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CONTENTS 

Caisson Gates-------.- --------------------

Canal Appropriations and Expenditures -------

Canal, Breakwaters._ . .-- .-- 

Canal, Dimensions-_------------------------------

Canal, Distances Saved by--.-- -----

Canal Force, Quarters, etc----------------------

Canal, Lighting System.-------- -.-------------------------- 

Canal, Map.- ---------------- (Opposite last 

Canal, Permanent Structures.------- ------

Canal Statistics ----------. ----------------

Canal Zone-.------.-------- ---.------

Culebra Cut, Cross Section----- -------------

Dam, Gatun.--------------- --------- -------

Dam, Gatun, Cross Section-.---------- . ----

Dam, Gatun, Hydroelectric Station -----------

Dam, Gatun, Hydroelectric Station, Diagram of 

Dam, Gatun, Spillway- ------------ ------------

Dam, Gatun, Spillwav and Locks, Diagram of --

Dams on Pacific Side- ------------------------

Drilling and Blasting ---------------------- 

Electric Control of Lock Machinery -----------

Emergency Dam, Diagram of ----------------

Equipment During Final Year of Work --------

Excavation -------------------------- -------

Food, Clothing, etc -.--- 5

French Equipment, etc., Value of ------ -------

Gate-moving Machinery --. ------------- - 21

Lake, Gatun, Diagram of Elevation ----------------

Lake, Gatun, Water Supply------. ----------

Lake,ocks L, RangeSlidesteamshovel Towing West Relocated Gate Breakwater Miraflores and Light Cross Electric Protective Towing Wall .Locomotives.---------------------------Panama Breaks.-.-- Breaks, Operating Comparison-. Towers and Section .- Locomotives Control ----------------------------------Train Lighthouse----.----------------Devices Cross Railroad---------------------and Machine, Capacity Section Beacons ----- -- .-.-.---- ---------------------Diagram -Showing .-------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------of.----- -------Effect
4 CANAL STATISTICS

Length from deep water to deep water (miles) 

5

Length from shore line to share line (miles).

4

Bottom width of channel, maximum (feet). 

Bottom width of channel, minimum, 9 mile

i

Culebra Cut (feet)- _--.-.-. 3

Locks, in pairs. .- .-.--------------------------

Locks, usable length (feet) ---.----.-------- 

Locks, usable width (feet). . 

Gatun Lake, area (square miles).-- ---------

Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet).-------------

8t4

Culebra Cut, channel depth (feet).-----------

4

Excavation, Canal Proper, estimated total (

- yards)-- --------. .- . .----.--------2

Excavation, Permanent Structures, inclu

terminals, estimated (cubic yards).--.-------2

Excavation, grand total, estimated (cubic yar2

Excavation, Due to Slides and Breaks, estim

(cubic yards) about-----------------------

2

Excavation accomplished October 1, 1913, (

yards)---------------------- -----------

_

2

Excavation, Remaining, Canal Proper, Octob

1913, (cubic-yards) -.-.----------------- --- 

Excavation by the French (cubic yards) ------ 

7

Excavation by French, useful to present C

(cubic yards)----.----------------------------------

2

Excavation by French, estimated value to Ca

.- . Jan. 1, 1915 Value Concrete, Time Canal Relocated Relocated Cost Work Date in in September, of September, of of begun of and Zone, and Canal, official transit passage all total Panama Panama Frencharea Panama by estimated estimated opening-.-.---- through Americans-- through 1913 (square Railroad, Railroad, Railroad property. (about)-----------------Railroad (about)---------- completed locks ttal for miles). force Canal length -total -------------- .(hours) foce, .actually cost ---------- Canal (cubic (miles) - .-----------------------.- Amer-----yard(hoat 5t34w35M4j 
THE PANAMA CANAL 

THE Panama Canal does not, as is qu

thought, cross the Isthmus from east to 

shown on the accompanying map, its gene

is from northwest to southeast, the Paci

near Panama being about 22' miles eas

lantic entrance near Colon. It is a lake 

as a lock canal, its dominating feature 

Lake, a great body of water covering abou

miles and occupying the northern half of 

of the Isthmus through which the C

This lake is an elevated body of water w

level maintained at from 85 to 87 feet ab

by the Gatun Dam and locks on the A

and the Pedro Miguel Locks and Dam o

side. (Plate A.) The Culebra Cut is real

the lake. On both Atlantic and Pacific s

an approach channel, which is an inlet 

extending from deep water in the sea u

of the locks which lift vessels to the leve

through which they are to pass.

The entire length of the Canal from 

in the Atlantic to deep water in the Pac

50 miles. Its length from shore line to 

about 40 miles. In passing through 

Atlantic to the Pacific, a vessel will enter 

channel in Limon Bay, which has a bott

500 feet and extends to Gatun, a distan

7 miles. At Gatun it will enter a series o

in There Lake. for it the with to sealevel, to and cific a proach mum bottom will a flight Miraflores. a a Cut, channel be through a small distance it tidal- enterIt bottom channel lowered and will a may width lake, distance varying the will a oscillation be enter of channel steam There widthon tolifted Culebra of pass atbout the sealevel, 500 a an offrom at i through of lock Atlantic 85 about about elevation will feet.ull 24 is- 300 Cut. feet 1,000 miles, and passing speed entr 2' 8' feet, to this 9 The side, to be miles feet, It miles, the to oftwohroug

for 500 to will deptloweout wheGa54

lev

in abPeis lof
Gatun to c A! / w *7, nwr i ock

otP~alesr-::--- a__ e4 l /s

Atldrtie Ocean q~i/ it+3 0 siwl11 t\' neoPacC oc6in

-5,// -42 Vi! 5/-50 -45 ia

7- s 323rwies Y8me o19

UAI/L engMt OfCana7d S3 31&5 abc

PLATE A--DIAGRAM SHOWING LAKE ELEVATION
THE PANAMA CANAL 7

mean tide, and on the Pacific side, wht

mum oscillation is 21 feet, the depth i

4

at mean tide. The mean sealevel in both it

same.

Throughout the first 15 miles from 

t

width of the Lake channel is 1,000 

t

for 4 miles it is 800 feet, and for 4 m

t

the northern entrance of Culebra Cut 

it is 500 feet. The depth will vary t

45 feet. The water level in the Cut will b

t

t

Lake, the depth 45 to 47 feet.

Three hundred feet is the minimum b

of the Canal. This width begins abouh

above Pedro Miguel Locks and extends 

through Culebra Cut, with the exceptit

angles the channel is widened sufficien

t

thousand-foot vessel to make the turn. 

h

eight angles, or about one to every mil3

foot widths are only on tangents betweet

basins at the angles. The smallest of ti

70 36', and the largest 30'.

In the whole Canal there are 22 angt

curvature being 6000 51'. Of this curva

are measured to the right, going south, 

3

to the left. The sharpest curve occurs 

and is 670 10'.
PLATE B.-GATUN DAM. SPILLWAY. AND LOCKS
&pgerblyeeT 0m13bI roteca te ys rfest

r- re-aG._ m - -.-.-----. Z3 .- ----------- Water Le.eI AV 'A 4

-67 I-nemse Rokrnfec Yaioa

- ~ - rL r~i~-------------- --

--

S----- - ---- ----------. ----- -- - --------- -------- - ------ -- ---- -------- -- ---

- ------------ ------- ,, - a' - -. - - -i

PLATE C CROSS SECTION GATUN DAM

-

CC

P -F F F F InP P

PLATE D-CROSS SECTION OF LOCK CHAMBERS AND WALLS OF LOCKS

A-Passageway for operators. E-These culverts run under the lock floor G-Culverts in side walls.

B-Gallery for electric wires. and alternate with those from side walls. H-Lateral culverts.

