DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTis SMITH, Director 

Professional Paper 112 

UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS OF THE EASTERN GULF 

REGION IN TENNESSEE, ~iiSSISSIPPI, . . 

ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA 

BY 

EDWARD WILBER BERRY 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT 'PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 

CONTENTS. 

Introduction ................................... . 

General relations of the Cretaceous deposits ...... . 

Tuscaloosa formation. : ......................... . 

Historical sketch ............................ . 

· Areal distribution .......................... . 

Lithologic character ........................ . 

Stratigraphic relatio~1s ...................... . 

Local sections containing plant remains ...... . 

Near Iuka, Miss ........................ . 

Glen Allen, Ala .............. , .......... . 

Shirleys :Mill, Ala ................... · ... . 

Tuscaloosa, Ala ........................ . 

Cottondale, A1a ......................... . 

Snow plantation, near Tuscaloosa, Ala ... . 

Sanders Ferry Bluff, Ala ................ . 

Whites Bluff, Ala ...................... . 

Composition, origin, and evolution of the Tuscaloos~ flora ..........•...................... 

Ecologic conditions indicated by the Tuscaloosa 

flora ................................ _ .... . 

Eutaw formation ............................... . 

Historical sketch ............................ . 

Areal distribution .......................... . 

Lithologic character ........................ ·. 

Stratigraphic relations ...................... . 

Local sections containing plant remains ...... . 

McBrides Ford, Ga ....... · ............... . 

Broken Arrow Bend, Ga ...... : ......... . 

Chim.ney Bluff, Ga ......... , ............ . 

Havana, Ala.: .......................... . 

Coffee Bluff, Tenn ............ , ......... . 

Composition and ecologic conditions indicated 

by the Eutaw flora ....................... . 

Selma chalk .............. : .................... . 

Ripley formation ...... · .......................... . 

Historical sketch ............................ . 

Areal distribution .......................... . 

Lithologic character ......................... . 

Stratigraphic relations ...................... . 

Plant localities ......................... · ..... . 

Bearing of the floras on correlation ............... . 

Correlation of the Tuscaloosa flora ........ : . . . 

Correlation of the Eutaw flora ............... . 

Correlation of the Ripley flora ...............•. 

Distribution of the Tuscaloosa, Eutaw,-and Ripley 

floras ... · .................................... . 

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. 42 

The floras ... · ................................... . 

Phylum Thallophyta ........... · ............ . 

Class Fungi .................•.... · ....... . 

Or.der Pyrenomycetes .............. . 

Phylum Bryophyta ........................ . 

Class Hepaticae ........................ . 

Order J ungermanniales .............. . 

Phylum Pteridophyta ............. : . ......... . 

Order Equisetales ...................... . 

Order Lycopodiales .................... . 

Order Filicales ......................... . 

Phylum Spermatophyta .................... . 

Class Gymnospermae ...... , ............. . 

Order Cycadales (?) ................ . 

Order Coniferales ................... . 

Class Angiospermae .................... . 

Subclass :Monocotyledonae .......... . 

. , OrderLiliale~ .. : ................ -

Order Graminales ........... : . . . 

Order Arecales ................... · 

Subclass Dicotyledonae .............. . 

Order Piperales ................. . 

Order Juglandales ............... . 

Ord~r Myricales ........ ~ ....... . 

Order Fagales ........... : . ..... . 

Order Salicales: .. : . ............. . 

Order Urticales ................. . 

Order Platanales ................ . 

Order Proteales ................ . 

Order Ranales .. : ............... . 

Order Papaverales, ............. . 

Order Rosales .......... · ..... : ... · 

Order Geraniales ............... . 

Order Sapindales ....... : ........ . 

Order Rhamnales .......... ; .... . 

Order Malvales ................. . 

Order Thymeleales .............. . 

Order Myrtales .................. . 

·· Order Umbellales .............. : 

Order Ericales (?). ·_ ............ . 

Order Primulales ................ . 

Order Ebenales ................ . 

Order Gentianales .............. . 

Order Polemoniales ~ .. ~ ........ . 

· Position uncertain ............. . 

· 43 Index ................ -.... -----.. · ............. . 

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ILLUSTRATIONS~ 

PLATE I. Map showing the areal distribution of 

the Upper Cretaceous deposits of 

the eastern Gulf region ..... .' ..... 

II. A, Cut in the Tuscaloosa formation 

near Glen Allen, Ala., along the 

St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, 

showing sands below the ferruginous ledge and leaf-bearing clays 

above; B, \"'Vhites Bluff, Black 

Warrior River, Ala., ezhowing sands 

and leaf-bearing clays of the Tuscaloosa formation ............... . 

III. A, Roadside wash in the Tuscaloosa 

formation near Shirleys Mill, Ala., 

exposing highly fossiliferous clays; 

B, View showing basal gravel overlain by ~aminated clays, of the 

Tuscaloosa formation, bearing 

leaves, lignite, and amber, 1i 

miles east of Iuka, Miss ........ . 

· IV. A, View showing the· argillaceous 

leaf-bearing sands of the Ripley 

forll)ation, 13 miles northwest of 

Camden, Tenn; B, View showing 

the. character of the bed <;ling of the 

basal sands and clays of the Eutaw 

formation, 2 miles southeast of 

Havana, Ala, .................. . 

V-XXXIII. Fossil plants from the Upper Cretaceous formations ............... : .. 

FIGURE 1. Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

an exposure at Glen Allen, Fayette 

County, Ala ......... · ............. . 

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FIGURE 2.· Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

a.lf exposure near. Shirleys Mill, 10 

miles southeast of Fayette, Fayette 

County, Ala ...................... . 

3. Section· of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

an exposure near Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala .................. . 

4. Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

an exposure in a gully on .the Snow 

plantation, 9 miles southwest of Tuscaloosa, Ala ........... .' .......... . 

5. Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

an exposure at Sanders Ferry Bluff, 

on Black Warrior River, 12 miles 

below Tuscaloosa, Ala .... · .......... . 

6. Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in 

an exposure at Whites Bluff, Black 

Warrior River, 52! miles below Tus-

.caloosa, Ala ........................ . 

7. Sketch map showing the· Tuscaloosa 

drainage and its subsequent history. 

8. Hypothetical section illustrating the 

interrelationship of the Upper Creta~ 

ceous types of sedimentation from 

Tuscaloosa to lower Selma ......... . 

9~ Section of Eutaw formation exposed in 

one of the deep gullies 2 miles southeast of Havana, Hale County, Ala .. 

10. Diagrammatic section of the Ripley formation in McNairy County, Tenn., 

from northeast t<>· southwest ....... . 

11. Restoration of Dewalquea smith( ..... . 

12. Restoration of Bauhim~a alabamensis .. 

5 

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gg, 

UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS OF THE EASTERN GULF REGION IN 

TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND .GEORGIA. 

By EDWARD WILBER BERRY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The eastern Gulf region discussed in this 

papei includes that part of the Atlantic 

Coastal Plain bordering on the Gulf of :Mexico 

and lying south and west of the sol!th.ern 

Appalachian province and east of Mississippi 

River. The area of. outcrop of the. Upper 

Creta<ceous deposits borders the inland margin 

of the Coastal Plain (see Pl. I), and the belt from· 

which determinable plant fossils bave been collected extends from Benton County, in westcentral Tennessee, southward and eastward to 

west-central Georgia. Most of the fossil plants 

come fr01n the basal formation of the Upper 

Cretaceous series-the Tuscaloosa formation. 

The oYerlying Eutaw, Selma, and Ripley 

formations, with their various members, are 

n1ar.ine deposits with abundant molluscan 

faunas, which do not fall within the· scope of 

the present contribution. A few' fossil plants 

have been found in the basal. beds of the 

Eutaw forn1ation in Tennessee, Alabama, and 

Georgia, in the upper beds· of the Eutaw forma:.. 

tion in Tennessee, and a still smaller and 1nore 

poorly preserved representation occurs in the 

shallow·-water phases of the Ripley formation. 

in Tennessee, eastern Alabama, and western 

Georgia. 

As the bulk of the flora is from the Tuscaloosa formation and the representation of the 

Eutaw and Ripley floras is too meager to throw 

any considerable ,light upon their· correlation 

or the physical conditions accompanying deposition, this contribution will be devoted 

principally to the elucidation of the Tuscaloosa 

flora and should be regarded simply as a preliminary report, for though it exhausts the 

present extensive collections, it should be 

remen1bered. thnt both my own geologic work 

and that of my associates in this vast area was 

of a reconnaissance nature only. La.ter, when 

·the abundant workable clays of the Tuscaloosa 

formation are developed for econo1nic purposes 

many new localities will probabl)7 be discovered. and it may be possible to recover addi- . 

tiona! representatives of the flora. 

GENERAL RELATIONS OF THE CRETACEOUS 

DEPOSlTS. 

Both Lower and Upper Cretaceous deposits 

are represented in the eastern Gulf area, hut 

the former are much less extensive and varied 

than in the middle Atlantic _slope to the northeast or in the 'western Gulf area to the west in. 

Texas and Mexico. 

- Lower Cretaceous sediments are present only 

in the eastern part of the area, where the 

southwesterly extension of tl~e Potomac group 

of the Middle Atlantic States crosses Georgia 

along the fall line 'as an .irregular belt of un~ 

fossiliferous cross-bedded arkosic sandy clays 

and light-colored kaolins 5 to 30 miles wide, 

extending westward. into Alabama as a belt 

4 to 8 miles wide .that terminates ip. Eln1ore 

County. . 

The Uppe1~ Cretaceous is subdivided into the 

Tuscaloosa formation, the Eutaw formation, 

the Selm.a. chalk, and the Ripley formation. 

The Tuscaloosa is the basal fon·nation of tbe 

eastern Gulf Coastal Plain from Elmore 

County, Ala., to Tishomingo County, Miss., 

where it gradually thins and is transgressed by 

the overlying Eutaw formation. The Tuscaloosa doubtless in1pinges. on the ~ower Cretaceous at the former's easternmost development, 

but both the Tuscaloosa and the Lower Cretaceous have been ·-tra~sgressed· by the Eutaw 

and the details are obscured·. 

The Eutaw forms a belt of varying composition (sands, clays, and marls) extending from 

Taylor County, in· western Georgia, to the 

southern. part of Benton Cou~ty, in west-· 

ern Tennessee, and ·as· isolated remnants as 

7 
8 UPPER CRET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

far. north as Trigg County, Ky. In Georgia 

and eastern Alabama it rests with· a marked 

unconformity on - the Lower Cretaceous. 

Throughout the rest qf Alabama it overlies the 

Tuscaloosa without apparent· unconformity. 

Beyond the Tuscaloosa region in Tennessee, 

where it is represented, by the Coffee sand 

member, the Eutaw constitutes the basal formation of the Coastal Plain, -restirig on the 

rocks of the Paleozoic floor, ·except where remnants of the Tuscaloosa are preserved. 

The Selpla chalk is a lithologic and not a 

chronologie unit, as it includes in the area of 

its greatest development equivalents of parts of 

the Eutaw and. Ripley, as those formations are 

developed elsewhere. It extends from eastcentral Alabama to southern Benton County, 

Tenn., resting throughout without apparent 

unconformity on the Eutaw. 

The deposits of the Ripley sea extend from 

Twiggs County, in central Georgia, to the head 

of the Mississippi embayment in southern Illi-

. nois and probably westward· through the 

western Gulf region, although there is a wide 

interval in Missouri and Arkansas . that was 

transgressed by Eocene deposits, large areas of 

· which were subs~quently removed by the action of Mississippi River during late Tertiary 

and Quaternary time. 

These deposits of the Ripley sea do not constitute a single lithologic or formational unit, 

because in the eastern G11lf region those in the 

Chattahoochee .basin are separated from those 

in· northeastern Mississippi and the -States 

northward by the western Alabama area; in 

which the Selma chalk continues to the ~op of 

the Upper Cretaceous. 

The following list is a systematic arrangement of the plants found in the Upper Cretaceous of the Gulf region. In this list the 

species from the Tuscaloosa are denoted by 

the letter "T," and those from the Eutaw a~d 

Ripley by "E" ·and·" R,'' respectively. 

PHYLUM THALLOPHYTA. 

Class Fungi. 

Order Pyrenomycetes. 

Sphaerites alabamensis Berry. T. 

Class Algae (?). 

Halymenites majo~ Lesquereu~. E, R. 

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA. 

· Class Hepaticae. 

Order Jungermannlales. 

Jungerma~nites cretaceus Berry. T. 

PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA. 

· Order Equisetales. 

Equisetum? sp. Berry. T. 

Order Lycopodiales. 

Lycopodium cretaceuin Berry? T. . 

Lycopodites tuscaloosensis Berry. T. 

Order Filicales. 

Family Polypodiaceae. 

Cladophlebis alabamensis Berry. T. 

Dryopterites stephensoni Berry. T, R. 

Asplenium d~cksonianum Heer. T. 

Family Cyatheaceae. 

Dick~onia groenlandica Heer. T. 

Family Gleicheniaceae . 

Gleichenia delicatula Heer. T. 

Family Marattiaceae (?). 

Marattia cretacea Velenovsky? T. 

PHYLUM SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Class Gymnospermae. 

Order Cycadales (?). 

Podozamites marginatus Heer. T. 

Cycadinocarpus circularis Newberry. T. 

Orde~, Coniferales. 

Cephalotaxospermum carolinianum Berry. E. 

Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry. · T. 

Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher. R. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpu:q1 formosum Berry. T, E. 

Dammara borealis Heer. T. · 

Protodammara speciosa Hollick and Jeffrey. T. 

Qeinitzia formosa Heer. T. 

Araucaria bladenensis Berry. E, R. 

jeffreyi Berry. E, R. 

Androvettia carolinensis Berry. T. 

. elegans Berry. E. 

Abietites foliosus (Fontaine) Berry. T. 

Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. T, E. 

heterophylla Velenovsky. T. 

ambigua Heer, T, E. 

fastigiata (Sternberg) Heer. T. 

Widdringtonites subtilis Heer. T. 

reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. T. 

Pinus raritanensis Berry. T. 

Tumion carolinianum Berry? E. 

Cupressinoxylon sp. E. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

91, go· 89" 88. 87. 

34 

29° 

91° go• gg• ss· 

86" 85. 

Tombigbee 

member c~z::d ~ 

sand 

member 

Eutaw formation 

84. 83" 

EXPLANATION 

Providence r 

sand 

member l 

Selma chalk 

Cusseta f sand L member 

Eutaw and 

Tuscaloosa 

formations, 

Tuscaloosa (Sands and gravels) 

· formation 

82° 

___ ....... ___ _ 

} 

undifferentiated 

'-"--'-="""-"~-'-". --------------------------------

86° 

\UNCONFORMITY) 

~ 

~ 

E,003 

f-----P-----1 

85. 

Liopistha protexta subzone 

Lower limit of r ange of t ypical Exogyra costata 

and upper limit of range of typical Exogyra ponderosa (=dividing line between Exogyra ponderosa zone and Exogyra costata zone) 

Mortoniceras subzone 

Lower limit of range of Exogy1·a ponderosa 

84° 83. 82. 

81° 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE I 

FOSSIL PLANT 

LOCALITIES 

Tuscaloosa formation: 

1. 1% miles east of Iuka, Miss. 

2. Glen Allen, Ala. 

3. Shirleys, Ala. 

4. Around Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

5. Cottondale, Ala. 

6. Snow Plantation, Ala. 

7. Sanders Ferry Bluff, Ala. 

8. Whites Bluff, Ala. 

9. Soap Hill and Centerville, 

Bibb County, Ala. 

10. Mapleville, Ala. 

Eutaw formation: 

11. McBrides Ford, Ga. 

12. Broken Arrow Bend, Ga. 

13. Chimney Bluff, Ga. 

14. Havana, Ala. 

15. Coffee Bluff, Tenn. 

Ripley formation: 

16. Big Cut, Tenn. 

17. Camden, Tenn. 

18. Selmer, Tenn. 

19. 13 miles northwest of 

Camden, Tenn. 

20. Cowikee Creek, Ala. 

21. 7 miles north of Eufaula, 

Ala. 

22. 6 miles east of Buena 

Vista, Ga. 

23. Central of Georgia Railway 

1¥2 miles northeast of 

Byron, Ga. 

81. 

~ 

t r= ~= 

b 

36° 

35° 

so· 

MAP SHOWING AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRETACEOUS DEPOSil'S OF rrHE EAS'rERN GULJi"' REGION 

The boundaries of the divisions have been compiled in part from the published maps of previous investigators and in part from the field notes of L. W. Stephenson and Bruce Wade 

Sc-a] e r. o~ ooo 

2E5 3::=E3:=EBO'=====:J2~5 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,3:5=0 ===='7~5 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;~100 Ml LES 

1919 

• 
GENE~AL R.ELATIONS OF THE_ CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS. 

Class Angiospermae. 

Subclass Monocotyledonae. 

Order Liliales .. 

Doryanthites cretacea Berry. E, R. 

Order Graminales. 

Cyperacites sp. Hollick. T. 

Phragmites prattii Berry. E. 

Order Arecales. 

Sabalites sp. Berry. R. 

Subclass Dicotyledonae. 

Order Piperales. 

Family Piperaceae. 

Piperites tuscaloosensis Berry: T. 

Order Juglandales. 

Family Juglandaceae. 

Juglans arctica Heer. T, E. 

Order Myricales. 

Family .Myricaceae. 

Myrica emarginata Heer. T. 

longa (Heer) Heer. T. 

dakotensis minima Berry. T. 

ripleyensis Berry. R. 

Order Fagales. 

Family Fagaceae. 

Dryophyllum gracile Debey. R. 

Order Salicales. 

Family Salicaceae. 

Salix flexuosa Newberry. T, E. 

lesquereuxii Berry. T, E. 

eutawensis Berry. E. · 

meekii Newberry. T. 

Populus hyperborea Heer. T: 

Populites tuscaloosensis Berry. T. 

Order Urticales. 

Family Moraceae. 

Ficus krausiana Heer. T, E. 

crassipes (Heer) Heer. T, E. 

georgiana Berry. R. 

daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. T. 

inaequalis Lesquereux. T. 

shirleyensis Berry. T. 

woolsoni Hollick. T. 

ovatifolia Berry. E. 

alapamensis Berry. T. 

fontainii Berry. T. 

Order Platanales.- · 

Family Platanaceae. 

Platanus asperaeformis Berry. T. 

sh4'leyensis Berry. T.. 

latior (Lesquereux) Knowlton. T. 

ripleyensis Berry. R. 

sp. Berry. · R. 

Order Proteales. 

Fall}ily. Proteaceae. 

Proteoides conospermaefolia Berry. T. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii Knowlton.' T. 

lesquereuxii minor Berry. T. 

Order Ranales. 

Family Ranunculaceae (?). 

Dewalquea smithi Berry. T. 

Family .Magnoliaceae. 

Magnolia speciosa Heer. T. 

capellinii Heer. T, E. 

newberryi Berry. T. 

obtusata Heer. T. 

boulayana Lesquereux. ·T,,E. 

longipes Hollick. T. 

lacoeana Lesquereux. T. 

hollicki Berry. T. 

Liriodendron meekii Heer. T. 

Family Menispermaceae. 

Cocculus cinnamomeus Velenovsky ( ?) T. 

polycarpaefolius Berry. T. 

· problematicus Berry. T. 

ifenispermites trilobatus Berry. 'T. 

integrifolius Berry. T. 

variabilis Berry. E. 

Order Papaverales. 

Family Capparidaceae. 

Capparites cynophylloides Berry. T. 

orbiculatus Berry. T. 

Order Rosales. 

Family Mimosaceae. 

Inga cretacea Lesquereux. T. 

Family Caesalpiniaceae. 

Hymenaea fayettensis Berry. T. 

Bauhinia cretacea Newberry. T, E. 

maryh,mdica Berry. T. 

alabamensis Berry. E. 

ripleyensis Berry. R. 

Palaeocassia laurinea Lesquereux. T. 

Cassia vaughani Berry. T. 

9 
10 UPPER CR.ET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE; MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

· Family Papilionaceae. 

Phaseolites formus Lesquereux. T 

Colutea obovata Berry. T. 

Liriodendropsis simplex (Newberry) Newberry. T .. 

angustifolia Newberry. T. 

cons(ricta (Ward) Holl~ck. T. 

. Leguminosae (position uncertain). 

Leguminosites ingaefolia Berry. T. 

omphalobioides Lesquereux. _T. 

shirleyensis Berry. T. 

tuscaloosensis Berry. T. 

Order Geraniales. 

Family Rutaceae. 

Citrophyllum aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry. T. 

Family Euphorbiaceae. 

Crotonophyllum panduraeformis ~erry. T. 

M:anihotites georgiana Berry. E, R 

Order Sapindales. 

Family Ilicaceae. 

Ilex masoni Lesquereux: T. 

Family Cdastrace~e. 

Celastrophyllum decurrens Lesquereux. T. 

shirleyensis Berry. T. 

undulatum Newberry. T. 

newberryanum Hollick. T. 

grandifolium Newberry. T. 

carolinensis Berry. T. 

crena tum Heer. -T. 

crenat1,1m ellipticum Berry. T. . . 

alabamensis Berry. T. 

brittonianum Hollick. T. 

gymindaefoliuill. Berry. T. 

praecrassipes Berry. T. 

Family Sapindaceae. 

Sapindus variabilis Berry. T. 

morrisoni Heer. T. 

Order Rhamnales. 

Family Rhaninaceae. 

Zizyphus-lamarensis Berry. T. 

laurifolius Berry. E. , 

Paliurus upatoiensis Berry. E. 

Eorhamnidium.cretaceum ·Berry. T. 

platyphylloides (Les.que:r:eux) Berry. T. 

·Rhamnus tenax Lesquereux. T. 

Family Vitaceae. 

Cissites formosus Heer. T. 

· · crispus Velenovsky. R. 

. Order Malvales. 

Family Tiliaceae. 

Grewiopsis formosa Berry. T. 

tuscaloosensis Berry. T. 

Family Sterculiaceae. 

Pterospermites carolinensis Berry. T. 

Sterculia snoWii tennesseensis Berry. R. 

Order Thymeleales. 

Family Lauraceae . 

Qinnamomum newberryi Berry. T, E. 

heerii Lesquereux? E. 

sp. R. 

Persea valida.Hollick. T. 

Oreodaphne shirleyensis Berry. T. 

alabamensis Berry. T. 

Sassafras acutilobum Lesquereux. T. 

Malapoenna cottondalensis Berry. T. 

cretacea (Lesquereux) Knowlton. T. 

falcifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton. T. 

horrellensis Berry. E. 

Laurus plutonia Heer. T, E. 

Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick. T: 

angustifolium Newberry. T. 

elegans Hollick. E. 

Order Myrtales. 

Famiiy Myrtaceae. 

Eugenia tuscaloosensis Be.rry. T. 

Eugenia (?) anceps Berry. R. 

;Eucalyptus latifolia HolliCk. .T. 

geinitzi (Heer) Heer. T. 

· · augusta Velenovsky. E. 

Myrcia havanensis Berry. Er R. 

Family Combretaceae. 

Conocarpites formosus Berry. T. 

Order Umbellales. 

Family Araliaceae. 

Aralia cottondalensis Berry. T. 

eutawensis Berry. E. 

Panax cretacea Heer. T. 

Family Qorna~eae. 

Nyssa snowiana Lesquereux. T .. 

Cornophyllum vetustum Newberry.· T. 

. obtusatuni Berry. T. 

Order Ericales (?). 

Famiiy Ericaceae. 

Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick. T, R. · 

grandifolia Berry. T. 

parlatorii Heer. T, E. 

wardiana Lesquereux. T, E. 

cretacea Lasquereux? E. 

Dermatqphyllit.es acutl!S Heer .. T. 

Kalmi.a brittoniana Hollick. T~ 

Order Primulales . 

Family Myrsinaceae. . 

Myrsine gaudiru (Lesquereux) Berry. T. 

borealis Heer. T. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 11 

Order Ebenales. 

Family .Ebenaceae. 

.Diospyros primaeva Heer. T, E. 

am boyensis Berry. 'l'. 

rotundifolia Lesquereux. '1'. 

Family Sapotaceae. 

'Sapotacites ettingshauseili Berrv. T. 

shideyensis Berry. '1'. 

formosus Berry. '1'. 

Order Gentianales. 

Family As.clepiaclaceae. 

Acerates amboyensis Berry. T. 

Order Polemoniales. 

Family. Borraginaceae. 

·Corcli.a apiculata (Holli~k) Berry. T. 

Position uncertain. 

.. J'ricalycites papyraceus· Hollick. T. 

Calycites ~expartitus Berry. T. 

Carpolithus floribundus Newberry. T. 

tuscaloosensis Berry. T. 

Phyllites asplenoides Berry. E .. 

shirleyensis Berry. '1'. 

pistiaeformis Berry. '1'. 

TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

The Tuscaloosa forn1ation was named by 

·Smith and Johnson 1 .in 1887 aJtei· the city and 

the river (no\v usually known as the Warrior 

or Black Warrior River) of that. name in Ala.,. 

bama. Earlier observers had· noticed the 

presence of sands and clays below the recognized Cretaceous and above the Carboniferous. 

Lewis I-Im·per, 2 the. State geologist of Mississippi, 

mentioned. them in print as early as 1856 and 

·suggested that their age was perhaps Permian or 

even 'friassic. The same year Alexander Winchell mentioned the mottled clays of Tuscaloosa, calling attention to the contained .vegetable remains "appearing like. the stems an~ 

leaves of dicotyledonous plants." He doubted 

their Triassic age and in his table of formations 

failed to assign a definite age to then1. Meek 

and I-Iayden 3 in discussing the Alabama Mesozoic mentioned the presence of wood and leaves 

and correlated the lower part with the lowest 

Cretaceous of New Jersey all.~ Nebraska. 

1 Smith, E. A., nnd Johnson, L. C., Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of 

tho Tu<;cn.loosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama rivers: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Dull. 43, p. 95, 1887. . 

2 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia rroc., vol. 8, pp. 126-128, 1855. 

ll Idem, vol. 9, pp. 117-133, 1857. 

Their lithologic characterization clearly indicates· that they ·are · discussing the Tuscaloosa, and they say that 'although the weight of 

evidence favors the correlating of these beds 

with the Neocomian·of the Old World, positive· 

~vid.en~e is lacking that a part n1ay not be ol_der 

than Cretaceous. Subsequently E. W. Hilgard ·

4 described the beds in Mississippi beneath 

his Tombigbee sands as the Eutaw group and 

referred them to the Cretaceous. The following year 1\1eek and Hayden restated their views 

and definitely correlated the beds in Alabama 

with the Dakota sandstone of the Western 

Interior~ 5 Again in 1876 Meek 6 reafflrms his 

belief that the basal Cretaceous of Alabama is 

of the. same age as the plastic clays-of New 

Jersey ~nd· the Dakota sandstone of the Upper 

1\fissouri sec.tion. . 

All these geologists failed to discrin1inate the 

Tuscaloosa froin the overlying, mostly unfossiliferous sands a1~d laminated clays of ·what is 

now known as the Eutaw formation. The first 

reasonably complete account of the Tuscaloosa 

formation is that given by Smith and Johnson 

in the publication above referred t_o. From the 

attitude, lithologic character, and stratigraphic 

position of the beds they correlated the Tuscaloosa with the Potomac of the middle Atlantic 

slope which had just been. nained and briefly 

described by 1\1cGee. 7 This correlation was 

natural, because the Poton1ac as understood in 

the earlier days included beds which according 

. to the opinions of different students were referred to variow?:levels ranging from the Triassic 

to the Cretaceous and which subseque.nt study 

has shown constitute a series of well-marked 

formations, the oldest of N eocomian age aild 

.the youngest of Cenomanian age. 

From 1883. to the present time Dr. E. A. 

Smith, the State geologist· of Alahama, has 

.added to our knowledge of these deposits, being 

assisted in the beginning by L. C. Johnson and 

D. W. Langdon, jr. The discovery of all the 

noteworthy localities for fossil plants is due to 

their efforts. In 1884 some leaf impressions 

collected by Langdon in Bibb County were 

c Report on the geology and agriculture of the State oJ Mississippi, p. 61, 

1860. • 

5 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 13, pp. 419-421, 1861. 

o Meek, F. B., A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and T.ertiary 

fossils of the Upper Missouri country: U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 

Rept., vol. 9, pp. 38-4.2, 1876. 

, 7 McGee, w· J, [Geology of Washington itnd vicinity]: Report of the 

health officer of the District of Columbia for the year ending June 30, 

18~, pp. 19-21, 23-35, 1886. 
12 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

submitted to Leo Lesquereux:, and among them 

he recognized. a species of Podozamites, which 

he thought might indicate a pre-Cretaceous age. 

Lesquereux: ~fterward determined a small collection of leaves from_the Tuscaloosa formatio~ 

at· Tuscaloosa, but this list seems never -to 

have been p~blished. 1 

In 1886 ·Smith and Langdon discovered 

. ~everallocalities for fossil plants in the vicinity 

of Tuscaloosa (Cottondale, Snow plantation, 

and Tuscaloosa) and the next year the United 

States Geological Survey ~ent W. M. Fontaine 

into the field. He made large collections. of 

mostly fragmentary material from those outcrops as well as from one or two other outcrops 

near Tuscaloosa. In 1892 L. F. Ward visited 

Alabama and with Dr. Smith made extensive 

coll~ctions from. Glen Allen and Shirleys Mill. 

These collections received a preliminary study 

by Ward, who furnished. a list of 35. species 

which was published by Sn;:tith in ·1894 in his 

report on -the geology of the Coastal Plain of 

Alabama. This list enumerated· the following 

forms: 

Andromeda· latifolia N ewberry=Andromeda grandifolia 

Berry. 

Andromeda novaecalcareae Hollick ( novaecaesareae). 

Andromeda parlatorii Heer. 

Aralia wellingtoniana Lesquereux=Aralia cottondalensis 

· Berry. 

Carpolithus floribundus Newberry. 

Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer~ 

undulatum Newberry. 

Cinnamomum intermedium Newberry=Cinnamomum 

newberryi Berry. . 

Cladophlebis parva Fontaine=Cladophlebis alabamensis 

Berry. 

Cycadinocarpus circularis New berry. 

' Czekanowskia capillaris Newberry.2 

Dewalq uea groenlandica Heer. 

Diospyros primaeva Heer. . 

Eucalyptus attenuata Newberry.2 

. nervosa Newberry.2 

parvifolia Newberry. 2 

Ficus inaequalis Lesquereux. 

lanceolato-acuminata New berry. 2 

woolsoni Newberry. . 

Liriodendropsis angustifolia New berry. 

simplex Newberry. 

Magnolia alternans Heer. 2 

auriculata Newberry. 

gl~ucoides Newberry=Magnolia boulayana Lesquereux. 

longifolia Newberry. 

speciosa Heer. 

1 Smith, E. A., Geological map and explanatory chart of Alabama', 

Alabama Geol. Survey, 1894. · 

2 Not recognized by me. 

• 

Mytsine borealis Heer. 

Populus apiculata Newberry=.Cordia apiculata Berry. 

Proteoides daphnogenoides Heer=Ficus daphnogenoides 

Berry. 

Pterospermites modestus Lesquereux; 2 

Sequoia gracillima Lesquereux, Newberry= Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. 

heterophylla Velenovsky. · 

reichenbachii (Geinitz) Hee·r'. 

Tri9alycites papyraceus Newberry.· 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) He·er. 

I spent the field· season of 1909 revisiting 

all of the known plant localities in Alabama 

. and making extensive collections in preparation for this report. Accompanied by L. W. 

Stephem:lon I studied the Black Warrior and 

Tom big bee river ·sections during a trip down 

those rivers in a launch from Tuscaloosa, Ala., 

to the Eocene contact at Moscow, Ala.; I 

traversed Coosa and Alabama rivers from 

Wetumpka· to Montgomery, Ala., Chattahoochee.River from Columbus to Gainesville, Ga., 

and upper Tombigbee River in Mississippi, and 

visited. localities in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and 

Itawamba counties, Miss. I have also used 

the collections and notes made by Mr. Stephenson in his extensive field and office studies on 

the stratigraphy and paleontology of the· Cretaceous qf the e~stern Gulf area. · 

AREAL DISTRmUTION. · 

The Tuscaloosa formation outCrops as a belt 

of varying width along the southwestern border of all four of the physiographic divisions of 

the southern Appalachian province. These 

divisions are, in 'order f~om northwest to southe~st, the Interior Lowlands, the Cumberland 

Plateau, the Appalachian Valley, and the Piedmont Plateau .. This area of outcrop, which 

amounts to abo:.ut 6,500 square miles, is almost 

exactly lunate in outline, one horn terminating 

at the Tennessee boundary in northeastern 

~ississ1ppi and the other near Montgomery in 

east-central Alabama. Its length is about 250 

miles, and the. chord of the arc is almost exactly at ·right angles with the axis of the Appalachian Mountains.3 

LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER. 

The materials are predominantly sandy and 

give rise to the broken, un~ven topography of 

the present day. These sands are usually 

a Undifferentiated Tuscaloosa or Eutaw deposits are shown on the 

map to extend across Tennessee and into western Kentucky. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 13 

light in color, cross-bedded, and micaceous and embayment. A re_asonable explanation is furcontain in places, particularly landward and nished by the delta typ!3 ·of sediments and 

northward, 'considerable gravel and pebble the probable Cretaceous drainage lines southbeds, made up of both well-rounded quartz and westward in the stru<btural lines of the folded 

angular chert in about equal proportions. In Carboniferous rocks. This view of the Cretadisconnected and interbedded lenses there is a ceous physiography is by no means new, 

.large amount of argillaceous material which is having been elaborated by Hayes 1 in 1899. 

in places massive and in places laminated. The basal purplish clays around Tuscaloosa . 

Seams of lignite of inconsiderable thick.ness are seem to .. be replaced by basal sands in 'northern 

present at various levels, for example, 2 miles Fayette County. These sands are coarse, with 

east of Tuscaloosa near the base of the Tus- large and small pebbles, in places with wellcaloosa formation a seam occurs sevei'tl-l inches rounded quartz cobbles and angular cobbles 

thick; and toward the top of the Tuscaloosa, ·of Carboniferous sandstone. About half the· 

in Itawamba County, :Miss., iies a persistent pebbles are rounded quartz, an_d the remainder 

bed of lignite, nearly 2 feet thick, which in the are angular chert. · In places the sands are 

earlier days of the eounty led to the formation filled with· fragments of. chert the size of buckof a coal company. Very lignitic clays are shot. The Carboniferous surface is undulating 

seen in many sections, a layer in the section at and in ·places approaches close to the surface. 

Big Gully, southwest of Tuscaloosa, being filled It is exposed in the stream channels and rises 

with prostrate logs of large size. Pyrite and to form the cores of many of the hills between 

ferruginous oxide forming locally. indurated Fayette and Glen Allen. These hills were 

sandstones are generally distributed.. The probably in existence duri?g Tuscaloosa .time. 

lignite beds or lignitic clays commonly contain The local lithologic variations will not be deglobules of amber, and finely disseminated scribed in the present connection as they have 

gypsum crystals are seen at various levels. been discussed at length by·Smith and more 

The clays· of the lower part of the Tusca- recently hy Stephenson, and they are suffiloosa are mqre extensiv.e, more massive, and. ciently illustrated in the sections ·carrying plant 

thicker than in the· correspqndi:q.g Upper remains which are subsequently· discussed 

Cretaceous from Cape Cod to Texas except in (p-p. 15-22). · 

the Raritan formation of Middlesex County,. The strike of the· beds is parallel ·with the 

N. J.. Like the Raritan they· represent non- shore line of the old land mass which they. 

marine sediments although marine. waters skirt, and their dip conforms. to the gently 

were near by. This fact is att~sted by tempo- warped surface of the· Cumberland· peneplain. , 

rary incursions of marine faunas in the Raritan Their total thickness in western Alabama is 

and by the presence of glauconite and gypsum estimated by Smith· to be about 1,000 feet, 

in the Tuscaloosa. Some o~ ·this ·gypsum but they become thin in a short distance ·north. 

seems unquestionably to be secondary in In northeastern Mississippi their maximum 

origin as in the large radiating crystals so thickness, as determined by the city waterabundant in the gully on the Snow plantation; works well at Corinth, is about 270 feet, and 

but the finely disseminated needles of gypsum, although they ·probably were transgressed. by 

as in the Sanders Ferry Bluff section, are the overlying Eutaw in this northern area, 

usually regarded as of primary and not of they have not been recognized north. of the 

secondary origin. Cqntinental ·deposits have· Tennessee-Mississippi boundary in either sur..: 

probably helped to make up the thickness of face outcrop_s or well borings, except .as sands 

the Tuscaloosa. The great bulk o.f the Tusca- or gr.avels which have been mapped as undifloosa flora con1es fro1n western Alabama in the ferentiated Tuscaloosa and Eutaw and which 

area from Cottondale northwest to Glen Allen. are interpreted as a series of. coarse sediments 

East of Cottondale identifi.able plant remains resulting from physiographic ch.anges covering 

are sporadic in their occurrence, but northwest an inter.val extending from Tusc~loosa into · 

of Glen A.llen they are practically absent and Eutaw time. These changes ar_e discussed on 

the few plants found in northeastern Missis-, pages 26-29. · · 

sippi prove that the base of the Tuscaloosa is 1 H~yes, c. w.,'PhysiographyoftheChattanoogadistrict,in Tennessee, 

· . · l t d th · h d f th Georg1a, and Alabama: U. S.· Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept. progressive y younger owar ~ ea o e . ·pt. 2, pp. 1-58, 1899. ' · 
14 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

STltATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS. 

In the easternmost part of their outcrop the 

Tus.caloosa deposits may rest upon the Lower 

Cretaceous sediments t4,at enter eastern Alabama from Georgia and disappear in the longitude of Montgomery, particularly as these 

Lower Cretaceous sediments are supposed to 

have once been continuous .with those of the 

western Gulf region. However, the unlithified 

and unfossiliferous character of all the deposits 

at this p'oint has th"\}s far prevented a determih.ation of their precise limitation and relations. 

From the western part of Elinore County 

northwestward to the central part of Chilton 

County, a distance· of about 40 miles, the 

Tuscaloosa rests upon the crystalline igneous 

and metamorphic rocks of the · Piedmont 

Plateau. From Chilton County north\~estward to their disappearance as continuous 

beds in northeastern :Mississippi, the Tuscaloosa sediments rest _on the limestones, shales, 

and sandstones of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series of the Carboniferous. They 

are overlain throughout their extent by the 

somewhat similar shallow-water sediments 

forming the ba-sal part of the.Eutaw-formation. 

