped by a turreted, 

sharply pointed spire. On the body whorl widely 

spaced axial ribs are crossed by strong spiral ribs, 

forming axially flattened spines at the crossings; on 

the shoulder of all whorls the spines are thin and 

sharp. The wide callus on the inne·r lip is pus·tulose, 

its margin detached; outer lip thickened and 

strongly toothed. The edge of the outer lip shows 

traces of a discontinuous line of brown spots, and 

one shell retains faint spiral bands of brown like 

those on Holocene shells. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214225 : length 38.0 mm, diameter 24.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-A dozen specimens from USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides ; one specimen in the SM242 collection. The 

specie's lives today in the China Seas. Not previously 

reported as a fossil. 

Genus PHALIUM Link 

Link, 1807, Rostock Univ., Beschreibung Naturalien-Sammlung, pt. 3, p. 112. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1909, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 59, p. 62) .-Buccinum 

glaucum Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Phalium areola (Linnaeus) 

Plate 7, figures 1, 2 

Buccinum areola Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ·ed., 

p. 736. 

Phalium areola (Linnaeus), Abbott, 1968, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 2, no. 9, p. 86, pl. 7, figs. 5-7, pl. 61, 63 (see 

for complete synonymy); Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 104, pl. 1, fig. 2. 

The figured specimen, USNM 308103, measures: 

height 34.7 mm, diameter 19.6 mm. The s·culpture 

is well preserved, but there is no trace of original 

color pattern. 

Occurrence.-Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species lives 

today from the east coast of Africa to western Polynesia but, as noted by Cernohorsky, is rare in the 

islands of the western Pacific. 

Genus CASMARIA H. and A. Adams 

Adams. H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 216. 

Type (by subsequent de·signation, G. F. Harris, 

1897, Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca * * * British 

lVIus., p. 200) .-Buccinum vibex Linnaeus = Buccinum eTinaceu.r:; Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Casmaria ponderosa (Gmelin) 

Pla,te 7, figures 3, 4 

Buccinum ponderosum Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae, 13th 

ed., p. 3477. 

Casmaria ponderosa (Gmelin), Abbott, 1968, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca. v. 2, no. 9, p. 195-198, pl. 14, figs. 1-4; 

Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, 

p. 106, pl. 29, figs. 3, 3a. 

Represented in the Pleistocene marls of the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides (station SM242), 

by a single shell. It measures: length 30.5 m·m, 

diameter 17.9 mm. Other Pleistocene occurrences 

cited by Abbott are Lanai, Hawaii, and the northern 

Ryukyu Islands. The species lives today throughout 

the Indo-Pacific region. 

Family CYMATIIDAE 

Genus GYRINEUM Link 

Link, 1807, Rostock Univ., Beschreibung NaturalienSammlung, pt. 3, p. 123. 

Type (by subsequent designation following virtual tautonymy, Dall, 1904. Smithsonian Misc. Colin. 

v. 47, p. 131) .-Murex ,qyrinus Linnaeus, Holocene, 

southwest Pacific. 
PALEONTOLOGY 41 

Gyrineum cf. G. reticulare robusta (Fulton) 

Plate 7, figures 5, 6 

Shell small to medium in size, slightly compressed 

laterally, varices aligned on opposite sides. Aperture 

widely ovate, extended anteriorly as ,a slightly 

curved tube; outer lip denticulate, columellar callus 

plicate. Sculpture consisting of weB-developed axial 

ribs, six to seven on body whorl, overridden by coarse 

and fine spiral threads. Crests of varices and of 

axial ribs retain a reddish-brown color. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214253: height 34.9 mm, diameter 21.7 mm. 

The New Hebrides fossils may represent the 

heavily granulated variety of G. nator (Roding) 

( = G. reticulare (Linnaeus)) described by Fulton 

(1936, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 4) from Hong Kong. It is 

identical with a Holocene shell collected from beach 

rubble in Thailand (USNM 661596). 

Occurrence.-A dozen specimens from USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Holocene shells from Hong 

Kong, Japan, and Thailand. 

Genus CYMA TIUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg~ v. 2, p. 129. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1904, 

Smithsonian Misc. Colin. v. 47, p. 133) .-Murex 

femorale Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies. 

Subgenus RANULARIA Schumacher 

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau ·systeme des habitations des vers testaces, Copenhagen, p. 253. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

184 7, Indicis gene rum malacozoorum, v. 2, p. 388) . 

-Triton clavator Chemnitz ( = Triton clavator 

Lamarck). Holocene, western Pacific. 

Cymatium (Ranularia) sinensis (Reeve) 

Plate 7, figures 7, 8 

Triton sinensis Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2, Triton, 

pl. 6, no. 18. 

Ranularia sinensis (Reeve). Habe, 1964, Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 72, pl. 22, fig. 14. 

Medium in size and strongly sculptured with an 

acutely pointed spire and inflated body whorl; aperture lenticular extended anteriorly into a long and 

slightly twisted canal; outer lip with strong hodular 

teeth, columellar callus with a detached edge bearing 

numerous linear teeth that are best developed anteriorly. Sculpture consisting of widely spaced 

varices with intervening axial ribs that are made 

nodulose by overriding double spiral ribs; one or 

two secondary spirals occur in the areas between 

the double primary spirals, and fine axial threads 

are found over the entire shell. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from 

SM242: Length 76.5 mm, diameter 32.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Five specimens from the Pleistocene marls cropping out on the Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides. The species live'S today in Chinese 

and Japanese waters; in the latter area, Habe has 

reported it at depths of 50-100 m. 

Cymatium (Ranularia) gutturnium (Roding) 

Plate 7, figures 9, 10 

Tudicla gutturnium Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 145. 

Cymatium (Ranularia) gutturnium (Roding), Cernohorsky, 

1962, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 115, pl. 33. 

fig. 6. 

A single shell with a short canal was collected at 

SM309, Santo, New Hebrides. It measures: height 

28.2, diameter 17.5 mm. Age, Pleistocene. 

Genus CHARONIA Gistel 

Gistel, 1848, N aturgeschichte des Thierreichs, p. 170. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Murex tritof?iS Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus) 

Plate 7, figures 11, 12 

Murex tritonis Linnaeus, 1758, Systema na,turae, lOth ed., 

p. 754. 

Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Velige·r, 

v. 9. no. 3, p. 326, pl. 46, fig. 27. 

A small but typically formed shell was collected by 

John Bolango on the Navaka River (USGS locality 

257 42), Santo, New Hebrides. The specimen, USNM 

214342, measures: height 119 mm, diameter 42 mm; 

age, Pleistocene. The shell retains traces of lightbrown coloi· in irregular axial bands, and the interstices between plicae on the inner lip are dark 

brow·n. The species lives today from the east coast 

of Africa to Hawaii, on the east coast of North 

America and in the Caribbean, but I have not found 

any other record as a fossil. 

Family BURSIDAE 

Genus BURSA Roding 

Roding,. 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, p. 128. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Jousseaume, 

1881, Soc. Zool. France Bull. v. 6, p. 174) .-Bursa 

monitata Roding ( = MuTex bufonius Gmelin). 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Bursa bufonia dunkeri Kira 

Plate 8, figures 6, 7; plate 33, figures 15, 16 

Murex bufonius GmeJin, 1793, Systema naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3534. 
42 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Bursa monitata Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, 

p. 129. 

Bursa dunkeri Kira, 1959. Colored illust. shells Japan, v. 1, 

p. 54. pl. 31, fig. 18; 1962, Shells of the western Pacific 

in color, v. 1, p. 57, pl. 22, fig. 18. 

Bursa bufonia dunkeri Kira, in Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 

1971, Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 133, pl. 33, fig. 2. 

A large, robust example of this form (pl. 33, figs. 

15, 16) was recovered from USGS locality 25718 on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The aperture, 

particularly the outer lip, is strongly colored yellow. 

A smaller specimen from the same area (USGS locality 25715), USNM 214267, is shown on plate 8, 

figures 6, 7. The. larger shell, USNM 214388, measures: height 87 mm, diameter 57 mm. Age of both 

specimens, Pleistocene (first reported occurrence a~s 

a fossil). The specific name dunkeri was applied by 

Kira to yellow-mouthed Japanese sheHs found from 

intertidal levels to a depth of 20 m. 

Bursa rub eta (Linnaeus) 

Plate 8, figures 4, 5 

Murex rana rubeta Linnaeus, 1758. Sys•tema naturae, lOth 

ed., p. 748. 

Bursa rubeta (Linnaeus), Hedle.y, 1926, Jour. Conchology, 

v. 15, no. 2, p. 41-42; Ce•rnohorsky, 1972, Marine shells 

of the Pa·cific, v. 2, p. 118, pl. 1, fig. 5. 

This tropical Pacific species is represented by 

three shells from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere 

Rive·r, Santo, New Hebrides. The largest and most 

complete of the three, USNM 308107, is figured. It 

measures: height 73.8 mm, diameter 46.5 mm. 

Family TONNIDAE 

Genus TONNA Brunnich 

Briinnich, 1772, Zoologiae fundamenta. p. 248. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Suter, 1913, 

Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 314) .-Buccinum 

galea Linnaeus. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

lonna allium (Dillwyn) 

Plate 8, figure 8 

Buccinum dolium allium Dillwyn, 1817, Descriptive catalogue 

recent shells, v. 2, p. 585. 

Tonna allium (Dillwyn), Kuroda, Habe, and Oyama, 1971, 

Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 137, pl. 38, fig. 4; Cern:ohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific. v. 2, p. 110, 

pl. 31, figs. 5, 5a. 

A single small incomplete shell from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River Santo, New Hebrides, 

probably represents this species. The specimen, 

USNM 214263 from USGS locality 25715, measures: height 43.5 mm, diameter 34.6 mm. As noted 

by Ce·rnohorsky, this species ranges t10day from Fiji 

into the Indian Ocean. 

Family FICIDAE 

Genus FICUS Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 148. 

Type (by tautonymy and subsequent designation, 

Winckworth, 1945, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc. v. 

26, p. 140) .-Ficus variegatus Roding ( = Bulla 

ficus Gmelin = Murex ficus Linnaeus). Holocene, 

western Pacific. 

Ficus 6coides (Lamarck) 

Plate 8, figure 9 

Pyrula ficoides Lamarck, 1822, Histoire nat. animaux sans 

vertebres, v. 7, p. 142. 

Ficula reticulata Reeve, 1847, Conchologica Iconica, v. 4. 

Ficula, No. 1. 

Ficus ficoides (Lamarck), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells 

of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 113, pl. 33, fig. 2. 

Similar to F. variegata; shell thinner with two 

sets of fine spiral threads replacing the flat-topped 

ribs of that species. The figured fossil retains traces 

of the brown spots that characterize the body whorl. 

Measurements, USNM 214230: height 65.4 mm, 

diameter 36.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-USGS locality 25718 and 25715 on 

the Kere River, Santo, N e·w Hebrides; a.ge, Pleistocene. According to MacNeil (1960, p. 62), the species has also been reported from upper Tertiary 

horizons in Java, Okinawa, and the Philippines; 

from the Pliocene of India and Formosa; the Pleistocene o.f Java, the Philippines, and Japan. The 

species lives today in various parts of the western 

Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. 

Family MURTCIDAE 

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 611. 

Type (by original designation) .-Murex ramosus 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck) 

Plate 8, figures 10, 11 

Murex axicornis Lamarck. 1822, Histoire nat. animaux sans 

vertebres, v. 7, p. 163; Kiener, 1842, Coquilles vivantes, 

v. 7, pl. 52. fig. 2. 

Euphyllon axicornia (Lama.rck), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 124, pl. 26, fig. 154. 

Five shells of this highly ornamented species were 

recovered from the Pleistocene marls at USGS station 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The figured specimen, USNM 214256, measures: 

height 30.7 mm, diameter 22.1 mm. The species lives 

today in many parts of the western Pacific and in 

the Indian Ocean but has not previously been reported as a fossil. 
PALEONTOLOGY 43 

Cbicoreus cf. C. superbus (Sowerby) 

Plate 8, figures 12, 13 

A single small shell from USGS locality 25715 on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, may represent 

this species that lives today in Japan. The numerous 

spiral cords and threads on the fossil a1re minutely 

scaly, and only a single large node is present between varices on each whorl. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 214280: 

height 39.3 mm, diameter 24.1 mm. The fossil is 

Pleistocene in age. 

Genus MUREX Linnaeus 

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., p. 746. 

Subgenus MUREX s. s. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 619) .-Murex 

pecten (Lightfoot) ( = M. tribulus Linnaeus var.) 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Murex (Murex) pecten (Lightfoot) 

Plate 9, figures 3, 4 

Murex tribulus pecten Lightfoot, 1786, Cat. Portland Mus., 

p. 188. 

Murex pecten (Lightfoot), Vokes, 1971, Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 61, p. 79. 

A smaU but well-preserved example of the type of 

Murex s.s. was collected from the Pleistocene marls 

at station SM242 on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. It measures: length 48.2 mm, diameter 

(spines omitted) 20 mm. 

Murex (Murex) tribulus Linnaeus 

Plate 9, figure 7 

Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 746; Cernohorsky. 1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, 

v. 1, p. 117, pl. 23, fig. 139. 

One complete shell and two fragmentary anterior 

canals from the Pleistocene marls on Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Measurements of the complete figured specimen, 

USNM 308109: length 97.0 mm, diameter 48.9 mm. 

The species lives today throughout the tropical 

Indo-Pacific area. 

Murex (Murex) rectirostris Sowerby 

Plate 9, figures 5, 6 

Murex rectirostris Sowerby, 1841, Conchological illustrations, 

Murex, pl. 197, fig. 111; 1841, Zool. Soe. London Proc., 

pt. 8, p. 138; Habe, 1964, Shells of the west3rn Pacific 

in color, v. 2, p. 78, pl. 25, fig. 3. 

Represented by numerous shells from the Pleistocene Kere River outcrops, Santo, New Hebrides. The 

figured specimen, USNM 214236 from USGS locality 

25715, measures: length 41.4 mm, diameter (spines 

excluded) 19.3 mm. The fossil shells retain traces 

of narrow spiral bands of yellowish-brown. The 

species lives today in Chinese waters. It seems not 

to have been reported previously as a fossil, but 

MacNeil (1960, p. 63) described ·a related species, 

M. saplisi, from the upper Tertiary of Okinawa. 

Murex (Murex) nff. M. aduncospinosus Beck 

Plate 9, figures 8, 9 

A single small shell with curved spines recovered 

from a drill hole in western Viti Levu, Fiji (station 

C2055), may represent this Holocene Indo-Paoific 

species. The specimen, USNM 214268, is 17.3 mm 

in length. Age, possibly Pliocene. 

Genus PTERYNOTUS Swainson 

Swainson, 1833, Zool. illustrations, ser. 2, v. 3, expl. to pl. 100. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Swa.inson, 1833, 

Zool. illustrations, ser. 2, v. 3, pl. 122) .-Murex pinnatus Swainson ( = Purpura alata Roding). Holocene, Pacific. 

Subgenus NAQUETIA Jousseaume 

J ousseaume, 1880, Le N aturaliste, Annee, v. 2, no. 42, p. 335. 

Type (by original designation) .-Murex triqueter 

Born. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Pterynotus (Naquetia) barclayi (Reeve) 

Plate 9, figures 1, 2 

Murex barclayi Reeve, 1857, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 25, 

p. 209, pl. 38, fig. 2; Tryon, 1880. Manual conchology, 

v. 2, p. 85, pl. 41, fig. 535. 

Pterynotus (Naquetia) barclayi Reeve, Vokes, 1971, Bulls. 

Am. Paleontology, v. 61, no. 268, p. 22. 

This· large species with its wide anterior flanges, 

known only from the Holocene fauna of Mauritius, 

is represented by six specimens (five complete) collected from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. The figured specimen, USNM 

214244 from USGS locality 25715, measures: length 

95.6 mm, diameter 41.5 mm. 

Genus TYPHIS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 614. 

Type (by original designation) .-Murex tubifer 

Bruguiere. Middle Eocene, Paris Basin. 

Typhis cf. T. japonicus (A. Adams) 

Plate 35, figures 16, 17 

One small shell from the Pleistocene beds at USGS 

locality 25734 on the Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides, probably represents this widespread Holocene species. The specimen, USNM 214395, measures: he.ight 3.9 mm, diameter 1.8 mm. MacNeH 
44 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

(1960, p. 63) reported on a similar :shell from the 

Pliocene of Okinawa. 

Family THAIDIDAE 

Genus DRUPA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 55. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Rovereto, 1899, 

Primi ricerche sinonimiche ~sui generi dei gasteropodi, Soc. Ligustica, Atti, v. 10, p. 105) .-Drupa 

morum Roding. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus MORULA Schumacher 

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, Copenhagen, p. 227. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Ricinula papillosa Schumacher ( = R. morus Lamarck = R. uva Roding). 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Drupa (Morula) concatenata (Lamarck) 

Plarbe 11, figures 12, 13 

Murex concatenatus Lamarck, 1822, Histoire nat. animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 7, p. 176; Tryon, 1880. Manual conchology, v. 2, p. 189. pl. 59, fig. 269. 

Morula concatenata (Lamarck), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., 

v. 11, p. 311. 

A single fossil from Eniwetok is immature but 

retains the conspicuous orange-tipped knobs that 

occur in five spiral rows on the body whod of 

today's shells in the same area. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 214229: 

height 15.7 mm, diameter 8.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-The fossil was recovered from drill 

hole E-1 on Eniwetok at a depth of 50-60 feet 

(15-18 m) age, Holocene. According to Vlerk (1931, 

p. 238) the species has been reported from the upper 

Miocene of Nias, the Pliocene of Timor, and the 

Quaternary of Celebes. D. concatenata lives today 

in the Indo-Pacific from Mauritius to Hawaii. 

Genus DRUPELLA Thiele 

Thiele, 1925, Gastropoden Deutschen Tiefsee-Exped., v. 2, 

p. 137. 

Type (by original designation) .-Purpura elata 

Blainville ( = Purpura cornus Roding). Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Drupella cornus (Roding) 

Plate 10, figure 1 

Drupa cornus Roding, 1798. Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 

2, p. 56. 

Drupella cornus (Roding), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells 

of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 125, pl. 35, fig. 8. 

A single worn specimen of this widespread Pacific 

Holocene species was recovered from the Pleistocene 

marls at USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, 

Santo, Ne·w Hebrides. The specimen, USNM 214272, 

measures: height 31.3 mm, diameter 18.1 mm. 

Genus MANCINELLA Link 

Link, 1807, Rostock Univ., Beschreibung Naturalien Sammlung, p. 115. 

Type (by absolute tautonymy) .-Murex mancinella Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Mancinella aff. M. bufo (Lamarck) 

Pla.te 10, figures 2-4 

Medium in size, heavy, solid; spire flattened, consi,sting of about five whorls; body whorl large, flattened above per-iphery, convex be~ow. Sculpture cons:is-ting of a spiral row of pointed nodes on the periphery with indistinct traces of a second row below 

the periphery on the posterior half of the whorl; all 

whorls covered by fine, close-set flattened spirals 

that are overridden by slightly retracted axial 

striae. Aperture large, lenticular; outer Hp with a 

denticulate margin crenulate within; columella 

'Smooth, callused; anal canal not developed; siphonal 

canal deep. 

Measurements of the figured specimen USNM 

308110: height 45.2 mm, diameter 30.5 mm. 

Holocene examples of M. bufo show great variation in the strength and number of the spirailly arranged nodules. The single fossil differs from most 

of the Holocene shells with which it has been compared in lacking a well-developed anal canal and in 

being ·crenulate within the aperture. On some Holocene shells, the denticles of the oute·r lip are continued within, but none has the strong lira.tion 

shown by the fossil. 

Occurrence.-Pleistocene marl on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. Holocene shells most closely 

comparable with the fossil are found in northern 

AustraHa and the Philippines. 

Family MAGILIDAE (CORALLIOPHILIDAE) 

Genus CORALLIOPHILA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 135. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Iredale, 1912, 

Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 10, p. 221) .-

Murex neritoideus Chemnitz = Purpura violacea 

Kiener. Holocene, Pacific. 

Coralliophila mallicki Ladd 

Plate 16, figures 1-3 

Coralliophila mallicki Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 

128, figs. 5-7. 
PALEONTOLOGY 45 

The holotype and only specimen, USNM 214348, 

may be immature. It measures: height 11.9 mm, 

diameter 10.0 mm. Collected from the Pleistocene 

beds at sbation SM242 on the Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides. 

Genus LA TIAXIS Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 306. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zoo I. Soc. London Proc., v. 15, p. 135) .-Pyrula 

mawae Gray. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Latiaxis roddai Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 4-7 

Shell medium in size with pagodiform spire that 

is shorter than the re·mainder of the shell; whorls 

of spire about six, each with a prominent primary 

keel whose thin crest is formed by two strong spiral 

cords; above the keel, the whorl is flattened, below 

it, the whorl is concave. Whorls of spire covered by 

close-set spiral cords that are coarser below the keel 

than above it; obscure arcua;te lines of growth present. Spiral cords cover the body whorl, and a secondary spiral keel is developed at the level of the 

top of the aperture; crest of secondary keel formed 

by a coarse spiral cord. Aperture ovate, constricted 

and extended anteriorly; columella s.mooth, bordered 

below by a wide umbilical pit. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214254: 

height 27.8 mm, diameter 16.7 mm; paratype, 

USNM 214255: height 23.5 mm, diameter 10.0 mm. 

L. rodda'i is closely related to an unnamed species 

dredged off the island of Celebes at dep~ths of nearly 

500 fathoms (900 m) (USNM 230901, 239474). The 

Holocene shells lack the wen-developed lower keel 

present on the body whorl of the fossils, and on the 

Holocene shells the surface of the whorl above the 

keel is flat or concave, rather than inclined at an 

angle of 45° as on the fossils. 

This species is named for Peter Rodda of the Fiji 

Geological Survey; with a Survey party, he collected 

the types and many other fossils from the Veisari 

Sandstone near Suva. 

Occurrence.-Three sheHs collected at station 

C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Subgenus TOLEMA lredale 

Iredale, 1929, Australian Mus. Recs., v. 17, no. 4, p. 186, pl. 

41, figs. 3, 4. 

Type (by original deysignation: Purpura sertata 

Iredale, non Hedley ( = Tolema australis Laseron). 

Holocene, Australia. 

Latiaxis (T olema) deburghiae (Reeve) 

Plate 10, figures 5-9 

Pyrula (Rhizochelus) deburghiae Reeve, 1857, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 25, p. 208. pl. 38, figs. 3a, b. 

Latiaxis deburghiae purpuratus Ghe·nu, Kira, 1962, Shells of 

the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 70, pl. 26, fig. 18. 

Lntiaxis ( Tolemn) delntT,r;hiae (Reeve), Kuroda, Habe, and 

Oyama, 1971, The sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 155, 

pl. 43, figs. 1, 7, Tokoyo. 

Two specimens are figured: USNM 214248, from 

USGS station 25715, Santo, New Hebrides, measures: height 33.7 mm, diameter 32.7 mm; USNM 

214249, from station C2026, Pliocene of Viti Levu, 

Fiji, measures: height 36.3 mm, diameter 28.5 mm. 

These figured specimens are larger than typical 

living examples, but Holocene shells even larger 

than the fossils have been collected in Japan. 

Occurrence.-A . s.ingle shell from C2026, Viti 

Levu, Fiji, is probably Pliocene (Tertiary h) ; three 

shells from station 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides, are Pleis,tocene. The species occurs 

t~oday in western Pacific waters-Japan, Okinawa, 

and the South China Sea. 

Latiaxis (Tolema) cf. L. winckwortbi Fulton 

Plate 10, figures 10-12 

A single shell from SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides. USNM 308111, agrees in all features with L. 

winckworthi, except th~t the whorls are less sharply 

angled at the shouldeT than on Holocene shells. The 

fossil measures: height 33.7 mm, diameter 21.4 mm. 

L. winckworthi was described by Fulton (1930) 

from a shell from Kii, Japan. Kira (in Kira and 

Habe, 1965, p. 69, pl. 26, fig. 15) noted Japanese 

occurrences off central Honshu and farther south in 

5-10 fathoms of water. The fossil was collected 

from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere Rive,r, Santo, 

New Hebrides. 

Latiaxis (T olema) blowi Ladd 

Plate 11, figures 1-3 

Latiaxis blowi Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 130, 

figs. 2-4. 

The holotype is the only specimen. It, USNM 

214250, measures: height 28.0 mm, diameter 18.3 

mm. From the Pleistocene beds cropp,ing out on the 

Kere River (USGS locality 25715), Santo, New Hebrides. 

Family COLUMBELLIDAE 

Genus ANACHIS H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1853, The genera of recent Molluse·a, v. 1, 

p. 184. 
46 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Type (by subsequent designation, Tate, 1868, Appendix to second ed. Woodward's Manual of the 

Mollusca, p. 13) .-Columbella scalarina Sowerby. 

Holocene, west coast of Mexico to Panama. 

Subgenus COSTOANACHIS Sacco 

Sacco, 1890, I. Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e 

della Liguria, pt. 6, p. 384. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Pace, 1902, 

Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 5, p. 43) .-Columbella (Anachis) turrita Sacco, Mi·ocene, Italy. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) mawsoni Ladd, n. sp. 

Pia te 35, figures 18-20; plate 37, figures 1-5 

Shell small, biconic but ~strongly constricted at 

base of body whorl; spire exceeding haJf the height 

of shell. Protoconch consis11Jing of three convex 

glassy whorls, followed by about six flattened whorls 

that make up the teleoconch. On the holotype and on 

most other shells, all whorls except the body whorl 

bear broad, rounded, slightly inclined axial ribs; on 

a paratype (pl. 37, figs. 1-3), the axials are restricted to the first two whorls of the teleoconch; 

body whorl smooth, its base ,sharply constricted; 

base with strong spiral ribs; on the side of the shell 

oppo~ite the aperture the spirals continue a short 

distance on the body whorl. Aperture narrow; inner 

lip callused, its edge detached, de,nticulate within; 

outer lip thin but backed by a heavy varix, denticulate within; anterior canal short, slightly curved. 

Measure·ments of the types : holotype, USNM 

214396; height 7.7 mm, diameter 3.3 mm; pa.ratype, 

USNM 214397: height 7.0 mm, diameter 2.6 mm. 

Two juvenile shells that unquestionably represent 

this species were recovered from the Navaka River 

outcrops. One of them, USNM 214422, is figured 

(pl. 37, figs. 4, 5) ; it measures: height 4.5 mm, 

diameter 2.4 mm. 

A. mawsoni is very closely related to A. leroyi 

MacNeil (1960, p. 67, pl. 13, fig. 11) from the Pliocene of Okinawa but is more constricted. anteriorly 

an-d has a longer anterior canal. 

This species is named for Douglas Mawson who 

collected fossils from Santo more than 70 years ago. 

Occurrence.-Represented by 20 adult shells from 

USGS localities 25715 and 25717 and s1tation SM242 

on the Kere River and four shells from station 

SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; 

age, Pleistocene. 

Anachis (Costoanachis) sp. A 

Plate 36, figures 9-11 

A juvenile shell of 'a species that may be closely 

related to A. (C.) mawsoni de,scribed above was recovered from Pliocene beds at station C2026, Viti 

Levu, Fiji. 

The fijian juvenile is small, biconic; its aperture 

and spire are about equal in height. The protoconch 

consists of 21j2 convex glassy whorls and part of a 

whorl with strong close-set axials, followed by about 

four sculp,tured whorls that make up a flat-sided, 

slightly concave, spire; whorls of the spire with 

strong rounded axial ribs, about a dozen on the 

penultimate whorl. On the lowest whod, the axials 

occur above a sharply angular periphery and are 

subdued near the aperture. Axials on adjacent 

whorls are aligned. Base of the lowest whorl is flat 

and smooth, showing only slight traces of the axials 

that lie above. Aperture irregul·ar in outline; inner 

lip wi,th columellar plaits that decrease in size anteriorly where the smaller members of the series 

make up the siphonal fasciole; outer lip thin; anterior canal deep and rounded. 

Measurements of the specimen,. USNM 214417: 

height 4.3 mm, diameter 2.5 mm. 

The Fijian juvenile differs but little from juveniles of A. (C.) mawsoni. The Fiji shell has one less 

glassy whorl in the protoconch, the ribbed whorl 

that follows the glassy whorl·s is sharply set off from 

them, and the axials of the lowest sculptured whorl 

are subdued near the aperture. 

No adult shell of an Anachis (Costoanachis) was 

recovered from the highly fossiliferous beds at station C2026 or from nearby stations. 

I had some difficulty in placing the above-described 

juvenile and two others recovered from Pleistocene 

outcrops on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Druid Wilson suggested that the shells were 

columbellids. The late George Radwin, after examining photographs and one shen, confirmed this suggestion and convinced me that the shells were juveniles. From this position, it was easy to link the New 

Hebrides juveniles to A. (C.) mawsoni. 

Family BUCCINIDAE 

When the preceding report in the present series, 

Professional Paper 533, appeared in 1977, it was 

reviewed informally by W. 0. Cernohorsky. He submitted suggest1ions on a number of identifications to 

me. He noted correctly that the species described as 

Cymatium rickardi was a buccinid, Hindsia. The 

misidentification was a regrettable error on my part. 
PALEONTOLOGY 47 

Genus HINDSIA A. Adams 

Adams, A., 1853, Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 1853, p. 182, 

Moll., pl. 10; 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dell, 1967, 

Dominion Mus. Recs., v. 5, no. 25, p. 310) .-Hindsia 

nivea Pfeiffer ( =Buccinum niveum Gmelin). Holocene, India. 

Hindsia sinensis (Sowerby) 

Plate 11, figures 8, 9 

N assaria sinensis Sowerby, 1859, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 

Nassaria, p. 86, pl. 220, figs. 8, 9. 

Hindsia sinensis (Sowerby), Habe, 1964, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color, v. 2. p. 96, pl. 34, fig. 6. 

This species occurs in abundance in the Pleistocene marls of the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The figured specimen, USNM 214270, from USGS 

locality 25715, measures: height 31.9 mm, diameter 

17.5 mm. It lives today in Chinese and Formosan 

waters. 

Hindsia rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 10, 11 

Medium in size, whorls inflated, spire slightly 

longer than aperture. Protoconch incomplete but apparently consisting of one to two smooth whorls; 

spire of five whorls. Aperture broadly ovate, columella with three strong folds, the posterior one the 

l~argest; edge of outer lip incomplete; inside outer 

lip is a series of low, barely discernible lirae below 

a varixlike terminal axial. Sculpture consisting of 

spiral lirations, three on penultimate whorl, that 

override broad retracted axials; 11 axials on penultimate whorl; between each two primary spirals is 

a median thread. Suture ap.pressed, subsutural slope 

narrow and slightly concave. 

Measurements of the holotype (only specimen), 

USNM 214335: height 16.5 mm, diameter 10.1 mm. 

The Fijian fossil bears a general resemblance to 

H. nivea (Gmelin), the type of the genus, but that 

species has a channeled suture, weaker columellar 

folds, and coarser sculpture. The Fiji shell also resemble·s two species from the upper Tertiary of 

Okinawa assigned by MacNeil (1960, p. 71) to the 

subgenus Nihonophos. One of these, H. (N.) whitmorei, has a wide slightly concave subsutural slope 

and only two weak columellar folds. The other Okinawan' form, a subspecies named H. (N.) magnifica 

okinavia, by MacNeil, is a more slender form, but it 

also has a wide subtural slope and only two columellar folds. 

Occurence.-Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus SIPHONOFUSUS Kuroda and Habe 

Kuroda and Habe, 1952, Check list and bibliography of recent 

marine MoJlusca of Japan, p. 86; Venus, v. 18, no. 2, 

p. 89, 96. 

Type (by original designation) .-Siphonalia lubrica Dall. Holocene, Japan. 

Siphonofusus walleri (Ladd) 

Plate 16, figures 12-14 

Fasciolaria (Pleuroploca) walleri Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, 

no. 4, p. 193, figs. 16-20. 

This species was originally as.signed to Facciolaria (Pleuroploca) though it lacked the three 

columellar plates that characterize that group. It 

now appears that the New Hebrides fossHs are much 

more closely rel·ated to Siphonofusus, a buccinid, and 

are therefore transferred to that genus. The relationship to Siphonofusus lubricus (Dall) was suggested to me by Tadashige Habe (written commun., 

Feb. 17, 1977). Dall (1918, p. 230) described the 

species as Siphonalia lubrica from Japanese waters 

at depths of 100-200 m. S. walleri is larger, has 

more whorls on protoconch and teleoconch, and has 

fewer axial ribs. The color patterns of the two 

species are similar; those of the fossils, strangely 

enough, are ap·preciably stronger. 

The New Hebrides fos,sils bear a supe·rficial resemblance to Granulifusus Kuroda and Habe (type, 

by original designation, Fusus niponicus E. A. 

Smith), but there are many differences in aperture 

and canal. 

Occurrence.-Four shells from the Pleistocene 

beds on the Kere River (USGS locality 25715 and 

station SM242), Santo, New Hebrides. 

The species still lives. On December 20, 1977, 

Mary Young, a shell dealer in Washington, allowed 

me to examine several shells recovered from a gill 

net off Mactan Island in the Philippines. 

Genus PHOS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie sy;Sitematique. p. 494. 

Type (by original designation).- Murex senticasus Linnaeus. Holocene, southwest Pacific. 

Phos bakeri Ladd 

Plate 16, figures 4, 5 

Phos bakeri Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 130, figs. 

8, 9. 

The holotype, USNM 214307, measures: height 

18.4 mm, diameter 9.0 mm. From the Pleistocene 

beds cropping out on the Kere River (USGS locality 

25715), Santo, New Hebrides. 
48 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

As Cernohorsky pointed out (written commun., 

1978), Phos bakeri bears ,a close resemblance to 

Phos naucratoris described by Watson from the sea 

off the Admiralty Islands at 150 fathoms (275 m) 

(Watson, 1886, p. 218-219, pl. 13, fig. 11). On shells 

of tha.t spedes, however, one or more axial ribs on 

each whorl is varixlike. Shells in the National Museum (USNM 778359) were collected off Cape Morton, Queensland, Australia, at a depth of 64-70 

fathoms (117-128 m). 

Genus EUTHRIA J. E. Gray 

Gray, J. E., 1850, in M. E. Gray, Figures of molluscous animals, v. 4, p. 67. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Fusus lignarius Lamarck 

( = Murex corneus Linnaus). Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

Euthria rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figure 14 

Shell large, heavy, fusiform; spire high, whorls 

moderately convex, suture distinct; aperture lenticular, longer than spire, constricted anteriorly; 

inner lip smooth, concave, callused, umbilicus 

bounded by a thick fasciole; outer lip with a thin 

margin, lirate within. Sculpture consisting of low 

flattened spirals, arranged in pairs, crossed by inconspicuous axials. The p·rotoconch on the only 

specimen is incomplete but apparently composed of 

at least two smooth convex whods. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214333: 

height 44.5 mm, diameter 20.7 mm. 

This species bears a superficial resemblance to the 

well-known and widely distributed living thaidid 

Nassa sertum (Bruguiere), but has more inflated 

whorls, lacks a ridge on the posterior end of the 

inner lip, and has lirae inside the outer lip. 

The fossil lacks the peripheral nodes and the subsutural depression of the type of the genus Euthria. 

It has no close living relatives but close1ly resembles 

E. jogjacartensis described by Martin (1914, p. 142, 

pl. 3, fig. 85) from the upper Eocene of Java. The 

Java foss.il has flatter whorls, a more heavily callused inner lip, and a less conspicuous siphonal fasciole. 

Occurrence.-Holotype (only specimen) from station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). 

Genus METULA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A.. 1853, Genera of recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 84. 

Type (by hidden tautonymy) .- Buccinum hindsii 

H. and A. Adams ( = Buccinum metula Hinds). 

Holocene, Pacific coast of Panama. 

Metula kerensis Ladd 

Plate 16, figure 6 

Metula kerensis Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4. p. 130, 

fig. 10. 

The holotype of this weakly sculptured species, 

USNM 214288, measures: height 24.3 mm, diameter 

7.3 mm. A total of eight shells from USGS localities 

25715 and 25718 and station SM242 on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Metula santoensis Ladd 

Plate 16, figure 7 

Metula santoensis Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 131, 

fig. 11. 

The holotype, British Museum (Nat. History) no. 

GG19763, measures: height 30 mm, diameter 9.8 

mm. The type was collected from the Pleistocene 

beds outcropping on the Kere River (station 

SM242), Santo New Hebrides, and a second shell 

was found in river debris on the nearby Sarakata 

River. 

Metula cf. M. mitrella (Adams and Reeve) 

Plate 11, figures 15, 16 

Five specimens from the Pleistocene marls on the 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, may represent 

this species briefly described by Adams and Reeve 

(1850, p. 32, pl. 11, fig. 13) from China Sea wate·rs. 

On the fossil shells the close-set axial riblets are a 

little st;ronger than the spiral cords, the intersections sHghtly beaded. Some of the fossil shells retain 

obscure traces of broad brown spiral bands. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214282 from USGS locality 25715: height 33.2 mm, 

diameter 9.2 mm. 

Family COLUBRARIIDAE 

Genus COLUBRARIA Schumacher 

Schumaehe1r, 1817, Es,sai d"un nQuveau systeme des habitations des vers tes.taces, Copenhagen, p. 251. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Colubraria granulata 

Schumacher ( = MU'rex maculosa Gmelin) : Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Colubraria maculosa (Gmelin) 

· Plate 8, figure 1 

Murex maculosa Gmelin, 1790. Systema Naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3548. 

Colubraria maculosa ( Gmelin), Kira, 1962, Shells of the 

western Pacific, in color, v. 1, p. 206, pl. 70, fig. 14; 

Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 1, 

p. 59, fig. 27. 

A single incomplete, but identifiable, shell from 

USGS locality 25715 in the Pleistocene marls on the 
PALEONTOLOGY 49 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The specimen, 

USNM 214287, measures: height (incomplete) 38.7 

mm, diame,ter 25.8 mm. The species lives today from 

the Red Sea to Hawaii. 

Colubraria obscura (Reeve) 

Plate 41, figures 4-6 

Triton obscurus Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2. 

Triton, pl. 16, fig. 63. 

Colubraria obscura (Reeve), Rehder and Ladd, 1973, Tohoku 

Univ., Sci. Repts., 2d Ser. (Geology), Spec. v. no. 6, 

p. 41 (identification only). 

This strongly sculptured species is characterized 

by a heavily callused inner lip. Two small shells 

from the station SM242 on the Kere River, Santo, 

are assigned here, and one o.f them, USNM 214394, 

is figured; it measures: height 22.6 mm, diameter 

7.5 mm. Both of the New Hebrides shells are slender. 

Similarly small and slender ·shells were dredged off 

the lee reef of Kure Island in Hawaii (USNM 

709316). The New Hebrides fossils are more sharply 

sculptured than the Hawaiian shells. 

Occurrence.-Sta.tion SM242 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleis·tocene. Reeve described the Holocene shell from .the East Indies ; the 

species has been reported from other parts of the 

western Pacific and from several parts of Hawaii. 

Colubraria tortuosa (Reeve) 

Plate 41, figures 7-9 

Triton tortuosa Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Ioonica, v. 2, 

Triton. pl. 17, figs. 74a, b. 

Colubraria tortuosa (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1967, Veliger, v. 

9,no.3,p.327,fig.29. 

Five shells of this widely distributed Holocene 

speeies were colle·cted from the beds cropping out 

on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured specimen, USNM 214393 from USGS locality 

25715, measures: height 27.3 mm, diameter 10.9 

mm. Some of the fossils retain trace of original 

brown color. 

Occurrence.-USGS locality 25715 and s~tation 

SM242 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; 

age, Pleistocene. 

Colubraria rehderi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 8, figures 2, 3 

Medium in size, fusiform, robust; protoconch of 

about 11/2 smooth convex whorls followed by nine 

sculptured whorls. Sculpture consisting of varices, 

about two per whorl, and coarse, close-set axial ribs 

that are crossed and beaded by weaker spirals. 

Aperture elongate; outer l'ip thin, backed by a varix, 

crenulate within; inner lip heavily callused, edge of 

callus detached; columella concave, finely plica.te anteriorly. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214293: 

height 35.2 mm, diameter 9.8 mm. 

C. rehderi dosely resembles C. nitidula (Sowerby), a widely distributed Holocene species in the 

Indo-Pacific but is much more coarsely sculptured 

than that species. 

The species is named for Dr. Harald Rehder of 

the U.S. National Museum of Natura·! History who 

has studied living mollusks in many parts of the 

Pacific. 

Occurrence.-Four shells from USGS locality 

25715 and two from 25718; Pleistocene beds on the 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. In the National 

Museum collections (USNM 281817), Holocene 

shells were colleCJted from the centraJ PhHipines at 

a depth of 135 fathoms (247 m). The larger specimens in this lot of five are certainly conspecific with 

the New Hebrides :fos·sils. 

Family NASSARIIDAE 

Genus NASSARIUS Dumeril 

Dumeril, 1806, Zoologie analytique, p. 107 (genus without 

species). 

Type (by monotypy) .-Froriep, 1806, C. Dumeril's analytique zoologie, p. 167 (fide Iredale, 1916, 

Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 12, p. 83) .-

Buccinum arcularia Linnaeus. Holocene, western 

Pacific. 

Subgenus PLICARCULARIA Thiele 

Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, 

v. 1, p. 324. 

Type (by monotypy) .-N as sa thersites Bruguiere 

= Buccinum pullus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo Pacific. 

Nassarius (Piicarcularia) globosus (Quoy and Gaimard) 

Plate 12, figures 1-3 

Buccinum globosum Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, Voyage 1' Astrolabe, v. 2, p. 448, pl. 32, figs. 25-27. 

Nassarius (Plicarcularia) globosus (Quoy and Gaimard), 

Cernohorsky, 1972, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 

9, p. 136, figs. 16-18. 

A half dozen typical shells were recovered from 

the Pleistocene beds at Station SM239 on theN avaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. One is figured; it 

measures: height 11.7 mm, diameter 9.3 mm. The 

species lives today in the New Hebrides and many 

otheT island groups in the western Pacific. According to Vlerk (1931, p. 233), the species has also been 

reported from the Pliocene of Timor. 
50 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WE STERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Nassarius (Piicarcularia) d. N. bimaculatus (A. Adams) 

Plate 12, figures 4, 5 

N as sa bimaculosa A. Adams, 1852, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

pt. 19, p. 102. 

Nassarius (Plicarcularia) bimaculosus (A. Adams), Cernohorsky, 1972, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 9, 

p. 133, fig. 13. 

A single worn shell from the Pleistocene beds on 

the Wenui River (station SM329), Santo, New Hebrides, may represent this Holocene western Pacific 

species. It measures: height (incomplete) 11.8 mm, 

diameter 9.0 mm. Three small shells from the same 

beds are probably immature. They lack any indication of a dorsal swelling. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214339: height 6.1 mm, diameter 3.6 mm. 

Subgenus NIOTHA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 117. 

Type (by subsequent des-ignation, Cossmann, 

1901, Essais de paieoconchologie comparee, pt. 4, 

p. 203) .-N ass a cumingi Adams. Holocene, western 

Pacific. 

Nassarius (Niotha) albescens (Dunker) 

Plate 12, figures 6, 7 

Buccinum albescens Dunker, 1846. Zeitschr. Malakozoologie, 

v. 3, p. 170; Philippi, 1849, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen * * * Conchylien, v. 3, p. 68, pl. 2. fig. 15. 

Nassarius (Niotha) albescens albescens (Dunker), Cernohorsky, 1972, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs .. v. 9, p. 144, 

figs. 43, 44, 59. 

A single shell of this weste·rn Pacific Holocene 

species was recovered from the Pleistocene mads on 

the Sarakata River (SG82), Santo, New Hebrides. 

It measures: height 17.3 mm, diameter 10.0 mm. 

Nassarius (Niotha) nodiferus (Powys) 

Plate 12, figures 8, 9 

Nassa nodi/era Powys. 1835, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 95; 

Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica, v. 8, Nassa, pl. 4, 

no. 23. 

Nassarius (Niotha) nodiferus (Powys), Cernohorsky, 1972, 

Auckland Inst and Mus. Recs., v. 9, p. 153. figs. 69, 70. 

Fossils from the Pleistocene of New Hebrides represent the slender form of this species recognized 

by Cernohorsky. The striking features are the 

axially ribbed convex whorls, the ribs becoming subnodose at the suture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214252 from USGS locality 25715; height 31.9 mm, 

diameter 17.3 mm. A second specimen, USNM 

214413, from the same area measures: height 26.5 

mm, diameter 13.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens from the Kere River 

mads, Santo, New Hebddes; age, Pleistocene. The 

species lives today in the Philippines, Indonesia, and 

parts of the Indian Ocean. Originally, and apparently er~oneous.Jy, reported from the Galapagos and 

Panama. 

Nassarius (Niotba) variegatus (A. Adams) 

Plate 12, figures 10, 11 

Nassa variegata A. Adams, 1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 

19, p. 97; Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica, v. 8, pl. 

11, no. 70. 

Nassa gemmulata Lamarck, Reeve, 1853, Coochologica Iconica, v. 8, pl. 5, no. 29. 

Nassarius (Niotha) gemmulatus (Lamarck) (Deshayes), 

MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 

79, pl. 13, fig. 29. 

Niotha clathrata (Lamarck), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 81, pl. 29, fig. 19. 

Nassarius (Niotha) variegatus (A. Adams), Cernohorsky, 

1972. Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 9, p. 140, figs. 

35-37 (see for more complete synonymy). 

A variable but coarsely granulated species that is 

characterized by its deeply excava·ted suture, inflated 

body whorl, and thin but widely expanded columellar 

callus. The figured specimen, USNM 214251 from 

USGS locality 25715, Santo, New Hebrides, measures: height 23.2 mm, diameter 16.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-More than a dozen specimens from 

Pleistocene beds on the Kere and Wambu Rivers, 

Santo, New Hebrides. Holocene shells were desc~ibed originally f~om the Philippines ; now known 

from Japanese and Chinese waters, from Indonesia 

and the Indian Ocean. The New Hebrides fossils are 

smaller than the average Holocene shells. 

MacNeil (above) referred a specimen from the 

Pliocene of Okinawa to this species and a closely 

related, if not identical, form was identified by 

Martin (1895, p. 106, pL 17, fig. 237) from the 

Plio~ene of Java. 

Subgenus ZEUXIS H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A.. 1853, Genera of recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 119. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1901, Essais de paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 4, p. 

207) .-Buccinum taenia Gmelin. Holocene, IndoPacific. 

Nassarius (Zeuxis) donatus (Roding) 

Plate 12, figures 12, 13 

Buccinum dorsatum Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 111. 

Nassarius (Zeuxis) dorsatus (Roding), Cernohorsky, 1972, 

Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 150, pl. 43, fig. 8. 
PALEONTOLOGY 51 

Represented by five shells from the Kere River 

marls and by one from the Sarakata River marls 

(SG78), Santo, New Hebrides. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from USGS 

locality 25715, Kere River, USNM 214281: height 

26.9 mm, diameter 17.8 mm. 