C-Drainage gallery. F-Wells opening sito lateral culverts into

D-Culverts in center walls. lock chambers.
10 GATUN DAM

The Gatun Dam, which forms G

L

impounding the waters of the Chagres 

taries, is nearly 14 miles long, measur

nearly 4 mile wide at its base, about 4

at the water surface, about 100 feet w

and its crest has an elevation of 1

mean sealevel, or 20 feet above the 

of the Lake. It is in reality a low r

u

the high hills on either side of the 

the Chagres Valley so as to convert 

a huge reservoir. Of the total length o

500 feet, or one-fifteenth, is exposed to 

water head of 85 to 87 feet. The inter

is formed of a natural mixture of s

dredged by hydraulic process from p

below the Dam, and placed between tw

of rock and miscellaneous material 

steamshovel excavation at various po

Canal. The top and upstream slope 

riprapped. The entire Dam contains 

000 cubic yards of material. (Plates B 
SPILLWAY, GATUN DAM 

The Spillway is a concrete-lined cha

f

long and 285 feet wide cut through a hil

o

r

n

in the center of the Dam, the bottom b

f

above sealevel at the upstream end 

t

sealevel at the toe. Across the ups

l

opening of this channel a concrete dam h

b

in-the form of an arc of a circle making i

l

8

feet although it closes a channel with 

w

o

285 feet. The crest of the dam is 69 f

level, or 16 feet below the normal le

o

t

l

which is 85 feet above sealevel. On t

o

t

dam there are 13 concrete piers with t

t

feet above sealevel, and between th

t

mounted regulating gates of the Stone

t

E

gate is of steel sheathing on a framew

o

and moves up and down on roller trai

i

n

i

the piers. They are equipped with 

d

to make them watertight. Machine

f

m

the gates are designed to raise or low

t

i

proximately ten minutes. The highest l

t

w

it is intended to allow the lake to rise i

8

f

sealevel, and it is probable that thi

l

w

b

maintained continuously during wet 

W

the lake at that elevation, the regula

w

permit of a discharge of water greater t

m

mum known discharge of the Chagres R

d

flood.
N,

A 2,250 k w water turbine

B-2,000 k. w generator

C- Reactance

D- Generator instrument transformers

E- Generator switches

F - Buzs I

G--Bus2.

H-- Circuit switched.

J- L- Circuit instrument transformci 0- R 4 *M- N P t --- 30 Cable First Draf+ Low Second Main enso.c ton water gllery floor Vault. Tube. crane. gallery k. (el. el. (el. + (elt -+ 33 7)40 4 25)85) 55 PLATE 35) E-HYDROELECTRIO (j2) STATION
HYDROELECTRIC STATION AT 

Adjacent to the north wall of the 

cated a hydroelectric station capable 

through turbines 6,000 kilowatts for 

of the lock machinery, machine shops, 

handling plant, batteries, and for the 

locks and Zone towns and, if desirable

Panama railroad. The building is cons

crete and steel, and of a design suitable f

power house in a tropical country. T

are such as to permit the installation 

kilowatt units, and provision is mad

extension of three additional similar 

rectangular in shape, and contains on

ting floor, with a turbine pit and tw

electrical equipment. ' The building, 

chinery and electrical equipment, is lai

unit principle, each unit consisting o

headgate, penstock, governor, exciter, 

control panel.

Water is taken from Gatun Lake, t

which will vary with the seasons from 

above sealevel, through a forebay con

integral part of the curved portion of 

way approach wall. From the foreba

carried to the turbines through three 

stocks, each having an average lengt

The entrances are closed by cast 

and bar iron trash racks. The headg

and stems machinery crete over house three future lowered gatehouse theadgates, is addition attached constructed gatend by recesses the of erected to individual and three motors the for provision upon and more gate the are motors trash the present units. castings

housed forebwill rac

g

(r
14 WATER SUPPLY OF GATUN LA

Gatun Lake impounds the waters of 

b

prising 1,320 square miles. (See Map.) W

t

surface of the water is at 85 feet above 

t

lake has an area of about 164 square mi

tains about 183 billion cubic feet of wa

D

eight or nine months of the year, the lake i

k

stantly full by the prevailing rains, and 

a surplus needs to be stored for only t

f

months of the dry season. The smalle

r

water in the basin during the past 22 years

m

at Gatun, was that of the fiscal year, 

w

was about 132 billion cubic feet. Prev

t

year the smallest run-off of record wa

b

cubic feet. In 1910, the run-off was 360 b

feet, or a sufficient quantity to fill the la

half times. The low record of 1912 is o

i

showing the effect which a similar dry 

curring after the opening of the Canal, w

h

upon its capacity for navigation. As

t

the Gatun Lake was at elevation plus 8

t

b

ginning of the dry season on Decembe

t

the hydroelectric plant at the Gatun S

w

in continuous operation, and that 48 lo

were being made, the elevation of the la

w

b

reduced to its lowest point, plus 79.5, 

M

7

at the close of the dry season, after wh

i

w

continuously rise. With the water at p

7

i

Gatun Lake there would be 39 feet of wat

i

lockages average water As of over eaporation, consumption, wall Cut, the daily or used, filling water, about navigation rainy mimum is which 7 through as from surface employed. feet number than there would 58 season one would seepage, of lockages would of this wllchannel can thelock be water. of the at be This be would locks, usually lockages be be to87 stored lake leakage crried a depth possible the ample would feet day Making using be will the other for above through atmple when in on be for the case, in them therough with a due maintaa dry naviglargesealgatepartsingfor and Cathat sa

T

m4f3ffp4pflliwtnT
WATER SUPPLY OF GATUN LA

Marie Canal on the American side was 41

the season of navigation of 1912, which 

eight months long. The average num

passed was about 1 per lockage. The t

of vessels was 14,916, registering 30,947,1

The Suez Canal passed 5,373 vessels in 

12 per day, with a total tonnage of 

The total receipts were $27,300,000, th

the history of the canal.
16 DAMS ON PACIFIC SIDE

The water level of Gatun Lake, exte

the Culebra Cut, is maintained at the 

an earth dam connecting the locks at 

with the high ground to the westward

feet long, with its crest at an elevati

above mean tide. A concrete core w

about 700 cubic yards, connects the 

hills to the eastward; this core wall re

the rock surface and is designed to 

lation through the earth, the surfac

above the Lake level.

A small lake between the locks at 

and Miraflores is formed by dams conne

of Miraflores locks with the high gro

side. The dam to the westward is of ear

feet long, having its crest about 15 f

water in Miraflores Lake. The east 

crete containing about 75,000 cubic ya

500 feet long, and forms a spillway 

Lake, with crest gates similar to those a

of the Gatun Dam. The Rio Grande 

tributaries empty into the lake. A se

the lake is as a water supply for the 

on the southern slope of the continent

the city of Panama. A pumping station 

plant, with a capacity of 15,000,000 g

placed on the east side of the lake.
THE LOCKS 

There are 6 double locks in the Cana

in flight at Gatun, with a combined l

one pair at Pedro Miguel, with a lift of 

two pairs at Miraflores, with a combin

feet at mean tile. The usable dimensi

the same-a length of 1,000 feet, and wid

Each lock is a chamber, with walls and 

crete, and mitering gates at each end.

The side walls are 45 to 50 feet wide 

of the floor; are perpendicular on t

narrow from a point 24' feet above t

they are 8 feet wide at the top. The m

60 feet wide, approximately 81 feet h

face is vertical. At a point 42' feet abo

of the floor, and 15 feet above the top 

culvert, this wall divides into two pa

space down the center much like the 

which is 19 feet wide at the bottom and 

at the top. In this center space is a tunne

three stories, or galleries. The lowe

for drainage; the middle, for the wires t

electric current to operate the gate an

chinery installed in the center wall, and 

a passageway for the operators. (Plate 

The lock gates are steel structures sev

65 feet long, and from 47 to 82 feet high. 

from 390 to 730 tons each. Ninety-tw

required for the entire Canal, the to

60,000 tons. The leaves are shells of st

An bottom upper watrtight into thatois covered framework. two ment leaf bearings MR leak, air soalso three if separate 31088--3 is half ald the buoyant shaft compartment with onlywatertight, by is sections, shell of thus compartment watertight which one a thEach 26 compartments. sheathing should that largely leaf. section inches each leaf it for up itis be where is will relieve indpendently in the would of tohinged broken divided isteel diameter the purpose practically it subdivideprobably The top theriveted in to passes anyhoriof strethe lowof ru
PLATE F-SIDE WALL OF LOOKS COMPARED (I-) WITH S
THE LOCKS 

Intermediate gates are used in all e

of the locks, in order to save water 

desired, in locking small vessels throu

being so placed as to divide the locks 

600 and 400 feet long, respectively. 

per cent of the vessels navigating' the 

less than 600 feet long.