LOCAL SECTIONS CONTAINING PLANT REMAINS. 

The detailed areal distribution and lithology 

of the Tuscaloosa formation will probably be 

fully discussed in a subsequent Survey publica-

. tion by L. W. Stephenson in· connection with 

his Cretaceous faunal studies, so that any extended discussion is not necessary in this report. Therefore only a few of the more important outcrops where fossil plants have been 

collected will be described in the following 

pages .. 

NEAR IUKA, MISS. 

The most northerly plant-bearing outcrop of 

the Tuscaloosa formation is that in the cut of the 

Southern ;Railway 1i miles east of Iuka, in Tishomingo County, Miss. (See Pl. Iii, B.) The 

exposure is not extensive but shows; according 

to Stephenson, a basal conglomerateoverlain by 

lignitic, argillaceous, very micaceous sands. An 

interesting feature of this and other outcrops 

in northeastern Mississippi is the abundance of 

amber, which occurs in pieces ranging from 

tiny globules to pellets about the size of marbles, that found near Iuka showing distinct 

evidence of having been rolled and waterworn .. 

The foss~ plants found at this locality are few· 

in number and poorly preserved. They in-· 

elude the f~ur forms Andromeda wardiana,. 

Androvettia carolinensis, Phyllites pistiaeformis ,. 

and Sequoia reichenbachi, of which the 'last. 

is typical and very abundant. These forms 

are all significant in their hearing on the. 

relative age of the deposit, and though the, 

Andromeda and Phyllites occur in the Alabama 

Tuscaloosa, both are rare, and usually the. 

rare plan~s are not found at localities where. 

the r.epresentation of the flora is small. The. 

Androvettia is common to the Bl~ck .Creek 

formation of North Carolina, and though the. 

Sequoia occurs in the Alabama Tuscaloosa as. 

well as in the New Jersey ;Raritan, it is rare in 

both, becoming exceedingly abundant in the 

Magothy, Black Creek, and Eutaw formations~ 

It seems evident that the northward ·extension 

of the ':l'uscaloosa in Mississippi is younger 

than the main body of the deposits in Ala-. 

bama and represents the upper 200 or 300 feet 

of the Tuscaloosa as developed in west-central 

Alabama. 

Plant remains are ~ecotd_ed by Smith, on 

the authority of L. C. Johnson, from Itawamba. · 

Count:y, Miss., and this is the only locality in 

northeastern Mississippi where they have been 

found, as an extended search in the lianitic 0 

clays of that county failed to reveal any 

identifiable plants. 

GLEN ALLEN, AI~A. 

The most northern plant locality known in 

the Alabama area is· in a cut along the St. 

Louis-San Francisco ;Railway about a quarterof a mile east of Glen Allen, near the northern 

boundary of Fayette County. · (See Pl. II, A.) 

This locality was discovered by the Geological 

Survey of Alabama about 25 years ago, and ex.:.. 

tensive collections were made here by E. A. 

Smith and L. F. Ward in ·1892 .. These were 

supplemented by collections made by Berry 

and Stephenson in J909. This locality is the 

one erroneously stated by Smith to . be in 

Marion County.1 The outcrop extends about 

150 yards on both. sides of the track and is 

shown diagrammatically in figure 1. An examination of material obtained from dug wells· 

I Smith, E. A., Langdon, D. W., jr., and Johnson, L. C., On the 

geology of the Coast~! Plain of Alabama, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and postTertiary formations, p. 331, Alabama Geol. Survey, 1894. 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE II 

A. CUT IN THE TUSCALOOSA FORMATION NEAR GLEN ALLEN, ALA., ALONG THE ST. LOUIS-SAN FRANCISCO 

RAILWAY, SHOWING SANDS BELOW THE FERRUGINOUS LEDGE AND LEAF-BEARING CLAYS ABOVE. 

B. WHITES BLUFF, BLACK WARRIOR RIVER, ALA., SHOWING SANDS AND LEAF-BEARING CLAYS OF THE TUSCALOOSA 

FORMATION. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 15 

and near-by exposures shows the leaf-bearing 

stratu1n to be about 90 feet above· the Paleozoic floor. The· beds · represented by this 

thickness are predominantly sandy and extensively current-bedded. Above a ferruginous ledge there is a dark, tough plastic clay, 

rath~r massively bedded at the base and becoming laminated above. This is the leafbearing horizon, and the best materials were 

collected from the lower half of the memher. 

'rhe following 39. species have been recognized: 

Andromeda grandifolia Berry. 

novaecaesareae Hollick. 

parlatorii Heer. 

Bauhinia marylandica Berry. 

Cassia vaughani Berry. 

We/( at hotel ~n.etrates Stmds_ /"or 65. reet 

J 

wtthout reachmg the underlymg Paleozoic sand· s_to_ne. (77ren: must be conskkrable interbedded clay. os ' 1t ts e dug well) · . 

/ief/e':: 

Lycopodites tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Lycopodium cretaceum Berry. 

Magnolia lacoean~ Lesquereux. 

newberryi Berry. 

speciosa Heer. 

Marattia cretacea V elenovskv? 

Myrica dako~ensis minima Berry.· 

Myrsine borealis Heer. 

gaudini (Lesquereux) Berry. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii minor Berry. 

Phyllites pistiaeforinis Berry. 

Populites tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Pterospermi tes carolinensis Berry. 

Salix lesquereuxii Berry. 

Sapindus variabilis Berry. 

Sphaerites alabamensis Berry. 

Tricalycites papyraceus Newberry. 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer .. 

Zizyphus lamarensis Berry. 

L.am/nated drab cia)(. becomine more massive, 

~o%/u'},a;Adft'J;f,/;lelo~;,n/.a'::fA~e;/;M!/eri /eaves,often crumpfeCJan'd Fragmentary, · ~bout I~ f~e* 

(Jndulatin8 iron ci·usts 2 to 4 inches 

Cro,ss-Qedde~(yel/owish, browmsh,and f1tni(!Sh mn:aceous S<lnds,of'ten with 

gravel, maximum thickness 20 f'eet 

R. R.traclr 

FIGURE 1.-Sectio~ of the TuscalooSl formation in an exposure at Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Cinnamomum newberryi Berry. 

Cissites formosus Heer. 

Cocculus problematicus Berry. 

Conocarpites formosus Berry. 

Cordia apiculata (Hollick) Berry. 

Co~·nophyllum vetustum Newber~y . 

. Cycadinocarpus circularis Newberry. 

Diospyros primaeva Heer. 

rotundifolia Lesquereux. 

Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. 

krausiana Heer. 

woolsoni Newberry. 

!lex masoni Lesquereux. 

Leguminosites ingaefolia Berry. 

Liriodendio})Sis simplex Newberry. 

This outcrop is between 20 anci 25 miles 

directly north of the Shirleys ~fill locality and 

is about the same· distance above the base of 

the formation as the exposure at Shirleys Mill. 

Notwithstanding its .proximity .and similar 

stratigraphic position, 14 of the 39 species do 

not occur in the larger collections from the 

latter locality. The significant lithologic features of this and near-by sections are the 

coarseness of the sands and their current 

bedding, the abundance of gravels, pebbles, 

and cobbles, the quartz cobbles being well 
16 UPPER CR~OUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, . MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

rounded and those of Carboniferous sandstone 

rather angular. The sands, gravels, and 

pebbles are estimated to be about half angular 

chert and half well-rounded quartz, showing 

-that Carboniferous elements. in the Tuscaloosa 

were not transported very far. 

SHIRLEYS MILL, ALA. 

About 25 miles south of Glen Allen, in the 

southern part of Fayette County, Davis Creek, 

· a small branch of Sipsey River, has cut its ·valley nearly through the Tuscaloosa mantle. 

The plant-bearing clays outcrop along the old 

underlying Paleozoic floor there is a stratum· 

of about 15 feet of brownish, thickly laminated, 

rather pure clay with thin films of fine white 

sand, which carries an abundance of leaves, 

the best material coming from th~ basal 4 or 5 

feet. The leaves are the best preserved of any 

that I have found in the Tuscaloosa. They 

are not in matted layers but evenly distributed, 

most of them lying flat, with petioles attached 

and the dripping points of the long slender 

leaves unbroken. The prevailing fineness of 

the sediments and t.he lack of any evidence of 

trituration of the fossils show that the waters 

7~1tr' ,. 

rf 

;::r.~ . ~ J , 

. 22 

15 

FIGURE 2.-Section of the Tuscaloosa formation (beds Nos. 2 to 7, inclusive), in an exposure near Shlrleys Mill, 10 miles southeast of Fayette, 

· Fayette County, Ala. 

Fayette-Tuscaloosa coach road about 10 miles 

southeast of Fayette courthouse, where the road 

dips sharply to Davis Creek bottom. (See Pl. 

III, A.) This locality was discovered by the 

Geological Survey of Alabama and collections 

were made from it in 1892 by Smith and Ward. 

A larger amount of bet~er-preserved material 

was obtained by Berry and Stephenson in 1909. 

The section is shown graphicaily in figure 2. 

Argillaceous materials predominate throughout nearly·. the entire section, although the 

clays are often sandy. About 20 feet above 

the base of the section and not far above the 

were quiet a:Qd that the plants grew near shore. 

The regular vertical distribution and la9k 4

of 

ciosely packed layers indicate no le~s ·clearly 

that the leaves were not deciduous, ·but that 

they dropped one 'Qy one throughout.:tP,e y~ar 

into what was a quiet delta lake or ·sluggish 

bayou, whose shores were mantled '"with a 

varied arborescent flora. In a collecti1ig experience in the Coast~l Plain Cretaceous extending from Long Island to Texas I know of 

no localities as satisfactory as this one. Some 

of the clays of the Middendorf arkose member 

of the Black Creek formation in South Caro~ 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE III 

A . ROADSIDE WASH IN THE TUSCALOOSA FORMATION NEAR SHIRLEYS MILL, ALA., EXPOSING HIGHLY 

FOSSILIFEROUS CLAYS. 

B. VIEW SHOWING BASAL GRAVEL OVERLAIN BY LAMINATED CLAYS OF THE TUSCALOOSA FORMATION, BEARING 

LEAVES, LIGNITE, AND AMBER, H MILES EAST OF IUKA. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 17 

lina carry equally good material, but it is 

neither so abundant nor· so varied. I have 

identified the followi~g 98 different species 

from this outcrop: 

Acerates aml:oyensis Berry. 

Andromeda grandifolia Berry. 

novaecaesareae Hollick. 

parlatorii Heer. 

wardiana Lesq uereux. 

Asplenium dicksonianum Heer. 

Baubinia cretacea Newberry. 

marylandica Berry. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpum formosum Berry. 

Capparites cynophylloides Berry. 

orbiculatus Berry. 

Carpolithus floribundus Newberry. 

Celastrophyllum brittonianum Hollick. 

crena tum ellipticum Berry. 

decurrens I.Jesquereux. 

grandifolium Newberry. 

gymindaefolium Berry. 

uewberryauum Hollick. 

praecrassi pes Berry. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

Cinnamomum newberry-i Berry. 

Citrophyllum aligeriun (Lesquereux) Berry. 

Col utea obovata Berry. 

Cordia apiculata (Hollick) Berry. 

Crotonophyllum panduraeformis Berry. 

Dammat:a borealis Heer. · 

Dermatophyllites acutus Heer. 

Dewalquea smithi Berry. 

Dicksonia groenlandica Heer. 

Diospyros amboyensis Berry. 

primaeva Heer. 

rotundifolia Lesquereux. 

Eorhamnidium cretaceum Berry. 

Eugenia tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Ficus alabamensis Berry. 

daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. 

fontainii Berry. · 

inaequalis Lesquereux. 

krausiana Heer. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

woolsoni N ew.berry. 

Geinitzia formosa Heer. 

Gleichenia delicatula Heer. 

Grewiopsis formosa Berry. 

tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Hymenaea fayettensis Berry. 

Inga cretacea Lesquereux. 

J uglans arctica Heer. 

Jungermannites cretaceus Berry. 

Kalmia brittoniana Hollick. 

Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick. 

Laurus plutonia Heer. 

Leguminosi tes ingaefolia Berry. 

ompbaloboides Lesquereux. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

tuscaloosensis Berry. 

65628°-19-2 

Liriodendropsis angustuolia New berry. 

constricta Ward. 

simplex Newberry. 

Lycopodites tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Lycopodium cretaceum Berry. 

Magnolia boulayana Lesquereux. 

hollicki Berry. 

lacoeana Lesquereux. 

longipes Newberry. 

obtusata Heer. 

speciosa Heer. 

Malapoenna falcifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton 

Menispermites trilobatis Berry. 

Myrica emarginata Heer. · 

Myrsine borealis Heer. 

Nyssa snowiana Lesque~eux. 

Oreodaphne shirleyensis Berry.· 

Palaeocassia laurinea Lesquereux. 

Panax cretacea Heer. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii Knowlton. 

lesquereuxii rlrinor Berry. 

Pbaseolites formus Lesquereux .. 

Phyllites shirleyensis Berry. 

Piperites tuscaloosensis Be::ry. 

Platanus asperaeformis Berry. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

Proteoides conospermafolia Berry. 

Protodammara speciosa Hollick and Jeffrey. 

Pterospermites carolinensis Berry. 

Rhamnus tenax Lesquereux. 

Salix flexuosa Newberry. 

lesquereuxii Berry. 

meekii Newb~rry. 

Sapindus variabilis Berry. 

Sapotacites ettingshauseni Berry. 

formosus Berry. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

Sequoia heterophylla. Velenovsky .. 

Sphaerites alabamensis Berry. 

Tricalycites papyraceus New berry. 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. 

subtilis Heer. 

TUSCALOOSA, ALA. 

Following a strictly geographic order there 

are. several localities in and immediately 

around the town of Tuscaloosa to be briefly 

considered. The sections exposed are not extensive nor of especial significance and will not 

be discussed. The plants also are few and as a 

rule not especially well pre~erved. TWo of 

these localities are on the university grounds 

and one on the site ofthe hydraulic laboratory, 

from which specimens were collected m_any· 

years ago that bear the labels "Bathhouse, 

university grounds." A few plants have also 

been collected by E. A. Smith in a railroad out 

just east of Tuscaloosa and from the banks of 

-=· 
18- UPPER CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GE9RGIA. 

Black Warrior River in .the town. A light.:. 

colored, thinly laminated clay with rather well 

preserved leaves of little variety outcrops in a 

ravine leading down to Black Warrior River. 

Fontaine made a collection ·from this outcrop 

in 1887 and the locality is stated as "Back of 

11enges livery stables near Lynch House," re~ 

ferring to two establishments that have since 

disappeared. An additional locality is a roadside outcrop a few miles southwest of Tuscaloosa from which Fontaine collected specimens 

in 1887. This locality is referred to in the 

systematic chapter as "southwest of Northport." The plants from all of these localities 

are grouped under "Tuscaloosa" in the table 

of distribution. 

about 15 or 20 feet above the base of the sec- . 

tion and 50 feet or more above the base of the 

formation there is an extensive seam of lignite 

several inches thick, above which is thinly 

laminated ·clay with more· or less glauconite, 

carrying traces of Sequoia reichenbachi, a 

species which, though not positively diagnostic 

of any one horizon, is entirely absent in the 

basal plant-bearing beds at th_e localities which 

have furnished the bulk of the Tuscaloosa flora, 

a species which is moreover especially prominent in the flora of the Eutaw formation. The 

lignite seam is too thin and argillaceous to 

mark a swamp surface, and sedimentation is 

believed not to have been interrupted. ·The 

total number of identified species from the 

Mass/ve greenish and purplish clays 

More ·or.fessrh_assive!y'bedde_d .sandy d~aiJ or greenish ciay, with , :-:::::-:;.:.;.::z::::::::::·~:::-:0:::=:·:::-:-. occasronal films orfyne whrte or l'errogmous sand, carbonaceous IS -~ =~=-=---==-=-~==~:=- 8 .at the top, weatherrng to c_rumbly purplish clays and carrying · · .. :::::::::::::<::::::::::::::::::::.-:::::::::::::::::::::::.-:::.-;·.. an abundance of' tmpress1o_ns oT'more or less macerated en(/- ~-===-=---====--==::.~-=--==-~=~ diStorted leaVe.5.J e1ther ramt·Orwith dark t"errvginous /mprt;ssions ;.:S_:~~~~0Y:z::f.f;_:z-: ·. All /he species listed /'rom this locality except the Sef!uoia 

===.:::;:c.:==="-='===~ come from this horizon 

Ab~~l-;;~;et.doi¥n t~ ca"(-bonif'~rous 

FIGURE 3.-Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in an exposure near Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

COTTONDALE, ALA._ 

A richly fossiliferous stratum outcrops along 

the public road about 10 miles east of Tuscaloosa and 2 miles southeast of Cottondale. 

This locality is referred to as Cottondale iri 

the . general discussions and in. the systematic 

chapter.. The materials, which are argillaceous below and arenaceous above, are near 

the base of the formation. Carboniferous 

(!'ottsville) sandstones outcrop in the bed of 

.a small branch of Hurricane · C1~eek, a short 

distance west of . the exposure. The leafbearing stratum is estimated to . be about 

25 feet above this Paleozoic floor. The section. is shown diagrammatically in figure ·3. 

The lithology is. of considerable interest, as 

clays at th_e base of this section is 47, the following forms being present: 

Andromeda parlatorii Heer. 

Aralia cottondalensis Berry. 

Bauhinia cretac~a Newberry. 

mary landica Berry. 

Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer. · 

grandifolium Newberry. 

· undulatum Newberry. 

Cinnamomum, newberryi Berry. 

Citrophyllum aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry. 

Cocculus cinnamomeus Velenovsky? 

pol ycarpaefolius Berry. 

Cordia apiculata (Hollick) Berry. 

Cornophyllum obtusatum Berry. 

Diospyros primaeva Heer. 

Eorhamnidium cretaceum Berry. 

platyphylloides (Lesquereux) Berry. 

Eugenia tuscaloosensis Berry. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 19 

Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. 

fontainii Berry. 

iuaequalis J.Jesquereux: 

kmusiaua Heer. 

woolsoui Newbeny. 

Geiuitzia formosa Heer.· 

llex masoni Lesquereux. 

Juglans arctica Heer. 

J.Jamus plutonia Heer. 

Liriodendron meekii Heer. 

Magnolia capellinii Heer. 

longipes Newberry. 

speciosa Heer. 

l\:falapoenna cottondalensis Berry. 

cretacea (Lesquereux) Knowlton. 

l\:[enispermites integrifolia Berry. 

Myrica em.argiuata Heer. 

Mysine gaudini (Lesquereux) Berry. 

so 

20 

20 

LCJe.s of li{Jnite (pyritiferous) 

numbers 151 species, and although .this combined list includes many forms which range 

through the· entire thickness of the Tuscaloosa and into the basal beds of the Eutaw 

it also contains a number of distinctive forms 

·and as a whole may be considered as giving 

a representative picture of the flora which 

clothed the southern Appalachian land area 

at the time that Tuscaloosa sedimentation 

~egan. 

SNOW PLANTATION NEAR TUSCALOOSA, ALA. 

Two outcrops on the Snow plantation on tho 

west bank of Black Warrior River, about 9 

niiles southwest of Tuscaloosa, have yielded 

More or less massive greenish crumbly chy. · becoming mottled when weathered;carnes nodules or iron cerbonete end is apper- ently unfossiliferous 

s.:...o ...___.__._..._. -LQ __ ~s.._p __ -.-~.IQ0 __ ---.~1§0 Feet. 

l~IGURE 4.-Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in an· exposure in a gully on the Snow plantation, 9 miles southwest of Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

Oreodaphne alabamensis· Berry. 

Pe.rsea valid a Hollick. 

Phaseolites formus Lesquereux. 

Pinus raritanensis Berry. 

Platanus latior (Lesquereux) Knowlton. 

shirleyensis Berry. 

Populus hyperborea Heer: 

Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry. 

Pterospermites carolinensis Berry. 

Salix lesquereuxii Berry. 

Sassafras acutilobum Lesquereux.' 

Sequoia 1·eichenbachii (Geinitz) Heer? 

many fossil plants, extensive collections having 

been made from them in 1887 by Fontaine 

and smaller collections by Berry and Stephenson in 1909. These outcrops are referred to 

on the labels as "Upper ravine~' and "Big 

gully, Snow place.~' Erosion has eaten into 

the upland along. the west bank of the river 

and the largest gully, which shows the following 

noteworthy section, is known locally as Catamount Bluff. There is an almost sheer drop 

of nearly 100 feet at the head of the gully and 

This list and that from Glen. Allen and its top is about 300 feet above the bottom 

Shirleys l\1ill together contain 131 species of land of Black Warrior River. The section 

the known flora· of the Tuscaloosa, which is shown diagrammatically· in figure 4. It 
20 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

differs from the other sections reproduced in 

several particulars. _The plant remains are 

much macerated, but the bedding throughout. 

is principally massive and cross-bedding is not 

prominent. The upper sands carry many. 

arkosic grains, and there is much se_condary 

gypsum disseminated through the clays. No 

extensive ferruginous ·ledges are developed 

and all of the materials· are unlithified, but iron 

is abundant in the form of oxide, sulphide, a~d 

carbonate. Nodules of the carbonate containing vegetable matter were found; Fossil 

plants occur throughout the basal_20 feet of 

the exposure, being most plentiful in the ·basal 

10 feet, where the clays are somewhat lignitic 

and _carry globules of amber. Above this 

point there is an interval of about 10 feet in 

. which Podozamites leaflets greatly predominate, associated with a single gymnosperm 

and two or three species of dicotyledons. At· 

this level (20 feet above the base) lies a pyritiferous clay stratum filled with large prostrate 

lignified logs above which the clays become 

more massive and apparently unfossiliferous. 

Twenty-six species have been identified from 

this outcrop and four from the near-by "upper 

. ravine,~' where they come from ·the same 

horizon. These sections· are between 300 and 

400 feet above the base of the Tuscaloosa, and 

yet it was the Fontaine collections from here 

that suggested that the Tuscaloosa was perhaps Lower Cretaceous. The only forms suggesting a 'Lower Cretaceous age are Abietites 

joliosus' and Sequoia. ambigua. The latter 

occurs in both the Eutaw and Magothy -for-· 

.mations and the former is associated at this 

outcrop with Dryopterites stephensoni, which 

was described from the· much younger Ripley 

formation in Georgia. Although 13 ·or 14 

species of this level are cqinmon to the basal 

beds, no traces of Abietites have been found in 

the latter, either here or at other localities. 

Seven of the species survive in to the Eutaw 

but these are wide-ranging forms. Ainong 

them Ficus crassipes tends to synchronize the 

leaf-bearing horizon in this section with the 

post-Raritan of the Middle Atlantic Coastal 

Plain. Combin!ng the species listed from the 

upper ravine with those from the: Big Gully 

we . have the following 30 forms from this 

locality: · 

Abietites foliosus (Fontaine) Berry. 

Andromeda grandifolia Berry. 

Andromeda.novaecaesareae Hollick. 

Andromeda parlatorii Heer. 

Calycites sexpartitus. Berry. · 

Carpolithus tuscaloosensis Berry. 

Celastrophyllum carolinensis Berry. 

crenatum Reer. 

Cladophlebis alabamensis Berry. 

Dammara borealis Heer. 

Dicksonia groenlandica Heer. 

Dryopterites stephensoni Berry. 

Eucalyptus geinitzi (Heer) Reer. 

latifolia Hollick. 

Equisetum? sp. 

Ficus crassipes (Heer) Heer. 

daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. 

krausiana Reer. 

Laurophyllum angustifolium Newberry? 

Myrica emarginata Heer. 

Myrsine borealis Heer. 

Podozamites marginatus Heer. 

Salix flexuosus Newberry . 

lesquereuxii Berry. 

Sequoia ambigua Heer. 

fastigiata (Sternberg) Heer. 

reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. 

Tricalycites papyraceus Newberry. 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. 

subtilis Heer. 

SANDERS FERRY BLUFF, ALA. 

This notable exposure is formed by the next 

meander of Black Warrior River below. the 

preceding section. It is about 2 rriiles farther 

southwest of Tuscaloosa by air line but of 

course much farther by the river. The section 

is remarkable for its predominantly argillaceous 

character, the only sand seen being at the base,· 

where there is about 15 feet of cross-bedded, 

somewhat glauconitic sand. ·A stratum 38 

feet thick begins about 40 feet above the base 

of. the section and is made up of extremely 

compact, thinly laminated clay with partings 

of micaceous glauconitic sand. Near the middle of the stratum there is an. abundance of 

disseminated needles of gypsum which I regard 

as prin;tary, and toward the top leaves with 

their cuticles preserved are common. The 

following five species have been identified: 

Acerates amboyensis Berry, Ficus crassipes 

(Heer) Heer, Ficus krausiana Heer, Salix 

flexuosa Newberry, and Salix lesquereuxii Berry. 

All but the first of these also occur in the outcrops on the Snow plantation. 

Above the fossiliferous stratum there is abou:t 

50 feet of massively bedded unfossiliferous clay. 

The section is shown- diagrammatically in 

figure 5. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 21 

WHITES BLUFF, ALA. 

Whites Bluff is in the northeastern part of 

Greene County, on the right bank of Black 

Warrior River, 309 miles above :Mobile. 

able horizontally, the only persistent stratum 

being the 27 feet of blotched sandy, massive clay 

at the base. (See Pl.'II, B, p. 14.) The following plants lia ve been identified from this outcrop: 

FEET 

.[)t;rk-gray, thinly laminated, veiy mt'caceous compact sulphur-stamed clay with parlin§s of' f'ine micaceous glauconitic sand; comm inured "veg-, et<Jble matl:er,and scattered i"!perrect l~af' {mpressions. A IC!yer 8 co 10 

thick near the top crowded with browmsh tmpresstons of'dtaJty(edonous leaves with cuticles pr~served; 17eedle -li!fe crysta/.s of gypsum abundant ne<Jt: the, middle of thts rn.ern.b~r 

' 

FlGURE5.-ScctionoftbeTuscaloos~formationinanexposureatSanders Ferry Bluff, on Black Warrior River, 12 miles below Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

The outcrop is very· near the top of the 

Tuscaloosa and fortunately it carries fossil 

plants, although they are neither abundant 

nor varied. The section is shown diagra~­

matically in figure 6. The materials are variBrachyphyllum macrocarpum formosum Berry. 

Dewalquea smithi Berry. 

Salix flexuosa New berry. 

Sequoia heterophylla V ~lenovsky. 

reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. 
22 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

· All these plants occur in th~ basal part of the 

Tuscaloosa and all except S eq_uoia heterophylla 

and Widdringtonites reichii are common in the 

overlying Eutaw. The most remarkable form 

is the abundant Dewalq_uea smithi, which occurs 

also in the Mi'ddendorf arkose member of the 

Black Creek formation of South Carolina. 

None of these plailts can be regarded as distinctly Eutaw species, and they serve to emphasize the fact that· the flora shows but slight 

changes from the base to the top of the Tuscaloosa. 

The flora. is thus about as well represented 

as that of the Raritan formation or the Magothy 

formation, with both of which it agrees in its 

general facies and the types of plants repre-

. sen ted. The Tuscaloosa flora therefore presents nothing especially new, the forms represented being just such types as in general might 

be expected to occur .in a· flora of this age. 

There are some new forms that may reflect its 

more southern position, but I imagine these 

are really explained by the more careful comparisons instituted with the existing flor~ of 

:.JJowmitrea.m 50~0--~--~~--~--~--~0--------------------·~SOOFeet 

FIGURE 6.-Section of the Tuscaloosa formation in an exposure at Whites Bluff, Black Warrior River, 52! miles below Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1, Finely 

micaceous and arenaceous reddish and purplish blotched clays, 4 feet; 2, light-drab, finely micaceous and argillaceous laminated sand, 3 feet 

3, greenish-gray fine micaceous massive sand, 2 feet; 4, gray, finely .arenaceous clay, 2 feet; 5, greenish-gray fine ·micaceous massive sand, 2 feet; 

6,.gray arenaceous massive clay, 1 foot; 7, greenish-gray compact micaceous massive argillaceous sand, 3 feet; 8, blotched purplish massive 

sandy ferruginous clay, 2t feet; 9, very argillaceous SM~:d with leaf impressions, lignite (some specimens bored by the teredo, Feistmantellia), 

and amber, a thin film to 2 feet; 10, greenish-gray or yellow, compact fme sand, 8 feet; 11, coarse gray sand and drab clay with lignite, leaf fragments, and amber, l'foot: 12, purplish-blotched massive sandy clay, 27 feet. 

COMPOSITION, ORIGIN, AND EVOLUTION OF 

THE TUSCALOOSA FLORA. 

The Tuscaloosa flora as described in the systematic chapter· embraces 151 species. The 

present treatment is conservative, as a considerable number of additional forms represented in the collections by incomplete material have been left uncharacterized. Unidentifiable se.eds representing about a score 

of forms are also in the collections. Later,. 

when ·the area in which the Tuscaloosa out-

·crops shall have been examined in detail, 

·doubtless many new forms will be brought to· 

light. 

tropical and subtropical America and fortified 

by ·a prolonged study of the subtropical floras 

of our Gulf Tertiary. 

The 151 descrihed species from the Tuscaloosa formation represent 87 genera, of which 

the following -are not represented in existing 

floras : S phaentes, J ungermannites, Lycopodites, 

Cladophlebis, Dryopterites, Podozamites, Oycadinocarpus, Oephalotaxospermum, Protophyllocladus, Brachyphyllum, Protodammara, Geinitzia, 

Androvettia, .Abietites, Widdringtonites, Oyperacites, Sabalites, Piperites, Populites, Proteoides, Dewalq_uea, Meni~permites, Laurophyllum, Oapparites, Palaeocassia, Phaseolites, Lirio-
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 23 

dendropsis, Leguminosites, 'Oitrophyllum, Orotonophyllum, Jfanihotites, Oelastrophyllum, Cissites, E O'rhamnidium, Grewiopsis, Pterosper70ites, Oonocarpites, Oornophyllum, Dermato1Jhyllites, Sapotacites, Tricalycites, Oalycites, 

Om·polithus, and Phyllites. 

Thus 44 genera, or about half of the entire 

number described, are not represented, but -it 

sho:uld be remembered that many of these are 

.fonn ge,nera, like Laurophyllum, Oapparites, 

and Leguminosites, that reflect our ignorance 

of the exact affinities of the plants discussed. 

All the species are of course extinct, none 

sun7 iving in the abundant lower Eocene floras 

of the Mississippi embayment .. Many of the 

genera, however, are represented in the Eocene, 

the striking difference, in addition to the great 

modernization of the Eocene forms, being the 

dropping out of the Mesozoic gymnospermous 

types like Androvettia, Abietites, Brachyphyllum, Proto1Jhyllocladus, ll1

iddringtonites, Podozamites, Protodamma'ra, and Geinitzia. 

The 87 genera repre~ented are segregated 

into 48 familie.s in 31 orders, the most abundant 

orders being the Ranales with 15 species, the 

Rosales with 15, the Sapindales with 15, the 

Coniferales with 14, and the Urticales with 8. 

The largest single genera are Oelastrophyllum_ 

with 12 species, Jf.agnolia with 8, and Ficus 

with 8. The additional genera that are represented by more than 2 species are Myrica, 

Salix, Oocculus, J.lfalapoenna, Bauhinia, Liriodendropsis, Diospyros, and Sapotacites with 3 

each, and Sequoia, Leguminosites, and Andromecla with 4 each. -· 

In common with most Upper Cretaceous 

and later floras the bulk of the flora is made up 

-of· seed plants (Spermatophyta) and. a large 

majoritY: of these are dicotyledonous angiosperms. 

The three numerically great modern phyla, 

the Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta, 

are represented by only 11 recognizable forms, 

the fi_rst by a single species of leaf-spot fungus, 

the second by an inconclusively identified 

foliose liverwort, .and the third by · a single 

fragn1ent of an Equisetum, two lycopodiaceous 

species, and six species of ferns. The Pteridophyta, which are so abundant in earlier 

floras, constituting about 30 per cent of 

the whole flora of the Potomac group of 

the Atlantic Coastal Plain, had. dwin-

-dled to a meager 4 per cent in the Tuscaloosa flora, 3Jthough they are somewhat more 

abundant in the nearly contemporaneous flora 

of the Atane beds of West Greenland, where 

they constitute 11 per cent of the known flora~ 

Three species are referred to the family Polypodiace-ae, a doubtfully determined Marattia, 

a Diclcsonia, and a Gleichenia first recorded in 

the Lower Cretaceous o.f Greenland. If this 

Gleichenia originated in Greenland it must 

have covered more than 3,000 miles between 

the N ugsuak Peninsula (West Greenland) and 

Alabama in the interval between the Barremian 

and the Cenomanian,· a period represented by 

the Aptian and Albian stages of European 

geology, during which this widespread species 

also reached Bohemia in Central Europe. 

Asplenium diclcsonianum Heer and the two 

coniferous species, Sequoia ambigua and Sequoia 

reichenbachii, have a like distribution, but the 

Sequoias are both present in the Lower Cretaceous floras of Maryland and Virginia. The 

Gleicheniaceae are more abundant in most of· 

the Upper Cretaceous floras _.than they are in 

the Tuscaloosa and still survive in tropical 

America. 

Cycad-like plants, so abundant in Lower 

Cretaceous and older Mesozoic floras, are 

represented by a single species of Podozamites, 

on the assumption that Podozamites is· reaDy 

cycadaceous----:-an assumption questioned by 

many students. It is individually very abun:-

dant at the twq localities in the Tuscaloosa 

where it has been found, and is another type 

whose range extends northward to Greenland. 

A second cycadaceous type is represented by the 

fruits referred to Oycadinocarpus, which are of 

rare occurrence in the Tuscaloos_a deposits. Six 

species of Cycadophytes have been recorded 

from the Raritan formation of New Jersey. 

The Coniferales of the Tuscaloosa- flora are 

of exceptional interest, although they are 

represented by only 14 species as against 16 

in the Raritan flora of New Jersey. They 

include modern types of Pinus, Dammara, and 

Sequoia, and. the curious extinct phylloclad type 

· Androvettia~ as well as Protophyllocladus, Brachyphyllum, Protodammara, and Geinitzia. A 

species of Abietites survives from the Lower 

Cretaceous and repre.sents an early abietineous form with a large and indeterminate number of leaves in each fasicle. Two· species of 

Widdringtonites are abundant, one being represented by characteristic fruits. They are wide-. 
24 UPPER CR-ETACEOUS· FLORAS IN TEN~ESSEE, . MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AN~ GEORGIA. 

ranging, almost cosmopolitan types in the is represented in abundance by satisfactory 

earl1er. part of the Upper Cretaceous. The remains and constitutes a curio.us type which 

genus Moriconia, so characteristic and abun- appeared with apparent suddenness in the 

dant in the Upper Cretaceous floras of the Atane beds of Greenland, the Raritan formaAtlantic Coastal Plain from Marthas Vineyard tion of New Jersey, the -Tusc~loosa formation 

to South Carolina and found also. in Greenland of Alabama, and the Cenomanian of Bohemia, 

and western Europe at this time, is conspicu- survived in some of these. areas through the 

ously absent in the Tuscaloosa flora. remainder of the Upper Cretaceous, and was 

Only three of the Coniferales appear to have last seen in the Paleocene of western Eur9pe ... 

survived into the overlying Eutaw deposits The Ranales include 9 species of Magnoliand these are all wide-ranging and persistent aceae, perhaps unduly enlarged by a too great 

forms. · differentiation of the leaves referred to MagnaThe angiosperms constitute the major part of lia, and 5 species of Menispermaceae. . 

the Tuscaloosa flora in common with all The prominence of the orders Rosales and 

known Upper Cretaceous floras. It may be Sapindales is explained largely by the fact that 

noted that the monocotyledons are repre- so many of their species are coastal types, which 

sen ted .by a single fragmentary and rare grass- . stand a much better chance of preservation 

like form referred to the form 'genus Oyp(}ra- than do forms of other habitats. In many ways 

cites. There are many excellent reasons for the most interesti:p.g_plants in the order Ros~les 

the derivation of the monocotyledons from the are the. striking new species· of Hymen~ea anddicotyledons, but on account of the scarcity of the two diverse species of Bauhinia, a genus ' 

monocotyledons in fossil floras little light is which in the existing flora is aninhabitantof the 

thrown on the subject by paleobotanic studies. Tropics. Its curious bilobate, ·butterfly-like 

This scarcity of monocotyledons is largely leaves are very characteristic in both their outdue to the fact that the lack of differentia- line and venation and could scarcely be confused 

tion of their foliage into lamina and petiole pre- with any other type. The large Tuscaloosa form 

eludes the regular shedding of their leaves, which occurs also in· the Raritan formation of New 

therefore hang on and are flayed by the wind Jersey and the small form, is found in the Mauntil ·they become almost unrecognizable. gothy formation of Maryland. · Three species of 

This fact is well illustrated by their unim- Liriodenrlropsis are referred to the farriily Paportant place in the subtropicnJ floras of-the· pilionaceae. The chief genus of the Sapindales, 

early Tertlar}7 in the Gulf region, where as these forms are usually interpreted, ia Oelasthey must have been abundant but are .only trophyllum, which has 13 forms in the Tusca-

-represented by. forms like the palms and loosa flora. Oelcistrophyllum makes a remarkacannas, in which the leaves are differentiated ble display in. the late Lower Cretaceous (Pain to blade and stalk, and even the coriaceous- tapsco formation) of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, 

leafeq palms are commonly represented by and the Tuscaloosa shares with the Raritan and 

deposits packed with masses of frayed and Dakota in an abundant and varied display of 

detached rays. forms, not one of which is known to survive in 

The Dicotyledonae of the Tuscaloosa number the overlying Eutaw deposits. Similarly none 

123 species, well distributed among 34 still ex- are found in the deposits of the Montana gi'oup 

isting families in 21 still existing orders. As in the Rocky Mountain province, but two or 

might be expected, 107 of the dicotyledonous three survive Raritan time and occur in the 

plants belong to the division Choripetalae and Magothy formation of the New Jersey-Maryonly 16 are referred to the essentia~ly later. and htnd area and in the Black Creek formation of 

more specialized Gamopetalae. Of the forms the Carolinas. 

referred to the Choripetalae 24 belong to the ·The order Urticales has 8 species, all referred 

more or less artificial group of Apetalae and . to the genus Ficus of the family Moraceae, and 

77 to the Polypetalae. Ten species are referred most of theni are very abundant individually. 

to the so-called amentiferous families. Both the palmate and pinnately veined types 

The order Ranales, which includes 15 species, are represented, most of the species being 

has one supposed species of Ranunculaceae widely . distributed and largely coastal forms, 

. referred to the genus Dewalquea. This species which, combined ·with the coriaceous nature of 
TUSCALOOSA FOR-MATION. 25 

the leaves of Jnany of the species, explains their ,and erosion covered by the Jurassic period, 

abundance in all fossil floras that flourish~d offers many potential possibilities .. North 

where th~ climate was not intolerant. America may have been the or~ginal home of 

The order Proteales, no longer represented in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic floras, but this is 

North America and largely antipodean in the not sUbstantiated by the records, and our rocexisting fiora, is represented by a species of ords of the Mesozoic land flora are far more 

Proteoules and two species of Persoonia. It is representative and complete at the present 

thus somewhat less prominent than in most time than those of any other country. At 

Upper Cretaceous floras. present there is absolutely no evidence of their 

The remaining elements in the· flora need not having originated in. the European area. A 

be enumerated in the present connection, as remaining alternative is that of regarding the 

they would contribute nothing of especial sig- Arctic area as the scene of their evolution and 

nificance to the discussion. dispersal. This theme has been dwelt upon 

The origin of this "flora, particularly of its. by more than one student of both floras and 

large dicotyledonous element, is one of sur- terrestrial faunas. The facts available: though 

passing interest·to both the geologist and bot- suggestive, are not conclusive, but thus far 

anist. The place and manner. of evolution of 'they are more in accord with the theory of 

this type of plant, which so quickly replaced Arctic origin thaii. with any others, so that at 

. all others in the struggle for possession of the least. tentatively we may picture successive 

soil, are still uncertain. They appear with ap- waves of migration sweeping southward from 

parent suddenness at· the close of the Lower the North Polar region during the late 

Ci·etaceous in America, Europe, and the' Arctic Lower and early Upper Cretaceous. The Upper 

region. Like so many other plant and animal Cretaceous floras indicate somewhat cooler 

types, they must have had a long antecedent climatic conditions than those of the Lower 

period of evolution, extending back, perhaps, Cretaceous, and these conditions may have 

well into the Jurassic. .Thefact that so many of been a· prominent factor in causing such 

them, and a number of them forms of identical migrations. . · 

species, are :first recorded at about the same These floras show but slight evidence of 

time in Greenland, North America, and Eu- rapid generic evolution during the Upper Orerope is capable of several interpretations. The taceous, although specific evolution seems to 

late Lower and early Upper Cretaceous floras have been accentuated at times. The records, 

of Asia are practically unknown, and it is however, fail to show any large number of synquite possible that Asia was the theater of their thetic types, most of the generic types being 

evolution, from which continent they may have well differentiated from the beginning of the 

spread eastward into North America and west- record down to the present time. A more or 

ward into Europe. It seems to be established less well defined change in facies separates the· 

that they were more abundant in America than Cenomanian from the Turonian and Senonian 

in Europe during the earlier recorded stages of fl<;>ras, but this change seems to be largely a 

their history, and there are quite a number of reflection of migrations which are but little 

forn1s whose appearance in North America understood and which are due to changes in 

semns to have preced.ed their appearance in habitat and climate rather. ~han to evolutionEurope by an appreciable though slight time in- ary processes. The principal types were chiefly . 

terval. This suggests that N.orth America was long lived and wide ranging, and th~re are 

nearer theircenter of radiation. I do not regard many single forms which are found from West 

the Southern I-Ieri1isphere as at all likely to have Greenland· to Alabama and extend chronobeen their original home. I have plotted the logically from the base of the Raritan through 

Mesozoic and Cenozoic distribution of a large the Tuscaloosa into the basal beds of the Ennumber of the genera, and there is always a taw:. The first appearance of some of these 

consistent progressive southward migration. types in the upper part of the Lower OreTheoretically the eastern part of North taceous ·suggests a longer time interval, but 

America, during the long interval of emergence they are t'oo few to be relatively significant. 
26 UPPER CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSE:~,. MISSISSIPPI. ALABAMA AND GEORGIA. 