Occurrence.-Pleistocene beds on the Kere and 

Sarakata Rivers, Santo, New Hebrides. The species 

lives today off northern Aust~alia and the Philippines and in Indonesian waters. 

Nassarius (Zeuxis} margaritiferus (Dunker} 

Plate 12, figures 14, 15 

Buccinum margaritijerus Dunker, 1847, Zeitschr. Malakozoologie, v. 4, p. 60. 

Nassarius (Zeuxis) margaritiferus (Dunker), Cernohorsky, 

1972, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 9, p. 170, figs. 

122, 141. 

Seven shells were collected from the Pleis1locene 

beds along the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, 

but only one of them is fully adult. It is a much inflated, highly sculptured shell from s1tation SM242, 

measuring: height 27.6 mm, diameter 14.5 mm. The 

species lives today in the New Hebrides and in the 

Indian Ocean. 

Subgenus ALECTRION Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie, systematique, v. 2, p. 566. 

Type (by original des,ignation) .-Buccinum papillosum Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Nassarius (Aiectrion} barsdelli Ladd 

Plate 16, figures 8-11 

Nassarius ( Alectrion) barsdelli Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, 

no. 4, p. 131, figs. 12-15. 

Holotype, USNM 21427 4, measures: height 23.8 

mm, diameter 14.0 mm; paratype, USNM 214278: 

height 23.8, diameter 15.0 mm. Present in abundance in the Pleistocene beds outcropping on the 

Kere River (USGS locality 25715), Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Nassarius (Aiectrion} glans (Linnaeus) 

Plate 19, figure 16 

Buccinum glans Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 737. 

Nassarius ( Alectrion) glans glans (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 

1972, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 9, p. 180, figs. 

135, 136, 146 (see for additional references). 

Incomplete but typ.jcally banded shells that clearly 

represent this Holocene Pacific species were recovered from USGS localities 25715, 25717, and 25718 

on the Ke~re River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The figured specimen, USNM 214408, from 

USGS locality 25718 measures 43.6 mm in height. 

Genus BA THYNASSA Ladd 

Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 131. 

Type (by original designation) : Bathynassa bolangoi Lad d. Pleistocene, New Hebrides. 

Bathynassa bolangoi Ladd 

Plate 38, figures 1-7 

Bathynassa bolangoi Ladd, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 132, figs. 

34-40. 

The holotype, USNM 214343, measures : length 

13.9 mm, diameter 5.2 mm. The holotype is one of 

seven shells collected from the Pleistocene beds on 

Navaka River (USGS localities 25736 and 25742 at 

the northern end of the outcrop area), Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Habe pointed out (written commun., 1977) that 

B. bolangoi "somewhat relates to Zeuxis hirasei 

Kuroda and Habe" (see Habe, in Kira and Habe, 

1965, p. 101, pl. 32, fig. 26), a species living at 

200-300 m in Japanese waters. Z. hirasei is much 

larger than B. bolangoi, and though it has a canaHcula.ted suture, it is not deeply furrowed as is the 

fossil shell. 

Walter Cernohorsky questioned the validity of 

Bathynassa (written commun., 1978). He suggested 

that B. bolangoi might be identified with Nassarius 

siquijorensis (A. Adams) from Philippine waters. 

Adams' species does have a flatly channeled suture, 

but when the foss11 is compared with various lots 

of the widely distributed living species, a number 

of differences appear. The fossil is more slender and 

more strongly turreted because of its more deeply 

excava,ted suture; it has a smoother columella, and 

its outer lip is less strongly dentate. 

Family F ASCIOLARIIDAE 

Genus LA TIRUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie systematique, v. 2, p. 531. 

Type (by original designation) .-Latirus aurantiacus Montfort ( = Murex gibbulus Gmelin). Holocene, Australia. 

Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus} 

Plate 13, figures 1, 2 

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, lOth ed., p. 755; Cemohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 156, 

pl. 46, fig. 5. 

Six shells from the Ple1istocene marls on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured specimen, 

USNM 308114, measures: height 44.4 mm, diameter 

19.2 mm. The species lives today throughout the 

tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. MacNeil 

(1960, p. 83, pl. 17, figs. 11, 17, pl. 19, fig. 22) found 
52 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

comparable forms in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of 

Okinawa. According to Vlerk (1931, p. 229), Schepman reported it from post-Tertiary beds on Celebes 

(Sulawesi). 

Latirus paetelianus (Kuster) 

Plate 13, figures 3, 4 

Turbinella paeteliana Kuster, 1844, in Martini and Chemnitz, 

Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, v. 3, abt. A, p. 71, 

pl. 18, figs. 2, 3. 

Medium in size, fusiform, stout. Protoconch of 

two convex smooth whorls followed by about eight 

strongly sculptured whorls. Sculpture consisting of 

strong axial folds, seven on body whorl, that are 

overridden by regularly spaced spiral cords; inconspicuous axial threads cover all whorls. Suture appressed; aperture elongate-ovate, extended anteriorly as a long and recurved canal. ColumeHa with 

three elongate plaits across its midsection; outer 

lip lirate within. 

Measurement of the figured specimen, USNM 

214269: height 46.5 mm, aperture and canal combined 26.8 mm, diameter 16.1 mm. 

Hedley (1912, p. 149, pl. 43, fig. 34) described a 

variety that he dredged at 10 fathoms in the Gulf 

o.f Carpentaria (L. paeteliana carpentariensis). It 

seems very close to KUster's species, possibly identical with it. 

MacNeil's (1960, p. 86, pl. 4, fig. 10) subspecies 

(Streptochetus paeteliana riukiuana) from the Miocene of Okinawa has fewer axials than the Holocene 

and Pleistocene form here described. 

Occurrence.-Thirteen specimens from station 

25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

Pleistocene. KUster's specimen, a Holocene shell, was 

collected-questionably-from China. A Holocene 

shell in the USNM collections (No. 230905) was 

found off Cebu in the Philippines. 

Latirus polygonus (Gmelin) 

Plate 13, figures 5, 6 

Murex polygonus Gmelin, 1790, Systemae naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3555. 

Latirus polygonus (Gremlin) Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 154, pl. 45, figs. 7, 7a. 

A heavy, strongly sculptured shell whose massive 

nodes are elongated axially, each overriden by three 

to four conspicuously elevated spiral cords; elsewhere spiral cords are weakly developed; axial lines 

visible everywhere under low magnification. Aperture elongate-oval, lirate within; outer lip incomplete, but the part preserved shows remnants of the 

small spiny denticles that characterize Holocene 

shells; lower part of columella obscurely plicate. 

Traces of red-brown are found on the nodes in the 

inter.stices between spirals, and broken spiral bands 

of brown are present on the base. The figured specimen, USNM 308116, measures: height 66.9 m, diameter 27.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Two shells from the Pleistocene 

marls on the Kere Rive·r, Santo, New Hebrides. The 

species lives in many parts of the tropical Pacific 

but seems not to have been p·reviously reported as 

a fossil. 

Latirus cf. L. formosior Melvill 

Plate 13, figures 7, 8 

Medium in size, slender, fusiform. Protoconch 

cons-isting of about two smooth convex whods, followed by eight highly convex sculptured whorls; 

suture deeply impressed. Whorls bearing strong 

axial folds, seven on body whorl, overridden by 

spiral cords that alterna~te with spi·ra:l threads; axial 

lines of growth inconspicuous. Aperture lenticular, 

extended anteriorly into a long straight canal; outer 

lip crenulate within, inner lip callused with an inconspicuous parietal dentical and four plaits. Axial 

folds retain traces of brown. 

Measurements of the figured. specimen, USNM 

214297: height 29.9 mm, diameter 10.3 mm. 

The New Hebrides fossil closely resembles the 

rare Holocene shell described by Melvill ( 1891, p. 

394, pl. 2, fig. 16), but I have not seen a specimen. 

Shells of Latirus paetelianus (KUster) that occur in 

the Kere River marls with the shell described above 

are larger, proportionately wider, and have a curved 

anterior canal. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River at USGS locality 

25715, Santo, New Hebrides. The locality of the 

Melvill type of L. formosior is not known. 

Genus DOLICHOLA TIRUS Bellardi 

Bellardi, 1884, I Molluschi * * * del Piemonte e della Liguria, 

pt. 4, p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1901, 

Essais de Paleoconchologie comparee, v. 4, p. 23) .-

Turbinella bronni Michelotti. Miocene, Italy. 

Dolicbolatirus cf. D. lancea (Gmelin) 

Plate 13, figures 9, 10 

A single incomplete fossil has a proportionately 

shorter siphonal canal and stronger axial threads 

than Holocene shells but may represent the same 

species. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 214294: 

height (spire incomplete) 17.8 mm, diameter 7.8 

mm. 
PALEONTOLOGY 

Occurrence.-Station 160, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). D. lancea 

lives in Fiji today and in Pacific areas to the west 

(Cernohorsky, 1972, p. 161-162). 

Fusinus colus (Linnaeus} 

Plate 13, figure 11 

Murex colus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 753. 

Fusinus colus (Linnaeus), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 88, pl. 31, fig. 7; Cernohorsky, 

1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 162, pl. 48, 

figs. 1, 1a. 

More than a dozen nearly complete shells and several fragments of this western Pacific and Indian 

Ocean form were recovered from the Pleistocene 

outcrops on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The figured specimen, USNM 214257, from USGS 

station 25715 measures: height 92 mm, diameter 

24.2 mm. The fossils, like Holocene shells, vary considerably in the size, shape, and number of the axial 

nodes on the body whorl. 

Family OLIVIDAE 

Genus OLIVA Bruguiere 

Bruguiere, 1789, Encylopedie methodique. Histo.ke nat. vers, 

v. 1, p. xv (genus without species). 

Type (by monotypy and tautonomy, Lamarck, 

1799, Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Mem., p. 70) .-Voluta 

oliva Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Oliva ispida (Roding) 

Plate 13, figures 12, 13 

Porphrua ispida Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, 

v. 2, p. 35. 

Voluta ispidula Linnaeus =Oliva ispida (Roding), Dodge, 

1955, Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 107, art. 1, p. 

74-78; Habe, 1964, Shells of the western Pacific in 

color, v. 2, p. 104, pl. 33, fig. 19. 

A total of nine small to medium sized-shells of 

Oliva, collected from the Pleistocene beds of Santo 

are referred to this species. All but one were found 

on the Kere River; the other, from SM259. One of 

the larger Kere River shells (USGS locality 25715), 

USNM 214331, is figured. It measures: length 33.8 

mm, diameter 15.3 mm. AH the shells are wen preserved and agree in major features-shape, height 

of spire, presence of channeled sutural groove-but 

they differ in color patterns. Two of the larger 

' shells are orange with traces of irregular hands of 

a darker shade; the third large shell has an irregular pattern of fine discontinuous spiral dashes; two 

of the small shells show trace•s of zigzag brown lines. 

0. ispida lives today in many parts of the western 

Pacific and the Indian Ocean. 

Family MITRIDAE 

Genus MITRA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1798, Tableau encyclopedique, pl. 369. 

Type (by tautonomy) .-Vol uta mitra Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus NEBULARIA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 319. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis generum malacozoorum, v. 2, p. 110). 

-Mitra contracta Swainson, Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Mitra (Nebularia) contracla Swainson 

Plate 13, figures 14, 15 

Mitra contracta Swainson, 1821, Zool. illustrations, .ser. 1, 

pl. 18; Cernohovsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 8, no. 2, p. 84, 

pl. 13, fig. 9; Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and 

Mus. Bull. 8, p. 36. 

A single shell from the Pleistocene marl beds on 

the Kere River (USGS locality 25715), Santo, New 

Hebrides. The shell, USNM 214301, measures: 

height 28.7 mm, diameter 10.6 mm. Traces of original color remain in the form of axially oriented 

S'treaks of reddish brown. The species lives today 

throughout the Indo-Pacific region. 

Genus CANCILLA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 130, 320. 

Subgenus CANCILLA sensu stricto 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1846, Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia, v. 

1, p. 168) .-Tiara isabella Swainson. Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Cancilla (Cancilla) isabella (Swainson) 

Plate 13, figure 16 

Tiara isabella Swainson; 1831, Zool. illustrations, v. 2, pl. 

50, fig. 1; 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 320, fig. 84b. 

Mitra isabella (Swainson), Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica., v. 2, Mitra, pl. 6, fig. 42. 

Cancilla isabella (Swainson), Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland 

Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 47. 

Shell large, cove·red with sharply elevated sp,iral 

ribs; depressed areas between ribs crossed by close--

set axial threads; columella with five oblique plaits. 

The unworn and nearly complete figured specimen, 

USNM 214233 measures: he,ight 49.6 mm, diameter 

15.3 mm. However, two other sheHs (SM 242) have 

heights of 88 and 90 mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from USGS locality 25715 on the Ke·re River, Santo, New Hebrides; two other shells from SM242 on the same 

river; age of all specimens, Pleistocene. The species 
54 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

lives today in Chinese and Japanese waters but is 

rare. The New Hebrides shells make up the first 

fossil record. 

Genus VEXILLUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, pt. 2, p. 138. 

Subgenus VEXILLUM sensu stricto 

Type (by subsequent designation, Woodring, 1928, 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 244) .-

V exillum plicatum Roding ( = Vol uta plica ria (Linnaeus). Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Vexillum (V cxillum) coccineum (Reeve) 

Plate 13, figures 17, 18 

Mitra coccinea Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2, 

Mitra, pl. 7, fig. 49. 

Vexillum (Vexillum) coccineum (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1970, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 53. 

Two small shells that p·reserve the original color 

banding were recovered at USGS locality 25715 on 

the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured 

shell, USNM 214264, measures: height 35.3 mm, 

diameter 11.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-The Pleistocene marls on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. The species is common 

today in the western Padfic from the Ryukyus to 

the Philippines. 

Vexillum (Vexillum) vulpecula (Linnaeus) 

Plate 14, figures 1, 2 

Voluta vulpecula Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 732. 

Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, 

v. 8, no. 2, p. 140, pl. 20, fig. 89; 1970, Auckland Inst. 

and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 53. 

A single shell tha;t is worn but that retains traces 

o.f brown spiral bands was collected from· the Pleistocene marls on the Sarak•ata River (s·tation SG79), 

Santo, New Hebrides. It measures: height 40.0 mm, 

diameter 15.9 mm. The species lives today throughout the Indo-Pacific region but, apparently, has not 

previously been reported as a fossil. 

Vexillum (Vexillum) subdivision (Gmelin) 

Plate 41, figures 10, 11 

Voluta subdivisa Gmelin, 1791. Systema naturae. 13th ed., 

p. 3453. 

Vexillum subdivisum (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, 

v. 6, no. 2, p. 136, pl. 20, fig. 92. 

A single shell from station MWC40 on Maewo, 

New Hebrides, appears to represent this widespread 

Indo-Pacific Holocene species. The shell, USNM 

214401, measures: heighrt (apex incomplete) 53.4 

mm, diameter 17.0 mm. The ·shell is stouter than 

Holocene examples in the USNM collections, and its 

outer lip is more strongly lirate within. Traces of 

the original brown color bands are p·reserved on the 

fossil. 

Occurtence.-Station MWC40, Maewo, New Hebrides; age, probably Pleistocene. Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Subgenus COSTELLARIA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Trea·tise on malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 320. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Mitra rigida Swainson ( = 

Mitra semifasciata Lamarck). Holocene, IndoPacific. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) polygonum (Gmelin) 

Plate 14, figures 3, 4 

Murex polygonum Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3555. 

Mitra angulosa Kuster, 1841 in Martini and Ghemnitz, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, v. 5, abt. 2, p. 65, pl. 

12, figs. 8, 9; Sowerby, 1874, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 

Mitra, no. 430, p. 32, pl. 34, figs. 531, 534, 535. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) polygonum (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, 

1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55. 

Two shells of this coa.rsely sculptured V exillum 

we·re collected on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The figured specimen, USNM 214290 from 

USGS locality 25715 measures: height 53.5 mm, 

diameter 16-.0 mm. The sm·aller of the two fossil 

shells retains traces of narrow axial bands of reddish brown. The species lives in the Philippines 

today. The New Hebrides Pleistocene shells are the 

first fossils recorded. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) cf. V. bellum (Pease) 

Plate 14, figure 5 

Three shells from the Pleis·tocene marls on the 

Ke,re River (USGS locality 25715), Santo, New 

Hebrides, may be identical with V. bellum (Pease) 

(1960a, p. 145), a Holocene species that is widespread in Hawaii. The New Hebrides fossils are 

larger than most Hawaiian shells, and individual 

whorls and the spire as a whole are flatter. In all 

other features, including the color pattern, shells 

from the two areas appear conspecific. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214266: height 30.0 mm, diameter 9.3 mm. 

The U.S. National Museum collection contains 22 

lots of shells of V. bellum from Hawaii and one (No. 

88545) from Samoa. 

Subgenus PUSIA Swainson 

Vexillum (Pusia) millecostatum (Broderip) 

Plate 14, figures 6, 7 

Tiara millecostata Broderip, 1836, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

pt. 3 (36), Ap. p. 195. 
PALEONTOLOGY 55 

Mitra millecostata, (Broderip), Reeve, Conchologica Iconica, 

v. 2, Mitra, pl. 36, fig. 301. 

Vexillum (Pusia) millecostatum (Broderip), Cernohorsky, 

1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 56. 

A single somewhat worn shell of this stout, 

biconic, highly inflated Holocene Pacific species was 

collected at USGS locality 25715, Pleistocene marls 

on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The shell, 

USNM 214300, measures: height 23.8 mm, diameter 

12.3 mm. The fossil retains traces of original color 

in the form of irregular, axially elongated blotches 

of brown. 

FAMILIES COVERED IN THE PRESENT PAPER 

Family EULIMIDAE (MELANELLIDAE) 

The Eulimidae of the Mesoga.stropoda were not 

treated ahead of the Strombidae in Professional 

Paper 532 (Ladd, 1972). They are given the proper 

place in table 3 of the present paper, but species are 

here identified for the first time. 

Minute eulimids were found in Te~rtia.ry sediments 

in several parts of Fiji, but the shells are rare, and 

only once has a relationship with a described species 

been indicated. EuHmids we:re also found in the 

drill holes on Eniwe,tok to depths greater than 2,000 

ft (606 m) (lower Miocene) ·but never in abundance. 

A few shells of minute eulimids were found in 

sands from the deep hole drilled on Funafuti at 

depths of 65-90 ft (19-27 m), but these could not be 

identified with eithe~r of the two species reported by 

Hedley (1899, p. 410-411) from the lagoon and 

lagoon beach of Funafuti. 

Genus EULIMA Risso 

Risso, 1826, Histoire Nat. Europe Meridionale, v. 4, p. 123. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1846, Indicis generum malacoozorum, v. 1, p. 431). 

-Turbo sublatus Donovan ( = Strombiformis 

glaber da Costa). Holocene, easte~rn Atlantic. 

Very small slender high-spired shells ; in many 

shells, the apex is curved to one side; aperture 

pointed above. 

Eulima santoensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 41, figures 12, 13 

Shell small, slender, straight-sided, composed of 

about 12 polished whorls. Body whorl marked with 

three spiral bands of brown, one band appearing 

faintly near the suture on earlier whorls. Aperture 

elongate-oval, pointed above, outer Hp thin, its upper 

part deeply recessed; inner lip gently curved, columella slightly thickened. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 250158: 

height 9.5 mm, diame·ter 2.2 mm. 

The color bands of the fossil shells suggest the 

pattern described by Kuroda and Habe for E. lacca, 

a species living in Sagami Bay (in Kuroda and 

others, 1971, p. 79), but the fossils do not show an 

overall brown color, they have more whorls than the 

Japanese shells, and the ourteT lip of the fossil shells 

is not thickened. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and one other nearly comple1te ~sheU from USGS locality 25715 on the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides; an incomplete shell 

was found at station SM43 on the Navaka River. 

All three Santo shells are Pleistocene. 

Eulima sp. A. 

Plate 41, figures 14, 15 

Shells of a minute species of Eulima occur in seve~ral pa,rts of the uppe·r Miocene marls at the base 

of the Palau Limestone on the Goikul Peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau. A figured specimen (pl. 41, fig. 

14), USNM 250155, is from USGS locality 21304, 

whe,re the shells were found in large numbers. It 

measures: height 2.7 mm, diameter 0.7 mm. A shell 

that seems identical was recovered from lowe~r Miocene (Tertiary f) beds drilled in E-1, 970-980 ft 

(293-296 m) on Eniwetok. It, USNM 250156, is also 

figured (pl. 41, fig. 15). It measures: height 2.1 mm, 

diameter 0.6 mm. 

Genus BALCIS Leach 

Leach, 1847, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 20, p. 271. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Winckworth, 

1934, Jour. Conchology, v. 20, p. 13) .-Balcis montagui Leach ( = Eulima alba da Costa) . 

Balcis martinii (A. Adams) 

Plate 37, figures 9, 10 

Eulima martinii A. Adams, 1854, in Sowerby, Thesaurus 

Conchyliorum, Eul1'ma, p. 795, pl. 169, fig. 6; Reeve, 

1866, Conchologica Iconica, Eulima, sp. 6. 

A single shell of this giant eulimid was obtained 

from the Pleistocene beds on the Kere River (USGS 

locality 25718), Santo, New Hebrides. The specimen, 

USNM 214365, measures: height 33.6 mm, diameter 

12.3 mm. The species lives today in the China Sea, 

in Japanese waters, and in the Philippines. According to Vle·rk (1931, p. 260), Fischer reported the 

species from the Pliocene of the Moluccan Islands. 

Balcis aff. B. kanaka (Pilsbry) 

Plate 41, figure 17 

Shell small, robust, flat-sided, apex not acicular; 

spire of about eight whorls curved to right. A series 

of impressed varices is initiated above and to the 
56 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

right of the aperture. Aperture elongate-ovate, not 

sharply pointed above; inner lip gently curved, 

thickened anteriorly; outeT lip thin, strongly arched 

forward. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

250157: height 4.0 mm, diamete·r 1.4 mm. 

The single Bikini fossil is very similar to Holocene shells of B. kanaka (Pilsbry) present in the 

Thanuum Collection (USNM 333340) from near 

Hilo on the island of Hawaii, but the fossil is larger 

and more robust. Pilsbry (1917, p. 310, fig. 3) described M elanella kanaka from Kailua on Oahu. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole 2B, Bikini, at depth 

1,629-1,640 ft ( 493-496 m) ; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary e) . 

Balcis aff. B. vitrea (A. Adams) 

Plate 41, figure 16 

A single incomplete shell from the Pliocene beds 

at station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji, may represent this 

Holocene species described by Adams (1851, p. 277) 

from shells taken from_ the s~tomach o.f a holothurian 

collected in Fiji. The fossil, USNM 214386, measures: height (incomplete) 4.9 mm, diameter 1.4 mm. 

It shows a slight bend to the right. 

Family VOLUTIDAE 

Genus L YRIA Gray 

Gray, 1847. Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 141., 

Type (by original designation) .-V oluta nucleus 

Lamarck. Holocene, Southwest Pacific. 

The two fossil volutes recorded below-both from 

the Pleistocene beds of Santo--are the only representatives of the family that have been found in the 

New Hebrides. Both specie1s were described in 1975 

in V eliger; the descriptions are not repeated here, 

though the original figure's are reproduced and their 

measurements given. 

Lyria mallicki Ladd 

Pla~te 15, figures 1-8 

Lyria mallicki Ladd, l 975, Veliger, v. 18, p. 137, fig. 29. 

The holotype, USNM 175096, measures: height 

48.0 mm, diameter 19.2 mm; pa.ratype A, USNM 

214226, height 45.7 mm, diame1ter 17.8 mm; paratype B, British Museum (Nat. History) No. GG 

19760, height 33.0 mm, diameter 15.5 mm. 

Lyria santoensis Ladd 

Plate 15, figures 9-14 

Lyria santoensis Ladd, 1975, Veliger, v. 18, p. 137, figs. 10-15. 

The holotype, USNM 175138, measures: length, 

87.7 mm, diameter 29.6 mm, length of aperture 48.2 

mm: the paratype, USNM 175139: length 78.6 mm, 

diameter 28.9 mm, length of aperture 45.6 mm. 

In 1975, Habe resc·ribed Lyria (Lyria) kawamurai from specimens dredged off Formosa. This 

species is similar in shape to L. santoensis but is 

smaller, has more inflated whorls, and lacks the 

wide brown bands found on the N e·w Hebrides 

fossils. 

Family VOLUTOMITRIDAE 

Genus VOLUTOMITRA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera Recent Molluca, v. 1, p. 

172. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Fischer, 1884, 

Manuel conchyliologie, p. 610) .-Mitra groenlandica 

Beck. Holocene, Arctic Sea. 

Volutomitra 1 vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 14, figures 8, 9 

Shell medium in size, fusiform. Protoconch incomplete but composed of at least two smooth convex 

whorls, followed by eight whorls with strong, 

straight axial ribs (15 on penultima~te whorl) that 

become almost completely obsolete on the body 

whorl. Whorls covered by fine rounded spiral 

threads; in the series of spirals, one lying about 

one-fourth the width of the whorl below the suture 

is more prominent than the others but does not form 

a shoulder. Aperture narrowly lenticular, about 

same length as spire, outer lip broken, inner lip 

callused, columella with three sharply elevated 

plaits, the posterior one the largest. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214332: 

length 35.0 mm, diameter 11.7 mm. 

V. vitilevensis appears to be closely rela-ted to 

Dall's Mitra bairdii (Dall, 1889b, p. 161) that 

Cernohorsky (1970, p. 140-141) tentatively assigned 

1 to the Volutomitridae. In doing so, Cernohorsky 

noted it to be unusually slender, a feature not shared 

by V. vitilevensis. The prominent spiral thread present on V. vitilevensis does not occur on V. bairdii, 

but a narrow color band rep~laces it on shells assigned to Pusia ebenus Lamarck, a Holocene mitrid 

known from Europe and the eastern Atlantic and 

also reported from the Pliocene of Europe and England (Cernohorsky, 1970, p. 56). I hope that the 

collection of additional examples of the Fijian fossil 

m·ay clarify family and generic relations which, at 

present, are somewhat obscure. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from station 

C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Family CANCELLARIIDAE 

Genus CANCELLARIA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris Mem, p. 71. 
PALEONTOLOGY 57 

Type (by monotypy) .-Voluta reticulata Linnaeus. Holocene, western Atlantic and Caribbean. 

Cancellaria tboloensis Ladd 

Plate 14, figures 10, 11 

Cancellaria tholoensis Ladd, 1934, Berniee P. Bishop Mus. 

Bull 119, p. 230, pl. 41, fig. 2. 

No additional material collected, but a correction 

should be made in connection with the holotype 

(B. P. Bishop Mus., GeoL no. 1213) p·reviously described and figured. The outer lip shown in the figure was improperly combined with a nearly complete shell; it actually represents a second specimen 

of the same species. The holotype number is here 

restricted to the nearly complete shell, and it is refigured. Its measurements are: length 27.2 mm, 

diameter 14.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Station 59, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Subgenus MERICA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1854, Genera of recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 277. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1889, Petit, 1974, Venus, v. 33, no. 3, p. 112) .-Cancellaria m.elanostoma Sowerby. Holocene, Pacific. 

Cancellaria (Merica) asperella Lamarck 

Plate 14, figures 14, 15 

Cancellaria asperella Lamarck, 1822, His,toire Nat. an:imaux 

sans vel"tehres, v. 7, p. 112; Gernohorsky, 1972, M~rine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 179, pl. 50, fig. 3. 

Two shells from the Pleistocene marls exposed a,t 

station SM242 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, represent this somewhat variable Holocene 

species that lives in Japanese waters. One of the 

fossils, USNM 308118, is figured. It measures: length 

25.0 mm, diameter 15.5 mm. 

Cancellaria (Merica) petiti Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 14, figures 16-18 

Shell small, slender, biconic; protoconch consisting of about two smooth slightly convex whorls, 

followed by 41f2 sculptured whorls that are weakly 

shouldered in front of a deep suture. Aperture lenticular; outer lip with a thin beveled edge behind 

which there is a broad axial bulge; outer lip strongly 

lira,te within; inner lip callused; columella with 

three strong folds and obscure short secondary folds 

between. Sculpture consisting of numerous spiral 

ribs that tend to alternate in size and are slightly 

beaded where they cross close-set axials to give a 

reticulate pattern. There are about 20 axials on the 

body whorl. 

Measurements of the holotype, a single fossil, 

USNM 214320: height 15.7 mm, diamete:r 6.9 mm. 

C. (M.) petiti is closely related to M. oblonga 

(Sowerby), a well-known Holocene, Indo-Pacific 

species, but is more slender and much more strongly 

and sharply sculptured. 

The species is named for Richard E. Petit of 

South Carolina, authority on the Cancellariidae, who 

recognized the affinities of the Fijian fossil. 

Occurrence.-Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Genus TRIGONOSTOMA Blainville 

Blainville, 1825, Manuel de malacologie et conchyliologie, p. 

652. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Delphinula trigonostoma 

Lamarck. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus SCALPTIA Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1887. Naturaliste v. 2, p. 213. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1899, Essais de pale6conchologie comparee, v. 3, p. 

15) .-Cancellaria obz.iquata Lamarck. Holocene, 

Philippines. 

T rigonostoma (Scalptia) crenifera (Sowerby) 

Plate 14, figures '!2, 13 

Cancellaria crenifera Sowerby, 1855, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, v. 2, p. 453, pl. 46, figs. 84-86; Reeve, 1856, 

Gonchologica Iconica, v. 10; Cancellaria, pl. 6, no. 24. 

Scalptia crenifera (S.owe.rby), Habe, 1961, Venus, v. 21, p. 

436, pl. 23, fig. 7, pl. 24, fig. 4: 1964, Shells of the 

western Pacific dn color, v. 2, p. 113, pl. 36, fig. 5; 

Kuroda, Habe, and Oyama, 1971, S·ea shells of Sagami 

Bay, Tokyo, Maruzen, Ltd., p. 203, pl. 54, fig. 4. 

The fossil from Viti Levu, Fiji, sta.tion C1264, 

USNM 175124, measures 12.5 mm in height and 

7.3 in diameter. Age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). It is 

smaller than described Holocene shells but seems 

identical in all other respects. A single shell was also 

recovered from Pleistocene beds aJt station SG97, 

Santo, New Hebrides. 

Occurrence.-Station C1264, ViU Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) and Pleistocene (station 

SG97), Santo, New Hebrides. Not previously reported as a fossil, though a closely related species, 

T. crispata (Sower by) , has been reported from the 

Pliocene of Java (Martin, 1895, p. 51, pl. 7, fig. 

117). T. crenifera 1ives today in the Philippines and 

Japan. 

Genus NEADMETE Habe 

Habe, 1961, Colored illustr~tions of the sheHs of Japan, app. 

p. 28. 

Type (by original designation) : Cancellaria ja-
58 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

ponica E. A. Smith (replaced by Neadmete okutani 

Petit, 1974, Venus, v. 44, no. 3, p. 1100). 

Neadmete nausorensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 14, figures 19-22 

Shell small, stout, biconic; protoconch not preserved. Spire of about six convex, weakly shouldered 

whorls. Aperture broadly lenticular, edge of outer 

lip not preserved, but there are well-developed lirae 

within; inner lip thinly callused; columeUa with 

three s~trong folds, the posterior one the largest; anterior canal wide, short, straight. Sculpture consisting of sharp-crested spira'l ribs (four on the 

pen ultimate) that are dis,tinctly beaded where they 

override rounded axial ribs ; there ·are a dozen axia.Is 

on the body whorl. Weak secondary spirals and 

axials are discernible on some shells under magnification. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214349: 

length 17.8 mm, diameter 10.2 mm; a para type, 

USNM 214351, measures: length 19.0, diameter 

10.0 mm. 

N. nausorensis resembles the type of the genus, 

N. okutani Petit, a Holocene Japanese species, but 

is stouter and has stronger axials and weaker secondary sculpture than that species. The Fiji fossil 

also resembles the larger incomplete shell figured by 

Martin as Cancellaria neglecta from an unknown 

horizon in Java (Martin, 1895, p. 47, pl. 7, fig. 112). 

The Java shell has better developed secondary 

spirals. 

Occurrence.-Four nearly complete shells from 

sta•tion C2026, near Nausori, Vi·ti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Family MARGINELLIDAE 

Many of the margin shells are cora,} sand dwellers, 

yet they are not uniformly distributed in the reefassociated deposits of the island area. Many shells 

were recovered from the lagoonal beds drilled on 

Eniwe:tok and Bikini in the Marshall Islands and a 

few from similar beds drilled on Funafuti in the 

EHice Is·lands (Tuvalu). Shells were found in abundance in the shallow-water ma.rls of the Goikul 

Peninsula in Palau, but none were collected on Guam 

or Saipan. They were rare in Fiji and the New 

Hebrides in marls that probably accumulated in 

somewhat deeper wa;ter. 

Genus MARGINELLA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris Mem., p. 70. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Voluta glabella Linnaeus. 

Holocene, West Africa. 

Subgenus GRANULA Jousseaume 

J ousseaume, 1875, Goquilles de Ia famille des Marginelles, 

Rev. de Zoologie, v. 3, p. 83. 

Type (first species named, p. 83) .-M arginella 

bensoni Reeve. Holocene, South Africa. 

Marginella cf. M. {Granola) iota Hedley 

Plate 37, figure 26 

Four specimens recovered from drill cuttings 

from a dep:th of 65 feet (20m) in the deep drill hole 

on Funafuti, Ellis Islands. One of these from a 

sample borTowed from the Ha.rvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, is figured; it measures: length 1.1 mm, diameter 0.8 mm. Hedley's 

( 1899, p. 469) three shells from the sand of the 

lagoon beach of Funafuti were slightly larger. 

Subgenus ERA TO IDEA Weinkauff 

Weinkauff, 1879, in Martini and Chemnitz, Systematisches 

Conchylien-Cabinet, v. 5, pt. 4, p. 140. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1899, 

Essa1is paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 3, p. 87) .-

Marginella margarita Kiener. Holocene, West Indies. 

Marginella (Eratoidea) ringicula Sowerby 

Plate 37, figur·es 13-=-16 

Marginella ringicula Sowerby, 1900 Malacolog. Soc. London 

Proc., v. 4, p. 126, pl. 11, fig. 3. 

Marginella (Eratoidea) ringicula Sowerby, Beets, 1941, Geol.-

Mdjnb. Genoot. Nederland en Kolonien Verh. Geol. Ser., 

v. 13, pt. 1, p. 124, pl. 7, figs. 264-266. 

Shell small, heavy, biconic; apex of spire smoothly 

rounded. Aperture elongate, columella with four 

strong folds; outer lip thickened, bearing within a 

series of denticles, the posterior one larger than the 

others ; beyond the denticles, the outer Hp is thinner 

and is depressed to form a shallow sinus. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from 

Palau, USNM 175094: height 4.0 mm, diameter 2.0 

mm. A figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 

175095 measures: height 3.2 mm, diameter 1.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Present in large numbers at three 

sta,tions (USGS 21301, 21304, and-- 21308) in the 

upper Miocene (Te·rtiary g) marls at the base of the 

Palau Limestone on Goikul Peninula, Babelthuap, 

Palau. Three deep drill holes on Eniwetok yielded 

more than 50 specimens from depths ranging from 

650 to 1,245 ft. (197 to 377 m) : age, Miocene (Tertiary g-e) . From two drill holes on Bikini, 13 specimens were recovered from depths of 893-1,199 ft 

(271-363 m): age, Miocene (Tertiary g-e). The 

species was described by Sowerby from Holocene 

shells from the Philippines. Beets (1941) described 

shells from the upper Miocene of East Borneo. 
PALEONTOLOGY 

Genus VOL VARINA Hinds 

Hinds, 1844, Znol. Soc. London Proc., pt. 12, p. 75. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Redfield, 1870, 

Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 6, p. 221) .-Marginella 

nitida Hinds. Holocene, locality unknown. 

Volvarina cf. V. avena (Kiener) 

Plate 37, figures 11, 12 

After comparing the figured fossil and two other 

Miocene shells from Eniwetok with many lots of 

Holocene shells from the Caribbean and Atlantic 

west coast, I am unable to recognize any essential 

differences. Such differences as exist between the 

fossils and the average Holocene shell fall well 

within the range of variation shown by the Holocene specimens. The fossils retain no trace of original color pattern. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175101: length 8.6 mm, diameter 3.8 mm. One of 

the other two fossils, an incomplete shell, measures 

11.2 mm in length. · 

The Marshall Island fossils bear a general resemblance to Volvarina ( ?) sp. B described and 

figured by Jung (1969, p. 536, pl. 57, fig. 16) from 

the Pliocene of Trinidad, but that form is proportionately much wider. Marginella (Volvarina?) 

berauensis Beets (1941, p. 123, pl. 6, figs. 248-250) 

from the upper Miocene of Palau is more tapered 

anteriorly than are the Marshall Island shells. 

Occurr·ence.-Three specimens from two deep 

drill holes on Eniwetok at depths of 790-930 feet 

(239-282 m); age, Miocene (Tertiary g and/). The 

species live·s t.oday in many parts of the West Indies, 

along the east coast of North America from North 

Carolina to Key West, Fla., and ranges ·as far as 

Brazil and Bermuda (Abbott, 1974, p. 257, color pl. 

11, fig. 2757). 

Family TURRIDAE 

The Turridae constitute the largest and in many 

ways the most complex family of existing marine 

Gastropoda. In my study of fos·sil sheBs from the 

island area, I have followed the systematic arrangement used by Powell (1964-1969) in "Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca," supplemented by the full coverage published in New Zealand (Powell, 1966). Many of the 

turrid species recognized as fossHs are from Fiji 

and the New Hebrides, whe,re highly fossilife·rous 

off reef deposits occur. 

Genus GEMMULA Weinkauf£ 

Weinkauff, 1875, Deutsche Malakozool. Gesell. Jahrb., v. 2, 

p. 287. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Co.ssmann, 

1896, Essai paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 2, p. 62). 

-Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds ( = Gemmula hindsiana Berry) . Holocene, eastern Pacific. 

As Powell pointed out (1964, p. 243), the genus 

Gemmula has a more extended geographic range 

than any other of the Turrinae, and the genus can 

be traced back to the beginning of the Tertiary. The 

greatest concentration today ·is in the Indo-West 

Pacific. Powell recognized half a dozen gemmate 

genera, only one of which, Gemmula, is represented 

in the fossils of the Island Area. 

Gemmate shells are abundant in the upper Tertiary marls of Fiji, but most of them are incomplete, 

and specific identifications are difficult. More complete and better preserved shells are found in the 

Pleistocene beds on Santo in the New Hebrides. 

Some of these shells retain diagnostic color patterns. 

Gemmula speciosa (Reeve) 

Plate 18; figures 1, 2 

Pleurotoma sp~ciosa Reeve, 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, 

Pleurotoma, pl. 2, fig. 9. 

Gcmmula speciosa (Re·eve), Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 245, pl. 186, fig. 1 (see for 

full synonymy). 

The peripheral, sharply elevated squared keel 

bears regularly spaced gemmules that are axially 

oriented. As pointed out by Powell, this species is 

closely related to G. kieneri (Doumet). The most 

striking difference-discernible on fossil shells as 

weU as those from the existing soos-is the peripheral keel. The keel of G. speciosa is much more 

strongly projecting than that of G. kieneri and fossil 

shells of G. speciosa average smaller than Holocene 

shells of G. kieneri. 

Measurements of a figured specimen from Fiji, 

USNM 214310: height 28.0 mm, diameter 9.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Several specimens from the Pliocene marls on Fiji (stations C2021, C2024, C2026). 

As noted by Powell ( 1964, p. 246), Tesch recorded 

the species (as Pleurotoma carinata Gray) from the 

upper Tertiary of Timor. The species lives today in 

many parts of the southwest Pacific and the Indian 

Ocean. 
60 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Gemmula kieneri (Doumet} 

Plate 18, figure1s 3-6 

Pleurotoma kieneri Doumet, 1840, Magasin Zoologie, v. 2, p. 

2, pl. 1. 

Gemmula kieneri (Doumert), Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 246, pl. 186, figs. 2, 3 (see for 

complete synonymy). 

Some of the fossils from the New Hebride1s retain 

brown spots between the gemmules and traces of 

the same color on the primary spirals. 

A Pleistocene shell from the New Hebrides, 

(USGS locality 25715), USNM 214368, measures: 

~eight 39.9 mm, diameter 12.8 mrri. 

Occurrence.-N umerous shells from the Pleistocene beds on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The sepcies lives today in Japan and the Philippines. 

As noted· by Powell (1964, p. 247), Tesch recorded 

the species (as Pleurotoma carinata Gray) from the 

upper Tertiary of Timor. 

Gemmula kicneri woodwardi (Martin) 

Plate 18, figures 7, 8 

Pleurotoma woodwardi Martin, 1884, Geol. Reichs-Mus. 

Leiden Samml., ser. 1, v. 3, p. 56, pl. 4, fig. 57. 

Turris (Gem mula) granos a woodwardi (Martin) , Oostingh, 

1938, Ingenieur in Nederlansch-Indie, Gastropoda, pt. 

1, p. 27. 

Gemmula kieneri woodwardi (Martin), Powell, 1964, IndoPacific Mollusca v. 1, no. 5, Gemmula p. 247, pl. 188, 

fig. 2. 

The numerous Pliocene fossils from Fiji are 

smaller than the Pleis·tocene and Holocene shells of 

G. kieneri, and the secondary spirals on the Fiji 

shells are finer and sharper. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from station C2021 on Viti Levu, USNlVI 214295: height 24.5 

mm, diameter 8.5 mm. The Fijian shells are identical with a late Tertiary shell from Java. 

Occurrence.-Abundant in the marls at station 

817 on Vanua Levu, Fiji; also occurring at station 

K700 on the same island. On Viti Levu, found a.t 

stations RB44, C2021, and C1133. Age of all shells 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). Martin and 

Oostingh described shells from the Pliocene of Java. 

Gemmula congener (E. A. Smith) 

Plate 18, figures 9, 10 

Pleurotoma congener E. A. Smith, 1894, Annals and Mag. 

Nat. History, s·e·r. 6, v. 14, p. 160, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5. 

Pleurotoma (Gemmula) congener Smith, Schepman, Siboga 

Exped., pt. 5, 49e, p. 403. 

Gemmula congener congener (Smith), Powell, 1964, IndoPacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 251, figs. 1-4. 

Fossils from Fiji are incomplete but very clearly 

represent this unusual species. The subsutural fold, 

composed of two coarse spiral ridges, is strongly 

developed, extending outward beyond the gemmulebearing double peripheral keel. Four of the spirals 

near the , top of the base are coarser than those 

intervening or those found lower on the base. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214369: height (incomplete) 18.7 mm, diameter 7.4 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Station B107 ( = 817), Vanua Levu 

and C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). The species live's today in the Philippines and 

Indone,sia and through the Indian Ocean. 

Gemmula monilifera (Pease} 

Plate 18, figures 11, 12 

Turris monilif~ra. Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

398; Kay, 1965, Marine Molluscs in the Cuming Collection, British Mus. (Nat. History) described by William Harper Pe:ase, British Mus. Bull., Supp. 1, p. 39, 

pl. 5, figs. 17, 18; pl. 8, fig. 7. 

Gemmula monilijera (Pease), Powell, 1964, IndO-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 249, pl. 189, figs. 3, 4. 

Incomplete fossils from the Pliocene of Vanua 

Levu (station 817) and station C2026 on Viti Levu, 

Fij-i, repre~sent this species that lives today in .Hawaii and Fiji. The figured specimen, USNM 214372, 

measures : height 18.6 mm, diame.ter 8.2 mm. The 

fossils are slightly less slende·r than Holocene shells 

but agree in all other respects. The species has not 

previously been reported as a fossil. 

Gcmmula aff. G. clifdenensis Powell 

Plate 18, figures 13, 14 

Small, fusiform, with a tall spire; periphe~ral keel 

with numerous tubercles that bear ~three narrow 

spiral cords. Below the suture is a smooth spiral and 

below that, six or more spirals of varying size may 

be seen under magnification. On the body whorl 

below the keel are three prominent spira1s, the highest one weaker than· the other two; below, these 

fine spirals cover the neck. 

Measurements of the fi&"ured specimen, USNM 

214370: height 25.7 mm, diameter 10.0 mm. 

G. clifdenensis was described by Powell in 1942 

(p. 49, pl. 13, fig. 14) and was refigured in 1964 

(p. 205, fig. 1). I have not seen the type in the 

Auckland Museum, but the resemblance to the Fiji 

fossils is striking. On the Fiji shells, the spiral cords 

are below the midpoint of the keel. 

Occurrence.-The figured specimen and a less 

complete shell from station FB13, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). Powell described 

the species from the lower Miocene on New Zealand. 
PALEONTOLOGY 61 

Gem:nula sp. A 

Plate 18, figures 15, 16 

A single incomplete specimen of Gemmula with 

a pattern of beading that distinguishes it from the 

species de·scribed above and from species described 

elsewhere was found in the Pliocene marls of station C2021, Viti Levu, Fiji. The whorls of the spire 

have one beaded carina on the periphery, but on the 

las.t whorl are three beaded peripheral spirals, the 

middle one slightly weaker than the other two. Apex 

and aperture not preserved. The shell, USNM 

214328, measures 14.1 mm. in length. 

Genus NASA VUSAVUIA Ladd, n. gen. 

Type.-Nasavusavuia nuttalli Ladd, n. sp. 

Medium in size with a double spiral ridge immediately below the suture and- a more rounded ridge 

near the middle of the whorl; the subsutural ridge 

is excava.ted above and below; both major sp.irals 

gemmulate; beaded secondary spirals lie between 

the primary spirals; suture deep. 

The prominence of the gemmulate major spirals 

differentiates Nasavusavuia from other gemmulate 

genera. 

Nasavusavuia nuttalli Ladd, n. gen. et n. sp. 

Plat·e 19, figures 8, 9 

Medium in size; spire long and slender, made up 

of about nine whorls. A double spiral ridge with 

undercut s'ides rises abruptly next to the deep 

suture; a more rounded but equally conspicuous 

spiral ridge is located near the middle of the whorl; 

both of these major features carry coa.rse, axially 

oriented gemmules. On later whorls, four beaded 

secondary spirals lie below the median ridge, and 

these alternate in size ; two similar beaded spirals 

are found above ·the median ridge. On the upper 

part of each whorl, axial lines are directed downward and posteriorly, their direction being reversed 

be1ow the median ridge. The aperture of the single 

specimen is incomplete but apparently narrow; columella twisted. The base is covered by beaded spirals. 

Measurements of the holotype, British Museum 

No. GG1841: length 21.1 mm, diameter 7.0 mm. 

The species described by Martin (1879, p. 61, pl. 

