PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 13-7

ANTHONY BERNARD JUNIPER,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

DAVID W. ZOOK, Warden, Sussex I State Prison,

Respondent-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at 

Richmond. John A. Gibney, Jr., District Judge. (3:11-cv-00746-JAG)

Argued: September 15, 2017 Decided: November 16, 2017

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, WYNN and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.

Vacated in part and remanded by published opinion. Judge Wynn wrote the opinion, in 

which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Diaz concurred.

ARGUED: Dawn Michele Davison, VIRGINIA CAPITAL REPRESENTATION 

RESOURCE CENTER, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellant. Matthew P. Dullaghan, 

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for 

Appellee. ON BRIEF: Elizabeth Hambourger, Johanna Jennings, CENTER FOR DEATH 

PENALTY LITIGATION, Durham, North Carolina, for Appellant. Robert E. Lee, Jr., 

VIRGINIA CAPITAL REPRESENTATION RESOURCE CENTER, Charlottesville, 

Virginia, for Appellant. Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE 

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
2

WYNN, Circuit Judge:

Following a bifurcated jury trial in the Circuit Court, City of Norfolk, Virginia, a 

jury convicted and sentenced to death Petitioner Anthony Juniper (“Petitioner”) for the 

January 16, 2004 murders of Keshia Stephens, her younger brother Rueben Harrison, and 

her two daughters Nykia Stephens and Shearyia Stephens. After unsuccessfully pursuing 

collateral relief from his conviction and death sentence in Virginia courts, Petitioner filed 

an action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of 

Virginia against Respondent David W. Zook, in his official capacity as Warden, Sussex I 

State Prison (“Respondent”). Before the district court, Petitioner asserted numerous bases 

for relief, including that his prosecutors failed to turn over certain pieces of “material”

exculpatory and impeaching evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 

(1963). The district court granted Petitioner limited documentary discovery, denied 

Petitioner’s request for an evidentiary hearing, and rejected all of Petitioner’s claims and 

dismissed his petition. 

 After conducting a careful review of the record, we conclude that the district court 

abused its discretion in dismissing Petitioner’s Brady claim without holding an evidentiary 

hearing because it failed to assess the plausibility of that claim through the proper legal 

lens. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s decision as to the Brady claim and remand 

the case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.1

 1 Petitioner obtained a certificate of appealability as to three additional claims. The 

first and second claims, which Petitioner raised pursuant to the Supreme Court’s opinion 

in Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), asserted (1) that Petitioner’s state trial counsel 
3

I.

A.

 According to the evidence presented at trial, Petitioner and Keshia Stephens had 

been involved “in an on-again, off-again tumultuous relationship for approximately two 

years.” Juniper v. Commonwealth, 626 S.E.2d 383, 394 (Va. 2006). On the morning of 

the murders, Renee Rashid, who testified under a grant of immunity, took Petitioner to 

Keshia’s apartment to retrieve some of his belongings. Rashid and Petitioner arrived at the 

apartment, which was on the second floor of a building in Norfolk, Virginia, at 

approximately 10:20 a.m. While in the apartment, Rashid heard Petitioner and Keshia 

arguing, with “Keshia repeatedly ma[king] comments such as, ‘[T]here’s nobody but you. 

I told you I’m not seeing anybody but you.’” Id. at 393. Rashid left the apartment, and

Petitioner remained behind. Rashid testified that as she drove away, “she heard four 

‘booms,’ which she described as ‘sound[ing] like gunshots.’” Id. 

 

failed “to properly challenge the prosecutor’s violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 

(1986),” Juniper v. Zook, 117 F. Supp. 3d 780, 787 (E.D. Va. 2015), and (2) that his state 

trial counsel failed “to make a constitutional objection to the trial court’s exclusion of 

expert testimony on [Petitioner’s] future dangerousness,” id. The final claim alleged that 

Petitioner’s appellate counsel failed to appeal an objection that the jury instructions did not 

require the jury to find each aggravating factor unanimously and beyond a reasonable 

doubt. Juniper v. Pearson, No. 3:11–cv–00746, 2013 WL 1333513, at *43 (E.D. Va. 

March 29, 2013), vacated in part sub nom. Juniper v. Davis, 737 F.3d 288 (4th Cir. 2013). 

Because we conclude the district court improperly dismissed Petitioner’s Brady claim 

without holding an evidentiary hearing, we decline to resolve Petitioner’s remaining three 

claims as those claims would be moot if the district court rules in Petitioner’s favor on the 

Brady claim and awards Petitioner a new trial. 
4

Rashid drove to the house of Gwendolyn Rogers, Petitioner’s mother, where she 

met Rogers and Keon Murray, a friend of Petitioner. Murray, also testifying under a grant 

of immunity, said that while at Rogers’s house he received a call from Petitioner, which 

originated from Keshia’s phone number. According to Murray’s testimony, Petitioner told 

Murray over the phone that “They gone,” and that Petitioner “killed them,” but did not 

name whom he had killed. Id. at 395.

Murray then called his friend Tyrone Mings, a twice-convicted felon who lived with 

his girlfriend, Melinda Bowser, one block from Keshia’s apartment building. According 

to Mings’s testimony, Murray asked Mings to check on Keshia’s apartment because 

“[Murray] heard some shots.” J.A. at 412. Some time later, Mings walked down the street 

to Keshia’s apartment and found that Keshia’s front door appeared to have been “kicked 

in.” Juniper, 626 S.E.2d at 395. 

Upon entering Keshia’s apartment, Mings testified that he saw [Petitioner]

standing in the living room with a white substance on his face and holding 

an automatic pistol. When Mings asked [Petitioner] about Keshia, 

[Petitioner] directed Mings to the back of the apartment. Upon entering the 

master bedroom, Mings saw Rueben and a young girl lying on the bed. 

Mings did not see Keshia and asked [Petitioner] where she was. [Petitioner]

told Mings she was “between the bed and the dresser.” Mings returned to 

the bedroom and called to the people in the room, but no one answered.

Mings departed Keshia’s apartment, leaving [Petitioner] in the living room, 

still holding the pistol.

Id. Mings testified that he then returned to his apartment and told Bowser what he had 

seen at Keshia’s apartment. 

Meanwhile, according to Rashid’s and Murray’s testimony, Rashid and Murray left 

Rogers’s apartment in Rashid’s car, picked up Petitioner’s cousin, John Jones, and 
5

proceeded to Keshia’s apartment building. While Rashid waited in the car, Murray and 

Jones got out of the car and searched for Petitioner. Jones called out several times for 

Petitioner to “[c]ome out.” J.A. 406. Petitioner came down to the car and got into the 

passenger seat, beside Rashid. Murray and Jones got in the back seats. Both Rashid and 

Murray testified that Petitioner was holding a handgun when he got in the car. Id. at 390, 

408. Rashid further testified that Petitioner “appeared to be jittery” and “was breathing 

real hard.” Id. at 389. And according to Murray, Petitioner “look[ed] nervous.” Id. at 407. 