ECOLOGIC CONDITIONS INDICATED BY THE 

TUSCALOOSA FLORA. 

Any attempt to reconstruct the details of 

the physical conditions under which the Tuscaloosa flora flourished is beset with the greatest. uncertainties. The flora is not only too 

remote from the present time for accurate comparisons, but exact knowledge of. the· finer reactions of reoent plants to their environment 

is lack~g, and most of the current ideas on this 

subject are largely empirical. In all but desert areas the interrelation of diverse factors is 

almost infinitely complex. 

. Cretaceous and the major portion of the Tert~ary until it ~as diverted by stream capture 

due to the_working back across Walden Ridge 

of a stream in the Sec;_uatchie Valley to the 

west of that ridge. This spectacular river 

capture has been disputed by Johnson 2 who . ' ' 

Some general statements, however, can be 

deduced, and from a study of the sediments 

and the present topography of this and ad:.. 

joining areas we can get a more or less accurate even if faint· picture of the physical 

geography of the Tuscaloosa time. · · 

During . the enormous interval of time represented in other parts of the world by 

marine sediments of Pennsylvanian, Permian 

Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Oretaceous ag~ the southern· Appalachian region was above 

sea level. Physiographically the southern half 

of this region is segregated at the present time 

into the Piedmont Plateau, the Appalachian 

.Mountains (which . die out in northwestern 

Georgia), the Appalachian Valley, the Cumberland Plateau, and the Interior Lowlands. 

Its area south of Ohio River is over 160,000 

square miles and the actual area of this land 

mass during the interval from the Carboniferous 

to the Upper Cretaceous must "'have been very 

much greater than this, for nowhere along the 

margins of this massif have marine sediments 

of these ages been deposited near enough to its 

present limits to be reached by deep borings 

near the margin of the present Coastal Plain. 

The region of the southern Appalachians 

has long interested physiographers.· Hayes 

and Campbell, the chief contributors, 1 have 

recognized three base-levels or peneplains, 

which they term in the order of their ·age the 

Cumberland, the Highland· Rim, and the 

Coosa. They consider that the orioinal Ten- . . 0 . 

nessee River, which they term Appalachian 

River, flowed southwestward by way of the 

.valley of Coosa River throughout the Upper 

1 Hayes, C. W., and Campbell, M:. R., The geomoi-phology of the 

southern Appalachians: Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 6, pp. 63-126, 1894. 

Hayes, C. W., The physiography of the Chattanooga district; U. S. 

Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 1-58, 1899. 

It seems to me, conclusively demonstrates that 

the present course of Tennessee River across 

Walden Ridge in a winding gorge is imposed · 

from meanders inherited from the period of 

earliest complete base-leveling. in this area, 

namely, from the Cumberland peneplain. 

The character of the Upper Cretaceous sediments ·of the eastern Gulf· area throws considerable light on the physical history which 

has i.nterested me chiefly in· connection with 

the interpretation, in terms of geologic history~ 

of the extensive fossil floras that have been 

found in the earliest Upper Cretaceous or 

Tuscaloosa forn1ation of this region. . 

·The Tuscaloosa formation in the area around · 

Tuscaloosa, Ala., and for some distance to the 

northwest consists of a great thickness of predominantly sandy materials which give the 

country its present broken topography. These 

sands are generally light in color, cross-bedded 

and micaceous; in some places there are traces 

of glauconitic layers.· There· are heavy beds 

of gravel made up of well-rounded quartz and 

subangular chert pebbles in about equal pro- · 

portions in places, especially toward the land- · 

ward margin of the deposits and northward 

along the strike. In disconnected and interbedded lenses there is a considerable amount 

of argillaceous material-locally massive or· 

heavy bedded but generally laminated. Thin 

seams of lignite are present at various levels, 

but these are generally only a few inches or 

less in thickness. The clays are commonly 

oxidized and mottled in color, but they are as 

commonly _very carbo.naceous and dark in 

color. In some sections, as in the section in 

the Big Gully southwest of the town of Tuscaloosa, there are layers filled with prostrate logs 

of trees of large size .. Pyrite and ferruginous 

oxide, forming locally indurated sandstones 

and gravels, are generally distributed, and 

finely disseminat~d crystals of gypsum are 

very common . 

No· fossils other than the remains of land 

plants have been found in -the Tuscaloosa 

2 Johnson, D. W., The Tertiary history of the Tennessee River: Jour. 

Geology, vol. 13, pp. 194-231, 1905. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 27 

deposits. Usually the ·plant reinains are much Grabau 2 and Barrell 3 have recently ·made 

macerated and broken by water transportation considerable contributions toward the interpreand deposited in filn1s of broken fragments in tation of Paleozoic delta deposits. In the Tusthe laminated beds. Drift logs are common, caloosa region no sediments later than the Potts-

.an:d these occasionally brought down cobbles ville were'la'id down until the d~position of the 

·embedded in their roots, as is shown by speci- Tuscaloosa in the earlier Upper Cretaceous. This 

mens o:f lignitized tree roots that have been long interval resulted in the nearly complete 

collected. There appear to have been areas base-level known as the Cumberland peneplain. 

<>f quiet waters at certain localities where the There must have been some regional uplift or 

leaf rmnains in the clays are abundant and in warping at the begirming of Tuscaloosa time 

a state of preservation ii1elicating that they to account for· the sudden augmentation in 

grew in the immediate vicinity. river' action and the beginning of the large 

The outcrop of the Tuscaloosa formation, as delta or series of deltas along the southwestern 

shown in the ' margin of . the 

sketch map (fig. rr====::;;::;:;;==========::;;::::'=========::;;:========il_land mass. There 

7), is roughly lu- · is no evidence in 

nate in outline the sediments 

with the south- that an Appaeaster.nhornter-· lachian river 

minatiug near flowed south-

~f.ou tgou1.ery, we s t w a r d 

Ala .. , and the through the 

·other extending Coosa Valley. 

as an attenuated Such a river 

.band across west- w o u l d h a v e 

ern Tennessee. brought the bulk 

As shown in the of the sediments 

:sketch map, the farther eastward 

greatest width of than the region 

·Outcrop coin- where they now 

ci des with the occur. Though I 

ma.ximum thick- regard Johnson's 

ness of sediments evidence 4 ·as 

in a belt about conclusive for 

12 5 miles in the course of 

length which is Tennessee River 

.at right· angles to across Walden 

the a.xis of the Ridge, I can not FIGURE 7.-Sketch map showing the Tuscaloosa drainage and its subsequent history. 

Appalachian land hc,3lp b eli e.ving 

1nass. Toward the north the deposits become that the Cretaceous ancestor of this stream at 

thinner, are prevailingly gravels, and are 

·shown by the fossil plants to be somewhat 

younger than the main body of the deposits. 

The delta-like character of the Tuscaloosa 

·deposits, with their gravels and compound 

·oblique .cross-bedded sands, their local traces 

of glauconite, and their abundance of driftwood, can not fail to be noticed. We are now 

fairly familiar with the main features of delta 

·deposits in different par~ts of the world, 1 and 

t Crcdner, G. H.., Die Deltas: Petermanns Mitt., Ergiinzungsheft 56, 

. PP· 1-74, pl. 3, 1878. 

the beginnjng of Tuscaloosa time, instead of 

making the sharp tui·n to the northwest at Guntersville, Ala., which it does at pr~~sent, continued southwestward do'wn either Brown or Big 

Spring valleys and reached the sea through 

either Mulberry or Locust Fork of Black Warrior River. This, ho,vever, is not an essential 

part of my argumerit for- the delta character of 

the Tuscaloosa formation, for there was obvi2 Grabau, A. W ., Early Paleozoic delta deposits of North America: 

Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 24, pp. 399-528, 1913. . 

s B'arrell, Joseph, Oeol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 23, pp. 377-446,·1912. 

4 Johnson, D. W., op. cit . 
28 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

ously at that time a l:ltream or a series of streams 

draining to the southwest and engaged in removing the debris of the long.:.weathered land 

mass. 

I do not ignore the· fact that some of the 

Tuscaloosa deposits are subaerial a~d that 

originally the delta deposits ,. probably continued inland up the valley or valleys for considerable di.stances as continental deposits of 

channels·, flood plains, and lakes. The antecedent meanders of the present streams give 

·clear evidence of conditions that p~evailed on. 

the Cumberland peneplain: tha~ were suitable 

for the formation of oxbow lakes. There must 

have been quiet waters in the delta itself in 

certain bayous or possibly lakes like Lakes 

Salvador, Pontchartrain, and Borgne of the 

. present Mississippi Delta region. Certainly the 

leaf-bearing ·clays near Glen Allen and Shirleys Mill, in Fayette County, Ala.·, were formed 

' in such quiet bodies of water with densely 

wooded shores-. 

sw. 

Lower cretaceous . 

. . . t'on(Carboniferous) Pottsville forma ' 

that is, south~est of the axis of the Appa-· 

lachian land mass. In this area the Selma 

chalk continues upward to the Eocene contact. 

Its outcrop, as shown in the sketch !llap (fig . .7), 

is almost perfectly lunate, and at its horns both 

to the east and the north it passes over into 

sands. The Selma, as shown by its abundance 

of Ostracea and other MQllusca, is a shallowwater deposit. So far as my observation goes, 

it is entirely destitute of driftwood, lignite, or . 

any considerable sandy beds in the area of its 

greatest thickness, and I wish to make clear 

that the southwestern drainage, which explains 

the character of the Tuscaloosa sediments, must 

have been red_uced to a minimum or become 

practically nonexistent. before the deposition of 

the Selma chalk. The prevailing direction of 

the drainage during Selma time must have been 

to the southeast and northwest. in order to account for the Ripley sands in those regions and 

the absence of any except the finest ·terrigenous 

materials in the main body of the Selma chalk. 

FIGURE B.-Hypothetical section illustrating the interrelationship of the Upper Cretaceous types of sedimentation from Tuscaloosa to lower Selma. 

The relations of the Tuscaloosa formation 

emphasize its delta char·acter. (See figs. 7, 8.) 

The Tuscaloosa sands grade seaward into the 

glauconitic sands and thinly laminated clays· 

of the Eutaw formation, which contains asparing representation of the marine life of the 

time and which must have been In part at least 

contemporaneous with the Tuscaloosa. A few 

plants in the· near-shore transgressing· phase 

have been collected from the vicinity of 

Havana, Hale County, Ala. The upper Eutaw, 

or Tombigbee sand member,- I regard as a 

transgressing deposit, and in conformity with 

this interpretation it contains a much better 

marine fauna than the earlier Eutaw deposits. 

Overlying the Eutaw formation is the Selma 

chalk-an argillaceous limestone or calcareous clay, which reaches its maximum thickness 

in the same region as the Tuscaloosa sandsInferentially, if the Cretaceous Tennessee. 

River was a factor in the building of the Tuscaloosa. Delta, local warping must have broken 

its continuity with the Black Warrior drainage and started it tow~rd ~he northwest before 

the deposition of the Selma chalk. It is possible that this m~y have been accomplished 

without local warping by the simple clogging 

of its distributaries as a result of their own 

loads combined with decreased run-off. This 

set of factors, combined with the· westward 

tilting that- resulted in the Ripley Cretaceous 

and Midway Eocene seas penetrating up the 

Mississippi Valley as far as southern Illinois, is 

sufficient to account for such a change in 

course. This change in the direction ·of the 

drainage may be compared to the shifting of 

the present Mississippi Delta toward the east 

by marine currents. 
TUSCALOOSA FOR.MATION. 29 

The rQmnants of. heavy gravels of Tuscaloosa if there remained at that time a~y considerable 

age that have been traced by Wade 1 across area of greatly elevated land in the southern 

Tennessee and into Kentucky appear to repre- Appalachian province. A number of the Tussent the ·gradual migration or shifting north- caloosa plants, judging by their modern relaward of such a stream. That the western tives, were distinctly strand types. To this 

I-Iighland Rim of Tennessee has resulted from class probably belonged the myricas, the figs, 

a ll}.iddle or late Tertiary planation of pre- and several of the Lauraceae, Leguminosae, 

vailingly siliceous rocks by Tennessee River in and Celastraceae. The Sapindaceae and Rhamits lower northward course is probably true, naceae are also in general strand types. .This 

but the discussion of this feature hardly falls seems to have been especially true of the genus 

within the scope of this paper. Eorhamnidium, which clearly shows, not only 

A feature that makes the Tuscaloosa flora· of in the Tuscaloosa flora but in the succeeding 

especial interest is the fact that the plants Tertiary, that its habits of growth are comwhose fragmentary remains are preserved in parable with those of the monotypic existing 

the clays of the Tuscaloosa formation grew on genus 1{rugeodendron of the American tropical 

soils derived from Paleozoic sediments, ·and strand flora. The members of the Myrtales 

that all of the heretofore known Cretaceous also were probably dwellers)n the dry or wet 

floras of the Coastal Plain grew on soils of the strand, as are so many modern species of · 

Piedn1ont type, which were derived from igne- Eugenia and llfyrcia. The supposed Ericaceae 

ous or highly metamorphosed rocks, the only were probably strand types, and the Sapota- . 

possible exception being the Raritan flora of ceae almost certaiilly were, as well as the genus 

New Jersey, which is in deposits resting directly Oonocarpites. · 

upon the Triassic sandstones and shales. How- With regard to the elements that made up 

ever, even the Raritan materials show no ap-:- the Tuscaloosa climate the data are not exact. 

parent evidence that these rocks contributed It would seem from the coarseness of the sedito the Raritan sediments, and the theory has ments that the run-off was great. Many· of 

been advanced that the only emerged Triassic the plants demand a heavy rainfall. This is 

rocks in Raritan time in the area of their de- al~o indicated by -the development of the sovelopment were diabase and basalt. called dripping points in many unrelated MoraPlant geographers have long noticed the ceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, · Sapindaceae, 

differences in the vegetation of areas .of calca- and Ericaceae t Several of these forms range 

reous rocks and those of basic igneous rocks, nor.thward to Greenland, and they become 

but the laws governing these differences seem' much more elongated and acuminate toward 

to be as yet unformu~ated. I can see nothing ' the southern limit of their tange. Finally the 

in the facies of the Tuscaloosa flora that can mingling (of types whose descendants charbe attributed to the character of the soil. The acterize tropical and temperate climes is only 

flora is essentia}Jy the same familiar early paralleled by a similar mingling in those 

Upper Cretaceous flora that is found in the late modern areas known as warm-temperate rain 

Raritan and in the Magothy formation from forests. Such areas as southern Japan or 

Marthas Vineyard to Potomac River, and that ·northern New Zealand offer many points of 

reappears in the earlier beds of the Black comparison with the Upper Cretaceous floras 

Creek forn1ation in the Carolinas and in the of the Coastal Plain, as I have insisted in 

Woodbine sand of Texas. Its essential ele- several previous publications. With regard to 

ments are present in West Gree~land and. in actual temperatures during Tuscaloosa time, 

Europe at Niederschoena, Saxony, in Bohemia, specific data can not be expected. The climate, 

or wherever floras of this age have been to judge by modern standards, appears to have 

preserved. beep. cooler than that of the Lower Cretaceous. 

In general, thefloraisofalowlandcoastal type. However, it· should be remembered that the 

The only plant, judging from- its occurrence numerous cycadophytes and tree ferns of the 

and condition of preservation, that may have Lower Cretaceous were the dominant types of 

come fro~ a regi?n re~ov~d from the coast is the older Mesozoic, with a cosmopolitan range 

Androvett~a carohnens~s. I doubt v~ry much which, from numerous analogies, would be 

1 Wade, B., Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., March, 1917, pp.l02-l06. expected to have become adapted to a wide 
30 UPPER CR.E1ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

range of physical conditions. The flora of the 

Tuscaloosa is certainly less clearly indicative 

of tropical conditions than are some of our 

southern Tertiary floras. Among the Tuscaloosa plants whose . modern representatives 

are strictly subtropical types I might mention 

the· genera Gleichenia, Piperites, Oocculus, Or eodaphne, Oapparites, Inga, Bauhinia, Oitrophyl-

.lum,Orotonophyllum,Sapindus,Grewiopsis, Zizyphus, Eorhamnidium, Pterospermites, Eugenia, 

Oonocarpites, Myrsine, Sapotacites, and Cordia. 

One feature that stands· out very clearly is 

the manner in which· this Upper Cretaceous 

flora preserves its integrity when traced northward. A .comparison between the flora of 

Alaban1a and New Jersey shows but slight 

differences, and none . which can be directly 

correlated with climatic . conditions. Even 

when comparisons are mad~ with such remote 

northern regions as 'Disko Island, in latitude 

70° N., similar results are obtained, the difference of 38° of latitude being· apparently 

of slight importance, the extreme northern 

area being much richer in. ferns and cycadophytes than the extreme southern area and 

inclucliJJ.g such strictly tropical for1ns of the 

mooern flora as Artocarpus, which is represented 

by both characteristic leaves ·and fruit in 

Greenland. -

These considerations lead to the conclusion 

· that. Upper Cretaceous climate during Tuscaloosa time was much more uniform both 

secuiarly and seasonally ·over wide areas . and 

was very different ·in this respect from modern 

climates. A consideration of all ancient climates based on floras and n1arine fa~as of all 

· ages unmistakably points to the conclusion that 

existing climates are exceptional, and that 

during the long history of the globe the rule has 

. been' one of comparatively uniform. climatic 

conditions fron1 the Equator to the Poles 

with a lack of n1arked differentiation into sea~ sons. At times of 1naximmn land en1.ergence 

clin1atic conditions have become diversified and 

more or less extensive glaciations have resulted . ' but these periOds form a very sn1all fraction· of 

the total geologic time. 

In conclusion it may be postulated that the 

Tuscaloosa flora occupied a low coastal land of 

rather uniform topography-a land favored 

with an abundant and well-distributed rainfall 

with equable temperatures within the limit~ embraced between warm temperate and subtropical, and with slight seasonal changes. 

EUTAW FORMATION. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

The name Eutaw was proposed by Dr. E .. w. 

Hilgard 1 in 1860. for deposits in northeastern 

:Mississippi described as "bluish-black or reddi~h laminated clays, often lignitic, alternatingWith and usually overl.aid by noneffervescent. 

sand, mostly (though not always) poor in 

mica, and of a gray or yellow tint." The name. 

was chosen beca.use these beds were first. 

studied and recognized as of. Cretaceous ageby Tuomey 2 near Eutaw, Ala., where they are 

typically developed. 

Smith and Johnson,3 in their. study of the 

Alaba~a Coastal Plain, adopted the term 

Eutaw and extended its upper limits to include 

the Tombigbee sand of Hilgard, differentiatin(J'· 

the TuscaJoosa below, the Mississippi repre~ sentative of the Tuscaloosa being ~ncludecl in 

the Eutaw as the term was used' by Hilgard. 

It is not worth while in a study of the floras to 

go into the details of the history of the study 

of these deposits but merely to state that the 

recent areal and faunal studies of L. W. ·Steph-· · 

enson have shown that the Eutaw is repre- · 

sen ted in western Tennessee by the Coffee sands 

of Safford, as Glenn 4 annowced in 1906. The 

history .of the study of the flora of the Eutaw 

formation can be summed up in a single brief 

paragraph~ for though different students men.;. 

tion lignite in the formation the only reference 

.to le~f impressions is a line in Langdon's general section of Chattahoochee River where in . ' ' referring to the outcrop at Chimney Bluff, he 

mentions, "·Yellow sands and gray clay, containing. bits of leaves." .

5 The plant locality 

near Havana, in Hale County, Ala., was discovered ·by Prouty and Stephenson .in 1908 

and ~small collection was made. This represents the only collection of the Eutaw flora 

prior to the present study, which is based on 

collections made by me in company with 

Stephenson in 1909, supplemented by later collections made by Bruce Wad e. 

1 Rilgard, E. W., Report on the geology and agriculture of Mississippi, pp. 61-68, 1860. 

2 Tuomey, Michael, Alabama Geol. Survey First Dienn. Rept., pp. 

118-120, 1850. 

3 Smith, E. A., and Johnson, L. C., Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of· 

the Tuscaloosa, Tom?igbee, and Alabama rivers: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 43, pp. 71-136, 1887. 

• Glenn, L. C., Undergratmd waters of Tennessee and Kentucky west 

ofTennesseeRiverandofanadjacentareainlllinois: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 164, p. 23, 1906. 

6 Smith, E. A., Langdon, D. 'V., jr., and Johnson, L. C., On the 

geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 440, Alabama Geol. Survey,· 

1894. 
EUTAW FORMATION. 31 

· A preliminary account 1 of the flora of the 

Eutaw in the Georgia area _was published in 

1910 and a complete account 2 has been published by the United States Geological Survey. 

Lists of plant species quoted from th_e preliminary account and from the manuscript of the 

completed report were given by Stephenson 3 

in 1911. 

AREAL DISTRIBUTION. 

The Eutaw forn1ation, consisting of sands, 

clays, and n1arls, outcrops in a belt of varying 

width extending from Taylor County, in western 

Georgia, to the southern part of Benton County,· 

in western Tenne5see, .a distmice between 400 

and 450 nllies. Scattered renmants containing 

Iialymenites and found as far north as Trigg 

County, Ky., are believed to represent. a. forfiler more northerly extent of this formation. 

Along Chattahoochee River this belt is about 

10 nllies wide, across Alabama it ranges .from 

5 to 15 nllies, across northeastern Mississippi 

it is from 5 to 12 nllies, and in western Tennes-· 

see it is from 2 to 8 n1iles, averaging somewhat 

less than 4 1niles. 

frorri the beds below the Tombigbee sand nlember. In passing eastward from Chattahoochee 

River even the· Tombigbee n1ember of the 

Eutaw becomes littoral in character, the materials being pro~essively coarser and more irregularly bedded. 

In western Alaban1a the Eutaw materials are 

exceedingly variabl~ and are predominantly 

sands. The sands are light colored and much 

·cross-bedded and are interbedded with thinly 

lan:Unated dark clays, strongly suggestive of 

the similar lamin.ated clays of the Black Creek 

formation of the Carolinas. None of the lower 

beds of the Eutaw are persistent for any distance, but the upper calc~reous Tombigbee 

sand preserves its identity fairly well across 

the State. A si1nilar variable lithology characterizes the Eutaw across northeastern Mississippi and in western Tennessee. 

The ·strike of the Eutaw is northeast in 

Georgia; it becomes more nearly east across 

Alabam:a, turns to the northwest in the western 

part of the State, and gradually becomes north 

through n1ost o£ its extent in Mississippi and 

in Tennessee. It dips between 20 and ·30 feet 

LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER. to the n1ile .. In its area of n1aximun1 developThe Eutaw is predonlinantly composed of ment from Chattahoochee River westward 

sand, but the materials vary through wide across Alabama it is between 500 and 600 feet 

li1~1its. Along Chattahoochee River the base thick. The materials become coarser; .. and 

is an m·kosic, micaceous saild with pebbles and. eastward in Georgia, where the deposits besnlall intercalated lenses of la1ninated carbon- con1e thinner, they show increasing evidence 

aceous and lignitic clay. The clays in places of shallow-water deposition. In the northcarry fossil plants and were apparently depos- western part of its outcrop in Mississippi and 

ited in shallow n1arine waters. Overlying the Te:nnessee the Eutaw also becomes thinner, 

basnl bed, which is not very thick, is about 50· be1ng. there between 300 and 400. feet thick. 

feet of typically ll1arine, fine, more or less 

micaceous and calcareous fossiliferous sands 

and clays. Above this is several hundred feet 

of variable, mostly shallow-water n1aterials. 

These are predonunantly cross-bedded to massive nlicaceous sands and dark lanlinated lignitic clays. Overlying this n1aterial is about 

120 feet of n1assive n1arine ·irregularly bedded 

sands and clays, constituting the Tombigbee 

sand . n1en1ber (included by Langdon in the 

Ripley and fornung a part of the Blu:fftown 

marl of Veatch). AU the fossil plants con1e 

J Berry, E. W., Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic 

Constal Plain; VI, Georgia: Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, pp. 503-511, 

m~ . . 8 Berry,. E. W., The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene flor~ of South 

Carolina and Georgia: U. S. Gool. Survey Prof. Paper 84, 200 pp., 1914. 

8 Veatch, Otto, and Stcphnnson, L. W., Preliminary report on the 

geology of the Constal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 

460 pp., 1911. 

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS ... 

In Georgia and eastern Alabama the Eutaw 

rests with a marked unconformity on the Lower 

Cretaceous. From Alabama River to the Mississippi-Tennessee boundary it rests without 

apparent unconformity on the Tuscaloosa. 

From the Tennessee boundary until it disappears, it overlies the Paleozoic rocks which con-· 

stitute the floor of the embayment. 

Except for the PJeistocene deposits, the Eutaw is overlain throughout its extent in eastern 

Alabama and in Georgia, without apparent 

unconformity; by the marine sands of the Ripley formation. From Macon County,- Ala., 

west'\vard and northward throughout its o'ut- · 

crop, it is overlain almost continuously by the 

Selma chalk. As I have explained elsewhere 

(p. 37), the Selma chalk is a lithologic and not a 
32 UPPER CR.ET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

chronologie unit and represents, in the region 

of its maximum development, a part of the 

upper. Eutaw and·all of_ the Ripley. 

LOCAL SECTIONS CONTAINING ·PLANT REMAINS. 

Numerous local sections of the Eutaw formation have been published in recent· years, to 

which the reader in search of details is referred, 

as only those few sections containing fossil 

plants will be discussed in this report. 

McBRIDES FORD, GA. 

About 11 miles southeast of Columbus, in 

Chattahoochee County, Ga.,. an interesting fossiliferous section discovered by Stephenson and 

visited by Stephenson and me, is exposed just 

above ~feB rides Ford on Upatoi Creek. 

Section just above :McBrides Ford, Ga._ 

Pleistocene: 

Sand with gravel at base, about .. ~ ......... : .. . 

Unconformity. 

Eutaw formation (Upper Cretaceous): 

Feet. 

10 

BROKEN ARROW BEND, GA. 

At Broken Arrow Bend, on Chattahoochee 

River about 10! miles below Columbus, good 

sections are exposed along both. banks of the 

river. That containing plant remains is on 

the left bank in Chattahoochee County, Ga., 

about 100 yards below the section on the Alabama side. The 'following materials are exposed: 

Section at Broken Arrow Bend, Ga. 

Eutaw formation (basal beds): . 

Gray calcareous micaceous sand with nodules of 

impure limestone, carrying a marine invertebrate fauna ................................ . 

Coarse cross-bedded sand, in part evidently reworked Lower Cretaceous materials with 

gravel and much lignite and thin lenses of 

~ompact dark-~rab clay near the base carrymg plant remams .......................... . 

Unconformity. 

Lower Cretaceous: 

Coarse gray arkosic cross-bedded sands with 

subordinate argillaceous materials .......... . 

Feet. 

15 

2-15 

0-5 

More or less pebbly, coarse ~ross-bedded sands . 

. ·with sma1l lenses of lignitic carbonaceous The fossil plants collected at this locality are 

clay, one of which contains the plants listed few in number and much macerated and were 

from this locality ........................... 10-15 evidently in the water .some time before fossilUnconformity. . . ization. The following·species have been recLower Cretaceous: 

Light-colored coarse arkosic sands............. 0-5 

The l~af-bearing lens of almost black carbonaoeous clay was only about 15 inches in 

maximum thickness and only a few feet in lateral extent. This lens and the other little clay 

len:;;es represent small shallow basins in the 

sandy bottom of the Eutaw sea that accumulated vegetable. material drifted from ·the nearby shores. The following 19 species ha-ye been 

recognized fro·m this clay lens: 

Andromeda cretacea Lesquereux? 

wardiana Lesquereux. 

Androvettia elegans Berry. 

Aralia eutawensis Berry. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpi1m formosum Berry. 

Cinnamomum heerii Lesquereux? 

newberryi Berry. 

Eucalyptus augusta Velenovsky. 

Ficus ovatifolia Berry. 

Inga cretacea I,esquereux. 

Magnolia boulayana Lesquereux. 

capellinii Heer. 

· Manihotites georgiana Berry.' 

Menispermites variabilis Berry. 

Paliurus upatoiensis Berry. · 

Salix flexuosa Newberry. 

Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. 

.Tumio'Q. carolinianum Berry? 

. Zizyphus laurifolius Berry. 

\ 

ognized: 

Malapoenna horrellensis Berry. 

Phragmites pratti Berry. 

Salix eutawensis Berry. 

S~lix flexuosa Newberry. 

Sequoia reichenbac~i (Geinitz) Heer. 

This is exactly the same horizon from which 

.fossil plants were collected at McBrides 

Ford. . 

CHIMNEY BLUFF, GA. 

At Chimney Bluff, on the left bank of Chattahoochee River, in Chattahoochee County, 

Ga., 22 miles below Columbus, the following 

section· is exposed: 

Section atChimney Bluff, Ga. 

Eutaw formation: Feet. 

Greenish (weathering yellowish) fine sandy 

clay with casts of marine·invertebrates (Tom-

. higbee sand member), about................ 50 

Fine white loose, somewhat cross-bedded micaceous sand (lens), exposed................ 8-15 

Irregularly bedded, laminated, cross-bedded, 

very lignitic pyritiferous sands and clay with 

pellets of amber and many large teredo-bored 

logs of lignite, the largest 2 or 3 feet in diarn-

.eter, with small lenses of aark plastic clay 

carrying rather fri~ble plant remains, about.. 25 
• 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE IV 

A. VIEW SHOWING THE ARGILLACEOUS LEAF-BEARING SANDS OF THE RIPLEY FORMATION, 13 MILES NORTHWEST OF CAMDEN, TENN. 

Photograph by L. W. Stephenson. 

B. VIEW SHOWING THE CHAHACTER OF THE BEDDING OF THE BASAL SANDS AND CLAYS OF THE EUTAW FORMATION, 2 MILES SOUTHEAST OF HAVANA, ALA. 

Photograph by L. W. Stephenson. 
EU:TA W FORMATION. 33 

The lower part of this section, which is in Malapoenna horellensis Berry. 

the lower part of the Eutaw, represents an Myr<:ia havanensjs Berry. Sequoia ambigua Heer. 

accumulation of drifting vegetable matter and reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. 

fine sediment behind some temporary bar or 

in some shallow water or eddy near the shore, 

possibly in the estuary of some Eutaw river. 

The plants show evidence· of considerable immersion and transportation, only coriaceous 

forms which withstood maceration being in a 

recognizable condition. 

The following species have been recognized: 

Araucaria bladenensis Berry (leaf-bearing twigs). 

jeffreyi Berry (cone scales). 

Ficus crassipes (Heer) Heer. 

krausiana Heer. 

Snlix flexnosa N ewherry. 

lesquereuxii Berry. 

Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer (twigs).' 

The most abundant form is Araucaria bladenensis, represented by some large foliagebearing twigs and numerous detached leaves. 

HAVANA, ALA. 

Between1! and 2 miles southeast of I-Iavana," 

in the north-central part of Hale County, Ala., 

extensive gullies have been eroded in the ·basal 

sands of the Eutaw-formation. The lithology 

varies from g~y to gully, and in only one 

have fossil plants been found. (See Pl. IV, 

B.) The section shown diagrammatically in 

figure 9 is exposed in this gully. 

In common with the preceding Eutaw sec- · 

tions the fossil plants come from the basal beds. 

of the formation. These basal sa:q.ds and thinly 

laminated clays are more or less cross-bedded 

and carry considerabie glauconite, which is 

perhaps the source of the numerous iron crustA. · 

They are· also micaceous and lignitic, carrying 

pellets of amber and much comminuted vegetable matter. The fossil plants are for . the 

most part much macerated, some of the sand· 

films between clay laminae being crowded with 

the detached leaves of Sequoia reichenbachi. 

Tho following 14 species have been identified 

from this ou t_crop : 

Andromeda parlatorii IIeer. 

Araucaria bladenensis Berry. 

Bauhinia alabamensis Berry. 

cretacea Newberry. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpum formosum Berry. 

Cephalotaxospermum carolinianum Berry. 

Diospyros primaeva Heer. 

Doryanthites cretacea Berry. 

Ficus krausiana Heer. 

Laurus plutonia Heer. 

65628°-19-3 

The commonest form is Araucaria bladenensis. Next in abundance are Doryanthites, 

the two species of S eg_uoia, and the two coriaceous, lanceolate species of Ficus. 

COFFEE BLUFF, TENN. 

Coffe;e Bluff, which was described originally 

by Safford 1 in 1884, is on the west bank of 

Tennessee River in Hardin County, Tenn., and 

is the type locality of the Coffee sand, the 

uppermost member of the Eutaw formation. 

The'river washes the bluff for nearly 2 miles, 

~xposing the highly· variable littoral materials 

that characterize the formation in this area. 

The following section is quoted from Glenn: 2' 

Section at Coffee Bluff, Tenn. 

Feet. 

1. Half a mile inland from the edge of the bluff, red 

and yellow chert gravels with overlying reddi~h 

sandy clay ............... ·- ............. ~ . . . . . . 15 

2. Along descending slope of road to edge of bluff are 

poorly exposed light-colored sands and leadcolored clays interbedded in thin layers, which 

are usually ininutely laminated ................ 120 

3. Top of bluff, light-colored sands similar in color, 

texture, and structure to those of. the following 

member. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

4. Dark slate-colored clay in thin laminae, generally 

pure but in places has thin sandy layet:s; contains 

fragments of plants· and locally shmvs an unconformity with the underlying beds............... 25 

5. Fine gray sand interbedded with slaty or. leadcolored clay in fissile papery laminae. The sand 

and clay are commonly interlaminated and more 

or less cross-bedded; in places a· relatively pure 

bed of sand <;>r clay several feet thick grades over 

along the bedding plane into the other within a 

few yards. On the surface of the thin fissile shales 

are leaf impressions. The sand and clay alike 

carry more or less lignitized wood, which is in 

small pieces except in the lower part of the bed, 

where logs of it are found .. Decomposing pyrite 

is associated with the lignite. Two logs of petrified wood projected from this sand at the time 

Safford measured this se~::tion. In places a tendency to 'induration is noticeable . in the sands, 

though generally they are rather soft. The crossbedding is invariably on a small scale and frequent reversals of direction occur in many places. 40 

6. Sand varying in color from light gray to. canary 

yellow, micaceous .......... ·.................... 3 

7. Sand, gray and lignitic, with much decomposing 

pyrite, to the water's. edge .... :................ 15 

1 Safford, J. M:., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 37, pp. 360-372, 1864; 

Geology of Tennessee, p. 412, 1869. 