The highest gates and the highest 

the Canal are those of the lower locks 

and these locks are the only ones which 

mediate gates. The total lift from 

to the level of Miraflores Lake, 543 f

divided between the upper and lower 

der ordinary conditions, all should be of 

The waters of the Pacific, however, ex

lower locks, and the range of tide is from 

to 10 feet above mean sealevel. Furtherm

of the upper locks is greater than the low

the omission of the intermediate gates 

The combined result is that the volume 

lock is less than that of the upper wh

higher than about two feet below mean 

lock is incapable of receiving the full c

entire upper lock without causing an o

walls and gates. A portion of the w

upper lock must be wasted through th

cross-emptied into the twin lock. To 

waste as much as practicable, the volum

locks walls has been enlarged by increasing the 

area, communicate the extends side are of tunnels sistent approximately quiring tem The In cross floor. several walls of which and the culverts. with locks al'out section, the of construction gates and The smaller the entirexend economy with are the from 4,500,0C0 large to about Pennsylvania One filld s:,ne 82 the length culverts under each culverts feet culvert and lockf the number and cubic of which the of the ara safety chamber emptied the 33 each are 254 locks, floor yards railroad, of tois of large controlin squarof thee barre44 of thrcothethof thcmsH
20 THE LOCKS

near the miter gates by large valves an

small culverts extending from the midd

in both directions through laterals, thus p

passage of water from one twin lock 

effecting a saving of water. (Plate D.)

To fill a lock the valves at the upper e

and the lower valves closed. The wat

the upper pool through the large culv

small lateral culverts and thence throug

the floor into the lock chamber. To em

valves at the upper end are closed and 

lower end are opened and the water f

lower lock or pool in a similar manner. 

distributes the water as evenly as pos

entire horizontal area of the locks and re

turbance in the chamber when it is b

emptied. (See also "Electric Control 

chinery" p. 24.)

The depth of water over the miter sil

is 40 feet in salt water and 411 feet in 

The average time in filling and empty

about fifteen minutes, without openin

so suddenly as to create disturbing cu

locks or approaches. The time requir

vessel through all the locks is estimated a

hour and a half in the three locks at Gatu

the same time in the three locks on th

The time of passage of a vessel throu

Canal is estimated as ranging from 10 to 

at cording which to it can thetravel. size of the ship, and the 
GATE-MOVING MACHINERY 

The machinery for opening and closi

gates was invented in the office of the A

Engineer by Edward Schildhauer, E

Mechanical Engineer, and a patent has b

it. It is the subject of the illustrati

h

(Plate G.) It consists essentiallyof a 

to which is fastened one end of a strut 

rod, the other end of which is fastened to 

The wheel moving through an arc of 197 d

or opens the gate leaf, according to the 

which it is turned. One operation take

The crank gear is a combination of gear 

constructed of cast steel, is 19 feet 2 inc

eter, and weighs approximately 35,0

p

It is mounted in a horizontal position on 

turns on a large center pin, and is sup

rim in four places by rollers. The center p

k

into a heavy casting anchored securely 

crete. The crank-gear has gear teeth o

r

is driven through a train of gears and p

electric motor in a contiguous room. T

remotely controlled by an operator who 

at a central control house near the low

upper locks. A simple pull of a small s

cient to either close or open a 700-ton ga

tion being perfectly automatic.
".*0

A %p

I:v

- j

PLATE G-LOCK QATE OPERATING MACHINE SHOWING RELATION OF BULL WHEEL TO BTRUT

AND GATE

(A) Strut or Connecting Rod. (B) Bad Plate (C) B -aring Wheel.

(22)
TOWING LOCOMOTIVES 

Ships are not allowed to pass thro

under their own power, but are towed th

tric locomotives operating on tracks on 

The system of towing provides for the p

the locks of a ship at the rate of 2 

The'number of locomotives varies with 

vessel. The usual number requit-ed 

i on each wall, imparting motion to 

2 astern, 1 on each wall, to aid in kee

in a central position and to bring it to 

tirely within the lock chamber. (Pl

are equipped with a slip drum, towing 

hawser which permit the towing line 

or paid out without actual motion of 

on the track. The locomotives run on 

when in passing from one lock to anot

heavy grades. There are two systems 

for towing and the other for the retu

motives when not towing. The towi

center racks or cogs throughout, and 

always operate on this rack when to

incline between locks the return tracks 

rails, but elsewhere the locomotives r

The only crossovers between the tow

tracks are at each end of the locks, an

switches in the rack rail.
ladaCourtesy NOTE.-The of ",Popular model in this Mechanics" of towing illustration, PLATE locomotive but H---TOWING in finally one (24) solid adopted LOCOMOTIVES body is on not a in sintat
PROTECTIVE DEVICES 2

Several protective devices have bet

safeguard the gates in the locks.

First.-Fender chains, 24 in number, e

w

24,098 pounds, are placed on the up

o

the guard gates, intermediate and safe

g

ot

upper locks, and. in front of the guargt

lower end of each flight of locks. The

p

t

lock gates from being rammed by a ship t

m

proach the gates under its own steam o

be

from the towing locomotives. In opera

tc

is stretched across the lock chamber f

t

of the opposing walls, and when it is de

t

ship to pass, the chain is lowered into 

gm

for the purpose in the lock floor. It i

r

after the ship passes. The raising an

l

accomplished from both sides by mecha

m

in chambers or pits in the lock walls. T

m

consists of a hydraulically operated 

oc

inders, so that 1 foot of movement b

t

c

will accomplish 4 feet by the chain. If 

e

a pressure of more than 750 pounds to t

i

should run into the fender, the chain w

b

p

gradually by an automatic release u

tv

comes to a stop. Thus, a 10,000-ton 

r

at 4 knots an hour, after striking the f

c

b

brought to a stop within 73 feet, whi

il

t

the distance which will separate the c

f

t

gate.

Second.-Double gates are provide

t

e

which geiying damage, repairs, necessitate lake bridge wall upper protecting motives therances Third.-A MR upper the of levels. damlock might 31088-4 the of toor and flow or locks the lock all the ino (Plate the in Each break possibly dam of each do the cantilever case lower of approach, shutting water any of each damlocks I) flight, through it the is getate work flight should is placed through mvable and constructed away the off and type, from the in for at guard of when in be the from fender the thepivoterammall typehe necelockpunolowgalowthoheotepbtlcebocicotmwfttotiur
26 PROTECTIVE DEVICES

on the side wall parallel to the channel

W

t

darn is used the bridge is swung across t

c

with its end resting on the center wall o

t

l

A series of wicket girders hinged to th

b

then lowered into the channel with the

e

r

ing in iron pockets embedded in the lock f

A

the girders have been lowered into p

t

afford runways for gates which can be let d

o

a time closing the spaces between the w

g

These gates form a horizontal tier 

t

width of the Canal and damming the w

t

height of 10 feet. Another series of pan

t

lowered, and so on until the dam, cons

f

the bottom upward, completely closes t

c

When the dam has checked the main flow

t

r

der, due to the clearance between the v

of the gates, may be checked by drivin

p

between the sides of the adjacent pa

T

darns are operated in three movements, 

t

m

chinery for operating is, therefore, in t

gate-moving, raising and lowering the w

g

and hoisting the gates on the girders, 

d

b

electric motors.
Emergency Dam is shown closed with Wicket Girders and some Gates Emergency Dam is shomn open with Wicket Girders and Gate,

lowered in place. raised.