After telling Bowser what he had seen, Mings walked back from his apartment 

toward Keshia’s apartment. Mings testified that while he was walking to Keshia’s 

apartment, he saw Petitioner, Murray, and Jones leaving Keshia’s apartment. Mings then 

observed Petitioner, Murray, and Jones get into a car, which was driven by “a female,” and 

drive off. Id. at 415-17. At that point, Mings walked back to his apartment. Mings testified 

that when he returned to his apartment, Bowser called the police. At trial, a Norfolk Police 

officer testified that at 12:44 p.m. he responded to a call reporting a disturbance and 

possible gunshots at Keshia’s apartment. The officer, who was later joined by another 

officer, walked around the complex, talked to two residents, and, finding nothing troubling, 

“left the apartment complex believing the call to have been a false report.” Juniper, 626 

S.E.2d at 395.

Meanwhile, Rashid drove Petitioner and Jones to Jones’s apartment, and then 

returned to her own apartment. Rashid testified that, after arriving at home, she called 

Petitioner’s mother. Phone records introduced at trial established that this call occurred at 

1:10 p.m. 
6

In the meantime, Mings walked back to Keshia’s apartment a third time, this time 

accompanied by Bowser. On the way to her apartment, Mings and Bowser saw the officers 

who had responded to the 12:44 p.m. call leave. Mings and Bowser returned to their 

apartment, and Bowser called the police a second time. At approximately 2:20 p.m., a 

large number of Norfolk Police Department officers responded to a second call regarding 

a disturbance at Keshia’s apartment. Mings and Bowser were waiting outside the 

apartment when the officers arrived. Mings testified that he told the officers there were 

victims inside, but did not tell the officers that he had observed Petitioner inside the 

apartment with a gun because Mings “feared for [his] safety.” J.A. 419. 

One of the officers who responded to the 2:20 p.m. call testified that, when he 

reached the front door of Keshia’s apartment, the “whole center part of the door was 

completely knocked . . . inward into the apartment, and wooden debris from the door was 

lying inside the apartment.” Juniper, 626 S.E.2d at 395. Upon entering the apartment, 

officers found 

Nykia’s body lying across Rueben on the bed in the master bedroom. They 

then observed Shearyia’s body lying across Keshia’s body on the floor beside 

the bed. The officers received no response from any of them. . . .

All four victims . . . died as a result of gunshot wounds. Keshia was stabbed 

through her abdomen, shot three times, and grazed by a fourth bullet. . . . 

The stab wound did not fatally wound Keshia, but tore through the muscle of 

her abdominal wall. There was a great deal of blood accompanying the 

wound, however, which led the medical examiner performing the autopsy to 

conclude that the stab wound was probably the first injury inflicted on 

Keshia. . . . Two-year old Shearyia was shot four times while in her mother’s 

arms. . . . Rueben Harrison was shot three times. . . . Four-year old Nykia 

was shot one time behind her left ear.

Id. at 394–95.
7

At the crime scene, police officers found the handle and blade of a steak knife, which

originally were joined. According to expert testimony, the “stab wound was consistent 

with a wound that would have been caused by the knife blade found at the scene of the 

crime.” Id. at 394. Investigators found Petitioner’s latent thumbprint on the part of the 

knife blade nearest the handle, and Petitioner’s DNA on the knife handle. Investigators 

also found a cigarette butt bearing Petitioner’s DNA at the threshold of the apartment.

Although law enforcement officers never recovered the firearm used to kill the 

victims, a firearms expert concluded “the bullets recovered from the victims’ bodies were 

fired from a single nine-millimeter, Luger semi-automatic pistol.” Id. at 395. At the crime 

scene, law enforcement officers found an ammunition box that contained the type of bullets 

used to kill the victims, as well as a number of cartridges and cartridge casings. Although 

the investigators did not identify any prints of value on the cartridges or cartridge casings, 

they did find a print of value on the ammunition box. Investigators could not identify to 

whom the print on the ammunition box belonged, but concluded it was not Petitioner. On 

the bed in the master bedroom, beside the victims, law enforcement officers found an 

ashtray with a cigarette butt. DNA found on the cigarette butt belonged to an “unknown 

individual,” not Petitioner nor any of the victims. J.A. 385. 

B.

On April 7, 2004, a grand jury indicted Petitioner for capital murder, use of a firearm 

in commission of a felony, and statutory burglary. A jury convicted Petitioner of four 

counts of capital murder, statutory burglary while armed with a deadly weapon, and four 
8

counts of use of a firearm in commission of a felony. Juniper, 626 S.E. 2d at 393. 

Following a separate sentencing hearing, the jury sentenced Petitioner to death. 

Petitioner directly appealed his conviction and death sentence to the Supreme Court 

of Virginia, asserting numerous grounds for relief. Finding no reversible error, the 

Supreme Court of Virginia affirmed Petitioner’s conviction and sentence on March 2, 

2006. Id. at 427–28. 

On December 11, 2006, Petitioner filed a petition for state collateral relief. The 

120-page petition exceeded the relevant 50-page limit, and Petitioner concurrently filed a 

motion for relief from the page limitation. The Supreme Court of Virginia denied 

Petitioner relief from the page limit and directed Petitioner to refile his petition in 

compliance with the 50-page restriction. Petitioner refiled his state collateral relief petition 

on March 2, 2007, alleging, among other claims, that the prosecution failed to turn over 

material exculpatory evidence, that the prosecution failed to correct testimony it knew to 

be false, and that he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel. Petitioner also twice 

moved the court to permit additional factual development, specifically requesting, among 

other materials, that the court “order the Commonwealth to provide habeas counsel copies 

of all taped, typed, or otherwise memorialized interviews or statements taken in connection 

with investigating [Petitioner in] the above-captioned case.” J.A. 746. Respondent 

opposed Petitioner’s request for discovery, twice representing that Petitioner “was 

provided everything required by law[.]” Id. at 682, 764. On March 4, 2011, the Supreme 

Court of Virginia denied Petitioner’s request for additional factual development and 
9

dismissed his habeas petition. Juniper v. Warden of Sussex I State Prison, 707 S.E.2d 290, 

311 (Va. 2011).

In 2011, the lead investigator in Petitioner’s case, Detective R. Glenn Ford, was 

federally prosecuted for and convicted of taking bribes from drug defendants in exchange 

for falsely representing to judges and prosecutors that those defendants had cooperated in 

homicide investigations. During that prosecution, it was revealed that investigative notes 

maintained by Ford related to Petitioner’s case had not been turned over to Petitioner’s trial 

counsel. Among several pieces of allegedly exculpatory information included in the 

investigative notes, the notes stated that, in the immediate aftermath of the murders,

investigators interviewed one of Keshia’s neighbors, Wendy Roberts, and asked her to 

view a photo line-up. Petitioner’s trial counsel did not know that Wendy had discussed 

Petitioner’s case with investigators.

Investigators assisting in Petitioner’s habeas proceedings approached Wendy, who 

provided an affidavit averring that the night before the murders she heard a man and woman 

arguing in Keshia’s apartment. She heard arguing again the following morning. And then 

in the afternoon, as she was taking her dog outside, she heard “a series of loud pops.” J.A. 