I Glenn, L. C., U. S .. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 164, pp. 24-25, 

1906. 
34 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLOJ;tAS I:N TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA •. 

Petrified wood collected by Wade from the sandy clays. During his mapping of Hardin 

beds included inN o. ·5 of the section represents County for the Tennessee Geological Survey, 

a silicified species of Cupressinoxylon which is too Wade made large collections of these plant 

poorly preserved for· specific description. Pel- fossils, which were referred to me, and the 

lets of amber are scattered in the lignitic clays, results of their study are incorporated in this 

and one of these, discovered by Wade,· con- ·report. A considerable portion of the colFEET 

Red. ferruf/nous clay passing downwa~ /nto sand 

,:::,Iff~, ~:~:~:::::::~~·M~ 

.. · il ~~~~$~2~i PLANTS COMMON TO THe TWO HORIZONS ... MENTIONED- BELOW 

2-3 .. 

30 

----------~~~---------~ 

FIGURE 9.-Section of the Eutaw formation exposed in one of the deep gulli~s 2 miles southeast of Havana, Hale County, Ala.-

tained the remains of an insect, which is, I believe, the first amber insect to be described from 

North America. 1 Fossil plants are riot uncommon . throughout the argillaceous portions 

of the section, but they are usually much . 

broken and poorly preserved in the prevailingly 

1 Cockere!J, T. D. A., U.S. Nat. M.ris. Proc., vol. 51, pp. 98-99, fig. 6,· 

1916. 

lected material was too poorly· preserved to be 

determinable, but a number of specimens, 

though most of them are fragme:ri tary, have 

been satisfactorily identified. These are: 

Andromeda wardiana Lesquereux. 

novaecaesareae Hollick. 

Cinnamo~um heeri Lesquereux. 

Cupressinoxylon sp_. 
Dewalquea smithi Berry. 

D.iospyros pr.imaeva Heer. 

Ficus crassipes Heer. 

krausiana Heer. 

ovatifolia Berry. 

Halymenites major Lesquereux. 

Laurophyllum elegans Hollick. 

·~Janihotites georgiana Berry. 

Phragmites prattii Berry. 

Phyllites asplenioides Berry. 

Pterospermites carolinensis Berry. 

Salix eutawensis Berry. 

EUTAW FORMATION. . :q-ru ~~-. 

Eutaw sedge or grass and the Doryanth~~1f: 

represents a large parallel""veined species .9~ 

unknown affmity. . . ·. · . 

The 30 dicotyledons represent )1 orders.~~ 

which the· largest is the Thymele~es, with 

5 species. There are 3 species each of Salicales, Urticales, Ranales, and Ericales; 2 eac~ 

of Rosales, Rhamnales, and Myrtales; and) 

each of Juglandales, Geranialesz · Umbellales1 

and Ebenales. Tln1,s 23 belong to the Choripe- · 

talae and 4. to the Gamopetalae, the former · COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGIC CONDITIONS . being divided into 7 Apetalae and 16 PolypeINDICATED BY THE EUTAW FLORA. talae. The order Sapindales, which had 15 · 

The Eutaw flOI'a is far fronl representative species in the Tuscaloosa, the. most ~portant 

of the flora that flourished during the deposi- genus being Oelastrophyllum, is entirely unrepretion of the sediments of the Eutaw formation, sented. 

as the majority of the plants that have been The dicotyledonous families have 30 reprefound came from the basal beds of the forma- sentatives, of which the largest is the Lauraceae 

tion, in which the flora had not undergone any with 5 species. The Salicaceae, Moraceae, and 

nutrked changes from that :which lived in late Ericaceae ~ have 3 species each; the MagnaTuscaloosa ti1ne. It is, furthermore, not rep- ·Iiaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Rhamnaceae, and 

resentative of the flora of early Eutaw time, Myrtaceae have 2 species each, and the Juglanbecause most of the plant remains had under-· daceae, Menispermaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aragone much maceration, the consequent tritura- liaceae, and Ebenaceae have 1 each. The 

tion having weeded out nearly all ~ut the most remarkable dicotyledon of the Eutaw is 

n1ore coriaceous forms. ~fanihotites georgiana, which had irregularly 

1'he known flora numbers but 43 species. lobed subpeltate leaves 48 centimeters in 

No thallophytes (except the doubtful HaZy- diameter. -·~ 

menites) or bryophytes are represented; there The Eutaw flora is far too small to serve for 

·is 1 fern, 9 gymnosperms, 2 monocotyledons, any conclusive deductions regarding ecologic 

and 30 dicotyledons. The gymnosperms, al- or ·other physical conditions, and what has 

though few iii nun1ber, are of especial ~terest. been said regarding this feature of the mucJ?. 

in the variety of forms represented. Oepha- more extensive Tuscaloosa flora applies eq11:ally 

lotaxospermum ·is represented by fruits very well to the Eutaw. The basal Eutaw materials 

similar to those of the existing genus· Oepha- are evidently shallow-water· sedi:ments, but 

lotaxus. Brachyphyllum is an older Mesozoic they do not show evidence of current bedding 

type without any close mo·dern relatives. The greater than that shown by the Tuscaloosa:. 

Sequoia is the well-known and wide-ranging It is in the clays that we see the differences 

Sequoia reichenbachi, which appears to have both in lithology and in the contained flora. 

been n1uch more abundapt in the Eutaw than This clearly indicates one of two conditions. 

in the Tuscaloosa. The Tumion is poorly Either the Eutaw coast line lacked the estuarepresented. By far the most abundant type ries with their bars, lagoons, ·or bayous of . 

is Araucaria blaclenensis, a form very abun- quiet waters and their mud flats which offer 

dant in· the Black Creek formation and one such exceptional opportunities for the preserscarcely distinguishable from the existing vation of plant foliage, or such deposits if 

broad-leafed Araucaria biclwilli. Character- formed have been subsequently destroyed by 

istic modern-appearing cone scales are repre- erosion.· The Eutaw coast line was probably 

sen ted by A~aucaria· jejfreyi. Perhaps the less broken than that of the Tuscaloosa,. and 

n1ost remarkable type is the fernlike Andro- doubtless some of the phytologic records of _ 

vettia elegans, a forn1 with<?ut any nearly allied the Eutaw have· been eroded; certainly vegeexisting representatives. ·table n1att-er was abundant in the Eutaw sea. 

The :Monocotyledonae are of slight botanic This abundance is indicated by the lignitic 

interest. . The Phragmites represents some character of many of the lower sands and. ~iT. 
36 UPPER CRET'ACEOUS FLORAS. IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

the dark carbonaceous clays. All that I have Oinnamomum, Magnolia, and Sterculia assoseen, however, was evidently subject to the ciated with Quercus, Fagus,. Gleichenia, Dryopaction of the water a long time before entomb-· teris, Diclcsonia, and other forms. In some 

ment .. The logs are thoroughly bored by some respects this type in New Zealand is the most 

Eutaw representative of the modern Teredo. tropical in its facies and more like our eastern 

A calcifiedlog 6 or 7 inches in diameter, found American Upper Cretaceous floras than any' 

at Broken Arrow Bend, was thickly covered other existing flora. In New Zealand conifers 

on one side with a fine set of nearly adult are abundant and include forms with reduced 

individuals Qf Ostrea cretacea, indicating the leaves like Libocedrus and Dacrydium, as well as 

shallowness of the waters, because the spat of forms with broad leaves like Dammara, Podothe Ostreidae do not se~ in deep water. carpus, and Phyllocladus. Dicotyledonae are 

An effort to picture accurately the environ- numerous and varied, including between 100 

ment of this flora is beset with unusual diffi- and 150 species, among which forms of Myrculties, as may be imagined from what has taceae, Lauraceae, Proteaceae, etc., with coriaalready been said. ·It is safe to assume that ceous leaves· are prominent. The undergrowth 

the climate was mild and humid, the latter is rich in tree ferns and various genera of Arabeing probably the most important factor liaceae. 

aside from the absence of frost. That the When this modern flora is compared eletemperature was not tropical in character we ment for element with the eastern Gulf Cretamay assume from the manner in which this ceous floras naturally many differences become 

flora preserves its integrity if traced northward apparent, but the resemblance between the 

over at least 10° of latitude. Judged by the two is remarkable. In the eastern Gulf Orefacts of the present-day' geographic distri- taceous floras Sequoia, Brachyphyllum, and 

bution of plants, this flora presents ·an antipo- Widdringtonites represent the narrow or scaledean facies with its abundant Araucarieae, leaved. conifers, Dammara and Araucaria the 

but this is only another way of emphasizing its broad-leaved araucarias, a~d Androvettia and 

Mesozoic character, as the abundant evidence Protophyllocladus the modern Phyllocladus. 

at our command shows that these types were The dicotyledons are numerous and varied, 

practically cosmopolitan in the Mes~zoic. with a mixing of temperate and tropical types 

Another feature which seems strange to modern and with numerous coriaceous forms belonging 

p-lant geographers is the curious mingling of to a number of the same families as do the New 

forms, which in the existing flora are to a greater Zealand plants. Aralias are coinmon in both 

or less extent climatically segregated. Wil- the eastern Gulf Cretaceous and the modern 

lows and walnuts growing with figs, laurels, floras. That the Cretaceousrainfall was plentiand araucarias would indeed be anomalous in ful may be inferred not only from the species 

the present flora,·but this and similar associa- of plants preserved but also from the formation 

tions are familiar enough in fossil floras not . of dripping points on various leaves, this feature 

only during the Mesozoic but well into the being especially emphasized in the Tuscaloosa 

Cenozoic. flora. 

Everr though no close comparisons with 

modern ecologic groups are possible, it would 

seem that the Eutaw .flora, like that of the 

Tuscaloosa, if it were living at the present 

time, would be included by ecologic botanists 

under that somewhat elastic head which Schimper calls "temperate rain forests." In no 

oth~r modern plant associations do· we· find 

that commingling of temperate and tropical 

types that we find in certain present-day 

temperate rain forests, as for example those of 

southern Chile, southern Japan, northern 

Australia, and New Zealand. In the last-

. mentioned country . we find aralias, laurels, 

SELMA CHA,LK. 

It is not within the province of this report 

to. discuss the strictly marine· and non plantbearing deposits known as the Selma chalk. A 

brief statement is demanded, however, in order 

not to leave a hiatus in the discussion. 

The . Selma chalk is one of the most persistent lithologic units in the. entire Coastal 

Plain and consists for the most part of massively bedded, usually lithified calcareous clay 

or argillaceous limestone. -

The Selma chalk, long known as the ''Rotten 

limestone," outcrops from east-central. Ala-
RIPLEY FORMATION. 37 

bama to the southern part of Benton County, 

in west 'rennessee, forming the so-called Black 

Prairie country. In the area of its maximum 

development along 'rombigbee River in westcentral Alabama it outcrops as a broad belt 

and attains a thickness of at least 1,000 feet, 

extending to the extreme top of the Upper 

Cretaceous. It is a moderately shallow water 

deposit, as is shown by the abundance of fossil 

Ostreidae, a;nd seems to owe its peculiar character to the absence of terrigenous materials. 

As I have previously stated, it is a lithologic and 

not a chronologie unit, the careful faunal 

studies of Stephenson having shown that it is 

partly the equivalent o~ the Eutaw and largely 

the equivalent of the Ripley. The various 

faunal lines have been ·traced successfully from 

the sands and clays of the Chattahoochee basin 

through the chalk to the sands and cia ys of 

northeastern Mississippi. The bearing of the 

Selma chalk on the Upper Cretaceous physiography has been n1entioned in discussing the 

delta character of the Tuscaloosa deposits. 

RIPLEY FORMATION. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

'rhe Ripley for.mati.on was named in 1860 by 

E. W. Hilgard 1 after the town of Ripley, in 

Tippah County, :Miss., which is 3 miles southwest of the classic fossiliferous Ripley deposits 

exposed along Owl Creek. 

'rhe limits of the Ripley have been indefinite 

for 1nore than half a century, any fossiliferous 

Upper Cretaceous sand being usually considered H.ipley until the· studies of Stephenson 

previously mentioned. The historyofthestudy 

of these deposits need not concern us further, 

the literature containing absolutely no reference to fossil plants except a brief preliminary 

rcport·on the Cretaceous-flora of Georgia which 

I published in 1910.2 

AREAL DISTRIBUTION. 

'rhe beds to which the name Ripley_ formation has been applied outcrop from Twiggs 

County, in central Georgia, to central Alabama 

where they are interrupted by the synchronous 

deposits of the uppe1~ part of the Selma chalk. 

1 Hilgard, ]<;, W ., He port on the geology and agriculture of Mississippi, 

pp. (12, 83-95, 1860. 

2 Berry, E. W., Contributions to the :Mesozoic flora of .;he Atlantic 

Coastal J'lain; VI, Gcorgih: Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, pp. 503-

511, 1910. 

The Selma chalk forms the top of the Upper 

Cretaceous for most of the distance between 

central Alabama and Houston County, Miss. 

From that point to the head of the Mississippi 

embayment the Ripley deposits are continuous. In Georgia· the outcrop is from 10 to 15 

miles wide, westward in Alabama to where it 

passes· into the chalk phase it is from 25 to 30 · 

miles, and beyond the chalk in northeastern 

Mississippi it lessens to about 12 miles at the 

Mississippi-Tennessee boundary. It has narrowed to about 6 miles·at the Tennessee-Kentucky boundary, which width it maintains 

across Kentucky and southern Illinois. 

LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER. 

The Ripley 1naterials. are . predominantly 

marine sands massively bedded, clark -gray to 

greenish black in color, more or less calcareous, 

micaceous, pyritiferous, ghwconitic, and argillaceous, according to the conditions of sedimentation in different parts of the Ripley sea. 

They are . usually fossiliferous, ·sometimes 

enough so to constitute shell marls. Ledges of 

sanely limestone are clev.eloped locally. Some 

distance east of the Selma chalk, as in the 

Chattahoochee basin, the Ripley has been estimated to be about 1,000 feet thick; getting 

thinner eastward in Georgia, where it becomes 

more definitely a. deposit of littoral sands. It 

also is thinner in the upper embayment, having 

a reported thickness of 400 feet at Wickliffe, 

Ky.; 54 feet at Cairo, Ill.; and. 204 feet at 

Paducah,· Ky. 

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS. 

The Ripley forn1ation rests without apparent 

.unconformity on the son1ewhat similar sands 

of the upper part of the Eutaw in the Chattahoochee basin. Eastward in Georgia it lies 

unconformably on the Lower Cretaceous. · 

W estwarcl a·cross most of Alabama and Mississippi it· is developed above the chalk phase 

(Selma chalk) which underlies it as far as the 

southern part. of Bento:p. County, in west Tennessee. Fron1 this point to the head of the 

embayment it rests on the embayment floor of 

Paleozoic rocks. It is overlain throughout its 

extent by the tniconformable deposits of the 

Eocene. 

PLANT LOCALITIES. 

Sn1a1l collections of fossil plants have been 

made at seven 01~ eight localities in the Ripley, 
38 UPPER CRETACEOUS· FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

and I have seen undeterminable fragments at 

numerous other outcrops. At the Big Cut on 

the-Southern Railway lt miles west of Cypress, 

Tenn., a lel).s of carbonaceous Clay at the base 

of the western end of the exposure is full of 

leaf fragments, and they are also present in the 

iron crust capping the clay. I faUed to obtain 

. anything identifiable at this outcrop, but there 

is a specimen of Myrcia havanerisis Berry in 

the National Museum collections, and Wade 

collected 2 additional species from this locality! 

I have seen fragments of what may have been 

this species at the base of Chalk Bluff on Ohio 

River 2~ miles above Caledonia Landing, 

. Pulaski County, Ill. ·Extended search at this 

outcrop failed to yield any positively determinable material. Glenn made a small collection east of Benton, in Marshall County, Ky. 1 

I have examined thi.s collect~on and visited the 

outcrop without being able to determine any 

of the plant fragments. 

In the northwestern ·part of Benton County,· 

Tenn., L. W. Stephenson collected a few fossil 

plants from exposures along the Camden-Paris 

public road. (See Pl. IV~ A.) I have been able 

to recognize Myrcia havanensis · Berry, Myrica 

ripleyensis Berry, and Sabalites sp. 

· Just above the mouth of Cowikee Creek, in 

Barbour County, Ala., there is an exposure of 

30 to ·40 feet of .massive, .compact glauconitic, 

argillaceous, n1icaceous sand carrying plant 

fragments associated with invertebrates of the 

genera Nucula, Ostrea, Oymella, Liopistha, and 

Leptosolen. 2 The plants are fragmeri tary and 

bear. evidence of having been in the water a 

long time before fossilization. Tl;1e following 

forms have been recognized: 

Bauhinia ripleyensis Berry. 

Fern, undeterminable. 

Laurus? sp. 

. Platanus sp. 

Salix? sp. 

Sapindus? sp. 

I have been unable to identify any of these 

with previously known forms and they are so 

inconclusive that only the Bauhinia and the Pla;.. 

tan us are included in the systematic descrip-. 

tions that follow. · 

There are two localities in Georgia from which 

Ripley plants have been colle-cted, one 6 n1iles 

1 Glenn, L. C., Underground waters of Tennessee and Kentucky west 

of Tennessee River and of an adjacent area in Illinois: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 164, p. 27, 1906. 

· 2 Stephenson, L. W., Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 172, 173, 1911. 

east of Buena Vista on the Buena Vista-Ta.ze:.. 

well ~oad, in 1\1arion Coun-ty, where the following section is exposed: 3 

Section on the Buena Vista-Tazewell Road, :Marion · 

County, Ga. 

Ripley formation: . Feet. 

Marine member (brownish weathered sands)..... 70 

Cusseta sand member (coarse light--colored crossbedded arkosic sand locally with iron concretions and both light. and dark clay lenses; 

from a lens of black clay near the base fossil 

plants were collected)........................ 50 

The following 6 species, collected by Stephen-. 

son, h~ve been determined fro!? this outcrop: 

Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick . 

Araucaria bladenensis Berry. 

Doryanthites cretacea Berry. 

Euca.lyptus angusta Velenovsky. 

Fic_us georgiana Berry. 

Manihotites georgiana Berry. 

The most abundant form is the· curious 

monocotyledon Doryanthites cretacea; 

The second Ripley plant locality in Georgia 

is in a cut along the Central of Ge_orgia Railway 

1 t miles northeast of Byron, in Houston 

County. The materials as described by Stephenson 4 are light cross..,bedded sands of the 

Cusseta sand n1ember underlain by drab clays 

with sand lenses, and a -layer of dn,rk .carbonaceous clay 6 feet thick i1i the lower part of the 

section yielded the following plants: Araucaria · 

jeffreyi Berry, Ounninghamites elegans (Corda) 

Endlicher, and Dryopterites stephensoni Berry. 

The most extensive known collection of 

plants from the Ripley formation is thitt which 

was made by Bruce Wade from a Slll.all clay 

lens near the base of the 1\1cN airy sand member 

of the Ripley formation 2! miies southwest of 

Selmer, in McNairy County, Tenn. Because of 

the exceptionally extensive fauna preserved in 

the Upper Cretaceous deposits of this region I 

have introduced a diagrammatic section (fig . 

10) showing the lithology and the relative geologic and geographic relations of the plant localities :;t t Selmer and Big Cut to those which have 

furnished the marine faunas of Coon Creek, Sand 

Hill, and Trims Mill. 

The following species of plants have been 

identified from the MeN airy sand member of 

the Ripley formation from· the locality near 

Selmer: · 

Bauhinia ripleyensis Berry. 

Cinnamomum sp. 

a Idem, p. 1E3. 

'Idem, pp. 170-171. 
BEARING OF THE -FLORAS ON CORRELATION.· 39 

Cissi tes crisp us Velenovsky. 

Dryophyllum gracile Debey. 

Eugenia? anceps Berry. 

Magnolia capellini Heer. 

Malapoenna horrellensis Berry. 

Manihotites georgiana Berry. 

Myrcia havanensis Berry. 

Myrica ripleyensis Berry. 

Sabalites sp. 

Sterculia snowii tennesseensis Berry. 

The fossil plants of the Ripley are so few in 

number and in the main so poorly preserved 

that any discussion of the general character 

of the Ripley flora.or of the ecologic conditions 

which it indicates is out of the question. 

Grewiopsis formosa. 

tuscaloosensis. 

Hymenaea fayettensis. 

J ungermanni tes cretaceus .. 

Leguminosites ingaefolia. 

shirleyensis. 

tuscaloosensis. 

Lycopodites tuscaloosensis. 

Malapoenna cottondalensis. 

Menispermites integrifolius. 

trilobatus. 

Myrica dakotensis minima. 

Oreodaphne shirleyensis. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii minor. 

Phyllites shirleyensis. 

pistiaefon.l;J.is. 

FIGURE 10.-Dingrmnmatic section of the Ripley formation in McNairy County, Tenn., from northeast to southwest. No.1 is chalky clay of Midway ago. Nos. 2 to 5,inclusive, belong to the Ripley formation. No.2, consisting of sandy fossiliferous marl, is the northeastern extension 

of tho Owl Crook bods of Lowe; No.3 is the McNairy sand member; No. 4, ferruginous clay; and No.5, sand with fossiliferous marl lenses and 

lfalymcnitcs-bonring sands, being the fossiillerous horizon of Coon Creek. No.6 (chalky clay) is the Selma chalk. Loc·alities named indicate 

positions of fatmas and floras. 

BEARING OF THE FLORAS ON CORRELATION. 

CORRELATION OF THE TUSCALOOSA FLORA. 

The following 4 7 Tuscaloosa species are new 

and have no known outside distribution: 

Aralia cottondalensis. 

Calycites sexpartitus. 

Capparites cynophylloides. 

orbiculn.tus. 

Carpolithes tuscaloosensis. 

Cassia vaughani. 

Celastroph y ll urn alabamensis. 

crenatum ellipticum. 

gyminclaefolium. 

precrassi pes. 

shirley ens is. 

Cladophlebis alaban1ensis. 

Cocculus polycarpaefolius. 

pro blematicus. 

Conocarpite~ formosus. 

Eorhamnidium cretaceum. 

·Equisetum? sp. 

Eugenia tuscaloosensis. 

Ficus alabamensis. 

fontainii. 

shirleyensis. 

Piperites tuscaloosensis. 

Platanus asperaeformis. 

shirleyensis. 

Populites tuscaloosensis. 

Proteoides conospermaefolia. 

Sapindus variabilis. 

Sapotacites ettingshauseni . 

formosus. 

shirlex,ensis. 

Sphaerites alabamensis. 

These- species are o bviou~ly of slight value 

in exact correlation, nevertheless, with the exception of the ne~ gener~ Oapparites ,. Oonocarpites, Eorhamnidium, and Pi1Jerites and· the 

two genera Grewiopsis and Platanus, all the 

geneFa are · characteristic of the flora of the 

Dakota sandstone of the Rocky Mountain 

region, the Raritan and Magothy formations 

of the northern Coastal Plain, and the Cenomanian of Europe. Two of the varieties are 

varieties. of. well..:known Dakota forms. The 

variation shown by Oelastrophyllum finds its 

parallel in the Dakota and Raritan and nowhere else. This genus has 12 species in the 
40 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABA,MA, AND GEORGIA. 

Tuscaloosa, nearly as many in the Dakota and 

Raritan, and some in the· Magothy of New 

Jersey, and the Black Creek formation of the 

Carolinas, but not a single species in the Eutaw 

formation, in. the abundant flora of the Montana group; or in the extensive Senonian floras 

of Europe. The genus is moreov.er abundant 

in the Patapsco for~ations, at the top of the 

Lower Cretaceous, and is of the greatest importance in fixing the age of the Tuscaloosa. 

The new species of llymenaea is· related to a 

Dakota sandstone form,. as is the Aralia, and 

Cladophlebis is distinctly a survivor from the 

Lower Cretaqeous. 

The following 6 Tuscaloosa plants have been 

recorded from the Lower Cretaceous:. 

Abietites folioims. 

Asplenium dicksonianum. 

Celastrophyllum brittonianum. 

Gleichenia delicatula. ' 

Sequoia ambigua.· 

reich en hac hi. 

The only one of these that is a characteristic 

Lower Cr~taceous species is Abietites foliosus, 

and it is probably allied to the structural material referred to . Prepinus from the Raritan 

formation of the Upper Cretaceous. Asplenium 

dicksonianum occurs in both the Raritan and 

the Dakota, the Celastrophylluni in the Raritan 

of New Jersey and the Patoot beds of G:r:eenland, 

Sequoia ambigua in· the Magothy, and Sequoia 

reichenbachi through the entire Cretaceous. 

Without further discussion the suggestion that 

any part of the Tuscaloosa formation ·is of 

Lower Cretaceous age is dismissed as an impossibility. . 

The relation of the Tuscaloosa flora to other 

Upper Cretaceous floras may n.ext b~ considered: Sixteen Tuscaloosa species are found in 

the basal beds of the Eutaw formation in 

Alabama and Georgia and others are represented by closely allied forms, showing that the 

Tuscaloosa flora and that of the basal Eutaw 

are very closely related. The total num~er of 

plants known from the Eutaw is 41, of which 

50 per cent are survivors from the Tuscaloosa. 

With the still younger Ripley flora the resem-

. blance is slight. Only 20 identifiable forms 

have b~en found in the Ripley a:p_d of these 

only Andromeda novaecaesareae and Dryopterites 

stephensoni occur in the Tuscaloosa. 

A considerable flora has been recorded from 

the Black Creek formation in North and South 

Carolina. Twenty-eight· Tuscaloosa forms are 

found in the typical Black Creek and 9 addi.., 

tional in the Middendorf arkose member of 

South Caroiina, which is a basal lithologic phase 

of the Black Creek. The Black Creek is several 

hundred feet thick and carries a considerable 

marine fauna in its upper beds, which fauna, 

according to the studies of Stephenson, shows 

affinities with the Eutaw and basal Ripley 

faunas. Though a majority' of the species 

common to the Tuscaloosa and the Black Cree~ 

(including the Middendorf member) formations 

are found in the lower beds of the Black Creek 

either at Court House -Bluff, on Cape Fear 

River, or in the Middendorf member of South 

Carolina,. the Black Creek flora is essentially a 

unit, the species diagnostic of the Eutaw in 

Alabama being common to the upper and lower 

parts of the Black Creek. 

· The relation of the Tuscal_oosa flora to that 

of . the northern Coastal Plain from Marthas 

Vineyard to Maryland as developed in the floras 

of the Raritan and Magothy formations is exceedingly close. There are 63 species common 

to the Tuscaloosa and ;Raritan and 62 common 

to the Tuscaloosa and Magothy. Of the 63 

species common to the ;Raritan 14 are from the 

upper part of the Raritan and several additional are from unknown localities. A marked 

difference exists between the flora of the upper 

and lower parts of the Raritan, as I have shown 

in a recent publication devoted to the Raritan 

flora. 1 Fifty per cent of the upper Raritan 

flora does not occur in the more abundant lower 

Raritan flora, and the upper Raritan flora i~ 

closely allied to that of the overlying Magothy. 

For these reasons I consider that the lower 

Raritan is older than any part of _the Tusca-. 

loosa a:rid that the basal part of the Tuscaloosa 

is the equivalent of the upper part of the 

Raritan. 

The relation of the Tuscaloosa flora to that 

of the Magothy is very close, more than 41 per 

cent of the TuscaJoosa species being found in 

the Magothy. Obviously the two are nearly 

synchron~us, although their lower limits do not 

correspond, because the upper part of the Raritan is considered to correspond with "the lower 

part of the Tuscaloosa. Their upper limits are, 

also probably not identical, as the Magothy 

formation is much thinner than the Tuscaloosa. 

The uppermost Tuscaloosa may correspond to 

1 Berry, E. W., New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, 1911. 
BEARING OF THE FLORAS ON CORRELATION. 41 

more or less of the Matawan, because the few in a disputed area in Wyoming, in rocks which · 

fossil plants foun.d in the Matawan, comprising may be Colorado instead of Montana in age. 

only 2 or 3 species, all are Magothy survivors. Moreover a large number of the genera repreI-Iowever, I am disposed to think that this sented in the flora of the :Montana group are 

rese1nblance is not i1nportan~, as ·a considerable unrepresented in the Tuscaloosa, Raritan, or 

ele1nent of the Tuscaloosa flora survives in the Magothy of the East. In consequence the 

Eutaw and as the invertebrates of the Eutaw facies is very different, and I have no hesitation 

are 1nainly Magothy and Matawan types, so in considering these eastern floras older than 

that probably the Matawan is mainly to be the known flora of the ~1ontana group, an opincorrelated with the Eutaw, and possibly with ion which has been consistently held by all 

the lower part of the )1ipley as developed in the paleobotanic students who have examined the 

Chattahoochee region. question. 

On turning to the western Gulf area we find To consider briefly. the. European Upper 

in the scanty fiora of the Woodbine sand of Cretaceous floras it is remarkable that 18 

southern Texas 19 Tuscaloosa species, clearly identical species should be found in the Euroindicating the substantial synchroneity of these pean Cenomanian, 2 in the florally poor Turotwo forn1ations on opposite sides of the Missis- nian, and 4 in the Senonian, 1 being the ubiquisippi mnbay1nent. Recently a small. fiora of tous Sequoia reichenbachi, which is without 

28 species has been collected by H. D. Miser significance, and none of the other three being. 

frmn the Bingen formation in Pike and Howard angiosperms; two are conifers with an identical 

counties, Ark. 1 Of these species 18 are com- range in this country and the third is an 

n1on to the Tuscaloosa formation. Mr. Miser Asplenium which survived from the Lower 

proposes to separate the Bingen formation into Cretaceous. Hence the evide~ce of the 'floras 

a lower and an upper n1e1nber, and it is signifi- is overwhelmingly in favor of the pre-Senonian 

cant that the fiora of the lower member is more and pre-Montana age of the Tuscaloosa and 

closely related to that of the Tuscaloosa forma- allied floras. Thirty Tuscaloosa species are 

tion, whereas the flora of the upper member is found in the Atane beds of Greenland ·and ten 

more like thttt found in the Eutaw formation in the Patoot beds of Greenland, a distribuof the eastern Gulf area. tion significantly in accord with the preceding 

The floras of the Western Interior or Rocky statements. 

~{ountnin province show the initial deposits Th~ details of the range of the different oleof the Upper Cretaceous cycle of sedimentation, ments of the Tuscaloosa flora both within the 

the Dakota s~1dstone, to be· rich in fossil vege- forn1ation and elsewhere are shown in the tables 

tation. Forty-eight Tuscaloosa plants are of distribution which accompany this chapter. 

recorded fron1 the Dakota and in. addition CORRELATION OF THE EUTAW FLORA. 

nearly all the genera are con1n1on to the two 

areas with closely related species in both. To Four of the five localities are in the lower 

what extent the Dakota fiora survived in Colo- part of the Eutaw fornlation, which, in the 

Chattahoochee section, is estimated to be 400 rado tiine is unknown, so that comparisons between the East and the West lack precision. qr 450 feet thick, ap.d the flora, which numbers 

41 species, may be discussed as a unit. 

There are only four Tuscaloosa species recorded The following species are new to science and 

from the Montana group, one the widespread are known onl f th d ·t Th y ron1 ese epos1 s. ey are 

Sequoia, reichenbachi, which because of its wide therefore of but slight value for purposes of 

range is lacking in significance; another is Se- precise correl.ation. 

q_uoi(t heterophylkt, which ranges from the Ceno- Androvetti~ elegans Berry. 

manian to the Emscherian in Europe; a third Bauhinia alabamensis Berry. 

is Geinitzi(t formosa, whose later occurrence ·in Cupressinoxylon sp. 

both the Montana and the Senonian of Europe Menispermites variabilis Berry. · b 1 d Paliurus upatoiensis Berry. 

IS to e regarc e as an instruice of survival; Zizyphus laurifolius Berry. 

and the fourth Gleiclienia delicatula, a survivor 

from the Lower Cretaceous that is said to occur The Androvettia is closely related to a similar 

species found in the upper part of the Tusca1 Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot .. Club Bull., vol. 43, pp. 167-190, pi. 7,1917. loosa formation in ¥ississippi and in the Black 
4 2 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Creek formation in North Carolina. The other 

new species are without special significance 

except that they are referred to genera. found 

in the Dakota anA Magothy formations, and 

only the ge~us B_auhinia is found in the 

younger Ripley formation of the eastern Gulf 

area, and none, so far as I know, are represented in the flora of the Montana group of the 

Rocky Mountain province. 

Of the. Eutaw species 20 are survivors from 

the Tuscaloosa and 9 continue into the overlying Ripley; 8 of these make their appearance 

in the Eutaw and serve to give it a distinct 

floral facies. These 8 species are Malapoenna 

horrellensis, Eucalyptus angusta, Halymenites 

major, Manihotites georgiana, Araucaria bladenensis, Araucaria jrif[reyi, Doryanthites cre-

·tacea, and Myrcia havanensis. All of these except the Myrcia and' Halymenites are common 

to the :Slack Creek formation, and two of them, 

Araucaria bladenensis and Doryanthites cretacea, 

are folind in the Magothy formation. 

The Eutaw has 4 species common to the 

Woodbine sand of Texas, 6 to the Bingen formation of Arkansas, 15 to the Dakota sandstone of the West, 12 to the Raritan formation 

. of the northern Coasta.l ·Plain, 15 to the Magothy for:~pation of the northern Coastal Plain, 

20 to the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas and 2 additional in its Middendorf member, 9 in the Atane beds of Greenland, 3 in the 

Patoot beds of Greenland, and 6 in the Cenolarge part of the Black Creek formation and 

with all of the :Magothy formation. Because 

of the thinness of the Magothy it is probable 

that at least the basal part of the Matawan 

formation, which overlies the Magothy in the 

northern Coastal Plain, is also to be ·correlated 

with the Eutaw formation, as I understand 

the invertebrate faunas also indicate. 

Comparisons between the Eutaw flora and 

that of the Upper Cretaceous of Texas, Kansas; 

and the Rocky Mountain province are more 

vague. The Eutaw is obviously younger than 

the woodbine, as the comparison of the woodbine with the Tuscaloosa has clearly indicated. 

(See p. 41.) The Eutaw undoubtedly represents a part of the Dakota flora, but beyond 

this statement the evidence is not specific 

enough. One fact stands out very clearlythe Eutaw flora has nothing in common with 

and is decidedly older than the Montana floras 

of the _Rocky Mountain province, -the stratigraphicsuccessionnecessitating a suggested synchronism with part of the Dakota sandstone 

and part of the Colorado group of the West. 

The Eutaw flora also has nothing in common 

with· the abundant SenoniaJ! floras of Europe, 

and whatever may be the conclusions drawn 

from a study of the invertebrate faunas of the 

overlying beds of the Eutaw, I have no hesitation in affirming that the flora found in its 

bas~l beds is pre-Senonian in age. 

manian of Europe. One species, Sequoia reich- CORRELATION OF THE RIPLEY FLORA. 

enbachi; is common to the Montana group of The flora found in the Ripley formation is 

the West and to the European Turonian and so scanty, including only 21 identifiable species, 

Senonian, and this is ·a species, as I have previ- of which 8 are new and confined to these beds, 

ously pointed out, that is without significance that aocurate correlation is impossible. 

because of its wide geologic range. The paral- The following 8 species, Araucaria bladenlelism between the Eutaw formation, the Black ensis, Araucaria fe~ffreyi, Halymenites major, 

Creek formation of the Carolinas, and the Jf.alapoenna horrellensis, Eucalyptus angusta, 

Magothy formation of the northern Coastal . Doryanthites cretacea, Jfyrcia. havanensis, and 

Plain is even closer than the mere percentages .. Manihotites georgiana, are survivors from the 

would indicate, as it is based upon peculiar Eutaw, and all of these l;mt the Myrcia, HaZyforms, such as the two species of Araucaria, menites, and Eucalyptus are common· to the 

the Oephalotaxospermum, and the Doryan- Black Creek formation of ·the Carolinas, and 

thites, and not upon wide-ranging species. I two of them Ara-ucaria bladenensis and Doryconsider that the basal plant-bearing portion of anthites cretacea, occur in the lVIagothy formathe Eutaw formation is synchronous with a tion of the northern Coastal Plain. 
BEARING OF THE FLORAS ON CORRELATION. 43 

The following specws come fr01n the lower Still another elernent of contrast is furnished 

beds of the Ripley formation: by the presence in the upper Ripley of Cow:ikee 

Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick. Creek of the representatives of four other speAraucaria bladenensis Berry. cies, not specifically determinable but apparAraucaria jeffreyi Berry. . 1 nl"l f h fl Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher. ent y u 1 \:e any o t e older oras with which 

Doryanthites cretacea Berry. I am familiar. These were designated as Fern 

Dryopterites stephensoni Berry. (undeterminable), Laurus? ~.,Salix? sp., and 

Eucalyptus angusta Velenovsky. Sa1Jindus?· sp. . Ficus georgiana Berry. I · Manihotites georgiana Berry. t seems evident, in spite of the meager 

paleobotanic data, that the striking change in 

This llst is of considerable significance, be- our eastern Upper Cretaceous floras, if there 

cause all but the new species of Dryopterites really was a striking change, which may well 

and Ficus occur in the Black.Creek formation, the fu·st, sec~ncl, and fourth are corrinion to the be questioned, took place after the deposition 

Magothy formation, the first and sixth occur of the Cusseta sand member of the Ripley 

in the 'l'uscaloosa formation, and the first and formation. It might perhaps be clearer to say 

seventh go back as far as the uppermost part that in the flora of the Ripley deposits above 

of the Raritan. the Cusseta sand member all close similarities 

'rhe flora of the upper beds of the Ripley with earlier Cretaceous floras had been elimfor.mation, though it consists of only Dryo- inated. One of the Ripley species, Ounningphyllum gracile, Oissites crispus, Sterculia snowii hamites elegans, and the dubious Halymenites 

tennesseensis, Oinnamomum sp., Malapoenna major, are present in the flora of the :Montana 

horrellensis, Eugenia? anceps, Halymenites ma- ·group. of the ·west. · 

DISTRffiUTION OF ·THE TUSCALOOSA, EUTAW~ 

AND RIPLEY FLORAS. 

jor, Manihotites georgiana, Bauhinia ripleyensis, Myrcia. havanensis, Myrica ripleyensis, 

Platanus sp., and Sabalites sp., has little in 

·common with. the flora of the lower Ripley, 

and only three of these species afford a point Details of distribution both within and outof contact with older floras, the Jfanihotites, ·side the eastern Gulf area for all the ut1its of 

Jfy1·cia, and MalaJJoenna making their appear- the Tuscaloosa, Eutaw, and Ripley floras are 

ance in the Eutaw. assembled in the appended table. 
44 UPPER CR.E.T:A.CEOUS F.LORAS IN '.I;ENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

·susmDpy JO uonum.IOJ ua.8um: I .:xx 

:x. . :x. 