11, fig. 2) as Pleurotoma coronifera from the Miocene of Java has strong spirals, but they do no more 

than suggest those of the Fijian shell. Powell (1967, 

p. 436), who renamed Martin's species noted that on 

the double subma:rgins of the sutre, the top spiral 

was the smaller. No such discreP'ancy in size is seen 

in the double subsutural collar of the Fiji shell, 

whose majo·r· sculptural features are all coarser and 

more sharply elevated than are those on Gemmula 

miocoronif era. 

The species is named for Dr. C. P. Nuttall of the 

British Museum, long a student of Cenozoic fossil 

mollusks from the southwest Pacific. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from station VI-5, 

5 miles (8 km) east of Na S'avusavu, Vanua Levu, 

Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus PTYCHOSYRINX Thiele 

Thiele, 1925, Deutsche Tief,see-Exped., v. 17, no. 2, p. 210. 

Type (by original des.ignation, fide Powell, 1942, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 2, p. 20) .-Pleurotoma bisinuata Martens. Holocene, Indonesia. 

Ptychosyrinx aff. P. timorensis teschi Powell 

Plate 18, figures 17, 18 

A single shell from the Pliocene marls at station 

C20~6, Viti Levu, Fiji, is incomplete but obviously 

closely related to the Holocene shell described by 

Powell from Indonesia (Powell, 1964,-p. 291, pl. 223, 

figs. 5, 6) . In comparing the Fiji fossil with the 

holotype of Powell's subspecies (USNM 239068), 

minor differences in sp•iral sculpture are recognizable. Above the peripheral carina, on the fossil, the 

subsutural cord is dual on early whorls but not conspicuously so on the body whorl. On the Fiji shell, 

the spirals below the peripheral carina are comparatively weak, and there are more numerous 

threads overriding the peripheral gemmules than on 

the Holocene shell. On the fossil, the spirals on the 

base and the neck are more sharply e·leva.ted than on 

the Holocene shell. Additional fossils are needed to 

determine the significance of these differences. The 

incomplete fossil, USNM 214312, measures: he·ight 

28.4 mm, diameter 12.3 mm. 

Powell noted (1964, p. 291) that P. timorensis 

teschi was found in waters off Celebes, Moluccas, 

and Borneo at depths of 347-559 fathoms (625-

1,020 m). 

Genus CRYPTOGEMMA Dall 

Dall, 1918, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 54, no. 2288, p. 325. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Gem mula benthina Dall. 

Holocene, Gulf of Panama. 

Cryptogemma richmondi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 19, figures 10-15 

Medium in size, biconic; height of spire exceeding 

that of aperture; protoconch and firs.t apical whorls 

not prese·rved; teleoconch composed of more than six 

whorls, strongly turreted by a noded peripheral 

keel that lies close above the suture. Aperture elonga,te-ovate; anterior canal moderately long and re-
62 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Pleurotoma tigrina Lamarck, 1822, Histoire nat. animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 7, p. 95. 

Lophiotoma acuta (Perry), Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5. p. 303-307 (see for add•itional references); Oernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, 

v. 2, p. 183, pl. 53, figs. 5, 5a. 

curved. Sinus at the perjphe.ry is a wide V-shaped 

structure. Weak spirals occur on the flattened a.rea 

above the peripheral keel, and a spiral of this sort 

is found on the keel immediately below the ~tips of 

the nodes; three prominent spirals occur on the 

base, the middle one the la.rgest; less prominent 

spirals cover the balance of the base. This species, the type of the genus, is a common 

Measurements of the types : holotype, USNM shell in existing seas and is said to be the most wide214403: height (incomplete) 24.1 mm, diameter 13.2 spread of the turrids. It has a double-corded pemm; paratype, USNM 214404: height 23.0 mm j ripheral keel; but other sculptural features a.re quite 

diameter 12.4 mm. ' 

1 

variable. A coarsely sculptured form lives in Fiji 

C. richm.ondi has the size and proportions of the . today, occurs in the late Tertiary there and in somet C b th geno ype, · (D 11 1919 32 1 9 ·fi 1' what younger rocks in Guam and the-New Hebrides. . en 2na a , , p. , p . , g. 

9), but its detailed sculpture is closer to that of I Measurements of the figured spe·cimens: Pl. 18, 

C. quentinensis Dall. The fossil has a longer anterior 1 figs. 23, 24, an unusually large coarse~y sculptured 

canal than either of the Holocene species and shows variety from the New Hebrides, USNM 308120, 

no trace of subsutural nodes or wrinkles. length 80.0 mm, diameter 23.2 mm; pl. 19, fig. 1, a 

This species is named for Ronald Richmond, Di- latex cast of a mold from Fiji, USNM 175097, 

rector of the Department of N a.tural Resources, Fiji, length 49 mm, diameter 17 mm. 

under whose general direction many fossils, includ- I Occurrence.-In the late Tef'ltiary of Viti Levu, 

ing the ones here described, were collected. 'I Fiji (station X75). Incomplete molds from the PlioOccurrence.-Ten shells from station C497, near cene and Pleistocene Mari·ana Limestone of Guam 

Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji; a.ge, early Miocene (Tertiary (station 20608 and 20611) probab~y repre~sent this 

f). species. Other fossil occurrences, according to 

Genus EPIDRONA Iredale Powell (1964, p. 306), Vlerk (1931, p. 219), and 

I .J 1 1931 A t 1· M R 4 225 Abrard (1946, p. 87), include the la.te ( ?) Miocene, re;__ja e, , us ra 1-an us. ecs., v. 18, no. , p. . 

Type (by original designation) : Epidrona hedleyi 

Iredale. Holocene, Australia. 

Epidrona greenbaumi Ladd 

Plate 18, figures 19-22 

Epidrona greenbaumi Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, p. 

134, figs. 23-26. 

Measurements of the hol-otype, USNM 214306: 

length 20.8 mm, diameter 8.3 mm; para type, British 

Museum (Nat. History) GG19762: length 20.0 mm, 

diameter 8.1 mm. 

This species is represented by two shells from 

USGS locality 25715 and three from stat~on SM242 

on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Genus LOPHIOTOMA Casey 

Casey, 1904, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., v. 14, no. 5, p. 130. 

Subgenus LOPHIOTOMA 

Type (by subsequent designation, Woodring, 1928, 

Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 385, p. 146) .-

Pleurotoma tigrina Lamarck ( = P. acuta Perry). 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) acuta (Perry) 

Pla.te 18, figures 23, 24; plate 19, figure 1 

Pleurotoma acuta Perry, 1811, Conchology, London, pl. 54, 

fig. 5. 

the Pliocene and Quaternary of Indonesia, and the 

Pliocene of Malekula in the New Hebrides. The 

species lives today from the Red Sea to Polynesia. 

Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 19, figures 2, 3 

Shell small, slender, biconic. Protoconch incomp•lete but apparently consisting of smooth convex 

whorls. Spire flat-sided, nine whorls, its height exceeding that of the aperture and canal combined. 

Sculpture consists of a double sinus rib with a 

slightly scalloped crest; double rib lies below the 

middle of the whorl; a prominent spira~l cords lies 

immediately below the suture, and there are fine 

spiral threads above, below, and between the large·r 

spirals ; on the base and neck are a dozen spiral 

cords and included secondary threads. · .... 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214309: 

height 24.6 mm, diameter 8.1 mm. 

I 

L. eniwetokensis be~ar:s a general resembla~ce to 

L. polytrropa (Helbling) (see Powell, 1964, p. 313, 

pl. 244), a much larger Holocene species _from .the 

southwe·st Pacific (Philippines, Mohiccas, New 

Hebrides) but is more slender and h'as. a flatter 

spire, and the double sinus rib of the fossil has a 

scalloped p·rofile, not seen on today's shells. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and only specimen from 
PALEONTOLOGY 

drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 890-900 feet 

(270-273 m) ; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Lophiolc.'.nc-. (Lophiotoma) cf. L leucotropis (Adams and Reeve) 

Plate 19, figures 4, 5 

Lophiotoma cf. L. leucotropis (Adams and Reeve), MacNeil, 

1960, U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 339, p. 100, pl. 

5, figs. 8, 9. 

A single incomplete shell from the Pliocene marls 

. _at station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji, is probably conspecific with the shell figured by MacNeH f·rom the 

Miocene Yonabaru Clay on Okinawa. The narrow 

double peripheral keel of the Fijian shell shows 

more evidence of gemmulation on the earHer whorls 

than does the shell from Okinawa, and on its base 

the primary spirals are more uniformly spaced. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214308: height (incomplete) 20.6 mm, diameter 9.1 

mm. 

Subgenus LOPHIOTURRIS Powell 

Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 311. 

Genus 1 URKIS Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, Hamburg, v. 2, p. 123. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1909, U.S. 

Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 59, p. 24) .-Murex bab1 

ylonius Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Turris crispa crispa (Lamarck) 

I Plate 19, figures 6, 7 

I P!eurotoma crispa Lamarck, 1816, Encyclopedique et Methodique, pl. 459, fig. 4, Le liste p. 8. 

Turris crispa crispa (Lamarck), Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca v. 1, no. 5, p. 330, pl. 181, figs. 9-12; Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 182, 

pl. 53, fig. 2. 

A large shell with high spire and long, nearly 

straight siphonal canal. Whorls covered with growth 

lines that are particularly scabrous below the primary cords that form the peripheral keel. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175100: length 77.5 mm, diameter 17.8 mm. 

Type (by original designation) .-Turris indica I 

Roding. 

Occurrence.-Seven specimens from the Pleistocene marls of Santo (station SM242), New Hebrides. The specimen lives today in many parts of 

Lophiotoma (Lophioturris) indica (Roding) the wes.tern Pacific, from Fiji to the China coast, 

Plate 18, figures 25, 26 

Turris indica Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, v. 2, p. 124. 

Pleurotoma marmorata Lamarck, 1822, Histoire nat. animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 7, p. 95. 

Lophiotoma marmorata (Lamarck), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 101, pl. 14, figs. 17-

18. 

Lophiotoma indica (Roding), Powell, 1964, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 5, p. 311, pl. 75, figs. 2, 3, 9, 16; pl. 

242 (see for additional references) ; Cernohorsky, 1972. 

Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 184, pl. 53, fig. 4. 

L. indica, type of the subgenus Lophioturris, has 

a paucispiral, smooth, rounded p·rotoconch, and the 

whorls of the spire have a conspicuous angular keel 

near or below the midpoint. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from the 

New Hebrides: length 43.9 mm, diameter 13.3 mm. 

A specimen from Fiji, USNM 175098, measures: 

length 41.0 mm, diameter 12.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-One specimen from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). This 

species is the most abundant turrid in the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

PoweH cited fossil occurrences from Miocene and 

later sediments from several areas in Indonesia and 

the Neogene of the Philippine Is}ands, but he expressed the feeling that the specimens so reported 

should be reexamined. The species lives today from 

Ceylon eastward to Fiji and northward to Japan. 

and in the Indian Ocean as far west as Madagascar. 

Cossmann (1900, p. 28) recorded Pleurotoma cf. 

crispa from the Pliocene of southern India, but, as 

Powell pointed out, this may be a distinct subspecies. 

Genus COMIT A~ Finlay 

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand]nst. Trans., v. 56, p. 251. 

Type (by original designation) .-Surcula oamarutica Suter. Miocene, New Zealand. 

Comitas aff. C. kamakurana (Pilsbry) 

Plate 20, figures 1, 2 

Numerous fossil shells of a species of Comitas 

from the Pleistocene of the New Hebrides appear to 

be closely related to C. kamakurana (Pilsbry), a 

Holocene species in Japanese waters (Pilsbry, 1895, 

p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 15, 16). The fossils have a proportionately shorter aperture and lack clear traces o.f 

the color pattern of the living shells (dull brown 

with a lighter peripheral band). The figured specimen, USNM 214273, measures: height 52.7 mm, 

length of aperture 22.0 mm, diameter 15.3 mm. 

Occurrence .-More than a dozen specimens from 

the Ple.istocene marls at USGS locality 25715 and 

s.tation SM242 on the Kere Rive·r, Santo, New Hebrides. C. kamakurana, to which the fossils seem to 

be affiliated, lives today off Japan in depths of 

1 10-100 m (Kuroda and others, 1971, p. 219). 
64 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Comitas nausorensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figs. 3-6; plate 21, figs. 1, 2 

Medium in size, fusiform, slender. Protoconch 

consisting of 21;2 smooth convex whorls, followed by 

nine sculptured whorls. Spire about equal to aperture and canal combined; aperture narrow, anterior 

canal only slightly recurved. Sculpture consisting of 

a row of small, elongate, and slightly curved subsutural nodes and, close to the base of each whorl ' a row of larger, more widely spaced peripheral 

nodes. Peripheral nodes overridden by three to five 

strong spiral ribs. Base covered by close-set sp.irals, 

which are coarser above, where they may alternate 

with finer spirals; on the neck, the spirals are 

beaded. Peripheral nodes become obsolete on the 

body whorls of larger shells. On the smooth area 

between the two rows of nodes, fine lines indicate 

a broad arcuate sinus; sinus sharply rounded below 

the suture, thence sweeping forward in a b~oad 

curve over the remainder o.f the whorl. 

Measurements of the types (holotype and paratypes A and B are figured) : holotype·, USNM 

214314: height 28.9 mm, aperture and canal 14.9 

mm, diameter 9.9 mm; paratype A, USNM 214275: 

height (incomplete) 37.5 mm, diameter 14.7 mm; 

paratype B, USNM 214276: height (incomplete) 

31.3 mm., diameter 15.4 mm; paratype C, USNM 

214316: height 30.4 mm, aperture and canal 14.8 

mm, diameter 10.1 mm. 

C. nausorensis seems most closely related to C. 

erica (Thiele), a Holocene species living off Sumatra 

at a depth of 350 m, but tha1t species (Powell, 1969, 

p. 284, pl. 266, fig. 2) is much smaller, and on the 

whorls of its spire, the spirals that appear on the 

periphe,ral nodes a.re not recognizable in the depressions between the nodes. 

C. nausorensis is also related to the shell described 

by MacNeil (1960, p. 106, pl. 9, fig. 17) as Paracomitas rodgersi from the uppe·r Tertiary of Okinawa, but that species (possibly not a Paracomitas, 

according to Powell, 1969, p. 296, pL 233, fig. 2), is 

less slender, has weaker spiral sculpture on the base, 

and has subsutural nodes only on the juvenile 

whorls. 

Occurrence.-Five shells from station C2026, near 

Nausori, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Comitas waluensis Ladd, n. sr. 

Pla,t.e 20, figures 7-9 

Medium in size, slende.r, . p~agodiform with a 

S•trongly noded carina low on the whorl. Protoconch 

not pre,served; spire consisting of about eight 

whorJ.s. Sinus ~ounded below suture, sweeping forward in a broad curve below. Sculpture cons.is,ting 

of strong nodes on a peripheral carina, about a 

dozen on the body whorl, and spirals that are weak 

above the periphery; strong over the noded periphery and the area below; on the body whorl, the 

s·trong spira·l,s cover the entire base. Aperture elongate-oval, extended as a narrow anterior canal. 

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

214262: height 33.7 mm, diameter 15.9 mm; paratype, USNM 214265: height 30.8 mm, diameter 

16.8 mm. 

The unique feature of C. waluensis is the belt of 

strong spiral ribs that override the prominent nodes 

of the carina. It closely resembles C. nausorensis, 

described above, but lacks the subsutural nodes that 

characterize that species. The absence o.f subsutural 

nodes also differentiates it from Paracomitas rodgersi MacNeil ( 1960, p. 106, pl. 9, fig. 17) from the 

late Tertiary of Okinawa. 

Occurrence.-Six shells from station C497, Walu 

Bay, Suva, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, ea,rly Miocene (Tertiary/). 

Comitas sp. A. 

Plate 20, figures 12, 13 

A single incomplete shell from station C497, Viti 

Levu, Fiji, resembles other turrids from the area 

but is probably a distinct species. A specific name is 

withheld pending the recovery of a more complete 

shell. The incomplete specimen, USNM 214336, 

measures: height 18.7 mm, diamete·r 10.0 mm. 

Comitas sp. A diffe'rs from C. waluensis (described above) that ·occurs with it in having a row 

: of ·s,maH but regularly spaced subsutural nodes. 

Comitas nausorensis n. sp. that occurs in somewhat 

younge1r beds in the same a.rea has subsutural nodes, 

but they are axially elongated, and the shell is more 

slender than that of Comitas sp. A. 

Occurrence.-Station C497, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, 1 Fiji; age, early Miocene (Te·rtia.ry /). 

Genus LEUCOSYRINX Dall 

Dall, 1889, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comparative Zoology Bull., 

v. 18, no. 29, pt. 2, p. 75. 

Type (by original designation) .-Pleurotoma verrilli DaB. Holocene, Caribbe·an. 

Leucosyrinx fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figures 14, 15 

Medium in size, slender, fusiform. Protoconch not 

prese~rved; whorls of spire with a strong median 

keel-like projection composed of rounded nodes that 

I 

are inclined to the right; nine nodes on penultimate 

whorl, nodes becoming inconspicuous on the body 
PALEONTULOG~ 65 

whorl. Above the peripheral nodes, the surface is 

smooth except for faint spiral cords and strongly 

curved lines marking the anal sinus; below the 

nodular periphery are four or five spiral cords; on 

body whorl, such cords extend over the entire base. 

Aperture lenticular, extended anteriorly as a short 

canal. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214299: 

height 24.4 mm, diameter 8.0 mm. 

L. fijiensis is very closely related to L. iwaensis 

described by MacNeil (1960, p. 109, pl. 9, fig. 24) 

from the upper Tertiary of Okinawa but is less 

slender and has fewer peripheral nodes than that 

species; on L. iwaensis, the nodes are completely 

obsolete on the body whorl. 

Occurrence.-Represented by three specimens, the 

holotype and one other from the Carlton Brewery 

outcrop (FB-13 and USGS locality 25142) and one 

from a nearby outcrop (C2048), Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Leucosyr:nx rabbidgei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figures 10, 11 

Small, very slender, with a strongly noded carina 

lying slightly above the midpoint of each whorl; 

protoconch not known; spire consisting of about 

seven whorls. Sinus rounded at periphery, sweeping 

forward in a broad curve below before reve·rsing. 

Sculpture consisting of strong peripheral node,s, 

more than a dozen on the body whorl, that are 

loosely tied to a row of smaUer but well-developed 

subsutural nodes; surface of entire shell covered by 

close-set rounded spiral ribs that override the peripheral nodes. Aperture elongate, extended anteriorly as a narrow canal; inner lip callused, edge 

of callus discrete. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214373: 

height 22.1 mm, diameter 5.6 mm. 

L. rabbidgei occurs with the larger species, 

Com'itas waluens'is, described above, but C. waluensis 

is less slender and lacks subsutural nodes. 

L. rabbidgei resembles the type of the genus, L. 

verrilli Dall, in having the entire shell covered by 

fine sp,irals, but the fossils of L. rabbidgei are much 

more slende1r. 

This species is named for Gordon Rahbidge o.f 

Suva, owner of the artificial cut in the ma.rls (locality C497 = FB13) on .the Queen's Road across 

from Walu Bay. The marl bank yielded this species 

and many other fossil moUusks. 

Occurrence.-Represented by nine sheUs from 

station C497 ( = FB13) near Suva, Fiji; age, ea.rly 

Miocene ( Tertiary f) . 

Genus CLAVOSURCULA Schepman 

Scl::epma.n, 1913, Siboga-Exp·2dit.ie Mon. 49e, pt. 5, p. 429. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Clavosurcula sibogae 

Schepman. Holocene, Indonesia. 

Clavosurcula? briggsi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 20, figures 16, 17 

SheU small, biconic; spire gently convex, made up 

of about eight whorls; suture lightly impressed; 

I 

aperture lenticular, longer than spire, extended anteriorly as a short canal; outer lip thin, inner lip 

callused. Sculpture consisting of a prominent subsutural gr:oove and coarse spiral striae on the lower 

1 hatJf of the body whorl; close-set axial growth lines 

show a deep sinus below the suture and are then 

reversed in a broad curve. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214232: 

height 14.7 mm, diameter 7.3 mm. 

The Fijian fossils re,semble the Holocene C. 

sibogae Schepman in some features, but the fossils 

are smaller, have a much shorter anterior canal, 

and lack a keel and the spiral striae that are present 

on the upper part of the whorl on that specimen. 

The species is named for Dr. William M. Briggs, 

Jr., who collected the holotype and many other fossils in Fiji in 1962. 

Occurrence.-Holotype from station FB-7 on the 

south side of Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji; three other 

specimens from C497 across W alu Bay; age of all 

specimens, early Miocene (Tertiary f). The only . 

other member of the genus Clavosurcula is the genotype, a single shell dredged in Indonesia at a depth 

of 794 m (2,600 ft) (Schepman 1913, p. 429). 

Genus CLA THRODRILLIA Da!l 

Dall, 1918, U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 54, no. 2238, p. 317. 

Type (by original designation) .-Pleurotoma gibbosa Ree·ve. Holocene, West Indies. 

Clathrodrillia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, fig·ures 3, 4 

Medium in s.ize, fusiform, with a high turreted 

spire. Pro,toconch not preserved; sculpture consisting of numerous slightly sigmoid axial folds (15 on 

penuJ.tima,te whorl) ·that extend from suture to suture and are crossed by close-set axial threads ; surface of whorl concave between suture and shoulder; 

on the body whorl, behind the aperture, a large 

rounded varix is extended at an angle to the axis 

I 

of the spire; aperture lenticular, outer lip thin and 

fl:a.ring; inner lip heavily callused. Anterior canal 

I 

short, truncated; posterior sinus deep, extending to 

the edge of the varix. 
66 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

The single shell retains blotches of yellowish 

brown that are most conspicuous on the low areas 

between ribs near the suture and on the varix. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 308122: 

length 32.0 mm, diameter 13.6 mm. 

C. kerensis resembles C. fiavidula (Lamarck), a 

species living off Japan and the Philippines, but tha.t 

species is larger, proportionately longer, and has a 

less conspicuous hump on the body whorl. 

Occurrence.-Pleistocene outcrop on the Kere 

River (SM242), Santo, New Hebrides. 

Genus CRASSISPIRA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 152, 313. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis generum malacozoorum, v. 1, p. 318). 

-Pleurotoma bottae Valenciennes (Kiener). Holocene, Gulf of California. 

Crassispira mac:teili Ladd, n. sp. 

Pla·be 21, figures 5, 6 

Medium in size, slender, fusiform; protoconch not 

preserved; spire consisting of 10 convex whorls; 

suture appressed; subsutural collar fairly well developed; below are nodular subequal axial ribs inclined to the right; 9 or 10 on penultimate whorl. 

Aperture lenticular, extended anteriorly as a short 

canal. Anal sinus sharply angled, moderately deep. 

Faint spiral threads that can be distinguished only 

under magnification over most of the shell become 

clearly visible on the lower part of the body whorl. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214296: 

height 30.3 mm, diameter 9.5 mm. 

C. macneili is most closely rela,ted to C. hataii described from the Miocene of Okinawa (MacNeil, 

1960, p. 112, pl. 5, fig. 30, pl. 6, fig. 1), but that 

species has more sharply elevated sp:irals and a 

more distinctly marked suhsuturaJ eollar. C. macneili also resembles C. rufovaricosa Kuroda and 

Oyama (Kuroda and others, 1971, p. 217, pl. 56, fig. 

13, pl. 110, fig. 12), a Holocene species from Japanese waters, but C. rufovaricosa has recognizable 

varices and more numerous axial ribs. 

This species is named for F. Stearns MacNeil, 

who repo~ted on the varied assemblage of turrids in 

the Cenozoic rocks of Okinawa. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and 16 other shells from 

station C2026 and one shell from station C2021, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus INQUISITOR Hedley 

Hedley, 1918, Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour., v. 51, p. 

M79. 

I 

Type (by original designation) .-Pleurotoma 

sterrha Watson. Holocene, Australia. 

Inquisitor walleri Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 7-10 

Medium in size with a high spire composed of 

eight convex whorls, the early ones slightly shouldered. Protoconch consisting of about three convex 

whorls, the last with close-set oblique axials, discernible only under high magnification. Adult sculpture of strong, slightly oblique axials that are overridden by spiral cords. Suture deep, the subsutural 

area flattened or slightly concave and finely 

threaded; aperture elongate, oute~r lip thin, sinus 

shallow, inner lip thinly callused; anterior canal 

short, wide, and abruptly truncated. 

Measurements of the types: holotype from USGS 

locality 25715, USNM 214362: length 23.1 mm, 

diameter 7.4 mm; paratype, station SM242, USNM 

308123: length 18.3 mm, diameter 6.4 mm. 

I have not been able to find a close relative of 

I. walleTi, though it bears a general resemblance to 

many living and fossil forms. 

The species is named for Dr. Thomas Waller of 

the Smithsonian Institution, who, in 197 4, organized 

a collecting trip to the New Hebrides. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens from the Kere River 

Pleistocene beds. 

Genus AGA THOTOMA Cossmann 

Cossmann, 1899, Revu~ critique de paleozoologie, v. 3, no. 1, 

p. 45, nom. nov. pro, Ditoma, Bellardi, 1877, Mem. 

Royal Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, v. 29, p. 295. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Mangelia angusta (Jan), 

Bellardi. Pliocene, Italy. 

Agathotoma vanu:~.levensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 11-15 

Medium in size, ovate-fusiform. Protoconch consisting of 21/2 smooth, gently convex whorls fol'lowed 

by eight shouldered whorls. Sculpture consisting of 

strong twisted axials (13 on penultimate whorl); 

axia.Is extend from suture to suture and are roughly 

aligned from whorl to whorl; axials become obsolete 

only near the anterior end of the shell; axials overridden by closely spaced ~spiral threads; traces of 

seconda.ry threads can be seen under magnifica-tion, 

and the primary threads are dis,tinctly finer over the 

upper third of each whorl. Outer lip with a prominent varix, inner lip heavily caHused, margin of 

callus eleva,ted. Subsutural sinus deep and broadly 

U-shaped. Holotype, USNM 216317: height 25.2 

mm, diameter 10.4 mm; paratype, USNM 216318 

(smaller shell with protoconch preserved) : height 

17.3 mm, diameter 6.5 mm. 
PALEONTOLOGY 67 

A. vanualevensis is mos~t closely related to A. 

aethra (Dall), a small Holocene species dredged off 

Lower California in 26lj2 fathoms of wate~r (Dall, 

1919, p. 57, pl. 18, fig. 6), but that specie:s has fewer 

and straighter axials and coarser spiral sculpture. 

The sculpture of the fossil superficially resembles 

that of another Lower California Holocene species 

described by Dall (1919, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 3), Elaeocyma aerope, but that species has fewer and less 

twisted axials and has no varix. 

Occurrence.-Represented by 11 specimens from 

the r-ichly fossiliferous Pliocene marls exposed in 

the roadcut at station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. 

Genus GURALEUS Hedley 

Hedley, 1918. Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour., v. 51, p. 

M79. . 

Type (by original designation) .-Mangelia picta 

Adams and Angas. Holocene, Australia. 

Guraleus vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 16, 17 

Shell small, thin, fusiform, with a strong peripheral keel that lies be.Jow the midpoint. Protoconch 

consisting of two convex whorls followed by a third 

whorl, likewise convex, that bears close-set oblique 

axiatls. Teleoconch has about five whorls with strong 

axial ribs (10 on penultimate), that extend from 

suture to suture and are aligned f~om whorl to 

whorl. Length of body whorl less than that of remainder of shell. Peripheral keel beaded where 

crossed by axial ribs; fine spirals a.re p~resent on 

the body whorl. Aperture elongate, constricted anteriorly to a spoutlike cana1; margin of outer lip 

not preserved. Sinus broad and shallow, occuping 

most of the slope above the peripheral keel. 

Measure·ments of the holotype, USNM 214341: 

length 7.0 mm, diameter 3.1 mm. 

G. vitilevensis does not seem to be closely related 

to other fos~sil species that have been described from 

Australia ( Powell, 1944). The Fiji shell appea.rs to 

be most closely related to G. formosus f~om the 

Pleistocene of the New Hebrides, described in the 

present paper. 

Occurrence.-One nearly complete shell from station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). 

t;uraleus fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 18, 19 

Shell small, fusiform with a strong periphe·ral 

kee~l that lies above the midpoint of the whorl. Protoconch consisting of two s~mooth convex whorls followed by a third convex whorl that bears close-set 

oblique axials. Teleoconch made up of about 6 

whorls with strong axial ribs, 10 on penultimate, 

that extend from suture to suture and are aligned 

from whorl to whorl. Axial ribs sharp,ly elevated 

from the base of the whod ,to the periphery, there 

dropping sharply in elevation as they c~oss a narrow 

flattened area to the suture. Leng'th of body whorl 

exceeding that of the remainder of the shell. Fine 

sp:iral striae cover areas below the periphery 

and are coarsest on the base. Aperture elongate, 

constricted anteriorly; inner lip lightly callused. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214352: 

height 10.5 mm, diameter 3.7 mm. 

G. fijiensis is larger than G. vitilevensis that 

occurs with it; it has more numerous whorls, more 

sharply elevated axial ribs, and a proportionately 

longer body whorl. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and only specimen fro·m 

station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Guruleus formosus Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 21, figures 20-22 

Small, thin fusiform, length of body whorl ex1 ceeding that of remainder of shell. Protoconch made 

I 

up of about 21j2 smooth, slightly convex whods followed by a more strongly convex whorl with oblique 

axial ribs. Spire of 5V2 whorls with oblique axial 

ribs (about a dozen on the penultimate) that extend 

from suture to suture and are aligned from whorl 

to whorl. A weak peripheral keel lies above the midpoint of each whorl and a slight beading effect is 

developed where it crosses the axials ; elsewhere 

spiral sculpture is absent except for a few weak 

I riblets on the base. Aperture long ,and sliwhtly sinu-

, ous, margin of outer Ji.p thin and bladelike, anterior 

canal short, straight. Sinus deep, lying above the 

peripheral keel. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 214353 

I

, (USGS locality 25715). length 12.4 mm, diameter 

4.5 mm. 

Superficially resembles G. vitilevensis and G. 

fijiensis already described, but there are many differences: G. formosus has a proportionately longer 

body whorl, a weaker pe:ripheral keel, more oblique 

axial ribs, a deeper sinus. 

Occurrence.-More than a dozen specimens from 

the Pleistocene beds cropping out on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. 

Genus ITHYCYTHARA Woodring 

Woodring, 1928, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 168. 

Type (by original designation) .-Mangilia psila 

Busch. Holocene, southeas·t coast of the United 

States. 
68 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Ithycythara lata Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 22, figures 1-3 

Shell small, biconic, robust. Protoconch poorly 

preserved but apparently consisting of two to three 

whorls, followed by five strongly ribbed whorls that 

make up the teleoconch; each whorl with five strong 

axial ribs that are aligned from wht>rl to whorl and 

bear a median projection, best defined on the body 

whorl and the penultimate; spiral sculpture limited 

to a few weak cords on the base. Aperture elongaterectangular, anal canal long and narrow, ending in 

a bulbous enlargement; outer lip varicose. 

Measurements of the two types (only specimens) : 

holotype, USNM 308124: height 7.9 mm, diameter 4.3 mm; paratype, USNM 214356: height 5.0 

mm, diameter 2.5 mm. 

I. lata is characterized particularly by its wide 

apical angle and a body whorl that is slightly flattened in the plane of the aperture. 

The New Hebrides occurrence extends the geographic range of lthycythara. The genus has previously been known in the Pacific only by a single 

species, /. penelope (Dall), off the coast of Lower 

California (Dall, 1919, p. 80, pl. 24, fig. 19). Woodring (1970, p. 391) has summarized the occurrence 

of the genus in eastern America and the Caribbean. 

Occurrence.-Holotype from station SM242 on 

the Kere River; para type from USGS station 25731 

on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

Pleistocene. 

Genus EUCLATHURELLA Woodring 

Woodr:ng, 1928, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 187. 

Type (by original designation) .-Clathurella vendryesianus Dall. Miocene, Jamaica. 

Euclathurclla santoensis L.:dcl 

Plate 22, figures 4-7 

Euclathurella santoensis Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 90, no. 4, 

p. 134, figs. 27-30. 

This species is placed provisionally in the genus 

Euclathurella. The holotype, USNM 214337, measure·s: height 14.0 mm, diameter 4.9 mm. It is one of 

four shells collected from the Pleis1tocene beds on 

the Kere River (USGS locality 25718), Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Euclathurella? sp. A. 

Plate 22, figures 8-10 

Small and slender ; the protoconch is missing 

from the only specimen, and the generic reference is 

questioned. Sculpture consisting of broad axial ribs 

overridden by fine rounded spirals that are weaker 

in the subsutural band. Outer lip with a thin edge 

backed by a stout varix and callused within both 

anteriorly and posteriorly. Anal sinus moderate·ly 

deep and callused. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214338: height 12.3 mm, diameter 4.3 mm. 

The shell resembles E. fimbria described by MacNeil (1960, p. 117, pl. 15, fig. 2) from the Pliocene 

of Okinawa, but the smaller Fijian fossil has 

stronger axials and a proportionately shorter aperture. 

Occurrence.-Single incomplete shell from the 

fossiliferous marls of station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus EUCITHARA Fischer 

Fischer, 1883, Manuel Conchyliologie, p. 593. 

Eucithara strombaides (Reeve) 

Pla.t.e 22, figure 11 

Mangelia strombo,ides R::·eve, 1846, ZooL Soc. London Proc., 

p. 63. 

.

1 

Eucithara stromboides (R:.-·eve), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine 

shells o£ the Pacific, v. 2, p. 186, pl. 54, fig. 1. 

1 A single example of the type species of Eucithara 

was collected from the island of Maewo in the New 

Hebrides. The shell, USNM 214357, measures: 

height 14.8 mm, diameter 5.8 mm.; age, probably 

Pleistocene. The species lives today throughout 

much of the Indo-Pacific-from Fiji to the Red Sea. 

Eucithara sawitrae (Beds) 

Plate 22, figures 12-14 

Cythwra (Cythara) Rawit,rae Beets, 1941, Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot 

Nederland en Kolonien Verb, Geol. Ser., v. 13, pt. 1, 

p. 130, pl. 7, figs. 282, 283. 

Two shells from Palau probably represent Beets' 

species from East Borneo, though the Palau shells 

are smaller and are less strongly turreted. The figured specimen, USNM 214376, measures: length 3.9 

mm, diameter 1.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-USGS locality 21304, in the marls at 

the base of the Palau Limes·tone on Goikul Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . Beets described the species from a comparable horizon in East Borneo. 

Eucithara marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 22, figures 15-19 

Shell small, robust, biconic; protoconch of about 

three whorls, the first two smooth, the last with 

close-s·et arcuate axials. Sculpture consisting of 
PALEONTOLOGY 6~ 

heavy axial folds (7-10 on body whorl) overridden 

by regularly spaced spiral cords. Aperture narrowly 

rectangular, its length equaling that of the spire; 

anterior canal short, subsutural sinus deep and 

rounded; inner and outer lips denticulate; outer lip 

with a prominent varix. 

Measurements of the types: Holotype, USNM 

214382, F -1, Eniwetok, 690-700 ft (209-212 m), 

height 6.4 mm, diameter 2.9 mm; para type A, 

USNM 214383, F -1,- Eniwetok, 790-800 ft (239-

242 m), height 5.1 mm, diameter 2.1 mm; and paratype B, USNM 214384, 2A, Bikini, 852-857 ft (258-

259 m), height 6.4 mm, dia.meter 2.5 mm. 

E. marshallensis seems mos.t closely related to E. 

sawitrae (Beets) from the upper Miocene of East 

Borneo, but that species has narrower and more 

numerous axial folds. 

Occurrence.-Many specimens from deep drill 

holes on Eniwetok and Bikini in the Marshall 

Islands from Miocene beds (Ter'tia.ry f and g). 

Genus ETREMA Hedley 

Hedley, 1918, Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour., v. 51, p. 

M79. 

Type (by orginal designation) .-Glyphostoma 

aliciae Melvill and Standen Holocene, Australia. 

Etrema palauensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 1-3 

Small, biconic, body whorl longer than remainder 

of shell. Protoconch of two convex whorls, teleoconch of 41;2 evenly convex whorls. Sculpture consisting of strong axials that extend from suture to 

suture and over the ba,se. Axials overridden by erect 

spirals, four on penultimate whorl; suture deep. 

Aperture elongate; inner lip thinly callused, and on 

some shells, the spirals show through as rounded 

denticles; outer lip denticulate within, variced, recessed above by the deep U-shaped anal sinus tha.t is 

heavily callused; balance of outer lip extended to a 

thin margin. Anterior canal short, obliquely truncated. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 21437 4: 

height 3.6 mm, diameter 1.5 mm. 

E. palauensis is one of the smallest of the numerous species assigned to Etrema. It strongly resembles E. royi (Sowerby) (1913, p. 235, pl. 3, fig. 6), 

a Holocene spedes from Japan, but is less strongly 

shouldered and is more delicately ·Sculptured. 

Occurrence.-Abundant in the marls that underlie 

the Palau Limestone on the Go,ikul Peninsula of 

Babelthuap, Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Etre::na sp. A 

Plate 23, figures 4-6 

Medium in size, biconic, body whorl longer than 

remainder of shell. Protoconch incomplete, its last 

whorl smooth and gently convex; teleoconch of 51f2 

convex whorls. Sculpture consisting of strong, 

widely spaced axials that are aligned from wp.orl 

to whorl; axials overridden by fine spira:ls, four on 

penultimate, that alternate with still finer threads; 

sutural area wide and shallow. Aperture lenticular; 

inner lip callused, outer lip backed by a varix but 

extended to a thin edge. Anal sinus deep, U-shaped, 

, and heavily callused; anterior canal short, obliquely 

truncated. 

Mea.sure·ments of the figured specimen, USNM 

214375: height 6.9 mm, di~ameter 3.0 mm. 

This Pliocene fossil resembles the much smaller 

Miocene species, E. palauensis, described above, but 

sculptural differences and apertural features indicate that the two are distinct. Etrema sp. A is 

represented only by a single incomplete shell, and a 

name is withheld. 

Occurrence.-Station MR20, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus EUoELA Dall 

Dall, 1899, Harvard Coil., Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 18, 

p. 102. 

Type (by original designation) .-Pleurotoma 

(Bela) limacina Dall, Holocene, western Atlantic. 

The genus includes widely sca,ttered deep-water 

species characterized particularly by a subsutural 

row of strong rounded beads. 

Eubela woodrowi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 23, figures 7, 8 

Shell small, smooth, glossy, biconic. Protoconch 

consisting of three slightly convex whorls, the upper 

half of each whorl with arcuate axials, the lower 

I 

half sharply reticulated. The four postnuclear 

whorls nearly fl:at with a distinct shoulder, accentuated by a row of regularly spaced rounded subsutural tubercles; aperture incomplete; outer lip 

thin. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175093; 

height 4.8 mm, diameter 2.4 mm. 

The species is represented by six incomplete 

specimens. The holotype may be immature, but preservation is excellent, and the species appears to be 

distinct from others assigned to this unusual genus. 

In general shape and proportion and the sculpture 

of the protoconch, E. woodrowi resembles E. limacina Dall, type of the genus, that lives in the deep 
70 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

waters of the western Atlantic, but the fossi~l has a 

stronger shoulder and a somewhat wider apical 

angle than the living species. E. hormophora (Watson) (1886, p. 351, pl. 21, fig. 9) from 450 fathoms 

( 823 m) in the W e~st Indies has a protoconch similar . 

to .that of the Fijian shells, but the shoulder and the I 

subsutural tubercles are weaker than those in the 

fossils. 

As noted by Powell (1942, p. 165), Thiele (1925, 

p. 253-254, pl. 29) described severa1l abyssal species 

of Eubela from East and South Afrkan localities, 

but Thiele's figures show that all lack the strong 

shoulder of the Fijian shell. 

E. woodrowi from Fiji .seems close1ly related to 

E. monile described by Marwick (1931, p. 146, pl. 

16, figs. 310, 311) from the Hutchinsonian (lower 

Miocene) of New Zealand. Their sculptured protoconchs appear identical, but on the New Zealand 

fossil, the subsutural tubercles are ~set on a beveled 

surface and the shoulde~r is weaker than it is on the 

Fijian spe-cies. 

One of the shells from s1tation C 2026, Viti Levu, 

has a lower apical angle than all others. It may represent a distinct species but is incomplete. 

This species is named for Peter Woodrow of the 

Fiji Geological Survey, who collec-ted the type and 

many other fossils along the Hibi~scus Highway, 

southeast Vanua Levu, Fiji. 

Occurrence.-Holotype from station I1010, Vanua 

Levu, Fiji ; other spe-cimens from station C 2021 and 

C 2026 in N ausori area, Viti Levu; age of all shells, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Genus THA TCHERIA Angas 

Angas, 1877, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 529. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Thatcheria mirabilis 

Angas. Holocene, Japan. 

Thatcheria vitiensis Charig 

Thatcheria vitiensis Gharig, 1963, British Mus. (Nat. Hi:st.) 

Bull., Geology, v. 7, no. 9, p. 292, pl. 47, figs. 4-6. 

This species, represented ·solely by the holotype in 

the British Museum, was fully described and illustrated by Charig, and his account is not repe~a.ted . 

here. The unique sheH was collected by R. W. I Ba~tholomew in 1957; ·several subsequent attempts 

to find additional specimens by the writer and Fiji 

Survey geologists have proved unsuccessful. The 1 

loca:Hty on Vanua Le~vu, Fiji, north of Naweni (station VL-1-5 = H3 = C2019) is a roadcut in marls 

of Pliocene age (Tertiary h). The cut is now heavily 

overgrown. 

Genus CLINURA A. Bellardi 

BeHardi, A., 1875, Soc. Malacol. Italiana Boll., Pisa, v. 1, p. 

20. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Bella.rdi, L., 

1877, R. Accad. Sci. Torino Mem. ser. 2, v. 29, p. 

204) .-M urex calliope Brocchi. Late Miocene and 

early Pliocene, Italy and France. 

Clinura 7 fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plabe 23, figures 9-12 

Medium in size, slender, fusiform; protoconch unknown; teleoconch pagodiform, made up of about 

six whorls, each with a submedian carina beai'ling 

prominent knobs; below the carina are two strong 

spiral ribs, the uppe,r one reflecting the knobs of the 

carina; spiral ribs continued over the base; above 

the carina, the surface is smooth, except for growth 

lines; and slightly concave. Aperture narrowly lenticular, extended ante~r.iorly as a mode,rately long 

C'anal; inner lip thinly callused. Sinus rounded below 

the suture, curving forward below. 

Measurements o.f the holotype, USNM 214387: 

length 27.0 mm, diameter 11.0 mm. 

The reference to Clinura is questioned, as the 

protoconch is not preserved on the single speci~men 

available. The Fijian shell is more slender than C. 

calliope (Brocchi), later Tertiary type of the genus 

in Europe and has a longer anterior canal; the 

carina is lower on the whorl than on the genotype. 

The two strong spirals below the carina are not 

found on pogadiform species of Comitas, such as 

Comitas waluensis, alre~ady described. 

Occurrence.-St.ation C497, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Clinura 1 sp. A 

Plate ?4, figures 4-9 

Medium in size, biconic, strongly turreted; protoconch unknown; teleoconch of five or more whorls; 

periphery made up of sharply elevated axials, 16 on 

penultimate whorl; areas belo.w the periphery and 

on the base covered by fine spiral ribs that tend to 

alternate in size and are made slightly wavy in 

c~ossing the axials; areas above the per.iphery are 

comparatively smooth, but close to ~the periphery the 

axials cause undulations; on early whorls the axi~a,ls 

form inconspicuous subsutural nodes; growth lines 

above the periphery are convex posteriorly, s·weeping forward in a broad curve to the periphery below. 

Aperture elongate oval ; anterior canal short, 

straight; outer lip thin, inner lip with a veneer of 

callus. 

Measurements of the two incomplete shells: 

USNM 214389: length 25.5 mm, diame·ter 13.3 mm; 
PALEONTOLOGY 71 

USNM 214390: length 24.0 mm, diameter 12.0 mm. 

The she.Us do not have a sharply delineated keel like 

that found in the type species, C. calliope (Brocchi) 

or in C. fijiensis, described above. The reference to 

the genus Clinura is questioned because of the lack 

of knowledge of the protoconch. 

Occurrence.-Two sheUs from s,tation C497 ( = 

FB13), Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). 

Clinura? sp. B 

Plate 23,-figurm 13-15; plate 24, figures 1-3 

1 showing four spiral ribs, the lowest one larger than 

' the others. 

Measurements of the figured fossil: length 19.5 

mm, diameter 6.6 mm. 

1 Occurrence.-Four specimens from SM242, Santo, 

I 

New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species lives 

I 

today in the Philippines. MacNeil (1960, p. 121, pl. 6, 

fig. 29) compared a Miocene form from Okinawa 

with this species and discussed closely related species from the Pliocene of Indonesia. MacNeil's figured specimen appears to be identical with a Pliocene form from Fiji described below as a new subMedium in size, biconic, apical angle 65o. Proto- ,. species of C. aculeifonnis. 

conch unknown; teleoconch pagodiform, consisting Conus aculeiformis mckinneyi Ladd, n. subsp. I of about six whorls, each with a median carina bear- i Plate 24, figures 14-19 

ing prominent rounded nodules; below the carina are Conus cf. c. aculeiformis Reeve, MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. 

several spirals that are larger than similar spirals Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 121, pl. 6, fig. 29. 

on the flattened area above the carina. On the body 

whorl, below the periphery, is a second noded ca-rina 

and below this, on the base, the spirats more prominent. Aperture broadly ovate, leading below to an 

extended and slightly recurved canal; inner lip 

lightly callused; outer lip not preserved. 

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

214391: length 20.7 mm, diameter 11.2 mm; USNM 

214392: length 20.7 mm, diameter 11.3 mm. 

C.? sp. B differs from C.? fijiens'is and C.? sp. A 

that occur with it in having a 1nuch wider apical 

angle, in the presence of low spiral r:ibs on the flattened area above the periphery, and in the presence 

of a second noded spiral rib on the body whorl below 

the periphe.ry. 

Occurrence.-Two incomplete shells from s.tatJion 

C497, Viti Levu, Fiji; age; early Miocene (Tertiary 

/). 

Family CONIDAE 

Most of the fossil cones that I had identified from 

the islands were revie·wed by Dr. Alan Kohn. His 

knowledge of rare species of Conus covers some that 

are known only from types in foreign museums. I am 

very gra;teful to Dr. Kohn for his assistance with 

many of the species that follow. 

Conus aculeifonnis Reeve 

Plate 25, figures 1, 2 

Conus aculeiformis Reeve, 1843, Zool. Soc. London Proc·., p. 

176; 1844, Conchologica Iconica v. 1, Conus, pl. 44, no. 

240. 