885. Soon after, a man came down the stairs from Keshia’s apartment and told Wendy

“What the fuck are you looking at lady?” Id. at 886. The man then got into an “older” 

“large four-door car” (not a truck, van, or SUV) and drove off. Id. Wendy stated that the 

man, who was one of three African-American men who regularly visited Keshia’s 

apartment, was the only person in the car. Wendy further averred that this occurred 
10

sometime between 1:00 and 2:30 p.m. and approximately five minutes before a large 

number of police officers arrived. 

Wendy’s son, Jason, also provided an affidavit to Petitioner’s habeas investigators. 

Jason, who lived with Wendy at the time of the murders, averred that he heard “gunshots” 

and looked out his window and saw an African-American man running to a car parked in 

front of Keshia’s building. Id. at 888. Jason said he immediately ran outside and saw the 

man get into the driver’s seat of the car and drive off. According to Jason, within five 

minutes, approximately thirteen police officers arrived. 

Attaching the Roberts’s affidavits and the investigative notes, Petitioner filed with 

the Supreme Court of Virginia a new motion seeking factual development related to the 

newly uncovered evidence. Petitioner’s motion specifically sought, among numerous 

requests: 

All documents, reports, records, notes, memoranda, and recordings of 

whatever sort and in whatever meeting medium of meetings and contact 

between law enforcement authorities for the Commonwealth (including 

prosecutors, police, and agents or representatives of the Commonwealth) and 

Melinda Bowser, Tyrone Mings, Kevin Waterman, Wendy Roberts, Jason 

Roberts, Bernadette Patterson, John Jones, Jr., Sharon Louise Shell, Derrick 

‘Breon’ Banks, Renee Rashid, Keon Murray, and Carlisha Stephens, that in 

any way involved the investigation or prosecution of [Petitioner] for murder, 

capital murder, or related offenses.

Id. at 920. Respondent opposed Petitioner’s request for additional factual development, 

arguing that the motion was untimely and that Petitioner’s “assertion of a Brady violation 

is without merit.” Id. at 890–91. Petitioner also filed a second petition with the Supreme 

Court of Virginia seeking collateral relief from his conviction based on the newly 

uncovered information. The Supreme Court of Virginia denied the second petition on the 
11

ground that it was not timely filed and denied the request for additional factual 

development. 

On January 30, 2012, having exhausted his state remedies, Petitioner filed a petition 

for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern 

District of Virginia. The federal habeas petition asserted many of the same bases for relief 

as Petitioner’s state habeas petitions, and also asserted a claim under Brady related to the 

withheld Roberts evidence. Petitioner sought extensive discovery related to the 

information revealed in the withheld investigative notes. Respondent opposed Petitioner’s 

request for discovery and moved to dismiss the petition. In opposing Petitioner’s request 

for discovery, Respondent again represented that Petitioner “received all the discovery that 

state and constitutional law required at his trial.” Warden’s Opp. to Pet’r’s Mem. in Supp. 

of Mot. for Leave to Conduct Disc., Juniper v. Pearson, No. 3:11-cv-746, at 4 (E.D. Va. 

Aug. 6, 2012), ECF No. 64.

After initially denying Petitioner’s discovery request in its entirety, the district court 

granted Petitioner limited documentary discovery regarding the Roberts’s statements to 

investigators. In particular, the district court ordered production of the following 

documents:

1. Notes, reports, and memoranda—whether handwritten, typed, dictated, or 

transcribed—relating to or including information about conversations between the 

Norfolk Police Department and Wendy Roberts or Jason Roberts on or about 

January 16-17, 2004.

2. Notes, reports, and memoranda—whether handwritten, typed, dictated, or 

transcribed—from the Norfolk Police Department officers who showed Wendy and 

Jason Roberts a photo lineup at their home on January 17, 2004, or were present 

when they viewed that photo lineup, regarding this interaction with them.
12

3. The photo lineup shown to Wendy and Jason Roberts on January 17, 2004, along 

with the names and identifying information of each person whose photograph was 

included in the lineup.

4. Any memoranda, letters, or notes—whether handwritten, typed, dictated, or 

transcribed—between the Norfolk Police Department personnel and the Norfolk 

Commonwealth Attorney’s Office regarding Wendy and Jason Roberts, the photo 

lineup they viewed, statements they made, and conversations they had with Norfolk 

Police Department personnel.

J.A. 1147.

In response to the district court’s discovery order, the State produced three pages of 

typed investigative notes from Petitioner’s case, a six-picture photo array, and sworn 

affidavits from Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Phillip G. Evans II, who handled 

Petitioner’s case at trial, and Detective William A. Conway of the Norfolk Police 

Department, who participated in the investigation of the Stephens’s murders. Two pages 

of the typed notes were excerpted from the investigative notes Petitioner had already 

obtained as a result of Ford’s criminal trial. The final page of notes was purportedly

prepared by Investigator D.I. Jones, who worked in the Norfolk Police Department’s 

Forgery Unit and also responded to the Stephens’s murders. Investigator Jones’s notes

reported that he interviewed Wendy and Jason Roberts on the day of the murders, who, 

according to the notes, stated as follows:

Ms. Roberts stated that on 1-16-04 about 9:30 to 10AM a B/M in an older 

red Toyota pulled into the apt lot and was arguing with a B/F. She stated that 

they argue about three or four times a week. She thinks he is an ex-boyfriend. 

He came back around 12:30 or 12:45 today and they were arguing again. She 

heard the B/M tell the female that she had not better be there when he 

returned. About 1:30 PM today she heard what she thought was firecrackers. 

She said it was three or four bangs. She said the female moved into apt 1 

around Christmas time. She said the B/M comes around in the Toyota all 

hours of the day and night and beeps the horn for her. He comes around the 
13

apt about 7:30 AM each morning wanting to see the kids. She said the male 

is about 6-2 150 lbs late 20’s in an older red Toyota like a Corolla.2

 The 

female is small 5-1 in her 20’s.3

 There is also another B/M that drives a older 

blue and white Ford 150 with a white camper shell that also goes to the apt. 

He is a very large fat guy. Jason was not home at the time of the argument, 

but has seen the people and the vehicles many times. He also heard the bangs 

when he got home and thought it was someone hammering. Both will call if 

they see the vehicles and will write down the license plates. The[y] believed 

there were 3 children that lived there, but they were not sure.

Id. at 1161. According to the investigative notes revealed in Ford’s trial, on the night of 

the murders Ford and Detective Conway “spoke with Wendy Roberts, whose statement 

was consistent with that of the interview given to Detective D.I. Jones.” Id. at 1162. 

Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans’s and Detective Conway’s affidavits highlighted 

several inconsistencies between Jones’s notes and Wendy’s 2011 affidavit, and Detective 

Conway further averred that the “2011 Affidavit included numerous assertions which she 

never said to me on January 17, 2004[.]” Id. at 1175.

Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans’s and Detective Conway’s affidavits

stated that the State could not confirm that the six-photo array, which included Petitioner,

was the array shown to Wendy on the day of the murders, but that the array was in the 

State’s file and resembled the black-and-white array Detective Conway recalled showing 

 2 At the time of the murders, Petitioner was 6-1, weighed over 300 pounds, and did 

not drive a Toyota.