·adom~ 'uu~uouas I :x . :~· 

·adom~ 'uu~umouao I :x. 

. .. :x. 

·puuyuaaJD 'spaq aut:lV I. :x. . :x :x. 

·uuHOJt:C)~'qlnos 'uo~l'BUI.IOJ I 

)[88JO )[:::>t:{g JO Jaqmam asO)[Jt: popuapp~w 

. . :x:. . :xx . I I I I I I I 

I I I I I• I I 

·uuHOJUO 1pnos puu uuHOJUO l{l.IO N I 'uO~l't:UI.IOJ )[88J0 )[:::>t:yg JO Sl~sodap {'B:::>~d.AJ, 

I I I I I 

:x :xxx :x. :xxx. >· . :x. 

I I I I I 

:xxx .... :x .. :x :x .. :x .. I I I I I 

:x :xxx. :x :x :x . :x :x . 

. :x: :xx :x. I I I I I 

:x .. . . :x. I I I I I 

. :x. 

:x 

·uuaili 'ynra aayoo I :x :x. ·un 'puag .M..ouy U.a}{O.IH I 

:xx 

:x :x :x :x: :x ·urv 'uuuA't:H .rua N 1 :x :x :xx. :x . :x 

·urv 'AJJad sauo .r 1 :x 

·uyv 'mH duos I . :x 

:x .. 

·u1v 'a:::>uyd .M..ous '.Ann-8 .8~a I X · · :X X :x .:x :xx 

·u1v 'ayupuonoo 1 

''B[V. ''USOO{'t::::lSUJ,.I 

''UIV 'uanv uam I 

. :x:. 

:x 

:x ... :x. . :xx :x. . :x :x 

:x :xxxx : .... :x :xx :x :xxx :x. :x . :xxx:. . :x :x .. . . :xx .. -7~~~~~~~~~~~--~------~~-~ 

... . ' . . : 
Celastrophyllum decurrens Lesquereux __________ ::::: J :1: ::~!: :!x!: :!: :!: :!: :\: :!: :!: :!: ::::\: :!: :!: :!: ::: :!: :!: :1: :!: l :J: :j: :j::: :j_ ~-I ~ ~- -i "\::: :j::: :j: :j: :j: :j: :j: :j: :!- -·- _ 

Citrophyllum aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry ............ .. , .. X, .. XI- .. ·j· ·j· .. ·j· .. -~- -:- ~- .,. - - .,. -~-- - .,. - - .,. • - .,. - • -~- • • • X I X X I X X ,. · · ·j· · · ·j· ··-I-· · · Cladophle~is alabamensis Berry . .. ? ................................ X ......... ~ .... -. -- -- -- -- -- - - -- :- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- · · · · --- - · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·1• • • • 

~~i~i~~~~ky~;:::·~-f:~~::::::;:: :: ~ ~ :~ ~ ~~ :~ :: ~: :::::::::: ~: :~ :: :~-~~ ~~ :~ ~~ ~: ~~ :~ :: i~:~ ::~: :~: :~: ~~~ :::: l: :::: ~ :::::: J Cro~:!;:"~~II:!•;!._~r:J'.;~io~;,;L;B~;.;y:::_-_-_-_-_::::::::: ::~X::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-~-::::-~-:::::::: -x- ::::::::::::::1:: 

Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher ............ .............................. -.................. X .. -- .. ---- ? X X ? -- ><: X X X X · · ·-

, platyp~ylloides(Lesqueretix)Bcrry _______________ ------:-X------ ·t· --~-- ...... ·· .. 1 .... , .. ·· ·· -·- ·· ·· ·· ··.·· X ···· ···· ···· ···· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 

~~1iiifJ~~~~:~·~~:~:;-i:~:::~~~:_::::: _:_:: ~::: :: ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: :~ ~~ ~ ~: ~: ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ :: ~~ ~ ~::: :~: :~: :~:: ~: :-~: :~: ~ :~ :: ~ ~~ ~~ ~- ~~ 

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XX>(: : : : : : X: X : X : : I Glen Allen, Ala. 

>(XXXX: XXXXXX: XXXX: X: XXX XXX: I Shirleys Mill, Ala. 

x : · 1 Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

. . . . X : X : X : X : X X : I Cottondale, Ala. 

· Southwest of Northport, Ala. 

: x: I Upper ravine, Snow place, Ala. 

Big gully, Snow place, Ala. 

Robertsons Landing, Ala. 

Sanders Ferry Bluff, Ala. 

Whites Bluff, Ala. 

Soap Hill, Ala. 

Near Maplesville, Ala. 

Jones Ferry, Ala. I I I I I I 

I I I I I Near Centerville, Ala. 

'x:'' Near Havana, Ala. 

x:'' 'X McBrides Ford, Ga. I I 't Chimney Bluff, Ga. 

rBroken Arrow Bend, Ga. 

>,, 

/' x: X j Coffee Bluff, Tenn. 

. x:' !Near Selme~Tenn .. 

· · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Near Camden, Tenn. 

I Cowikee Creek, Ala. 

I Near Buena Vista, Ga. 

I Near Byron, Ga. ' ' I t' I I Cypress, Tenn. 

x: 

x: - I Woodbine sand, Tex. 

. . x:: x: x::: : xxx: .. I Dakota sandstone, Western Interior. 

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X 1 TypicaCd€rposits of Black-Creek formation, _ North Carolina and South Carolina. I I f I I I I I I I 

x::::::::: x::: : x: I I I I I I I I I Middendorf ar~ose member of J?lackCreek 

formatwn, South Carohna. · 

x:::: x::: : x: I Atane beds, Greenland. 

:::: x: I Patootbeds, Greenland. I I I I I 

I I I . . . . . . . . . I I ...... X X: : : I Montana group, Western Interior. 

>(: :: x: X: : I Cenomanian, Europe. 

1 Turonian, Europe. 

: x: I Senonian, Europe. 

x:. I Lower Cretaceous. 

x: x: ·.,;) I Bingen formation of Arkansas. 

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:oonia lesqu_~rm~xii Knowlton ......... _ .... _ ....... __ . _. X ... _ .. -......... . lesquer~uxnrnmorBerry ........................ --X X ............ -- .. ,. 3eolitesformus Lesquereux. ------------------------ .. X .. X ............ . tgmites pratti Berry ............... _ . ____ .. ·_ -... " . - ............. - -. - - . - . -,. 

llitesasplenioidesBerry .......... ~-------------·-- ------ ·· ------------ --1· 

~ir!;:!B~· .. :-:::::::·:·:·:·:::::::::::::::::: ~ ~ ~ :: ~ :::::::::: ::· ~rites tuscaloosensis Berry .......... ·. ______ .. _ . _ .... _ .. X X .... _ . _ .· _ . _ ... . 

anus asperaeformis Ben·y .. _ ...... _ . _ .. _ . __ . -..... _ ... X :. - - ............ . 

latior(Lesquereux)Knowlton ..................... __ .. -- .. X---- .. ---- .. · .................... -- ............ X .... ---- ........ -- .. ------------ shirleyensia Berry ................. ___ . ___ ... ·_ ..... _ . X .. X . ~ .... _ ......... -- ................ -.......... - ... - . --- -... ---- --.- . - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- sp .. Berry .. _ ................. _ .... ---. _.---- .... -........ - .... -- .. -... -- . - ... - .......... -.. - X ...... --.- -,.- ---- ---- -·--- ---- -- -- -- -. -- -- ... - Podozamites marginatus Heer .......... _ - - __ - _ -. - -..... _ ........... X ...... X . - . - ............. - .......... -. . . . . . . X X -.. - . -.- X -- -- ? -- . - -. X 

· ~~~~l~:h~~r~~~!:nB:~!-~r_:.~~---_-_-_·::,:::::::::::.::::: :: ~ :: ~ x ~: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::: ::· :::: ·x· ::·:: ::::::::::::X:::::::::::::: 

:P:roteoides conospermaefolia Berry ....•............ _ ... -. ~ . X " ............... -.... - ..... - . - ................ --.- ..... -.. -.. - -.. - . --- -- -. -- -- -- .·- -- . - Protodammara speciosa Hollick and J fi!ffrey ........ _ . _ ... _ . X ... - .... -....... - - . - - - ..... - ............. - . . . . . . . . . . . . X ......... --- -- .... -- .... -- .. 

Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry_ -- -. -- .. X .. -- -- -- -- -. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -· -- -- -- -- -- ---- X X X ---- ---- X~-- -· · · ·- ·- · · · · Pterosperrnites carolinensis Berry .................... ___ X X .. X .... -. -. -..... -- -. -... -- .... X ...... -........ - ....... - . . . . X . -. - -- -- -- -... -.. - .. 

~~Ji~~ s~~~~r~;~:~~~~~~-------·_-_-_·::::::::::.:::::::~: :::: ~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~ ::::::X X::::::::·-~--~-::::::_:::::.::::::::::::::::::::: 

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48 . UPPER CRET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

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EQUISETALES. 49 

THE FLORAS. surface crowded overlapping ovate orbicular 

Phylum THALLOPHYTA. lobes of conside1~able consistency and about 2 

Class FUNGI. millimeters or slightly. less in length. 

Order PYRENOMYCETES. This unique forn1 is unfortunately represented by only three specimens, two of which 

Genus SPHAERITES Unger. are figured. These have been submitted ·to 

[Genera et species plantarum fossilium, p. 37, 1850.] p f A W E · d D M A H ro . . ·. vans an r. . . owe, auSphaerites alabamensis Berry, n. sp. thorities on the· Ifepaticae. Prof. Evans disPlate V, figure 1. sents fron1 my opinion that the specimens 

When viewed n1egascopically these remains represent a Cretaceous liverwort. Dr. :Howe, 

appear as elliptical or circular spots from 1 · not forgetting that the remains are problematic, 

to 1.5 nllllinleters ~n diameter, each containing sees a strong superficial resemblance to certain 

several darker dots which represent the spore foliose and subfoliose liverworts, as for example, 

groups. The n1argins of the leaf spots are well the genus Ohiloscyphus of our Southern States 

n1arked and not diffuse. or the tropical genus Noteroclada. 

Sphaerites alabamensis wa.s found in abun- 'It must be admitted that -the remains are 

dance upon various leaves, ip.cluding those of not conclusive, but I know of no vegetative 

Platanus shirleyensis Berry. It is plainly con- characters that can be shown by a fossil hepatic 

generic with the forms usually referred to this that ar~ conclusive. They certainly impre_ss 

genus and very similar to S. problematicus the general student, who is less familar with the 

(Knowlton) Knowlton fron1 the Dakota sand~ details of the living Hepaticae where complete 

stone of Kansas and S. raritanensis Berry from material is available and who therefore does 

the Raritan fo.rll)ation of New Jersey. S. prob- not expect impossible feats of preser~ation, as 

lem,aticus, however, is n1ore irregular in outline remarkably like existing foliose liverworts. 

and infests Sterculia, which is not the host of the Undoubted thalloid liverworts are well known 

Tuscaloosa species: in the Mesozoic, although represented by scant 

A great variety of fungi have the habit of the materials. Foliose forms are n1uch rarer. 

present form and produce .leaf spots in the Saporta 1 has described what he thinks is such · 

higher plants. As the microscopic characters, a form from the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal 

particularly of the spores, are relied upon for as Jungermannites·vetustior. There are sev·eral 

specific differentiation, the correct determina- Tertiary species, including well-preserved and 

tion of fossil forms of this sort is impossible, conclusive material from the Baltic amber. 

and the name chosen must be regarded as con- Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

stituting a purely form genus. Though re- Mill, Fayette CDunty, Ala. 

mains of tlus sort are of little botanic interest, Collection: U.S. National }.1useum. 

except to a certain type of narrow specialists, Phylum PT]i:RIDOPHYTA. 

they have a considerable biologic significance Order EQUISETALES. 

in the evidence which they afford of the exist- G(mus EQUISETUM Linn~ 

ence during the mid-Cretaceous of 'fungi of Equisetum? sp. Berry. 

this order. ~small fragment of what appears to be the 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys stem of an Equisetum occurs in the collections 

Mill, Glen Allen, Fayette County; gully In from the big gully on the Snow place in Tuscathe Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. loosa County, Ala. It is 3.5 centimeters long 

Collections: U. S. National Museunl. and about 3 millimeters in diameter, with 10 to 

Phylum BRYOPHYTA. 12 prominent ribs. Nodes about 6 nullim_eters 

Class HEPATICAE. apart .. 

Order JUNGERMANNIALES. The material is entirely insufficient for 

Genus JUNGERMANNITES Goeppert. specific characterization but is of interest as 

Jungermannites cretaceus Berry, n. sp. indicating the probable presence of this type of 

Plate v, figures 2, 3. plant in the Tuscaloosa flora. The New Jersey 

Raritan species Carpolithus pruniformis New Thallus creeping, foliose, dorso-ventral, with 

fl 1 Saporta, Gaston de, Flore fossile du Portugal, p. 123, pl. 23, fig. 14, a stout exuous axis that bears on its upper 1894. 

65628°-19--4 
50 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS- IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA; AND GEORGIA. 

berry 1 also probably represents fossilized 

Eg_uisetum tubers. · · 

· Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gul\y 

on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National MJ.Iseum. 

Order LYCOPODIALES. 

Genus LYCOPODIUM.Linne. 

Lycopodium cretaceurn Berry? 

Lycopodium cretacewn Berry, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 

30, ~- 275, figs. 1-6, 1~10. 

These remains· consist of fruiting spikes, 

loosely imbricated, of modified foliage leaves 

or bracts. The largest spike seen, which is 

nearly comple.te, is. 5 centimeters in length and 

5 millimeters in diameter, and is probably 

somewhat f:l.attened, the bulk of the specimens 

indicating somewhat smaller dimensions. Axis 

stout. I~racts several-ranked, pedtincled, with 

a cordate or retuse base and an abruptly narrowed, acute, recurved· apex, with an entire 

margin, each ·bract sub tending a large spheroidal sporangi~m which may possibly be reniform, although as preserved in the form of impressions in the clay it appears to be globular. 

There is considerable variation in size, the 

· shorter and smaller spikes being less crowded 

· and somewhat lax in appearance. 

I have described this species from rather 

abundant and relatively well preserved material found in the Middendorf arkose member 

of the Black Creek formation of South Carolina, 

a .somewhat la t_er Cretaceous horizon than the 

occurrence here discussed, which is based 

. upon poor . material that was collected at 

Shirleys Mill from the lower part of the Tuscaloosa formation and is queried because of 

its unsatisfactory characte:r;-. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Glen Allen, Fayet.te County, Ala~ 

. Collections: U. S.-NationalMuseum. 

Genus LYCOPODITES Brongniart. 

.. Lycopodites tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate V, figures 4-7 .• 

Slender, elongated fruiting axes,. bearing 

relatively distant, spirally arranged, short and 

stout, acuminate and often recurved bracts, 

each subtending · an axillary sporangium of 

considerable size. 

The axes vary in diameter from 0.5 millimeter to 2 millimeters, and .some are pre1 Newberry,·J. S., The flora of the Amboy clays: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 26, p.-133, pl. 46,- fig. 42, 1896. 

served for a length of 8 centimeters. The distance between successive bracts ranges from 3 

to 6 .millimeters, averaging nearer the smaller 

than the larger figur.e. The bracts are short 

and stout, curved or recurved, slightly flattened DJnd sharply point~d. The supposed 

sporangia are badly preserved and are commonly wanting. ~They are ovoid in outline, 

broadest proximad, and are about 2 millimeters in diameter. They appear to be of considerable consistency and some specimens 

show longitudinal angles suggesting a comparison with the recent genus Psilotum. 

These cu:rious fossils are exceedingly abundant in the clays of the bas~l part of the Tuscaloosa formation at the Shirleys Mill locality, 

occurring sparingly at Glen Allen. Only two 

possible relationships can be suggested-one 

that they represent some angiospermic fruit 

axes and the other that ·they are lycopodiaceous. The evidence· from . the specimens, 

which are fairly well preserved, does not lend 

any support to the former view. I believe 

that the latter view is conciusive, ~lthough 

naturally th~ir preservation as impressions in 

clay leaves much to be desired. I was at 

first disposed to refer them to Psilotites, but 

there is no positive evidence that the sporangia 

. were bilocular or trilocular, unless their angled 

exterior may indicate that they were compound, and this feature may be due to compression of a sporangium of cop.siderable consistency, such as these were. There is certainlY. a flexing of the axis and a slight swelling 

at the base of the sporangium that reminds one 

of Psilotum, but the subtending bract is simple 

and not forked as in Psilotum, although it is 

of the relative proportions and shape of a single 

fork of a Psilotum bract. Some of the axes 

without traces of sporangia. are comparable to . 

the main axes of Psi.Zotum with reduced 

leaves, and there are no other indications of 

foliar parts in the fossils. The arrangement 

and spacing of the p.a;rts are distinctly more 

open than in any recent lycopodiums known 

to me, the supposed foliage is much more 

reduced, and the sporangia are . relatively 

larger. 

It is possible that the fossil represents an 

early Upper Cretaceous type intermediate in 

habit between Lycopodium and Psilotum. I 

know of no described fossils with which close 

comparisons can be made. The only similar 

form is that based on remains from the Ceno-
FILl CALES. 51 

manian of Bohemia, which were identified by 

Velcnosky 1 as fru!t twigs of a Myrica, an 

identification which is very doubtful.. 

Occm·rence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shi:fleys 

:Mill (common) and Glen Allen (rare), Fayette 

County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Order FILICALES. 

Family POLYPODIACEAE. 

Genus CLADOPHLEBIS Brongniarf. 

Cladophlebis alabamensis Berry, n. sp. 

Phite V, figure 8. 

This species is based upon a single ultimate 

pinnule of a fern of the Cladophlebis. type, 

which therefore fails to l?hed ·any, light on the 

character of the frond as a whole, or on the 

shape of the normal pirmae and pinnules of 

the proximal part of the frond. It may be 

chara~terized as follo~v·s: Frond certainly hipinnate and probably tripinnate. Normal 

pinnae probably made up of numerous lanceolate . falcate pinnules, each attached hy its 

entire base. Pinnae pass ,distad into pinnatificl pim1ules like the specime~ preserved. 

These ultimate pinnules are linear-lanceolate 

in outline, about 3 centimeters in length and 

4 tuillimeters in greatest width. The texture 

is coriaceous and the midrib stout. The margin is cut to form subopposite to alternate 

aquiline pointed lobes separated nearly to the 

midrib proxirnad but becoming gradually obsolete distad. The secondaries are fine and 

show for each ·lobe the typical venation of a 

norn1al Cladophlebia pinnule-that is, a midrib which sends off on either side at acute 

angles simple or dichotomously, once-forked 

veinlets which run directly to the margin. 

This species is clearly dis.tinct from previously described forms, although it suggests 

various Lower Cretaceous species, as, for, example, ClaclozJhlebis albertsii, C. browniana, 

C. ungeri, and C. zJarva, all of which ];lave 

sin1ilar ultimate pinnules. It is closest perhaps to C. browniana and 0. parva, both of 

which range from the botton1 to the top of the 

Lower Cretac<3ous in the :Maryland-Virginia 

area. There is a certain resemblance to various 

Cretaceous species that have been referred to 

the genus Gleichenia, but this resemblance is 

bolicYecl to he purely superficial. 

1 Velnnovsky, Josef, Die Flora der bohmischen Kreideformation, pt. 

2, p.ll, pl. 5, figs. 9-12, 1883. 

Cladophlebis is essentially a form genus which 

is restricted at the present time to include only 

certain fern remains of Mesozoic age, although 

this type of frond is practically identical with 

, those of sorne Paleozoic genera, as, for example, 

Pecopteris, ·and it can also be closely matched 

by a variety of Tertiary and living ferns. 

Cladophlebis was proposed by Brongniart 2 

in 1849 for those species which fonned his section Pecopteris neurozJteroicles,S which he re·-

garcled as transitional between Pecopteris and 

1Veuropteris. Certain of their characters were 

mentioned, but. no form·al diagnosis was at-· 

tempted. The genus has been characterized 

by Saporta,~ Sehimper,5 Seward,6 and·the present writer.7 

Much difference of opinion has prevailed regarding .. the unity and the systematic position 

of the genus, Saporta ~ having long ago pointed 

out that Brongniart's Paleozoic species· had 

nothing in common with those of the Mesozoic, 

and that the Liassic and Oolitic forms, those 

which the former author was discussing, give 

evidence of common characters. At the present time evidence is still lacking from such 

fructified remains as have been discovered of 

. close relationship between all of the various 

species o_f Cladophlebis. Thus Heer discovered, 

in the Siberian ·Jurassic, fragments of the type 

of 0. whitbyensis with soral characters which 

he compared with those of Diplazium, a subgenus of Asplenium, 9 and Schenk has figured 

fertile pinnules of the same type in the allied 

Asplenites roesserti. 1° Certain sepcimens of the 

Jurassic species 0. lobifolia show that the sporangia in this species were apparently borne in 

semicircular pocket-like depressions·· on the 

edges of the fertile segments, 11 whereas the 

fructifications. of 0. denticulata are in the form of 

narrow, oblong sori parallel with the secondary 

veins. and are compared by Seward 12 With the 

modern forms Asplenium lugubre and Phegopt;ris decussata. In his ·latest work on this 

2 Urongniart, Adolphe, Tableau des genres de vegetaux, p. 25, 1849. 

a Brongniart, Adolphe, llistoire des vcgctaux fossiles, p. 320, 1828. 

• Sa porta, Gaston de, Paleontologic fran9aise, ser. 2, Vegetaux, Plantes 

urassiqnes, vol. 1, PP·. 298, 2!l!J, 1873. 

5 Schimper, W. P., Traite de paleontologie vegetale, vol. 3, p. 503, 

1874. 

o Seward, A. C., Wealden flora, pt. 1, p. 88, 1894; 

7 Berry, E. "r., Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 239, 

1911. 

e Saporta, Gaston de, op. cit., vol. 4, p. 357, 1888. 

o Heer,·Oswald, Flom fossilis arctica, vol. 4, p. 38, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4, 1877. 

10 Schenk, August, Diefossile Flora._dcr Grenzschichten des Keupers uni:l 

Lias Frankens, p. 51, pl. 7, figs. 7, 7a, 1867. 

u Seward, A. C., The Jurassic tJora, pt. 1, fig. 23, 1900. 

u Idem, p. 141. 
52 UPPER CR-ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSIS~IPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA .. 

subject he states that "there are fairly good 

grounds for the assertion that some at least- of 

the fronds described under this name are those 

of Osmundaceae." 1 Zeiller 2 in 1910 described 

a species from the Wealden of Peru which he 

considers .identical with ·or, very dose to c. 

browniana, in which the sporangia are biseriate, 

oval, and annulate as in the Schizaeaceae. 

These species are said to be very like those of 

the Jurassic genus Klukia of Raciborski. 

In 1890 Fontaine described 14-so-called species 

of Aspidium Swartz. [Dryopteris Adanson], 

mostly fer.tile fronds from the Lower Cretaceous flora of the Potomac group. These 

leaves showed mostly large elliptical or reniform sori in rows on each side of the midvein, 

and located generally on the distal branch of a 

furcate vein, usually wanting· ·in the apical 

part of the pinnule. These species were compared by this author with modern sp.ecies of 

Aspidium, Cystoperis, Polystichum, and Didymochlaena. By careful comparison I have 

. correlated the fertile specimens described as 

Dryopteris. with the sterile Cladophlebis fronds 

of the same species in five of the types ~hat are 

represented in the Potomac flora by sterile and 

fertile fronds. 3 

Though the foregoing facts are not in unison 

in regard to the ·systematic position of Cladophlebis they ~ll point to the inclusion of the 

American speci~s in the family Polypodiaceae, 

or what answered to this family in Lower Cretaceous time. . It is quite possible that ferl!-S 

of more than one subfamily of the Polypodi'aceae, or, indeed, o~ other families, are included among the various ·described species . of 

Cladophlebis. It need but.be remembered how 

many unrelated modern ferns have fronds of 

the Cladophlebis type, as, for example, certain 

species of Alsop hila, Asplenium, • Cyathea, Dryopteris, Gleichenia, Onoclea, Osmunda, Polypodium, and Pteris, to cast doubt upon the 

botanic affinity of Cladophlebis species unless 

these are attested by ·a. considerable body of 

evidence. 

· A larger number of speci~s of Cladophlebis 

have been described, of- which two species, 

according to Arber, occur in the "PermoCarboniferous" of India. The genus appears 

in force in the Keuper and Rhaetic, with more 

than a dozen recorded species. Over a score 

1 Seward, A. C., Fossil plants, vol. 2, p. 345, 1910. 

2 Zciller, C. R., Compt. Rend., vol. 150, p. 1488, 1910. · 

a Berry, E. W., op. cit., p. 239. · 

are recorded during the Jurassic, certain types, 

such as c. denticulata, apparently becoming 

world-wide in their distribution. For the. 

Lower Cretaceous Saporta has founded a large 

number of species based upon Portuguese material, and Fontaine has instituted a still larger 

number of American species. From the Potomac group of Maryland and Virginia the latter 

author recorded 2.3 diff~rent species, besides 

several varieties of Cladophlebis, all of which I 

have recently revised to form eight legitimate 

species. 4 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

on the· Snow place, Tuscai6osa County, Ala. 

'Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus DRYOPTERITES Berry. 

Dryopterites stephensoni Berry. 

Dryopte:rites stephensoni Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 84, p. 103, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, 1914. 

Fronds bipinnate or possibly tripinnate. 

.Pinnules thick in texture, ovate or lanceolate 

in outline, ascending, merging toward the apex 

of the pinnae. A single vein enters each pinnule, branching from the rachis at an extremely 

acute angle and immediately breaking up into 

three branches, the upper usually remaining 

simple and running to the upper margin, the 

lo"'er usually forking once and running to the 

lower lateral margin,· and the middle dividing 

four or five times to form the main vascular 

system of the pinnule, the distal branches tend 

to remain simple and. the proximal usually fo1~k 

mice. The Alabama sp,ecimens are infested 

with a leaf-spot fungus which simulate sori. 

This species was recently described by me 

from the Upper Cretaceous of Georgia. It is 

quite distinct from any forms known ·from the 

Upper Cretaceous but suggests a comparison 

with various previously described forms, as, for 

example, the fern remains described by Debey 

and Ettingshausen from Aachen (Senonian) on 

the Prussian border as Pteridolemm,a gymnorachis.5 Other forms which show a superficial 

resemblance to the one under consideration are 

those described by Kerner from Lesina, Dalmatia (Cenomanian), as various species of 

P achypteris. 6 

Still other fern remains described as Sphenopteris grevilloides Heer, 7 Grevillea tenera V ele-

• Berry, E. ,V., op. cit., p. 239. 

5 Debey, M. H., and Ettingshausen, C. von, K: Akad. Wiss. Wien 

Denkschr., vol. 17, p. 234, pl. 7, figs. 2i, 22, 1859. 

6 Remer, F., K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 45, pp. 39 et seq., 

1895. 

7 Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 34, pl. 11, figs. 10, 

11, 1874. 
FILICALES. 53 

novsky, 1 and Thyrsopteris grevilloides J-Iollick, 2 

and which range frOin .the Kome beds of Greenland to the Upper Cretaceous of Marthas Vineyard (Magothy formation), are suggestive of 

the present fern in general aspect but are seen 

to cliffer both in outline and venation when careful comparisons are made. The modern genus 

Dryopter·is Adanson (Aspi(lium Swartz) is composite and has .between 400 and 500 species of 

wide geographic distribution in the existing 

flora. Fossil species, which were set apart 

frOin the modern genus as the genus Dryopterite·s by the writer in 1911, have been described 

from the Lower Cretaceous :upward, the Upper 

Cretaceous records including Dryopteris oerstedi 

(Ifeer) Knowlton, from the Atane _and Patoot 

beds of Greenland, and Dryopteris kennerleyi 

(Newberry) Knowlton, from V ancouyer Island, 

neither of which appears to be closely related 

to the present plant. The form identified as 

Dryopteris oerstedi from the Patapsco formation 

of Virginia is Cladophlebis browniana. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, .big gully 

on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County,· Ala. 

(collected by W. M. Fontaine). Ripley formation (Cusseta sand member), cut on the Central 

of Georgia Railway, 1! miles northeast of 

Byron, I-Iouston County, Ga. (collected by L. 

W. Stephenson). 

Collections: U. S. National :Museum. 

Genus ASPLENIUM Linn~. 

Asplenium dicksonianum Heer. 

Asplenium. dicksonian·unt Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 

3, pt. 2, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, 1874; idem, vol. 6, 

pt. 2, pp. 3, 33, pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 32, figs._ 1-8, 1882. 

Dawson, Roy. ·soc. Canada Trans., vol. 1, sec. 4, p. 11, 

1883; idem, vol. 3, sec. 4, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1885; 

Canada Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., new ser., vol. 1, 

p. 76, 1886; idem, vol. 10, ~;ec. 4, p. 91, 1892. 

)~esquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 24, 

pl. 1, fig. 1, 1892. . 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 39, pl. 1, 

figs. 6, 7; pl. 2, figs. 1-8; pl. 3,.fig.'3, 1896. . 

Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 

2, p. 704, pl. 170, fig. 1, 1899; Jour. Geology, vol. 2, 

pp. 25!), 261, 1894. . 

Fontn..ine in Ward, U. S. Geol., Smvey Nineteenth 

Ann. H.ept., pt. 2, p. 664, pl. 162, figs. 6-8, 1899 (not 

Fontaine, 1888). 

Kurtz, Contribuc'iones a la palaeophytologfa argentina,· III: Rev. Musco La Pl::tta, vol. 10, p. 49 (1899), 

1902.' 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 409,- 1911; 

New Jersey Gcol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 68, pl. 5, figs. 

3, 4, 1911_. 

1 Volonovsky, Josef, Die Flora dor bohmischen Kreideformation, 

Thoil4, p. 11, P!· 7, figs. 9, 14, 16, 1885. 

u Hollick, Arthur, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 10-13, 

1907 

This species was described by Heer in 1874 

from the Kome b'3ds (Lower Cretaceous) of 

Greenland as follows: 

·A. foliis triplicato-pinnatis, stipite :firmo, rigido; pinnis 

primariis secundariisque ovato-lanceolatis, pinnulis anguste lanceolatis, inferioribus acute serratis, superioribus 

.integerrimis, acutis. 

It was subsequently identified by I-Ieer from 

the much later Atane beds (Upper Cretaceous) 

of. Greenland; Dawson reported it from anumber of localities in the Kootenai formation 

(Lower Cretaceous) of British Columbia, and 

Fontaine and Ward described it from the 

Lower Cretaceous of the Black Hills. It is 

also. reported by both Lesquereux and Ward 

from the Dakota sandstone and by Kurtz from 

Argentina. It seems very doubtful if these 

specimens can· all be the same plant, and the 

geologic range alone suggests that the earlier 

and the later forms may be distinct. The 

Lower Cretaceous forms certainly suggest a 

relationship with ·those . widespread types of 

sterile fronds variously identified· as Thyrsopteris or Onychiopsis, and they may be compared 

with Onychiopsis goepperti (Schenk) Berry. 

Those of the Upper Cretaceous suggest Anemia 

rather than Asplenium and are much like an 

undescribed A~emia from the lower Eocene 

(Wilcox gr.oup) _of the :Mississippi embayment 

area, as well as the wi~espread Eocene species 

Anemia haydenii (Lesquereux) · and Anemia 

subcretacea (Saporta) Gardner and Ettingshausen. However, in the ·absence of represe~tative mate~ial from· the different horizons, it 

seems unwise to attempt any segregation at 

the present time, and the synonymy -is cited 

in full for the use of some future student who 

may have access to enough material to enable 

him to ma~e an accurate revision and segregation of this so-called sp~cies. Attention 

should also be called to its resemblance to th_e 

form occurring in the Upper Cretaceous of 

Greenland, the Raritan fQrmation of New Jersey, and the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama, 

which goes by the name of Dicksonia groenlandica Heer, although the ground for considering it a Dicksonia is entirely inconclusive. 

In addition to the localities enumerated 

above the present species is abundant in the 

Raritan formation of New Jersey and Maryland and material that is absolutely identical 

with the New Jersey Raritan material which I 

have seen, and with that from the Dakota 
54 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

sandstone, occurs in the lower part of the Tus- Occurrence: Tuscalqosa formation, upper racaloosa. vine and big gully on the Snow place, TuscaOccurrence: Tuscaloosa form.ation,' Shirleys loosa County; Shirleys· Mill, Fayette County, 

M~, Fayette County, Ala. . Ala. · 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Family CYATHEACEAE. 

Genus DICKSONIA Presl. 

[Tentamen pteridographiae, etc., p. 135, 1836.] 

Dicksonia groenlandi.ca Heer. 

Dicksonia groenlandica · Heer, Flora fossilis ar~tica, vol. 6, 

Abt. 2, p. 23, pl. 35, figs. 8,· 9, 1882; idem, vol. 7, 

p. 2, pl. 48, figs. ·1-3, 1883. . 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 66, pl. 4, 

fig. 1, 1911. . 

Dicksonia borealis Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, Abt. 

2, p. 23, pl. 44, fig. 2, 1882 (not D. borealis I:1eer, 

1878, a very different Jurassic species). 

Seguoia heterophylla Velenovsky, Ward, i:ri Smith, E. A., 

On the geology of the Coastal' Pla-in of Alabama, p. 

348, 1894 (not Velenovsky). 

Anemia st"ricta Newberry, The flora of the Amboy Clays, 

p. 38, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1896.· 

"}Ieer's·description, published in 1882, is a.s 

follows: 

D. foliis bipinnatis, pinnulis erectis, oblongo-lanceolatis, 

basi attenuatis, integerrimis, ·net:vis subtilissimis, nervillis 

~ngulo acuto egredientibus, erectis. 

Both of Heer's types~which are here united 

with Newberry's species, are small fragments 

of ultimate pinnae, which their author confesse~ are very similar, a f~ct well b;rought out 

by a comparison of the figured specimens. 

The material from the middle part of the Raritan formation at Woodbridge, N. J., is more 

ample; and, as may be seen lower do~ on the 

frond, the pinnules become .toothed. and finely 

pinnatifid, a feature not seen in the Greenland 

material. . There is slight reason, however,· for 

doubting their identity. Newberry hi..mself 

pointed out that the Dicksonia borealis of 

Heer was probably identical with his species 

from New Jersey .. Although common at 

Woodbridge, N. J., this species has not been 

found elsewhere in the Coastal Plain except in 

the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama. It is 

present in both the Atane and Patoot beds of 

Greenland. 

In Alabama it does not appear to be common, and the specimens .are rather fragmentary. 

In this S,tate it is distinguishable with difficulty 

from Sequoia heterophylla, which is also present 

in the Tuscaloosa formation and with which 

Ward confused the present species. The two 

species are easily and sharply distinguished by 

the great difference in the characters of their 

venation. 

Family GLEICHENIACEAE. 

Genus GLEICHENIA Smith. 

Gleicheni~ delicatula Heer. 

Gleichenia delicatula Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 

2, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. lle; f; pl. 10, figs. 16, 17, 1874; 

idem, vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 9, 1882. 

Velenovsky, Die Fame der bohmischen Kreideformation, p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 12-14, 1888. 

(?) Hollick, Torreya, vol. 2, p. 147, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1902. 

Gleichenia micromera Heer. Newberry, The flora of the 

Amboy clays, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 6, 1896. . 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 66, 1911. 

'Heer's description, published in 1874, 1s as 

follows: 

Gl. fronde gracillima, dichotoma, bipinnata, rachi 

tenuissima, pinnis approximatis, patentibus, linearibus, 

pinnulis minutissimis, rotundatis. 

This species is a very delicate and handsome 

type, with tiny rounded coriaceous pinnules. 

close set and united to the rachis by their 

entire base, and with elongated ·linear pinnae 

not over 1 millimeter to 1.5 millimeters . in 

width. It is separated with difficulty from 

the contemporaneous small pinnuled gleichenias, especially if the material comprises only 

the distal portions of the pinnae. of these other 

forms. It was described from the Kome beds 

(Lower Cretaceous) of Greenland by Heer in 

the third volume· of his Arctic Flo:ra, where it 

is immediately followed by tl?-e description of 

Gleichenia micromera, which may represent 

the same plant, the sole stated difference being 

the ovate shape of the pinnules of G. micromera, 

which are not united to the rachis by their 

en tire- base. The occurrence of Gleichenia 

micromera in· the Raritan is based upon the 

misidentification by Newberry of fragmentary 

specimens that are identical with those from 

the Tuscaloosa f,ormation of Alabama. Both 

specimens have their pinnules united by their 

whole base and therefore belong to Gleichenia 

delicatula as defined by Heer. Similar re-

:mains are present in. the Upper Cretaceous of 

the Cumberland coal field in Wyoming, according to Knowlton. They have also been 

reported in considerable abundance from the 

Cenomanian of Bohemia by V eleno.vsky. 

The genus Gleichenia (including Dicranopteris) is a most interesting one. In the living 
CYCADALES. 55 

flora it has abO.ut 25 species, widely distributed 

throughout the tropics of both hemispheres, 

subtropical eastern_ Asia, and the humid 

regions of the southern zone. The fossil 

species are equally nvmerous and widespread. 

Aside from those forms from the Paleozoic 

and older Mesozoic which have been referred 

. to the Gleicheniaceae, which reference is not 

conclusive, the genus enjoyed a wide adaptive 

radiation during the lower and ~iddle Cretaceous. In the Lower Cretaceous (Kome 

beds) of Greenland fleer has described 15 

species of Gleichenia, some of which reach 

the interior of North America, but none 

appa1;ently occur in the Atlantic Coastal 

Plain. By the middle Cretaceous ·several of 

.these Greenland forms had become widespread, and identical species occur in such 

widely separated localities as .. Europe and 

Kansas, or Europe, Greenland, Wyoming, 

and New Jersey.. Four of the G:reenland 

species find their way south alo.ng the Atlantic Coastal Plain and four reach Europe, 

.where several additional species have also 

been described. With the gradual change of 

.Tertiary climates · t.he Gleicheniaceae moved 

southward, the only American fossil. species 

.of that age being the doubtful Gleichenia 

obscura Knowlton from the ·Tertiary Esmeralda formation (Oligocene~) 'of .Nevada. 

