NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JORGE MONTES ALFARO, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 20-71099 

Agency No. A072-878-982 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted May 3, 2023

San Francisco, California

Before: WARDLAW, NGUYEN, and KOH, Circuit Judges.

Jorge Montes Alfaro (“Montes”), a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions 

for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming 

the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) order denying asylum, withholding of removal, and 

protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction 

under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the agency’s factual findings for substantial 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

JUL 5 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

evidence, see Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 2022), and the 

legal standard it applied de novo, Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 

(9th Cir. 2023), we grant in part and deny in part the petition for review. 

1. Montes contends that the agency failed to consider the appropriate 

factors and proper evidence—in particular, his mental health—in evaluating

whether his crime qualified as particularly serious for purposes of asylum and 

withholding of removal.

1 See Bare v. Barr, 975 F.3d 952, 961 (9th Cir. 2020); see 

also Gomez-Sanchez v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 985, 996 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding that 

the BIA’s “rationale—that evidence of an individual’s mental condition at the time 

he or she committed the crime of conviction is categorically irrelevant—is 

unreasonable”). We disagree. The IJ’s discussion of the crime indicates that she 

fully understood and considered the nature and impact of Montes’s mental health 

condition at the time of the crime. 

Montes points to several lines in the IJ’s decision which, he contends, show

that the IJ either disregarded his mental health condition or qualified his offense as 

particularly serious because he committed it during a schizophrenic episode. For 

example, the IJ concluded that “the danger the respondent posed to the community 

at the time remains the same as if he were not suffering from hallucinations.”

1 A particularly serious crime renders a noncitizen categorically ineligible for 

asylum and withholding of removal. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii) 

(asylum), 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii) (withholding).
3 

Read in context, however, the IJ’s statements demonstrate that she took into 

account Montes’s mental state and level of intent when committing the crime in 

accordance with Gomez-Sanchez, and nevertheless concluded that he posed a 

danger to the community. See Matter of B-Z-R-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 563, 566 (Att’y 

Gen. 2022) (“[A]n individual may pose a danger to the community 

notwithstanding a mental health condition, and in those cases, the ‘particularly 

serious crime’ bar to asylum and withholding of removal may apply.”). 

The IJ thus applied the correct legal standard in concluding that Montes’s 

crime qualified as particularly serious. That conclusion ends our jurisdiction, and 

we deny Montes’s petition for review of his asylum and withholding of removal 

claims.

2 See Anaya-Ortiz v. Holder, 594 F.3d 673, 676 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e 

cannot reweigh evidence to determine if the crime was indeed particularly 

serious . . . .” (citation omitted)). 

2. As to his CAT claim, Montes contests the agency’s conclusions that

(1) he is unlikely to be institutionalized upon return to Mexico and that (2) the

Mexican government is unlikely to commit or acquiesce to his torture in a 

psychiatric institution. Velasquez-Samayoa v. Garland, 49 F.4th 1149, 1155–56

(9th Cir. 2022) (holding that where a petitioner’s theory of torture relies on a 

2 Because Montes Alfaro’s conviction for a particularly serious crime renders him 

ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal, we need not reach Montes 

Alfaro’s arguments regarding the agency’s discretionary denial of asylum. 
4 

hypothetical chain of events, each link in the chain must be more likely than not to 

happen). 

The agency’s determination that Montes was unlikely to face 

institutionalization in Mexico is not supported by substantial evidence. To support 

its finding, the agency cited the fact that Montes has never been committed to a 

mental health institution outside of detention. But that fact has little probative 

value because Montes has spent the vast majority of his adult life—and a 

significant portion of his childhood—incarcerated or in immigration detention. 

The agency also supported its finding that Montes was unlikely to be 

institutionalized in Mexico by noting that Montes has developed coping 

mechanisms and controlled his behavior at Otay Mesa Detention Center without 

psychiatric medication. Again, these facts cannot support the agency’s finding. 

The record shows that Montes’s improved coping skills and lucid behavior 

occurred in a “controlled and stable environment” which “will not be like anything 

[Montes] will experience in Mexico if he is removed.” We therefore remand for 

the agency to reevaluate the likelihood of Montes’s institutionalization in the first 

instance.

We also remand the question whether the Mexican government is more 

likely than not to commit or acquiesce to Montes’s torture in a psychiatric 

institution. The agency failed to consider all of the relevant evidence as to specific 
5 

intent. See Guerra v. Barr, 974 F.3d 909, 914 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[A] petitioner must 

show specific intent for purposes of CAT relief.”). For example, the IJ 

acknowledged that the record indicates patients at Mexican psychiatric institutions 

are subject to sexual abuse by staff members. But the IJ never specifically 

considered whether using sexual violence to inflict suffering would demonstrate 

specific intent. See Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2020)

(“Rape and sexual assault may constitute torture . . . .”). And the government 

acknowledged at argument that the record contained no evidence that the IJ 

considered the likelihood that Montes would be subject to such sexual violence. 

Therefore, we remand to the BIA to fully consider all of the record evidence of 

specific intent to harm in evaluating Montes’s CAT claim. See INS v. Ventura, 537 

U.S. 12, 16–18 (2002) (per curiam). 

Each party shall bear its own costs. 

PETITION GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART; 

REMANDED.