3 Wendy’s description of the black female resembled Keshia. Juniper, 2013 WL 

1333513, at *14 n.8 (noting that Wendy’s description of the black female was “similar” to 

appearance of Keshia and that Keshia moved into the apartment at the time Wendy said 

the black female moved into the apartment).
14

to Wendy on the night of the murders.4

 According to the investigative notes, Wendy, 

although not “100 percent sure[,] . . . picked out the lower left” photo, which was not 

Petitioner. Id. at 1163. 

Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans’s affidavit also described the 

prosecution’s rationale for not disclosing the Roberts materials to Petitioner’s trial counsel 

before trial. According to Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans, a 911 chronology—

which, according to Petitioner, the prosecution also did not disclose to Petitioner’s trial 

counsel—coupled with Mings’s trial testimony that Petitioner committed the murders 

before Mings first called 911, “clearly proved that the murders of the four victims occurred 

prior to the first Norfolk Police Department response initiated at 12:44 p.m. on January 16, 

2004.” Id. at 1156. Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans’s affidavit further 

maintained that the Roberts materials were not “material[ly]” exculpatory—and thus not 

subject to disclosure under Brady—because (1) “Wendy Roberts’ statements on January 

16, 2004 were factually inconsistent with the documented event chronology of the Norfolk 

Police Department response and activities in and around [Keshia’s apartment] on January 

16, 2004” and (2) “[t]he objective record to include the 911 calls [Event Chronology] and 

the eyewitness statements [memorialized on the 911 calls] proves that the murders did not 

occur at 1:30 p.m. [Roberts’s statement in 2004] or ‘between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m.’ [per 

 4 Petitioner subsequently amended his petition to assert a claim under California v. 

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 469 (1984), premised on the government’s failure to preserve 

evidence establishing whether the line-up was the one in fact shown to Wendy. It is unclear 

from the record whether the district court resolved that claim.
15

Roberts’ 2011 Statement].” Id. at 1159–60 (final four bracketed phrases retained). Deputy 

Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans and Detective Conway further averred that, based on a 

thorough review, the documents produced in response to the district court’s order were all 

documents in the Commonwealth’s files responsive to the order.

After receiving the additional materials, Petitioner moved the district court for leave 

to conduct additional documentary and deposition discovery, asserting that “the affidavits 

and attached exhibits raise additional questions” warranting such discovery. Id. at 1195. 

Respondent again opposed further discovery. The district court denied Petitioner’s request 

for additional discovery on March 12, 2013.

On March 23, 2013, the district court denied Petitioner’s Section 2254 petition in 

its entirety. Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at *1. Regarding the Brady claim premised on 

the Roberts materials, in particular, the district court concluded that the Roberts materials 

were exculpatory and impeaching and improperly withheld, but nonetheless denied 

Petitioner relief because it concluded that the Roberts materials failed to satisfy Brady’s 

“materiality” requirement. Id. at *14–17. In reaching its decision, the district court elected 

not to hold an evidentiary hearing on grounds that the facts alleged by Petitioner were 

insufficient, even if proven true, to entitle Petitioner to relief. Id. at *16 n.10. The district 

court granted a certificate of appealability as to Petitioner’s Brady claim related to the 

withheld Roberts statements. 

II.

On appeal, Petitioner argues that the district court erred in dismissing on the merits 

his Brady claim premised on the withheld Roberts materials, or, in the alternative, that the 
16

district reversibly erred in dismissing the Brady claim without conducting an evidentiary 

hearing and allowing further factual development. For the reasons that follow, we conclude 

that the district court reversibly erred in ruling on the merits of Petitioner’s Brady claim 

without holding an evidentiary hearing, and therefore do not reach Petitioner’s contention

that the district court incorrectly denied that claim on the merits.

A.

We review a district court’s decision to deny a habeas petitioner an evidentiary 

hearing for abuse of discretion. Conaway v. Polk, 453 F.3d 567, 582 (4th Cir. 2006). “In 

conducting such a review, we are mindful that, by definition, a court abuses its discretion 

when it makes an error of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “A 

petitioner who has diligently pursued his habeas corpus claim in state court is entitled to 

an evidentiary hearing in federal court, on facts not previously developed in the state court 

proceedings, if the facts alleged would entitle him to relief, and if he satisfies one of the 

six factors enumerated by the Supreme Court in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 313

(1963).”5

 Id. 

 5 The six Townsend factors are:

(1) the merits of the factual dispute were not resolved in the state hearing; (2) 

the state factual determination is not fairly supported by the record as a 

whole; (3) the fact-finding procedure employed by the state court was not 

adequate to afford a full and fair hearing; (4) there is a substantial allegation 

of newly discovered evidence; (5) the material facts were not adequately 

developed at the state-court hearing; or (6) for any reason it appears that the 

state trier of fact did not afford the habeas applicant a full and fair fact 

hearing.
17

A petitioner diligently has pursued his habeas claim in state court if he “‘made a 

reasonable attempt, in light of the information available at the time, to investigate and 

pursue claims in state court.’” Id. at 589 (quoting Williams (Michael) v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 

420, 435 (2000)). “At a minimum, a diligent petitioner must ‘seek an evidentiary hearing 

in state court in the manner prescribed by state law.’” Id. (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 

437)). “Importantly, . . . in determining whether a petitioner has been diligent, the question 

is not whether the facts could have been discovered but instead whether the prisoner was 

diligent in his efforts.” Wolfe v. Johnson, 565 F.3d 140, 167 (4th Cir. 2009) (“Wolfe I”) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Under this standard, Petitioner diligently pursued in 

state court his Brady claim premised on the withheld Roberts statements. In particular, 

Petitioner repeatedly requested that the Commonwealth turn over all records related to its 

investigation of his role in the Stephens’s murders, including notes and summaries of 

potential witnesses, like the Roberts. And after obtaining the investigative notes revealed 

in Ford’s trial, Petitioner unsuccessfully sought to reopen his state habeas proceedings and 

specifically requested further discovery and an evidentiary hearing related to the Roberts 

materials, only to have those requests denied on timeliness grounds. 

The parties also do not dispute that Petitioner can satisfy at least one of the six 

factors set forth in Townsend. Specifically, state courts did not afford Petitioner the 

opportunity to develop the facts underlying his Brady claim premised on the withheld 

Roberts materials and dismissed the claim without addressing the merits. See Conaway, 

 

Townsend, 372 U.S. at 313.
18

453 F.3d at 590 (holding fifth Townsend factor satisfied when the petitioner had “never 

been afforded an opportunity to develop the facts underlying the Juror Bias claim”); see 

also Wolfe I, 565 F.3d at 170–71 (stating that habeas petition asserting Brady claim 

premised on exculpatory and impeachment evidence withheld by prosecution likely 

satisfied the first, fourth, and fifth Townsend factors).