This southern movement probably continued 

until Pleistocene time, sending the 'Gleicheniaceae.into the West Indies, along the Andes into 

South America, along the eastern Asiatic 

coast, and across southe~:u Europe into Africa. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

:Mill, Fayette County, Ala. . 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Family MARATTIACEAE (1). 

Genus MARATTIA Swartz.(?). 

Marattia cretacea V elenovsky (?). 

ltfamtt·ia cretacea Velenovsky, Die Farne der bohmischen 

Kreideformation, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 13, 1888. 

Velenovsky's description, published in 1888, 

is as follows: 

Frond large and long, with a finely toothed nui.rgin, 

slender midrib and numerous slender once or more dichotomously forked lateral veins. 

This species was described by Velenovsky in 

1888 from a single specimen found in the Perucer clays near Melnik in Bohemia (Cenomanian). Asmallfragmen t indistinguishable from 

this specimen occurs in the clays of the Tuscaloosa formation at Glen Alle11, Ala. It suggests very much the Lower Cretaceous remains 

usually referred to the form genus J;'a~niopteris, 

as, for example, Taeniopteris nervosa (Fontaine) 

Berry' 1 from the Patuxent formation of the 

Atlantic Coastal Plain. The evide.nce for its 

reference to the genus MarC!'ttia is entirely inadequate a1id inconclusive. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museun1. 

Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Class GYMNOSPERMAE. 

_ Order CY:CADALES ( ?) . 

Genus PODOZAMIT;ES Friedrich Br!iun. 

Podozamites marginatus Heer. 

Plate VI,. figure 1. 

Podozamites m.arginatus Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, 

Abt. 2, p. 45, pL 16, fig. 10, 1882 (not Berry, 1903). 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 44, pl. 13, 

. figs. 5, 6, 1896. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 410, 1911; 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 74, 1~11. 

. Pinu'ules rather large,·ranging from 15 to 20 

centimeters in length, '\l'ariable in width,- which 

ranges fron1 1.5 to 3 centimeters, the Tuscaloosa specimens being of minimum rather than 

maximum dimensions. . Apex and base pointed, the a11-gle dependent on the width of the 

pinnules. Base somewhat thickened and more 

o'r less abruptly narrowed · in wide forms. 

·veins parallel, very fine and. numerous, 30 or 

more in number. Texture thin but p~obably 

coriaceotis. 

This species was described by -Heer from 

the Atane beds of western Greenland a.nd was 

illustrated by a single rather poor figure. It 

was tentatively identified by Newberry from 

th.e middle part of the ;Raritan formation of 

Woodbridge, N.J. The.Alaf>ama 'form is certainly identical with the New Jersey n1aterial, 

and the same species is present in the ;Raritan 

·in Maryland. Whether these are identical 

with the type is not certain, although such 

identity is probable. I have recorded this 

same species from the Magothy formation of 

New Jersey,Z but -this material proves to be referable to· the subsequently discovered genus . . . 1 Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. SurYcy, Lower Crct.:1rc'ous, p. 2<J3, pl. 

77, fig. 1, 1911. 

2 Berry, E. W., New York Bot.. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 99, pl. 46, 

fi~s. 1, 3, 1903. 
56 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Doryanthites of the Black Creek formation in 

North Carolina and homotaxial deposits in 

Georgia and Alabama. · 

Podozamites marginatus is exceedingly abundant at some outcrops near the base of the Tuscaloosa formation. It is represented to the 

exclusion of almost all other plant types near 

the top of ·the fossiliferous portion of the section in the big gully on. the Snow place. The 

remains, like most of those represente4 at this 

outcrop, are very badly macerated and must 

have been thoroughly decayed before fossilization, being much split between the veins. 

Similar distorted fragments were mistaken by 

Fontaine for Lower Cretaceous forms of Larico psis. . The pres(m t species shows considerable similarity to the Lower Cretaceous species 

Zamites tenuinervis Fontaine, which is so common in the Patapsco formation of the Potomac 

River valley. 

Occurrence:. Tuscaloosa formation, Soap Hill, 

Bibb County; Sno_w place, Tuscaloosa County, 

Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa fo~n1ation, 

Allen, Fayette County, Ala. . 

·collection: U. S .. National :Museum. 

Order CONIFERALES. 

Genus CEPHALOTAXOSPERMUM Berry. 

Cephalotaxospermum carolinianum Berry. 

Glen 

Cephalotaxospermum carolinianum Berry, Torrey Bot. Club 

Bull.; vol. 37, p. 187, 1910. 

. Drupaceous fruits solitary ( ?) , sessile, or 

with an extremely short and stout peduncle, 

ovid, somewhat pointed apically and inclined 

to become slightly cordate below, consisting of 

an outer fleshy layer and an inner bony layer, 

as in the Cycad ales and Ginkgoales; the surface 

mammillated much as in the Podocarpus elongata but less markedly so. Bony endocarp 

ovate-acuminate, immersed in the apical part 

of the exocarp. Evidently the drupaceous 

fruits of some Cretaceous member of ·the 

Taxaceae, which finds its closest homology in 

the recent flora in the fruits of Oephalotaxus 

and certain species of Podocarpus. These 

drupes have the following dimensions, as preGenus CYCADINOCARPUS Schimper. served in a much flatten.ed condition: Length 

[Traite de paleontologie vegetale, vol. 2, p. 2081 1870.] 6 to 13 millimeters, averaging about 10 millimeters; breadth 5 to 10 millimeters, averaging 

about 8 millimeters; thickness about 3 milli- Cycadinocarpus circularis Newberry, The flora of the Amboy 

I 4.6 1 46 fi 1-4. 1896 ~eters; fruit in lif~ probably almost circular c ays, p. , p . , gs. , . 

Smith, E. A., On the geology of the Coastal Plain of in cross section. Peduncle short and stout, or 

Cycadinocarpus . circularis Newberry. 

Alabama, p. 348, 1894. wanting. Stone ovate-acunlinate, lying in the 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p.' 79, f 911· apical part of :the fleshy exocarp, with the 

Discoid fruits almost circular in outline from be~ked micropylar end reaching almost or 

6 to 12 millimeters in diameter, sometimes quite to the apex. As preserved in a much 

slightly emargi,nate on one side at the point flattened condition in the clays, these fruits 

which Prof. Newberry believed to be the point tend to split into two parts, disclosing the 

of attachment but which is probably the distal bony endocarp or merely a cast of its cavity. 

micropylar extremity. As usually preserved, The fleshy part of the fruit is. carbonized and 

the impression shows two concentric circles .fails to show any histologic details. There is 

1 to 2 millimeters apart, the inner representing 'some evidence or at least a suggestion in some 

the outline of the inner seed coat arid the outer specimens of the remains of a micropylar canal. 

layer the slightly fleshy external coat. Away from the pointed apex, the exocarp is 1 

These fruits always occur detached and are to 2 millimeters in thickness, reaching a thickpresent in considerable abundance in the middle ness of 3 millimeters at the chalazal end. 

part of the Raritan formation of New Jersey. These fruits are very abundant at certain 

Similar remains are recorded from the Tusca- localities in the Black Creek formation in 

loosa formation of Alabama, and they are also North Carolina, and they have been collected 

present in the Black Creek formation of North in the extension of this formation near FlorCarolina. As their name indicates, they are ence, S. C.· In Ala.bama they have only been 

assumed to represent the fruit of some con- collected in the basal part of the Eutaw fortemporaneous species of cycad. mation in Hale .County. 
CONIFERALES. 57 

Fruits referable to the Taxaceae are extreinely rnre iti the fossil state, as are also remains of foliage which can be referred with 

certainty to this family. Both Tumion and 

Oeplwlotaxopsis from the Lower Cretaceous 

of Maryland and Virginia are founded upon 

foliage which seems referable with considerable 

cm:tainty to this family, and these same strata 

in those States abound in the foliage referred 

to the genus Nageiopsis, which seems· to be 

Podocarpus are ~the absence of the thickened 

peduncle of Podocarpns and the presence of. 

foliage in the same beds with these seeds de-

·scribed by the writer as Tumion carolinianum 6 

and which is of the same type as that of Oephalotax'l.lS. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

2 miles south of Havana, Hale County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

closely related to Podocarpus, s.o that there is Genus PROTOPHYLLOCLADUS Berry. 

considerable reason for expecting to find [Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 30, p. 440, 1903.] 

Upper Cretaceous representative's of the family 

in this same general region. Heer 1 described Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry. 

a leafy twig from the Patoot beds (Senonian) of Phyllocladus subintegrijolius Lesquereux, Am. Jo~. Sci., 

Greenland, with a large solitary fruit which 2dser., vol. 46, p. 92, 1868; The Cretaceous flora, p. 

he called OeJ?halotaxites insignis, an identifica- 5~, pl. 1, fig. 12, 1874; The flora of the Dakota group,· 

tion which Solms-Laubach 2 seems to consider P· 34• pl. 2• figs. 1-3, 1892. 

P

robable. Bertrand a has described carbon- Protophyllocladus sttbintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry, 

Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 30, p. 440, 1903; idem, 

izecl seeds from the Aachenien of Tournay, vo 1 . , 31 p. 69 , p . , 1 1 fi g. 5 , 1904 ; J h o ns · H op ki ns u mv. · Belgium, under the name of Vesquia tour- Circ., new ser., No. 7, pp. 89-91, fig. 6, 1907; New 

naissii, which he considers, because of the Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 98, pl. 9, 1911. 

arrangement of the vascular bundles, as inter- Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 36, pl. 5, figs. 1-6, 1906. 

mediate between Tumion and Oephalotaxus. Thinnjeldia lesq.uereuxiar~:a Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 

It certainly seems to be significant that re- 6 Abt 2 37 I 44 fi 9 10 1 46 fi 11 12 . , p. , p . , 1gs. , ; p . , gs. , a, 

mains of this sort occur at nearly homotaxial b, 1882. 

horizons in America, Europe, and Greenland. Hollick, New: York Acad. Sci. Trans., ·vol. 2, p. 99, 

None of the foregoing, however, are com- pl. 3• fig. 6• 1892. · 

parable with the presQnt forms, although Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 59, pl. n, figs. 1-17, 1896. 

certain indefinite remains described by Les- Thinnjeldia subinteg1'ijolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. s. 

quereux as Inolepis sp.,4 are remotely ~uggestive Geol. Survey Bull. 152, p. 228, 1898. 

of them. It is not believed, however, that Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 2, pp. 58, 419, 

they are congeneric. · pl. 3, figs. 4, 5, pl. 36, fig. 6, 1898; New York Bot. 

The modern genus Oephalotaxus Siebold and Garden Bull., vo( 2• P· 403, pl. 41, figs. 13, 14, 1892. 

Zuccarine, with four species, is confined to the · Leaves oblong to linear· in outline and 

China-Japan region, although it seems evident coriaceous in texture, from 3 to 17 centimeters 

that it was much more widespread in former in length by 0.6 centimeter to 3 ~entimeters 

geologic times, an·d to it should probably be . in width. Apex usually obtuse, rarely pointed. 

referred some of the leafy twigs included in the Base decidedly and narrowly cuneate to the 

genus Taxites of Brongniart. Fruits of three short petiole. Margins entire below, above 

species of Oephalotaxus, apparently identified obtusely dentate or undulate, with a few teeth 

correctly, are described by Kjnkelin 5 from the which are acute. Midrib stout below, becomupper Pliocene deposits of the Main· Valley in ing attenuated above and commonly disappearGermany. The features which seem to indicate ing some distance below the· apex. Laterals 

a closer relation with Oephalotaxus than with numerous, close, immersed; they branch at an 

1 Beer, Oswald, }~lora fossilis arctica, vol. 7, p. 10, pl. 53, fig. 12, 1883. 

2 Sohns-Laubach, H., Fossil botany, p. 61, 1891. 

a Bertrand, C. E., Soc. bot. Fro.nco Bull., vol. 30, p. 29?, 1883. 

• Lcsquereux, Leo, in Hayden, F. V., U. S. Geol. and Gcol. Survey 

Terr. Ann. Ucpt. for 1874, p. 337, pl. 4, fig. 8, 1876; The Cretaceous and 

Tertiary floras, p. 33, pl. 1, fig. S, 1883. 

~Engelhardt, Hcrm::um, and Kinkelin, T., Scnckenberg.'naturf. Gesell 

Abh., vol. ll93, p. 194, pl. 23, figs. 9-13, 1908. 

angle of about 20°; running nearly straight 

and approximately parallel to the margin, in 

places forking. Stomata scattered on both 

surfaces, with typical guard cells. 

6 Berry, E. W., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 25, pp. 382-386, figs. 1-3,· 

1908. 
58 UPPER CR-ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

This widespread species ranges in considerable _abundance from Green1and (Atane beds) 

to New Jersey (Raritan and Magothy formations) and west to Kansas and· Nebraska 

(Dakota sandstone). It was. originally referr~d to Phyllocladus by Lesquereux, and his 

type is almost identical with certain phylloclads of modern members of this genus. Subsequently discovered remains from Kansas are 

considerably larger than the type, as are also. 

a number of the Greenland specimens. Some 

of the Raritan forms have a somewhat different 

aspect, being long and narrow; some of the 

· margins ar~ entire, but many of them are more 

or less sharply toothed. 

Much controversy has centered around these 

forms and especially around the older Mesozoie 

forms referred to the genus Thinnfeldia Ettings-. 

hausen, to which these later forms were once 

referred. That genus has been referred successively to the conifers~ the ferns, and the cycads. 

There has never been much doubt that the. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala~· · 

Collection: U. S. N ationall\1useum. 

Gen:us CUNNINGHAMITES Presl. 

Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher. 

Cunninghamia elegans Corda in Reuss, V ersteinerungen 

der bohmischen Kreideformation, pt. 2, p. 93, pl. 49, 

figs. 29-31, 1846. 

Cunninghamites elegans (Corda) Endlicher, Synopsis 

Coniferarum, p. 305, 1847. 

Ben·y, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, p. 106, 1914. 

I -have recently discussed the occ~rrence of 

this form in the Eastern Gulf Cretaceous in the 

paper cited. 

·Occurrence: Rip~ey formation (Cusseta sand 

member), near Byron, Houston County, Ga. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus DAMMARA Lamarck. 

[En~yclopedie methodique, vol. 2, p. 259, 1786.] 

Dammara borealis Heer. 

later forms were gymnospermous. I can posi- · Dammara borealis Beer, Flora fossilis arctica,. vol. 6, 

tively affirm this· conclusion, and also that they Abt. 2, P· 54, P~· 37, fi~. 5, 1882. · 

· t h 11 1 d d t 1 _ · t·h· t .· t Velenovsky, Kvetena ceskeho cenomanu, vo~ .. 7, are rue p _Y oc a_ s_ an no eaves m e s nc pl. 1, figs. 28, 29, 1889. 

morphologic sense. Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., v~l. 12, p. 31, 

Whether or not they are closely related to pl. 1, fig. 17, 1892; New York Bot. Garden Bull., 

the modern genus Phyllocladus if? still in doubt, vol. 2, p. 402, pl. 41, fig. 6, 1902; The Cretaceous 

although there are some excellent arguments flora of southern New York and New England, 

f h · 1 t' hi Th- h f ·1 . · p. 37, pl. 2, figs. 2-11 (part), 12-26 (part), 27a, 1907. 

or sue are a Ions P· oug OSSl Iemams · Newberry The·fl.ora of the Amboy clays p. 46 pl. 10 

of undoubted relationship to Phyllocladus are fig. 8, 1S96. ' · ' ' 

extremely rare, Gothan1 has described wood of Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. SO, i911. 

a similar type from the Jurassic of the east ---(not named) Hitchcock, Final report on the geology 

coast of Greenland u~der the name of Phyllo- of Massachusetts, vol. 2, P· 430, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5, 1841. 

cladoiylon. The present species has not here- Heer's description, published in 1882, is as 

tofore been found in t'he Coastal Plain south of follows: 

the New Jersey area, being apparently replaced D. strobilorum squamis coriaceis, radiatum sulcatis, 

in the Magothy formation of Maryland by an· 22 rom. latis, apice obtuse rotundatis, apiculatis, basi 

allied species, Protophyllocladus lobatus Berry/ attenuatis. 

which is a very abundant form in the Midden- Scalelike organisms· from 1 centimeter to 2 

do.rf arkose member of the Black Creek forma- centimeters or possibJy more in length,· rounded 

tion of South Carolina. The Alabama remains distally and showing in some specimens a 

consist of scarce fragments of the proximal slightly emphasized apiculate po_int. Greatly 

parts of phylloclads and may possibly represent expanded laterally in the upper part to a 

Protophyllocladus· lobatus, although they are b:r:eadth reaching 2.5 centimeters, ·abruptly conmore like Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius. tracted at or about the middle to a cuneate or 

Characteristic remains of the latter. have re- straight-margined flat peduncle about 5 millicently been sent to me from Sakhalin Island meters in width, with numerous resin canals, 

by M. Kryshtofovich, a Russian paleobotanist. approxin1ately parallel with the lateral margins 

and dyin0CF out proximad, filled with an amber- 1 Gothan, Walter, K. svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand!., vol. 42, No. 10, 1907.· 

s Berry, E. w.,Torrey Bot. Club_Bull., vol. 38, p. 403,1911. like substance. 
CONIFERALES. 59 

R.ernains of this species were described and Br(Lchyphyllurn rnacrocarpwn jorrnoswn Berry, id'em. vol. 

figured by I-Iitchcock in his account of the or- 39, P· 392, pl. 30, 1912. 

ganic ren1ains found at Gay Head, Marthas Slender elongated twigs, pinnately branched, 

Vineyard, as long ago as 1841. He did not covered.with medium:-sized, crowded, appressed 

name then1 but i·emarks: "It seems to Die very leaves, spirally arranged. Leaves bluntly 

obvious that these remains 1nust be the seed pointed, relatively smooth, thick. 

vessels of s<;>me coniferous plants." In 1882 In the considera,tion of the various specin1ens 

IIeer found similar forn1s.in the material from that have been referred to Brachyphyllum 

. the west coast of Greenland and named and macrocarzJum a very considerable variation 

described then1, ·as well a~::~ two other :very simi- within certain fixed limits is at on·ce obvious. 

lar forms, and definitely recognized their rela- This variation is usually one of size, the more 

tion to Damma-ra. Subsequently, they have. slender specimens being at· the same time more 

been recorded fron1 the European Cenomanian ·elongated and smoother. This feature has 

by Velenovsky, Krasser, and Beyer, from the been frequently noted by the writer and is 

Raritan formation of New Jersey by Newberry, ·conm1ented upon by Knowlton/ who in disand from Long Island and Staten Island by cussing the younger forms from Wyoming sugI-Iollick. They are abundant in the middle gests that the species on the verge of extinction 

part of the Raritan at Woodbridge, N. J., and became smaller in its proportions. In studyoccur in the upper part of the Raritan (at· the ing the 1naterial from the South Atlantic and 

same horizon as the beds ~t South Amboy, N. Gulf States I noticed a constant difference in 

J.) immediately across the Arthur Kill on size. This difference may reflect a slight difStaten Island. ference in clin1atic conditions, and all the 

The writer has found these scales in the :Mata- forms may be interpreted as the variations of 

wan formation of Maryland and in the Black a single species; in fact, Newberry's figure from 

Creek foi·mat.ion of North Carolina.· They have the Raritan formation in New Jersey 2 is 

not yet been detected in the Cretaceous de- approximately the same size as the forms fron1 

posits of South Carolina or Georgia and are not ·the Montana group· of the West and is assocominon in the Tuscaloosa formation, the only ciated with the normal stout, club-shaped type. 

lmown locality being the one cited from western That the variety has no particular stratigraphic 

Alabama where this species is very sparingly significance is indicated by its abundance in 

represented. beds as old as 'the lower part of. the Tuscaloosa 

Sin1ilai· remains have_ been considered by and its presence. in .the Woodbine sand of 

I-Ieer, White, K.rasser, and. others as repre- Lamar County, Tex. · 

senting the fruits of Eucalyptus, but it seems In general, however, the present variety 

obvious that their relations are definitely with occurs at later and more southern horizons 

the araucarian conifers. than the type. This· difference might be 

Occurrence: 'Tuscaloosa formation, upper ra- ascribed to the fact that only the slender 

vine and big gully on the Snow place, Tusca- terminal twigs are preserved, but such an 

loosa County; Shirleys l\1ill, .Fayette County, explanation is regarded as improbable, for the 

Ala. ·same reasoning should hold good for the areas 

Collections: U. S. N a tiona! Musetim. where only thicker twigs have been found. 

The remains are usually much macerated 

and broken, and the immediate cause for the 

[Prodrome d'une histoire des vegetaux fossiles, p. 109, recognition of a new variety was the discovery· 1828.] . 

Genus BRACHYPHYLLUM Brongniart. 

Brnchyphyllum macrocarpum formosum Berry. 

Plate V, figure 9. 

Brachy]Jhyllum rnacrocarpum, Berry, Torrey Bot. Club 

Bull., vol. 37, p. 183 (not Newberry, 1896), 1910. 

? Brachyphyllum macrocar:pum, Berry, idem, vol. 38, p. 

420, 1911. 

of a relatively large specimen from the Magothy 

formation . of Maryland, which showed such 

striking unlikeness to the type that separation 

was demanded and specific differentiation was 

1 Knowlton, F. H., U.S. Gcoi. Survey Bull. 163, p. 29, pl. 4, figs. 5,6, 

1900. 

2Newberry, J. S., U.S. Geol. Survey ~on. 26, pl. 7, fig. 7, .1896. 
60 UPPER. OR.ETAOEOUS FLORAS .IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

even considered. In view, however, of the 

occurrence of both forms in association in 

Maryland and the well-known variation of 

not only the type but of coniferous foliage in 

general, it seemed wiser to consider the present 

form as a vaTiety of the type, which as time 

progressed supplanted it to a large extent, if 

not altogether. 

. The new specin1en fron1 Maryland shows the 

terminal part of two approximately parallel 

and curved twigs, about 12 centimeters in 

length, united proximad. These twigs in their 

thickest portion are only 6 millimeters in 

diameter. At intervals of 3 to 5 millimeters 

subopposite lateral branches are given off in a 

pinnate manner. These branches. are relatively _much elongated, curved, and slender, 

averaging about 4 centimeters in length by 2 

millimeters in diameter, bluntly pointed, and 

not tapering to any appreciable extent. They 

have been occasionally observed to fork 

pseudodichotomously, and some of them give 

off toward their distal el).ds -tiny lateral 

branchlets less than a centimeter in length and 

about a millimeter in diameter. 

The general proportions are thus decidedly 

different from the supposed parent type. The· 

leaves are slightly smaller and smoother and 

somewhat .more elongated in their relative proportions, at the same time lacking the apical 

papilla and the convergent striae. The form 

is much more graceful . than the type in appearance and in its general aspect suggests the 

Lower Cretaceous genus Arthrotaxopsis of 

Fontaine. 

Though tiny species of Brachyphyllum like 

Brachyphyllum microcladurri Saporta, of the 

N eo-Jurassic, have been described, the new 

variety is even more slender than Brachy-· 

phyllurri gracile Brongniart, of the Jurassic. 

The most closely allied form known appears to 

be one from the Albian of Buarcos in Portugal 

·described by Saporta 1 as Brachyphyllum obesiforme elongatum. There is also considerable 

resemblance to Brachyphyllum crassicaule Fontaine, of the Patapsco formation in Maryland 

and· Virginia. 

Remains of this .new variety are not at all 

uncommon in the Tuscaloosa formation, where 

1 Saporta, Gaston de, Flore fossile du Portugal, p. 176, pl. 31, fig. 14, 

1894. . 

they range from a horizon near its base in 

Fayette County up into the basal portion of 

the Eutaw formation in Hale County and also 

just east. of Chattahoochee River in Georgia. 

It also occurs in the Magothy formation of 

Maryland and in the Woodbine sand of Texas. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; Whites Bluff, Greene 

County, Ala. Eutaw formation (basal beds),· 

2 niiles south of Havana, Hale County, Ala.; 

McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus PROTODAMMARA Hollick and Jeffrey. 

[Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, p. 199, 1906.] 

Protodammara speciosa Hollick and Jeffrey. 

Protodammara speciosa Hollick and Jeffrey, Am. Naturalist, vol. 40, p. 199, pl. 1, figs. 5-13; pl. 2, figs. 1-5, 

1906; New York Bot. Garden Mem., vol. 3, p. 46, 

pl. 4, figs. 1-11; pi. 10, figs. 1-3; pl. 14, figs. 1, 4, 5; 

pl. 15, figs. 1-6; pl. 16, fig. 1, 1909. 

Dammara microlepis Hollick (non Heer), New York Acad.· 

Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 57, pl. 3, figs. 9a, b, 1898. 

Dammara minor Hollick. The Cretaceous flora·of southern 

New York and New England, p. 40, pl. 2, figs. 35-

37, 1906. 

The description by Hollick and Jeffrey, 

published in 1906, is as follows: 

Organisms consisting of kite-shaped cone scales, from 4 

to 6 millimeters long by 4. to 6 millimeters broad above, 

abruptly narrowed from about the middle to the base, 

rounded, incurved, and apiculat~ above; resin ducts five 

or more, extending down the lower surface of the limb; 

seed scars three in number, crescentically arranged above 

the middle and approximately in the broadest part of the 

scale, with the central one higher up than the laterals. 

These interesting cone scales, of which 

structural material has been described by Hollick and Jeffrey from the Raritan formation at 

Kreischerville, S.taten Island, and which is 

recorded by Hollick from the Magothy formation of Block Island, occurs at Shirleys Mill in 

the .Tuscaloosa formation. The dimensions of 

the specimens from the Tuscaloosa are 4 by 5 

millimeters. They are preserved in a plastic 

clay and show a lunate distal boss, the short 

apical point being entirely obscured, as it is 

in most of the similarly preserved specimens 

figured by Hollick. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa form.ation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection:_ U.S. National Museum. 
CONIFERALES. . 61 

Genus GEINITZIA Endlicher. 

Geinitzia formosa Heer. 

Geinitziaforrnosa Heer, Zur Kreidefl.ora von Quedlinburg, 

p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 9; pl. 2, 1871. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 51, pl. 9, 

fig. 9, l.R96. . 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 16, p. 129, 

pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1.897. 

Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 163, p. 28, pl. 5, 

figs. 1, 2, 1900. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 57, 

1903; 'l'orrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p. 68, figs. 2, 3, 

1904; New .Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 97, 1911. 

Geinitzia sp., Newberry, Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 

City Proc., 2d ser., p. 10, 1873. 

Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer. Lange, Deutsche 

geol. Gesell. Zeitschr., vol. 42, p. 660, 1890 (fn part). 

. . Stanton and Knowlton, Geol. Soc. America Bull.,· 

vol. 8, p. 137, 1897. 

Beqtwia gracillima (Lesquereux) Newberry, The flora of 

the Amboy clays, pl. 9, .figs. 1-3, 1896 (not foliage 

described on p. 50). 

13erry, New York Dot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 57, 

pl. 48, figs. 21, 22, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 31, p. 69, pl. 2, 1904; Am. Geologist, vol. 34, 

pl. 15, 1904; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., voL 32, p. 44, 

1905; idem, vol. 33, p. 165, 1906; New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Ann. Rept. State Geologist for 1905, p. 139, 

1906. 

fleer's description, published in 1871, is as 

follows: 

Strobili ova.to-cylindrici, squamis rachi validae spiraliter 

insertis, a.pice peltatis, disco concavo, margine crenato, 

toroso; semina sub quavis squama quatuor (?), squamarum 

stipito crasso inserta, striata. · 

G. formosa, ramulis elongatis, virgatis, foliis omnino 

tectis, foliis suhfalcatis, angustis, apice valde attenuatis. 

uninerviis, ramis adultis pulvinis rhombeis obtectis. . 

The An1erican occurrences of cones of this 

species have heretofore been referred to Sequoia g1·acillima Newberry, a· composite made 

up of Geinitzia cones and Widdringtonites 

foliage. These cones are exceedingly abundant in the 1\1agothy formation at Cliffwood 

~luff, N. J., where those that are more or 

less py:ritizecl are washed out of the clays by 

stonns and hlgh tides. When preserved as 

flattened lignitic inclusions they are somewhat different in appearance, and it is believed 

that lignitic n1aterial of this species is the basis 

for the Raritan forms which were identified 

as fif.icrozamia gibba Corda by Newberry.1 ·, A 

doubtful fragment and another somewhat more 

definite cone are contained in the Tuscaloosa 

collections made by n1e at Shirleys 1\1ill, Ala. 

1 Newberry, J. S.; 'l'h'o flora of tho Amboy clays: U.S. Goo!. Survey 

Mon. 26, p. 45, pl. 12, figs. G, 7, 1896. 

The foliage, which resembles somewhat that 

of Sequoia reichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer, as well 

as that of Ounninghamites squamosus Heer, 

shows rather thick twigs with slender curved 

needle leaves interspersed with small scalelike leaves. It has been found at a number 

of localities in this country and is represented 

in the Tuscaloosa formation by a single doubt-

.ful specimen. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County;. Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

·County, Ala. 

Collections: ·u. S. National 1\1useum. 

Genus ARAUCARIA Jussieu. 

Araucaria bladenensis Berry • 

Plates IX, X. 

Araucaria bladenens£s Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

35, p. 255, pis. 12-14, figs. 1-3, 1908. 

('?)Berry, idem, vol. 38, p. 405, 1911. 

Foliage dense, phyllotaX:y spiral, leaves decurrent, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, about 1.6 

by 8 centimeters, the base i·ounded, apex 

thickened, cuspidate; veins immersed, averaging 16 in ·nun1ber, "straight, parallel, stomata 

small, in rows on ventral surface. 

Leaves ranging from 1 centimeter to 2.8 

centimeters in length "by 0.5 centimeter to 1.2 

centimeters in width, averaging 1.6 centin1eters 

by 0.8 .centimeter, obovate in outline, with a 

broad rounded base narrowing abruptly and 

decurrent; the blade broadest about one-third 

of the . distance from the base, above which 

point it narrows sharply to a thickened cuspidate tip; phyllotaxy spiral; leaf substance represented by a thick sheet of lignite about 0.5 

millimeter thick, in which the veins are inlmersed. These veins average 14 to" 16 in 

number,, although in a few specimens ther~ are 

as n1any as 20; they. are stout, incurved at the 

base (forking .not observed), but become 

parallel and run directly upward until they 

abut against the leaf n1argin-that is, they 

are rtot convergent toward the tip of the leaf. 

In spite of their striking megascopic appearance their microscopic structure is not preserved. · 

One or two rather iliferior specimens, which 

are in a more argillaceous matrix, show the 

arrangement and outlines of the stomata, 

which are broadly ovate in shape with very 

thin guard cells (at ·least when viewed on. the 

surface). They are ai'ranged in somewhat 
62 UPPER. CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

irregular rows on the ventral surface of the leaf, species seems extremely doubtful, and both of 

the number of rows between the two veins Kerner's species should undoubtedly be conbeing usually four. Aside from the foregoing sidered as new species of Araucaria, and nearly 

facts, the preservation is such that no other related to if not identical with such Cretaceous 

details can be made out. forms as Araucaria .bladenensis or Araucaria 

This species is most remarkably similar to toucasi. This species is exceedingly common 

the living Araucaria bidwilli of the Australian in and characteristic of the Black ·creek formaregion. This resemblance in form, habit, and tion in North Carolina. In South Carolina it is. 

stomatal characters, reinforced by the occur-· found in the extension of these beds. It is 

renee of characteristic araucariarr cone scales present in the lower part of the Eutaw fornlain the same beds at certain localities, :r(mclers tion and in later Cretac~ous deposits in western 

the identification reasonably :conClusive. .' Georgia and along Chattahoochee River. Care- · 

The m.ost nearly related form seems to be ful search has failed to discover this species in 

Araucarites o·vatus described by Hollick 1 from the ~ossiliferous plant beds of western Alabama 

the "Cliffwood clay" (Magothy formation). of of Tuscaloosa age, but· it is present in great · 

New Jersey, which differ merely by their larger abundance at the very base of the Eutaw 

size,· absence of. basal characters, and much deposits in Hale County. Recent collections 

less pointed tips; in fact, if the two were found have. shown it to be present in the· Magothy 

in closer association or if in the. abundant formation in Maryland. 

material any specimens had approached Arau- Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds;, 

carites ovatus in size 1 would be disposed to 2 miles south of Havana, Hale County, Ala.; 

consicler them as the variants of a single Chimney Bluff, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

species. It seems better, however, to institute Ripley formation (Cusseta sand member), · 

a new species, as the leayes in the material Buena Vista, Marion County, Ga. 

from the southern Coastal Plain are sufficiently Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

and uniformly differ~nt enough to be readily 

recognized, and there is _the further possibility 

that the New Jersey species may be more or 

less closely related to the modern genus 

Dam mara rather than Araucaria. · 

A European form, which must surely be 

' considered as a nearly related congener of 

Araucaria bladenensis, is Saporta's Araucaria 

toucasi described from the Turonian of Beausset 

neat Toulo~,- France.2 This species is strikingly similar to the American sp~cies in every 

respect. and is likewise elosely allied, ·in appearance at least, to the living Araucaria 

bidwilli of Australia. . · 

Kerner 3 records Pachyphyllum (Pagiophyllum) 'rigidum Saporta and Pachyphyllum (Pagiophyllum) araucarium Saporta from the 

Cenomanian of Lesina, an island in the Adriatic 

off the coast of Dalmatia, both being originally 

Jurassic species from the French Coralline of 

Verdun. Both are very simila:r to the American species and are about the same age. The 

probable identity of Cenomanian and Coralline 

I Hollick, Arthur, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 16, p. 128; pl. 12, 

figs. 3:t, 4, 1S97. 

2 Sa porta, G. de, Le monde des plantcs avant l'appa.rition de l'bomme, 

p. 198, fig. 27, 1879. 

a Kerner, F. von, K.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., Band 45, p. 49, pl. 4, 

figs. 1, 3, 1895. 

Araucaria jetTreyi Berry. 

Araucaria jeffreyi Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 35, 

p. 258, pl. 16, 1908; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

84, p. 105, 1914. 

· These cone scales were completely described 

in the ·papers cited and need not be discussed 

here. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation, Chimney 

Bluff, Chattahoochee County, Ga. ;Ripley 

formation (Cusseta sand member), near Byron, 

Houston County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus ANDROVETTIA Hollick and Jeffrey. 

Androvettia carolinensis Berry. 

Plate VII, figures 1-10. 

Androvettia carolinensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 37, p. 183, pl. 19, figs. 1-6, 1910. 

Remains of leafy twigs, consisting of much 

flattened, phylloclad-like, opposite twigs, the 

leaves on the flat surfaces being reduced to 

mere points and· not visible without magnification, the marginal leaves strictly. opposite,. 

with a regular alternation of a blunt dentate. 

lobe, which probably represent reduced lateral 

tw~gs and a serrate point, the two fused proxi-
<!ONIFERALES. 63 

mad. Venation, consisting of immersed vas- preparations of the epidermis, when they are 

culttr bundles, not seen except in a strong seen to be reduced to mere points of tenninatransm.:itted light. The mid vein is strong and tion of certain leaf traces.. The lateral twigs 

straight, the visible lateral veins, 'vhich are the are strictly opposite, as is the course of the 

m.:idveins of the coalesced .leaves and latera] vascular bundles, which consist of a regular 

twjgs, are pinnately arranged and single in the alternation of oppo.site sin1ple bundles and 

pointed leaves. In the round lobes they are dichotomously forked bundles. The remains 

usually dichotomously fori\:ed, but in this form of a third species described by the writer as 

the marginal lobes probably represent coalesced· Androvettia elegans and collected from the 

leaves of reduced lateral twigs. Their angle basal part of the Eutaw formation in western 

of divergence is greater than .jn Androvettia· Georgia, vary from Androvettia statenensis in 

state1unsis I-Iollick and Jeffrey and the whole the other direction and scarcely merit the term 

arrange1nent is more distinctly cyclic.in char- phylloclad-like; the leaves both marginal and 

acter. ~rhe texture is very coriaceous; the surficial are opposite and well developed, very 

epidermal cells are, however, large in size, regular, with a vascular arrang~ment like that 

tho'ugh with thick walls. The stomata are of the present form. They are distichous and 

fairly numerous, apparently on both surfaces, opposite .on a naked stem, 'Yhich is thus more 

and consist of the fa1niliar sausage-shaped fernlike in appearance than either of the other 

guard cells sm-rounded by four accessory cells. two species. As the anatomy of these forms 

'l'he general appearance of this'spec~es is even has not Tet been studied the reader is referred 

more fernlike than is the type. of the genus, to the memoir cited .above, where the histology 

one reason beipg its smaller size and the ab- of. the Staten Island form' is discussed. 

sence in the collected material of th<3 supposed Regarding the syste1natic position of this 

male a1nents found in connection with some genus, as already remarked, their relationship 

specin1ens of the Staten Island species. The with the Araucarian group of conifers is 

present species was described by the writer questionable. They seem clearly.distinct from 

fr01n the exposures of the Black Creek forma- Phyllocladus, . and they are e·qually distinct 

tion on '"l'ar )liver in North Carolina and is from the various species of Protophyllocladus 

considerably younger than the Staten Island which have been recorded from the Raritan 

fonn. and the later Cretaceous formations of North 

'"l'his remarkable genus was erected by Hoi- America. They seem equally distinct from 

lick and Jeffrey 1 for the .reception of a single Thinrifeldia but may eventually prove to be 

species discovered recently in the upper part related 'to Moriconia. 

of the Earitan formation near Kreischerville, The Mississippi occurrence of this species 

Staten Isiand, and these authors content then1- is based upon fragmentary but characteristic 

sehres.with a very good account of this species specimens which are even smaller and more 

. and refrain fr01n framing a generic diagnosis. broken t_han is the type material from North 

These remains are all entirely fernlike in Carolina. 'When the extremely coriaceous 

superficial appearance, uniformly coriaceous in nature of this foliage and its almost complete 

texture, and fr01n the details of their external maceration are considered in conneCtion with 

characters and internal structure are indubita- its known range ·of about 600 iniles in an air 

ble gymnosperms of the order Coniferales. line and almost twice that distance along the 

Their posiQ.ve reference to the Araucarineae by Upper Cretaceous-coast line; there seems to be · 

IIollick and Jeffrey willl however., undoubtedly a plausibility in attributing its scarcity and 

be question'ed by many students. The North absence in the intervening region to its having 

Carolina remains are not connnon and are con- 'lived in areas remote from. those in which 

fined to a single locality on Tar )liver. The sediments were being deposited. The broken 

lateral leaves along the edges of phylloclad-like condition of the remains would thus be due 

twigs are 1narkeclly opposite, but the scale to the length of time they had been in the 

leaves on its flat surfaces are much n1ore re- water in their stream jom·ney from their 

duced than in .Androvettia statenensis and can inland and possibly also upland habitat. 

not be 1nade out at all except in microscopic Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, cut on 

Southern Railway, 1 i miles east of Iuka, I New York Bot. Gurdon Mom., vol. 3, p. 22, 1909. 
64 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, 1\nSSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Tishomip.go County, Miss. (collected by L. W. 