A small, slender, moderately high-spired shell covered with low flattened spiral ribs separated by 

finely canceHated grooves; whorls of concave spire 

Shell medium to large in size with an elevated 

s:pire. Sculpture consisting of regularly spaced punctate spiral grooves separated by wide fiat in:ter1 

spaces; each whorl of the flattened spire with four 

to ·~ix spiral Tibs, of which the lowest is much larger 

I than the others. 

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

250136, length 39.7 mm, diameter 16.3 mm; paratype, USNM 250137, length 30.0 mm, diameter 11.8 

mm. 

The new subspecies is larger and stouter than 

Holocene and Pleistocene examples of C. aculeiformis Reeve, and on shells of the ne·w subspecies, the 

lowest spiflal on the whorls of the spire appears to 

be propor1tiona tely larger than on younger shells. 

C. aculeiformis mckinneyi appears to be identical 

with the Miocene shell from Okinawa figured by 

MacNeil. 

The new subspecies is named for Robert H. McKinney of the Geological Survey who made all the 

photographs of fossils in ·the present report except 

I 

the SEM views. 

Occurrence.-Numerous shells from s.ta.tion 817 

' ( = 2B107 = R70) on Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Conus acutangulus Lamarck 

Plate 25, figures 3-6 

Conus acutangulus Lamarck, 1810, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris, 

Ann., v. 15, p. 286; Kohn, 1959, Pacific Sci., v. 13, p. 

371, pl. 2, fig. 37; Kohn and Weaver, 1962, Pacific Sci., 

i v. 16, p. 349, fig. 1 a-b; Cernohorsky, 19·64, Veliger, 

! v. 7, no. 2, p. 66, pl. 17, fig. 54. 

I A single specimen from the Pleistocene marls of 

I 

Santo, New Hebrides (starbion SM242), is referred 

to C. acutangulus. The fossil is larger than the aver-
72 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

age Holocene shells but shows well-developed nodes 

along the shoulder of the whorls. The figured specimen from the New Hebrides (pl. 25, figs. 5, 6) 

measures: length 29.7 mm, diameter 14.5 mm. A 

shell was also identified from the Miocene of Fiji (pl. 

25, figs. 3, 4). It (USNM 214321) measures 15.5 

mm in length. C. acutangulus lives in abundance 

today in the Philippines and has been collected in 

Hawaii and in the Society Islands. According to 

Vlerk (1931, p. 213), it has been repor~ted from the 

upper Miocene and Pliocene in several parts of 

Indonesia. 

Conus ammiralis Linnaeus 

Plate 25, figures 7, 8 

Conus ammiralis Linna,eus, 1791, Sys.tema naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3378; Re·eve, 1843, Conchologiea Iconica, v. 1, Conus, 

pl. 3, no. 11; Tryon, 1884, Manual conchology, v. 6, 

p. 29, pl. 8, figs. 44, 46. 

Leptoconus ammiralis (Linnaeus), Habe, 1964, Shells of the 

we1stern Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 117. pl. 37, fig. 13. 

Two Pleistocene specimens from the New Hebrides show identifiable traces of the color pabte1rn of 

bands 1and triangles that characte·rizes this widespread Holocene species. 

Measurements of the smaller figured s:pedmen, 

USNM 250144: height 22.2 mm, diameter 11.5 mm; 

the incomplete larger shell is catalo-gued USNM 

175092. . 

Occurrence.-Two shells from SM242 on Santo, 

New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species ranges 

today fro.m the Marshall and Society Islands westward to Japan and southwestward through the 

Philippines and Indonesia to the Indian Ocean. The 

spec.ies has not previously been reported as a fossil. 

Conus cf. C. aristopbanes Sowerby 

Plate 25, figures 9-11 

Conus pulicarius? Hwass, Ladd, 1934, B. P. Bishop Mus. 

Bull. 119, p. 231, pl. 41, fig. 4. 

Conus cf. C. aristophanes Sowerby, Cernohorsky, 1964, VeHger, v. 7, no. 2, p. 92. 

No additional material collected. I agree with 

Cernohorsky that the Fijian fos~s·il more closely resemble·s C. aristophanes Sowerby (1857, no. 63, pL 

4, figs. 81, 82; Cernohorsky, 1964, p. 67, pl. 18, fig. 

67) ·than C. pulicarius Hwass. The fossil (Bishop 

Mus. Geol. no. 1167) measures 26.9 by 17.4 mm; it 

wa:s coHected from station 160 on Viti Levu; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). C. aris.tophanes is 

widely distributed today in the Indo-Pacific, exclusive of Hawaii. 

Conus cf. C. bonus Nomura 

Pla.te 25, figures 12, 13 

A shell from the Pliocene beds at s·tation 817 on 

Vanua Levu, Fiji, is close-ly related to, poss~ibly identieal with, C. bonus described by Nomura (1935, p. 

110, pl. 7, figs. 7a, 7b) from the Pliocene (Boritzu) 

beds of Taiwan. The speoimen, USNM 175123, 

measures: length 38.6 mm, diameter 18.5 mm. 

The shell resembles C. diarianensis Martin from 

the Miocene of Java (1895, -p. 20, pl. 3, figs. 45-50) 

and a shell affiliated with it by MacNeil (1960, p. 

121, pl. 6, figs. 17, 22) from ~the Miocene of Okinawa, but it is more slender and there are differences of sculpture. On the Miocene sheHs, the spiral 

sculpture 1is limited to the lower part of the body 

whorl, but on the Pliocene shells, fine spi~als extend 

over the entire body whorl. The single F:iji sheH is 

worn, but the spirals are clearly marked on the inner 

lip and under magnification can be seen elsewhere. 

Conus cf. C. catus Hwass 

Plate 25, figures 14, 15 

A single somewhat worn shell from the P-leistocene beds at USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides, has the proportions and sculpture of C. catus, and traces of original color on the 

spire are similar to patterns of C. catus. On the 

body whorl, however, are spiral lines of reddishbrown dashes, a pattern not found on any of the 

shells .in the large USNM collections-collections 

that, however, do not include any shells from the 

New Hebrides. Cernohorsky ( 1964, p. 70) reported 

such a pattern in his discussion of this variable species. The figured fossil, USNM 214311, measures: 

-length 25.6 mm, diameter 16.3 mm. 

Conus cbarigi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 25, figures 16-21 

Shell sm-all, stout, with a s~trongly coronated spire 

of medium height; body whorl with strongly tubercled, rather widely spaced spiral ribs; tubercles of 

each spiral are imperfectly ~aligned with those above 

and below over much of the shell. 

Measurements of the holotype, British Museum 

(N,atural History) No. GG. 9145: length 30.6 mm, 

diameter 14.0 mm; a paratype, USNM 250168: 

length 16.7 mm, diameter 9.8 mm. 

In general form and .s:ize, C. charigi sugges,ts the 

granulated form of C. boeticus Reeve, a species 

living in Indonesia and the Moluccas (Coomans, 

1973, p. 322-323), but the fossil 1is more strongly 

coronated and the spiral .Jines o.f tubercles on the 

body whorl are larger and more widely spaced. 
PALEONTOLOGY 73 

C. charigi resembles strongly coronated sheHs of 

the variable living species, C. sulcatus Hwas~s, but 

the fossil has much better developed tubercles on the 

body whorl and the spirals are more widely spaced 

and are in a single series. C. deburghiae Sowerby 

(1887, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 7), a Hving specie~s from Indonesia and the Moluccas, has a granulated form, 

but it is larger and more s~lende~r than C. charigi. 

The ·species is named for Dr. Alan Jack Cha.rig of 

the British Museum (Natural History), who first 

examined the fossil coUected by Ronald Bartholomew, recognizing it as a coa·rsely tubercled undescribed form. 

Occurrence.-Holotype from station RB44, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Figured paratype and two other shells from station 

160 on Viti Levu; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

The figured para type and one of the two ·sheHs with 

it are S:mall; the other is as large as the holotype 

but is incomplete. 

Conus cf. C. coelinae Crosse 

Pla:te 26, figures 1, 2 

Shell large, slende-r, and flat .spired, characterized 

particularly by fine spira.l threads that cover the 

entire body whorl except for a narrow band at the 

shoulder. 

Measurements of the figured specimen : length 

58.2 mm, diameter 29.0 mm. 

The fossils may actually represent C. coelinae 

Crosse (1858, p. 117, pl. 2, fig. 1) but are narrower 

and have a lower spire. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens from Pleistocene 

marls of station SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides. 

C. coelinae has been described from New Caledonia. 

Conus corrugatus Sowerby 

Plate 26, figures 3, 4 

Conus corrugatus Sowerby, 1870, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 257, pl. 22, fig. 7; Tryon, 1884, Manual conchology, 

~ 6,p. 78,pl. 24,fig. 1~ 

Shell small with a moderately high flat-sided spire 

and sharp apex; whorls of the spire with a rounded 

basal rib and weak spiral threads above, all cro·ssed 

by close-set, retracted Hnes of growth; body whorl 

narrowed anteriorly, covered by flattened spiral 

ribs; outer lip sharp; color pattern consisting of 

irregular reddish-brown axial stripes over the entire shell. 

Measurements of the figured sepcimen: length 

30.8 mm, diameter 15.6 mm. 

Identification of this species was made by Dr. 

Alan Kohn, who had examined and photographed 

the type in the British Museum. 

Occurrence.-Five specimens from the Pleistocene 

marls of station SM242, Santo, New Hebr-ides. The 

exact locality of the holotype is unknown, but Tryon 

received a specimen from Sowerby collected in Chinese watefls. 

Conus eburneus Hwass 

Plate 26, figure 5 

Conus ebunwus Hwass, 1972, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie 

Methodiqu.e. His.t.oire Nat. vers, v. 1, p. 640; Reeve, 

1843, Concholog:ica Iconica, v. 1, Conus, pl. 49, no. 106; 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sd., v. 11, no. 3, p. 327; Kohn, 

1968, Lin.nean Soc. Jour. (Zoology), v. 47, p. 455, pl. 

14, fig. 40. 

A small shell recovered from a depth of .mo.re than 

800 feet in a drill hole on En:iwetok seems to represent this widely distributed living species. The incom:plete shell consists of the low spire and the posterior half of the body whorl; both show faded but 

distinct spots in the pattern that characterizes the 

living shells. The whorls of the spire do not show 

the two light grooves that are found on most Holocene ·Shells, but such grooves are not consistent on 

many shells collected .in the Marshall Islands. The 

spire of the· fossil cannot be distinguished from 

those of Holocene shells. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175131: length (incomplete) 15 mm, diameter 16.2 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole F -1, En:iwetok, at depth 

860-870 feet (260-263 m); age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). According to Vlerk ( 1913, p. 213), Martin 

reported it from the Pliocene of Timor. MacNeil 

(1960, p. 123, pl. 15, figs. 13, 16) figured a questionable shell from the Pliocene of Okinawa, noting 

that the species also occurred in the Pleistocene of 

Okinawa. Conus eburneus lives today from the western part of the Indian Ocean eastward into many 

Pacific island groups but is not found in Hawaii. 

Conus cf. C. emaciatus Reeve 

Plat.e 26, figures 6, 7 

A shell from the outcrops· on the Kere River on 

Santo, USNM 308129, seems closely related to 

Re·eve's Holocene species from the Philippines. It 

measure~s: length 78.7 mm, dia:me.ter 37.1 mm. 

OccurTence.-St.ation SM242, Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebr,ides; age, Pleistocene. C. emaciatus lives 

today in many island groups in the western Pacific. 

Conus cf. C. eugrammatus Bartsch and Rehder 

Plate 2·6, figuns 8, 9 

Two shells from the Pleistocene marls of s~ta.tion 

SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides, agree with C. 
74 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

eugrarnmatds (Bartsch and Rehder, 1943, p. 85) in 

all important features. Both specimens, however, 

are smaller than most available shells, including 

the type, and the color pattern is not clearly shown 

(one of the fossils retains no color, the other only 

faint traces on the spire). 

Measurements of the figured specimen: length 

18.3 mm, diamete1r 9.3 mm. ·· 

C. eugrammatus has been collected ~t several stations in Hawaii. Kohn and Weaver (1962, p. 352) 

reported one live specimen on a mud-sand bottom 

1 mile (1.6 km) south-southwest of Pearl Harbor, 

Oahu. 

Conus excelsus Sowerby 

Plate 26, figures 10, 11 

Conus excelsus Sowerby, 1908, Annals and Mag. Nat. History 

ser. 8, v. 1, p. 465-466; Cernohorsky, 1974, Auckland 

Inst. and Mus. Recs., v. 11, p. 133, figs. 27, 28. 

Shell large, biconic; spire acute, consisting of 18 

whorls; each whorl of the spire broadly convex below, concave above with two narrow and one broad 

spiral ribs; the convex area below is made irregular 

by swollen retracted axials; remaining areas of 

spire covered by fine growth lines. Body whorl, except near the shoulder, covered by low beaded sp,iral 

ribs and numerous axial lines of growth; posterior 

end of aperture deeply notched. 

Five specimens were collected: USNM 175129, 

collected at USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides, is figured. It moo,sures: length 

83.2 mm, diameter 30.0 mm; USNM 308131 from 

SM242 measures: height 80.7 mm, diameter 31.5 

mm. 

Identification of this rare species was made by 

Dr. Alan Kohn who had examined and photographed 

the t~pe in the British Museum. Toml:in (1937, p. 

246) believed that C. excelsus was identical with C. 

pulcherrimus, a species named and briefly des~~ibed 

by Braz,ier (1895, p. 187). As Tomlin noted, however (1937, p. 298), the name pulcherrimus was applied by Heilprin in 1879 t:o an Eocene cone from 

Alabama. In any event, Brazier's type speciemn is 

not available. An interesting aspect of the case is 

that the specimen was found on the beach 'Of the 

island of Tanna 'in t:he New Hebrides, having reportedly been .thrown up with other shells after a submarine volcanic eruption in 1878. 

Occurrence.-Five specimens from the Pleistocene marls at station S~242, Santo, New Hebrides. 

The Holocene type of the specie's is reported to have 

come from New Caledonia. Occurs in Phillipines. 

Conus figulinus Linnaeus 

Plate 26, figure 12 

Conus. figulinus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.ema naturae, lOth ed. 

p. 715; Gernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 7, no. 2, p. 74, 

pl. 12, fig. 14. 

A large heavy shell with a low spire; apex acuminate, shoulder broadly rounded; body whorl with 

close-set narrow spiral lines of brown. Rep~resented 

in the fos,sil collecbions by a single incomplete shell 

52.2 mm in diameter .from station .. SM242 on Santo, 

New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species lives 

today in the western tropical Pacific and in parts 

of the Indian Ocean. Not previously reported as a 

fossil. 

Conus cf. C. gembacanus Martin 

Plate 26, figures 13-15 

A small shell with a high turreted spire; body 

whorl covered by about 20 strongly beaded axial 

ribs; the row of beads at the periphery more prominent than others. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214347: length 8.2 mm, diameter 4.1 mm. 

This strongly sculptured cone is sm~aller than the 

shell described by Martjn (1883-87, p. 49, pl. 4, fig. 

49) ; it has more numerous beaded ~spirals and a 

more strongly turreted spire than does that species. 

Occur-rence.-A single specimen from USGS locality 25731 on the Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Martin described C. 

gembacanus from the Miocene of Java. 

Conus geographus Linnaeus 

Conus geographus Li.nnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae lO:th ed., 

p. 718; Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 7, p. 75, pl. 15, 

fig. 37. 

A fragment of a large thin shell nearily 50 mm in 

diameter (USNM 175136) bear~s the unmistakable 

color pattern of C. geographus. It was collected 

from the Pleistocene beds on the Kere River (USGS 

locality 25715), Santo, New Hebr,ides. As Cernohorsky has pointed out, this spedes occurs widely in 

the Indo-West Pacific area but is ra,re and is characteristic of deeper waters. 

Conus glans Hwass 

PlatJe 26, figurets 16, 17 

Conus glaus Hwass, 1792, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie methodique. Histoil"e nat. vers, v. 1, p. 735; Reeve, 1843, 

Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, Conus, pl. 26, no. 145; 

Ostergaard, 1935, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131, p. 23; 

Gernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 1, 

p. 222, pl. 56, fig. 421; Kohn, 1968, Linnaean Soc. Jour. 

(Zoology), v. 47, p. 458, pl. 5, fig. 49. 

A medium~s,ized cone with a rounded .shoulder. 

Each whorl of the spire bears three fine spiral ribs, 
PALEONTOLOGY 75 

and the body whorl is covered by close-set, weakly 

beaded lirations. 

Repre,sented in the fossil collections by a single 

shell collected from the cliff at Houma on Tongatapu, 

Tonga, abqut 35 feet (10.6 m) above sea leveL The 

specimen, B. P. Bishop Mus. no. 202938, measures: 

length 31.4 mm, diameter 12.9 mm. The species lives 

today throughout the tropic&! Indo-Pacific. According to Vlerk ( 1931, p. 213), the species ha,s also 

been reported {rom post-Tertiary beds in Celebes 

(Sulawesi). 

Conus gloriamaris Cbemnitz 

Plate 26, figure 18 

Conus gloriamaris Chemnitz, 1777, Besch. Gesell. Naturf. 

Freunde, Berlin, v. 3, p. 321-331; Kohn, 1964, Linnean 

Soc. Jour. (Zoology), v. 45, no. 304, p. 152-153, pl. 1, 

figs. 1, 2; Abbott, 1967, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Notulae Naturae, no. 400, 8 p., 3 figs; Zilch, 1970, 

Archiv. MolluskE:nkunde, v. 100, p. 159-163, 1 fig. 1 1 

pl.; Mallick and Greenbaum, 1975, New Hebrides Condominium, Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1973, p. 11, pl. 1. 

fig. 3; Gernohorsky, 1968, Hawaiian Shell News, v. 16, 

no. 3, p. 4. 

This species has been regarded as one of the rarest 

and most beautiful of all living shelled mollusks and 

has been the subject of many special papers over 

the past 50 years. It was first described from a shell 

collected in the Philippines, but its range has been 

extended to Indonesia, New Guinea, and nearby 

islands, including the Bismarck and Solomon 

Islands 6 and Yap in the Carolines (Abbott, 1967, 

fig. 2). Until now, its expanding range has not been 

extended to the New Hebrides; it is, therefore, 

doubly interesting to record the first fo,ss:il examples 

from uplifted Pleistocene marls in that group. In 

1973, D. I. J. Mallick and David Greenbaum of the 

New Hebriders Geological Survey colle~cted and identified one complete and three incomplete shells from 

station SM242 on the Kere River on the island of 

Santo about 40 m (130ft) above sea level. All specimens retain the original color pattern; two of 

them retain the characteristic hjgh spire. The complete shell was figured by Mallick and Greenbaum 

(1975) ; it measures: 75 mm in height. 

Conus gracilis Sowerby 

Plate 26, figure·s 19, 20 

Conus gracilis Sowerby, 1823, Genera Recent and fossil shells, 

pt. 16, pl. 267, fig. 4. (= Conus australis Lamarck (ex 

Chemnitz), 1810, Mus. Hi~.toire Nat. Annales, Paris, 

v. 15, p. 439). 

Asprella australis (Holten), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 109, pl. 39, fig. 6. 

6 A particularly rich find in the Solomons was recorded by Cross and 

Fair (1970). 

A medium-sized high-spired species with conspicuous close-set spira-l furrows. Fossils from the Pleistocene marls of Santo (station SM242) retain clear 

traces of the scattered discontinuous lines and 

patches of brown that are present on Holocene 

shells. 

Measurements of the figured speeimen: length 

63.2 mm, diameter 25.5 mm. 

The specie.s lives today in the western Pacific from 

A us.tralia to Japan. 

Conus gracilis vouensis Ladd 

Plate 27, figures 1, 2 

Conus australis vouensis Ladd, 1945, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 

181, p. 369, pl. 53, figs. D, E. 

No additional material collected. The recrystallized holotype (only spe·cimen), USNM 252899, 

measures: length (incomplete) 54.7 mm, diameter 

27.3 mm. 

Occu1'rence .-Futuna Limestone, station L389, 

Lakemba, Fiji, age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Conus grangeri Sowerby 

Plate 27, figures 3, 4 

Conus granger,i Sowerby, 1900 Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 

Sf'r. 7, v. 5, p. 441, fig. 5. 

A large s~tout shell with a moderately high spire. 

Sculpture on the body whorl consists of strong 

beaded spiral ribs that alternate with weaker unbeaded spirals except near the rounded shoulder 

where the spirals are somewhat fla,ttened; the 

shoulder itself ·bears broad low nodes; shoulder 

nodes are prominent on the whorls of the concave 

spire, and above the line of node1s are several secondary spirals; axial lines, present over the entire 

shell, are particularly conspicuous anteriorly. 

Measurements of th€ figured specimen, USNM 

175099: length 50.2 mm, diameter 31.8 mm. 

C. grangeri bears a strong resemblance to C. 

planirratus batheon, a Holocene shell described by 

Sturany (1903, p. 227, pl. 4, figs. 6a-c, 7a-b) from 

the Red Sea, but the spirals on the spire and the 

body whorl of that species do not appear to be as 

strongly noded or beaded as on C. grangeri. 

OccuTrence.-One complete shell and the anterior 

half of another from station SM242 (USGS locality 

25715), Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The 

locality of the type specimen described by Sowerby 

is not known, but Holocene shells have been dredged 

in the Philippines off Luzon at depths of 83 and 106 

fathoms (USNM colleetions). Not previously reported as a fossil. 
76 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Conus gubernator Hwas3 

Plate 27, figures 5, 6 

Conus gubernato1· Hwass, 1792, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie 

methodique. Hi·stoire Nat. Vers, v. 1, p. 727; Kohn, 

19€-8, Linnean Soc. Jour. (Zoology), v. 47, p. 459, pl. 5, 

fig. 51. 

Shell large, elongate, solid, spire moderately high, 

apex sharp; sides straight, shoulder distinctly angulate, its raised rim prominent on earlier whorls; inside shoulder ridge a.re several spiral riblets that 

may be locally obsc.ured by close-set lines of growth; 

posterior notch of aperture deep, outer lip sha.rp. 

Surface of shell smooth except for fine spirals and 

equally fine lines of growth ; basal ridges prominent 

with a sharply houn~ed fasciole below. 

Measur~ments of the figured specimen: length 

87.1 mm, diameter 35.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Six specimens from station SM242 

on the island of Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Reported by Hedley (in Mawson, 1905, p. 478) 

from "passage beds" described by Mawson ( 1905, p. 

413--414) on Epi in the New Hebrides, lying between 

the marine foss.iliferous cinder beds and solid coralliferous limestone; the age may be late Miocene. 

The species lives today in New Caledonia, the 

Philippines, and the Indian Ocean. 

Conus insculptus Kiener 

Plat.e 27, figures 8, 9 

Conus insculptus Kiener, 1850. Iconographie des coquilles 

vivant.e.s, Conus, p. 309, pl. 49, fig. 2; Martin, 1891, Die 

Fos.siliEn von Java, Bd. 1, Gaskopoda, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 

18; Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 7, no. 2, p. 76, pl. 

17, figs. 55, 55a. 

A small slender shell with a high, slightly concave spire; the attenuated body whorl is slightly recurved anteriorly; shoulder of all whorls with an inconspicuous carination, above which are several 

weak spiral ribs. Surface of body whorl with shallow 

cancellated grooves. On the figured specimen, the 

spiral grooves are present almost to the shoulder, 

but on most fossils from Palau, they become obsolete 

over the upper two~thirds of the whorl. On fossils 

Jrom Java, the groove~S persist almost to the 

shoulder, as in the figured Palauan fossil. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175125: length 19.7 mm, diameter 8.1 mm. 

C. insculptus is closely related to C. aculeiformis 

Reeve, but that species is not recurved anteriorly, 

has stronger spirals above the shoulder, and is 

grooved over the entire body whorl. 

Occurrence.-Abundant in marls at the base of 

the Palau Limestone (stations 21301, 21304, 21308) 

on the Goikul Peninsula, Babelthaup, Palau; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). Martin reported it from 

the upper Miocene of Java. The species was described originally from the China Sea and is now 

known to live also in the Philippines and Fiji. 

Conus kimioi (Habe) 

Plate 27, figure 7 

Rhizoconus kimioi Hab2, 1965, Venus, v. 24, no. 1, p. 48, pl. 

4, figs. 1-2. 

Shell small, thin, spire almost fla.t; protoconch of 

two convex glassy whorls, followed by five sculptured 

whorls, each with several spiral cords, the peripheral 

cord forming a narrow keel. Body whorl flat-sided 

with several fine spiral grooves immediately below 

the periphery and about ten larger grooves on the 

base ; lines of growth are discernible over the entire 

shell. Regularly spaced reddish-brown dots are 

present on the spire and on the body whorl immediately below the periphery; body whorl with a 

series of narrow spiral brown lines, some of which 

mark the boundaries of three light-brown spiral 

bands. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175091; height 12.6 mm, diameter 5.8 mm. 

The fossil shells are smaller than the Holocene 

shells described from Japan. Dr. Alan Kohn, who 

has examined the shells here referred to C. kimioi, 

thinks that some of them, at least, may represent 

juvenile exam·ples of Conus macarae, described long 

ago by Bernardi (1857, p. 56, pl. 2, fig. 2). 

Occurrence.-Thirteen specimens from station 

SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

The species lives today in Japanese waters a;t depths 

! of about 100 ms. Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Conus cf. C. litteratus Linnaeus 

Plate 27, figures 10, 11 

A single specimen of a large cone was collected 

from a cascajo pit near Agat on Guam (station 

20997); age, Quaternary. The specimen, USNM 

175080, is 100 mm high and has a diameter of about 

60 mm. The shell is reerystallized, its aperture incomplete anteriorly. It probably represents the 

widespread living species, C. litteratus Linnaeus, 

but it could be C. leopardus (Roding), an equally 

large form that also lives in the Marianas. Accord1 ing to Vlerk (1931, p. 214), C. litteratus has been 

1 reported from the Pliocene of Timor. 

The flattened spire of a large cone was recovered 

from the Miocene conglomerate at s·tation 160 on 

Viti Levu, Fiji. The margin of the last whorl is incomplete, but it measures 48.9 mm in diameter. This 

fossil also may repre,sent C. litteratus Linnaeus. 
PALEONTOLOGY 77 

Conus macarae Bernardi 

Plate 27, figures 12-15 

Conus macarae Bernardi, 1857, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 6, p. 

56, pl. 2, fig. 2; 1861, Mon. Genre Conus, p. 19, pl. 1, 

fig. 1; Tryon, 1884, Manual Conchology, v. 6, p. 34, pl. 

9, fig. 72. 

Two shells from station SM242 on Santo, New 

Hebrides, are tentatively referred to this species at 

the sugge,stion of Dr. Alan Kohn. Both have lower 

spire's than published figures of the specie's, but 

they retain clear traces of the white bands shown 

on published figures-shoulder and middle of the 

body whorl have dark marks at the top of the median 

band-as well as fine close-set spiral lines of color. 

Measurements of the larger specimen, 51.2 mm by 

25.0 mm; .smaller specimen, 36.0 by 17.7 mm. 

The locality of the Holocene shell described by 

Bernardi is not known; Tryon cites Mauritius. The 

Pleistocene shells frmn the New Hebrides are the 

first fossil occurrence. 

Conus miliaris Hwass 

Pla,te 27, figure 16 

Conus miliaris Hwass, 1792, 1"n Bruguiere, Encyclopedie 

methodique. Histoire nat. vers. v. 1, p. 629; Demond, 

1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 330, fig. 39; Ce.rnohorsky, 

1964, V eliger, v. 7, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 72; Kohn, 1968, 

Linnean Soc. Jour. (Zoology), v. 47, p. 468, pl. 6, fig. 

70. 

Shell small, solid, spire mode,rately high; body 

whorl with low granular ridges that are best developed on the anterior half of the shell; shoulder 

angulate and coronate; whorls of spire with several 

low spiral riblets above the coronate border. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175128: length 29.4 mm, diameter 18.7 mm. 

C. miliaris is very similar to C. aristophanes 

Sowerby but is proportionately wider and its spiral 

ribs are granular. 

Occurrence.-A single shell from recrystallized 

limestone at USGS station 21028, Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species is abundant 

today throughout .the Indo-Pacific except in Hawaii 

and Australia. Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Conus mucronatus Reeve 

Plate 27, figures 17, 18 

Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, 

Conus, pl. 37, no. 104. 

Medium in size with a moderately high concave 

spire that has a sharp apex; each flattened whorl of 

the spire has four spiral riblets, the lowest one 

larger than the others; body whorl slightly convex, 

covered by low flattened spiral ribs that alternate 

with spiral threads; in the grooves between spiral 

ribs are close-set axial threads that may cause beading of the ·spirals; all sculpture on the body whorl 

becomes more .prominent anteriorly; Brown bands 

cross the whorls of the spire and are continued 

irrregularly on the body whorl. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175132: length. 33.9 mm, diameter 17.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-Numerous specimens from the 

Pleistocene mads of station SM242 on Santo, New 

Hebrides. The speeies lives today in the Philippines 

but has not previously been repor,ted as a fossil. 

Conus nussatella Linnaeus 

Plate 28, figure 1 

Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, lOth ed., 

p. 716; Kohn, 1959, Pacific Sci., v. 13, p. 385, pl. 1, 

fig. 19. 

The anterior part of a large shell of this species 

wrus collected from a pit in Pleistocene limestone at 

an altitude of 240 feet (75 m) on Santo in the Ne·w 

Hebrides (U.S. Geol. Survey station 21028). The 

shell is blea,ched but retains traces of the s.pirallines 

I 

of small brownish dots that are on the close-set, 

slightly granulose ribs. The specimen, USNM 

175126, measures: length 31.7 mm, dia.me,ter 20.6 

mm. C. nussatella lives today throughout the IndoPacific region, but in some areas it appears rare. 

Ostergaard (1928, p. 5) reported it as a Pleistocene 

fossil on Oahu in H·awaii, and Kohn confirmed the 

occurrence there. 

Conus ochroleucus Gmelin 

Plate 28, figure 2 

Conus ochroleucu.s Gme.Jin, 1791, Systema naturae, 13th ed., 

p. 3391 ; Tryon, 1884, Manual c•onchology v. 6, p. 60, 

pl. 18, fig. 75; Marsh and Rippingale, 1964, Cone shells 

of the world, p. 75, pl. 10, fig. 19. 

The anterior part of a large cone, USNM 308140, 

recovered from the Pleistocene marls of station 

SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides, represents C. ochroleucus. The shell is yellowish brown, fading to tan at 

the anterior extremity; it bears widely spaced, 

sharply incised spiral grooves and microscopic lines 

I 

of growth. Measurements: length 64.4 mm, diameter 

30.0mm. 

The figured specimen, a smaller uncolored shell, is 

nearly complete; measurements: length 58.5 mm, 

diameter 24.1 mm. It probably represents C. ochroleucus, but it shows shallow and widely spaced spiral 

grooves over the entire body whorl, and the lower 

whorls of the spire are almost smooth. 

C. ochroleucus lives today in the southwest Pacific 

1 from the Philippines to New Guinea and Fiji. 
78 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Conus orbignyi Audouin 

Plate 28, figures 3, 4 

Conus orbignyi Audouin, 1831, Magasin de Zoologie, Paris, 

Moll. 1, pl. 20; Reeve, 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 

1, pl. 4, no. 17. 

A single shell from the Pleistocene marls at station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides, is ass,igned to 

this species. Though worn, it shows characteristic 

features: the spire is high, acute, corona~ted, and 

the body whorl is covered by fiat-topped spirals separated by shallow punctate grooves. Measurements: 

length 35.2 mm, diameter 13.1 mm. Reportedly lives 

in China, Japan, and the Philippines. 

Conus cf. C. pertusus Hwass 

Plate 28, figure 5 

Small to medi urn in size with a low convex spire 

and pointed apex; whorls of spire obscurely ribbed, 

suture impressed; shoulder smoothly rounded; sides 

of body whorl straight, marked by distant shallow 

spirals and microscopic lines of growth ; spirals 

stronger near base. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: length 

48.0 mm, diameter 25.0 mm. 

Two fossils from Pleistocene beds on the Kere 

River. (station SM242), Santo, New Hebrides. They 

appear closely related :to Holocene shells but retain 

no traces of color parttern. The species lives today 

from Hawaii to the Indian Ocean but is rare in all 

areas. 

Conus praecellens A. Adams 

Plate 28, figure 6 

Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1853, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p, 119. 

Conasprella praecella (A. Adams), Habe, 1964, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 114, pl. 36, fig. 10. 

Small to medium in size, biconic; shoulder formed 

of a rounded cord that appears as a strong spiral 

on the whorls of the concave spire; above the 

shoulder sp~iral are about six smaller spirals. Surface of body whorl covered by spiral ribs that may 

show a tendency to alternate in size. Traces of rows 

of brownish dots are preserved on the ribs and on 

two shells; wider bands are visible on the body 

whorl; traces of axial bands of similar color are 

present on the spire. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: length 

37.7 mm, diameter 14.9 mm. 

Occu-rrence.-Numerous specimens from Pleistocene marls of Santo, New Hebr-ides (s1tation 

SM242). The species occurs today in the Philippines 

and Japan. Apparently not previously reported as a 

fossil. 

Conus quercinus Hwass I Plate 28, figures 7, 8 

Conus quercinus Hwas~s, 1792, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie 

methodique. Histoire nat. vers, v. 1, p. 681; Reeve, 

1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, Conus, pl. 26, no. 148; 

Kira, 1962, Shells, of the western Pacific in color, v. 

1, p. 106, pl. 38, fig. 7; Kohn, 1968, Linnean Soc. London Jour. (Zoology), v. 47, p. 480, pl. 8, fig. 100. 

A stout, acutely tapered shell; shoulder rounded 

but with a narrow elevated rim; spire· low, surmounted by a sharp apex; surface of body whorl 

smooth except for a few spiral grooves on the base; 

faint, narrow, yellow close-set wavy spiral lines are 

retained on the fossil. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from New 

Hebrides: length 42.1 mm, diameter 27.5. 

Occurrence.-Station SM259, Santo, New Hebrides ; age, Pleistocene. A single inco-mplete shell 

from USGS station 20626 on Guam, Ma,riana 

Islands; age, Pliocene and Pleistocene. According to 

Vlerk (1931, p. 214), the species has been reported 

from the upper Miocene of Java and the Quaternary 

' of Celebes. The species is found today throughout 1 the Indo-Pacific region, except in Australia. 

Conus recluzianus Bernardi 

Plate 28, figures 9, 10 

Conus recluzianus Bernardi, 1853, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 4, 

p. 148, pl. 6, fig. 6; 1861, Mon. genre Conus, p. 20, pl. 

1, fig. 5. 

Leptoconus rccluzianus (Bernardi), Garrard, 1966, Malacolog. Soc. Australia Jour., no. 10, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 4. 

A dozen specimens from the Pleistocene marls of 

station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides, are referred 

to this flat-sided, low-spired species. The figured 

specimen measures 46.3 mm by 24.0 mm. It has the 

shoulder nodes shown by Bernardi's type. It is 

I 

slightly larger than the type and ha~s a lower spire 

but, according to Alan Kohn who has examined that 

i specimen, is almost identical with it. 

Occurrence.-Type from the "China Seas," reported living also off the Queens1and coast in 60-75 

fathoms of water. The New Hebrides shells are the 

first fossil occurrence. Indeed, the fosts.ils may outnumber the Holocene shells. 

Conus aff. C. saecularis Melvill 

Plate 28, figure 11 

A small shell with a moderately high concave 

spire culminating in a sharp apex; .the whorls of the 

spire have a basal spiral rib with several .smaller 

spirals above. Body whorl cancellated by wide low 

1 flat spiral ribs and slightly retracted axial lines. 
PALEONTOLOGY 79 

Traces of irregula.r brown spots are present on most 

shells. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175137: length 26.9 mm, diameter 13.6 mm. 

The New Hebrides fossils are smaller on the 

average and are less slender than the Holocene shell 

figured by Melvill (1898, pl. 1, fig. 23) from the 

Per:sian Gulf. The fos·s;ils also resemble C. sagittatus, a Holocene shell described by Sowerby (1865, 

p. 518, pl. 32, figs. 8, 9) but are more attenuated 

anteriorly than is that species. 

Occurrence.-Represented by 15 specimens from 

the Pleistocene marls of station SM242, Santo, New 

Hebrides. 

Conus aff. C. socialis Martin 

Plate 28, figures 12-15; plate 29, figures 1, 2 

Small to medium in size, with a moderately high 

flattened spire; spire has about nine whorls, each 

with six or seven fine spiral ribs, the lowest in the 

series larger than the others. Body whorl has closeset flattened spira~l ribs that may alternate with fine 

threads on the upper part of the whorl; axial lines 

numerous over the entire shell, being most conspicu~us on the body whorl in the grooves be:tween 

spiral ribs. 

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

214227, length 36.8 mm, diameter 17.7 mm; USNM 

214228, length 37.3 mm, diameter 18.3 mm. 

When compared with fossils from the Sonde beds 

of Java., type locality of C. socialis, the Fijian fossHs 

are seen to be larger and to have a slightly higher 

and more flattened spire. They may represent a distinct species. 

Occurrence.-Seven specimens fro·m sbation 817 

( = B107) on Vanua Levu, Fiji; 1 questionable shell 

from station C1264 on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). Martin (1895, p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 27-33) 

described C. socialis from the upper Tertiary Sondebeds of Java. The species was also reported by Martin (1928, p. 13) from the upper Tertia,ry of Sumatra; Tesch (1915, p. 19, pl. 7 4, figs. 15-18) cited it 

from the upper Te:rt:iary and lower Quaternary of 

'"rimor. 

Conus striatus Linnaeus 

Plate 29, figures 3, 4 

Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.ema naturae, lOth ed., p. 

716; Ostergaard, 1935, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131, p. 

25; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 332; Kohn, 

1959, Pacific Sci., v.' 13, p. 391, pl. 1, fig. 5. 

A large low-spired cone that is strongly shouldered, but the area of maximum width lies about onefifth of the distance from shoulder to base. The New 

Hebrides shell from USGS locality 21028, USNM 

214412, measures: length 73.0 mm, diameter 35.3 

mm. The figured fossil specimen from Fiji (British 

Museum specimen from station RB44, Viti, Levu) 

is smaller than fossils from Tonga and the New 

Hebrides and most Holocene shells; it measures: 

length 49.7 mm, diameter 23.8 mm. 

I 

Occurrence.-Station RB44, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). Fossils have ·also been coli lected from elevated limestones on Santo, New Hebrides (USGS locality 21028), and similar rock in 

quarries on Tongatapu, Tonga, (Ostergaard, 1935, 

p. 25) . These occurrences as well as others on Oahu 

in Hawa.ii (Kohn, 1959, p. 392) are probably P·leistocene. The species lives today in the Indo-Pacific 

from Africa to Hawaii. 

Conus sulcatus Hwass 

Plate 29, figures 5-9 

Conus sulcatus Hwass, 1792, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie 

methodique. Histoir.e Nat. vers. v. 1, p. 618; Reeve, 

1843; Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, Conus, pl. 18, no. 99; 

Tryon, 1884, Manual conchology, v. 6, p. 73, pl. 23, 

figs. 79a, 81; Kohn, 1968, Linnean Soc. Jour. (Zoology), v. 47, p. 484. 

I 

A stout, turbinate shell with strong spiral ridges 

, that may be in two sizers and are mostly flat-topped 

I but m:ay be rounded; on the upper part of the body 

I 

whorl the spirals are weakly developed on some 

shells, are missing on others; axial lines a.re numer1 ous; on many shells, they are discernible only in the 

I 

grooves between spirals ; on others, they override 

the spirals, beading them in the proces.s. Spire 

moderately high, slightly concave, wi.th a sharp 

apex; whorls of spire spirally corded. Shoulder has 

incipient or weU-developed tubercles. 

I 

Measurements of the figured specimens: (pl. 29, 

, figs. 5, 6) from SM242, Santo, New Hebrides, length 

' 59.4 mm, diameter 35.2 mm; (pl. 29, figs. 7-9), from 

station C1133, Vit.i Levu, Fiji, USNM 175121, 

length 49.2 mm, diameter 25.3 mm. 

OccuTrence.-Mo·re than a dozen specimens from 

many stations in Fiji 32b, 32c, 44q-British Museum C1133, R50, F238, 817, all probably in Pliocene (Tertiary h) beds. Three shells from the Pleistocene marls on Santo, New Hebriders. Martin (1895, 

, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12) reported the species from 

the upper Tert.i>ary of Java; Beets (1941, p. 139) 

found it in the late Miocene of Ea.s.t Borneo; Tesch 

(1915, p. 19), in the Pliocene of Timor. The ·species 

lives today in the Philippines and the South China 

Sea. 
80 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Conus sulcatus undulatus Sowerby 

Plate 29, figures 10, 11 

Conus undulatus Sowe.rby, 1857, Thesaurus Gonchyliorum, 

Conus no. 294, pl. 4, fig. 63. 

Conus sulcatus undulatus Sowe.rby, Tryon, 1884, Manual 

conchology, v. 6, p. 74, pl. 23, fig. 80. 

Characterized by unusual sculpture on the body 

whorl; the lower three-quarters of the whorl bear 

widely spaced shallow spiral grooves; remainder of 

whorl smooth; shoulder nodes prominent. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: length 

48.6 mm, diameter 24.3 mm. 

A single shell from station SM242, Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Conus terebra Born 

Plate 29, figure 12 

Conus terebra Born, 1780, Testac,e.a Mus. Caesarei, p. 162; 

Tryon, 1884, Manual conchology, v. 6, p. 80, pl. 25, 

figs. 31-33; Marsh and Rippingale, 1964, Gone shells 

of the world, p. 124, pl. 18, fig1s. 8, 9. 

Shell large and heavy with a spire of medium 

height that is gently convex above a rounded 

shoulder; whorls of the spire slightly inflated and 

smooth, suture shallow, apex rounded. Body whorl 

nearly flat, with many sharp spiral threads that a.re 

more widely spaced anteriorly; between the threads 

are numerous microscopic lines. 

Measurements of the incomplete specimen, USNM 

175127; length 45.6 mm, diameter 28.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from limestone 

at USGS station 21028, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

probably Pleistocene. The species lives today 

throughout the tropic·al western Pacific, including 

Queensland, Australia, and in the Indian Ocean. 

Conus cf. C. tessulatus Born 

Plate 29, figure 13 

Conus (Lithoconus) tessulatus Born, Ladd, 1945, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 370, pl. 53, fig. G. 

The single Fijian fossil found at station 103 on 

Vanua Mbalavu is probably Pliocene and many represent the widespread Indo-Pacific Holocene species, 

but no clear traces of the pattern of square orange 

spots that give the species its name are visible. In 

the absence of color, it is very difficult to make a 

positive identification of this specie's because it varies in apical angle, roundness of shoulder, and other 

shell characte·rs. 

Measurements of the figured specimen (Univ. 

Rochester, Mus. Nat. History no. 13073 = USNM 

252900) : length 25.6 m, diameter 14.3 mm. 

Fossils from the upper Tertiary Alifan Limestone 

of Guam (U.S. Geol. Survey station 20730) may 

I 

represent the species, but they retain no color. In 

1900, Newton (p. 545) reported the species from 

Pleistocene elevated beach deposits in the Red Sea 

area. 

Conus vimineus Reeve 

Plate 29, figure 14 

Conus V1mtneus Reeve, 1849, Conchologica, Iconica, v. 1, 

Conus Supp. pl. 7, no. 269; Marsh and R:ippingale, 

1964, Cone shells of the world, p. 138, pl. 19, fig. 20. 

A slender, biconic shell with a sharp apex; both 

spire and body whorl are cancellated by flattened 

spiral ribs and fine axial lines. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, a small 

shell; length 25.6 mm, diameter 8.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single shell from the Pleistocene 

marls of station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. 

Marsh and Rippingale (1964) &tated that the species 

seemed endemic to the Philippines, but empty shells 

have been dredged in Indonesia, off Celebes, and 

I 

Sumatr~. The New Hebrides shell is the first fossil 

occurrence. 

Conus yanuyanuensis Ladd 

Plate 29, figure 15 

Conus yanuyanuensis Ladd, 1945, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 

181, p. 369, pl. 53, fig. F. 

No additional material collected. I have not been 

able to find a described species, fossil or living, having the unique combina,tion of characters shown by 

the single FiJian fossil. It is a slende'r form with a 

high and slightly convex spire whose whorls have a 

well-developed shoulder keel ; the body whorl is 

smooth except for weak spirals anteriorly. A feature not mentioned in the original description is 

the presence of be,ads on the peripheral keel of 

e~arly whorls. 

Measurements of the holotype, now USNM 

175130: length 19.0 mm, diameter 7.4 mm, height 

of spire 5.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from station 

I110C, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji, Ndalithoni Limes·tone, 

I age, Pliocene (Tert:iary h). 

Conus sp. A 

Plate 29, figures 16, 17 

Medium in size, spire depressed, apex pointed; 

whorls of spire flattened with several spiral ribs 

that are obscured by strong, close-set, curved axial 

lines of growth ; suture impressed. Side·s of body 

whorl concave, greatly narrowed toward the base; 

flattened spiral ribs present on the lowest third of 

the shell. 
PALEONTOLOGY 81 

Measure:ments of the figured specimen, USNM 

175133: length 44.8 mm, diameter 24.1 mm. 

The Fijian fossil seems most closely related to 

C. ngavianus described by Martin (1895, p. 23, pl. 

4, figs. 57-61) from the upper Tertiary of Java but 

has a lower spire and is more constricted ante:riody. 

Conus sp. A resembles C. monile Hwass, a Holocene specie's from the tropical Indian and western 

Pacific Ocoons but has a more angular shoulder, is 

more constricted anteriorly, and has more strongly 

developed basal ribs. It also resembles C. fosteri 

Clench and Arguay (Clench, 1942, p. 34, pl. 12, fig: 

5), a speeies living in the western Atlantic, but has 

a lower spire and a more strongly concave profile. If 

additional S'Pecimens are collected, the Fij.ian fossil 

may prove to be an unnamed specdes. 

Occurrence.-A single spe-cimen from station 

K700 on Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) . 

Conus sp. 

Conus ·sp. Ladd, 1970, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. C8, pl. 5, fig. 2, late Eoc.ene ( Te:vtiary b) ; 

Eua, Tonga. 

Genus KENYONIA Brazier 

Brazier, 1896, Linnean Soc. New South Wales Proc., v. 21, 

p, 346. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Kenyonia pulcherrimum 

Brazier. Holocene. New Hebrides. 

Kenyonia cf. K. chiangi (Azuma) 

Plate 19, figur·es 17-19 

Kenyonia cf. K. chiangi (Azuma), Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 

70, no. 4, p. 135, figs. 21, 22. 

A single example of a highly decorated cone was 

collected at USGS locality 25731 on the Navaka 

River, Santo, New Hebrides. The shell measures: 

length 10.4 mm, diameter 5.9 mm, USNM 214291. 