- 57s

0 .n0 dOD i50 P00

PLATE I-EMEHGENCY DAMS AT MIRAFLORES LOCKS

A-Operator's House E-Gates K-Horizontal Trus B-Concrete Counterweight F-Gider-Hoisting Machinery M-Sill C-Center Bearing G-Gate-Hoisting Maohinery

n-Wicket Girders H---Quadrant
28 CAISSON GATES

To permit examining, cleaning, paint

r

pairing the lower guard gates of the lo

Stoney gates of the Spillway dam, and 

the dry to the sills of the emergency d

caisson gates of the molded ship type a

p

When their use is required the caissons 

b

into position in the forebay of the uppe

the emergency dam, or between the piers 

way, and sunk. The caissons are eq

electric motor-driven pumps for use in p

the caissons and for unwatering the loc
ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOOK MAC

The gates, valves, and fender chains 

are operated by electricity, and remote

from a central point; there is a central 

tion for each of the series of locks at G

Miguel, and Miraflores. In passing a shi

locks it is necessary to open and clo

gates weighing from 390 to 730 tons, to f

lock chambers containing from three an

five million cubic feet of water, to rai

fender chains weighing 24,098 pounds eac

the vessels through the locks. All thes

except that of towing, are controlled by 

switchboard.

The control system for Gatun Lock

Water is let into the lock chambers or wi

them by means of culverts under the lock 

connect with larger culverts in the lock w

which water is carried from the higher 

levels. The main supply culverts are 18 

eter, and the flow of water through them 

by rising-stem gate valves, which can b

opened or closed in one minute. In th

the culvert feeds both lock chambers, 

outlet into the lateral culverts there is a 

cylindrical type, in order that water m

or withdrawn from either chamber at 

plete opening or closing of these cylin

takes ten seconds. The miter gates are 

or closed with a head of water on either 

the either full be chamber after chainmber, miter at from towinghose A the towed chambers stop valve ship which an gates to outlet abovelowered locomotives. upper open in will tohrough where and will thebe of will being or raised level and the forebay culvert miter bequalized the close be one closed. main first thewater into opened, gates to ofThe the of system. emptied culverts vessel the the the The miter wh will is water lak duplicatelocallowing at lower risingstem be passed the or gate sealevewill level The openein filled locksealchais be thwtw
30 ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK MAC

when filled, will raise the vessel 283 fejt, t

level. This operation will be repeated in t

m

and upper locks until the ship has 1een r

t

full height of 85 feet above the level of t

A

Gatun, in the passing of a large ship throu

t

it will be necessary to lower 4 fender ch

6 pairs of miter gates and force them to m

and close 8 pairs of rising ste]] gate v

t

main supply culverts, and 30 ovlindrica

I

all, no less than 98 motors will be set in m

t

during each lockage of a single ship, and t

n

may be increased to 143, depeilenit up

t

p

vious conditions of the gates, valves, and o

Each gate leaf, valve, and fender chain i

by a separate motor mounted near the m

i

chambers in the lock wall, the motors ac

t

suitable gears (or pump in the fender cha

u

t

various machines. In each machinery ch

t

is a starting panel containing contactor

b

current is applied to the motor and the

p

i

turn are controlled from a main unit in t

control house. Some of the machinery 

Gatun are 2,700 feet distant from the poi

Ninety per cent of them are within 2,000 

per cent of the total within 1,200 feet.

The station from which control is exerc

t

movement of all the machines is on the 

at the lower end of the upper flight of loc

and similarly placed at Pedro Miguel an

M

It a view double-control diagrammatic, the duplication ture containing respective board chins gates vlves him height is wall in ofof inch the as in a model a every of building to the they operator bench by series 16 a allow in main inch, representation, feet, or locks. part rise of boardf or diagram a raised the and culverts and switches. throwse of towing table, flight duplicated The tfall, opening to high command the control the 32 locks. of the at locomotive enough Standing switches, inches part locks every progress movemenand to board In closinmodecontan stagaboconabothto auotpuhititntpbthbttmtt
ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK MA

tion of the cylindrical valves, and, in ad

tion of the gradual rise or fall of the w

chambers. The switches controlling the 

together with their indicators, are mou

board in the same relative position as 

themselves in the lock walls. Some, dis

is allowed to give room for the switche

must not be over 4 feet in width, in 

operator may be able to reach beyond 

it, and the length of the board is limit

Gatun, and proportionally at the othe

The system is interlocking, so that 

cannot be started in a certain directio

motors are operated in a proper man

consistent operation on the whole, and 

undesirable or dangerous combinations 

of valves, gates, or fender chains. In 

by the use of limit switches the factor 

equation in operating the machines is 

minimum, almost mechanical accuracy b

Before the operating pair of valves in 

verts can be opened, at least one pair o

other ends of the locks, both upstrea

stream, must first be closed. This lim

to the act of equalizing water levels 

and keeps him from allowing water to 

the lake level to the middle lock past t

thus preventing a possible flooding of 

and machinery rooms. Interlocks, de

closed special miter-forcing a lowered, control culverts opened which operator are guarding the cross-fill from fender being lateral starting is at procedure. of a chain and being and causing the the moved. all action lock culverts chambers, times,he openings to machine. the must opened lengthopen chain a between mitr Interlocks flow An keep except be afrom must or interlock miter opened above when of those The gates, closed, the water whnt be gate for miter they gateorf before raised center prevent prevenwhile the it and oe belowfore valvmay may gtcylsiththatw
32 ELECTRIC CONTROL OF LOCK MA

gate can be closed, or more exactly the s

m

be thrown in this order, but the operatio

mp

ceed at the same time. The simple interlowp

vent such a mistake as leaving the chain dt

lapse of memory, when it should be up to p

t

gate.
LIGHTING THE CANAL 3

The general scheme of lighting and b

t

Canal includes the use of range lights t

e

direction on the longer tangents and o

l

spaced about 1 mile apart to mark each 

o

t

channel. The range lights are omitted i

C

Cut, where their use is hardly practicable, 

o f

of the shorter tangents on the remainder o

tC

In the Cut there are three beacons at e

and between these intermediate beacons i

p

o

each side of the Canal. By keeping his 

p

midway between these beacons, the pil

i

t

adhere closely to the center of the Can

A

e

tangent it is necessary to have two ra

o

t

lights each to prolong the sailing line i

o

t

the pilot may hold his course up to the p

ot

ing. These range lights are situated on l

T

are three types constructed, as shown b

tc

herewith, all of reinforced concrete (Pla

J

T

more elaborate structures are used on t

locks and dam and in the Atlantic and P

D

visions, where they are closer to the sa

l

o

the vessels, while simpler structures a

p

i

the Gatun Lake, where they are under l

c

o

servation. A light and fog signal on the w

b

water in Limon Bay is also included (P

a light on the east breakwater. The ill

gas and electricity, the latter being used w

t

light is sufficiently accessible. For the fl

b

and for the towers and beacons which ar

i

are surmounted at The the sinker, months of the The channels beingacons sible dissolved the a dredged composed range, most buoys height places, visible rangad without and at in powerful from are channel the by of should acetone the from gas-buoy lights of about moored Atlantic about beingsystem a steel about cylindrical varies remain lights by has 15 frame lightsrecharged. 2,500 a in using 12 feet andhavy been according are position lighted to which have to above Pacific those floating 18 compressadopted. chain 15,000 nauticaabout suppalong for The marto the enanbsTbotlwlteoctctlocttmT8c
FIG. 3--BEACON 