Stephenson). 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Androvettia elegans Berry. 

Androvettia elegans Berry, U.S. Ge.ol. Survey Prot Paper 

84, p. 103, pl. 18, figs. ·1-10', 1914. 

This form is allied to Androvettia . caro-

. linensis and was recently described by the 

writer in the publication cited. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Collection: U.S. National ~1useum. 

Genus ABIETITES Hisinger. 

Abietites foliosus (Fontaine) Berry. 

Leptostrobus joliosus Fontaine, The Potomac or younger 

Mesozoic flora, p. 230, pl.101, fig. 4; rJ.10:{, fig. 5; pl. 

104, fig. 1, 1889; Status of the Mesozoic floras of the 

United States, p. 482, 1905. 

Abietitesjoliosus (Fontaine) Berry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., 

vol. 40, p. 314, 1911; Maryland Geol. Survey, 

Lower Cretaceous, p. 408, 1911. 

Laricopsis longifolia Fontaine, The Potomac or younger 

Mesozoic flora, p. 233, pl. 102, figs. 7, 8; pl. 103, 

figs. 2, 3; pl. 165, fig. ( pl. 168, figs. 5, 6, 1889; 

U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 16, p. 268, pl. 36, fig. 9, 

1893 (?); Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United 

States, p. 312, pl. 73, figs. 11, 14, 1905. 

Leaves long and slender, 0.5 to 1 millimeter 

in width, full length not seen, at least sev~ 

eral centimeters, much crowded; seen to be 

in bundles, where the preservation is fairly 

· good, on stout, dichotomously forked twigs. 

This species is clearly distinct from the other 

species of Abietites. It is not fully characterized because of the poorness of preservation, 

as evinced by the fact that the leaves are 

detached in a number of the specimens collected. The forms which were the basis for 

Laricopsis longijolia Fontaine have been united 

with the species, as they are indistinguishable 

and pr9 bably identical in character. 

This species occu·rs in both the Patuxent and 

Patapsco formations· of the Potomac group of 

Virginia, and it has also been recorded from the 

Kootenai formation of Montana. The fragment from the Trinity group of Texas, which 

Fontairie identified with such certainty, is, 

in the writer's judgment, absolutely untrustworthy. Characteristic remains are common 

at a single locality in the Tuscaloosa formation. 

Their· significance in correlation is somewhat 

minimized, h9wever, by the occurrence in the 

Magothy formation of remains very similar to 

these which I have described as Pinus delicatulus.1 They may be compared with the 

foreign material described by Heer as Pinus 

quen8tedti.· 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

·.and upper ravine on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala.· 

Collection: U.S. National Museum . 

Genus SEQUOIA Endlicher. 

l Synopsis coniferarum, p. 197, 184 7.] 

· Seq')loia reichenbachi (Geini'tz) Heer.2 

Plate VI, figure 2. 

Araucaritesreichenbachi Geinitz, Charakteristik der Schichten und Petrekfakten des sa.chissch-bohmischen 

Kreidegebirges, pt. 3, p. 98, pl. 24, fig. 4, 1842. 

Sequoia r.eichenbachi (Geinitz) Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, 

yol. 1, p. 83, pl. 43, figs. 1d, 2b, 5a., 1868. 

Fontaine, The Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora, p. 

243, pl. 118, figs. 1, 4; pl. 119, figs. 1-5; pl. 120, figs. 

7,· 8; pl. 122, fig. 2; pl. 167, fig. 5, 1889. 

· Nathorst, in Felix ·and Lenk, Bei~rage zur Geologie 

und Paleontologie der Republik Mexico, p. 52, figs. 

4, 5, 1893. 

Fontaine, in Ward, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth 

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 674, pl. 165, figs. 1, 2; pl. 166, 

fig. 1, 1899; Status of the Mesozoic floras of the 

United States, pp. 177, 263, 281, 544, pl. 55, figs. 7, 

8; pl. 69, figs. 4, 5, 1905. 

IJesquereux, The Cretaceous :flora, p. 51, pl. 1, figs. 

10-lOb, 1874; The flora of the Dakota group, p. 35, 

pl. 2, :fig. 4, 1892. 

Engelhardt, Naturwiss. G_esell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 7,. 

Jahrg. 1891, p. 91, 1892. 

Hollick, New York Aca.d. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 30, · 

pl. 1, fig. 18, 1892; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 40; 

pl. 3, figs. 4, 5, 1907. · -

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 49, pl. 9, 

fig. 19, 1896. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 59, 

pl. 48, figs. 15-1.8, 20, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club. Bull., 

vol. 31, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 8, 1904; idem, vol. 32, p. 44, 

pl. 1, fig. -3, 1905; idem, voL 33, p. 165, 1906; New 

Jersey GeoL Survey Bull. 3, p. 93, 1911; ~laryland 

Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 444, pl. 77, 

fig. 7, 1911. ~ ' 

Knowlton, Smithsonian Misc. Coli., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 

126, pl. 12, figs. 7, 8, 1907; U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 

32, p. 657, 1899; U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, p. · 

13l, pl. 14, figs. 3-5, 1905. 

Araucaria reichenbachi (Geinitz) Beer. Debey, Entwurf 

geo·gnostisch-geogenetischen Darstellung den G egend 

von Aachen, Nachtrage, 1849. 

Sequoia reichenbachi longijolia Fontaine, The Potomac or 

younger Mesozoic flora, p. 244, pl. 117, fig. 8, 1889. 

1 Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p. 68, pl. 1, fig. 12, 1904. 

2 Only representative citations, chiefly American, of this widespread· 

and persis~ent species are given. 
CONIFERALES. 65 

Sequoia dentrijolia Fontaine, The Potomac or you~ger vegetable remains to disintegrate In marine 

:Mesozoic flora, p. 246, pl. 121, fig. 4, 1889. waters. 

Seq~wia'l sp. Fontaine, The. Potomac or younger Mesozoic. This species is ·rare in the Raritan formation 

flora, p. 248, pl.ll6, fig. 7; pl. 132, figs. 2, 5, 6,1889. but common at later Uppe,r Cretaceous outSequoia sp. l"i'ontaine, The Potomac or younger Mesozoic 

flora, p. 2 48, p . 1 , 1 32 fi g. 10 , 188n "· crops in New Jersey·, Delaware, M_ aryland, 

Sequoia? injerna \Vard. Fontaine, in \Vard, Status of the North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and· 

Mesozoic floras of the United States, p. 507, 1905. Alabama. In Alabama it has been found from 

Seq~wia conttsia~ Reer. Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. the lower third of the Tuscaloosa formation up-

'l'mns., vol. 12, p. 30, pl. 1, fig .. 5, 1892. ward through "the Euta~ formation. It is not 

This species has ·a .recorded range on this commonly represented in the earliest Tuscacontinent fr01n the supposed· Neocomian of -loosa sediments, where it appears to be re-

~1exico to the Livingston formation of ~1on- placed by Sequoia ambigua Heer and species of 

tana, being ''ery abundant at numerous· hori- Widdringtonites. How far its absence reprezons, nnd it has likewise been identified from sents merely accidents of preservation can not 

Greenland and Europe. The view has fre- be determined. Material that may represent 

quently been voiced that son1e at least of these this species but in a much macerated and not 

identifications are erroneous, which is probable positively determinable condition occurs near 

enough, although the Tertiary Sequoia langs- the base of the Tuscaloosa forma.tion near Cotdorfii has an nlmost equally ~de range,. both tondale, in. Tuscaloosa County, Ala. Toward 

geologic and geographlc. In a memmr re- ·the top of the Tuscaloosa and in the basal part 

cently published, I-Jollick and Jeffrey1 present of the Eutaw formation it is very common. 

their studies <?f the anatomy of some twigs of . Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

the Sequoia reichenbachi type from the upper on the Snow place and upper beds at Cottonpart of the Raritan formation of Staten Isl.an~. dale (1), Tuscaloosa County; Whites Bluff, 

According to these authors their results Ind1- Greene County, Ala. Cut on Southern Railcate that these r_emains are -refe:able. to t~e way, li miles east of Iuka, Tishomingo Couilty, 

genus Geinitzia and are araucanan In their Miss. (common). Eutaw formation (basal 

affinity, a view which has bee~ t<:>ntatively part), 2 miles south of Havana, Hale County, 

suggested by numerous students since the days Ala.; McBrides Ford, Chimney Bluff, Broken 

of Geinitz, who referred them to the genus Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Araucarites. In order to Inake out a goo~ case. · Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

I-Iollick and Jeffrey are under the necessity of 

finding araucarian characters in certain asso- · 

ciated cone scales of the Sequoia type, as these 

supposed araucarian twigs frequently are found 

with Sequoia-like cones attached to them. 

This they do, referring these cone scales to new 

genera which · they · term Eugeinitzia and 

Pseudogeinitzia, although the evidence for an 

araucarian affinity is extremely slender. 

As might be expected from their great range, 

fossils of the Sequoia reichenbachi type are of 

slight stratigraphic value; . nevertheless the 

ren1ains are very abundant from New Jersey 

to Alabama at the Magothy, Black Creek (induding Middendod), Tusca.loosa, and Eutaw· 

horizon, apparently identical in character and 

commonly cone bearing, the· cones being sn1all, 

a pi;olate spheroid in shape, and consisting of 

relatively few, peltate, umbilicate, Sequoia-like 

scales. Sequoia twigs are very res is tan t to 

maceration, and comni.only are about the last . 

· I Hollick, Arthur, and JefYroy, E. C., New York Bot. Garden 1\:lem., 

vol. 3, p. 38, pl. 5, 1909. 

65628°-19-5 

Sequoia heterop~lla Velenovsky. 

Sequoia heterophylla Velenovsky, Die Gymnospermen der 

bohmischen Kreideformation, p. 22, pL 12, fig. 12; 

pl. 13, figs. 2-1, 6-9, 1885; K. bohm. Gesell. ~iss .. 

Sitzungsber., 1888, p. 593, figs. 7, 8. (Not Snnth, 

E. A., On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Ala-

. bama, p. 348, 1894.) · 

Engelhardt, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 

7, Jahrg. 1891, p. 104, 1892 (?). 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 3, 

pl. 1, fig. 18, 1892; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England, p. 41, pl. 3, figs. ·2, 3, 

1906. 

Ward, U. S. Geol. Survey Fifteenth Ann. Rept., pp. 

378, 380, 382, 392, 1895. 

Newberry, The flora of the -4-~boy clays, p. 49, pl. 6, 

figs. 1-13, 1896. 

Knowlton, U; S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, p. 132; pl. 16, 

fig.5, 1905. . 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 165, 1906; 

idem, vol. 34, p. 189, 1907; New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Ann. Rept .. for 1905, p. 139, 1906; New 

Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 95, pl. 6, 1911. · 

This characteristic -:species, described originally from the Cenomanian and Emscherian of 
. . 66. 1!PPER CR-ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Bohemia, may be readily recognized by the N athorst, in Felix a~d Lenk, Beitrage zur Geologie 

form of the foliage-the flat, lanceolate, decur- · und Paleontologie der Republik Mexico, p. 51, figs. _ 

rent leaves above, and the short and appressed Fo~:~~:~ iu Ward, Status of the Mesozoic floras of 

leaves below. Newberry says of this sp· ecies th e u ·t d St t 27? 281 538 1 69 fi 6 ru e a es, pp. ..., , , p . , g. ; 

that it is "one of the- most common conifers pl. no, fig. 13, 1905. 

of the Amboy clays," but he mentioned no Berry, Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 

localities. I have found it only in the upper 449, pl. 78, figs. 1-7, 19ll. 

Sphenolepidium rec:urvifolium Fontaine, The Poto~ac or part of the Raritan formation at South Amboy, younger Mesozoic flora, p. 258, pl. 128, figs. 2-6; 

N. J., where it is very common, and at a still 1 129 fi 5 I 130 fi 4-6 10 1889 P · , g. ; P · , gs. , , · 

higher horizon in the Raritan, at ·the Hylton Fontaine, in Ward, Status of the Mesozoic floras of 

Pits, and it has been collected by Hollick from the United States, pp. 484, 528, 538, 546, 555, 1905. 

~ probably ·equivalent_ horizon at Kreischer- Sequoia gracilis Fontaine, in Ward, U. S. Geol. Survey 

· ·11 S I 1 d Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2; p. 675, pl. 166, fig. VI e, taten s an . 2, 1899. 

In the overlying Magothy formation it is Arthrotaxopsis expansa Fontaine, in Ward, Status of the 

a common species, and its recorded range Mesozoic floras of the United States, pp. 533, 535, 

extends from Marthas Vineyard to Maryland-. 538, 555, 573, pl. 109, figs. 12, 13 (not pp. 504, 520, 

It also occurs in the allied Black Creek forma- 547, 571), 1905. .... 

tion of North Carolina. In theW est it is said Remains of the foliage of this species are disto occur ,in the Ju~ith River formation of tinguishable from those of contemporaneous 

·Montana. conifers, which occur in the beds with them, 

In 1888 V elenovsky described additional by the relatively short and very stout, acumitwigs of this species and cones from the Ceno- nate, falcate, or recurved, decurrent leaves. 

manian of Hloubetin, Bohemia; although he The cones are spherical and consist of reladoes not state that they were attached. The tively few, short ·scales -with longitudinally 

co~es w·ere of small size, 2.3 by 1.5- centimeters, striated peduncles and suddenly. expanded,_ 

elliptical in outline, and were. made up of a quadrangular, peltate, umbilicate tips. These 

relatively· small ·number of slender, rhom- ·cones are abundant in the Lower Cretaceous of 

boidal, umbilicate scales of the Sequoia type. Maryland, occurring usually as detached ferIn the Alabama area Sequoia heterophylla ruginized mud casts, _and are fully described 

was identified by Ward in ·collections from by the writerelsewhere. 2 

the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, and re- As recorded in the literature cited above, 

corded from there by· Smith in 189_4.1 This Sequoia ambigua is widely distributed geode termination was erroneous, however, as the graphically, and 'it has ·an equally great geomateriallacks the dimorphism of'this species, logic range. It was described originally from 

and in its venation shows that it is identical the Kome. beds (Barremian) of Greenland by 

-with Dicksonia groenlandica Heer. Typical Heer, and this author soon afterward recorded 

specimens of Sequoia heterophylla hav:e been it from the Upper· Cretaceous Atane beds of 

collected by the writer, however, from the that country. It has been recorded by N aTuscalo<;>sa formatiol).. ~horst from the supposed N e_ocomian of Mexico 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys and it is present in the-Kootenai formation of 

Mill, Fayette County; Whites Bluff, Greene Montana. It is a member of the Shasta flora 

County, Ala. , of the Pacific coast (Horsetown formation) 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. and is . prob-ably represented in the Fuson 

Sequoia arnbigua Heer. 

Plate· VI, figures 3, 4. 

Sequoia ambigua Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3; pt. 2, 

pp. 78, 91, pl. 21, figs. 1-ll; pl. 25, fig·. 5, 1874; vol. 

6, pt. 2, pp. 17, 52, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1882 .. 

Fontaine, The Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora, 

p. 245, pl. liS, fig. 2; pl. 120, figs. 1-6; -pl. 127, fig. 

5; pl. 132, fig. 3, 1889. 

1 Smith, E. A., On the geology of th~ Coastal Plain of Alabama, ·p. 348, 

Alabama Geol. Survey, 1894. 

shale of eastern Wyoming by what Fontaine 

calls Sequoia gracilis. In the. Upper Cretaceous, remains in every way identical with these 

Lower Cretaceous occurrences are present in 

the :Magqthy formation at Gay Head, Marthas 

Vineyard, and at a number of localities in 

Maryland, ·as well as in the Tuscaloosa format~on of Alabama. After m:uch comparison and 

2 Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 449, 

pl. 78, figs. 1-7, 1911. 
• 

CONIFERALES. 67 

study the writer is llnable to fonnulate good 

chru:acters for the separation of the later Jrom 

the earlier Cretaceous forms of this species. 

The Upper Cretaceous forms resemble greatly 

some of ·the homotaxial remains referred by 

I-Ieer and others to Sequoia subulata Heer and 

to s~quoia fastigiata (Sternberg) I-Ieer~ They 

are, however, different from the types of both 

of these species, and· it seems probable that 

the later identifications include diverse species 

under these names. The fragments figured in 

1876 by Lesquereux from the Dakota sandstone as S. fastigiata are u].so quite similar to 

the Alabama specimens. The species has 

recently been fully discussed and illustrated 

by the writer. 1 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, upper ravine ~nd foot of big gully on the Snow place, 

Tuscaloosa County, Ala. _(coinmon). Eutaw 

fonnation, 2 miles south of I-Iavana, Hale 

County, Ala. 

-Collectioris: U. S. National Museum. 

Sequoia fastigiaa (Sternberg) Heer. 

CaulerJ)ites Jastigiatus Sternberg, Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwel t, vol. 2, p. 2~, 1833: 

Sequoiafastigiata (Sternberg) Heer, Flora. von Moletein in 

Mahren, p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 10-13, 1869; Flora fossilis 

arctica, vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 102, 128, pl. 27, figs. 5, 6; 

pl. 38, figs. 12, 13, 1874; idem, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 53, 

pl. 3, figs. 7 .... 9; pl. 17, fig. 4; pl. 28, fig. 6, 1882; 

idem, vol. 7,p. 15, pl. 51, figs. 11, 12; pl. 53, figs. 

3, 4, 1883. 

Lesquereux, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. 

Bull., vol. 1, p: 3.91 (1875), l876; U. S. Geol. and 

Geog. Survey Terr. Ann. Rept. for 1874, p. 335, 

pl. 3, figs. 2, 8, 1876; The Cretaceous and Tertiary 

floras, p. 31, 1883. 

Velenovsky, Die Gymnospermen der bohmischen 

Krcideformation, p. 21, pl. 8, fig. 13; ·pl. 9, ~gs. 

3, 4, 9, 10; pl. 11, figs. 1, 2; pl. 12, fig. 13, 1885. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 43, pl. 3, :fig. 15, 1906. 

Thuites alien·us Sternberg, idem, vol. 1, pl. 45, fig. 1, 1833. 

Widdringtonitesfastigiatus (Sten~berg) Endlicher, Synopsis 

coniieraruin, p. 272, 1847. 

Goeppm-t, Monographic der fossilen Coniferen, ·p. 176, 

1850. 

Unger, Genera et species plantarum fossilium, p. 342, 

1850. 

Remains that are supposed 'to represent this 

species are recorded from the Cenomanian of 

Moravia and Bohemia, the Cretaceous of Greenland and Spitzbergen:, the Dakota sandstone 

of Kansas, and the Magothy formation on 

Marthas Vineyard. The students who have 

described this form may: possibly have confused it with Seq1wia gracilis Heer and Sequoia 

concinna Heer, as well as with other supposed 

species of Sequoia and Widdringtonites. A re-. 

vision of all of these similar if not in part iden-. 

tical forms would .be desirable but should. not 

be attempted without abundant and representative material from the different countries. 

Specimens identical with what has been called 

Sequoia fastigiata occur in the lower part of the 

Tuscaloosa formation, where they are associated with forms.of similar appearance but of 

larger size, which are referred to Sequoia ambigua Heer, and with smaller forms shown by 

th\.1ir cones to be Widdringtonites subtilis Heer. 

I doubt very much the specific integrity of 

Sequoia fastigiata, but until the whole question 

can· be revised unnecessary changes are undesirable. Similar·foliarremains from the Bingen 

formation in. Arkansas have been referred to 

Sequoia concinna.Heer because of the associated 

cones.2 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

on the Snow place, Tuscalo·osa County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus WIDDRINGTONITES Endlicher. 

[Synopsis coniferarum, p. 271, 1847.] 

Widdringtonites subtilis Heer. 

Plate VIII, figures 1-12. 

Widdringtonites sttbtilis Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, 

.Abt. 2, p. 101, pl. 28, fig. 1b, 1874; idem, vol. 6, 

Abt. 2, pl. 7, figs, 14, 15; pl. 28, fig. 4b, 1882. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 57, pl. 10, 

figs. 2-4, 1896. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 45, pl. 4, figs, 2-5, 1906 . 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 89, 1911; 

Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 39, pp. 341-348, pis. 

24,25,1912. 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) .Heer. Hollick, 

New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 58, pl. 3, 

:fig.S, 1898. , 

Berry, Johns Hopkins Uillv. Circ., new ser., No. 7, 

p. 81, 1907. 

This· species was described fr<;>m the Atane 

beds of Greenland by Heer·in 1874. ·His mate1 Derry, K W., Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 449, s Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43,·p. 172, pl. 7, figs. 1-5, 

pl. 78, figs. 1-7, 1911. 1917. 
68_. UPPER CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

rial was, however, extremely scanty .. Subsequently it was found in considerable abundance: 

in the Raritan formation of New Jersey, and 

still more recently Hollick has recorded it fron1 

:Marthas Vineyard and Block Island (Magothy 

formation). I have found it in the ·Magothy 

formation. of Maryland and the Middendorf 

arkose member of the Black Creek formation 

of South Carolina. Possibly also some of the 

coniferous material described by Velenovsky 

from the Bohemian Cretaceous under other 

names should be ·compared with the present 

form. 

The m&terial from the Tuscaloosa formation 

is abundant, especially so at the locality known 

as the Snow place, and enables us to. make a 

considerable addition to the knowledge of this 

species, which may be described as follows: 

Twigs slender, relatively short, somewhat lax in 

habit.. Foliage son1ewhat dimorphic, at least 

the leaves on the youngshoots are quite different 

in appearance fro;rn those on the older twigs~ 

Young ieaves short, thick, and directed distad, 

ovate, and appearing bluntly _rounded apically 

because of the inwardly directed pointed tip, 

0.5 to 1 millimeter in length, having the appearance of a cyclic phyllotaxy but really arranged spirally. With age the leaves become 

elongated ba~ally and somewhat spreading, at 

times. falcate. The old leaves are two or three 

times as long as the young leaves, and as they 

are about the same thickness they are rela-. 

tively much more slender and needle-like. The 

twig enlarged in Plate VIII shows the two kinds 

of leaves. The degree of spreading or appressio:ri differs in different specimens, owing probably in some measure to the conditions attending fossilization. A form with unifornliy slender and spreading leaves is common at Shirleys 

Mill, a .twig of which is shown in figure 5. In 

his discussion of this species Newberry mentions a vague cone about 1 centimeter in diameter as included in the Raritan material. I have 

not seen this ·specimen, but I have found· anumber of poorly preserved .detached cones among 

the abun~ant remains of this species in the 

Upper· Cretaceous beds of South Carolina. A 

number of specimens from the Tuscaloosa 

formation have these cones attached to the 

characteristic ·twigs of this species. These 

cones are terminal, ·roughly spheroidal in outline, and apparently consist of four thick, subequal scales with wide blunt tips and somewhat 

extended bases. They are 7 centimeters to 9 

millimeters in ·length and 4 or 5 millimeters in 

diameter, and are closely comparable to the 

cones from the Upper Cretaceou..-; of eastern 

Europe ascribed to Widdringtonites reich~i by 

both V elenovsky and Krasser. These authors 

refer this form directly to the genus Widdringtonia, and it would seem that the cones attached to the Alabama specimens of Widdringtonites subtilis conclusively demonstrate the 

relationship between a number of these :Mesozoic conifers and the existing·species of Oallitris, Widdrington~a, and Frenela, which Eichler 

lumps into the single genus Oallitris Ventenat. -

At the present time they constitute a small 

group confined to the Australian region on the 

one hand (Frenela) and to northern Africa 

(Eucallitris) and southern Africa ·and l\1adagascar ( Widdringtonia) on the other. In 

former geologic periods they were much more 

ablindant. Frenelopsis is recorded in America 

from Greenland to Texas, and Widdringtonites 

from Greenland to Alabama. Abroad both 

types occur abundantly in central and western 

Europe. Like so many other types of plants 

which were ·widespread in :Mesozoic time, they 

be cam~ more and more restricted in their range 

during. the Tertiary until to-day they are not 

foimd at all in the Western IIemisphere. As 

regards .Cretaceous species of Widdringtonites, 

4 _occur in the N eocon1ian, 1 in the BaiTemian, 

1 in the Albian, 3 in the Cenomanian, and 1 in 

the Senonian. . 

The present species has ·much shorter twigs 

than the Upper C1~etaceous species, Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer, or the late 

Lower Cretaceous speci.es, lViddringtonites ra17WSUS (Fontaine) Barry. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; upper ravine and foot of 

big gully on the Snow place, Tusca~oosa County, 

Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 
CONIFERALES. 69 

Widdringtonites reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer. 

Frenelites reichi'i Ettingshausen, Die· Kreideflora von 

Nie.clerschoena in Sachsen, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. lOa-c, 

1867. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 29, 

pl.l,fig.23,1892. 

VViddringtonites reickii (Ettingshausen) IIeer, Flora fossilis 

arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 51, pl. 28, fig. 5, 1882; idem, 

vol. 7, p. 13, pl. 52, figs. 4, 5, 1883. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 3<!8, 1894. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 57, pl. 8, 

figs. 1-5, 1896. 

Berry, 'l'orrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 169, 1906; 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for1905, p. 138, 

1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 87, pl. 8, 

figs. 1, 2, 1911. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous floi·a of southern New York 

and New England, p. 44, pl. 4, figs. 6-8,1906. 

Widdringtonia reichii (Ettingshausen) Velenovsky, Die 

. Gymnospermen der }?ohmischen Kreideformation., 

p. 27, pl. 8. figs. 4-6; pl. 10, figs. 1, 11, 12, 1885; K. 

bohm. Gesell. Wiss. Sitzungsber., 188~, p. 639 (6), 

pl. 1, figs. 14-16, ~S87. 

Engelhardt, N atmwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Ab h. 7, 

Jah.rg. 1891, p. 92, 1892. · 

.Marik, Prispevek, k. fl. ceskeho cenomanu, p. 9, pl. 1, 

fig. 23; pl. 2, fig. 2, 1901. 

Krasser, Deitr. PaHi.ontologie Oesterr.-Ungarns u. des 

Orients, Band 10, p. 126 (14), pl. 14 (4), fig. 6; pl. 17 

(7), figs. 4, 7, 8, 1896. 

Glyptostr.obtts gracill'imttS Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d 

ser., vol. 46, p. 92, 1868; The Cretaceous .flora, p. 52, 

pl. 1, figs. 8, 11-11£, 1874; The Cretaceous and Tcrtiru·y floras, p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 6-6b, 1883; The flora of 

the Dakota, group, p. 38, 1892. 

Sequoia gracillima (Lesq uereux) New berry, The flora of the 

Amboy clays, p. 50 (in part), (not pl. 9, figs. 1-3, 

1896); The l·ater extinct floras of North America, p. 

19 (in part), pl. 14, fig. 6, 1898 (not pl. 26, fig. 9). 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. . 

Ettingshausen's description,. published i~ 

1867, is as follows: 

F. ramis suberectis fastigiatis, rrunulis filiform'ibus confertis, foliis aclpressis e basi ovata subulatis,- strobilis 

axillaribus duplo longioribus qurun latis. 

:Medium-sized branches with more or less 

crowded, slender, ~longated, fastigiate twigs, 

bearing reduced oYate-subulate leaYes, spirally 

arranged. The cones are small oYal bodies, 5 

to 12 millin1eters long by 3 to 7 millimeters in 

diameter, usually poorly presei:Yed, said ·by 

Ettingshausen to be a.~illary in position but 

eYidently. many of them terminal, as eYinced 

by so:lne of the Raritan 1naterial as well as by 

son1e of the· better-preserYed cones from the 

Cenon1anian of Bohen1ia and :MoraYia. The 

Bohe1nian and :MoraYia.n 1naterial clearly shows 

that the cones consisted of four scales. This 

feature would ally it with either the subgenus 

TViddringtonia· of the genus Callitris Ventenat, 

to which Eichler, in his treatment of the liYing 

species in Engler and Prantl (1887) refers Endlicher's genus, or to the subgenus Eucallitris 

Brongniart, which also is characterized by" · 

four cone scales. Eucallitris has a single livi,.ng 

species of northern Africa, and Widdringtonia 

has three or four species· of southern Africa 

and Madagascar. The propriety of Eichler's 

classification may well be questioned, and in 

any eYent paleobotanists must necessarily prefer the older segr.egation of Frenela and Widdringtonia and their respectiYe form.genera. 

There seems to be but little doubt that the 

present species should be referred to Widdringtonia, as V elenoYsky and Krasser haYe 

done, but . as the term TViddringtonites is 

equally indicatiYe of its true affinity, little is 

to be gained by making the· proposed change. 

The species was described· originally by 

Ettingshausen from t.he Cenomanian of Niederschoena in Sa.~ony as a species of Frenelites. 

When Heer discoYered it in the Greenland 

material, where it has been collected from both 

the Atane and the Patoot beds, he transferred 

it to the present genus. It has subsequently 

been reported from the Cenomanian of BoheJ;nia and :MoraYia, from the Magothy formation of the Atlantin Coastal Plain at numerous· 

localities, and from the islands of southern 

New, England. It is also present in North 

Carolina and South Carolina. fleer made 

Glyptostrobus gracillimus Lesquereux, of the 

Dakota sandstone, a synonym ·of this species, 

and ··this form, under the name Sequoia gracillima Newberry, has been identified from a 

large number of localities, including the 

Dakota sandstone of the West. 

Widdringtonites reichii is closely allied to if 

not identical with a common conifer of the 

Patapsco fo~mation (Albian) of Maryland and 

Virginia, which the writer has described as 

Widdringtonites ramosus. 1 This species is 

based upon Taxodi'l.tm ramos'l.tm and other socalled species described by Fontaine from the 

Potomac group. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County; Whites 

Bluff, Greene 9ounty; big gully and upper 

1 Berry, Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 428, pl. 73, figs. 

1-6, 1911. 
70 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSiSSIPPI, ALA.BAl\iA, .AND GEORGIA. 

ravine on: the Sno,,r place, Tuscaloosa County, Occurrence: Eutaw formation, :McBrides 

.Ala. Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga.· 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. Collection: U.S. National :Museum .. 

Genus PINUS Linne. 

[Species plantarum; p. 1000, 1753.] 

Pinus ·raritanensis Berry. 

Pinus raritanensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, 

· p. 247, ~909. New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 

92, 1911. 

Pinus sp., Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p·. 47, 

·pl. 9, figs. 5, 6; figs. 7, 8 (?), figs. 17, 18 (?),1896 .. 

This species was discovered in the upper part 

of the Raritl:\n formation. of South Amboy, 

N.J. The remains consist of slender leaves in 

fascicles of threes an:d poorly pres~rved winged 

seeds. . Similar remains oceur in the :Magothy 

· for~ation of New Jersey,. in the 'Black Creek 

formation of North. Carolina, and in the Middendorf arkose member of the Black Creek 

· formation of South Carolina. They are toQ. 

indefinite to have much stratigraphic value, 

. and they are of slight botanic in~erest beyond 

showing .the presence of a pinelike form in the 

Upper Cretaceous of· the Atlantic coast. In 

Genus CUPRESSINOXYLON Goeppert. 

Cupressinoxylon sp. 

Silicified wood is not uncorrimon in the Coffee 

sand of western Tennessee. Sections were cut 

of fragments broken from large logs preserved 

in these sands at Coffee Bluff. The material 

had evidently. undergone considerable decay 

before silicification· and the essential features 

for specific diagnosis are obscure, so that it has 

seemed best not to attempt a description until 

better preserved material becom~s available. 

Occurr€mce: Eutaw formation (Coffee sand 

member), Coffee Bluff, IIardin County, Tenn. 

Collection: Johns I-Iopkins University. 

Class ANGIOSPERMAE. 

·Subclass MONOCOTYLEDONAE. 

Order LILIALES . 

Genus DORYANTHITES Berry. 

Doryanthites cretace a Berry. 

Plate XIII, figure 1. 

Doryanthites cretacea Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

38, p. 406, 1911. 

· this connection attention should . be called to · 

structuralmaterial of Pinus, de·scribed by Hol-

.lick and Jeffrey/ from the Raritan formation 

on Staten Island,. N. Y., as Pinus triphylla, which may be identical with the present form. Leaves, as preserved, linear, presi.unably 

Pinus-like leaves are recorded from the Kome lanceolate. above and sheathing below, 4.5 to 

beds of Greenland, the Kootenai formation of 6 ·centimeters in width and preserved without 

the West, the Trinity group of Texas, the any diminution in width for a length of 50 

Lakota sandstone of the Wyoming-South Da...;· ·centimeters. Texture. very. coriaceous. Markota region, and the.Patapsco formation ofl\fary- gins entire. Veins sirriple and parallel,· imland, and the Albian of Europe is remarkable mersed, considerably less than 1 millimeter 

for the large number of Pinus-like cones which apart. Leaves alike on both surfaces. In the 

hollows between the veins occur rows of small it contains. · Heer has also recorded five species front the Atane beds of western Greenland. stomata with the guard cells all oriente¢! in a 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cotton-· direction parallel with th~ veins and equally 

numerous on both surfaces of the leaf.· Leaf dale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: u.s. Nationall\iuseum. surface under the microscope appearing finely striated parallel with the veins. 

Genus TUMION Rafi.nesque. 

Tumion carolinianum Berry (?). 

Tumion carolim"anum Berry, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 

25; p. 383, figs. 1-3, 1908; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

l'aper 84, p. 107, 19~.4. 

This --species has recently been described by 

me in the publicatiop.s cited. 

1 Hollick, Arthur, and Jeffrey, E. C., New York Bot. Garden :M:em., 

vo~. 3, p. 14, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7 (?); pl. 22, fig. 1, 1909. · 

These curious remains, which call to mind 

the leaves of the Paleozoic Cordaites or sonie 

modern giant bromeliad, are not uncommon in 

the Upper Cretaceous. They were first dis- ' 

covered by the writer in the Black Creek formation of North Carolina, and it is. fr~)lri this 

material that the stomatal char~cters. are described. Recently this same form was discovered in· considerable abundance at the 

Geo_rgia locality near Buena Vista, Marion 
GRAMIN ALES. 71 

County, and in the Magothy formation of 

Maryland. 

With regard to similar remains previously 

described, it may be noted that Miquel 1 in 

1853 described under. the heading "Phyllitae 

monocotylei" two sorts of parallel-veined leaf 

fragments from the ·Upper Cretaceous ofAachen (Rhenish Prussia). The first 2 he 

calls Yuccites?, and the second, which suggests 

the fossils under discussion, is designated 

"Palma vel Yuccites?." From the Vahtnginian of Portugal, Heer 3 described what he 

calls Bambusium latijolium,. which is also suggestive of the American material. Krasser 4 

describes · somewhat similarly appearing remains from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian~) of 

Moravia as Typhaeloipum cretaceum.. These 

are somewhat smaller than the ·American 

forms and show transyerse veinlets which are 

absent in the latter. Smaller· but otherwise 

comparable Lower and Upper Cretaceous 

forms were named by · Schenk Eolirion, 5 and 

similar older Mesozoic forms are commonly 

referred to the form genus Yuccites. 6 ·Perhaps 

the most sitnilar fossils known are those referred to the genus Krannera 7 and fully described by Velenovsky, who does not, however, arrive at any satisfactory conclusion regarding their relationship, although he thinks 

they are cy(!adaceous. · 

It seems undesirable . to refer the present 

material to Yuccites, for though it is similar in 

appearance to the more ancient remains so 

named, it is· entirely improbable that it is congeneric with the Triassic type upon w)lich this 

genus was founded, and such an identification 

would consequently be very misleading. Until 

the existing tropical Monocotyledonae are more 

abundantly represented in our larger herbaria, 

or more complete and decisive Cretaceous 

material is discovered, the botanic affinity of 

· these anomalous forms n1ust remain undetermined. The name chosen indicates superficia.l 

1 Miquol, F. A. W., De !ossicle plant(m van hot ICr~jtin het Hertogdom 

Limburg, Comm. Geol. kaart. Nederland Verb., vol. 1, pp. 33-56,.. pl. 

1-7, 1853. 

2 I~lCin, pl. 1, fig. 3. 

. D Hccr, Oswald, Contributions a Ia Clore fossile du Portugal, p. 22, pl. 

19, figs. 1-3, 1881. 

• Kmssor, F. von, Boitrilge zur Kenhtniss der fossilen Kre~deflora von 

. Kunstadt, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1896. . . 

o Schenk, August, Palacontographica, vol. 19> p. 20, 186!l. 

o Schimpcr, W. P., and Mougeot, A., M:on_ographie des plantcs fossiles 

du gres bigarr6 de Ia chaine des Vosges, p: 42, 1844. 

1 Vclonovsky, Josef, Die Gymnospermen der bOhmsichen Kreideformation, p. 1, 1885. 

resemblance and· does not imply actual relationship with the modern genus Doryanthes of 

the order Liliales. 

Little reliance can be placed upon similarity 

of appearance in dealing with fragrp.entary remains of this sort, and the foregoing are mentioned merely as indicating the presence of 

undetermined monocotyledons of large size in 

the Cretaceous floras of the world. 

Occur~ence: Eutaw formation (basal part), 

2 miles. south of Havana, Hale County, Ala. 

Ripley formation (Cusseta sand member), 

Buena Vista, Marion County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. ·National Museum. 

Order GRAMINALES. 

Gen~s CYPERACITES Schimper. 

Cyperacites sp. Hollick. 

Cyperacites sp., Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England; ·p .. 48, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, 

1906. 

Cyperites'l Hollick, Torrey Bot., Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 

63, pl. 180, fig. 3, 1894. 

Grass or sedgelike remains indistinguishable 

from the above form, described by Hollick 

from the Magothy formation of Glen Cove, 

Long I~land, are present in the Tuscaloosa 

flora. They are also practically indistinguishable from similar remains described by Heer 

from West Greenland and . by other authors 

from different horizons.· None of the specimens present real specific characters and_ they 

have little value or interest.· ·The pres-ent remains greatly resemble those of Podozamites 

marginatus Heer, which is so abundant .at 

near-by localities, but may be distinguished by· 

their greater elongation and the possession of 

a well-marked midrib. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, roadside 

southwest of Northport, Tuscaloosa County, 

Ala. 