It may be closely related to the Holocene shell described by Brazier in 1896 as probably from New 

Hebrides, but that sheU, unfortunately, has been 

lost. The fossil from Santo may be conspecific with 

Taranteconus chiangi described by Azuma (1972, p. 

59, figs. 5, 6) and later figured by Okutani (1975, pl. 

10, fig. 27), but the fossil is more slender anteriorly 

and may have stronger spiral sculpture. Azuma's 

type of T. chiangi was collected in the South China 

Sea at a depth of 200 fathoms (365 m). Okutani 

found living specimens fairly common on banks at 

depths of 150-190 m in Japanese waters. 

Family TEREBRIDAE 

Genus HASTULA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Rec.ent mollusks, v. 1, p. 

225. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1896, Essais de pah~oconchologie comparee, pt. 2, p. 

53) .-Buccinum strigilatum Linnaeus. Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Hastula sp. 

Hastula sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Ge·ological Survey, Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. C-8, pl. 5, fig. 3. Late Eocene (Tertiary b) ; 

Eua, Tonga. 

Genus TEREBRA Bruguiere 

Bruguiere, 1789, Encycloped'ie methodique. Histoire nat. vers, 

v. 1, p. 15 (genus without species). 

Subgenus TEREBRA sensu stricto 

Type (by monotypy) Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat., Paris, Mem, p. 79) .-Buccinum subulatum, Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Terebra (Terebra) subulata (Linnaeus) 

Plate 30, figure 15 

Buccinum subulatum Linnaeus, 1767, Systema naturae, 12th 

ed., p. 1205. 

Terebra subulata (Linnaeus), Reeve, 1860, Conchologica 

Iconica, v. 12, Terebra, pl. 6, no. 22; Tryon, 1885, 

Manual conchology, v. 7, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 3; Demond, 

1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 334; Ce.rnohorsky, 

1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 205, pl. 52, 

fig. 385. 

A single fossil from the New Hebrides, though 

worn and inco-mplete, shows traces of the subsutural 

I 

groove on the early whorls and the double row of 

squarish brown spots that are unique. 

I Measurements: height 82.5 mm, diameter 15.9 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species lives today 

throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Not previously 

reported as a fossil. 

Subgenus STRIOTEREBRUM Sacco 

Sacco, 1891, I. molluschi dei terr.::ni terziarii del Piemonte 

e della Liguria, pt. 10, p. 33. 

Type (by original designation) .-Terebra basteroti Nyst. Miocene, Mediterranean. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) torquata Adams and Reeve 

Plate 30, figure 1 

Terebra torquata Adams and Re,eve, 1850, Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, p. 30, pl. 10, fig. 13; MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 125, 

pl. 15, figs. 18, 19. 

Cinguloterebra torquata (Adams and Reeve), Habe, 1964, 

Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 128, pl. 

40, fig. 19. 

Each whorl bears two strong, beaded, subsutural 

ridges, the ridge next to the suture being the 

stronger; below the major spirals are four secondary 

spirals and faint traces of tertiary spirals. 
82 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Me·asurements of the figured specimen: height 

(incomplete) 35.7 mm, diameter 8.3 mm. 

Occurrence.-One incomplete shell from station 

SM242, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleis,tocene. The 

species lives today in Japan and other pa.r.ts of the 

western Pacific; MacNeil reported it from the Pliocene of Okinawa. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) nebulosa Sowerby 

Plate 30, figure 2 

Terebra nebulosa S.owerby, 1825, Tankerville catalogue. Appendix, p. 25; Reeve, 186·0, Conchologica Iconica, v. 12, 

Terebra, pl. 1, fig. 1; Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells 

of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 204, pl. 51, fig. 380. 

A medium-sized species with a swollen subsutural 

band that bears fine spirals and is bounded ante·riorly by an open punct:ate groove ; remainder of shell 

reticulated by coarser spirals and strong curved 

axial ribs. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: height 

(apex incomplete) 50.9 mm, diameter 11.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from the Ple,istocene marls on Santo (station SM242), New Hebrides. The s.pecies lives today in parts of the tropical Indo-Pacific. Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) sp. A 

Plate 30, figure 3 

Shell large, sides nearly straight. Sculpture consis,ting of a wide coarsely noded subsutural band 

that occupies more than one-third of each who·rl 

and spiral cords. The nodes are regularly spaced, 

each one pinched to a sharp ridge that parallels the 

axis of the shell ; nodes overridden by fine spiral 

cords, traces of secondary cords intervening. Remainder of whorl has three or four spiral cords that 

are coarser than those of the subsutura.l band but, 

like them, have tr:;tces of finer cords between. Suture 

inconspicuous; columella has a heavy double fold; 

anterior canal extended and reflexed; outer lip not 

preserved. 

Measurements of the single specimen, USNM 

175084; height (incomplete) 33.3 mm, diameter 

12.8 mm. 

The major sculptural features-the strongly 

noded subsutural band and the well-developed spiral 

cords-sugges~t Te1·ebra. nelsoni Hanna and Israelsky, an early Miocene species from Peru described 

by Nelson (1870, p. 10, reprint) and by Spieker 

(1922, p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 2), but the nodes and spirals 

of the Eniwet·ok fossil are much sharper than are 

those of T. nelsoni. The Eniwetok shell probably 

represents an undescribed form, but the single example is ·incomplete and a name is withheld. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from driB hole 

F-1, Eniwetok, at a depth of 680-690 feet (210m); 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Terebra (Strioterebrum ?) sp. 

Terebra (Strioterebrum) species Ladd, 1934, B. P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 119, p. 233, pl. 41, fig. 9. 

No additional shells collected. The species is unusual in that it shows no trace of spiral scupture 

other than the groove marking the base of the subsutural band. As noted by Cernohorsky (1966, p. 

65), it does not resemble any of the living Fijian 

Terebridae. 

Measurements of the incomplete figured specimen, 

B. P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1223: height 26.6 mm, 

diameter 5.8 mm. 

I Occurrence.-St·a.tion 59, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, late 

I Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Subgenus DECORIHASTULA Oyama 

Oyama, 1961, Venus, v. 21, no. 2, p. 185. 

Type (by original designation) .-Terebra afjinis 

Gray. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

T erebra (Decorihastula) :J.flinis Gray 

Pla.te 30, figures 4, 5 

Terebra a/finis Gray, 1834, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 2, p. 

60. 

Decorihastula affim·s (Gray), Kira, 1962, She.Ils of the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 208, pl. 71, fig. 2; Cernohorsky, 1966, Veliger, v. 9, no. 1, p. 45, pl. 5, fig. 26. 

Fossil representatives are small and incomplete, 

but they show major sculptural features, including 

the punctate grooves, that characterize this species. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Saipan, USNM 175081: height 23.3 mm, diameter 6.1 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from the Tanapag Limestone of Saipan (USGS loc. 17891) ; age, 

Pleistocene and Holocene. A second specimen from 

drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, at depth of 130-140 feet 

( 40 m) ; age, Quaternary. The species is common 

today throughout most of the tropical Indo-Pacific. 

Not previously reported as a fossil. 

Subgenus MICROTRYPETES Pilsbry and Lowe 

Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

v. 84, p. 43. 

Type (by original designation) .-Terebra iola 

Pilsbry and Lowe. Holocene, west coast of Mexico. 

The subgenus includes slender forms with unbroken ribs that lack a distinct subsutural groove. 

Terebra (Microtrypeles) vanua!evensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 30, figures 6, 7 

Shell small, slender, made l:IP of 10 or more gently 

convex whorls; apex not preserved. Sculpture con-
PALEONTOLOGY 83 

sisting of strong, narrow-crested, curved axial ribs; 

11 present on body whorl; concave area between 

ribs scored by s.piral grooves of variable size; uppermost two or three are faint, the next one more 

prominent, suggesting the boundary of a subsutural 

band. Suture impressed; anterior canal extended; 

columella with a single narrow fold. 

Mea:surement,s of the holotype, USNM 175085; 

height (incomplete) 15.6 mm, diameter 3.3 mm; 

paratype, USNM 175086: height 14.9 mm, diameter 

4.0mm. 

One small nearly co-mplete specimen and two incomplete larger shells from Viti Levu closely resemble the Vanua Levu form, but their whorls are 

less convex, their sutures shallower, and they have 

a more discernible subsutural band. The nearly complete Viti Levu shell is from station C7 42 and pro-bably is Pliocene (Tertiary h) ; the two fragments of 

larger shells fro-m station 165 are probably olderlate Miocene (Tertiary g) . Final decision as to the 

identity of the Viti Levu shells must await the collection of better material. 

T. vanualevens1·s appears to be most closely related to T. iola Pilsbry and Lowe, the type of Microtrypetes, but has fewer axial ribs than does that 

species, a Holoc€ne shell obtained from 20 fathoms 

off Mazatlan. The Fijian s.pecies is larger and more 

slender than is T. (M.) mariato Pilsbry and Lowe, 

another Holocene species occurring off the Pacific 

coas.t of Panama, and it has stronger spirals but 

fewer axial's than does that species. 

T. (M.) spei Brown and Pilsbry (1913, p. 497), 

a Pleistocene s:pedes from the Isthmus of Pana.ma, 

has a more prominent subsutural groove and more 

axial ribs than does the Fijian species. 

OccurTence.-Three incomplete s.pecimens from 

station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

T ere bra (Microtrypetes) kerens is Ladd 

Plate 24, figures 20, 21 

Terebra (Microtrypetes) kerensis Ladd, 1976, Nautilus, v. 

90, no. 4, p. 137, figs. 31-33. 

Holotype, USNM 214340, measures: height 10.0 

mm, diameter 2.0 mm. Many shells collected from 

USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

Subgenus OXYMERIS Dall 

Dall, 1903, U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 26, p. 951. New name 

for Acus Gray. 

Type (Gray, 1847, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

139) .-Buccinum macula tum Linnaeus. Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Terebra (Oxymeris) maculata (Linnaeus) 

Plate 30, figure 8 

Buccinum maculatum Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Na:turae, lOth 

ed., p. 741. 

Terebra maculata (Linnaeus), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., 

v. 11, 334; Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells of the 

Pacific, p. 204, pl. 51, fig. 376. 

A single example of this widely distributed living 

Indo-Pacific species was collected from the Pleistocene and Holocene Tanapag Limestone of Saipan 

(USGS locality 17891). The shell, USNM 175079, 

measures: height 165 mm, diameter 45 mm. The 

I early whorls of the shell retain traces of the original 

I spiral lines of brown spots. Martin (1890, p. 280) 

I reported the species from the Quaternary o.f Timor. 

I 

Terebra (Oxymeris) interlineata Deshayes 

! 

Plate 30, figure 9 

Te1·ebra interb:neata De.shayes, 1859, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 277; Reeve, 1860, Conchologica Iconica, v. 12 Terebra pl. 12, no. 51. 

Terebra (Oxyme-ris) crenulata (Linnaeus) variant, Cernoho·rsky and Jennings, 1966, Veliger, v. 9, no. 1, p. 

41-42. 

Recognized by many authors as a synonym or as 

a variant of the widespread living Indo-Pacific 

spe-cies TeTebTa cTenulata (Linnaeus), characterized 

particularly by numerous axial wrinkles that persist over the entire shell. Such wrinkled sheHs have 

heretofore been found only in Hawaii. The New 

Hebrides Pleistocene shell from station SM242 on 

Sant~o is the first fossil occurrence. lt preserves 

traces of reddish-brown markings on the subsutural 

band but none of the brown dots that mark the 

whorls below the band. 

Measurements: height 56.0 mm, diameter 13.6 

mm. 

Terebra (Oxymeris) cf. T. felina (Dillwyn) 

Plate 3·0, figures 10-12 

An unusually large, nearly complete shell (pl. 30, 

fig. 10) was recovered from the Pleistocene marls of 

Santo in the New Hebrides (station SM242). The 

l

i specimen measure's: height (apex mis,sing) 110 

mm, diameter 25 mm. T. felina lives today in many 

1 parts of the tropical Pacific but rarely exceeds 80 

I mm in height. The fossil shell, when complete, p.rob1 ably exc€eded 150 mm in height. It,s suture and sub1 sutural groove are more prominent than on Holocene shells, as are lines of growth on later whorls. 

Two incomplete shells (pl. 30, figs. 11, 12) from 

station 165 on Viti Levu, Fiji, are comparable in 

size with Holocene shells of T. felina, but their 

sculpture, like that of the younger New Hebrides 

1 fossil, is co·a,rser than on Holocene shells. The Fijian 
84 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

fossils are late Miocene (Tertiary g) in age. Both 

are figured. The l1a.rger, USNM 175087, measures: 

height (incomplete) 35.6 mm, diameter 15.2 mm. 

The smaller fragmentary fos.sil, USNM 175088, has 

the coarse axials of the early whorls; it measures: 

height 15.8 mm, diameter 10.1 mm. T. felina 

(Dillwyn) lives today throughout the tropical IndoPacfic (Cernohorsky, 1967, p. 199). 

Terebra (Oxymeris) argus (Hinds) 

Plate 30, figure 13 

Terebra argus Hinds, 1843, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 160; 

Reeve, 1860, Conchologica Iconic-a, v. 12, Terebra, pl. 

6, fig. 21; Tryon, 1885, Manual conchology, v. 7, p. 11, 

pl. 2, fig. 24; Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells Pacific, 

v. 1, p. 196, pl. 49, fig. 354. 

Subula argus (Hinds), Kira, 1962, Shells of we,stern Pacific 

in color, v. 1, p. 209, pl. 71, fig. 15. 

A small, nearly complete fossil shell from Saipan 

represents this living specie·s. The fossil lacks the 

pale color pattern found on fresh shells. The whorls 

are smooth except for trace's of axials on early 

whorls and a punctate subsutural groove. 

Measurements of the figured spe·cimen, USNM 

175083; height (apex incomplete) 32.5 mm, dia.meter 6.8 mm. 

Occur-r-ence.-VSGS locality 17891 on Saipan in 

the Pleistocene and Holocene Tanapag Limestone. 

The s·pecies lives today in many part.s of the western Pacific, including the Marianas. 

Terebra (Oxymeris) sp. B 

Plate 30, figure 14 

A juvenile shell consisting of 10 strongly plicate, 

flat-sided whorls form a sharp spire with an apical 

angle of 26°. Both suture and subsutural groove are 

well impressed; the columella has a single nar.row 

fold. 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 175089: 

height 34.4 mm, diameter 11.5 mm. 

The fossil rese·mbles the abundant and widespread 

Holocene Indo-Pacific species, T. maculata (Linnaeus) but has a slightly gTe:ater apical angle and is 

much more strongly plicate. It may represent an 

undescribed form, but, as noted, the only specimen 

is juvenile. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, at depth 

of 800-810 feet (245 m); age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Subgenus MYURELLA Hinds 

Hinds, 1844, in Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Terebra, 

p. 171. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1908 

Nautilus, v. 21, p. 125) .-TerebTa myuros Lamarck. 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Terebra (Myurella) myuros Lamarck 

Plate 30, figure 16 

Te'rebra myuros Lamarck, 1822, Systems animaux sans vertebres, v. 7, p. 289; Reeve, 1860, Conchologica Iconica, v. 

12, Terebra, pl. 8, 31. 

Spire slender and flat-sided. Subsutural band 

1 

made up of two nearly flat but slightly beaded 

I 

spirals, the one next to the suture wider than the 

other; below the subsutural band are several beaded 

secondary spirals. 

Measurements of the incomplete figured specimen: height 56.1 mm, diameter 11.0 mm. 

Occun·ence.-Station SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The spedes lives today in 

several parts of Indonesia, and a variety was reported by Martin (1883, p. 217) from the upper 

Miocene of Java. 

T ere bra (Myurella) pretios:J. Reeve 

Plate 30, figures 17, 18 

I Terebra pretiosa Reeve, 1842, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 200; 

I Reeve, 1860, Conchologica Iconica, v. 12, Terebra, pl. 

I 

8, fig. 30; Tryon, 1885, Manual conchology, v. 7, p. 27, 

pl. 8, fig. 33; MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 339, p. 125, pl. 10, fig. 18. 

I 

Myu1·ella pretiosus (Reeve), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 110, pl. 39; fig. 8. 

Shell large with many gently convex and slightly 

turreted whorls. Sculpture consisting of a distinct 

light-colored subsutural band and close-set curved 

axial ridges. Below the subsutural band, fine spirals, 

some of which override the axials, give rise to a 

la.tticed appearance. Reddish-brown axial bands 

cover much of the area below the subsutural band 

on one shell; on the other shell, discontinuous 

patches of brown occur along axial lines. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: height 

116 mm, diameter 15 mm. 

Occu1'rence.-Two specimens from station SM242, 

Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. MacNeil 

(1960) reported on shells from the upper Tertiary 

of Okinawa. Described originally from Chine,se 

waters; found also near Japan at depths of 50-80 

fathoms. 

T erebra (Myurella) alveolata Hinds 

Plate 30, figures 19, 20 

Tereb1·a a.lveolata Hinds, 1843, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

151; Rereve, 1860, Conchologica Iconi~a, v. 12, Terebra, 

I

' pl. 19, fig. 89; Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7, 

p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 87. 

1 Haustulopsis alveolata (Hinds), Habe, 1964, Shells of the 

I western Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 128, pl. 41, fig. 19. 

Small, whorls nearly flat, slightly turreted to produce an impressed suture. A moderately deep 
LOCALITIES 85 

groove on the upper part of each whorl sets off a 

subsutural band, and there are two or more inconspicuous spiral grooves below; whorls covered by 

close-set, curved, rounded axial ribs. The sutural 

band carries a series of regularly spaced brown 

spots, and a second series is present on the body 

whorl near the base~ The fossil shells retain clear 

traces of this unusual color pattern. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175082 from sta.tion SM242 on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides: height 52.5 mm, diameter 9.0 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Nine specimens from Pleistocene 

beds on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. The 

species lives today in Indonesia and J a.pan. 

Subgenus TRIPLOSTEPHANUS Dall 

Dall, 1908, Nautilus, v. 21, p. 125-125. 

Type (by original designation) .-Terebra triseriata Gray. Holocene, Pacific. 

T ere bra (T riplostephanus) triseriata Gray 

Plate 30, figure 21 

Terebra triseriata Gray, 1834, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 62; 

Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 1, 

p. 206, pl. 52, fig. 389. 

T1·iplostephanus triseriata (Gray), Kira, 1962, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 110, pl. 39, fig. 9. 

Terebra (Triplosteplzanus) triseria,ta (Gray), Gernohorsky, 

1966, Veliger, v. 9, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 14. 

Shell long and very narrow, composed of many 

whorls (20 on the incomplete fossil segment). 

Sculptured uniformly, each whorl having three conspicuously beaded spiral cords; cord immediately 

below the suture is the largest, the cord immediately 

below it is next in size, and the one immediately 

above the suture is the smallest; the low area occupying the middle of each whorl bears four beaded 

secondary spiral cords, the lowest slightly larger 1 

than the other three. Apex and aperture not 

preserved. 

Measurements of the figured specimen: height 

(incomplete) 34.3 mm, diameter 4.1 mm. 

An examination of Holocene shells shows that the 

spiral cords vary considerably in number and relative size. Two other fossils from SM242 exceed the 

variability shown by most Holocene sheUs. They a.re 

less slender than the typical specimen already described but are assigned to T. triseriata. One is 

nearly complete, consis.ting of a protoconch of about 

five glassy whorls follow€d by 24 sculptured whorls 

that have a large subsutural cord, comparatively 

small cords above and below, plus two or three still 

smaller cords in the center of each whorl. The third 

specimen, not figured, is likewise dominated by a 

single subsutural cord. 

Occurrence.-St'ation SM242 on Santo, New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Living examples have 

been collected widely in the tropical Pacific. 

LOCALITIES 

Some of the fossils described or cited in the present report were collected from localitie•s (see fig. 2) 

not listed or shown on maps in the previous reports 

Ladd 1966, 1972, 1977). A few fossils were obtained 

from Rotuma and islands not previously reported 

upon. The locality data given below supplement 

those given previously by Ladd (1966, p. 81-89; 

1972, p. 63-69; 1977, p. 68-73). Outline maps of 

most of the islands were provided in the reports just 

cited. 

Island 

U.S. Geological 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality or Station 

Locality and collector 

Mariana Islands 

Guam ________ 20608 ______ About 2 miles (3 km) NNW 

of Fadian Point, waist of 

island. Pacific Island Engineers. 

Do _________ 20997 ______ Cascajo pit near Agat, close 

to west coast of. island. H. T. 

Stearns. 

New Hebrides 

Santo ________ SM298 _____ Lat 15°33.81' S., long 166°56.77' 

E., altitude 80 m (260ft). 

D. I. J. Mallick. 

Do _________ SM307 _____ Middle Pakalolo River, a tributary to the Wambu. D. I. J. 

Mallick. 

Do _________ SM308 _____ Upper Wambu River near 

SM309. D. I. J. Mallick. 

Do _________ SM309 _____ South bank of Wambu River 

and as much as 50 m (165 

ft) downstream from mouth 

of Pakalolo. a tributary. 

D. I. J. Mallick. 

Do _________ SM310 _____ Upper Wambu River near 

SM309. D. I. J. MaJlick. 

Do _________ SG78 ______ Lat 15°26'30" S., long 

167°05'48" E., altitude 55 m 

(180 ft). 

Do _________ SG79 ______ Sarakata River debris. 

Do _________ SG82 ______ Lat 15°26' 40" S., long 

167°5'10" E., altitude 55 m 

(180ft). 

Do _________ SG94 ______ Lat 15°25'30" S., long 166°56' 

E., altitude 360m (1,180 ft) 

David Greenbaum. 
86 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WE STERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

Island 

U.S. Geological 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality or Station 

New Hebrides-Continued 

Locality and collector 

Do _________ SG97 ______ Lat 15°22'28" S., long 

167°01'28" E., altitude 275m 

(900ft). David Greenbaum. 

Do _________ 25731 ______ Navaka River about lart 

15°36'08" S., long 166°51'04" 

E., altitude 70-80 m (231-

264 ft). T. R. Waller, John 

Bolango, and W. C. Blow, 

June 1974. 

Do _________ 25739 ______ Left bank of Navaka River 

about 4 km N. go W. of village of Ipayato; from large 

transported block. W. C. 

Blow. June 1974. 

Maewo _______ MWC40 ____ Float about 2 miles (3 km) 

inland (we,st) from Lavwovwage Bay; altitude 100m 

(330ft). J. N. Carnay. 

1977. 

Fiji 

V~ti Levu _____ Cl133 _____ Near base of Mba Group near 

Lautoka, lat 17°39.5' S., long 

177°26.8' E. Peter Rodda. 

Do _________ C1264 _____ Thuvu area in southwest part 

of island, lat 18°07.2' S., long 

177°24.8' E. Peter Rodda. 

Do _________ C1763 ----- DDH 13/7, beside the bank of 

Vunatongotongo Creek at 

Meigunyah nmr Nandi, lat 

17°47.3' S., 177°27.1' E.; 

depth about 46 m to 52.83 m 

(150 to 174ft). 

Do _________ C1764 _____ Same as C1763; depth 52.83-

54.86 m (174-181 ft). 

Do _________ C1765 _____ Same as C1763; depth 54.86-

57.91 m (181-191 ft). 

Do _________ C1766 _____ Same as C1763; depth 57.91-

59.44 m (191-196 ft). 

Do _________ C1769 _____ Same as C1763; depth 61.14-

61.55 m (201-203 ft). 

Do _________ C1770 _____ S.ame as C1763; depth 61.55-

65.53 m ( 203-216 ft) . 

Do _________ C1872 _____ Drill hole W 1/73; immediately 

southeast of Sana trigonametrical station in Nandi 

area, lat 17° 44.4' S., long 

177°27.7' E. 

Do _________ C2021 _____ WeSJt of pumpdng station, 

Nauso·ri, lwt 18°02.0' S., long 

178°31.4' E. Peter Rodda, 

E. Tupua, A. Manu. Penjueli, 

and J. Komai. collectors. 

Do --------- C21024 _____ Roadcut west of C2021, lat 

18°02.0' S., long 178°31.2' E. 

Same collectors as C2021. 

Do _________ C2026 _____ From bulldozed surface thought 

to be close to dip slope between C2021 and C2024; lat 

18°02.0' S., long 178°31.3' E. 

Island 

Fiji.-Continued 

U.S. Geological 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality or Station 

Locality and collector 

W. H. Hindle, Peter Woodrow, Peter Rodda, and others. 

Do _________ C2048 _____ Near the top of old hospital hilll, 

behind brewery and flour mill, 

lat 18°07.7' S., long 178°26.1' 

E. Peter Rodda. 

Do _________ C2055 _____ Drill hole 2/72, Waimalika near 

Thuvu, lat 17°44.4' S., long 

177°27.7' E.; depth 9.1-10 m 

(30-33 ft). 

Do _________ C2062 _____ Nggalinggali Creek downstream from N andrau-Koro 

track, lat 17°42.4' S., long 

177°56.6' E. Peter Rodda. 

Do _________ C2073 _____ Drill hole U9, Nanduri, lat 

18°04.9' S., long 177°33.7' E. 

Depth in hole, 30.5 m (101 

ft) ; collar of hole 7.0 m ( 23 

ft) above sea level. 

Do _________ C2t'73 _____ CDH (W) 76/1, near Nandi 

Airport; dep·th 47±3 m 

(155±10 ft). 

Do _________ MR81 _____ Ngga.liembuto Creek. 600 yards 

(545 m) northwest of Mbatinatoka trigonometric station 

(near Tambungguto) in 

Mbalevuto area, northwest 

part of island. 

Do --------- MR111 ____ Navala on the Mba River. 

5.25 miles (8.4 km) southeast of Tonge. Collected by 

M. J. Rickard. 

Do --------- RB217 ____ Nausori Highlands near 

Korondranandole, 11 miles 

(17.6 km) eas,t of Nandi. 

R. W. Bartholomew, 1959. 

Do --------- X75 _______ Takahi Pt., 5 miles (8 km) 

east of Navua, R. B. Band, 

1966. 

Do _________ 25710 ______ Mbalevuto area, approx. la.t 

17°35' S., long 177°41' E. 

H. S. Ladd and Peter Ibbotson, 1964. 

Do _________ FB-7 ______ Quarry, south side of Walu Bay 

Suva, Viti Levu. Fiji; on 

Edinburgh Road, immediately 

behind Mobilgas depot; in 

vicinity Ladd station 160. 

W. M. Briggs, June 7, 1962. 

Do _____ .:. __ .:. 300 _______ Along trail1/8th mile (200m) 

east of Vunindumba; altitude 

200 feet (61 m) Viti Levu, 

Fiji. H. S. Ladd, 1926. 

Waya ________ C1444 ______ ImmediateJy south of Wayalevu 

village on track to Natawa, 

lat 17°16.9' S .. long 

177°8.9' E. 
SELECTED REFERENCES 87 

Island 

Fiji-Continued 

Vanua 

U.S. Geological 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality or Station 

Locality and collector 

Mbalavu ____ 103 ________ Floater; creek bed just east of 

N dalithoni. 

Vanua Levu __ IlOlO ______ Hibiscus Highway, 300m (990 

ft) northeast of Mataniwa 

Rive·r, lat 16°44.4' S .. long 

179°38.1' E. Collected by 

Peter Woodrow. 

Do --------- C2019 

(=B395, 

near H3) Cut in main road about %, mile 

(1.2 km) north of Naweni. 

R. W. Bartholomew, William 

Hindle, and others. 

Do ---------818 

(=B140) Roadcut 200 yards (182m) 

east of Vunisea Creek bridge, 

%, mile ( 400 m) east of 

N asarowangga River. Peter 

Ibbotson and H. S. Ladd. 

Do _________ K671 ______ Drill hole at Naiselesrele Falls, 

Sheet 4; lat 16°38.28' S., 

long 178°45.64' E.; depth 367-

369 ft (111.2-111.8 m). 

William Hindle. 

Do _________ K755 ______ Kilaka River, 200 yards (182 

Rotuma 7 

m) below junction with 

Mbengga Creek, lat 16°48.8' 

S., long 178°59.75' E. William 

Hindle. 

Solroroa on the north coast 

600 yards ( 545 m) northwest 

of village of N aftoa. William 

Hindle. 

Tonga 

T-onga,tapu ____ Bishop Mus. Station 3, sea cliff southwest of 

Cat. No. Houma; altitude 35ft (10.6 

202938. m). J. M. Ostergaard. 

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88 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

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Page 

A 

aculeiformis, Conus _______________ 10, 15, 71, 76; pl. 25 

mcktnneyt, Conus ________________ 10, 15, 71; pl. 24 

acuta, Lophiotoma ______________________________ 62 

Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) ______ 10, 15, 62; pis. 18, 19 

Pleurotoma --------------------------------62 acutangulus, Conus __________________ 10, 15, 71; pl. 25 

aduncospinosus, Murex (Murex) __________ 8, 13, 43; pl. 9 

aerope, Elaeocyma ______________________________ 67 

aethra, Agathotoma _____________________________ 67 

affinis, Deconhastula ___________________________ 82 

Terebra ____________________________________ 82 

(Decorihastu.la) _______________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

(Agathirses) cumingi, Siliquaria __________________ 31 

A gathotoma -----------------___________________ 66 

aethra -------------------------------------6 7 vanua.levensis ___________________ 10, 15, 66; pl. 21 

agger, Puncturella ______________________________ 21 

Puncturella. (Puncturella) ___________ 7, 12, 21; pl. 1 

ala.ta, Purpura ---------------------------------43 alba., Eulima ___________________________________ 55 

albescens, Buccmum _____________________________ 50 

Na.ssa.rius (Niotha.) ________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

Nassarius (Niotha.) a.lbescens __________________ 50 

a.lbescens albescens, Na.ssa.rius (Niotha) _____________ 50 

albumen, Nertta. ________________________________ 39 

Neverita __________________________ 8, 13, 3.9; pl. 6 

Polinices (Neverita.) __________________________ 39 

(A lectrion), N assa.rius ___________________________ 51 

(Alectrion) ba.rsdelli, Nassarius _________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 16 

glans, Nassarius __________________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 19 

gla.ns gla.ns, Na.~sa.rius _______________________ 51 

a.liciae, Glyphostoma. ____________________________ 69 

all tum, Buccinum dolium ------------------------42 Tonna. ____________________________ 8, 13, 42; pl. 8 

alveolata, H a.ustulopsts __________________________ 84 

Terebru. ____________________________________ 84 

(Myurella) ___________________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

amarula., Helix _________________________________ 32 

ammiralis, Conu,q ___________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

Leptoconu., ---------------------------------72 

A mphiperns isibasii _____________________________ 38 

A nach is ---------------------------------------45 

leroyi -------------------------------------46 

(Costoanach is) ------------------------------4 6 

mawsoni _________________ 9, 14, 46; pis. 35, 37 

sp. A ________________________ 9, 14, 46; pl. 36 

(Anachi~) turrita, Columbella. _____________________ 46 

A natoma japonicn -------------------------7, 12, 20 (A natoma.), Scissurelln ___________________________ 20 

(A natoma.) japonicn, Scissu.rella ______________ 20; pl. I 

A nntomus jnponicus ____________________________ 20 

angumn, Serpuln -------------------------------31 

Siltqum·in ---------------------------------32 a.ngulifem, M onodonta. ___________________________ 23 

Turctcn ____________________________________ 23 

angulosa, Mitra --------------------------------54 angustu., M angel-ia __________________ .:_ ___________ 66 

A rchitectonica. ---------------------------------31 maxima ____________________ .:_ _____ 7, 12, 81; pl. 3 

(Pseudutorinia) _____________________________ 31 

euprepe.~ __________________ 7, 12, 19, 31; pl. 35 

arculariu., Buccinum ----------------------------4~) 

(A rcularia.), Na.ssnnus ---------------------------3 

A rene --------------------------------------i \!, 26 

(A rene) sp. B ---------------------7, 12, 26; pl. 37 (A rene) venusta, Liotin __________________________ 26 

sp. B, A rene ______________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 37 

INDEX 

[Italic page numbers indicate major references] 

Page 

areoln, Buccinum -------------------------------40 Phalium __________________________ 8, 13, 40; pl. 7 

areolata. Natica ________________________________ 38 

Natica (Na.tica) ____________________ 8, 13, 38; pl. 6 

a.rgus, Subula __________________________________ 84 

Terebra ____________________________________ 84 

(Oxymeris) _______ .:_ __________ ll, 16, 84; pl. 30 

aristophnnes, Con·us ______________ 10, 15, 72, 77; pl. 25 

armata. Liotia _________________________________ 26 

Siliqunria _______________________ 7, 12, 32; pl. 35 

asperelln, Cancellaria ___________________________ 57 

Cancellaria. (Merica) _______________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

Asprella auBtralis ______________________________ 75 

A straea ---------------------------------------26 (Bellastraea) ________________________________ 28 

(Bolma.) ____________________________________ 26 

gtrgyllus ____________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 2, 3 

Atlantis ---------------------------------------18 aurantiacus, Latirus ____________________________ 51 

aurisdiana.e. Strombus __________________________ 35 

australis, Asprella ______________________________ 75 

Conus -------------------------------------7 5 

Tolema ------------------------------------45 australis vouensis, Conus ________________________ 75 

avena, Volvarinn _____________________ 9, 14, 59; pl. 37 

axicorma, Euphyllon ----------------------------42 axicorni.q, Chicoreus ___________________ 8, 13, 42; pl. 8 

Murex -------------------------------------42 

B 

babyloni·us, Murex ______________________________ 63 

bairdii, Mitra ----------------------------------56 

Turctcula ----------------------------------24 

Volutomitra --------------------------------56 bakert, Phos _________________________ 9, 14, 47; pl. 16 

Balcis ________________________________________ .55 

kannkn __________________________ 7, 13, .5.5; pl. 41 

ma.rtinii _________________________ 7, 13, 55; pl. 37 

montngui __________________________________ 55 

vii. rea ___________________________ 7, 13, 56; pl. 41 

ba.ntamensis couL~um, Murex _____________________ 19 

bnrclayt, Murex --------------------------------43 Pterynotus (Naquetia.) _______________ 8, 13, 43; pl. 9 

barsdelli. Nassa.rius (Alectrion) _________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 16 

Bastlissn --------------------------------------25 

bnsteroti, Terebm -------------------------------81 

batheon. Conus planiratu.~ ------------------------75 

B athyliotina ------------- ______________________ 26 

Bathynassa _________________________________ 20, 51 

bolangui _________________________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 38 

(Bela) ltmaeina, Pleurotoma ______________________ 69 

(Bellnstmea), Astraea ___________________________ 28 

bellum. Vexillum (Costella.ria) __________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

bensom, Marginella _____________________________ 58 

benthina. Cryptogemmn __________________________ 62 

Gem mula. ----------------------------------61 

berauensis, Marginella. (Volvanna) _____ :_ __________ 59 

Bibliogmphy ___________________________________ 87 

B1jrontw zanclaea ______________________________ 31 

bimaeulatus, Nassarius (Plicnrcularia) __ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

bimaeulosa, Nnssn ------------------------------50 

bisinunln, Pleurotomn ---------------------------61 Bittium (lschnocerithium) rostrata ________________ 32 

bluwi, Latinxis ---------------------------------45 Latiax~~ (Tolerna) _________________ 8, 14, 45; pl. 11 

boeticus, Conus _________________________________ 72 

bolnngoi. Bathynassa __________________ 9, 14,51; pl. 38 

bollonst, Mnngonma __________________________ 29, 30 

(Bolmn), Astmea. ________________________________ 26 

Page 

(Bolma) girgyllus, Astraea ____________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 2, 3 

Turbo -------------------------------------26 bonus, Conus _______________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

bottae, Pleurotoma ______________________________ 66 

Braarudosphaera -------------------------------19 brevis, Scissurella ______________________________ 20 

briggsi, Clavosurcula _________________ 10, 15, 65; pl. 20 

bronni, Turbinella ______________________________ 52 

browniana, Rissoina ____________________________ 29 

Buccinum albescens _____________________________ 50 

arcularia ----------------------------------49 

areola -------------------------------------40 

dolium allium ------------------------------42 

dorsatum ----------------------------------50 

erinaecus ----------------------------------40 

galea --------------------------------------42 glans ______________________________________ 51 

glaucum -----------------------------------40 

globosum -----------------------------------49 

hindsii ------------------------------------48 

maeulatum ---------------------------------83 margaritiferus ______________________________ 51 

metula ------------------------------------48 

nivcum ------------------------------------4 7 

papillosum _________________________________ 51 

ponderosum --------------------------------40 

pullus -------------------------------------49 

scabrum -----------------------------------32 

strigilatum ---------------------------------81 

subulatum ---------------------------------81 

taenia -------------------------------------50 

vibex --------------------------------------40 bufo, Mancinella _____________________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 10 

bufonia dunkeri, Bursa _____________ 8, 13, 41; pis. 8, 33 

bufonius, Murex --------------------------------41 

Bulla ficus -------------------------------------42 

ovum --------------------------------------38 valva ______________________________________ 38 

bulla, Lambis __________________________________ 35 

Strombus __________________________________ 35 

Strombus (Euprotomus) _____________ 8, 13, 3.5; pl. 4 

Bursa ----------------------------------------41 bufonia dunkert ________________ 8, 13,41; pis. 8, 33 

dunkeri ------------------------------------42 

monitata --------------------------------41, 42 rubeta ____________________________ 8, 13, 42; pl. 8 

c 

calceolina, Zeidora _______________ .__7, 12, 21, 22; pl. 1 

calliope, Clinura ____________________________ 70, 71 

Murex _____________________________________ 70 

Calliotrochus ----------------------------------24 navakaensis ______________________ 7, 12, 24; pl. 34 

phasianellus --------------------------------24 

Calliotropis ---------------------------------- __ 23 rewaensis ________________________ 7, 12, 23; pl. 39 

sp. A ____________________________ 7, 12, 23; pl. 39 

callomphala, Solarwlla (Ethaliopsts) _______________ 25 

Canarium microurceus --------------------------34 

ustulatum ----------------------------------34 

(Canar·i·um), Strvmbus ---------------------------34 

(Canarium) labiatus. Strombux __________ 8, 13, 34; pl. 4 

mtcrourceus, Strombu.~ _____________ 8, 13, 34; pl. 33 

Cnncellarin ____________________________________ 56 

nsperella ___________________________________ 57 

cren tfera -----------------------------------57 

93 
94 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS: GASTROPODS 

Page 

Cancellaria Japonica ____________________________ 57 

melanostoma _______________________________ 57 

neglecta ____________________________________ 58 

obliquata ----------------------------------57 tholoensis ________________________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

(Merica) -----------------------------------57 asperella _____________________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

petiti ________________________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

cancellata, Cyclostrema __________________________ 28 

Morum (Cancellomorum) ___________ 8, 13, 40; pl. 11 

Oniscidia ----------------------------------40 Varicosptra ______________________ 8, 13, 33; pl. 34 

cancellata spinifera, Rimella (Dientomochilus) _______ 33 

Varicosptra _______________________ 8, 13, 33; pl. 4 

ca'ncellatum, Marum (Onimusiro) ------------------40 cancellatus, Strombus ___________________________ 33 

(Cancellomorum), Morum ------------------------40 

(Cancellomorum) cancellata, Morum _____ 8, 13, 40 ;pl. 11 

Cancilla ---------------------------------------53 

isabella ------------------------------------53 

(Cancilla) ----------------------------------53 isabella ______________________ 9, 14, 53; pl. 13 

(Cancilla), Cancilla _____________________________ 53 

(Cancilla) isabella, Cancilla ____________ 9, 14, 53; pl. 13 

(Cantrainea), Homalopoma ____________________ 19, 27 

(Cantrainea) druidi, Homalopoma _______ 7, 12, 27; pl. 36 

panamensis, Homalopoma _________________ 19, 27 

whipplei, H omalopoma _____________ 7, 12, 27; pl. 36 

Capulus ---------------------------------------35 Japonicus _________________________ 8, 13, 35; pl. 3 

carinata, Pleurotoma _________________________ 59, 60 

Scissurella _________________________________ 20 

Sinezona -------------------------7, 12, 20; pl. 1 W oodwardia _______________________________ 20 

carpentariensis, Latirus paeteliana ________________ 52 

Ca.'m!aria -------------------------------------40 ponderosa ________________________ 8, 13, 40; pl. 7 

catus, Conus ________________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

Cavolinia tridentata occidentalis __________________ 18 

cerevisina, Tonna _____________________________ 8, 13 

Cerithium coralium _____________________________ 32 

corallium __________________________________ 32 

charigi, Conus ______________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

Charonia --------------------------------------41 tritonis ___________________________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

chiangi, Kenyonia ___________________ ll, 16, 81; pl. 19 

Taranteconus -------------------------------81 

Chiazacmea ------------------------------------22 

pygmaea ---------------------------------7, 12 sygnatoides ________________________ 22; pl. 33 

Chicoreus -------------------------------------42 axicornis _________________________ 8, 13, 42; pl. 8 

superbus __________________________ 8, 13, 43; pl. 8 

(Cibdezebina), Zebina ____________________________ 29 

(Cibdezebina) metaltilana, Zebina _______ 7, 12, 29; pl. 31 

cingulata, Schismope ____________________________ 20 

Scissurella _________________________________ 20 

(Scissurella) _____________________________ 20 

Sinezona ________________________ 7, 12, 20; pl. 40 

Cinguloterebra torquata _________________________ 81 

clathrata, Niotha -------------------------------50 Clathrodrillia __________________________________ 65 

flavidula -----------------------------------66 kerensts ________________________ 10, 15, 65; pl. 21 

Clathurella vendryesianus -----------------------68 

clavator, Triton --------------------------------41 Clavosurcula ___________________________________ 65 

briggsi _________________________ 10, 15, 65; pl. 20 

sibugae ------------------------------------65 clifdenensis, Gemmula ________________ 9, 15, 60; pl. 18 

Clinura ---------------------------------------70 

calliope ---------------------------------70, 71 fiJiensis _____________________ 10, 15, 70, 71; pl. 23 

sp. A ________________________ 10, 15, 70, 71; pl. 24 

sp. B _______________________ 10, 15, 71; pis. 23, 24 

Clypeomorus ___________________________________ 32 

clypeomorus ________________________________ 32 

coralium ________________________ 7, 12, 32; pl. 37 

clypeomorus, Clypeomorus _______________________ 32 

coccinea, Mitra _________________________________ 54 

Page 

coccineum, Vexillum (Vexillum) _________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 13 

Cocculina -------------------------------------22 nipponica ________________________ 7, 12, 22; pl. 33 

rathbuni ----------------------------------22 subcompressa _______________________________ 23 

coelinae, Conus _____________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

Colubraria ------------------------------------48 

granulata ----------------------------------48 maculosa _________________________ 9, 14, 48; pl. 8 

nitidula -----------------------------------49 obscura __________________________ 9, 14, 49; pl. 41 

rehderi ___________________________ 9, 14, 49; pl. 8 

tortuosa _________________________ 9, 14, 49; pl. 41 

calumba, Strombus ------------------------------34 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus ________ 8, 13, 34; pl. 4 

Columbella scalarina ----------------------------46 

(A nachis) turrita ----------------------------46 colus, Fusinus _______________________ 9, 14, 53; pl. 13 

Murex _____________________________________ 53 

Comitas ------------------------------------63, 70 

erica --------------------------------------64 kamakurana ____________________ 10, 15, 63; pl. 20 

nau.sorensis _________________ 10, 15, 64; pis. 20, 21 

waluensis _________________ 10, 15, 64, 65, 70; pl. 20 

sp. A ___________________________ 10, 15, 64; pl. 20 

Conasprella praecella ___________________________ 78 

concatenata, Drupa (Morula) ___________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 11 

Morula ------------------------------------44 

concatenatus, Murex ----------------------------44 

congener, Gemmula ___________________ 9, 15, 60; pl. 18 

Gemmula congener __________________________ 60 

Pleurotoma --------------------------------60 

(Gemmula) ------------------------------60 congener congener, Gemmula _____________________ 60 

conica, Emarginula _____________________________ 21 

contractu, Mitra ________________________________ 53 

Mitra (Nebularia) _________________ 9, 14, 53; pl. 13 

Conus ----------------------------------------71 aculeiformis _________________ 10, 15, 71, 76; pl. 25 

mcktnneyi ___________________ 10, 15, 71; pl. 24 

acutangulus _____________________ 10, 15, 71; pl. 25 

ammiralis ______________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

aristophanes _________________ 10, 15, 72, 77; pl. 25 

australis -----------------------------------7 5 

vouensis --------------------------------7 5 

boeticus ------------------------------------72 bonus __________________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

catus ___________________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

charigi _________________________ 10, 15, 72; pl. 25 

coelinae ________________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

corrugatus ______________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

deburghiae _________________________________ 73 

dJarianensis ________________________________ 72 

eburneu.~ _______________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

emaciatus ______________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

eugrammatus ___________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

excelsus ________________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

figulinus _______________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

fosteri -------------------------------------81 gembacanus _____________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

geographu.s ___________________________ 10, 15, 74 

glans ___________________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

gloriamaris _____________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 26 

gractlts _________________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 26 

vouensis _____________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 27 

grangeri ________________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 27 

gubernator ______________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

insculptus ______________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

kimioi _________________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

leopardu.s ----------------------------------76 litteratus _______________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

macarae _____________________ 10, 15, 76, 77; pl. 27 

miliaris ________________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 27 

monile -------------------------------------81 mucronatus _____________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 27 

ngavianus ----------------------------------81 nussatella ______________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 28 

ochroleucu.~ _____________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 28 

orbignyi ________________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

pertusus ________________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

planiratus batheon __________________________ 75 

Page 

cunu11, pmecellens ___________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

pulcherrimus -------------------------------7 4 pulicanus __________________ :_ ______________ 72 

quercmus _______________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

recluzwnus _____________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

saecularts ______________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

sagtttatus ----------------------------------79 sucialis _____________________ 10, 16, 79; pis. 28, 29 

striatus ________________________ ll, 16, 79; pl. 29 

sulcatus _____________________ 11, 16, 73, 79; pl. 29 

undulatus ___________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

terebra _________________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

tessula,t,us _______________________ ll, 16, 80; pl. 29 

undula.tus ----------------------------------80 vimmeus _______________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

yanuyanuensis __________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

sp. A ___________________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

sp ___________________________________ 11, 16,81 

(Ltthucunus) tessulatus _______________________ 80 

cortLltum, Cerithium ____________________________ 32 

Clypemno·rus _____________________ 7, 12, 32; pl. 37 

Comll·iophila. ----------------------------------44 mtLll-icki _________________________ 8, 14, 44; pl.l6 

com.ll·ium, Cerith:ium ____________________________ 32 

corneus. Murex ---------------------------------48 

co·rnus, DruptL ---------------------------------44 Drupelln ________________________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 10 

Pu·rpura. -----------------------------------44 corontLttL, Rtssmnn ______________________________ 29 

coromjiirrt, Pleurotoma. __________________________ 61 

Correlation, stratigraphic -------------------------3 

corntga.tus, Conus ___________________ 10, 15, 73; pl. 26 

(CostelltLna), Vexillwm ___________________________ 54 

(CostelltLritL) bellum, Vexillum __________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

polygonum, Vexillum ______________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

( Costoa.na.chis ), A na.ch:is --------------------------4 6 

(CostotLna.ch·is) mtLwwm. A ntLch·i11 ____ 9, 14, 46; pis. 35, 37 

sp. A, AntLchis ____________________ 9, 14, 46; pl. 36 

coulsoni, Murex ba.nta.menns _____________________ 19 

Couthouyia ------------------------------------35 

decussatn ----------------------------------35 

exilis --------------------------------------35 

gra.cilis ------------------------------------35 kerensis _________________________ 8, 13, 35; pl. 33 

Cru.nops·is pelex --------------------------------21 pileolus ____________________________________ 21 

(Crnnopsts), Puncturella. _________________________ 21 

(Cra.nopsis) ptleolus; Puncturelln _________ 7, 12, 21; pl. 1 

Ora.ss·tsp·i·ra. ____________________________________ 66 

ha.tnti _____________________________________ 66 

mncneili ________________________ 10, 15, 66; pl. 21 

·rufovnricusa ________________________________ 66 

cmttculntu.~. Lnt.i·rus __________________ 9, 14, .51; pl. 13 

crennta.. Delphinula. _____________________________ 26 

Crennvolva. ------------------------------------37 (Serru.tovolva) _______________________________ 37 

im·itablis ______________________ 8, 13, 37; pl. 5 

donda.m ________________________________ :37 

cremfera.. Cancella.rin ___________________________ 57 

Scnlptia -----------------------------------57 T·rigonostuma. (Scnlpt.ia) ____________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

crenultLtn. Terebra. ______________________________ 83 

Terebrn (Oxymen11) __________________________ 83 

Creptdula -------------------------------------31; sp. A _____________________________ 8, 1:3, 36; pl. 4 

crisptL, Pleurotomn ______________________________ 63 

Turris crisptL ____________________ 1 0, 15, 63; pl. 1 ~J 

cnsptL c·risptL, Tu·rris _________________ 10, 15, 6.'1; pl. HJ 

cnspnta., Scisswrella. ____________________________ 20 

Tngonostoma. -------------------------------57 

CryptogemmtL ----------------------------------61 benthintL ___________________________________ 62 

quent'inensis ________________________________ 62 

nchmondi _______________________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 19 

cumw.g1., No.ssa. _________________________________ 50 

Stltqua.na ---------------------------------31 (AgtLthirses) _____________________________ 31 

cumingit. Siliquwrin __________________ 7, 12, 31; pl. 35 

Tenngodus (S'iliqurn·itL) _______________________ 31 

cuvwn. Ema.rginuln ____________________________ 21 
Page 

Cycl.tcu:rgul·ithus --------------------------------1 H 

(Cyclusca.la.), Ep-ilu!t:t wm __________________________ :!:! 