C

FIG I---ATLANTIC PLATE AND J-RANGE PACIFIC SECTIONS LIGHT (34)TOWERS AND FIG. 2---GBEA
LIGHTING THE CANAL 3

power. White lights are used throug

i

order to eliminate the possibility of c

t

lights with one another and with the li

o

all range lights, beacons, and buoys h

i

characteristics formed by flashes and co

o

flashes of light and dark intervals.
36 EXCAVATION

The total excavation, dry and wet, for 

originally planned, was estimated at 103,7

yards, in addition to the excavation by 

companies. Changes in the plan of the 

subsequently by order of the President, i

amount to 174,666,594 cubic yards. Of 

89,794,493 cubic yards were to be tak

Central Division, which includes the C

In July, 1910, a further increase of 7,8

yards was made, of which 7,330,525 cubi

to allow for slides in Culebra Cut, for s

Chagres section, and for lowering the b

Canal from 40 to 39 feet above sealevel in 

section. These additions increased th

total excavation to 182,537,766 cubic yard

a further increase of 12,785,613 cubic yard

of which 5,257,281 cubic yards was for slid

Cut, and the remainder for additional ex

silting in the Atlantic and Pacific entran

the grand total of estimated excavation to 

cubic yards. In 1912, a still further increa

of which 3,545,000 cubic yards was for 

lebra Cut, and the remainder for dredging 

at Gatun locks, silting in the Atlantic e

for the Balboa terminals, bringing the g

estimated excavation to 212,227,000 cub

July, 1913, a final revised estimate plac

at 232,353,000 cubic yards, an increase 

1912 of 20,126,000 cubic yards, of whic

was The Active monthly Cut, HillCuebra, banks, until. moved. removed, for cubic ly The avrage the for and widest 495 yards. 1907, excavation the points slides two where 364 feet In average and top exceeded part when 1908, feet In yars abovend in of width owing the 1909, above of deepest breaks work for over 15,765,290 succeeding the ofe 2,500,000 is to over those about over at on bottom 37,000,000 Cut thein excavation Contractor's a 35,000,000 Culebra large is two action 72,000,000 half three cubic opposite of years a scale the cubic of mile. yearCutyardyarare mCslHd
EXCAVATION 3

of all excavation to October 1, 1913, a

Excavation by steamshovels in Culeb

C

c

on September 10, 1913. In all there w

e

from the Cut by steamshovels, 97

c

yards. On October 5, the admission o

w

f

Gatun Lake was begun through pipes i

t

d

Gamboa. On October 10, the dike was b

ub

dynamite, and the water of the lake wa

li

b

ing the level in the Cut to that of the l

By French Companies---._-- -------------------------7

French excavation useful to present Canal---------------2

By Americans:

Dry excavation----- - .-.-. 12

Dredges-----------------. .- -.-.-. 83

TotaL.----------------. _._. 2

May 4 to December 31, 1904--------------. 2

January I to December 31, 1905 ____--------. . 

January 1 to December 31, 1906-. _ _ .4,948,

January 1 to December 31, 1907.-.-.------------------- 1

January 1 to December 31, 1908.-.-------------------.- 3

January 1 to December 31, 1909. .----

3

January 1 to December 31, 1910------.------------- 3

January 1 to December 31, 1911.- .----

3

January I to December 31, 1912. .--------------

3

January 1 to October 1, 1913.------------.--------- 2

TOTALS BY DIVISIONS AND AMOUNT REMAINING TO B

E

.s. Amount R

tb

Divisions. excavated. e

AtlanticDry excavation---.------------------- 8,840,59

5

Dredges.-------------------------. --. 39,106,04

5

Total.------------------------ 47,955,63

5

Central- I

Culebra Cut.- .----------- ------------ 97,191,00

7

---- 53,516,905 1 7,972,095 Pacific- All Dry Dedges Total other excavation Grand points - toal ------------------. .----------------------------- . ..- - ---------------------- ---. .. -. ---- --- .---------- .2 11,048,198 . -. 21,304,802 109,575,6543,534,0612,384,659,982,833887
38 SLIDES AND BREAKS

There have been in all 31 slides and b

i

C

bra Cut; 17 covered areas varying from 

t

7

and 14 covered areas of less than 1 ac

e

m

king in all a total of 251 acres. One va

o

was caused by the slipping of the top l

o

c

and earth on a smooth sloping surface of 

h

m

terial. The largest slide of this charac

w

t

known as Cucaracha on the east bank o

t

just south of Gold Hill. This gave the f

F

company trouble during the final years o

i

tions. It first gave the Americans tro

i

and between that date and July 1, 1912, n

3

000 cubic yards of material were remo

f

t

Canal because of it. It broke nearly 1,

f

b

from the axis of the Canal and covered 

o

4

acres. Another variety of slide, properly c

b

was due to the steepness of the slopes 

t

pressure of the superincumbent materi

u

t

underlying layers of softer material. The l

or break of this type was on the west sid

o

t

at Culebra just north of Contractor's Hil

c

an area of 75 acres. Over 7,000,000 cubic y

r

o

m

terial have been removed from this sl

i

thought that by the time the Canal sha

h

b

completed something like 10,000,000 cub

y

w

have been taken out. On the east side o

t

similar slide covers an area of aboUt 50 

b

ing back about 1,300 feet from the center o

t

C

About a half million cubic yards have be

t

gregate yards. of is moved estimated this from slide between the and that Canal more 24,000,000 the total because remains amount and of to the 25,00be of slrImrwc
-~kIidA as lne

SC * by / by

A rmeri/co ne

- c*- ST O

(39) PLATE L--CROSS SECTION OF CULEBRA CUT SIHOWI NG LARGEST EFFECT OF SLIDES
40 DRILLING AND BLASTING

Most of the material excavated in 

consisted of rock varying from very soft

disintegrates on exposure to the atmosp

dense rock of great hardness. It was nc

excavating this material to drill and b

kinds of drills were used-tripod and w

taining their power from a 10-inch c

main on the west bank of the Cut which 

by three batteries of air compressors pl

distances along the 9 miles of the Cu

depth of drill holes was about 27 fe

deeper than the steamshovels were exc

drill holes, placed about 14 feet apart, we

45 per cent potassium nitrate dynamite 

depending upon the character of the ro

connected in parallel and fired by mean

from an electric light plant. The maxim

drills in use at any one time in Culebra 

of which 221 were tripod and 156 well

over 90 miles of holes were drilled in a 

A pound of dynamite was used to ab

cubic yards of material blasted, 'and 

used in Culebra Cut during several ye

about 6,000,000 pounds a year.
CAPACITY OF STEAMSHOVEL AND DIRT 

There were several classes of steamshov

in excavating work, equipped with dipper

capacity from 1 cubic yards to 5 cubic 

trenching shovel, with a dipper having a 

- of a cubic yard. In Culebra Cut ex

5-yard dippers were used almost entirely

Each cubic yard, place measurement

rock weighs about 3,900 pounds; of earth

pounds; of "The run of the Cut" about 3

and is said to represent about a two-hor

Consequently, a 5-cubic yard dipper, wh

ries 8.7 tons of rock, 6.7 tons of earth, a

of "The run of the Cut."

Three classes of cars were used in haulin

cars with one high side, which are unload

weighing from 14 to 16 tons, operated 

upon a winding drum, and two kinds of 

one large and one small. The capacity of 

was 19 cubic yards; that of the large du

cubic yards, and that of the small dump c

yards. The flat-car train was ordinarily 

20 cars in hauling from the Cut at Pedro 

21 cars in hauling from the Cut at Mat

large dump train was composed of 27 c

small dump train of 35 cars.

The average load of a train of flat car

the mixed material known as "The run of t

610.7 tons (based on a 20-car train); of a 

dump cars, 737.68 tons, and of a train of 

562.5 of a large power whil that daily with of flat (place 1911, The train large 79,484 cars ofrange record tons.he dump whenavrage furnished measurement), record dumpof was March small cubic small in from 51 cars peel cars, day'sump theime steamshovels 22, yards, by dump 7 were Central buckets, 15 to 1910-4,823 consumed the cars work to 15 or or cars, operated 40 air minutes; were 127,742 8,395 Division minutes; for pump excavated and 6 operated in one to cubic unloaditons. in by 2 tons. of 56 was steamunlocranand the commybao
42 CAPACITY OF STEAMSHOVEL AND 

T

day, 333 loaded trains, and, as many 

t

were run to and from the dumping gro

The greatest number of shovels in u

t

in the Cut was 43, and the greatest m

tion in any single month, in the Cut, w

i

March, 1911, when 1,728,748 cubic yar

m

mostly rock, were excavated.