The key question, therefore, is whether Petitioner has alleged facts sufficient to 

obtain relief under Section 2254. Conaway, 453 F.3d at 582. We evaluate the sufficiency 

of Petitioner’s factual allegations “pursuant to the principles of Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6).” Wolfe I, 565 F.3d at 169. Under that standard, we determine whether 

the petition “states ‘a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” United States ex rel. 

Oberg v. Penn. Higher Educ. Assist. Agency, 745 F.3d 131, 136 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547 (2007)). “In doing so, we construe facts in 

the light most favorable to the plaintiff . . . and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor.” 

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); Wolfe I, 565 F.3d at 169 (“[U]nder the Rule 12(b)(6) 

standard, the court is obligated to assume all facts pleaded by the § 2254 petitioner to be 

true.” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)).

To prevail on his Brady claim, Petitioner must establish: (1) “[t]he evidence at issue 

[is] favorable to [Petitioner], either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching;” 

(2) “that evidence [was] suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently;” and (3) 
19

“prejudice [] ensued.’” Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691 (2004).6

 The district court 

concluded—and we agree—that Petitioner alleged sufficient facts to “meet[] the first prong 

of the Brady test without any difficulty.” Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at *15. In particular, 

the Roberts materials were exculpatory because, among other reasons, by indicating that 

Keshia was alive at 12:30 p.m., they “contradict[ed]” the prosecution’s theory that the 

murders occurred at 11:45 a.m.; they “peg[ged] the murders to a time when the 

prosecution’s eyewitnesses all claimed [Petitioner] had already fled the scene”; and they 

identified an alternative perpetrator who bore no resemblance to Petitioner, “drove a car 

that obviously did not belong to [P]etition[er],” and “may have been angry with Stephens, 

and even threatened her not to stay on the premises any longer, just hours before someone 

killed her.” Id. at *14–15. Likewise, we agree with the district court that Wendy’s

identification of someone other than Petitioner in the photo array was exculpatory because 

“[a]n eyewitness account pointing to a different suspect undoubtedly constitutes 

 6 Respondent asserts that Petitioner procedurally defaulted his Brady claim because 

the Supreme Court of Virginia dismissed Petitioner’s second petition, which raised that 

claim, as untimely. “Under the well-established doctrine of procedural default, a federal 

habeas court may not review a claim that a state court has found to be clearly and expressly 

defaulted under an independent and adequate state procedural rule unless the prisoner can 

demonstrate [1] cause for the default and [2] prejudice resulting therefrom or demonstrate 

that a failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” 

Weeks v. Angelone, 176 F.3d 249, 269 (4th Cir. 1999). The Supreme Court, however, has 

recognized that the “cause” and “prejudice” requirements to excuse a procedural default 

“‘parallel two of the three components of the Brady violation itself’”—“suppress[ion]” of 

evidence amounts to “cause” and the materiality requirement addresses “prejudice.” 

Banks, 540 U.S. at 691 (quoting Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999)). 

Accordingly, if Petitioner succeeds on his Brady claim he “necessarily” meets the 

requirement to excuse his procedural default. Wolfe v. Clarke, 691 F.3d 410, 419–20 (4th 

Cir. 2012) (“Wolfe II”).
20

exculpatory material.” Id. at *15; see also, e.g., Hart v. Mannina, 798 F.3d 578, 588 n.1 

(7th Cir. 2015) (“Whether recorded or not, any time a witness is presented with a photo 

array, is asked to identify a suspect, and then fails to identify the suspect, if anyone in the 

photo array is later prosecuted, he will be entitled under Brady . . . to know about the nonidentification.”). 

The district court also correctly determined that the Roberts materials were 

impeaching. As the district court explained, “if Roberts saw Stephens alive [at 12:30 to 

12:45 p.m.], such an observation would have impeached Tyrone Mings’ testimony about 

going to the apartment, seeing the petitioner with a gun after he committed the murders, 

and seeing petitioner gesturing to Stephens’ dead body[.]” Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at 

*14. Roberts’s statement that Keshia was alive at 12:30 and that she heard sounds 

resembling gunshots later in the afternoon also would cast doubt on Rashid’s testimony 

that she heard gunshots as she left the apartment earlier in the morning and Murray’s 

testimony that, in the morning phone call, Petitioner admitted to committing the murders. 

Id. Put simply, “the Roberts’ 2004 eyewitness accounts, as memorialized by D.I. Jones’ 

typed notes and confirmed by Detectives Conway and Ford in their interview of Wendy 

Roberts, flatly contradicted those of the prosecution’s key witnesses: Rashid, Mings, and 

Murray.” Id. 

Regarding the second Brady element—suppression—the district court held that “the 

record before the Court compels the conclusion that the prosecution did not give the 

defense information about the Roberts[,]” noting that “[t]he Court has seen no sign in the 

voluminous record that the Roberts’ names came up before the police corruption 
21

prosecution.” Id. at *15. The district court further stated that if, as Respondent maintained

before the district court, 

it is “highly likely that the prosecutor did provide the information to 

[Petitioner’s] trial counsel,” then why has [Respondent], throughout years of 

habeas proceedings steadfastly opposed production of the documents when 

[P]etitioner’s habeas counsel has sought them? If prosecutors had already 

shared the documents with trial counsel, what is it precisely that the 

Commonwealth and its various representatives have been so desperate to 

protect, and for what reason? The events leading up to this point, far from 

demonstrating a lack of concealment, show the Commonwealth’s entrenched 

resistance to transparency in this criminal prosecution and subsequent postconviction proceedings. 

Id. We agree with this analysis, and note that additional evidence in the record before the 

district court pointed to suppression. For example, Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney 

Evans asserted in his affidavit that he did not believe the Roberts materials were subject to 

disclosure under Brady because the Roberts’s statements were “factually inconsistent” with 

the prosecution’s conclusion, based on the time of the first 911 call and Mings’s testimony

that murders occurred prior to the first 911 call. J.A. 1159–60. But the “factual 

inconsisten[cy]” between the Roberts materials and the statements of the first 911 caller 

and Mings is precisely what renders the Roberts materials exculpatory and impeaching for 

purposes of Brady. See, e.g., Williams v. Ryan, 623 F.3d 1258, 1265 (9th Cir. 2010) 

(holding that prosecution violated Brady by failing to disclose evidence “inconsistent with 

the State’s theory at trial”); United States v. Tavera, 719 F.3d 705, 708 (6th Cir. 2013) 

(holding that prosecution violated Brady by failing to disclose statements to prosecutor that 

“directly contradicted the story of the government’s main witness”); Mendez v. Artuz, 303 

F.3d 411, 414 (2d Cir. 2002) (“Suppressed information is exculpatory and thus ‘favorable’ 
22

to the defense for Brady purposes when it directly contradicts the motive theory testified 

to by prosecution witnesses.”); United States v. Zuazo, 243 F.3d 428, 431 n.2 (8th Cir. 

2001) (explaining that evidence is exculpatory for purposes of Brady if it “contradict[s] the 

government’s theory of guilt”). That Petitioner’s prosecutor seems to have fundamentally 

misunderstood his obligation under Brady provides further grounds to conclude that the 

prosecution suppressed the Roberts materials, and potentially other exculpatory or 

impeaching evidence.7

 And Ford’s subsequent conviction for accepting bribes and making 

false representations to courts only enhances the plausibility of improper suppression.