(Cyclosca.ln) 'l'evolutum. Ept/.on·itun _______ 7, 12, :1:1; pl. 3 

Cyclust-rema. -----------------------------------28 wncella.tn __________________________________ 28 

wmidi _______________________ 7, 12, 28; pis. 3, 37 

Cyumtium -------------------------------------41 

·ricka.nh -----------------------------------46 

(RnnullL'ria.) --------------------------------41 gutl:!tnttum ____________________ 8. 13, 41; pl. 7 

smen~t.s _______________________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

Cy/)'meu. _______________________________________ :fti 

C'l"''unes ------------------------------------36 

gntcdis ------------------------------------36 

helvuln -------------------------------------3 

U'I"!JZU. --------------------------------------36 

p·ruducta. -----------------------------------36 

pulcltellu. -----------------------------------36 

pu1tctntu. -----------------------------------37 

(ETI'<>Itert) ----------------------------------:IIi 

gru.ctlis _______________________ 8, 13, .'16; pl. 5 

pulchella. ______________________ 8, 13. :IIi; pl. 5 

py·rifu'I'?IL'is ____________________ 8, 13, 37; pl. 5 

(Nrl(utustn) punctntu ________________ 8, 13. 37; pl. 5 

Cytham (Cytlw:ru.) snwtlnw ______________________ (;g 

(Cythwm) snwttnw. Cytha:nt. ______________________ 68 

D 

debu·rglt:ia.e. Conus ------------------------------73 Lntwx~~ (Toleuw) _________________ 8. 14, 45; pl. 10 

Pyroln (Rit-izochelu.~) -------------------------45 

deburghwe pw1·pw·a.ttts, Lntwxis ------------------45 

Decunha.stuln ajfinis ____________________________ 82 

(Deco·rthnsl.uln), Terebrn _________________________ 82 

(Decunhnstula.) aj]~n·is, Te·rebnt ________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

decuss<tln, Cuttthrmyi<t ___________________________ 35 

Delph·inuln crennta. _____________________________ 26 

tTigunustrnnn _______________________________ 57 

Dentwrene _____________________________________ 21i 

dep·ressn ----------------------7, 12, 26, 27; pl. 40 

nnvukam~'e ______________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 40 

swrcina. ------------------------------------26 (Denlwrmw), L·iol.wn ____________________________ 28 

Dentwvula. ------------------------------------:17 uwsaui ___________________________ 8, 13, 37; pl. 5 

ladash:iget _______________________ 8, 13, :IS; pl. 33 

dep·1·essa, Dentm·mw _______________ 7. 12, 26, 27; pl. 40 

(Oientomochtlus) ca.ncellntu. spinij'era., R imellu _______ 33 

(Dhmnwvullt) dondmvi, P·rimovuln ________________ 37 

Oiscouster -------------------------------------1 ~) djaria.nens·is. Conus _____________________________ 72 

Dol:iclwlnt·vrus ----------------------------------52 lnncea ___________________________ !), 14, 52; pl. 13 

(Dolwhupts), Trwtnml:rn _________________________ SU 

(Dol·tclmp·i.~) producta. Tnvt:l'ost·ra. ________ 8, 13, 81i; pl. 5 

dolwm alhwm, Buccinum ________________________ 42 

(Dolomenn), StTombus ___________________________ :14 

(Dolumenn) m'in'imus. Strumbus _______________ 8, 13, 34 

pi'icatus culumbn, Stnnnbus __________ 8, 13, 34; pl. 4 

dunnldi, Seguenzut ____________________ 7, 12, 82; pl. 35 

Crennvulvn (Sermtuvulvn) _____________________ 37 

dondnn'i, Pnmuvula. (D·iuvin·iuvuln) ________________ 37 

dunntum, Buccinum ____________________________ 50 

d"·rsa.tus. Nnssnnus (Zeuxis) ___________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

d<l'rsuosum, Ovulwn _____________________________ 37 

d·rutd·t. Homalopmna.(Cnnl:m.tnea) _______ 7, 12, 27; pl. 36 

D·rupa ----------------------------------------44 

cornus -------------------------------------44 

murztm ------------------------------------4 4 

(Muruln) -----------------------------------44 concalenala. ___________________ 8, 13, 44; pl. II 

D·rupellu --------------------------------------44 comus __________________________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 10 

rl:unken. Buntt ---------------------------------42 Bursa. bufonw _________________ 8, 13, 41; pis. 8, 33 

dunkenmw, Scnln ______________________________ 33 

E 

ebmms, Pusut __________________________________ 56 

ebwrneus, Cunus _____________________ 10. 15, 7:J; pl. 2fi 

INDEX 

Page 

ech:inahcr>sl.n. Scnltt:rw. __________________________ 33 

(Ectoswwm) undu.lnl.us, S mwn --------------------40 Elaeocymn ae·mpe ______________________________ 67 

elu.la. P1u·pun1. ---------------------------------44 emncml.us, Conus ____________________ 10, 15, 7.'1; pl. 26 

(Euw:rgt.nello.), Ema.Tginuln _______________________ 21 

(Ema:rgmelln) ext:mw. Emwrgm1da. _______ 7, 12, 21; pl. 1 

Euw:rginula. ___________________________________ !! 1 

Cl >IUCO. -------------------------------------21 

CU.IJWI't ------------------------------------21 eximiu. ____________________________________ 21 

sp. C -----------------------------7, 12, f! 1; pl. I (Ema:rginellu.) _______________________________ 21 

eximw. ________________________ 7, 12, f! 1; pl. I 

E'li'ida. ----------------------------------------24 

japunicu. -----------------------------------25 wwrrem __________________________ 7, 12, 24; pl. 2 

Eniwetuk (E niwetak) ____________________________ 18 

en:iwe/,okensis, Lophiotrmw. (Luphiolmno.) 10, 15, li2; pl. 1 H 

Ept.dTUIW. ______________________________________ 62 

g·reenba:tt'IIH _____________________ 10, 15, li2; pl. 18 

hedl~'Yi ____________________________________ 62 

Eptlun·ium ____________________________________ :J:J 

replica.ta. _________________________ 7, 12, H.'/; pl. 3 

(Cycluscu.la.) ________________________________ 3.'1 

n'Volul:um _____________________ 7, 12, :1.1; pl. 3 

(E·mtuuleu.). Ma:rgt?telln __________________________ .58 

(Entluidea) rt:ngteulu., Ma:1·gnwlla _______ B, 14, 58; pl. 37 

erica., Connla.s ---------------------------------64 

e·rina.ceus, Huccwwn ----------------------------40 (Erruuea.), Cypnwt. _____________________________ .11i 

(Enwwa.) .IJTa.cil'ts, Cypnwa _____________ 8, 13, .%; pl. 5 

pulch.ellu.. Cypnwo. _________________ 8, 13, .11i; pl. 5 

pynfunms, Cypraeu. ________________ 8, 13, :n; pl. 5 

errunes. Cyp·mea. _______________________________ 36 

Etlmlwpsis ka.tui _______________________________ 25 

(Ethaliups ~~~). Sulnnelln __________________________ 25 

(Ethnliupsis) ca,llmnpha.lu., Sola.riella. _______________ 25 

vitileve1~'ts, Soln·riella. _____________ 7, 12, 25; pl. 41 

El:rema. _______________________________________ !ill 

pa.ltwens·~' ______________________ 10, 15, UY; pl. 23 

'I'UY i ---------------------------------------69 sp. A ___________________________ 10, 15, li!i; pl. 23 

Eubel<t _____________________________________ 18, li!l 

honnophora. --------------------------------70 l-imnci1w ___________________________________ (;\) 

nwnile -------------------------------------70 wuod·ruwi _______________________ 10, 15, li9; pl. 23 

E uc ithnnt. _____________________________________ liS 

uwnhnlleu.~is ___________________ 10, 15, tiS; pl. 22 

sa.witme _____________________ I 0, 15, liS, 6~; pl. 22 

stTomboides _____________________ 10, 15, liS; pl. 22 

Euclnthurella. _______________________________ 20, liS 

funb·ria. ____________________________________ 68 

sttnloen.si.s ______________________ 10, 15. tiS; pl. 22 

sp. A ___________________________ 10, 15. us; pl. 22 

eugra:nmw/.u.s, Conus _________________ ! 0, 15, 78; pl. 26 

Eulima. ---------------------------------------55 

nlbtt ---------------------------------------55 

lucc<L --------------------------------------55 ·nwrtmii ___________________________________ 55 

sa:ntuer~~ts _______________________ 7, 12, 55; pl. 41 

sp. A ____________________________ 7, 12, .5.5; pl. 41 

Ewutl·icina. ____________________________________ .1.'1 

pnptlla. ------------------------------------3~) sp ______________________________ 8, 13, :m; pl. 36 

Euphyllon nxt.convw ----------------------------42 

euprepes, A ·rc/nlecl.mt:icn (Pseudo/,orimn) _________ 7, 12, 

IH, .'11; pl. 35 

(Eup·rnlomus), SlTtl'll!bus _________________________ 35 

(Eupmtmnus) bulla., Sl:mmbus ___________ 8, 13, :15; pl. 4 

Eulh-1·in ---------------------------------------48 

jo,qjnca.Tlens t.~ -------------------------------48 ·rewrten.s t.~ ________________________ !), 14, 4S; pl. II 

excelsus, Conus ______________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

exilts, Couthuuy w. _______ _: ______________________ 35 

exim·in, Emnryinulu. ____________________________ 21 

Emo:ryinula. (Emm·gmella.) __________ 7, 12, 21; pl. I 

Families covered in the present paper ______________ 55 

Pa.sciolnrin wnllen -----------------------------1 H 

95 

Page 

Pnscwlwriu. (Pleuruplocu.) wnllen. ------------------4 7 

Faunal relations ________________________________ !.'! 

feluw, Terebru. (Oxymeris) ____________ 11, 16, 8S; pl. 30 

femurnle, Murex --------------------------------4 I 

ji.cuides, F'wus ________________________ 8, 13, 4:!; pl. 8 

Py.,·ulu. ------------------------------------42 

F'iculn nl.wulnl.a. -------------------------------42 

F'wus -----------------------------------------42 

ficuides ___________________________ 8, 13, 42; pl. 8 

V(L'I'W_(Jttltt ----------------------------------4~ 

ua:rieya.tus ---------------------------------42 

jicus. H ulln ------------------------------------42 

M urex -------------------------------------42 ft.yaltnus, Conus _____________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

Fiji -------------------------------------------1 H jijie?I.Sts, Clt'IW'nt _________________ IO, 15, 70, 71; pl. 23 

Gttnt.leus _______________________ 10, 15, li7; pl. 21 

Leucosy·rinx _____________________ 10, 15, 64; pl. 20 

Tu·rctctt (Perrinea.) ________________ 7. 12, ::!S; pl. 3~) 

j~·1nln· w., E ucla.thwrelltt ---------------------------68 

jl<widula, Clnthn>dnil'ia. _________________________ 66 

jiwnwsn, Seguenzia. -----------------------------32 

j(,.mwsiul', La.l:i'l'tts ____________________ \), 14, 5::!; pl. 13 

j(,.mwsus, Gurnleus __________________ 10, 15, li7; pl. 21 

jil'micu.la., P<tlelln _______________________________ 36 

j(,sten, Conu.~ ----------------------------------81 

Fusi·1rus colus ________________________ \), 14, 58; pl. 13 

F'usus hgna:rius --------------------------------48 

1t:ipmt:wus ----------------------------------4 7 

}its us, M wrex -----------------------------------34 

G 

_qa.len, Huccinwn --------------------------------42 

Garcin·ia. --------------------------------------18 

gemba.cmms, Conus __________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. ~6 

Gemmulo. benth·inn ______________________________ 61 

(Gemmuln) conge?te'l', Plewrutonw __________________ 60 

yemnwtn, Plewrutunw, ---------------------------5~) 

Geunnulu. --------------------------------------5.'1 cltj(ienen~is ______________________ 9, 15, UO; pl. 18 

cungenm· _________________________ 9, 15, tiO; pl. 18 

cungene1· --------------------------------60 

lnndsutnn ----------------------------------59 kiene1·i _______________________ 9, 15, 59, liO; pl. 18 

woodwwrdi -------------------~), 15, tiO; pl. 18 m·iucuruntJ'ern ______________________________ 61 

monilifera. -----------------------~), 15, liO; pl. 18 

speCWS(L -------------------------\)• 15, 5.'1; pJ. 18 

sp. A ____________________________ !), 15, Ul; pl. 18 

(Gmnmula.) g·rn;wsn wood:wu:rdi, Turns _____________ 60 

gemmul<tla., N<tssn ______________________________ 50 

genunulal.us, Nnssa:nus (Nwtlw) __________________ 50 

yeognt.phus, Contts ________________________ 10, 15, 74 

Geology ----------------------------------------:1 

gtbbosa, Plem·otmnn -----------------------------65 

Gibbula. jnpuntca. _______________________________ 24 

gibbulus, M!t'l'eX --------------------------------51 

yiga:nten, R·tssr>ina ------------------------------2\J 

[!t:rgyllus. A.~t'l'<wa. (Bolma) ____________ 7, 12, 2/J; pl. 2, 3 

T·rochus -----------------------------------26 

Ttt·,·bo (BuluLil.) ------------------------------26 

glnbelln, Vululn ---------------------------------58 

glnber, Sl:romblj(l'rnt:is ___________________________ 55 

glmts, Buccmu:m ________________________________ 51 

Crm:u.~ __________________________ 10, 15, 74; pl. 26 

Nassa.nus (Alectrion) ______________ \), 14, 51; pl. 1 ~) 

gl<Lil.~ __________________________________ 51 

glnns glm~~. Nass<LTius (Alectrion) _________________ 51 

glnucum, Bucc1:num -----------------------------40 

globosum. Buccinum ----------------------------4\J 

glubosus, Nasstt·ritts (Pltc<trculwrm) ______ 9, 14, 4.'1; pl. 12 

_qlorumw:ns, Conus __________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 26 

Glyp/t11stouw aJicirw -----------------------------6\! 

[J'I'ncdi.,, Conus ______________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 26 

Couthuttyut ---------------------------------35 Cyp·me<t ___________________________________ 3!i 

(Errunen) _____________________ 8, 13, 81i; pl. 5 

yra.ctlis vouen.,is, Conus ______________ 10, 15, 7.5; pl. 27 
96 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS: GASTROPODS 

Page 

gnmde. Omscin --------------------------------40 grnnyeTi, Conus _____________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 27 

gnmow wuodwn'rdt, Tu:rris (Gemnmln) _____________ 60 

(Gn,nuln), Mnrgmelln ___________________________ 58 

(Gnmuln) 'io/,n, Mu:rgincllu, _____________ \), 14, 58; pl. 37 

grnnulntn, CulubrrL'rw, ---------------------------48 

Gntn'ulifusu.~ ----------------------------------4 7 

greenba:U:tn'i, Ep,idnmn _______________ 10, 15, 62; pl. 18 

groenlrmdtcn, Mitn" _____________________________ 56 

gubernatu'l·, Conus ___________________ 10, 15, m; pl. 27 

G1fl'rtleus --------------------------------------67 fijie1u;1.~ ________________________ 10, 15, 67; pl. 21 

j(mnosus _______________________ 10, 15, li7; pl. 21 

vit'tleve1~~'is ______________________ 10, 15, li7; pl. 21 

guUu'rnium, Cymnt'iwn (Rnnulann) ______ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

Tudicln ------------------------------------41 

Gy rineu:m -------------------------------------4 0 

nntor --------------------------------------41 

'rel:tculrtre ----------------------------------41 robus/,(t _______________________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

gyrinus, M urex ---------------------------------40 

H 

hal-iotmdeu,, Hel-tx _______________________________ 39 

hnliotoulcum, Sm:um ----------------------------3~) 

hnpnln, Segucnzw ______________________________ 33 

H nplocochl ws ----------------------------------' ~) 

H nstuln ---------------------------------------81 sp ___________________________________ !!, 16, 81 

lwt,wi, Omssispi'rct _____________________________ 66 

H,LUslulops,is nlveolntn ___________________________ 84 

hedley'i, Ep,idnmn -------------------------------62 

Helix nma:ndn ---------------------------------32 

lwhott>idett ---------------------------------3~! 

helvoln, Cypruen ---------------------------------3 

Hinds in ------------------------------------46, 4 7 

nwen --------------------------------------4 7 

'I'Cl/J(I,C1~~'tS ------------------------9, 14, 47; pl. 11 

sinen~is _________________________ !), 14, 47; pl. 11 

(N thonophos) -------------------------------4 7 

uw,gmficn oknuwin -----------------------47 

w/1:1 t'lnO'I'C! ------------------------------4 7 

hUidsinnn, Gemmttln ----------------------------5~! 

hutdgi'i, B ucc in'U1n ------------------------------48 

h:im,sei, Zeuxts ---------------------------------51 

h'i,~l:r ictt, Sy-rneosphnent --------------------------19 

Homnlupunw -----------------------------------27 (Cnnl:ra:inen) _____________________________ ! ~~. 27 

d'I''UUi'l -----------------------7, 12, 27; pl. 36 pnnnnwn.~is __________________________ 19, 27 

wh:ipplet __________________ 7, 12, 27, 28; pl. 36 

honnophont, Eubulrt ____________________________ 70 

tm'itabl-is, Crennvulvu, (Sen·a,tovolva) ______ 8, 13, 37; pl. 5 

tmperinl'is, Mwrgwrita, (Twrcicula) _________________ 24 

'ind,ica, Lophwtouw _____________________________ 63 

Luphiotomn (Luphiotu:rri,~) --------10, 15, lj:/; pl. 18 

Twrr is ------------------------------------63 Inqm,s'i.lo'r _____________________________________ UU 

wnlle,ri _________________________ 10, 15, Uli; pl. 21 

11isculptus, Cmm.~ ___________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

inle'dtneaJn, Terebm, ____________________________ 83 

Tereb'm (Oxyme,ris) _______________ 11, 16, 8.'1; pl. 30 

wla, Tereb1·n ___________________________________ 82 

Ma:t·gwelln (Gnmuln) ______________ \!, 14, 58; pl. 37 

tsabelln, Crmcilln _______________________________ 53 

Cnnc,:Ua, (C,tnctlln) ________________ \!, 14, 5.'1; pl. 13 

M'il:ra -------------------------------------53 

T ta:nl, -------------------------------------53 (lsch:nocerith:ium) ros/,1·ntn, Hit.timn ________________ 32 

tslnbushi1:, Ovuln ______________________ 8, 1:3, .18; pl. 6 

Psewlos'imnw (Mwrg••vtda,) ____________________ 38 

is'lbusi'i, Amplnperns ____________________________ 38 

Island arc --------------------------------------6 ispidn, Olwn ________________________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 13 

Pm·phnttt ----------------------------------53 i,~pidulu, Vt>lu/,tl, ________________________________ 53 

Page 

I thycy thn'l'fl, _________________________________ 20, 67 

lntn ____________________________ ! 0, 15, 68; pl. 22 

7Jenelope -----------------------------------68 'l:wncn.~'is, Leucosy,rinx ___________________________ 65 

jrtpon'icn, A nnl< rmrt -------------------------7, 12, 20 Cnncell(t'ri!t ________________________________ 57 

En,ida _____________________________________ 25 

Gibbuln ____________________________________ 24 

Sc,:sslt1·elln (A nntomn) ___________________ 20; pl. 1 

Japmncus, A nntmnus ____________________________ 20 

Ca,pulw; __________________________ 8, 13, 35; pl. 3 

Typhts __________________________ 8, 13, 4S; pl. 35 

jogJncarten.~u;. Euthrin --------------------------48 jlmheph,ina, Neverita ____________________________ 39 

K 

k(l,1nakuntn!L, Conntas ________________ 10, 15, 63; pl. 20 

knnnkn, Bnlcts _______________________ 7, 13, 55; pl. 41 

Melnnella ----------------------------------56 katot, Ethalwpsis _______________________________ 25 

kawaumntt, Ly't·in (LyTI:a,) _______________________ 56 

Kenyon,ia, --------------------------------------81 chwngi _________________________ 11, 16, 81; pl. 19 

pulchm· nmum ______________________________ 81 

Kere River _______________________________ 3, 17, 19 

Kere Shell bed ----------------------------------3 

keren.~is, Clnthrodnllin _______________ 10, 15, li5; pl. 21 

Couthouyitt ______________________ 8, 1:3, S.5; pl. 33 

Mnngonuin ______________________ 7, 12, SO; pl. 31 

Metuln __________________________ 9, 14, 48; pl. 16 

Terebm (MtcrolT',IIpete.~) _____________ 11, 16, 8S; pl. 24 

kwneri, Gemmul(t _________________ 9, 15, 59, UO; pl. 18 

Pleuro/mtw ________________________________ 60 

kwnen woodwnni'i, Gemmuln ___________ 9, 15, uo; pl. 18 

kinnm, Conus _______________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

Rhtzocrmus ---------------------------------76 

L 

lnbintus, Lu:rnb'ts --------------------------------34 Strombu.~ (Cannnwm) _______________ 8, 13, S4; pl. 4 

lacca, Eul,ima -----------------------------!. ____ 55 

lnevignta, Scisswrelltt ____________________________ 20 

Lmnbis bulln -----------------------------------:35 

lnbiatus -----------------------------------34 

]J'ip!L --------------------------------------35 lnncen, Dolicholrtt'irus _________________ 9, 14, 52; pl. 13 

lntn, Ithyeythnm, ____________________ 10, 15, US; pl. 22 

L£tl,iaxis ---------------------------------------45 

blmm: --------------------------------------45 

debwryh,iae purpunttus -----------------------45 rodda:i __________________________ 8, 14, 45; pl. II 

(Tt>lemn) -----------------------------------45 blowi ________________________ 8, 14, 45; pl. II 

debwryhiae ___________________ 8, 14, 45; pl. 10 

W'tnckwm·thl: __________________ 8, 14, 45; pl. 10 

Lnl:t'rus ---------------------------------------51 nu,ra,nt,iacus ________________________________ 51 

cmttculabts ______________________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 13 

}i>'1'11WSWI' ________________________ \), 14, 52; pl. 13 

pnetdinna cnrpentrtne?u; ts ____________________ 52 

pnetel:innus ______________________ 9, 14, 52; pl. 13 

polygonns ________________________ 9, 14, 52; pl. 1:3 

lut-istr'igntn, Pntellotdn _________________ 7, 12, 22; pl. I 

Lau Basin ______________________________________ (; 

lentiginosus. Strombus __________________________ 35 

(Lentigo), Sl,nnnbu,~ _____________________________ 85 

(Lenhgo) p'ipus, St:rmnbus _____________ 3, 8, 13, 85; pl. 4 

leopnrdus, Conus -------------------------------76 Leptocomts a:nnn,im,l,is ___________________________ 72 

?'ccluzinnus --------------------------------78 

leroy i, A nne/vis ---------------------------------46 

Leuc<>S',II'rlnX -----------------------------------64 fijiensts ________________________ 10, 15, o4; pl. 20 

iw!tel~~?,s ___________________________________ 65 

'rnbb?:dget _______________________ ! 0, 15, 6.5; pl. 20 

VC1'1'tlh ------------------------------------65 leuc<Jtropis. Lophit>l,onw _________________________ 63 

Lophw/,uuw, (Lophiul,mnn) _________ 1 0, 15, {j.~; pl. 19 

Page 

lignwrius, Fusus --------------------------------48 limacina, Eubeln _______________________________ 69 

Pleurutomn (Bela) ___________________________ 69 

L'iotta rL'rmntn ----------------------------------26 (A rene) vmustn _____________________________ 26 

L'iol:mn (DC?ttnrene) _____________________________ 28 

(L'ithoconus) tessula,/.us, Conus ____________________ 80 

l'i/,temtus. Conus ____________________ 10, 15, 76; pl. 27 

Localities --------------------------------------85 longirostntt'Um, Ovulurn _________________________ 38 

longirost,rntn, Phenncovolva _____________ 8, 13, SB; pl. 6 

Volva (Phenacovolva) _________________________ 38 

Lophiotomn ------------------------------------62 

ncuta, --------------------------------------62 

'indica, -------------------------------------63 

leucot'ropis ---------------------------------63 

mn-nnornta, ---------------------------------6:3 

polytropa ----------------------------------62 (Loph'iolmnn) _______________________________ 62 

ncu/,a ___________________ 10, 15, 62; pis. 18, 19 

C1t'tWetokC1!StS ________________ 10, 15, 62; pl. 19 

leucotTopis __________________ 10, 15, o.~; pl. 19 

(Lophwturris) ______________________________ 63 

indicn ______________________ 10, 15, 6.'1; pl. 18 

(Lophiotmnn), Lophiotoma, ________________________ 62 

(Luph:iotornn) acuta, Lvph,iotmnn ___ 10, 15, 62; pis. 18, 19 

en,iwetokC?u;is, Lophwtmnn _________ 1 0, 15, 62; pl. 19 

leucotrop'~~. Llrphwtmnn ___________ 10, 15, U3; pl. 19 

(Lophioturris), LtYjJhiotmnn _______________________ 6S 

(Lophioturns) indtca, Ltrphwtornn _____ 10, 15, os; pl. 18 

lubrica, Siphonal,in -----------------------------4 7 

lubricus, S'iphonofusus ---------------------------4 7 Lucthnn ______________________________________ 18 

Lyrin -----------------------------------------56 

mallicki _________________________ 9, 14, 56; pl. 15 

santoen.~ts _______________________ 9, 14, 56; pl. 15 

(Lynn) knwnrnuntt __________________________ 56 

(Lynn) k!twnrnurn't, Ly,rin _______________________ 56 

M 

mncnme. Conus __________________ 10, 15, 76, 77; pl. 27 

rnncneili, Cm.~s,ispim ________________ 10, 15, oo; pl. 21 

maculntn, Solwrielln ____________________________ 25 

Terebrn ---------------------------------83, 84 (Oxyrne'ris) __________________ !!, 16, 8S; pl. 30 

maculaturn, Buccinwn ___________________________ 83 

mnculosa, Colubm,ria __________________ 9, 14, 48; pl. 8 

Murex -------------------------------------48 

Maftoa, Rotuma ---------------------------------3 

rnngn'ifiw okinrwut, Hmdsw, (Nthmwphus) __________ 47 

mnllickt, Comllwplnln ________________ 8, 14, 44; pl. 16 

Lyna ---------------------------~~. 14, 56; pl. 15 

Mnncinelln ------------------------------------44 bufo ____________________________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 10 

manc,inella, Murex ------------------------------44 

Mangel'in nngusta -------------------------------66 

p tcta --------------------------------------6 7 stromboides ________________________________ 68 

Mnngilw, ps,iln ______________________________ 67 

Mangonuw ------------------------------------211 

bollons'i ---------------------------------29, 30 keren.~is _________________________ 7, 12, 30; pl. 31 

meridionaLts -------------------------------30 

mwaka,en.~'ts -------------------7, 12, 2.9, 30; pl. 31 

sp. A ----------------------------7, 12, 80; pl. 31 

sp ------------------------------7, 12, SO; pl. 32 

Ma:rgnritn (Turciculn) imperinlis ------------------~4 

mnrga:nta, Ma,rginelln __________________________ 58 

mnrganl:ife'm.~. Bucc,inwn _______________________ 51 

Nnssa.rius (Zeux~~) ________________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 12 

Mnrginelln ------------------------------------58 

bensoni ------------------------------------58 

mn-rga'rita, ---------------------------------58 

nit.ido, -------------------------------------59 1·ingtculn __________________________________ 58 

(Enttmden) ---------------------------------58 ringicula _____________________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 37 

(Gmmtln) ----------------------------------.58 'iota, _________________________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 37 

( Vulva:nna,) benwen.~ is -----------------------5~! 
Page 

Mwrguvuln py·rij(l'nn·is ___________________________ 38 

t'incl<ilis ____________________________________ 38 

(MtL·rguvttln) tsh'ibasht·i, Pseudusimnirt ______________ 38 

mwriatu, Te1·ebnL (Mw·rutrypetes) __________________ 83 

·nw·ruwrntn, Luphwtumn _________________________ 63 

Pleurutunw --------------------------------63 

'1/!lLrshnlleu.~is, Eucithwm _____________ 10, 15, 68; pl. 22 

'IIHLrt'iwi'i, Hnlcis ______________________ 7, 13, 55; pl. 37 

Eul'imn ____________________________________ 55 

uwsrwi. Dentiuvuln ____________________ 8, 13, S7; pl. 5 

uwwne, Pyruln _________________________ _: _______ 45 

mwwsum, Anach·ts (Custua:nnclv~~) ____ 9, 14, 46; pis. 35, 37 

mnximn, Anhitectvn·icn ________________ 7, 12, S1; pl. 3 

mnximum, Sulnnum ____________________________ 31 

mckhmeyi. Cunu.~ ncttlcifunnis _________ 10, 15, 71; pl. 24 

Melnnella kannkn -------------------------------56 melmwstmnn. CnncellrLruL ________________________ 57 

Menin ublonga. _________________________________ 57 

(Menca), Ca.ncella.rw ____________________________ 57 

(Me1·icn) asperella.. CancelltL'ria. _________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

pel'ttt, Ctmcellwrin _________________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

me·rid·iunnlv;, Mnugunu·ia. ________________________ 30 

Onwlaxis ----------------------------------30 

meta.ll'ilnnn, Zebina. (Cibdezebtna) _______ 7, 12, 2.9; pl. 31 

Metuln ----------------------------------------48 ke·rel~~·ts _________________________ 9, 14, 1;8; pl. 16 

ul'il<rella _________________________ 9, 14, 48; pl. II 

santuensis _______________________ 9, 14, 1;8; pl. 16 

metuln, Buccinum ______________________________ 48 

M ic·rognztL ----------------------------------19, 25 

ublttCL -------------------------------------26 

n1telln -------------------------------------25 ·vetuln __________________________________ 25 

(M'icrvgnzn) ________________________________ 25 

na.vaku.en;;'is __________________ 7, 12, 25; pl. 34 

sp. A ________________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 34 

(M icrugnzn), M ic·rugcLZCL __________________________ 25 

(M tcrugnzn) 1w·vakaen.,is, M·icrugnzn _____ 7, 12, 25; pl. 34 

sp. A, Mic·r·og<LZCL __________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 34 

(Micrut·rypetes), Terebm _________________________ 82 

(M'icrutrypetes) kerens~-.~. Te·rebm _______ 11, 16, 83; pl. 24 

mnTintu, TcTebm ____________________________ 83 

spe·i. Te·rcbnL _______________________________ 83 

·vnnualevel~-.~·is, TcTebru. ____________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

·nvicruuTccus, Ca.nwritun _________________________ 34 

Strumbus ----------------------------------34 (CtLIUI.Tium) ___________________ 8, 13, 31;; pl. 33 

m·il-ta'l'is, Conus _____________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 27 

7ntllecostatn. MU.m. _____________________________ 55 

Tin·ra. _____________________________________ 54 

m·illecostnt.um. Vextllum (Pusw) ________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

m·in·imu.~. Strombus -----------------------------;~4 

Stnmtbus (Dulomenn) ____________________ 8, 13, .'14 

miucoronifenL, GC'11mwln _________________________ 61 

mimbilis, ThatcheritL ___________________________ 70 

M·itTa -----------------------------------------53 angulosn ___________________________________ 54 

bn·irdn ____________________________________ 56 

cuccmeu. -----------------------------------54 

conln/.Clrt ----------------------------------53 

g·roenlnnchcn _______________________________ 56 

tsnbell<L ____________________________________ 53 

m·illcc,,sta.tn ________________________________ 55 

·rigidu -------------------------------------54 sem-ij(LscuLln ________________________________ 54 

(Nebula.ruL) ---------------------------------53 

cont·mcta. _____________________ 9, 14, 5.'1; pl. 13 

m·il<ra, Volutn ----------------------------------53 mit·relln, Metula ______________________ 9, 14, 48; pl. II 

mudesta, Tibin puwtsi·i ___________________________ 34 

(MueTchielln), Zebin<L ____________________________ 2.9 

(MoeTckielln) supmcustntn, Zebinu. _______ 7, 12, 2.9; pl. 33 

sp. A, Zebirw. _____________________ 7, 12, 2!J; pl. 33 

mumle, Conus __________________________________ 81 

E-ubeln ____________________________________ 70 

'IIWmlifenL. Gt~'lll/muln _________________ 9, 15, 60; pl. 18 

Tu-rcicn ------------------------------------23 

Tu-rri.~ ------------------------------------60 

mun-itnta., Bur.s<L -----------------------------41, 42 Munorlunta. rLngt~l·ijent ___________________________ 23 

INDEX 

Page 

nwntngtt'i, Ba.lcts _______________________________ 55 

Muruln cuncu.te1wta. -----------------------------44 (Moruln), Drupu, ________________________________ !;!; 

(Morula.) cuncntenu.ta, Drupn ___________ 8, 13, 44; pl. 11 

Mo·t-um ---------------------------------------40 

pU'rpun'Um ---------------------------------40 (Cnncellomorum) ____________________________ 40 

cnncellntn ____________________ 8, 13, 1;0; pl. 11 

(On-imus·i·ru) cwncellntmn ---------------------40 

'lnU'I'U'In, DruprL ---------------------------------44 

uwn~.~. R-icinttllL --------------------------------44 

m·ucTutuLtus. Conus __________________ 1 0, 16, 77; pl. 27 

M1t'rex ----------------------------------------43 

CLXlCOTn'ts ----------------------------------42 

bnbylun·ius ---------------------------------63 banta.uwr~-.~·ts coulsont ________________________ 19 

ba.nlnyt -----------------------------------43 

bttfun·i·us -----------------------------------41 

call·iope ------------------------------------70 

culus --------------------------------------53 

cuncntenntus -------------------------------44 

Cll'I"'WUS ------------------------------------48 

jenwmle -----------------------------------41 

ficus --------------------------------------42 }usus ______________________________________ 34 

g tbbul-us -----------------------------------51 

gy·rinus ------------------------------------40 

u~nculosrL ----------------------------------48 

nwncmelln ---------------------------------44 

ne·rito-ideus ---------------------------------44 

pecten -------------------------------------43 

pinnatus -----------------------------------43 

pulygunU'm ---------------------------------54 

pulygu1ms ----------------------------------52 

TCL7/WSUS -----------------------------------42 

ntnn rubeta --------------------------------42 

·rect-irost·ris ---------------------------------43 

sapl-ist -------------------------------------43 

sent .. icosus ----------------------------------4 7 

tnbulus -----------------------------------43 

pecten ----------------------------------4 3 

triquete·r -----------------------------------43 

t1·itums ------------------------------------41 

tubijer -------------------------------------43 

(Murex) ------------------------------------43 u,duncosp·inusus ________________ 8, 13, l;.'J; pl. 9 

pecten ________________________ 8, 13, 48; pl. 9 

rect:i·rvst·rts ____________________ 8, 13, l;:f; pl. 9 

tribulus _______________________ 8, 13, l;:J; pl. 9 

(Murex), MU'rex _________________________________ ;,:~ 

(MuTex) nduncuspinosus, MU'rex __________ 8, 13, 43; pl.\) 

pecten. Murex _____________________ 8, 13, l;.'J; pl. !J 

recttrost.ris. M'U'rex _________________ 8, 13, 43; pl. 9 

tnbul-us, Mwrex ___________________ 8, 13, 4.'1; pl. 9 

mutab1hs. SolnTwlla ____________________________ 23 

MyU'relln pret·iosus ______________________________ 84 

(MyuTelln), Terebm _____________________________ 84 

(Myurella) alveulata, Terebm __________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

myurus, Terebm _________________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

pTet-iosa, Te·rebm _________________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

·rny·uTus, TerebnL ________________________________ 84 

Terebm (MyuTelln) _______________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

N 

(Naquet·in), Pterynuttts ___________________________ l;.'J 

(Nnquet.w) bnTClnyi, Pterynutus __________ 8, 13, l;.'J; pl. 9 

Nnsnvnscwuw. _______________________________ 20, 61 

nuttalli __________________________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 19 

Nnssn b-inwculusn _______________________________ 50 

C'U11lt11!Jl ----------------------------------_50 

gemmulata. _________________________________ 50 

nodlj'e1·u. ___________________________________ 50 

sertt~m ------------------------------------48 

thers ites -----------------------------------4 9 

VU,Ttegu,tu, ---------------------------------_50 

Nnssu,rin s·ine1ts i.s -------------------------------4 7 

Na.ssa.Tius -------------------------------------4.9 

stqwijO'I'CJts-i.s _______________________________ 51 

(A leci.Tion) ---------------------------------51 

97 

Page 

Nnsswriu.s (Alectnon) ba .. rsdell-i _________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 16 

glnns ________________________ \), 14, 51; pl. 19 

glmts _______________________________ 51 

(A·rculwria) ----------------------------------3 

(Niothn) -----------------------------------50 

nlbesceiz.~ _____________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

nlbescen.~ ____________________________ 50 

gemmulntus _____________________________ 50 

nod1j'ems _____________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

vnrtegntus ____________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

(Plicnrculwrw) ------------------------------4.9 b-i-maculntus __________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

glubosus ______________________ 9, 14, 4.'1; pl. 12 

(Zeuxts) ------------------------------------50 

dorsntus _____________________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

nw·rgcL·rit.'lje·rns ________________ 9, 14, 51; pl. 12 

Nntica. ----------------------------------------.1/i 

rL·reulnta. -----------------------------------38 

pnpilln ------------------------------------39 

tectuln -------------------------------------3!1 vitellus ____________________________________ 39 

(Nnl'tcn) ------------------------------------38 areol<Ltn _______________________ 8, 13, 38; pl. 6 

vitellus ________________________ 8, 13, .'1.9; pl. 6 

(Tectunnt-ica.) ________________________________ .'Jfl 

violncea. _______________________ 8, 13, :m; pl. 6 

(Nat·icn), Nnt·ica ________________________________ .'JS 

(Nnticn) u,·reulntn, Nat·icu, _______________ 8, 13, .'18; pl. 6 

vitellus, Nnt·icn ____________________ 8, 13, 3.9; pl. 6 

Nnt·tctmL --------------------------------------3\J 

na.toT, Gynneum -------------------------------41 

naucra.tuns, Phos -------------------------------48 

nauso·ren.s1.s, Cmmtns _____________ 10, 15, 64; pis. 20, 21 

Neadmete ________________________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 14 

Navaka River __________________________ 3, 17, 19, :w 

Navaka Sands --------------------------------3, 19 

nnvnknense, Dentnve1w ________________ 7, 12, 26; pl. 40 

nnvnkaC'I!Sis, Cnlliut·rochus _____________ 7, 12, 24; pl. 34 

Mnngunuw ___________________ 7, 12, 2.9, 30; pl. 31 

M·icrugnzn (M'ic1·ugnzrL) _____________ 7, 12, 25; pl. 34 

Ped·icula.rin ______________________ 8, 13, 37; pl. 17 

Naweni, Vanua Levu -----------------------------6 

Nend·rnete -------------------------------------57 nnusu·ren.'i·is ______________________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 14 

vkutnnt ------------------------------------58 

(Nebula-rin), Mitm ______________________________ 53 

(Nebulwrin) cunt-ra.cta., Mitm ___________ 9, 14, 5.'1; pl. 13 

nebulosn, Terebm _______________________________ 82 

Terebm (Strwte·rebmm) ___________ ll, 16, 82; pl. 30 

nectaren, Phmwcovolva. __________________________ 38 

ncglectn, Cancellnrw ____________________________ 58 

nelsoni, Te1·ebrn --------------------------------82 

Neritn nlbwrnen --------------------------------39 

pull-igem -----------------------------------28 

v-iTid·is ------------------------------------28 vttellus _________________________________ 38, 39 

N erit'irw. ______________________________________ 28 

Z'lCZtLC -------------------------------------28 

Z'LgZIL!J ----------------------------7, 12, 28; pl. 3 

neTitmd!-'Us, MuTex ------------------------------44 NeveritiL ______________________________________ .'19 

nlbumen __________________________ 8, 13, 3.9; pl. 6 

josheph-inu, ---------------------------------39 

(NC'Ve-ritiL) nlbumen, Pul-in·ices _____________________ 39 

New Hebrides _______________________ 3, 17, 18, 19,20 

ngnv·irtnus, Conus _______________________________ 81 

(Nthonophos ), H indsm ___________ _:1 _______________ 4 7 

(Nihonophus) rnngnificiL okinu,·via. Hin!L~in ----------4 7 

wh:itnwTei, Hmd.~·ia --------------------------4 7 

Niutha clnth-ra.ta --------------------------------.)0 (Niothn), NnssnTius _____________________________ 50 

(Niothn) nlbescens, NILssctTius ___________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

nlbesc(J')'I-.~ nlbesce?l.'i, NnssiLnus _________________ 50 

germnulntus, Nnssn·rius ______________________ 50 

nod-ijerus, Nnssa.nus ______________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

vwriegrLtus. NasscL·rius _____________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

nipomcus, F'u.~us -------------------------------4 7 

n·ippon·I-Crt, Coccul·inct __________________ 7, 12, 22; pl. 33 

nt/.tdn. Mn·rgmella. ______________________________ 59 

mttdulrL, Colubmrin ----------------------------49 

nivea. H/.'ndstCL ---------------------------------4 7 
98 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS: GASTROPODS 

Page 

nweum, Buccmum ------------------------------4 7 

nonchinn. Pntelln -------------------------------~I 

nudtfem, Nassu. --------------------------------50 nodiferu~. Nn~sa.nus (Nwllw.) __________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 1~ 

Notndustn punclntu -----------------------------37 

v-ict.,·rmnn _________________________________ 37 

(Notndustn) punctntrt, Cyvmen ___________ 8, 13, 37; pl. 5 

nucleus, Vol uta _________________________________ 56 

nussntelln, Cmms ____________________ to, 16, 77; pl. 28 

nuttnllt:, Nnsrwusn·vzt-ut ________________ ~!. 15, 61; pl. IV 

0 

vnumnd:ica, Swrculrt ____________________________ 63 

vbhq1wtn, Cancellnrirt ___________________________ 57 

obi-ita., M tcTUgnzn -------------------------------~6 

oblon._qn, Mercin --------------------------------57 

obscurn, Colubrwria. ___________________ V, 14, 4.'1; pl. 41 

vbscu:t·us, T-ritvn --------------------------------4 ~! 

obtusum. Soln-riwn ------------------------------31 

occidentrdis, Ca:vol-in:in tridentnlrt __________________ 18 

och-roleucus, Cvnus __________________ 10, 16, 77; pl. 28 

vkinrwin. Hindsw (Nilwnoplws) 'IIW.gn·ljica. __________ 47 

okutnn-i, Nendmete ______________________________ 58 

Oltva -----------------------------------------53 

ispidn ___________________________ 9, 14, 53; pl. 13 

ulwn. Volut.n -----------------------------------53 Oumlnxis mertd-ionrdls __________________________ 30 

(Ontmust-ro) cnncellntum, Mu·rum ------------------40 

On·iscia gmnde ---------------------------------40 

On·isctd·in crmcella.tn -----------------------------40 

oTyzn. Cyp·men ---------------------------------36 

urbtgnyt, Conus _____________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

otto'i, T·rochus ----------------------------------23 ovljurm·is, Ov1tln ________________________________ 38 

Ovulu. -----------------------------------------38 

tshibashn _________________________ 8, 13, 38; pl. 6 

Oll'i/U'/'1/L'!S __________________________________ 38 

Ovulum do·rs1wswm -----------------------------37 

longt·rost·mtum _____________________________ 38 

sl·rint.ulum ---------------------------------37 

ovum. Bulln -----------------------------------38 

(Oxyuwns), Tereb·m -----------------------------83 (Oxymeris) wrgus, Terebnt ____________ 11, 16, 84; pl. 30 

crenulnla, Terebnt ___________________________ 83 

fel-inn, Terebra. ___________________ !!, 16, 83; pl. 30 

t>nterUneatn. Terebm. _____________ 11, 16, 83; pl. 30 

mnculttln. Terebnt ________________ 11, 16, 83; pl. 30 

sp. B, Terebnt ___________________ !!, 16, 84; pl. 30 

p 

paC'iftctt, Pediculwria. ____________________________ 37 

pnetelia:nn, Turbinella. ___________________________ 52 

paele[innn cu:rpentn-riens1s, Lnt·i·t·u~ ________________ 52 

riukiunnn. St:reptochetus _____________________ 52 

pneteltnnu~. Lnt:ims __________________ 9, 14, 52; pl. 13 

pnlnuewn.~. Et:rrmw __________________ I 0, 15, 6.'1; pl. ~3 

Paleoecology -----------------------------------17 

Paleontology ------------------------------------.'1 

systematic ---------------------------------20 pnn<tmensu;, Homalopoma (Crtntrnwen) _________ 1V, 27 

papilltt, Eunal:icuw -----------------------------39 

N nt-icn -------------------------------------39 

J)(tp'illo~a. Rtc·t.nuln -----------------------------44 pa.p'illusum. Huccinum ___________________________ 51 

Pn·racmmtns 'l'()(lyers·i ----------------------------64 Pntelln jurn-icntn _______________________________ 36 

nonckmn -----------------------------------21 

ungwrica -----------------------------------35 

Pntello'idn -------------------------------------22 lnttstngntn _______________________ 7, 12, 22; pl. 1 

·rugosn -------------------------------------~~ 

pecten, Mwrex ----------------------------------43 

Murex tnbulus ---------------------------- 4, 3 

(Murex'f -----------------------8, 13, 43; pl. V 

Pectinelln -------------------------------------20 

Ped·iculwrin ---------------------------------17, 37 

navnkaen.~ts ______________________ 8, 13, .'17; pl. 17 

pncljicn ------------------------------------37 

s icula -------------------------------------37 

pelex, C1·rtnops-is --------------------------------21 

Page 

pclot·itrmu~. Tu:rbo ------------------------------27 

penelope, I tkycyt.lw m ----------------------------68 

Perrinut --------------------------------------~3 

(Perrmen). Twrct.cn -----------------------------2.'1 

(Pen't:nen)ji'.jien.'L.~. Tuntw ____________ 7, I~. 2:1; pl. 39 

wat.wnileven.~ls, Turctca ____________ 7, I~. 2.'1; pl. ~4 

pert.usu~. Conus _____________________ 10, 16, 78; pL ~8 

petholntu~. Ttt·rbo -------------------------------~7 

Twrbo (Tu-rbo) _____________________ 7, 12, 27; pl. 2 

pel.tl.i, Cnncellu:rin (Mericn) _____________ V, 14, 57; pl. 14 

PlwLiu·m --------------------------------------40 

wmola. ----------------------------8, 13, 40; pL 7 

plu!sinu•!lltt~. Ca.ll-ir,f:n,c/w.~ _______________________ 24 

TztTb<l -------------------------------------24 

Phena.cuvulvn lonyi·rosl:ratn ______________ 8, 13, 88; pL 6 

necl.aTea -----------------------------------38 (Phenncovol-va) lungi·rost·l'(l./.a, Vul-vn ________________ 38 

Phos ------------------------------------------4 7 baken ___________________________ ~!. 14,47; pL 16 

'IULUC'I'(!.lo·ris --------------------------------48 

picta. Mnngel-in ---------------------------------67 

pileolus, Omnops i~ ------------------------------21 

Punctu·rella (Cnowpsis) _____________ 7, 1~. :!/;pl. I 

pinnntus, Mwrex --------------------------------43 

ptpa., Lnmbis ----------------------------------35 

ptpus, Sl:rombus --------------------------------35 

Stnrmbus (Lenl:tgo) _______________ 3, 8, 13, :J5; pL 4 

P t.son·in ---------------------------------------18 pltm.irnl.us bntheon. Conlts ________________________ 75 

(Pleuroplocn) wnlleri. Pnsct:oltvria -----------------4 7 

Pleu·t·otonm rLCltla. -------------------------------6~ 

b'ismua.trt ----------------------------------61 

but.tae -------------------------------------66 

ca:rinntn --------------------------------59, 60 

cunyene·r -----------------------------------60 

curonljen1. ----------------------------------61 

c·rtspn -------------------------------------63 

ge'IIWU!.liL -----------------------------------5\) 

ftibb•ma ------------------------------------65 

kie'lleTi ---------------------------- ________ 60 

'IIW.'I"II!<l'I'ILltL ---------------------------------63 

.~peciosn -----------------------------------59 

sl.eTrhn ------------------------------------66 

t:ig·rintt ------------------------------------62 

ve·rrt.lli ------------------------------------64 

W<"ntwo:rdt ---------------------------------60 

(Bela.) h:11wcmn -----------------------------6~! 