To handle this amount of material r

t

services of 115 locomotives and 2,00

about 160 loaded trains per day to the 

w

on the average were about 12 miles di

th

one way varying from about one mil

t3m

To serve properly the trains and shove

i

excavation work in the Cut, although i

l

t

nine miles in length, about 100 miles 

tw

required, or an average of over nine par

t

all parts.
BREAKWATERS 

Breakwaters have been constructed at 

and Pacific entrances of the Canal. Th

Bay or Colon Harbor, extends into th

Toro Point at an angle of 42' and 5

from a base line drawn from Toro Po

light, and is 10,500 feet in length, or 

including the shore connection, with a 

bottom of fifteen feet and a height abov

level of ten feet. The width at the bot

largely on the depth of water. It cont

mately 2,840,000 cubic yards of rock, t

formed of rock quarried on the mainlan

Point, armored with hard rock from 

Work began on the breakwater in August

December 1, 1912, the trestle and fill we

to full length, 11,500 feet. The estim

$5,500,000. A second breakwater has be

for Limon Bay, known as the east bre

will be without land connection and ab

long. The purpose of the breakwaters 

Limon Bay into a safe anchorage, to pro

in the harbor of Colon, and vessels mak

entrance to the Canal, from the violent 

are likely to prevail from October to 

to reduce to a minimum the amount of si

washed into the dredged channel.

The breakwater at the Pacific entr

from Balboa to Naos Island, a distance o

feet, or a little more than three miles. 

900 the prism; sealevel, rock, was cross-currents the nel; islands were land. It May, contains distance shallow to constructed second, all driven 1908, 2,700 varies and of and which about the and harbor connecting nearly fet is to from that from mainland. for furnish on east was 18,000,000 20 a would of parallel November 50 twofold to brought of Panama to Naos 40 railnd 3,000 feet carry Work to cubiconnection purpose; for Island from the 6, into feet the soft was1912, heighyardaxis Cuthe wiwgb
I~~ I__I__.___4.NSt. (AC) PLATE K-WEST BREAKWATER (44) LIGHTHOUSE
CANAL APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPEND

Payment to the New Panama Canal Company. 

Payment to Republic of Panama .

Appropriation, June 28, 1902 ------------------ 

Appropriation, December 21, 1905 -------------- 

Deficiency, February 27, 1906 ------------------

Appropriation, June 30, 1906 ------------------ 2

Appropriation, March 4, 1907 -----------------2

Deficiency, February 15, 1908 -----------------

Appropriation, May 27, 1908 ------------------ 2

Deficiency, March 4, 1909-- -------------------

Appropriation, March 4, 1909 ----------------- 3

Deficiency, February 25, 1910._ -----------------

7

Appropriation, June 25, 1910 ------ ------------ 3

Appropriation, March 4, 1911 -----------------4

Appropriation, August 24, 1912 ----------------2

Appropriation, June 23, 1913 ------------------ 

Private Act. Relief of Elizabeth G. Martin 

Private Act. Relief of Marcellus Troxell 

Private Act. Relief of %V. L. Miles --------- ----

Private Act. Relief of Chas. A. Caswell 

Private Act. Relief of Alexandro Comiba. .---- 

Private Act. Relief of Douglas B. Thompson 

Private Act. Relief of Robcrt S. Gill-------------

2

Private Act. Relief of Peter Wigginton.-- 

Private Act. Relief of Raymond R. Ridenour. 

Private Act. Relief of heirs of Charles E. Stump 1

Private Act. Relief of parents of Edward Mahe

Private Act. Relief of Oscar F. Lackey ._-.-_------ 1

Private Act. Relief of Pedro Sanchez.-.------------

Private Act. Relief of John H. Cole._----------

1

Private Act. Relief of Robert Coggan------------

1

Judgment, Court of Claims, Timothy J. Butler. 

Total ----------------------. . --.--------- 3

Appropriation for Fortifications, March 4, 1911 

3

Appropriation Appropriation Department Department Panama Zoen Purchase Waterworks Roadways.-- Grand CLASSIFIED Railroad, Railroad, and of of total- for Repair C. Construction Sanitation.-----------------------. Civil Law-.--.------------------------- Fortifications, and I and Second Relocated ortifications, Administratitn------------- EXPENDITURES of E., Sewers.------.---. Steamers Plant.-.----------------- --------------------------- Main and Line.-.--------------- .-.-- August June Track.----------Engineering-.-$----. .---------------- 23, TO 24, 1913. JULY 1912 . --245342
46 CANAL APPROPRIATIONS AND EX

Loans to Panama Railroad Company.----------

Construction and Repair of Buildings- -. -

Purchase from New Panama Canal Company-. 

Payment to Republic of Panama ._.---------------. 

M iscellaneous ._.-- .-- .-.- .-- .---------- .- .-- .-- _ 

Total.-_.--------------------------------- 

Expenditures for Fortifications to July 31, 1913.-. 

The balances carried in expenditure ac

are included in the last item above, fo

sewers, and pavements in the cities of 

Colon amounted altogether to $2,400,738

expended balance in the appropriation 

in the cities of Panama and Colon, ava

penditures on waterworks, sewers, and p

$85,980.15, including transfer of appro

the quarter ending June 30, 1913.
VALUE OF THE $40,000,000 FRENCH PUR

A careful official estimate has been m

b

t

Canal Commission of the value to the 

at the present time of the franchises, 

material, work done, and property of va

k

for which the United States paid the Fr

Company $40,000,000. It places the' to

about $43,000,000, divided, as follows:

Excavation, useful to the Canal, 29,708,000

cubic yards ---- ----------- --------- ----- 

Panama Railroad Stock ------.------------------ 

Plant and material, used, and sold for scrap 2

Buildings used ------- -------------------- . 2,054

Surveys, plans, maps, and records --------------- 2

Land. . . . 

Clearings, roads, etc. -------------------------- 

Ship channel in Panama Bay, four years tise. 5

Total. ------------------------ -.--------- 42,799,826 00
48 CANALZONE

Of the 436 square miles of Zone territ

t

part is owned by the United States an

t

P

Railroad Company, the balance being 

bp

vate individuals and corporations.

All of the privately owned lands in t

Z

are being taken over on behalf of the U

by virtue of the Executive Order of thP

December 5, 1912, acting by authority tP

Canal Act of August 24, 1912.

Under the Treaty with Panama the U

acquired a strip extending for five mile

of the Canal, and all other lands a

lu

water needed for Canal purposes. ThTv

the title in the United States to publlit

Canal Zone, and a title in the nature o

privately owned lands, upon condition t

U

States will compensate the owners of tlit

event that the option is exercised b

tU

States. Consequently, the owners of th

p

l

in the Canal Zone, now being taken over btU

States under the Executive Order of t

P

will be compensated in damages, to bf

by private agreement, or by the JoinL

mission.