Although the district court concluded that the Roberts materials were exculpatory 

and impeaching and suppressed, the court nonetheless denied Petitioner relief on grounds

that Petitioner failed to establish the third Brady element—“material[ity]” of the withheld 

Roberts materials—the element to which we now turn. Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at 

*17.

 7 We have repeatedly rebuked the Commonwealth’s Attorney and his deputies and 

assistants for failing to adhere to their obligations under Brady. See Wolfe II, 691 F.3d at 

423 (“lambast[ing]” Assistant Commonwealth’s Attorney for “not produc[ing] evidence to 

a criminal defendant unless he first deems it to be ‘material[]’ and credib[le]”); Muhammad 

v. Kelly, 575 F.3d 359, 370 (4th Cir. 2009) (refusing to “condone” suppression of 

exculpatory and impeaching evidence by prosecution, notwithstanding that such evidence 

was not material, because “[a]s a matter of practice, the prosecution should err on the side 

of disclosure, especially when a defendant is facing the specter of execution”). We find it 

troubling that, notwithstanding these rebukes, officials in the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s 

office continue to stake out positions plainly contrary to their obligations under the 

Constitution. 
23

B.

The Supreme Court has held that suppressed, exculpatory evidence is “material” if 

it “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine 

confidence in the verdict.” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995). Put differently, to 

establish materiality, a petitioner must show that “‘there is a reasonable probability’ that 

the result of the trial would have been different if the suppressed documents had been 

disclosed to the defense.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 289 (1999). Under this 

standard, “[t]he question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have 

received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair 

trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 

434 (emphasis added). Likewise, the materiality inquiry “is not a sufficiency of the 

evidence test[,]” and therefore “[a] defendant need not demonstrate that after discounting 

the inculpatory evidence in light of the undisclosed evidence, there would have been 

enough left to convict.” Id. at 434–35. Additionally, withheld evidence should be 

“considered collectively, not item by item.” Id. at 436–37.

Applying this test, the district court concluded that Petitioner failed to plausibly 

allege that the withheld Roberts evidence was material because that evidence “cannot 

unsettle certain basic facts about the murders.” Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at *17. In 

particular, the district court emphasized that Petitioner’s DNA and thumbprint were on the

handle and blade, respectively, of the knife used to stab Keshia. Id. And the district court 

pointed out that the first 911 call reporting shots at Keshia’s apartment was registered at 

12:44 p.m., a fact which “cannot [be] unsettle[d]” by other witnesses’ testimony that they 
24

heard shots later. Id. at *18. Finally, the court stated that Petitioner’s “conduct and 

statements after the killings are additional strong evidence of his guilt.” Id. 

The district court did not apply the proper legal standard in determining whether

Petitioner alleged or established sufficient facts regarding materiality to warrant an 

evidentiary hearing. We reach this conclusion for several reasons. First, the district court 

failed to “construe facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff . . . and draw all 

reasonable inferences in his favor.” Oberg, 745 F.3d at 136 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). For example, the district court said it “stretches the imagination” to believe that 

the person the Roberts saw leaving Keshia’s apartment between 1:00 and 2:30 p.m. was 

the murderer or also involved in the murders because the police received the first call 

reporting gunshots at Keshia’s apartment at 12:44 p.m. Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at 

*17. But as described in the petition and further detailed in the 911 “Event Chronology” 

produced in response to the district court’s discovery order, the officers who responded to 

the 12:44 p.m. call surveyed the complex and spoke with the residents of the apartment 

below Keshia’s who reported that they “did not hear any gun shots.” J.A. 1003, 1166. The 

officers, therefore, concluded the call to be a false report. And the petition alleged that at 

least three disinterested witnesses—Wendy and Jason Roberts and Kevin Waterman—

heard sounds resembling gunshots after 1:00 p.m. Id. at 997–98. Additionally, in a fact 

not mentioned in the district court’s materiality analysis, Investigator Jones’s notes of 

Wendy Roberts’s statement on the day of the murders reported that she saw a woman 

resembling Keshia alive and arguing with a black male who was not Petitioner between 

12:30 and 12:45 p.m. Viewing these facts in the light most favorable to Petitioner, the 
25

murders plausibly occurred after 1:00 p.m., at the time the Roberts saw the unidentified 

individual fleeing Keshia’s apartment. 

Second, the district court failed to properly account for the impeachment value of 

the withheld Roberts statements. In determining whether “‘there is a reasonable 

probability’ that the result of the trial would have been different[,]” Strickler, 527 U.S. at

289, a court must consider “the aggregate effect that the withheld evidence would have had 

if it had been disclosed[,]” Smith v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 572 F.3d 1327, 1347 (11th Cir. 

2009). In order to determine “the aggregate effect” of the withheld evidence, the court 

must both “add[] to the weight of the evidence on the defense side . . . all of the undisclosed 

exculpatory evidence” and “subtract[] from the weight of the evidence on the prosecution’s 

side . . . the force and effect of all the undisclosed impeachment evidence.” Id. 

Here, the district court failed to “subtract” from the weight of the evidence on the 

prosecution’s side the “force and effect” of the impeachment value of the withheld Roberts 

materials. In particular, notwithstanding the district court’s conclusion that the Roberts’s

2004 statements “flatly contradicted those of the prosecution’s key witnesses: Rashid, 

Mings, and Murray,” Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at *14, the district court nonetheless 

relied on Rashid’s, Mings’s, and Murray’s testimony to hold that the withheld evidence 

was not material. For example, the district court appealed to Petitioner’s “conduct and

statements after the killings [as] additional strong evidence of his guilt,” even though the 

testimony regarding Petitioner’s incriminating conduct and statements came from Rashid, 

Mings, and Murray. Id. at *17. Likewise, the district court relied on the first 911 caller’s 

report of hearing gunshots at Keshia’s apartment an hour earlier as definitive evidence that
26

the murders occurred before 1:00 p.m. Id. However, according to the facts adduced at 

trial, the petition, and Deputy Commonwealth Attorney Evans’s affidavit, that call was 

made by Bowser, who did not personally hear the alleged gunshots, but instead had 

received the information fourth-hand—i.e., through Mings by way of Murray, who in turn 

relied on Rashid’s statement that she had heard gunshots when she left Keshia’s apartment 

earlier in the morning. And again, Rashid’s, Mings’s, and Murray’s testimony was subject 

to impeachment by the Roberts’s statements. The district court, therefore, improperly 

failed to “subtract” the full force and effect of the impeachment value of the withheld 

Roberts evidence. Smith, 572 F.3d at 1347.