(Gentmuln) congeuer _________________________ 60 

(Pl-ica·rculwrin), Nassa:rtus _______________________ 4.9 

(Pltcwrcltlwrw) bunncula./.us, Nasw:rius --~!, 14, 50; pL I~ 

globv~us, NassnTius _______________ 9, 14, 4!1; pL 1~ 

pltco:rw, Vulutn --------------------------------54 

pl'Lcalum. Vexillum _____________________________ 54 

pi'tcntus culumba. St:rombus (Dolumeun) ___ 8, 13, 34; pl. 4 

pulchellus, Stmmbu.~ _________________________ 34 

(Plul'itt), Thut·ra. ________________________________ 32 

(Plut·ia.) scnbm., ThinTn _________________ 7, I~. 32; pL 3 

Puhmces (Neventa.) nlbwmen ______________________ 39 

pulygmmm, M·uTex ______________________________ 54 

Vextllum(Cost.ellnnn) ______________ 9, 14, 54; pL 14 

polygonus, Lnltrus ___________________ V, 14, 52; pL 13 

Murex -------------------------------------5~ pol-ylTupa, Lophi•ll<l'IIUL __________________________ 62 

ponderosa, Cnsuw:rw __________________ 8, 13, 40; pL 7 

ponderosum, Buccinwm --------------------------40 

Porphrua. t.sp·irta. --------------------------------53 puwts 1:·i, Ro.~tellaTia _____________________________ 34 

Ttbia. ____________________________ 8, 13, S4; pL 4 

puunwii modes ln. Tibta ___________________________ 34 

pnwcelle1~~. Conus ___________________ 10, 16, 78; pL ~8 

pntecella, Conn~p·relln ___________________________ 78 

prel'iosa. Tm·ebm. -------------------------------84 Terebrn (Myurelln) _______________ 11, 16, 84; pL 30 

pret-iu~us, Mywrelln _____________________________ 84 

Prmwvuln (DL'IIL'L'IL-iovultt) duudnwi _________________ 37 

(P.roclnmt) surdtduln. Rht>nocla.vts __________________ 32 

producta., Cyp·mvn ______________________________ 36 

P usuln ------------------------------------36 TriVL'I'ost·m (Dol·iclmpis) _____________ 8, 13, su; pL 5 

Pseudonwlnxt.s _________________________________ .'// 

(Pseud•,mrtlnx1s) _____________________________ s I 

Page 

Pseudouwlaus (Pseudornalaxis) -ruddni ___ 7, 12, 31; pL 3~ 

(Pseudonwlnx1s), Pseudumnlnxis __________________ 31 

(Ps~'Udomnla.xis) -roddni, Pseudomnlaxis __ 7, I~. SJ; pl. 32 

Pseudosnmrin (Ma:rgvvula.) ·tshibnsh-i'i _______________ 38 

(Pseudotornvin), A-rchiteclrm:tca. ___________________ :J 1 

(Pseudolvrmut) euprepes, Anhitectont.cn ___ 7, I~. IV, 31; 

pl. 35 

psi ln. M nng il-ia. ---------------------------------6 7 

PtenLTCIW -------------------------------------~7 

Pte-rynotus ------------------------------------43 

(Nnquetw.) ----------------------------------43 

bwrclnyt _______________________ 8, 13, 4.'1; pl. 9 

Ptychosyr·inx -----------------------------------61 

tmw·ren~ts tesclu __________________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 18 

pugilts, St·rombus -------------------------------34 

pulchella., Cy p-rnen ------------------------------36 

Cypmen (Erronen) _________________ 8, 13, 36; pl. 5 

pulchellus. Sl1vmbus ____________________________ 34 

Strmnbus pliwt.u.~ ___________________________ 34 

pulche·rrimwm, Kenyoni<t ________________________ 81 

pulcherTimus, Conus ----------------------------7 4 

pulwnnus, Conus -------------------------------72 

pull·i_qent, Nerita. -------------------------------~8 

pullu.~. Huccinwm -------------------------------49 

p1~nclrtla. Cypnwn ------------------------------37 

Cypmen (Noladusta.) ________________ 8, 13, 37; pL 5 

Nolndust.n ----------------------------------37 

P unct.u·rella. ------------------------------------2 I 

ngge·r --------------------------------------21 (Cnw.opsts) _________________________________ 21 

ptleolus _______________________ 7, I~. 21; pl. 1 

(Punci.U'rella) _______________________________ 21 

ngger -------------------------7, 1 ~. 21; pl. I (Puncturelln), Punctu:relln ________________________ 21 

(Punclwrello.) ng,qer, Puncturelln _________ 7, 12, 21; pl. 1 

P1n·punt a.lnt.n ---------------------------------43 

CO'I'I!US -------------------------------------44 

ela.tn --------------------------------------44 

sertala. ------------------------------------45 

vwlncen -----------------------------------44 

pwrpwra.tus. Lnt·inxis deburgh-ine ------------------45 

pu·rpureum. Morum -----------------------------40 

Pus in ebenus -----------------------------------56 

(Pusi1t), Vexillwm _______________________________ 54 

(Pusw) m·illecos/.ntwm, Vextllum ________ 9, 14, .54; pl. 14 

P usula. vroduclrL ________________________________ 36 

pyguwen, ChutzrtcuwrL -------------------------7, 12 

pyyuwea. sygtwloide~. Ch-inzncmen ____________ 22; pl. 33 

py·l·ijil'nnis. Cypmen (Erronert) __________ 8, 13, :J7; pl. 5 

Mn·rgovul.n ---------------------------------38 

Py·rulo. ftcoides ---------------------------------4~ 

uwwae ------------------------------------45 

(Rhizuchelus) debu·rghiae ----------------------45 

Q 

quentwe1~~~s. Oryplogeumw ______________________ 62 

quercnms, Conus ____________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

R 

mbbidgei, Leucosy·rinx _______________ 10, 15, 65; pl. 20 

·ra.nwsus, Mwrex --------------------------------42 

-rmw. rubeta., M u·rex -----------------------------42 

Rnnula:rw. s-inen~·is -----------------------------41 

(Rnn:uln-ria.), Cyuwl'Lum --------------------------41 

(Rnnuln-ria.) guttunnwn, Cyuw.tiwn ______ 8, 13, 4/; pl. 7 

s·iner~~·is. CyuwtLum ________________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

ntthbun·i, Coct;ulinn -----------------------------2~ rectuz·innus, Conus __________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

Leptoconus ---------------------------------78 

-rectirust-ris, Mwrex ------------------------------43 M wrex (Mu-rex) _____________________ 8, 13, 43; pl. 9 

rehderi. Colubntrin ____________________ V, 14, 4.'1; pl. 8 

repltcntn, Epilonium ___________________ 7, 12, 3:J; pl. 3 

rel'!cula:re, Gyri1wum ----------------------------41 

rettculwre robustn, Gynneum. ____________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

rel·tculntn. P.t.culn -------------------------------42 

Volltla. -------------------------------------57 'l'evulutwm. Epttumum (Cyclosca.la.) _______ 7, 12, 3.'1; pl. 3 

rewne1~~1s, Cnllivl:ropts ________________ 7, 12, 2.'1; pl. 3~! 
Page 

·rewnen.,is, Euthnn ___________________ 9, 14, 1;8; pl. 11 

Hi11dsw _________________________ 9, 14, 1;7; pl. II 

Rhmucla:vis (Proclnva,) sunl-idula. __________________ 32 

(Rh·m>chelus) deburglnne, Py·mln ------------------45 Rlnzucunus ki-tmm ______________________________ 76 

richnwnd·i, Oryptugemnw. ______________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 19 

Rtcinttla. nw·rus --------------------------------44 

pctpillusct -----------------------------------44 

lWlt ---------------------------------------44 

·ricknrd'i. Cymnt·rum -----------------------------46 rigidn. M itm __________________________________ 54 

Rwzelln (D·wntmnochil·u.~) cnncellntn spw:ifern _______ 33 

(Rwwlln) sp1:n~:fem, Roslellwrin ___________________ 33 

Rtmuln sp. A ------------------------------7, 12, 22 

ringiculn. Mnrginelln ___________________________ 58 

Mn·rgmella. (Em.tutdect) _____________ 9, 14, 58; pl. 37 

Rissuinrt b-rownwna -----------------------------2~) 

cunma.tn -----------------------------------29 gignnlen ___________________________________ 29 

supmcusta.ln _______________________________ 29 

nukiunnn. St?"eptuchet.us paeteluuw _______________ 52 

Tobusln. Gynneum Tet·icula:re ____________ 8, 13,;, 1; pl. 7 

n>ddcu, La.t-inxis ______________________ 8, 14, 1;5; pl. 11 

Pseudonwlaxis (Pseudomnlnxts) _____ 7, 12, 31; pl. 32 

Todge·rs-t, P!t'/'a.conritns ___________________________ 61; 

RustellctTin powisi·i ______________________________ 34 

(Rimella.) spin'ifera. __________________________ 33 

·rost-ra.tn, Bttt'iwm (lschnucentlnwm) ________________ 32 

·•·otella., M·teroga.zn ------------------------------25 ·rotellct vetuln, Mtc·t·ogttzct _________________________ 25 

nryi, Etremn -----------------------------------69 Tub~1.n, Bttnn _________________________ 8, 13, 1;2; pl. 8 

MuTex nuw --------------------------------42 

Tuj(Jvm· icosa, Omss isp ira. ------------------------6(i 

·rugosn. Pa.telloidn ______________________________ 22 

·mgosu.~. Turbo _________________________________ 26 

s 

saecula:ris. Comts ____________________ 10, 16, 78; pl. 28 

sngitta.t.us, Contls -------------------------------7\) 

snnguuwn, Turbo -------------------------------27 Santo, New Hebrides _________________ 3, 17, 18, 19, 20 

santoen,i.,, EuclnthuTella. _____________ 10, 15, 68; pl. 22 

Etdmtn --------------------------7, 12, 55; pl. 41 Ly·ria. ___________________________ 9, 14, 56; pl. 15 

Metldn __________________________ 9, 14, 1;8; pl. 16 

snpl-ts-i, Mwrex ----------------------------------43 sn?"cwa., DenlnTene ______________________________ 26 

snwtl:me, Cytlmm (Cythctm) ______________________ 68 

Eucitlwm ___________________ 10, 15, 68, 6\); pl. 22 

scnbm .. Th:ictnt _________________________________ 32 

Thinm (Plot:w) ____________________ 7, 12, 32; pl. 3 

sca.briusc-ula.. Trivia _____________________________ 36 

scrtbrum, Buccmum. _____________________________ 32 

Swlct dttnkerinnct _______________________________ 33 

Scnlnrict ech-i-tw.ticosttt ___________________________ 33 

scnlarina., Columbelln ---------------------------46 

scnlnTis, Turbo ---------------------------------33 Swlptict cn:nifem ______________________________ 57 

(Scnlpt·in), TTigonostomtt _________________________ 57 

(Scnlpt:in) c·retrifem, Tngonostomn ______ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

Schismope cingulntn ____________________________ 20 

Sc·issu?"elln ------------------------------------20 

brev ts -------------------------------------20 

cwr innta. -----------------------------------20 

cingulnt.n ----------------------------------20 

c-rispnta. -----------------------------------20 

lnevigntn -----------------------------------20 

(Anntomn) ----------------------------------20 ja.pon·icn ___________________________ 20 ; pl. 1 

(Scissunlla.) cmgulnt.a. ________________________ 20 

(Sci.~swrelln) cingulnta., Sctsswrelln _________________ 20 

Se_guenztrt -------------------------------------32 donnldi __________________________ 7, 12, 32; pl. 35 

fonnusn -----------------------------------32 

lwpa.ln ------------------------------------33 sem·tjitscw.tn, M it:ra. _____________________________ 54 

sent·icosus. M u·rex -------------------------------4 7 Se'l'puln nnguinn ________________________________ 31 

(Sermtuvulva.), Oren<w<>lvu. _______________________ 37 

dondrw.i. Crenrwulva _________________________ 37 

INDEX 

Page 

(Serrntovolvn) mtitabl-is, Crena:volvn ______ 8, 13, :17; pl. 5 

sertntn, Pu-rpu-rn -------------------------------4 5 

se·rtum, Na.ssn ----------------------------------48 siboga.e, Cla.vusw·culn ____________________________ 65 

s·iculn, Ped·iculnTiu. ______________________________ 37 

S·igwretus undulntus _____________________________ 39 

S·Ll·tqunna. -------------------------------------31 

nngu·ina. -----------------------------------32 

nnnrttn --------------------------7, 12, 32; pl. 35 

CU'IIL'ing i -----------------------------------31 cumingii ________________________ 7, 12, 31; pl. 35 

(Agnthtrses) cummgt _________________________ 31 

(S'Il'iqun·ria.) cuming1:i, Tena.r1odus __________________ 31 

smens·is, Cyma.timn (Rnnula.rw) _________ 8, 13, 1;1; pl. 7 

H'indsw. _________________________ 9, 14, 1;7; pl. 11 

N a.sswnn ----------------------------------4 7 

RnnulnTin ---------------------------------41 

Triton -------------------------------------41 S·inezuna. ______________________________________ 20 

crtTinnta. --------------------------7, 12, 20; pl. 1 cw.gulntn ________________________ 7, 12, 20; pl. 40 

8-mum ________________________________________ .'{.'} 

lwl-iototdeum _______________________________ 39 

undula.tum ________________________ 8, 13, 8.'1; pl. 6 

(Ectosinwn) undulntus -----------------------40 

8-tphonnlin lubrica. ------------------------------4 7 8-tplwnofu.sus ___________________________________ ;, 7 

lub·r i cus -----------------------------------4 7 wa.lleri __________________________ 9, 14, 1;7; pl. 16 

stqu-iJorens·is, Na.ssa.nus _________________________ 51 

Suwntgdut ------------------------------------28 

(Sma.mgdw.) --------------------------------28 

(Smnmgdttt) VtTidis ________________ 7, 12, 2.'1; pl. 3 

(Sma:ra.gdut), Suwra.gd'in _________________________ 28 

(Smwra.gdw.) mndis. Suwntgdin _________ 7, 12, 29; pl. 3 

socutl-ls. Conus __________________ 10, 16, 7.'1; pis. 28,29 

Solwt·ielln _____________________________________ 25 

macula.ta. __________________________________ 25 

mutctbtlt.~ __________________________________ 23 

(Ethn.lir>psis) --------------------------------25 

ca.llmnphala. -----------------------------25 ·11it·ilevensis ___________________ 7, 12, 25; pl. 41 

Solnnum mnxim·um _____________________________ 31 

vbtusum -----------------------------------31 smn·id·i, Cyclost·rema. _______________ 7, 12, 28; pis. 3, 37 

so-rd-iduln, Rhinocln·vis (Proclnvn) __________________ 32 

Species, additional, in families covered 111 Ladd _______ 20 

geographic and geologic distrihution of ___________ 3 

specwstt, Gemmulct ___________________ 9, 15, 59; pl. 18 

Pleurutomn --------------------------------59 spei. Terebm (Mic·rotrypetes) _____________________ 83 

Sphenoltthus -----------------------------------1 ~J 

spin·iJem. R'lmelln (Dientmnoclnlus) ca.ncellntn _______ 33 

Rostellann. (Rwwlln) _________________________ 33 

Vancosptnt cnncella.ta. ______________ 8, 13, :1:1; pl. 4 

steTTha, Plewrotouw -----------------------------66 

Stratigraphy ------------------------------------3 

St:reptochet.us pnetel-ittnn riukinna. _________________ 52 

sl:rintulum, Ovulum -----------------------------37 st:ria.tus, Conus _____________________ 11, 16, 7.4; pl. 2\J 

sl:rigilntum, Buccinwm __________________________ 81 

(St·riute·reb-rum), Te·rebm _________________________ 81 

(StTioter-ebrum) nebulosn, Terebm ______ II, 16, 82; pl. 30 

to-rqwtta., Terebra. ________________ 11, 16, 81; pl. 30 

sp. A, Te·rebm ___________________ II, 16, 82; pl. 30 

sp., Te-reb·rn __________________________ )), 16, 82 

Stnnnb·tjiwrnts gla.ber ____________________________ 55 

st:rombotdes, Eucttha:ra. _______________ 10, 15, liH; pl. 22 

Mnngelw. __________________________________ 68 

Stnnnbu.s ______________________________________ :~;, 

nurisd·innne --------------------------------35 bttlll!. ______________________________________ 35 

cnncellntus ---------------------------------33 

colwnbn -----------------------------------34 

lent1.ginusu.~ --------------------------------35 

'II!'!CTOU1'CCUS --------------------------------34 

m·inimus -----------------------------------34 

ptpus --------------------------------------35 pltcnt.us pulchellus ___________________________ 34 

pu.gdis ------------------------------------34 

pulchellus ----------------------------------34 

99 

Page 

Stnnnbus urceus ________________________________ 34 

(Cnnnrmm) ---------------------------------31; 

lnbia.tus _______________________ 8, 13, 31;; pl. 4 

1m.c-rowrceus __________________ 8, 13, 31;; pl. 33 

(Dolomenn) _________________________________ .'/;, 

m·in·imus ___________________________ 8, 13, :1;, 

pl'!Cntus colwnbct ________________ 8, 13, 81;; pl. 4 

(Eup·rutmnus) -------------------------------·~5 bulln _________________________ 8, 13, 35; pl. 4 

(Lentigo) -----------------------------------35 pipus _______________________ 3, 8, 13, 35; pl. 4 

subconwressa, Cocculma. _________________________ 23 

subdivisn, Voluta. _______________________________ 54 

subd·ivisum, Vex,:Uum ___________________________ 54 

Vexillum (Vex·illum) _______________ 9, 14, 51;; pl. 41 

subla.tus, TuTbo _________________________________ 55 

Subulct tt-rgus -----------------------------------84 

subulntn, Te·rebnt -------------------------------81 Terebm (Te·rebm) ________________ 11, 16, 81; pl. 30 

subula.t.wn, Buccinunt ___________________________ 81 

sulca.tus, Conus __________________ II, 16, 73, 7.'1; pl. 29 

sulcnt:us ·undulntus. Conus ____________ II, 16, 80; pl. 29 

superbu.~. Ch:tcoreus ____________________ 8, 13, 1;3; pl. 8 

supm.costnta.. Rtssoinn __________________________ 2\J 

Zeb-ina. (Moerchtella.) _______________ 7, 12, 2.9; pl. 33 

SuTCula. uttmnrut1.cn _____________________________ 63 

sy,gna.to1.des, Ch:ia.za.cmea. pygnw.en ____________ 22; pl. 33 

Syntcosplwent htstricn __________________________ 19 

T 

tndash·tgei, Dentwvuln ________________ 8, 13, 38; pl. 33 

tnenw, Buccinwn -------------------------------50 

Tnntntecunus ch·inngt ---------------------------8 I 

Tasiriki foundation beds __________________________ 3 

(Tectmw.l.l.cn), Nnt·iett ____________________________ 3.9 

(Tectona.t:icrt) vwlncen. Nu.ttcrt ____________ 8, 13, :1!1; pl. 6 

tect.uln. Nnt·ica. _________________________________ 39 

Tenu.godus (S·d1.quwrw.) czmt'ingu __________________ :CH 

Terebm. ---------------------------------------81 aj}t11.'!s _____________________________________ 82 

alveola.tn -----------------------------------84 

a:rgus -------------------------------------84 

bu.8lerott -----------------------------------81 

c·renula.tn ----------------------------------83 

·inteTlmenta. --------------------------------83 

wlrt ---------------------------------------82 

uwculnta. -------------------------------83, 84 

myuros ------------------------------------84 

nebulustt -----------------------------------82 

nelsunt ------------------------------------82 

pret:iwm -----------------------------------84 subu.lnta. ___________________________________ 81 

tonrunta. ___________________________________ 81 

t-ri.,e1·intn __________________________________ 85 

(Decm·ilwstuln) _____________________________ 82 

1tjj'in-is ______________________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

(M'!C·rot.rypet.es) ------------------------------8~ 

keTen.~·is _____________________ 11, 16, 83; pl. 24 

uw·rinto --------------------------------83 .~pci ____________________________________ 83 

vnnua.leven~is ________________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

(MyuTellct) __________________________________ 81; 

olveolo.tu. ____________________ )I. 16, 84; pl. 30 

·myu·ro,, _____________________ II, 16, 81;; pl. 30 

p?"etwsa. _____________________ II, 16, 81;; pl. 30 

(Oxyme?"is) _________________________________ 83 

a:rgus _______________________ 11, 16, s;,; pl. 30 

c·retmlntn _______________________________ 83 

felw.a. _______________________ 11,,16, 83; pl. 30 

1.nte·r!:wenta __________________ 11, 16, 83; pl. 30 

·m.a.cula.tn ____________________ )), 16, 8.1; pl. 30 

sp. B _______________________ 11, 16, 81;; pl. 30 

(St:riote,rebrum) _____________________________ 81 

nebzdusa. ____________________ II, 16, 82; pi. 30 

to-rqunl.tt ____________________ II, 16, 81; pl. 30 

sp. A _______________________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 30 

sp _______________________________ II, 16,82 

(Te·reb-ra.) -----------------------------------81 

subulntn ____________________ )), 16, 81; pl. 30 
100 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS: GASTROPODS 

Page 

Tel'ebnt (T·I'iplosteplw.nus) ________________________ 85 

/:nserintn ___________________ 11, 16, 8.5; pl. 30 

(Te·,.ebTa.), Te·l'ebm ______________________________ 81 

(Terebnt) subulntn, Terebnt ___________ 11, 16, 81; pl. 30 

terebm, Conus ______________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

teschi, Ptychosynnx l:imorensis _________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 18 

tessulnl.us. Conus ____________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

Conus (L·itlwcon:us) __________________________ 80 

textoTw, Vulva. _________________________________ 08 

Thatche·l'ia ----------------------------------6, 70 

·nnrabil-l.s ----------------------------------70 

vit'iens'l.s -----------------------------10, 15, 70 

thenites, Nnssa. --------------------------------49 Th·ia:m ________________________________________ Si! 

scnbnt -------------------------------------32 (Plotw.) ____________________________________ Si! 

scabnt ________________________ 7, 12, .'12; pl. a 

tholoens1s, Cnncella:l'in ________________ 9, 14, 57; pl. 14 

T·innt u;nbelln ----------------------------------50 

unllecostntn --------------------------------54 

T·ibin -----------------------------------------.'14 powu;-i·i ___________________________ 8, 10, .'14; pl. 4 

mudestn --------------------------------04 

(T ib irt) -------------------------------------.'14 

(Ttbin), Tibia. ----------------------------------34 

t-ig·,.inn, Pleurotumn _____________________________ 62 

l'imuTen.~'is tesch·t, Ptyclwsynnx _________ 9, 15, 61; pl. 18 

t'inctil'is, Mnrgovuln _____________________________ 08 

Tulema. aust·ml-is -------------------------------45 (Toleuw), Lal.w.xis ______________________________ 45 

(Tolemn) blow·i. Latwxu; _______________ 8, 14, 4.5; pl. II 

debul'ghiae, Lnt:ia.xts _______________ 8, 14, 45; pl. 10 

wmckwortht, Lnt:iaxis _____________ 8, 14, 45; pl. 10 

Tonga -----------------------------------------3 

Torma ----------------------------------------42 nll·mm ___________________________ 8, 10, 42; pl. 8 

cerev'is ma --------------------------------8, I a torquntn, Cingulote·l'ebTa _________________________ 81 

TeTebnt ------------------------------------81 (Striute·l'ebmm) _______________ II, 16, 81; pl. 30 

to·l'tuosa. Colubnt:nn __________________ !), 14, 4.9; pl. 41 

Tl'itun -------------------------------------49 

l:l'ibulus. Mwl'ex --------------------------------43 Mwl'ex (Mwl'ex) _____________________ 8, 13, 48; pl. 9 

l:l'ibzdus pec/.en. M·zaex ---------------------------43 

l:ridentatn occtdentnh~. Crwol:inw. __________________ 18 

Trtg<•n<•stmnn ----------------------------------57 

c·rispata -----------------------------------57 

(Scnlpt·in) ----------------------------------.57 cren·ifem _____________________ !!, 14, 57; pl. 14 

l:ngonustonw, Delphw:uln ________________________ 57 

"Triplostephanus /:riseriata _______________________ 85 

(TI'iplosli-'Phanus), Te·rebm. _______________________ 8.5 

(T·riplostephanus) triserinta, Tm·ebnt ___ 11, 16, 8.5; pl. 30 

tnqueter, Murex --------------------------------43 l:l'isel'iata, Twreb·m ______________________________ 85 

Terebnt (Triplostephnnus) _________ 11, 16, 8.5; pl. 00 

Trtplosteplwnus ____________________________ 85 

Tntun clnvator ---------------------------------41 

obscurus -----------------------------------4 9 

smen.s ts -----------------------------------4 1 

tortuosrL -----------------------------------4 ~) 

tntvn:is, Cha:l'onw _____________________ 8, 13, 41; pl. 7 

'Murex -------------------------------------41 Trivut scnb·riuscula _____________________________ 36 

T7·ivt'l'm<l:rrt ------------------------------------86 

(Doliclmpts) --------------------------------36 

pTod·uctn ______________________ 8, 13, 36; pl. 5 

T·rochw; girgyllus _______________________________ 26 

ottoi --------------------------~-----------20 

tub·lje·r. Murex ----------------------------------40 

Tud·icla. gztl.t:ul·n:t.um. -----------------------------41 

Turbwelln b·l'on:n:t _______________________________ 52 

paetdirma. _________________________________ 52 

Turbo ----------------------------------------27 

pelu·l'itttnlts ---------------------------------27 

pethola.tus ----------------------------------27 phnsinnellus ________________________________ 24 

Page 

Turbo ·rugosus ----------------------------------26 

srtngu·inerL ----------------------------------27 

scala·I'LS ------------------------------------33 

sublat.us -----------------------------------55 (Bolmn) gt·rgyllus ____________________________ 26 

(Turbo) ------------------------------------27 petholrtl.us _____________________ 7, 12, 27; pl. 2 

(Twrbo), Twl'bo ---------------------------------27 

(Tu·rbo) pethola/.us, Tu·rbo _______________ 7, 12, 27; pl. 2 

Tuntca ---------------------------------------2.'1 nngul·tjem _________________________________ 23 

mrmtl'L}e·l'a. _________________________________ 23 

(Pe7'rtnen) __________________________________ 2:1 

fi)'ien.sis ______________________ 7, 12, 28; pl. 09 

waiwrulevens-ts ________________ 7, 12, 2.'1; pl. 24 

Turctculrt -------------------------------------24 

brunin ------------------------------------24 sp. A _____________________________ 7, 12, 24; pl. 2 

(Turctculn) 'imperwlts, Margnnl.n _________________ 24 

Turrts ________________________________________ t;s 

cTisprt c·rispa. ____________________ I 0, 15, 68; pl. 19 

mdtca. _____________________________________ 63 

uwn·tl·ifera. _________________________________ 60 

(Gemmuln) gnuwsa woodwa·,.d·i ________________ 60 

turnta., Columbella. (A na.ch:is) ---------------------46 

Typh'is ----------------------------------------48 jnponicus ________________________ 8, 13, 48; pl. 35 

u 

ttndula.tum, S'in'U'm ____________________ 8, I::!, S.'J; pl. 6 

undulrtl.us, Conus _______________________________ 80 

Conus sulca.tus ___________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

Siganl.us ----------------------------------39 

Smum (Ectosmum) --------------------------40 ungw1·icrt, Pntellrt _______________________________ 05 

uneus, St·rombus _______________________________ 04 

ustulntum, Ca.nm·ium ___________________________ 34 

uvn, R icinuln ----------------------------------44 

v 

vanwtlevenxts, Agntlwtmnn ____________ 10, 15, 66; pl. 21 

TeTebm (Mic·rol:rypetes) ___________ 11, 16, 82; pl. 00 

Vwr icosp·i'l'a. -----------------------------------:13 

cancellnta. ________________________ 8, 13, :18; pl. 34 

spm'i)imt ______________________ 8, 13, :1:1; pl. 4 

vanegntn, Picus --------------------------------42 

Nrtssrt -------------------------------------50 

vwriegatus, Picus -------------------------------42 Nassnnus (Niotha) ________________ 9, 14, .50; pl. 12 

vend77Jes·innus, ClnthuTella _______________________ 68 

venustn, Liotla (Arene) __________________________ 26 

ve·rnlli, Leucosyrmx ____________________________ 65 

PleuTotomn --------------------------------64 

vetuln, M·icTogazn Totelln -------------------~-----25 

Vex'illum --------------------------------------.54 

phcn/:um -----------------------------------54 subd·ivtswn _________________________________ 54 

·vulpeculn __________________________________ 54 

(CostellnTin) --------------------------------.54 bellum _______________________ !:!, 14, .54; pl. 14 

polygonmn ____________________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

(Pusw) ------------------------------------.54 

m·illecostatwm -----------------~), 14, .54; pl. 14 (Vex tllum) __________________________________ .54 

cocc'ineum ____________________ !), 14, 54; pl. 13 

subdivisum ___________________ 9, 14, .54; pl. 41 

vulpeculn _____________________ !:!, 14, 54; pl. 14 

(Vexillum), Veullwn ____________________________ .54 

(Vextllum) coccineum. Vextllum _________ 9, 14, .54; pl. 13 

subdwisum, Vexillum ______________ 9, 14, .54; pl. 41 

vulpeculn, Vextll·um _______________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

vibex, Huccinum --------------------------------40 v'ictonnna. Nutndustn ___________________________ 07 

vtmineus. Conus ____________________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

violncea, Na.twa. (Tectmw,l:ica.) ____________ 8, 13, :19; pl. 6 

Pu·rpztnL -----------------------------------44 Vt'/'t,dzs, Nentn _________________________________ 28 

Page 

v'iTid'is, Smaragd'ia (Sma.mgdin) _________ 7, 12, 2.9; pl. 3 

vttellus, Nnt'icn _________________________________ 09 

Nnl'ica (Nat'icn) ____________________ 8, 13, S.'J; pl. 6 

Nentn __________________________________ 38, 39 

vtt'iens·is. Thntchenn ______________________ 10, 15, 70 

vit·tlevmLSis, Gumleus ________________ 10, 15, 67; pl. 21 

Solnriella (Ethnlwpsis) _____________ 7, 12, 2.5; pl. 41 

Vulutmml:ra ______________________ 9, 14, .56; pl. 14 

vttTea, Ba.lcis ------------------------7, 13, .56; pl. 41 

Volutn glabelln ---------------------------------58 tsptduln ___________________________________ 53 

·rmtnt -------------------------------------53 nucleus ____________________________________ 56 

oltvn --------------------------------------53 

plica.rw. -----------------------------------54 

·rettcul(t/,n ----------------------------------57 subdivisn __________________________________ 54 

vulpecula ----------------------------------54 

Volutonnl:ra. -----------------------------------56 

bn·i·rdii ------------------------------------56 vil:tlevrnLSis _______________________ !!, 14, 56; pl. 14 

Vol·vrt -----------------------------------------:18 

textorin ------------------------------------38 volva ______________________________________ 38 

(Phenncovolvn) longi·rosl:mtn __________________ 38 

(Volva) volvn ______________________ 8, 10, .18; pl. 6 

(Volvn) volvn, Volvn ____________________ 8, 13, :18; pl. C 

volva, Bulln ------------------------------------38 

Volva -------------------------------------38 (Volmt) ________________________ 8, 13, .'18; pl. 6 

Volvn·rinn rwmw _____________________ 9, 14, 5!J; pl. 07 

(Volvnrina) beraumLSts, Marginelln ________________ 59 

voum1..s·is, Conus nustrnlts ________________________ 75 

Conus gmctlts ___________________ 10, 15, 75; pl. 27 

vulpeculn, Vextllum _____________________________ 54 

Vexillum (Vextllum) _______________ 9, 14, 54; pl. 14 

Vol uta -------------------------------------54 

w 

wniwntleven.sis, Tuntw (Pe·rrinen) ______ 7, 12, 2.Y; pl. 24 

wallwri, Fnscwla·rin _____________________________ 19 

F'ascwlann (Pleuroploca) ---------------------4 7 

lnquuntm· ______________________ 10, 15, 66; pl. 21 

Siphonofusus _____________________ !:!, 14,47; pl. 16 

waluensts, Com·itas ____________ 10, 15, 64, 65, 70; pl. 20 

wrt·rre'fn, Ewida _______________________ 7, 12, 24; pl. 2 

wh:tpple·i, Homnlopomn (Cnntm:inea) __ 7, 12, 27, 28; pl. 36 

wlni.11W're t, Hindsin (Nihonophos) ------------------4 7 

winckworthi, LntuLXis (Tolema) _________ 8, 14, 4.5; pl. 10 

wood·rowt, Eubeln ___________________ 10, 15, 6.9; pl. 23 

woodward·i, Genmtulakienm·i ___________ 9, 15, 60; pl. 18 

Pleurotomn --------------------------------60 Turri.~ (Gmmnula) gmnosn ____________________ 60 

Woodwn·rd'ia cnT ina.tn ___________________________ 20 

y 

ya.nuyrmuensis. Conus _______________ 11, 16, 80; pl. 29 

z 

za.nclnea, B ifronl:ut _____________________________ 31 

Zebina. _______________________________________ _;!.'} 

(Otbdezebina.) _______________________________ 2!J 

metnll:ilana ___________________ 7, 12, 2!J; pl. 31 

(MoeTchwlln) -------------------------------2!) sp. A ________________________ 7, 12, 2!J; pl. 33 

supmcosta.tn __________________ 7, 12, 29; pl. 33 

Zeidont. ---------------------------------------21 

wlceolwa. ----------------------7, 12, 21, 22; pl. 1 

Zeuxts hintset, ----------------------------------51 (Zeuxis), Nnssnnus _____________________________ .50 

(Zeuxis) dorsntus, Nnssa.nus ___________ 9, 14, 50; pl. 12 

mwrga:rit.ijerus, Nassa:nus ----------~), 14, .51; pl. 12 

zicznc, Neritma. --------------------------------28 

z·igztLfJ, Nentma. _______________________ 7, 12, 28; pl. 3 
PLATES 1-41 

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from U.S. Geological Survey Library, 

Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 
FIGURES 

PLATE 1 

1, 2. Scissurella (A natoma) japonica A. Adams (p. 20). 

Diameter 2.4 mm (X 20). SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214325. 

3, 4. Sine zona carinnta (A. Adams) ( p. 20) . 

Diameter 2.1 mm (X 20). USGS locality 25718 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214324. 

5, 6. Ema.rginula (Emarginella) eximia A. Adams (p. 21). 

Length 9.9 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214305. 

7, 8. Emarginula sp. C (p. 21). 

Length 3.6 mm (X 12). USGS locality 25655 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene, 

USNM 214277. 

9-11. Puncturella, (Cranopsis) 7Jileolus A. Adams (p. 21). 

Length 3.2 mm (X 12). SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New He·brides. Pleistocene. USNM 214315. 

12, 13. Pnnctwrella (Puncturella) agger Wat~on (p. 21). 

Length 2.5 mm (X 12). SM43 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214322. 

14-16. Zeidora calceolina A. Adams (p. 22). 

Length 3.1 mm (X 12). USGS locality 25734 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214304. 

17-19. Patelloida cf. P. latist1-igata (Angas) (p. 22). 

Length 11.5 mm (X 5). USGS locality 25717 on the Kere River. Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214350. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1171 PLATE I 

9 10 

11 

17 

SCISSURELLIDAE, FISSURELLIDAE, ACMAEIDAE 
PLATE 2 

[Figures 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17 are uncoated and show original color pattern.] 

FIGURES 1-3. Tu1·cfcula sp. A. (p. 24). 

Diameter 3.4 mm (X 12). Station C2019, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pl.iocen.e (Te~tiary h). USNM 214271. 

4-14. Enida wa?Yeni Ladd, n. sp. (p. 24). 

4-9. Holotype, diameter 3.4 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

Pleistocene. USNM 214354. 

10-14. Paratype, diameter 3.1 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25734, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. 

Pleistocene USNM 214355. 

15. Astraea (Bolnw) girgyllus (Reeve) (p. 26). 

He·ight 41.0 mm (X Ph). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308093. 

16, 17. Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus (p. 27). 

Height 50 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo. New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214366. 
GEOLOG ICAL SURV IW PHOF'ESSIONAL PAPER 11 71 PLATE 2 

TROCHIDAE, TURBINIDA' 
FIGURE 

PLATE 3 

1. Astraea (Bolma) girgyllus (Reeve) (p. 26). 

Diameter 40 mm (X 1%) Sta.tion SM242 ·on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308094. 

2, 3. Ne'ritina zigzag Lamarck (p. 28). 

Diameter 22.8 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308095. 

4, 5. Sma1·agdia ( Smantgdia) cf. S. vi rid is ( Linnaeus) ( p. 29) . 

Diameter 5.0 mm (X 5). Station C1766, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214246. 

6-8. A1·chitectonica maxim,n (Philippi) (p. 31). 

Diameter 62.0 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo. New Hebrides. Pliestocene. USNM 

175078. 

9. Thiara (Plotia) scab?'a (Muller) (p. 32). 

Height 12.8 mm (X 4). USGS locality 21031, float in Sarakata River, Santo, New Hebrides. Probably 

Pleistocene. USNM 214319. 

10-12. Epitonium cf. E. ?-e])licata ( Sowerby) (p. 33). 

He·ight 12.3 mm (X 5). USGS locality 25715, Ke:-e River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistoc-ene. USNM 

214303. 

13. Epitonium (Cycloscala) cf. E. 1·evolutum (Hedley) (p. 33). 

Height 2.3 mm (X 20). Station C1766. Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214326. 

14. Cnpulus .faponicus A. Adams ( p. 35). 

Length 4.2 mm (X 10). USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214359. . 

15-17. Cyclostrema s01nidi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 28). 

Holotype. Diameter 2.3 mm (X 20). Station C2023, Viti Levu, Fiji. Late Tertiary. USNM 214416. 
GEOLOGICAL SL:RV !c: Y PROFESS fO\' t\L I'AI'ER 1171 PL ATE;~ 

TURBINIDAE, NERITIDAE, ARCHITECTONICIDAE, THIARIDAE, EPITONIIDAE, 

CAPULIDAE, CYCLOSTREMATIDAE 
FIGURES 

PLATE 4 

1, 2. Crepidula sp. A (p. 36). 

Length 2.8 mm (X 15). Station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214410. 

3-6. Tibia powisii (Petit) (p. 34). 

3, 4. A strongly sculptured shell; length 45.4 mm ( X 1%). 

5, 6. A comparatively smooth sheH; length 45.9 mm (X Ph). 

Both shells from USGS l<X!ality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleist<X!ene. USNM nos. 214285 

and 214286. 

7, 8. Varicospira cancellata spinifera (Martin) ( p. 33). 

Length (incomplete) 17.3 mm (X 3). Station C2026, Vitu Levu, Fiji. Late Tertiary (Tertiary for g). 

USNM 214289. 

9, 10. Strombus (Canarium) labiatus (Roding) (p. 34). 

Length 33.4 mm (X 2). Station C2026. Viti Levu, Fiji. Prob::tbly Plioc::ne (Tert.iary h). USNM 214235. 

11, 12. Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus columba Lamarck (p. 34). 

Length 44.8 mm (X Ph). Station SG79 (river debris), Santo, New Hebrides. Probably Pleistocene. USNM 

308096. 

13, 14. Strombus (Lentigo) p;pus (Roding) (p. 35) 

Length 40.8 mm (X 1%). Tuff z·one on north coast of Rotuma. Holocene. USNM 214284. 

15-17. Strombus (Euprotomus) bulla (Roding) (p. 35) 

Length 43.1 mm (X 1 1h). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214234. 
PROFESSIO!\A.L l'API·: I{ I 171 !'LATE I 

CAL YPTRAEIDAE, STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 5 

FIGURES 1-3. Trivirostra (Dolichupis) producta (Gaskoin) (p. 36). 

Length 7.1 mm (X 8). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebride3. Pleistocene. USNM 

214334. 

4. Cypraea ( Erronea) gracilis Gaskoin ( p. 36) . 

Length 14.4 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple1stocene. USNM 175132. 

5, 6. Cypraea (Erronea) pulchella Swainson (p. 36). 

Length 31.4 mm (X 1%). Station SM242. Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214279. 

7, 8. Cypraca (E~·ronea) cf. C. pyriformis Gray (p. 37). 

Length 27.2 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214292. 

9-11. Cypraea (Notadusta) punctata Linnaeus (p. 37). 

Length 11.2 mm (X 6). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308097. 

12-14. Dentiovula masaoi Cate (p. 37). 

Length 6.0 mm (X 10). USGS locality 25734 on the Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214358. 

15, 16. Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitablis Cate (p. 37). 

Length 17.9 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308098. 
GEOLOGICAL SL'R \'EY PROF'ESSlOi\'AL PAPER 1171 PLATE 5 

3 

4 

6 

11 

9 

ERATOIDAE, CYPRAEIDAE, OVULIDAE 
FIGURE 

PLATE 6 

1. Valva (Valva) valva (Linnaeus) (p. 38). 

H2ight (incomplete) 54.6 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 308099. 

2. Phenacovolva langirostrata (Sowerby) (p. 38). 

Height 51.5 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Ker2 River, Santo, New Hebrides. Plei.stocene. USNM 

214258. 

3, 4. Ovula ishibashii (Kuroda) (p. 38). 

Length 31.5 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214231. 

5, 6. lVatica (Natica) areolata Recluz (p. 38). 

Height 20.9 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere Ri 1er, Santo, New H2bridE:s. Pleistocene. USNM 214247. 

7. Natica (Natica) vitellus (Linnaeus) (p. 39). 

Height 36.3 mm (X 1 liz). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308100. 

8-10. Nat1'ca ( Tcctonatica) aff. N. violacea Sowerby (p. 39). 

Height 18.5 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308101. 

11.12. 1\'everita. albumen (Linnaeus) (p. 39). 

Height 13.3 mm (X 3). USGS locality 25715, K-:-re River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214245. 

13, 14. Simon undulatum (Lischke) (p. 39). 

Height 4.5 mm (X 5). Station SM259, Santo, New Hehricles. Pleistocene. USNM 308102. 
I'IWFESSJO:--.;AL 1':\I'F:It 1171 PL • .XT J.; fi 

I 

5 

2 

3 

OVULIDAE, NATICIDAE 
PLATE 7 

FIGURES 1, 2. Phalium areola (Linnaeus) (p. 40). 