The United States has jurisdiction 

over the area to be covered by Gatun L

w

extends beyond the line of the Canal Z

Lake will have a summit level of 87 ft

ditional Government of the United States has tfoot and is 24,427 sanitary level, strip hectares, the around purposes. additional or appioximately the strip Thelake being littoral area ne952 of utfptm
CANAL FORCE, QUARTERS, AND SU

4

The Canal force is recruited and hobt

Quartermaster's Department which has t

g

branches, labor and quarters, and mater

plies. Through the labor and quarters b

t

have been brought to the Isthmus 45,107 lo

whom 11,873 came from Europe, 19,900 fB

dos, the balance from other islands in the W

I

and from Colombia. No recruiting is req

p

ent, the supply of labor on the Isthmus b

On September 24, 1913, the total forcotI

mian Canal Commission and Panama Ra

C

pany, actually at work, was divided, as f

Gold ST

Isthmian Canal Commission-.-------- 3,786 2

3

Panama Railroad Company.-. - 476 3,334 3,81

Panama Railroad Commissary.---------- 262 

Total .-.--.--.---------- 4,524 3

3

In addition to the above, there were in te

of contractors on the Isthmus, 433 gol

silver employes, a total of 2,282. - 

The gold force is made up of the offic

force, construction men, and skilled art

ot

Isthmian Canal Commission and Pana

R

Company. Practically all of them are A

The silver force represents the unskilled l

o

the Commission and the Panama Railroa

at ofexceptional The an general mission (1912-1913) requiring Of iards, remainder, 25, basis. 10 The whom cents hour, 32, $3437,000 these, larger with and The material storehouses, and an and theare about a about standard 44 part hour, woth character Panama few discharge the employed cents (July Italians of 4,000 28,000, and rest buof an the rate supplies railroad a 1, 16 stock supply are hour, are of few Spaniards ares and for cents 1913). one Europeans, artisans of West the paid of men andare these branch steamer an valued supplies West purchasIndians16 About of 5,500 hour. are doinothereceIndand apceapmorT62mliwo2c2ciftC$
50 FOOD. CLOTHING, AND OTHER NE

The Canal and Panama railroad forces 

with food, clothing, and other necessaries 

Subsistence Department, which is divi

branches-Commissary and Hotel. It d

of about $9,100,000 per annum. The b

by the Commissary Department amou

$7,600,000 per annum, and that done 

branch to about $1,500,000 per annum.

The Commissary system consists of 20 

in as many Canal Zone villages and cam

line of the Panama railroad. It is es

with employes and their dependents

about 65,000 people supplied daily with f

and other necessaries. In addition to the 

the following plants are operated at C

storage, ice making, bakery, coffee roasti

laundry, industrial laboratory, and pa

ment.

A supply train of 21 cars leaves Cr

morning at 3 o'clock. It is composed of re

containing ice, meats, and other perish

and 10 cars containing other supplies

delivered at the stations along the line an

to the houses of employes by the Q

Department.

The hotel branch maintains the Ho

Ancon, and also 14 hotels along the 

gold employes at which meals are 

cents monthly for 27-cent clude about tion ration. and penses cipts,amount laborers messeand three each. 235,000 exclusive amount rations The to about 115,000 about meals. serving cost supplies At meals 200,000 to of to about mealsthese $105,000. about the 40-cent West There per foevenue $85,000; per meals. 14 one month $17,000. Indians. are month rations hotels month served from of There labor of the to therfor The ThththaE
PERMANENT CANAL STRUCTURE

HEADQUARTERS AND OTHER BUILDINGS

The permanent administration and C

quarters building is in process of erection 

northwest of Ancon quarry where it w

both the terminal piers and the Canal en

is to have 75,000 square feet of floor spa

cost $375,000, including $25,000 for th

signed to permanent records. The quart

employes attached to the administration b

be erected in the general area adjacent to 

east of it, and gold employes connecte

shops, docks, and other terminal facilitie

will be housed in quarters erected in th

rounding the eastern slope of Sosa Hill, 

fill between Ancon and Sosa hills, adjoining 

Balboa highway. Silver employees will b

in a settlement, to be known as La Boc

been laid out along the edge of Balboa d

of Sosa Hill. There will be a permanent s

Pedro Miguel for employes of the Pacifi

one at Gatun for employes of the Atl

The settlements at Cristobal and Ancon w

to be maintained. Dredging headquarter

established at Paraiso. No necessity is a

any other than the foregoing permanent 

except for the military forces which may 

on the Isthmus.

at ends channel. wide, length. undertaken about or for may by Canal Twohe right breakwater, the small about be with 1,000 piers Panama channel, wharves required, angles The They boats 300-foot 2,650 for feet at construction commercial will railroad to built first. long, and feet at forthe slips be the from commercial one out paralleling will The axis1,000 PIERS. at between, head pier from the be use ofCristobal, ofld feet center are onef retained at the the French each purposeBalboa under the and long, pier Canalshore line slip behowoaa
52 PERMANENT CANAL STRU

between Canal Zone and Panamania

marily, these docks are to mee

p

commercial requirements. Should a

be found necessary after the Canal is 

other piers, each 1,042 feet long and 

with 300-foot slips between, can be con

b

the mole.

DRYDOCKS.

The main drydock will be situated 

will be capable of accommodating any 

pass through the Canal locks. It wi

h

u

length of 1,000 feet, a depth over th

k

b

35 feet at mean sealevel, and an entran

feet. The entrance will be closed by m

lar to those used in the locks. The dr

b

concrete resting on hard rock. Its 

include a 50-ton locomotive crane, 

both sides.

For vessels of smaller type, an au

will be built at Balboa, in lieu of the 

r

originally contemplated. It will h

u

length of 350 feet, a width at entranc

a depth over the keel blocks at 16 fe

level. It will be provided with a 

The 50-ton locomotive crane will ser

also. Work on these drydocks, as we

shops, is now under way. Preliminar

paring 300,000 Sosa the French length a was commercial the large which theaken dpth On site expense construction the Hill. the vessels, and of any the for drydock cubic over opinion 300 Atlantic the returned, The large of site requirements the fet, in yards shopte excavated at ofvessel required of view sill side a Canal, Mount another the width in and of of it of case on 13 board rck is terminal in capable the material at feet the the proposed Hope, drydock it sight entrancfrom drydocwas on Atlantat excavwhmeyaterwoof fowturhub
PERMANENT CANAL STRUCTUR

SUPPLIES FOR SHIPS.

All vessels using the Canal will be offe

t

portunity to purchase at Government rat

of all kinds, cold storage, fresh water, and 

COALING PLANTS.

There will be large coaling plants at both 

t

Canal. In general, each plant will consist o

t

fronts and a storage pile. The water fronts 

b

ignated as the unloading wharf and th

r

wharf, while the storage pile is to consist o

b

coal, a part of which is to be stored subaqu

the remainder in the dry. Each pla

b

arranged to receive, store, and deliver 

coal belonging to individuals and compan

as to the Government; to receive it from 

p

of the unloading wharf and transport it t

p

of the storage pile; to reclaim coal from 

p

the storage pile and deliver it to any p

t

reloading wharf, and to transfer it from 

p

the storage pile to any other part of same

be received by each plant by movable unloa

t

running on rails supported by the unloa

and reloaded to colliers and barges by m

r

loaders running on rails supported by th

r

wharf. The storage pile at the Cristobal p

i

t

be commanded by movable stocking and r

bridges running on tails.

companies, facilities, Wet Emergency steel Dry four traveling Thise storage, storage, berm trestle Total.-.------- storage will on storage, exclusive reserved for cranes, be will running rails Canal the pile be: dry------------- supported main for formerly use at of longitudinally naval --.-------------- Balboa the coaling .--------- use.------------------. stock by used will a plant, ----------------suitable at of be of the indivthe and comPct732b
54 PERMANENT CANAL STRU

This plant will be secondary in im

plant at Cristobal, and its storage c

cilities for handling will be about one

the main plant, as follows:

Wet storage, reserved for naval use.-.---------------

Dry storage, for Canal use--------.------------. . 

Emergency storage, dry.----- --------- 

Total, not including storage for indivi

-- 115,000 companies .

FUEL OfL.

In addition to coal, fuel oil will be s

ends of the Canal. Four steel tanks, 

pacity of 42,000 barrels of oil, have be

at Cristobal and two at Balboa. E

feet in diameter and 35 feet high. La

aside also at both ends for the erection 

individuals and companies, which wi

revocable licenses. The Government 

necessary oil-pumping plants at the w

oil mains running to the tanks.

SHOPS.