Third, the district court improperly made credibility determinations based on the 

written record. In particular, the district court refused to credit Wendy’s statement to 

Investigator Jones that she saw a woman resembling Keshia alive between 12:30 and 12:45 

p.m. and the Roberts’s and Waterman’s statements that they heard sounds resembling 

gunshots after 1:00 p.m. The district court reasoned that crediting these statements would 

require accepting them “over the word of people who claim to have seen the petitioner 

either at or leaving the crime scene with a gun” before 12:44 p.m. Juniper, 2013 WL 

1333513, at *18. But in determining whether a petitioner is entitled to relief under Section 

2254 based on undisclosed exculpatory evidence, “credibility should be assessed on the 

basis of an in-court hearing where the judge can see and hear the witnesses.” Williams, 

623 F.3d at 1266; Wolfe I, 565 F.3d at 170 (holding that district court applied improper 

legal standard in denying habeas petitioner’s request for evidentiary hearing when it found 

affidavit attached to complaint “not credible”). 
27

Viewing the withheld Roberts evidence in the light most favorable to Petitioner, 

disregarding the testimony by Rashid, Mings, and Murray subject to impeachment by the 

Roberts evidence, and resolving all credibility determinations in Petitioner’s favor—as we 

must in determining whether Petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing—the only fact 

on which the district court properly relied in concluding that the withheld Roberts evidence 

was not material is the knife handle and blade bearing Petitioner’s DNA and thumbprint, 

respectively. Accordingly, we must determine whether the exculpatory value of the 

withheld Roberts materials, when evaluated relative to the inculpatory value of the knife 

blade and handle, would “put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine 

confidence in the verdict.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435; see also Smith, 572 F.3d at 1347 (“Once 

the evidence on the scales is adjusted to take into account the combined force and effect of 

the undisclosed evidence favorable to the defense, the standard that is applied is . . . whether 

what is left on both sides of the scale after adjusting for the withheld evidence creates a 

reasonable probability that a jury would acquit, and a reasonable probability is one 

sufficient to undermine our confidence in the guilty verdict.”). 

To be sure, the knife handle and blade provided strong evidence of Petitioner’s guilt. 

See Strickler, 527 U.S. at 293 (holding withheld impeachment evidence not material when 

“there was considerable forensic and other physical evidence linking petitioner to the 

crime”). But the forensic evidence did not uniformly inculpate Petitioner. Most 

significantly, although the forensic evidence linked Petitioner to the knife used to stab 

Keshia, it did not link Petitioner to the gun used to kill Keshia and the other three victims. 

On the contrary, law enforcement officers never recovered the gun, and could not identify 
28

any prints of value on the cartridges or cartridge casings. Indeed, the only forensic evidence 

related to the gun—the unidentified print of value on the ammunition box—did not point 

to Petitioner as the triggerman. Because the prosecution did not introduce any forensic 

evidence linking Petitioner to the gun, no forensic evidence directly linked Petitioner to the 

murders of the three victims who were not stabbed.8

 Likewise, although Petitioner’s DNA 

appeared on a cigarette butt at the threshold of Keshia’s apartment, a cigarette butt on the 

bed adjacent to the victims bore the DNA of an unidentified individual. And given 

Petitioner’s admitted frequent presence in Keshia’s apartment, including on the morning 

of the murders, finding Petitioner’s DNA on items in and around the apartment does not 

irrefutably prove he committed the murders. 

Whereas the forensic evidence inculpating Petitioner was strong, but not 

unassailable, the withheld Roberts materials—viewed in the light most favorable to 

Petitioner—had significant exculpatory value. First, Wendy’s statement to the 

investigators and identification of a different individual in the photo array would have 

allowed Petitioner to mount an “other suspect” defense. Courts have long recognized that 

“new evidence suggesting an alternate perpetrator is ‘classic Brady material.’” Williams, 

623 F.3d at 1265 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Boyette v. Lefevre, 246 F.3d 76, 91 (2d Cir. 

2001)); Hart, 798 F.3d at 588 n.1. To that end, courts have found withheld evidence 

 8 Testimony by Rashid, Murray, and Mings placed a firearm in Petitioner’s hands at 

the crime scene. However, as the district court recognized, that testimony is subject to 

impeachment by the withheld Roberts materials, Juniper, 2013 WL 1333513, at *14, and 

therefore is not properly considered when determining whether Petitioner is entitled to an 

evidentiary hearing.
29

material when the evidence pointed to a different individual as perpetrating the convicted 

offense. For example, in Clemmons v. Delo, 124 F.3d 944 (8th Cir. 1997), the Eighth 

Circuit concluded that an inter-office investigative report in which an investigator stated 

that a witness had identified another individual as perpetrating the crime was material. Id.

at 947, 950–53; see also Kyles, 514 U.S. at 441–42 (holding withheld statements of 

witnesses material when statements described perpetrator who did not resemble 

defendant); Dennis v. Sec’y, Penn. Dep’t of Corr., 834 F.3d 263, 302 (3d Cir. 2016) (en 

banc) (holding withheld investigative statement that eyewitness had identified perpetrator 

as attending different school than defendant was material); Castleberry v. Brigano, 349 

F.3d 286, 295 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding withheld statement by victim describing assailant 

that differed in appearance from defendant material); United States v. Curry, 57 F.3d 1071, 

1995 WL 331471, at *1 (6th Cir. 1995) (table) (“Goen’s statement that directly contradicts 

Robinson’s identification raises a reasonable doubt concerning the defendant’s possession 

of the stolen firearms. It is material in that it identifies another individual in possession of 

the guns[.]”); Floyd v. State, 902 So.2d 775, 784–85 (Fla. 2005) (holding statement by 

witness identifying other perpetrators of crime material).

Second, by establishing that Keshia was alive between 12:30 and 12:45 p.m., 

Wendy’s statement to Investigator Jones, if proven credible, would call into question the 

government’s theory that the murders occurred at 11:44 a.m. And when coupled with 

Waterman’s statement, the Roberts’s statements indicate that the murders occurred after 

2:00 p.m., when Petitioner had already left Keshia’s apartment. Courts have found 

withheld evidence material when the evidence undermined the government’s theory as to 
30

when a petitioner committed a crime. Dennis, 834 F.3d at 295-96 (holding that timestamped receipt calling into question eyewitness’s testimony that the petitioner was in the 

vicinity of the crime scene at the time of the crime was material because it “would have 

necessarily bolstered [the petitioner’s] alibi defense narrative and ‘put the whole case . . . 

in a different light’”); Bies v. Sheldon, 775 F.3d 386, 401 (6th Cir. 2014) (“The undisclosed 

contradictory evidence suggesting that [the victim] was in fact alive much later in the 

evening could have been used by the defense to disrupt the State’s timeline and narrative 

of the crime.”); D’Ambrosio v. Bagley, 527 F.3d 489, 498–99 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that 

police report stating that witness saw victim alive “the night after” the alleged murder was, 

in conjunction with other withheld evidence, material). 

Third, the withheld evidence “would have raised opportunities to attack . . . the 

thoroughness and even the good faith of the investigation.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 445 

(concluding withheld evidence describing potential alternative perpetrator was material, in 

part because it could have been used to cast doubt on adequacy of government’s 

consideration of alternative suspects). Had Petitioner’s attorneys known that Wendy

identified an alternative perpetrator, they could have raised doubts about the thoroughness 

of the investigation by questioning whether the police adequately pursued that alternative 

suspect, and if they did not, why they did not. See Dennis, 834 F.3d at 302 (explaining that 

had defendant received withheld evidence of witness’s inconsistent statements to police, 

“defense counsel could have highlighted the investigatory failures for the jury”); Bies, 775 

F.3d at 401 (finding withheld evidence that witnesses identified alternative perpetrators 

material because, in part, defense could have pointed to government’s failure to pursue 
31

alternative suspects as evidence that “the ‘investigation [w]as shoddy’” (quoting Kyles, 514 

U.S. at 445)).