Height 34.7 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308103. 

3, 4. Casmaria ponderosa ( Gmelin) (p. 40). 

Length 30.5 mm ( x 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308104. 

5, 6. Gyrinwm cf. G. reticulare robusta (Fulton) (p. 41). 

Height 34.9 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214253. 

7, 8. Cymatium (Ranularia) sinensis (Reeve) (p. 41). 

Length 76.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308105. 

9, 10. Cymatium (Ranularia) gutturnium (Roding) (p. 41). 

Height 28.2 mm ( x 2). Station SM309, Santo, New Hebrides, Pleistocene. USNM 308106. 

11, 12. Charom:a tritonis (Linnaeus) (p. 41). 

Height 119 mm (X 1). USGS locality 2,5742, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214342. 
I'KOFESSI0 0/Al. PAPE I{ 1171 PLATE 7 GEOLOGI 'AL SURVEY 

4 

1 

CASSIDAE, CYMATIIDAE 
FIGURE 

PLATE 8 

1. Colubraria maculosa (Gmelin) (p. 48). 

2, 3. 

Heignt (incomplet,e) 38.7 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214287. 

Colubra'ria rehderi Ladd, n. sp. 

Holotype. Height 35.2 mm 

cene. USNM 214293. 

(p.49). 

(X 2). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, Pleisto4, 5. Bursa rubeta (Linnaeus) (p. 42). 

Height 73.8 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308107. 

6, 7. Bursa bufonia dunkeri Kira (p. 41) 

Height 36.7 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistoeene. USNM 

214267. 

8. Tonna allium (Dillwyn) (p. 42). 

Height 43.5 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214263. 

9. Ficus jicoicles (Lamarck) (p. 42). 

Height €5.4 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Plei,s1toc-ene. USNM 

214230. 

10, 11. Chicon~us axicorm·s (Lamarck) (p. 42). 

Height 30.7 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214256. 

12, 13. Chicoreus cf. C. superbus (Sowerby) (p. 43). 

Height 39.3 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214280. 
GEOL()(;t(' L :-;l ' lt\'EY PROFESSIO.\AL I'AI'EH 1171 PL.-\TE H 

5 

7 

6 8 

COL UBRARIIDAE, BURSIDAE, TON 1 IDAE, FICIDAE, MURICIDAE 
PLATE 9 

FIGURES 1, 2. Pterynotus (Naquetia) barclay'i (Reeve) (p. 43). 

Length 95.6 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214244. 

3, 4. Murex (Murex) pecten (Lightfoot) (p. 43). 

Length 48.2 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308108. 

5, 6. Murex (Murex) rectirostris Sowerby (p. 43). 

Length 41.4 mm ( x 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleri:s,tocene. USNM 

214236. 

7. Murex (Murex) tribulus Linnaeus (p. 43). 

Length 97.0 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308109. 

8, 9. Murex (Murex) aff. M. aduncospinosus Beck (p. 43). 

Le·ngth 17.3 mm (X 4). Station C2055, Viti Levu Fiji. Pos1sibly Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214268. 
GEOLOGICAL SU RVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1171 PLATE 9 

3 4 

2 

7 

8 9 

MURICIDAE 
FIGURE 

PLATE 10 

1. D'rupella co-r·nus (Roding) (p. 44). 

Height 31.3 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214272. 

2-4. Mancinella aff. M. bufo (Lamarck) (p. 44). 

Height 45.2 mm (X 1%). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308110. 

5-9. Latiaxis (Tolema) deburghiae (Reeve) (p. 45). 

5, 6. Height 33.7 mm (X Ph). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214248. 

7-9. He·ight 36.3 mm (X 2). Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

214249. 

10-12. Latiaxis (Tolema) cf. L. winckworthi Fulton '(p. 45). 

Height 33.7 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308111. 
I'HOFES,' IOi'\AL \I'E ~ 1171 l'LAT I·: 1!1 

4 

1 

3 

2 

10 

THAIDIDAE, MAGILIDAE 
PLATE 11 

FIGURES 1-3. Latia,xis (Tolema) blowiLadd (p.45). 

Holotype. Height 28.0 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214250. 

4-7. Latiaxis roddai Ladd, n. sp. (p. 45) 

4, 5. Holotype. USNM 214254. Height 27.8 mm (X 2). 

6, 7. Paratyp,e. USNM 214255. Height 23.5 mm (X 2). 

Both specimens from station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Age, Pliocene (T,ertiary h). 

8, 9. Hinds-ia sinensis (Sowerby) (p. 47) 

He·ight 31.9 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214270 

10, 11. Hinds~ia rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 47) 

Holotype. Height 16.5 mm. (X 3). Sta.tion C2026 Vi·ti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

214335. 

12, 13. Drupa (Morula) concatenata (Lamarck) (p. 44). 

Height 15.7 mm (X 3). Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 40-50 ft {12-15 m) age, Holocene. USNM 214229. 

14. Euthria rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 48) 

Holotype. Height 44.5 mm (X 1). Station C2026, Vi•ti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

214333. 

15, 16. Metula cf. M. mitrella (Adams and Reeve) (p. 48) 

.Height 33.2 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Ker1e River, Santo, New Hebrides, Ple,istocene. USNM 

214282. 

17, 18. Morum (Cancellomorum) cancellata (Sowerby) (p. 40) 

Length 38.0 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214225. 
CEOLOGICAL Sl.RVEY PROFE:>SIO:-.JAL PAPER 1171 PLATE 11 

MAGILIDAE, BU CI IDAE, THAIDIDAE, CA SIDAE 
PLATE 12 

FIGURES 1-3. Nassarius (Plicarcularia) globosus (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 49). 

Height 11.7 mm (X 5). Station SM239, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308112. 

4, 5. Nassarius (Plicm·culan'a) cf. N. bimaculatus (A. Adams) (p. 50). 

Height 6.1 mm (X 6). Station SM329, Wenui Rive·:, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistoc,ene. USNM 214339. 

6, 7. Nassarius (Niotha) albescens (Dunker) (p. 50). 

Height 17.3 mm (X 3). Station SG82, Sarakata River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308113. 

8, 9. Nassarius (Niotha) nocliftrus (Powys) (p. 50). 

Height 31.9 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214252. 

10, 11. Nassarius (Niotha) variegatus (A. Adams) (p. 50). 

Height 23.2 mm (X 3). USGS locality 25715, Ken River, Santo, New Hebrides. PleistocEne. USNM 

214251. 

12, 13. l'\'-ac;sarius (Zeuxis) dorsatus (Roding) (p. 50). 

Height 26.9 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214281. 

14, 15. Nassarius (Zeuxis) margaritiferus (Dunker) (p. 51). 

Height 27.6 mm ( x 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308114. 
A ARIJDAE 
PLATE 13 

FIGURES 1, 2. Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus) (p. 51) 

Height 44.4 mm (X 1%). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308115. 

3, 4. Latirus paetelianus (KUster) (p. 52). 

Height 46.5 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214269. 

5, 6. Lati,rus polygonus ( Gmelin) (p. 52). 

He.ight 66.9 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308116. 

7, 8. Latirus cf. L. formosior Melvill (p. 52). 

Height 29.9 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebride,s. Pleistocene. USNM 

214297. 

9, 10. Dolicholatirus cf. D. lancea ( Gmelin) (p. 52) 

Height (incomplete) 17.8 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

214294. 

11. Fusinus colus (Linnaeus) (p. 53). 

Height 92 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleisttoc,ene. USNM 

214257. 

12, 13. Oliva ispida (Roding) (p. 53). 

Length 33.8 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214331. 

14, 15. Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson (p. 53). 

Height 28.7 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214301. 

16. Cancilla (Cancilla) isabella (Swainson) (p. 53). 

Height 49.6 mm (X 1%) USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistoc-ene. USNM 

214233. 

17, 18. Vexillum ( V exillum) coccineum (Reeve) ( p. 54). 

Height 35.3 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, 8anto, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214264. (Shell uncoated to show color banding). 

FIGURES 1, 2. 

3, 4. 

5. 

6, 7. 

8, 9. 

10, 11. 

12, 13. 

14, 15. 

16-18. 

19-22. 

PLATE 14 

Vexillum (Vexillurn) vulpecula (Linnaeus) (p. 54) 

Height 40.0 mm (X 1%). Station SG79, SarakatJ. River, Santo, New Hebrides. Plei,stocene. Shell uncoated to show traces of original color bands. USNM 308117. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) polygonum (Gmelin) (p. 54) 

Height 53.5 mm (X 1). USGS local1ity 25715, Ker J River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214290. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) cf. V. bellum (Pease) (p. 54) 

Height 30.0 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Ke~·~ River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214266. 

Vexillum (Pusia) 1nillecostatum (Broderip) (p. 54) 

Height 23.8 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214300. 

Volutomitra? vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 56) 

Holotype, length 35.0 mm (X 2). Sta1tion C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. PliocEne (Tertiary h). USNM 214332. 

Cancellaria tholoensis Ladd (p. 57). 

Holotype, length 27.2 mm (X 2). Station 59, Viti Levu, Fiji. Late Miocene (Tertiary g). B. P. Bishop 

Museum, Geol. no. 1213. 

Trigonostoma (Scalptia) crenifera ( Sowerby) (p. 57). 

Height 12.5 mm (X 5). Station C1264, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175124. 

Cancellaria (Merica) asperella Lamarck (p. 57). 

Length 25.0 mm (X 2%). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308118. 

Cancellaria (Me1·ica) petiti Ladd, n. sp. (p. 57). 

Holotype, height 15.7 mm (X 4). Station 817, Vanu:t Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214320. 

Neadmete nausorensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 58). 

19-21. Holotype, length 17.8 mm (X 3). USNM 214249. 

22. Paratype, length 19.0 mm (X 3). USNM 214351. Both specimens from station C2026, Vitu Levu, 

Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). 
GEOLOGI 'A L SL'H\' J:;Y PROI·'ESSfOl'\AL PAPER 1171 PLATI·: 14 

19 20 

lVIITRIDAE, VOLUTOlVIITRIDAE, CANCELLARIIDAE 
PLATE 15 

[Figures 10 and 14 uncoated; show traces of color pattern] 

FIGURES 1, 2. Lyr·ia mallicki Ladd (p. 56). 

Holotyp~, height 48.0 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

175096. 

3-5. Lyria mallick1: Ladd (p. 56). 

Paratype A, height 45.7 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214226. 

6-8. Lyria mallicki Ladd (p. 56). 

Paratype B. Height 33.0 mm (fig. 6, 7, X 1; fig. 8, X 5). S,tation SM242, Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. Pleistocene. British Museum (Nat. History) No. GG 19760. 

9-12. Lyria santoensis Ladd (p. 56). 

Holotype, height 87.7 mm (figs. 9, 10, X 1; fig. 11, X Ph; figure 12 X 5). Station SM242, Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175138. 

13, 14. Lyria santoensis Ladd (p. 56). 

Paratype, height 78.6 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25742, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 175139. 
PHOFESS IO:\AL PAPER 1171 PLATE 15 

VOLUTIDAE 
PLATE 16 

FIGURES 1-3. Co,ralliophila mallicki Ladd (p. 44). 

Holo:ype, height 11.9 mm (X 6). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene USNM 

214348. 

4, 5. Phos bakeri Ladd (p. 47). 

Holotype, height 18.4 mm (X 3). USGS loc·ality 25715, Ke·re River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214307. 

6. Metula kerensis Ladd (p. 48). 

Holotyp·~, height 24.3 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple1is·tocene. USNM 

214288. 

7. Metula santocnsis Ladd (p. 48). 

Holotype, height 30 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Sant.o, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. BM (Nat. 

Hist.) GG19763. 

8-11. Nassarius (Alectrion) barsdelli Ladd (p. 51). 

8-10. Holotype, height 23.8 mm Apertural and rear views (X 2.5); tip (X 5). USGS locality 25715, 

Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pl<eistocene. USNM 214274. 

11. Paratype, height 23.8 mm (X 2%). USNM 214278. 

12-14. Siphonofusus walleri (Ladd) (p. 47). 

12, 13. Holotyp~, length 66.6 mm (X 1). USNM 214260. 

14. Para.type, length 58.7 mm (X 1). USNM 214261. Both types from USGS locality 25715, Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 
GJ::OLO(jiCAL SL.H\.EY PROFESS I001AL PAPER 1171 PLATE lG 

,.. 

9 

13 

MAGILIDAE, BUCCINIDAE, NASSARIIDAE 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

PLATE 17 

Pedicula.ria navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 37). 

Scanning electron microscope photographs of holotype and only specimen. Length 5.7 mm. USNM 

214385, USGS locality 25734, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

X 18 

X 12 

X 20 

X 18 

X 88 
t:EO LOG ICA L Sl' RVE Y P IWFE::iS!Oi\'.-\L PA PI·: H 11 71 PLATE II 

2 

OVULIDAE 
PLATE 18 

FIGURES 1, 2. Gcmnmla speciosa (Reeve) (p. 59). 

Height 28.0 mm (X Ph). Station C2024, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214310. 

3-6. Gemmula kitneri ( Doumet) (p. 60). 

3, 4. Height 44.0 mm (X 1%). Station SM242-57A, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308119. 

5, 6. Height 39.9 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214368. 

7, 8. Gem, mula kieneri woodwardi (Martin) ( p. 60) . 

Height 24.5 mm (X 2). Station C2021, Vitu Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214295. 

9, 10. Gemmula congener (E. A. Smith) (p. 60). 

Height (incomplete) 18.7 mm (X 2%). Station B l07, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

214369. 

11, 12. Gemmula monilifera (Pease) (p. 60). 

Heig:1t 18.6 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. PliocEne (Tertiary h). USNM 214372. 

13, 14. Gcmmula aff. G. clifdcnensis Powell (p. 60). 

Height 25.7 mm (X 2%). Station FB13, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early MiocE.ne (Tertiary f). USNM 214370. 

15, 16. Gemmula sp. A (p. 61). 

Height (incomplete) 14.1 mm (X 4). Station C2021, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene. (Tertiary h). USNM 

214328. 

17, 18. Ptychosyrim; aff. P. timorensis teschi Powell (p. 61). 

Height (incomplete) 28.4 mm (X 2). Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Late Tertiary. USNM 214312. 

19-22. E'pidrona grecnbaumi Ladd (p. 62). 

19, 20. Holotype length 20.8 mm, 19, apertural vi :w (X 3) ; 20, base (X 5) USGS locality 25715, 

USNM 214306. 

21, 22. Para.type length 20.0 mm (X 3). Station SM242 BM (NH) GG19762. 

Both shells from outcrops on Kere River, Santo, N2w Hebrides. Ploistocene. 

23, 24. Lophiotoma (Lopln"vtoma) acuta (Perry) (p. 62). 

Lengt!1 80.0 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides, Pleistocene. USNM 308120. 

25, 26. Lophiotoma (Lophioturris) indica (Roding) (p. 63). 

Length 43.9 mm (X 1%). Station SM242, Kere R;ver, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. U SNM 308121. 
I'IWI·'I•;SS IOX.\1, P.\/'J::H Iii! PLATE 11, 

1 2 

TURRIDAE 
FIGURE 

PLATE 19 

1. Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma) acuta (Pe.rry) (p. 62). 

Latex cast of mold from station (X 75), Viti Levu, Fiji. Length 49 mm (X 1). Age, late Tertiary. 

USNM 175097. 

2, 3. Lophiotoma (Lophiotonw) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 62). 

Holotype, height 24.6 mm (X 2). Dr-iH hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 890-900 feet. Early Mioc•ene (Tertiary 

f). USNM 214309. 

4, 5. Lophiotoma (Lophiotoma.) cf. L. leucotropis (Adams and Reeve) (p. 63). 

Height (incomplete) 20.6 mm (X 2%). Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Late Tertiary. USNM 214308. 

6, 7. Tu1-ris crispa crispa (Lamarck) (p. 63). 

Length 77.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175100. 

8, 9. Nasavusavuia nuttalli Ladd, n. gen. et n. sp. (p. 61). 

Holotype, length 21.1 mm (X 3). Sta,tion VI-5, Vanua Levu, Fiji British Museum (Nat. Hist.) GG1841. 

10-15. Cryptogemma richmondi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 61). 

10-12. Holotype (incomplete) height 24.1 mm (X 2%). 

13-15. Para type height 23.0 mm (X 2%). 

Both spscimens, USNM 214403 and 214404, from station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary 

f). 

16. Nassarius (Alectrion) glans (Linnaeus) (p. 51). 

Height 43.6 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 25718, Ke ·e River, Santo, New Hebride·s. Pleis.tocene. USNM 

214408. 

17-19. Kenyonia cf. K. chiangi (Azuma) (p. 81). 

Length 10.4 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214291. 
1 2 

10 

9 

13 

17 

TURRIDAE, NASSARilDAE, CONIDAE 
PLATE 20 

FIGURES 1, 2. Comitas aff. C. kamakurana (Pilsbry) (p. 63). 

Height 52.7 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleisto·cene. USNM 214273. 

3-6. Comitas nausorensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 64). 

3, 4. Paratype B. Height 31.3 mm (X 2). USNM 214276. 

5, 6. Para type A. Height 37.5 mm (X 2). USNM 214275. 

Both specimens from station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

7-9. Comitas waluensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 64). 

7, 8. Holotype. Height 33.7 mm (X 2). USNM 214262. 

9. Paratype. Height 30.8 mm (X 2). USNM 214265. 

Both s.pecimens from station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

10, 11. Leucosyrinx rabbidgei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 65). 

Holo,type. He·ight22.1 mm (X 3). Station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

214373. 

12, 13. Comitas sp. A (p. 64). 

Height (incomplete) 18.7 mm (X 3). Station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

214336. 

14, 15. Leucosyrinx fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 64). 

Holotype. Height 24.4 mm (X 2%). Station FB-13, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

214299. 

16, 17. Clavosurcula? briggsi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 65). 

Holotyp·e. Height 14.7 mm (X 4). FB-7, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 214232. 
1 2 

3 

12 

TURRIDAE 
PLATE 21 

FIGURES 1, 2. Cornitas nausorensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 64). 

Holotype. Height 28.9 mm (X 2). Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Late T·ertiary. USNM 214314. 

3, 4. Clathrodrillia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 65). 

• 

Holotype. Height 32.0 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308122. 

5, 6. Crassispira rnacneili Ladd, n. sp. (p. 66). 

Holotype. Height 30.3 mm (X 2). Station C2026, Vi:ti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214296. 

7-10:. Inquisitor walleri Ladd, n. sp. (p. 66). 

7, 8. Holotype. Height 23.1 mm (X 3). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleis,tocene. USNM 214362. 

9, 10. Paratype. Height 18.3 mm (X 3). Same locality as holotype. USNM 308123. 

11-15. Agathotorna vanualevensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 66). 

11, 12. Holotyp?, Height 25.2 mm (X 2%). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Te~tiary h). USNM 

216317. 

13-15. Paratype. Height 17.3 mm (fig"s. 13, 14, X 2%; fig. 15, X 30). Locality same as holotype. USNM 

216318. 

16, 17. Guraleus vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 67). 

Holotype. Height 7.0 mm (X 5). USNM 214341. Sta~tion C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

18, 19. Guraleus fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 67). 

Holotype. Height 10.5 mm (X 5). USNM 214352. Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fij.i. Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

20-22. Guraleus forrnosus Ladd, n. sp. (p. 67). 

Holotype. Height 12.4 mm (figs. 20, 21, X 5; fig. 22, X 4). USGS loc·ality 25715, Kere River, Santo, 

New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214353. 
1 

2 

7 

8 

11 

12 

14 

15 
PLATE 22 

FIGURES 1-3. Ithycythara lata Ladd, n. sp. (p. 68). 

Ho1otype. Height 7.9 mm (X 5). Sta.tion SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308124. 

4-7. Euclathurella santoensis La.dd, (p. 68). 

Holotype. Height 14.0 mm (figs. 4-6, X 4; fig. 7, X 14). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214337. 

8-10. Euclathurella? sp. A (p. 68). 

He-ight 12.3 mm (X 5). St.a.tion 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214338. 

11. Eucithara stromboides (Reeve) (p. 68). 

Height 14.8 mm (X 3). Island of Ma·ewo, New Hebrides. Probably Pleistocene. USNM 214357. 

12-14. EuC'ithara sawitrae (Beets) (p. 68). 

Length 3.9 mm (X 10). USGS locality 21304, Go·ikul Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau. La be Mio•cene (Tertiary g). USNM 214376. 

15-19. Eucithara marshallensis La.dd, n. sp. (p. 68). 

15. Paratype A. Height 5.1 mm (X 10). F-1, Eniwetok, depth 790-800 ft (239-242 m). Late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 2.14383. 

16, 19. Para type B. Height 6.4 mm (X 10). 2A, Bikini, depth 852-857 ft (258-259 m). Late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 214384. 

17, 18. Holotype. Height 6.4 mm (X 10). F-1, Eniwetok, dep.th 690-700 ft (209-212 m). Late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 214382. 
PROFE:-;SIO:'\AL PAPER 1111 PLATE ~~ 

GEOLOGICAl>' Sl'R\'EY 

3 

7 

6 5 4 

1 2 

12 

11 

8 10 

TURRIDAE 
PLATE 23 

FIGURES 1-3. Etrema palauensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 69). 

Holotype. Height 3.6 mm (X 15). USGS locality 21304. Late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 214374. 

4-6. Etrema sp. A (p. 69). 

Height 6.9 mm (X 8). Station MR20, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214375. 

7, 8. Eubela woodrowi Ladd, n . .sp. (p. 69). 

Holotype. Height 4.8 mm (X 10). S~tation I1010, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175093. 

9-12. Clinura? fijiensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 70). 

Holotype. Length 27.0 mm (X 2). Station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

214387. 

13-15. Clinura?sp.B. (p.71). 

Length 20.7 mm (X 5). Station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 214391. 
GEOLOG ICAL SUR\"EY 

'l!Ofl::~~ fO !'X \L P.\f'EH llil PL\TE ~:l 

1 2 3 4 5 

{. 

TURRIDAE 
PLATE 24 

FIGURES 1-3. Clinura? sp. B (p. 71). 

Length 20.7 mm (X 2%). Station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 214392. 

4-9. Clinura? sp. A (p. 70). 

4-6. USNM 214389. Length 25.5 mm (X 2%). 

7-9. USNM 214390. Length 24.0 mm (X 21h). 

Both shells from station C497, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Mioeene (Tertiary f). 

10-13. Turcica (Perrinea) waiwailevensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 23). 

Holotype. Height 4.4 mm (X 12). Sta:tion C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 250142. 

14-19. Conus aculeiformis 1nckinneyi Ladd, n. subsp. (p. 71). 

14-16. Holotype. Length 39.7 mm (X llh). USNM 250136. 

17-19. Paratype. Length 30.0 mm (X 2). USNM 250137. 

Both shells station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

20, 21. Tt.rebra (Microtrypetes) kerensis Ladd (p. 83). 

Holotype. Height 10.0 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hehride·s. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214340. 
Gr:OLOG ICAL SUR\ .EY PROFESS ION AL PAP { .1171 PLAT!<~ l 

3 

1 2 

4 

6 

13 

11 12 

16 

TURRIDAE, TROCHIDAE, CONIDAE, TEREBRIDAE 
PLATE 25 

FIGURES 1, 2. Conus aculeiformis Reeve (p. 71). 

Length 19.5 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308125. 

3-6. Conus a.cutangulus Lamarck (p. 71). 

3, 4. Shell from Miocene of Fiji, station F238, length 15.5 mm (X 4). USNM 214321. 

5, 6. Shell from Pleis.tocene of New Hebrides, station SM242, Kere River, Santo, length 29.7 mm (X 2). 

USNM 308126. 

7, 8. Conus ammiralis Linnaeus (p. 72). 

Height 22.2 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 250144. 

9-11. Conus cf. C. aristophanes Sowerby (p. 72). 

Length 26.9 mm (X 2). Bishop Mus., Geol. no. 1167, station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

12, 13. Conus cf. C. bonus Nomura (p. 72). 

Length 38.6 mm (X 1%). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175123. 

14, 15. Conus cf. C. catus Hwass (p. 72). 

Length 25.6 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple·istocene. USNM 

214311. 

16-21. Conus charigi La.dd, n. sp. (p. 72). 

16-18. Holotype, length 30.6 mm (X 2). Station RB44, Viti Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

British Mus. (N.H.) no. GG9145. 

19-21. Paratype. Length 16.7 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

USNM 250168. 

FIGURES 1, 2. 

3, 4. 

5. 

6, 7. 

8, 9. 

10, 11. 

12. 

13-15·. 

16, 17. 

18. 

19, 20. 

PLATE 26 

Conus cf. C. coelinae Crosse (p. 73). 

L·ength 58.2 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrid.es. Pleistocene. USNM 308127. 

Conus corrugatus So·werby (p. 73). 

Length 30.8 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308128. 

Conus eburneus Hwass (p. 73). 

Diameter 16.2 mm (X 2). Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 860-870 feet (260-263 m). Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 175131. 

Conus cf. C. emaciatus Reeve (p. 73). 

Length 78.7 mm (X 1). Sta•tion SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308129. 

Conus cf. C. eugrammatus Bartsch and Rehder (p. 73). 

Length 18.3 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308130. 

Conus e;~;celsus Sowerby (p. 74). 

Length 83.2 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

175129. 

Conus figulinus Linnaeus (p. 74). 

Diameter 52.2 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308132. 

Conus cf. C. gembacanus Martin (p. 74). 

Length 8.2 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214347. 

Conus glans Hwass (p. 74). 

Length 31.4 mm (X 1%). Houma, Tonga. Age, Quaternary. B. P. Bishop Mus. no. 202938. 

Conus gloriamaris ChEmnitz (p. 75). 

Length (incomplete) 38 mm. (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. USNM 308133. 

Conus gracilis Sowerby (p. 75). 

Length 63.2 mm (X 1}. Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308134. 
l 
PLATE 27 

FIGURES 1, 2. Conus gracilis vouensis Ladd ( p. 75). 

Length (inc·omplete) 54.7 mm (X 1). Station L389, LakEmba, Fiji. Early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 

252899. 

3, 4. Conus grangeri Sowerby (p. 75). 

Length 50.2 mm (X 1). USGS locality 25715, Ke:-e River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

175099. 

5, 6. Conus gubernator Hwass (p. 76). 

Length 87.1 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere Rive~, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308135. 

7. Conus kimioi (Habe) (p. 76). 

Height 12.6 mm (X 5). Uncoated specimen showin 5 orig:nal eolor pattern. Station SM242, Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175091. 

8, 9. Conus insculptus Kiener (p. 76). 

Le·ngth 19.7 mm (X 3). USGS locality 21301, Bab~lthuap, Palau. Late Miocene (Terbiary g). USNM 

175125. 

10, 11. Conus cf. C. Wteratus Linnaeus (p. 76). 

10. Recrystallized shell from Guam (station 20997); length 100.0 mm (X 1). Quaternary. USNM 175080. 

11. Spire of Miocene shell from station 160, Viti Leve, Fiji; diameter 48.9 mm (X 1). USNM 308136. 

12-15. Conus macarae Bernardi (p. 77). 

12, 13. Smaller specimen: length 36.0 mm (X 1). US NM 308137. 

14, 15. Larger specimen: length 51.2 mm (X 1%). U SNM 308138. 

Both s.hells from station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleisto~ene. 

16. Conus miliaris Hwass (p. 77). 

Length 29.4 mm ( x 2). USGS station 21028, San .o, New Hebride.s. Pleistocene. USNM 175128. 

17, 18. Conus mucronatus Reeve(p. 77). 

Length 33.9 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere Riv r, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175132. 
A 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3, 4. 

5. 

6. 

7, 8. 

9, 10. 

11. 

12-15. 

PLATE 28 

Conus nussatella Linnaeus (p. 77). 

Length 31.7 mm (X 2). USGS Sta.tJion 21028, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175126. 

Conus ochroleucus Gmelin (p. 77). 

Length 58.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308139. 

Conus orbignyi A udouin ( p. 78). 

Length 35.2 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308141. 

Conus cf. C. pertusus Hwass (p. 78). 

Length 48.0 mm (X Ph). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308142. 

Conus pTaecellens A. Adams (p. 78). 

Length 37.7 mm (X Ph). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308143. 

Conus quercinus H wass ( p. 78) . 

Length 42.1 mm (X 1%). Station SM259, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308144. 

Conus recluzianus Bernardi ( p. 78). 

Length 46.3 mm (X 1%). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308145. 

Conus aff. C. saeculaTis~Melvill (p. 78). 

Lmgth 26.9 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Kere R,iver, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175137. 

Conus aff. C. sociaHs Martin (p. 79). 

12-14. Length 36.8 mm (X 2). Station B107, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene ( Terbiary h). USNM 214227. 

15. Length 37.3 mm ( x 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214228. 
CEOf,OC:lC.-\L SLJH \' EY 

2 

3 4 

5 

) 

6 

9 

CONIDAE 
PLATE 29 

FIGURES 1, 2. Conus aff. C. socialis Martin (p. 79). 

Length 37.3 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214228. 

3,. 4. Conus striatus Linnaeus (p. 79). 

3. Length 73.0 mm (X 1). USGS locality 21028. Probably Pleistocene. USNM 214412. 

4. Length 49.7 mm (X 1). British Mus. specimen from station RB44, Vit.i Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). 

5-9. Conus sulcatus Hwass (p. 79). 

5, 6. Length 59.4 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308146. 

7-9. Length 49.2 mm (X 1%). Station C1133, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pilocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175121. 

10, 11. Conus sulcatus undulatus Sowerby (p. 80). 

Length 48.6 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308147. 

12. Conus terebra Born (p. 80). 

Length 45.6 mm (X 1%). USGS locality 21028, Santo, New Hebrides. Probably Pleistocene. USNM 

175127. 

13. Conus cf. C. tessulatus Born (p. 80). 

Length 25.6 mm (X 2%). Station 103, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene. Univ. Rochester, Mus. 

Nat. History, no. 13073 = USNM 252900. 

14. Conus vimineus Reeve (p. 80). 

Length 25.6 mm (X 2%). Station SM242, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308148. 

15. Conus yanuyamumsis Ladd (p. 80). 

Holotype, length 19.0 mm (X 3). Station llOC, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji. Pliocme (Te·rtiary h). USNM 

175130. 

16, 17. Conus sp. A (p. 80). 

Length 44.8 mm (X 1%). Station K700, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

175133. 
CONlDAE 
FIGURE 

PLATE 30 

1. Te1·ebTa (St·rioteTcbTum) toTquata Adams and Reeve (p. 81). 

Height (incomplete) 35.7 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308150. 

2. TeTebm. (Striote1·ebrum) nebulosa Sowerby (p. 82). 

H:;ight (apex incomplete) 50.9 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

308151. 

3. Tercbra (St?·iote?·ebrum) sp. A (p. 82). 

Height (incomple•te) 33.3 mm (X 2). Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 680-690 ft (210 m). Late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 175084. 

4, 5. Te·rcbra (Decorihastula) affinis Gray (p. 82). 

Heig~t 23.3 mm (X 3). USGS locality 17891, Saipan. 'fanapag Limestone, Pleistocene and Holocene. 

USNM 175081. 

6, 7. Tcrebra (Microtryp:Jtes) vanualevensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 82). 

G. Holotype. Height (incomplete) 15.6 mm (X 2%). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). USNM 175085. 

7. Paratype. Height 14.9 mm. (X 2%). Same locality a.s holotype. USNM 175086. 

8. Te·rebra (Oxymeris) ?naculata (Linnaeus) (p.83). 

Height 165 mm ( )( 1). USGS locality 17891, Sa pan. Tanapag Limestone, Pleistocene and Holocene. 

USNM 175079. 

9. Tcreb·ra (O:q}1neris) ·intc·rl'incata Deshayes {p. 83). 

Height 56.0 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308152. 

10-12. Tcrebra (Oxymeris) cf. T. felina (Dillwyn) (p. 83). 

10. Height (incomplete) 110 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308153. 

11, 12. ·fwo fragmentary fossils from the late MiocJne of Viti Levu, Fiji (station 165); larger is 35.6 

mm in height, smaller 15.8 mm (both x 1%, U 3NM 175087 and 175088). 

13. Terebra ( Oxyme1·is) argus (Hinds) ( p. 84). 

Height (apex incomplete) 32.5 mm (X 2). USGS locality 17891, Saipan. Tanapag Limestone, Pleistocene and Holocene. USNM 175083. 

14. Te1·ebra ( Oxymeris) sp. B ( p. 84). 

Height 34.4 mm (X 2). Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 800-810 ft (245m). Late Miocene (Tertiary 

,q). USNM 175089. 

15. Te?·eb?·a (Terebra) subulata (Linnaeus) (p. 81). 

Height 82.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308149. 

16. Twrebra (Myurella) ?nlJ'IH'OS Lamarck (p. 84). 

Height 56.1 mm. (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 308154. 

17, 18. Te?·eb?·a ( Mywrella) pTetiosa Reeve ( p. 84). 

Height 116 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, Ne·.v Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 309740. 

19, 20. Te1·ebra (Myurella) alveolata Hinds (p. 84). 

Height 52.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 175082. 

21. Tercbra ( Triplostephanus) triseriata Gray (p. 85). 

Height (incomplete) 34.3 mm (X 2). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 309741. 
1 

3 

11 

13 

10 

20 

16 

4 

14 

21 

TEREBRIDAE 

PROFES.'IO:\AL PAPE!I 1171 PLATE:{() 

5 

8 
PLATE 31 

FIGURES 1, 2. Zebina (Cibdezebina) metaltilana Ladd (p. 29). 

He,ight 4.0 mm (X 15). Sta.tion SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 250159. 

3-5. lVlangonuia navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 29). 

Holotype. Diameter 3.5 mm (X 20). Station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 250150. 

6-8. Mangonuia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 30). 

Holotype. Diameter 4.3 rnm (X 15). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple1istocme. USNM 250151. 

9-11. Mangonuia sp. A (p. 30). 

Diameter 2.5 mm (X 20). Station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 250160. 
GEOLOG ICAL SURV Y PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1171 PLATE 1 

RISSOIDAE, ARCHITECTONICIDAE 
PLATE 32 

FIGURES 1-9. Mangonuia sp. (p. 30). 

Three small, incomplete, and probably immature shells that may represe·nt one or more unusual spedes 

of M angonuia; all three from the Pleistocene beds of southe1rn Santo, New Hebridte,s. 

Figure's 1-3 are views of a shell from 'sta•tion SM43 on the Navaka River. It measures 3.3 mm in diameter (X 15). USNM 250166. 

Figures 4-6 are views of a shell from USGS locality 25715 on the Kere River. It measures 3.1 mm in 

diame,ter (X 15). USNM 250165. 

Figures 7-9 show another shell from the same locality on the Kere River. It measures 3.4 mm in diamete.r (X 15). USNM 250164. 

10-12. Pseudomalaxis (Pseudomalaxis?) roddai Ladd, n. sp. (p. 31). 

Holotype. Diameter 2.6 mm (X 20). Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

250149. 
PIWI·'ESSJONAL PAP8R 1171 PLATE :32 

1 2 

4 5 

9 

7 8 

ARCHITECTO NI CID AE 
PLATE 33 

FIGURES 1, 2. Chiazacmea cf. C. pygmaea sygnatoides Kuroda and Habe (p. 22). 

Length 3.2 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25718, Kere Rive,r, Santo, New Hebride,s. Ple,istocene. USNM 

214361. 

3, 4. Cocculina nipponica Kuroda and Habe (p. 22). 

Length 2.4 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25652, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple,istocene. USNM 

214360. 

5, 6. Zebina (Moerch·iella) supracostata (Garrett) (p. 29). 

Height 5.7 mm (X 10). USGS locaHty 25715, Kere Riv,er, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214377. 

7, 8. Zebina (Moerchiella) sp. A (p. 29). 

Height 10.1 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebride~s. Pleistocene. USNM 

214371. 

9, 10. Couthouyia kerensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 35). 

Ho,lotype, height 3.6 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleisrtocene. 

USNM 214367. 

11, 12. Strombus (Canarium) microurceus (Kira) (p. 34). 

Length 24.8 mm (X 2). Station C2173, drill hole in Nandi area, Viti Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocen~. 

USNM 214380. 

13, 14. Dentiovula tadashigei Cate (p. 38). 

Height 9.8 mm (X 6). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214381. . 

15, 16. BuTsa bufonia dunkeri Kira (p. 41). 

Height 87 mm (X 1). USGS loc,ality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple~istocene. USNM 

214388. 
GEOLOGICAL Sl"H n ;y PROFESSIO\fAL PAPER llll PLATE :3:3 

2 

4 

3 

1 

7 

10 

11 

14 

13 

ACMAEIDAE, COCC LINIDAE, RISSOIDAE, FOSSARIDAE, STROMBIDAE, OVULIDAE, BURSIDAE 
PLATE 34 

FIGURES 1-5. M·icrogaza (Microgaza) navakaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 25). 

Holo·type. Height 4.7 mm (X 9). Figures 1, 3-5 nQt coated, revealing original color pattern. USGS locality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hehrid :1s. Pleis•tocene. USNM 214398. 

6-8. Microgaza? sp. A (p. 26). 

Height 4.5 mm (X 9). Station C2024. Viti Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214400. 

9-11. Calliotrochus 'llavakaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 24). 

Holotype. He.ight 4.2 mm (X 10). Station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 21440.5. 

12-14. Varicospira cf. V. cancellata (Lama.rck) (p. 33). 

Length 30.5 mm ( ><: 2). Stati-on MWC 40, Maewo, New Hehrides. Probably Pleistocene. USNM 214402. 

_) 
I' I:OFESSJO:\AL PA PER 1171 PLATE :)-1 

1 

3 

6 

7 

14 

TROCHIDAE, STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 35 

FIGURES 1-3. Architectonica. (Pseudotorinia) aff. A. (P.) euprepes Woodring (p. 31). 

Diameter 7.8 mm (X 4). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Ple,i•SJtocene. USNM 

214406. 

4, 5. Siliqua1·ia cumingii (Morch) (p. 31). 

Height 37.6 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. PleitSJtocene. USNM 

214414. 

6-8. Siliquaria aff. S. armata Kuroda, Habe and Kozuge (p. 32). 

He·ight 8.6 mm (X 3). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, Santo, Ne·w Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214415. 

9-15. Seguenzia donaldi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 32). 

9-12. Holotyp•e, he·ight 2.2 mm (X 20). USNM 214409. 

13-15. Paratype, height 2.1 mm (X 20). USNM 214411. 

Both shells from station SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New Hehride,s. Pleistocene. 

16, 17. Typhis cf. T. japonicus (A. Adams) (p. 43). 

Height 3.9 mm (X 10). USGS locality 25734, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214395. 

18-20. Anachis (Costoanachis) mawsoni Ladd, n. sp. (p. 46). 

Holotyp•e. Height 7.7 mm (X 8). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

USNM 214396. 
GEOLOG I(',\L Sl' It\'EY PROFESSIO:\ ,\L I'r\I'ER 1171 PLATE ) 

12 

16 

ARCHITECTO ICIDAE, T\JRRITELLIDAE, SEGUE TZIDAE, MURICIDAE, COLUMBELLIDAE 
PLATE 36 

[All fossils shown on this plate were collected from Station C2026, Viti Levu, Fiji, and are Pliocene ( Tertia1·y h) in age. 1 

FIGURES 1-4. Homalopoma (Cantrainea) whipplei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 27). 

Holotyp3. Height 5.0 mm (X 10). USNM 214419. 

5-8. H omalopoma ( Cantrainea?) druidi Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 27). 

Holotype. Height 5.2 mm (X 10). USNM 250139. 

9-11. Anachis (Costoanachis) sp. A (p. 46). 

Juven~le shell. Height 4.3 mm (X 10). USNM 214417. 

12-14. Eunaticina sp. (p. 39). 

Immature shell. Height 8.3 mm (X 4). USNM 250138. 
3 

7 

4 11 

9 10 

12 

13 

TURBI IDAE, COLUMBELLIDAE, ATICIDAE 

14 
PLATE 37 

FIGURES 1-5. Anachis (Costoanachis) m.awsoni Ladd, n. sp. (p. 46). 

1-3. Para type. Height 7.0 mm (X 8). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, USNM 214397. 

4, 5. Juvenile s,hell. Height 4.5 mm (X 10). USGS locality 25739, Navaka River, Santo, USNM 214422. 

Both shells Pleistocene. 

6-8. Clypeom.orus coralium. (Kiener)(p. 32). 

Height 16.4 mm (X 3). Station SM308, Wambu River, Santo. Pleistocene. USNM 250167. 

9, 10. Balc1:s m.artinii (A. Adams) (p. 55). 

Height 33.6 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25718, Kere River, New Hebrides; ag'e, Pleistocene. USNM 

214365. 

11, 12.. Volvarina cf. V. avena (Kiener) (p. 59). 

Length 8.6 mm (X 5). Drill hole F -1 920-930 ft ( 278-281 m) Eniwetok; early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

USNM 175101. 

13-16. Ma/rginella (Erratoiden) ?'ingicula Sowerby (p. 58). 

13, 14. Height 4.0 mm (X 10). USGS locality 213)4, Goikul Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau. Late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 175094. 

15, 16. Height 3.2 mm (X 20). Drill hole K-1B, 663-674 ft (200-204 m), Eniwetok. Late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175095. 

17-20. A rene (A rene) sp. B (p. 26). 

Di,ameter 2.8 mm (X 10). Station SM43, NavakJ. River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

250143. 

21-25. Cyclostrema cf. C. somidi Ladd ( p. 28). 

21-24. Complete shell. Diameter 0. 7 mm (X 23). U 3NM 250141. 

25. Incomplete shell. Diameter 3.2 mm (X 10). USNM 250140. 

Both sheHs from station SM43, Navaka RiV'er, Santo, New Hebride-s. Pleistocene. 

26. MaTginella d. M. ( Grannla) iota Hedley (p. 58). 

Length 1.1 mm (X 46). Drill hole on Funafuti, Ellice Islands at depth 65 ft (20 m). Holocene. MCZ 

specimen. 
GEO LOGICA L Slli:{ \.EY PHOFESS!ON .\L 1'.\PEll 1171 PLATE ;{7 

8 

1 

2 

4 5 

24 

11 12 

26 

MBELLIDAE, CERITHIIDAE , EULIMIDAE, MARGINELLl DAE, TURBINIDAE, CYCLOSTREMATIDAE, 
PLATE 38 

Bathynassa bolangoi Ladd (p. 51). 

Type specime·ns from Navaka River outcrops (USGS localities 25736 and 25742), Santo, New 

Hebrides. Pleistocene. 

FIGURES 1, 2. Holotype, lmgth 13.9 mm (X 6). USNM 214343. 

3, 4. Paratype A, length 12.8 mm (X 6). USNM 214344. 

5, 6. Paratyp3 B, length 13.6 mm. Part of spire by scanning electron microscope (fig. 5, X 26; fig. 6, X 21). 

USNM 214345. 

7. Paratype C. Tip of spire by scanning electron microscope X 72. USNM 214346. 
GEO LOGI CAL SUR\'EY T'ROFESSIO:-JAL I'APER llil PLATE :}x 

N ASSARIIDAE 
PLATE 39 

FIGURES 1-4. Turcica (Perrinia) fijiensie Ladd, n. sp. (p. 23). 

Holo,type. Heig-ht 3.6 mm (X 15). Station C2026, Vi,ti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (T~ertiary h). USNM 

250128. 

5-8. Calliotropis rewaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 23). 

Holo~type. Height 3.2 mm (X 20). Station C2026, Vi,ti L~evu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

250126. 

9-12. Calliotropis? sp. A ( p. 23). 

Height 5.0 mm (X 10). USGS loc,ality 25731, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleis~toc~ene. USNM 

214421. 
GEOLOG IC..\L Sl.R\" EY P ROFESSIO .AL f'r\PE K 1171 PLATE :~9 

TROCHIDAE 
PLATE 40 

FIGURES 1-3. Sinezona cingulata (0. G. Costa) (p. 20). 

Height 2.6 mm (X 15). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleis·toc,ene .. USNM 

250154. 

4-6. Dentarene navakaense Ladd, n. sp. (p. 26). 

Holotype. Diameter 3.5 mm (X 20). USGS locality 25734, Navaka River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistoce-ne. USNM 250163. 

7-11. Dentarene depressa Ladd, n. sp. (p. 27). 

7-9. Holotype. Height (upp·er spines omitted) 1.5 mm (X 20). 8taHon SM43, Navaka River, Santo, New 

Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 250161. 

LO, 11. Paratype. Height (upper spines omitted) 1.6 mm (X 20). USGS locality 25731, Navaka River. 

Pleistocene. USNM 250162. 
PROFES::->101\AL PAPEH 1171 PLATE 10 

4 

9 

CI SURELLIDAE, TURBINIDAE 
PLATE 41 

FIGURES 1-3. Solariella (Ethaliopsis) vitilevensis Ladd, n. sp.(p. 25). 

Holotypoe. Height 3.6 mm (X 10). Station C1764, Viti Levu, Fiji. Probably Pliocene. USNM 214407. 

4-6. Colubraria obscura (Reeve) (p. 49). 

Heright 22.6 mm (X 3). Station SM242, Kere River, Sa.n:to, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 214394,. 

7-9. Colubraria tortuosa (Reeve) (p. 49). 

Height 27.3 mm (X 2). USGS locality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pleistocene. USNM 

214393. 

10,11.. Vexillum (Vexillum) subdivisum (Gmelin) (p.54). 

Height (inc,omplete) 53.4 mm (X 1). Station MWC40, Ma,ewo, New Hebrides. Prohably Pleistocene. 

USNM 214401. 

12, 13. Eulima santoensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 55). 

Holotype. Height 9.5 mm (X 5). USGS loc-ality 25715, Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides. Pl,eistocene, 

USNM 250158. 

14. Eulima sp. A (p. 55). 

Height 2.7 mm (X 20). USGS locality 21304, Goikul Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau. Late Miocen·e. USNM 

250155. 

15. Eulima sp. A (p. 55). 

Height 2.1 mm (X 20). Drill Hole E-1, Eniwetok. Early Mioc,ene (Tertiary f). USNM 250156. 

16. Balcis aff. B. vitrea (A. Adams) (p. 56). 

Height 4.9 mm (X 10). Station C202·6, Viti Levu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 214386. 

17. Balcis aff. B. kanaka (Pilsbry) (p. 55). 

Height 4.0 mm (X 15). Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,629-1,640 ft (497-500 m), early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

USNM 250157. 
GEOLOGICAL SL1R\'EY PHlW SS Ol\ ,\ L PAPER ll 71 PL.\.TE .JJ 

1 

2 

3 

8 9 

4 5 6 

7 

12 13 14 15 16 

TROCHIDAE, COLUBRARIIDAE, MITRIDAE, EULIMIDAE