The main repair shops are under 

Balboa, and are designed to maintain 

equipment:

1. Lock, spillway, and power pla

erecting, The general, hanging ment paratLis tions, vessels, 6. vessels tion, 2. tenance The All The Water making with of -of cold main of making and be sheds connected of the and the and steel storage the protected metal by buildings of tool United Panama and land of repairs, private Canl. frmes. shops, such working by with equipment plant, Staes movable will fromepairs railroad. individuals etc., the 3. the The be wireless shops, Rlling Navy. forge sun coaling required of sides as retained metal permand may and icl4. anstoaanpMl
PERMANENT CANAL STRUCTUR

the boiler and shipfitters' shop, together 

for the storage of steel, will be placed en

b

the drydock and repair wharf. The g

house, foundry, woodworking shops, sub

b

ings, and office building, will be erected p

line of the drydock and water front, nor

main shops. Two lines of railroad track

past each end of the main- metal workin

one track through their center. The ma

be provided with overhead traveling cran

runways being extended through each 

buildings over the railroad tracks. As fa

p

the present machinery is utilized in the 

All of it is electrically driven, includin

b

vidual and group drive.

It is proposed to retain the old Crist

shops for making repairs on the A

until sufficient experience is had to d

extent and character of repair facilities 

FLOATING EQUIPMENT.

For the handling of the lock gate leaves, 

other Canal requirements, and commercia

wrecking purposes, two powerful floating 

h

been purchased. For handling vessels o

size at Cristobal and Balboa, four high-p

h

tugs will be provided, and for the tr

of coal, fuel oil, and fresh water alongsid

a sufficient number of barges and lig

b

vided the afternd placed the Canal barge mail thethe inwill necessary and business Commision, service. be lighter furnished justifies modifications The service. can steel at i. be each used A barges, tender have terminto goonobfupp
56 RELOCATED PANAMA RAILR

The new or relocated line of the Pan

is 47.11 miles long, or 739 feet longer than 

From Colon to Mindi, 4.17 miles, and 

to Panama, 2.83 miles, the old line is 

remaining 40 miles is new road. Fro

Gatun, the railroad runs, in general, p

Canal, and ascends from a few feet abo

elevation to 95 feet above. At Gatun, th

the vicinity of the Canal and turns east 

Ridge to a point about 41 miles from the 

the Canal, where it turns southward agai

the low Gatun Valley to Monte Lirio, from 

it skirts the east shore of Gatun Lake to 

of the Culebra Cut at Bas Obispo. I

Valley section there are several immense 

necessary to place the line above the lak

in the 3-mile section, aggregate about 5,

yards. Likewise, near the north end of 

where the line was located so as to furnish 

for spoil from the Canal, there are sever

embankments. Originally it was inten

the railroad through Culebra Cut on a 

along the east side, 10 feet above the w

the numerous slides made this plan 

and a line was constructed, on a high 

the Cut, known locally as the Gold Hill L

the berm of the Canal at Bas Obispo, the 

cuts through a ridge of solid rock, and gr

into the foothills, reaching a distance fr

near line it where mum whole at the pergirder Canal. total The runs Paraiso, permit cnt. Canal of center Monte Chagres length grade line bridge, it the down This is Where is to Canal access the Lirio, only span of of 7'. section River Panama, the 1{ 9' railroad mile th of 800 From a of to per miles. stel Pdro 2 at which railroad long, of the miles feet cent, Gamboa with the girder runs upper Miguel The from withsouth opposite line is compensatemaximum crosses practically bridge sharpest in the is one is arm end Vallelocatthe crosscenthe 200Cuhaof of
RELOCATED PANAMA RAILRO

truss channel span. Numerous other 

small streams are crossed on reinforc

culverts. Near Miraflores, a tunnel 73

has been built through a hill. The to

the new line was $8,866,392.02.
58 EQUIPMENT DURING FINAL YEAR 

CANAL SERVICE.

Steamshovels:

105-ton, 5 cubic yard dippers -----

9 5 -ton, 4 and 5 cubic yard dippers- ---------

70-ton, 22 and 3 cubic yard dippers ----------

6 6-ton, 22 cubic yard dippers---------- ----

45-ton, 14 cubic yard dippers. 

2 6 -ton------------------- 

Trenching shovel, , cubic yard dipper ----

Total - ------------------------------------------ 

Locomotives:

American106-tons ----------------------- ---

105 tons- -----------------------------

117 tons ------------------------- ---

Total ---------------------------------

French -------------------------------------

Narrow gage, American, 16 tons 

Electric-. ------------------

Total -------------------------------

Drills:

Mechanical churn, or well -----------

Tripo--- -------------------------------

Total -------------- --------- -------

Cars:

Flat, used with unloading plows ------ ----

Steel dumps, large. -----------------------

Spreaders. Track Unloaders Piledrivers Steel Narrow Motor------------------ Automatic, Special, Ballast Pay Decauville Total shifters caretificate dumps, flats dumps .-.------------------------------------ gage- shops ------------------------ electric small ---- - ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------
EQUIPMENT DURING FINAL YEAR O

Dredges:

French ladder -----------------------------

Dipper --------------------------------------

Pipeline- -------------------------------------

Seagoing suction ---- ----------------------

Clamshell --------------------------------

Total ---------------------------------------

Cranes. 

Rock breaker. . .--------------------

Tugs -------------------- _-------------------

Towboat

House boats -------------------------------------

3

Clapets . -----------------------------

Piledriver, floating --------- -----------------

Crane boat ---------------------------------- 

Barges, lighters, and scows- ----------- ------

Launches-----------------------------------------. 

Drill boats- --. ----------------- 

Floating derricks - --------------- ------

PANAMA RAILROAD.

Locomotives:

Road, (12 oil burners)_.--- - ------------

Switch --------------------- -------------

Total. ---------------------------------------

Cars:

Coaches _----------------------------------

Freight. ------------------------------------

Total --------------------------------

Cranes:

M Steam Tugboat,.----- Lighters: Piled Coal,argo, otor Track Floating Locomotive Wrecking Total--.------- Total TaL rivers: boats.-- ditcher.-.---------------.-----------. all steel steel.------- and .-. ------- ------- iron-. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.---- --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.- ---5
60 DISTANCES IN NAUTICAL MI

SAVED FROM NEW YORK VIA THE PANAMA CANAL ON 

San Francisco:

Magellan. -----. 

Panama ---------------- -----------------

Saved----------------------- 

Gtiayaquil:

Magellan. 

Panama 

Saved 

Callao:

Magellan 

Panama- 

Saved 

Iquique:

Magellan 

Panama 

Saved 

Valparaiso:

Magellan 

Panama 

Saved 

Honolulu:

Magellan 

Manila: Yokohama: Suez Suez *Panama *Panama. Panama. Saved- SavedSaved -.--. . - 
DISTANCES IN NAUTICAL MI

Hongkong:

Suez ------------------------------------

*Panama.-------------------- 

Saved 

Melbourne:

Magellan 

Panama ----------- ---- -----------

Saved----------- ------- -------------

*Via San Francisco ahd the Great Circle.
8

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9. GU Nem PwtoBelo 1. N C dP

NA ___ 1C.CQuarr <'

0806e C AN Pt.Cocal '" orto t. 9 o/ Pe e o /s /s. SanBuenaventurals.- Pejopome 0 Pedas V8 uenav'enraCov SaximoM sant o 0S ue/B \

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Area a ofLGatanpal-n 

L 

Lcall aran ne -n %. Lagarto -1,

p.3.4 . ACAMA I~ ic

ISTHMIANO CANAL COMSSO

- 1 h/0 -1

Area Of Gatun Lake at 60r

E/e 8ST f,6338C PI7T Rl: C PcJOG- -* 

A royal .

roGrande' cs

DDE pr Ie.--

ebA . -. .

7 Ll~eadol.

60~~~~~~~"R., 10 lbE 20LOC aogi(~~'~~t~iI :5

/0 Pto [atla

- AxraPaa or.

ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION B

\ - A Na sMAP SlIONVING Perile oo n1. 

-. .epernoar o 'S0n30seR'c

ISTH,\UtS WITHjj COMPLETED CANAL -7 r deC Br SCA-L '\ 6Venado luX

SCLECh ercocovi1

P s10 Tortol

so -R 0orler Pt.Vacamonte \

0io ete fdMelonesL1 Tabguia 1l.

I - r -O- - T a b o g a i M o ro l.

r'80.00 O rUVEE w 5i ISO 1ROM Glag/C .5, 4. 19 i