Fourth, the withheld evidence was not cumulative of other evidence. Cf. Johnson

v. Folino, 705 F.3d 117, 129 (3d Cir. 2013) (“Suppressed evidence that would be 

cumulative of other evidence . . . is generally not considered material for Brady purposes.”).

On the contrary, Petitioner lacked any factual basis to assert an alternative perpetrator

defense at trial. Likewise, the Roberts’s statements provided new avenues for impeaching 

the prosecution’s key witnesses. For example, Wendy’s statement that Keshia was still 

alive at 12:30 p.m. directly undermined Rashid’s, Murray’s, and Mings’s testimony that 

the murder occurred at 11:45 p.m. To be sure, Petitioner had already impeached Rashid, 

Murray, and Mings on other grounds, but this new line of impeachment, based on 

statements by allegedly disinterested witnesses, would have cast their testimony in a 

different light by “seriously undermin[ing] the testimony of . . . key witness[es].” Id.; see 

also Dennis, 834 F.3d at 300 (“[W]e have granted habeas relief on the basis of a ‘significant 

difference’ between the suppressed impeachment and other types of impeachment evidence 

used at trial.”); United States v. Wilson, 481 F.3d 475, 480–81 (7th Cir. 2007) (explaining 

that “evidence that provides a new basis for impeachment is not cumulative and could well 

be material” and finding that withheld evidence providing new basis for impeachment of 

key witness was material). 

Finally, Petitioner’s trial counsel could have used the investigative notes of the 

Roberts’s statements to pursue evidence of Petitioner’s innocence that could have been 

used at trial. For example, had they known of the Roberts’s statements and Wendy’s 
32

identification of an alternative perpetrator, they could have interviewed the Roberts and 

searched for the individual Wendy reported seeing in repeated arguments with Keshia, 

including after the murders allegedly occurred. See Williams, 623 F.3d at 1268 (holding 

withheld exculpatory evidence material when evidence could have “le[]d to evidence 

material to [the petitioner’s] culpability”).

In light of the foregoing, we do not believe the inculpatory value of the knife handle 

and blade is so great as to preclude the Roberts evidence, if found to be sufficiently credible 

during an evidentiary hearing, from “put[ting] the whole case in such a different light as to 

undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyle, 514 U.S. at 435. Accordingly, the district 

court abused its discretion in dismissing Petitioner’s Brady claim premised on the withheld

Roberts materials without holding an evidentiary hearing. See Burgess v. Comm’r, Ala. 

Dep’t of Corr., 723 F.3d 1308, 1320 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that a district court abuses 

its discretion in denying a habeas petitioner an evidentiary hearing “where ‘such a hearing 

could enable an applicant to prove the petition’s factual allegations, which, if true, would 

entitle the applicant to federal habeas relief.’” (quoting Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 

474 (2007))); Murphy v. Johnson, 205 F.3d 809, 816 (5th Cir. 2000) (“To find an abuse of 

discretion that would entitle Murphy to an evidentiary hearing, we must find that the state 

did not provide him with a full and fair hearing and we must be convinced that if proven 

true, his allegations would entitle him to relief.”); cf. Walker v. True, 399 F.3d 315, 327 

(4th Cir. 2005) (explaining that Townsend holds that “[w]here the facts are in dispute, the 

federal court in habeas corpus must hold an evidentiary hearing if the habeas applicant did 

not receive a full and fair evidentiary hearing in a state court” (some emphasis removed)). 
33

That we conclude the district court erred in denying Petitioner’s request for an 

evidentiary hearing does not mean that Petitioner’s Brady claim premised on the withheld 

Roberts materials will ultimately succeed. After having the opportunity to assess the 

credibility of the relevant witnesses, the district court may conclude that the Roberts’s

recollections of the events surrounding the murders are not sufficiently credible; are 

sufficiently distinguishable from Rashid’s, Mings’s, and Murray’s testimony as to be nonimpeaching; or otherwise fail to “put the whole case in such a different light as to 

undermine the confidence in the verdict.” Kyle, 514 U.S. at 435. Likewise, the district 

court may conclude, after receiving evidence from the parties, that the withheld Roberts 

materials would not have “le[]d to evidence material to [Petitioner’s] culpability.” 

Williams, 623 F.3d at 1268. And the district court may conclude, after receiving testimony 

from Deputy Commonwealth’s Attorney Evans, Detective Conway, and other state 

officials, that notwithstanding the prosecution’s troubling disregard of its obligations under 

Brady, the prosecution did not withhold other evidence related to or supporting the Roberts 

statements warranting further investigation. But those determinations should not—and

cannot—be made in the absence of an evidentiary hearing.9

 9 Petitioner also seeks the opportunity for “fuller development of the evidence,”

Appellant’s Br. at 20, which we construe as a request to conduct additional discovery on 

his Brady claim. Under Rule 6(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United 

States District Court, a district court may authorize discovery upon a showing of “good 

cause” by a petitioner. “‘[G]ood cause’ will exist when ‘specific allegations before the 

court show reason to believe that the petitioner may, if the facts are fully developed, be 

able to demonstrate that he is . . . entitled to relief.’” Wolfe I, 565 F.3d at 165 n.36 (2009) 

(quoting Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 908–09 (1997)). On remand, the district court 

may consider whether the withheld exculpatory and impeaching evidence produced as a 
34

III.

Without question, the perpetrator of the Stephens’s murders committed a heinous 

crime and should be vigorously pursued and prosecuted. However, the prosecution’s 

pursuit of justice must keep faith with the principles of due process that separate societies 

that adhere to the rule of law from those that do not. The withheld Roberts materials were 

exculpatory and “impeaching evidence that was unquestionably subject to disclosure under 

Brady.” Wolfe II, 691 F.3d at 423 (internal quotation omitted). By failing to disclose such 

evidence before trial—and unjustifiably continuing to resist its disclosure for years 

thereafter—“the prosecution arrogated to itself a central function belonging to the criminal 

jury and pursued its role as adversary to the exclusion of its role as architect of a just trial.” 

United States v. Jernigan, 492 F.3d 1050, 1056–57 (9th Cir. 2007). In such 

circumstances—and in light of the conflicting and unresolved facts bearing on the 

materiality of the Roberts materials—the district court should not have disposed of 

Petitioner’s Brady claim without holding an evidentiary hearing.

VACATED, IN PART, AND REMANDED

 

result of its limited grant of discovery, coupled with Deputy Commonwealth Attorney 

Evans’s and Detective Conway’s affidavits and any evidence adduced during the 

evidentiary hearing, warrant authorizing additional discovery. The district court also, of 

course, may reconsider its previous rulings on any related issues.