Collection: U. S. N atio_nal Museun1. 

Genus PHRAGMITES Trinius. 

Phragmites. prattii Berry. 

Phragmites prattii Berry, idem, vol. 37, p. 191, 1910; U.S . 

Geol. Sur.vey, Prof. Paper, p. 28, 1914; Bull. Torrey 

Bot. Club, voL 43, p. 287, 1916. 

Phragmites sp. Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 34, p . 

190, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1907. 

I have described this form in the papers cited 

and the description need not be repeated here. 

I 
72 UPPER, CHET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation, Broken· Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee County, Ga.; (Coffee 

sand member),. Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, 

Tenn.· 

Collections: U. S. ·National Museum. 

Order ARECALES. 

Genus SABALITEs· Saporta. 

Sabalites sp. 

Plate XI, figure l. 

. . 

Fragments of leaves of a large .fan palm are 

present in the basal Ripley formation of Benton 

and MeN airy counties, Tenn. They indicate 

large flabellate leaves, with numerous rays 1.5 

to. 2 centimeters broad having an illy defined 

midrib and close-set parallel lateral veins. The 

texture is coriaceous. . · 

The material is very fragmentary, one of the 

best specimens being that figured, which is altogether insu~cient for specific diagnosis. · It· is 

in my judgment distinct from the so-called 

Sabalites grayanus Desq~ereux of the ·Montana 

group of. the West, Sabalites magothiensis Berry 

of the Magothy formation of th_e northern Atlantic coast, or Sabalites carolinensis Berry of 

the Middendorf arkose member of the Black 

Creek formation of South Carolina. 

Occurrence: Ripley· formation· (McNairy 

sand member), half a mih~ from Camden, Benton 

County (collected. by L. W. StephensoJ?.); 2~ 

miles southwest of Selmer, MeN airy County, 

Tenn. (collected by Bruce Wade). 

Collections: ·u.S. National Museum. 

Subclass DICOTYLEDONAE. 

Order PIPERALES. 

Family PIPERACEAE. 

Genus PIPERITE S Goeppert. 

[Die Tertiarflora auf der Insel Java, p. 40, 1854.] 

Piperites tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XII, figure 3. 

Leaves aJternate on a flexuous twig~ ovatelanceolate in outline,' inequilateral, about 6 

to 7 centimeters in length by 3 centimeters in 

maximum width, 1 which is in the basal half of 

the leaf. Apex narrowed and acute. Base 

more or less inequilateral, at 'first broadly 

rounded and then slightly decurrent on the 

upper side, narrow and incurved on the lower 

i A 11 measurements of leaves in this report are of the blades. The 

lengths given are exclusive of the petiole, which when preserved is given 

' separately. · 

side. Petiole mediumly stout, about 1.5 centimeters in length or slightly less. Midrib stout, 

usually curved. Secondaries stout, few in number, the basal pair subopposite,. branching froin 

the midrib near its base at an acute angle, 

longer and stouter than succeeding pairs, giving 

the leaves a decidedly triveined char.acter. 

Margins ·entire, very slightly repand. 

The present species is entirely unlike any 

previously known Upper Cretaceous plant, 

although the inequilateral leaves suggest at 

first sight the forms described from l;>eds of 

similar· age as different species of Phaseolites, 

as for example Phaseolites formus Lesquereux 2 

from the Dakota sandstone and Phaseolites elegans 3 and Phaseolites manhassettensis Hollick 4 

from "the Raritan formation of Long Island and 

New Jersey. It is not impossible that H·ollick's ·species may represent leaves of Cretaceous forms allied to the modern genus Piper 

instead ·of being the detached leaflets of Cretaceous species allied to the modern genus Phaseo-. 

lus with trifoliate leaves. This last possibility 

certainly is not indicated for the Alabama material, which shows an unmistakable likeness to 

many of the numerous existing species of the 

genus Piper. The representatives of that 

genus are numerous in the warmer parts of both 

hemispheres, the various species combining a 

form like that of a fossil with a venation ranging 

from pinnate secondaries to subpalmate and 

palmate species. . . 

Forms referable to the present family have 

·been rarely recognized in, fossil floras, except 

for the unmistakable forms described from the 

Tertiary of the East Indies by Heer and 

Goeppert. 5 Ettingshausen described a species 6 

from the Tertiary of Australia and Lesquereux 

one 7 from the Denver formation at Golden, 

Colo.; but I have not seen any of these forms. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, grounds 

of the State Un~versity, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, 

Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

2 Lesquereux, Leo, Flora of the Dakota group, p. 147, pl. 55, figs. 5, 6, 12, 

1892. . 

a Hollick, Arthur, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 85, pl. 32, fig. 4, 1907. 

' 4 Hollick, Arthur, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 414, pl. 78, 

figs. 1, 2, 1904. 

6 Piperites.bullatus Goppert, P. hasskarlianus Goppert, and P. miquelianus Goppert, from Java, ·and Piper antiquu.m Heer, from Sumatr~. · 

a Piper feistmantelii Ettingshausen, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Tertilirflcra Australians, pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 9, fig. 4, !886. · 

1 Piper heerii Lesquereux, Harvard Coli. Mus. Comp. Zool. B_ull., vol. 

16, p. 44, 1888. 
MYR.ICALES. 73 

Order JUGLANDALES. 

·Family JUGLANDACEAE. 

Genus JUGLANS Linne. 

Juglans arctica Heer. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Shirleys Mill, Fayette 

County, Ala. Eutaw formation (basal. part), 

· McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee ·County, Ga. 

Juglans arctica fleer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, . Collections: U. S. National Museum. · p. 71, pl. 40, fig. 2; pl. 41, fig. 40; pl. 42, figs. 1-3; 

pl. 43, fig. 3, 1882. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 68, 

pl. 19, fig. 3, pl. 39, fig. 5, 1892. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 62, 

pl. 20, fig. 2, 1896. Hollick, Ann. Acad. Sci. 

New York, vol. 11, p. 58, pl. 3, fig. 7,1898. Berry, 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, p. 

139, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1906; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 33, p. 170, 1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey 

Bull. 3, p. 110, 1911. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. 6-8, 1906. 

Ficus atavina Heer. Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. 

Trans., vol. 11, p. 103, pl. 4, fig. 5, 1892. 

Order MYRICALES. 

Fa:q~.ily M~ICACEAE. 

Genus MYRICA De Candolle. 

Myrica emarginata Heer. 

Plate XIII, figure 4. 

:Myrica emarginata H~er, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, Abt 

2, p. 66, pl. 41, fig. 2, 1882. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 67, pl. 

12, fig. 1, 1892. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, ·p. 62, pl. 41., 

figs. 10, 11, 1896. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 104, pl. 10, 

fig. 5, ~911. 

The leaves of this species differ considerably 

in size· and outline, as might be expected in 

the present genus. Heer's type material ·is 

somewhat imperfect, and some of it can with Heer's clescription, published in 1882, is as 

follows: · difficulty be discriminated from some of ~he 

forms referred to the same R1,.1thor's J uglans M. foliis oblongis, integerrimis, a pice emarginatis, basi 

crassipes althouO'h that species is on the. attenuatis, nervis secundariis subtilissimis. ' b . 

whole a much larger form with a narrower base The Raritan leaves. referred to this species by 

.and is less oblong in outline. Juglans arctica Newberry are not quite typical of this species 

is oblong.;.ovate in outline with an obtusely being somewhat more elongate and lacking the 

pointed apex, and a rou:rided, generally inequi- strictly obovate outlin~ shown in the Atane 

lateral base. The petiole and midrib are stout. leaves and those from the Dakota sandstone. 

Secondaries numerous, well marked, parallel, The remains from the Tuscaloosa form.ation 

camptodrome. The ·size ranges in coinplete which are referred to this species are intermedispecimens from 9 to 15 centimeters in length. ate in character between the Raritan leaves and 

and from 3 to 6 centimeters in width. the type from Greenland, being relatively wider 

· A nut and catkins are associated with the and more robust·than the type. They may be 

leaves at the type locality in the Atane beds characterized as follows: Leaves obovate· in 

of Greenland, which confirms their reference ~utline, wi~est at ·the rounded, truncate, and . 

to this genus. The species has a wide r~nge, more or less emarginate apex, with entire mar-

. having been recorded from both the. east and gins narrowing to the cuneate base. Midrib 

west in the United States. mediumly stout, flexed in the Alabama mateIn the Atlantic Coastal Plain it ranges fron1 rial. Secondaries, five thin pairs, subopposite, 

the middle part of the Raritan formation of diverging from the midrib at angles ~f about 

New Jersey upward through the Magothy 45°, camptodrome. The reference of this 

formation of that State and synchronous de- species to the genus 111yrica is entirely probposits southward into the basal beds of the lematic. The present species is astonishingly 

Eutaw formation of western Georgia. It is close to a form from Niederschoena, Saxony, 

sparingly represented from beds near the base described by Engelhardt 1 as Mimusops balof the Tuscaloosa formation in western Ala- lotaevides. 

bama and from · this most southerly known Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottonoccurrence it ranges northward to western dale, Tu~caloosa County, and Shirleys Mill, 

Greenland, or over about 38° of latitude, Fayette County, Ala. 

occurring in Georgia, South Carolina, North Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Carolina, :Maryland, New Jersey, New York, t Engelhardt, H~rmann, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 7, 

and 11assachusetts. · Jahrg. 1891, p. 98, pl. 2, fig. 13, 1892. 
7 4 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Myrica longa (Heer) Heer. 

Proteoideslongus Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, 

p. no, pl. 29, fig. 8b; pl. 31, figs. 4, 5, 1874. 

Dawson, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 1, sec. 4, p. 22, 

pl. 2, fig. 8, 1883. 

Myrica longa (Heer) Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, 

Abt. 2, p. 65, pl. 18, fig. 9b; pl. 29, figs. 15-17; pl33, 

fig. 10; pl. 41, fig. 4d, ·1882; idem,-vol. 7, p. 21,1883. 

· Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 67, pl. 

. 3, figs. 1-6, 1892. · 

Bartsch, Iowa Univ. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 3, p. 

180, 1896. 

Knowlton, U.S. Geol. SurveyTwenty-firstAnn. Rept., 

pt. 7, p. 314, pl. 39, fig. 7, 1901.. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 170, 1906. 

Leaves of variable size, linear to lanceolate in 

outline, with a stout midrib, numerous thin, 

ascending camptodrome secondaries, entire 

margins, obtusely pointed apex, narrowly 

decurrent base, and long, stout petiole. 

This species was described by Heer as a 

Proteoides and subsequently referred to the 

genus Myrica. It occurs in both the Atane and 

Patoot beds of Greenland, in the D~kota sandstone of the West, in the Magothy formation of 

Maryland, and in the Woodbine sand of Texas. 

It is very common at. the Tuscaloosa locality. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

and upper ravine on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S.·National Museum. 

Myrica dakotensis ·minima Berry, n. var. 

Plate XIII, figure 5. 

Leaves. of very small sjze; linear or oblong 

lanceolate in outline, gradually narrowed and 

· decurrent to a short thick curved petiole. 

Length about. 1.5 centimeters. Maximum 

width, in the middle' part of the leaf, about 3.5 

millimeters. Margins entire at base, above 

this closely crenulate. Midrib relatively stout, 

flat .. Secondaries numerous, thin, subparallel, 

diverging from the midrib at angles of about 

45°, curving slightly upward, eventually 

camptodrome. 

This characteristic little leaf is identical 

with the Dakota sandstone species Myrica 

dakotensis Lesquereux,t except that it is ·only 

about one-fourth or one-fifth the size of the 

western form. Its relationship to Myrica is 

questionable. 

1 Lesquereux, Leo, The Cretaceous and Tertiary :tioras, p. 35, pl. 4, 

fig. 9, 1883. . ' 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

'• 

Myrica ripleyensis Berry. 

Plate XI, ?gure 2. 

Myrica ripleyensis Berry, To~·rey Bot. Club :!3ull., vol. 43, 

p. 288, 1916. . 

Leaves of medium size,_ linear-lanceolate in 

outline with a gradually narrowed and a~uminate tip and a cuneate base. Length about 

13 centimeters. Maximum width, in the middle part of the leaf, about 1. 75 centimeters. 

Margin.s conspicuously serrate toothed, the 

teeth somewhat irregular in size and disposition; distad they are reduced and close-set. 

They increase in size proximad until in the 

median and basal part of the leaf they are 

large and triangular, the intervening sharp 

sinuses reaching nearly to the midrib and 

closely simulatii1g our recent Oomptonia in 

character. Texture coriaceous. Petiole not 

preserved, presumably short and stout. Midrib stout, flexuous-. Secondaries numerous, 

diverging from the midrib. at wide angles, 

about 70°, eve~y third or fourth one straighter 

than the rest and running to a marginal tooth, 

the intervening ones somewhat more curved 

and camptodronle. 

This species is exceedingly well marked and 

is entirely distinct from previously described 

forms. It resembles closely some· of the 

leaves of our existing Oomptonia peregrina· 

(Linne) Coulter. It is also much like some of 

the European Tertiary forms about which ~o 

much controversy ·raged in times past as to. 

whether ·they were myricaceous or proteaceous.2 

For example, some of the forms of Oomptonia 

vindobonensis (Ettingshausen) Berry are similar to the present species. A somewhat similar form is described by V elenovsky from the 

Bohemian Cretaceous as Dryandra cretacea 3 

and another by Unger from the Cretaceous of 

Transylvania as Oomptonites antiquus._4 These 

2 See Berry, E. W., Lhing and fossil species of Comptonia;. Am~ 

Naturalist, vol. 40~ pp. 485-520, pis. 1-4, 1906. 

a Velenovsky, Josef, Die Flora der Bohmischen Kreideformation, pt. 

2, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, 1883. · 

• Unger, Franz, Ueber einige fossile Pfl.anzenreste aus Siebenbiirgen 

und Ungaro: K. Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber,, Band 51, pt.l, p. 2, 

pl. 1, fig. 1, 1865. 
SALICALES. 75 

are both generically distinct from the present Cypress and 2~ miles southwest of Selmer, :Mespecies, as shown by their characteristic habit .. ·N airy County, Tenn. 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (MeN airy sand Collection: Johns Hopkins University. 

member), Camden-Paris road,-13 miles northwest of Camden, Benton County, Tenn. (collected by L. W. Stephenson); 2~ miles southwest of Selmer, MeN airy County, Tenn. (collected by Bruce Wade) .. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Order FAGALES. 

Family FAGACEAE. Q 

Genus DRYOP~YLLUM Debey. 

Dryophyllum gracile Debey. 

Plate XXXII, figure 2. 

Dryophyllum gracile De bey, Feuilles querciformes d' Aixla-Chapelle, p. 10, figs. 10, 11, 1881. -

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 290, pl. 16, 

fig. 6, 19~6. 

Leaves· oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a 

cuneate base . and a gradually narrowed tip. 

Length about 12 centimeters. ~1:aximum width, 

about midway between the· apex and the base, 

ranging from 1.75 to 2.5 centimeters. Petiole 

m1ssmg. Texture subcoriaceou~. Margin with 

regularly spaced, fairly prominent, nearly 

straight se~rate teeth. :Midrib stout, prominent on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries thin, regularly spaced, about 15 craspedodrome pairs branching from the midrib at angles of 45 ° or more, curving regularly upward, 

subparallel, terminating in the marginal teeth. 

Tertiaries thin, partly percurrent and partly 

·alternating,- joined n1idway between adjacent 

seconda-ries by a z~gzag vein. 

This well-marked species is represented by 

five specimens from the Ripley formation of 

Tennessee. None of these are complete, each 

showing about two-thirds of a leaf, enough to 

dmnonstrate their identity with the European 

type, -\vhich came from the Emscherian of Aixla-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia. Additional European occurrences are Tannenberg, Bohemia, 

and Kieslingswalde, Silesia, all at about the 

same horizon and probably in the Santonian 

substage of the Emscherian .. 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (MeN airy sand 

member), big cut on the Southern Railway near 

Order S4-LICALES. 

Family SALICACEAE. 

Genus SALIX L~nne. 

Salix flexuosa Newberry. 

Plate. XIII, figure 3. 

Salix jlexuosa Newberry, Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 

City Ann., vol. 9, p. 21, 1868; Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary plants, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1878. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, 

p. 145, 1906; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 171, 

1906; NewJerseyGeol. Survey Bull. 3, p.ll5, 1911. · 

Salix proteaejolia linearifolia Lesquereux, The flora of the 

Dakota group, p. 49, pl. 44,·figs. 1-3, 1892. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New .England, p. 52, pl. 8, fig. 12, 1906. 

Salix proteaejolia jlexuosa (Newberry) Lesquereux, The 

flora of the Dakota group, p. 50, pl. 44, figs. 4, 5, 1892. 

Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 50, pi. 174, 

fig. 5, 1894; New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p .. 

59, pl. 4, fig. 5a, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and N e;,v England, p. 51, pl. 8, figs. 

5, 6a; pl. 37, fig. 8b, 1906. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 67, pl. 

48, fig. 12; pl. 51, fig. 2, 1903. 

Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate in outline, 

equally pointed at both ends, short petioled, 

ranging from 5 to 10 centimeters in length, and. 

from 8 to 13 millimeters in maximum width. 

Margins entire. Midrib stout below, tapering 

above, somewhat flexuous in many specimens. 

Secondaries more or less remote, about 10 alternate pairs, branching from the midrib at angles 

ranging from 35 ° to 45 °, camptodrome, of fine 

caliber, many of them obsolete. 

This spec1es was described by Newberry from 

the Dakota sandstone in 1868. Lesquereux 

subsequently made it one of the varieties of his 

Salix proteaejolia, although it is obviously 

entitled to independent specific rank. It is of 

rare occurrence in the Raritan formation of 

New Jersey, where it is first found in the uppermost beds at South Amboy, N. J., and it is 

preeminently a species which characterizes the 

Magothy formation from New Jersey to 

Maryland and homotaxial horizons to the south. 

It is recorded from the ~1:agothy formation 

from Marthas Vineyard to Potomac River. 
7 6 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN rENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

It occurs in the. Black Creek for~ation of the midrib at angles of about 45° anci are paralN orth and South Carolina, and in the Midden- lel and camptodrome. 

dorf arkose member of the Black Creek in the This species is exceedingly variable, as might 

latter State. In Georgia, though not especially be expected in a Salix, and Lesqtiereux estababundant, characteristic leaves of this species lished severai varieties, of which at least one, 

are found in the lower part of th~ Eutaw linearijolia, is Feferable to Salix fiexuosa Newformation in the western part of the State. berry. Some of Lesquereux's forms are ·.disIn Alabama it is very common at a relatively · tinguishable with difficulty from Sa~ix fiexuosa, 

large·number of localities from the base to the and this is especially shown in t~e leaves which 

top of the-Tuscaloosa formation. · .he figures in Plate I of his "Cretaceous and 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shir- Tertiary floras." They are, however, larger 

leys Mill, Glen Allen, Fayette County; big and som~what more robust, of a thicker texgully and upper ravin·e on the Snow place; ture, and broadest near the· base, from which 

Robertson's upper landing, and Sanders Ferry they taper upward to an exceedingly. acumi-

. Bluff, gully at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County; nate tip.· In general Salix lesq_uereuxii is a 

Whites Bluff, Greene County; near Maples-· relatively much broader, more ovate form 

ville, Chilton County, Ala. _ Eutaw formation, with more numerous and better seen secon--

McBrides Ford, Chimney Bluff, Broken Arrow daries and a longer petiole. 

Bend, Chattahoochee County, Ga. · This species is an exceedingly abundant. 

Collections: -U.S. National Museum. Cretaceous type in both the East an9, the 

Salix lesquere~xii Berry. 

Salix lesqum·euxii Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, 

p. 252, 1909;-idem, vol. 37, pp. 21, 194, 1910; New 

Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 114, 1911. 

Salix proteaejolia Lesquereux, Am. Jou.r. Sci., 2d ser., 

vol. 46,- p. 94, 1868 (not Forbes); The Cretaceous 

flora, p. 60 1 pl. 5, figs.l-4, 1874; TheCretaceousand 

Tertiary :floras, p. 42, pl. 1, figs. 14-16, pl. 16, fig. 3, 

1883; The flora of the Dakota group, p. 49, 1892. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 66, pl. 18, 

·figs. 3, 4, 1896. 

Kurtz, Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. 10, p. 51, 1902. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, 

p. 139, 1906; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 3~, p. 171, 

··pi. 7, fig. 2, 1906; Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new 

ser., No.7, p. 81,1907. 

Salix proteaejolia, longijolia Lesquereux, The flora of the 

Dakota group, p. 50, pl. 44, fig. 9., 1892. 

Bartsch, Univ. Iowa ~Jab. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 3, 

p. 179; 1896. 

Proteo1:des daphnogenoides Heer. Newberry, The flora of the 

Amboy clays, p. 72 (part), pl. 32, fig. 11, 1896. 

Dewalquea·groenlandica Heer. Newberry, The flora of the 

· Amboy clays, p. 129 (part), pl. 41, fig. 12, 1896. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, somewhat 

more acuminate above than below, variable in 

size, ranging from 6 to 12 centimeters in length, 

and from 1.1 to 2.2 centimeters in greatest 

width, which is usually slightly below the 

middle. Petiole stout, much longer than ~in 

Salix fiexuosa, having a maximum length of 

1.2 centimeters. Midrib stout below, tapering 

above. Secondaries numerous, in some specimens as many as . 20 pairS; they branch from 

West, ranging chronologically in the Coastal 

Plain from the base of the Raritan formation 

to the top of th~ Tuscaloosa fo~mation, and 

possibly through the Eutaw formation as well. 

It is abundant in the Magothy and Black Creek 

formations, including the Middendorf arkose 

member of the· Black Creek. ·In the· west it is 

common in the Dakota sandstone. It is one 

of the forms recorded by Kurtz from the 

Upper Cretaceous of Argentina, indicating, if 

the identification is. correct, a very considerable 

migration during the early Upper Cretaceous. 

In Alabama it ranges from the bottom to the 

top of the Tuscaloosa formation. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys_ 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County; big gully 

on the Snow place, left bank of Black Warrior 

River at Tuscaloosa; Sanders Ferry Bluff, 

Cottondale, and gully in Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. · Eutaw formation, ChimneyBluff, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. N ationai Museum. 

Salix eutawensis Berry. 

Salix eutawensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, 

p. 193, pl. 22, figs. 1-11, 1910; U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Pa.per 84, p. 109, pl. 19, fig. 3, 1914; Torrey 

Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 289, 1916. 

This characteristic species was recently described in the papers cited and the discussion 

n~ed not be repeated here. 
SALICALES. .· 77 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal part), 

Broken Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee County, 

Ga.; (Coff~e sand member), cut on the Nashville, Chattanooga& St. Louis Railway, just east 

of Parsons, Decatur Count)'r-, Tenn. 

Collections: U. S. National :Museum. 

\ 

Salix meekii Newberry. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa fonnation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National :Museum .. 

Genus POPULUS Linne. 

Populus hyperborea Heer. 

Populus hypfJl'borea Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, pt. 2, 

p. 106, pl. 27, fig. Sd; pl. 29, figs. 6-9; pl. 30, fig. 2b, 

1874; idem, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 64, pl._ 17, figs. 6, 7; 

Sal·~?; ?neekii Newberry, Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York pl. 21, fig. 1a, 1882. -

City Ann., vol. 9, p. 19, 1868; The later extinct Lesquereux, The flor~ of the Dakota group, p. 43, 

floras of North America, p. 58, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1898. pl. 3, figs. 9-11; pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 47, fig. 5, 1892. 

Lesquereux, The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, p. 42, Bartsch, Iowa. Univ. Lab. Sci. Bull., vol. 3, p. 179, 

1883. . 1896. 

Hollick, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 2, p. 404, Leaves ovat~ to elliptical in outline with a 

pl. 41, fig. 1, 1902; New York Acad. Sci. 'l'rans., ·broadly rounded apex and a broadly rounded 

vol. 16, p. 130,. pl. 13, figs. 3·, 4, 1897; The Creta- t ·t b L tl f 4 t 7 ceo us flora of southern New York and New England, 0 cunea e ase. eng 1 ranges ro1n o 

p. 51 1 8 fi 1 o 9 1906 cent_in1eters. Maximum width, in middle part , p . , gs. c, o, ,_ . 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p, 68, of the leaf, 5 to 6 centimeters. Margins entire. 

1903. Texture coriaceous. Petiole stout, curved, 

Salix cuneata Newberry, Lesquercux, Iilustrations of about 2 centimeters long. Midrib stout. 

Cretaceous and Tertiary plants, pl. 1, figs. 2·, 3, 1878. 

Sali.'IJ proteaefolia lanceolata Lesquereux, The flora of the Secondaries stout, 5 or 6; opposite to alternate 

D k a ota gi'oup, p. 50, p . , l 64 fi gs. 6-8 2 Pairs, diverging frmn th. e · nridrib at acute , 189 . 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 59, angles and somewhat crowded toward the 

pl. 4, fig. 4, 1898; The Cretaceous floi·a of southern base of the nridrib, camptodrome, the lower 

New York and New England, P· 52, pl. 8, figs. la, ones giving off outwardly direc.ted campto2-4, 

1906· dron1e tertiaries. Balan.ce of tertiaries thin, 

The· original description of this species, percurrent. 

pub~ishecl by Newberry in 1868, is as follows: This species was described by fleer from 

I-eaves petioled, ~hin and delicate, lanceolate, acute very fragmentary material fron1 the Atane 

at both ends, nervation delicate, midrib slender, sec- beds of West Greenland. Lesquereux deondary nerves fine, springing from the medial nerve at an angle of 35o, gently arched and anastomosing near the scribed much n1ore cmnplete n1aterial fron1 the 

·margins; network of tertiary veins somewhat lax but Da~.mta sandstone, in which this species is 

composed of nervules o.f such tenuity as to be rarely· COllllllOn both in Kansas and Iowa. The 

visible. . species is represented by con$iderable n1aterial 

Tlris is one of the historic Dakota sa;ndstone 

plants, a sketch of which was submitted· to 

fleer by Meek in the early days of the study 

of that formation. It has since been recorded 

from a large number of localities in the ~iagothJ 

fonp.ation of the ·Atlantic Coastal Plain and 

from strata . of supposed Colorado age in 

western Iowa.1 It is not common in the 

Tuscaloosa flora but is represented by typical 

thin lanceolate le~ves. It is doubtfully distinct from the associated Salix lesg_uereuxii 

~m:ry. 

1 Stanton, '1'. W., Tho Colorado formatim1and its invertebnite fauna: 

U.S. Gool. Survey llu·ll.106, p. 21, 1893. 

frmn the Tuscaloosa formation that is obviously identic~l with that fron1 Kans'as with 

which con1parisons can be made n1uch 111ore 

conclusively than with the -figures of the 

Greenland specimens. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa for1nation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: ·u. S. National Museum. 

Genus POPULITES Lesquereux. 

Populites tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XIII, figure 2. 

Leaves ovate-elliptical in outline with an 

obtusely rounded apex and a cuneate base. 
78 UPPER CRETAQEOUS FLORAS IN ·TENNESSEE; MISSISSIPPI, A~BAMA, AND GEORGa. 

Length about 7 centimeters. Maximum width · 

about 5.25 centin1eters in the basal half of the 

leaf. Texture ·subcoriaceous. M~rgin entire 

below, beconung undulate or slightly, repand 

above by the developn1ent of a very shallow 

rounded sinus between the tips of some of the 

secondaries. Midrib stout, slightly flexuous. 

Secondat~es stout, becon1ing thin distad, about 

five alternate, parallel, craspedodrome pairs; 

they branch fron1 the 1nidrib at regular intervals at ·angles of almost exactly 45° and pursue 

a straight course to the n1argins. Tertiaries 

mostly percurrent, those which run outward 

from th~ basal secondaries apparently running· 

directly to the margin. 

This species is entirely distinct from any ~f 

the previously described species of Populites 

which are so numerous and variable in the 

Dakota sandstone. It is closest-to some of the 

form~ of Populites litigiosus of Lesquereux, 

· which both Heer ·and Newberry referred directly to the genus Populus. Knowlton has 

described a species which he names Populus 

cretacea 1 and which con1es from the Montana 

group of Montana.· In some of its forms 2 this 

species is similar to Populites tuscaloosensis. 

·The other figured forn1s are not at all like the 

·Tusc8loosa leaves• A comparison of the similar 

form of Populus cretacea with the Tuscaloosa 

species shows that the latter. is pinnatifid and 

presents no indication of any differentiation in 

the lower secondaries. The secondaries are 

stouter; the t~eth are ·much feebler, less 

numerous, less acute, and never present except 

at the apex of secondaries .. The tertiaries are 

more regularly percurrent. 

The two· species are believed to be entirely 

. distinct, and the Alaban1a form is Clearly allied 

with the Dakota sandstone forms of Populites 

in all of its essential characters. 

- Occurrence: Tuscaloosa · formatio~, Glen 

· Allen, Fayette County; gully at Tl,lscaloosa, 

Tusc·aloosa County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Muse~m. 

1 Knowlton, F. H., U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 257, p.138,pl.17, figs.l-5 

1905. . . ' 

.2 Idem, pl. 17, fig. 1. 

Order URTICALES. 

Family MORACEAE. 

Genus FICUS Linne. 

Ficus krausiana Heer. 

Ficus lcrausiana Heer, Allg. schweiz. Gesell. gesammt. 

Naturwiss. Bern Neue .Denkschr., Band 23, p. 15, 

pl. 5, figs. 3-6, 1869. 0 

· Lesqu.ereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 81, 

pl. l', fig. 5, 1892. 

Hollick, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 7, p. 13, 1895· 

NewYorkAcad. Sci. Ann., vol.ll, p. 59, pl. 3, :fig.1: 

1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and 

New England, p. 58, pl. 9, fig. 9, pl. 10 figs. 1-3 

1906. ' ' 

B~rry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 172, 1906; 

Idem, vol. 43, p. 291, 1916. 

Ficus beckw1:thii Lesquereux, The Cretaceous and Tertiary 

. floras, p. 46,.pl. 16, fig. 5; pl. 17, figs. 3, 4, 1883. 

Ftcus suspecta Velenovsky, Die flora der bohmischen 

Kreideformation, pt. 4, p. 10, pl. 5, figs. 6, 9, 1885. 

Ficus atavina Heer (?). Hollick, New York Acad.· Sci. 

Trans., vol. 11, p. 103, pl. 4, figs. 4,_6, 1892. 

Leaves of large size, ovate-lanceolate in outline, broadest at or below the middle. Apex 

and base acutely pointed, the apex often extended and attenuated. Petiole and midrib 

~tout. Secondaries regular, open, thin, ascendmg, camptodrome, ·branching from the midrib 

at angles of 45° or more. 'Length about 17 

centimeters. Greatest widt~ about 4 eentimeters. 

This ·well-known Upper Cretaceous species 

was described originally from the Cenomanian 

of ~oravia, and it has been subsequently recorded from a large number of American localities. In the West it occurs in the Dakota 

sandstone; in the East it is common from 

Marthas Vineyard to Alabama· and is present 

between these limits in 1iaryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and_ Georgia. These oc--

currences are all in beds of Magothy age or 

younger. In both North Carolina and South 

Carolina fruits of Ficus are associated with thls 

species, but whether they are to be referred to· 

it or to some ot the other rather numerous 

species of Ficus which occur at the same localities ·can not be determined.. The present 

species is one of the commonest post-Raritan 
URTICALES. 79 

fossils in the Coastal Plain, and it is especially is a species which is especially characteristic of 

abundant in .the Middendorf arkose member of the post·-Raritan and· pre-Matawari horizons of 

the Blac:K Creek formation of South Carolina. eastern North America. 

In Alabama it is not uncommon in the Tus- . The leaf substance is partially preserved in 

caloosa formation, and it persists into the basal the Sanders Bluff n1aterial and shows in microbeds of the Eutaw formation in Hale County. scopic preparations the spiral tracheids of the 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys leaf veins and numerous lactiferous cells. Both 

:Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County; Cotton- -lower and upper epidennal.layers are well predale ( 1), Sanders Ferry Bluff, and upper ravine served. They are thin and highly ·cuticularon the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. ized,. the epidennis consisting of very small, 

Eutaw formation (basal part), 2 miles south of nearly equilateral, quadrangular thick-walled 

I-Iavana, Hale County, Ala.; Chimney Bluff, cells~ The .stomata are few and scattered and 

Chattahoochee County, Ga.; Coffee sand mem- are confined to the lower surface. They conber of Eutaw formation, Coffee Bluff, IIardin sist of- two rather. thin, sausage-shaped guard 

County, Tenn. · cells set on edge-that is, much higher than 

. Collections: U. S. National Museum. wide, the length equal to two epidermal cells . 

. . Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Sanders 

Ferry Bluff, and big gully and upper ravine on 

the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Eutaw· formation, Chimney Bluff, Chattahoochee County, Ga. (Coffee sand member), Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, Tenn. 

Ficus crassipes. (Heer) Heer. 

Proteoides crassipes Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt: 

2, p.llO, pl. 31, figs. 6-8a, 1874. 

Ficus crassipes (Heer) Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, 

Abt. 2, p. 70, JJL 17, fig. 9a, pl. 24, figs. 1, 2. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 79, pl. 

13, fig. 3, 1892. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 172, 1906; 

idem, vol. 43, p. 291, 1916. 

F-icus daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry, Johns Hopkins Univ. 

Circ., new ser., No.7, p. 81, 1907. · · 

Leaves entire, narrowly lanceolate in outline, 

about equally tapering to the acuminate apex 

and base. Length 12 to 20 centimeters. 

Greatest width, which is in the middle part of 

the leaf, 1.8 to 2.5 centimeters. Texture coriaceous. :Midrib stout, in rriany specimens 

extraordinarily so. Second aries thin, open, 

ascending, camptodrome. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

·Ficus georgiana Berry. 

Ficus georgiana ·Berry, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, 

p. 111, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1914. 

I have recently described this form from the 

Eastern Gulf region in the paper cited. 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (Cusseta sand 

member), near Buena Vista, Marion County, 

Ga. · 

Collection: U. S .. National Museum .. 

· Ficus ovatifolia Berry. 

This species ~was described originally from the Ficus ovatifolia Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, p. 

Atane bed .. s of western Greenland,· the first 2-3 1909 u s G 1 s p f p 84 111 t> , ; • • eo . urvey ro . aper , p. , 

rather fragmentary specimens coll~cted. sug- pl. 19, figs. 5-7, 1914. 

gested a relationship with the genus Proteoides. Ficus ovata Newberry, The flora of the Amboy c~ays, p. 70, 

Subsequently the original describer referred it pl. 24, figs . .l-3, 1896 (not Don). 

to Ficus, where it undoubtedly belongs. lhave recently discussed this species for the 

Lesquereux has recorded it from the .Dakota Ea:::;tern Gulf area in the paper cited. It n1ay 

sandstone of the West, and it is common in the be distinguished from the closely. allied Ficus· 

:Magothy forn1ation of the northern Atlantic woolsoni by its greater elongation and narrower 

Coastal Plain and in the Black Creek formation base. 

of North C3:rolina·. It persists into the Eutaw OccurrenQe.: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

forn1ation of Georgia and is especi.ally common McBrides ~Ford, . Chattahoochee Comity, Ga.; 

in the Middendorf arkose member of the Black (Coffee sand men1ber), Coffee Bluff, Hardin 

Creek formation of South Carolina. It is not County, Tenn; · 

very common in the Tuscaloosa formation and ·. Collections: U. S. National Museum. 
80 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORA.S IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry. Miquel, which has much the same outline and 

Plate XIII, figures 6, 7~ consistency, the same prominent midrib, and 

the. same venation. When the· fo813il 'forms Proteoides daphnogenoides Heer, Phyllites cretacees du 

N b. k ·17 1 4 fi 9 10 1866. are placed in the genus Ficus, where they e ras ~a, p. · , p . , gs. , , ) . 

Lesquereux,. The Cretaceous flora, p. 85, pl. 15, figs.· properly belong, they find their affinity in the 

1, 2, 1874; The flora of the Dakota group, p. 90, group which i'ncludes, among others, such 

1892. species as Ficus elongata Hosius, Ficus herRollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 11, p. 98, thoudi Lesquereux, Ficus suspecta Velenovsky, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 1892; idem, vol. 12, p. 36, pl. 2, 

fi C B 11 1 and Ficus krausiana I-Ieer. gs. 4, 9, 13, 1893; Torrey Bot. lub u ., vo . 21, 

p. 52, pl. 177, fig. 1, 1894; The Cretaceous flora of This species has been found to be quite 

southern New York and New England, p. 59, pl. 12, variable in size, ranging in length from 11 to 

figs. 1-5, 1906. . 22 centimeters and in width from 1.9 to 3.7 

Smith, On· the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1394 (determined by Ward). centimeters. It is usually widest in the lower 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 72, pl. 17, half of the leaf, although in some specimens the 

figs. 8, 9; pl. 32, figs. 11, 13, 14; pl. 33; fig. 3; pi. 41, base is quite narrow and the widest part is 

fig. 15, 1896. toward . the middle. In all unequivocal nlateBerry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3_, P· 74, pl. rial the upper half of the leaf is narrow and is 

51, figs. 6-9, 1903. d d 1 1 d 1 Pro uce as a onb(J'' sen er, common y re- Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) B.erry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

1 32 327 1 21 1905 vo 'd 1 33 173 curved tip, which is one ..of the . characteristic . . , p. , p . , ; 1 em, vo . , p. , 

pl. 7, fig. 5, 1906; idem; vol. 34, p. 194, pL 11, figs. features of the species. This tip is strictly 

10, 11, 1907. comparable with the "dripping points" deFicus pr9teoides Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, vel oped on various leaves in the modern. 

p. 77, pl. 12, fig. 2, 1892. . . T · h · · · · h 

Eucalypt1ts? attenuata Newberry, The flora of the Amboy ropiCs w ere preCipitatiOn IS eavy. 

clays: New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 122, Ficus . daphnogenoides is a widespread and 

pl. 12, fig. 4, 1911; pl. 16, fig. 5 (not figs. 2, 3), 1896. common.form, ranging from Marthas Vineyard 

Heer's description, published in 1866, is as to Alabama in east~rn North Alnerica and from· 

follows: · the Northwest Territory to Kansas and Nebraska in the Western Interior region. Les· feuilles sont coriaces, a la base attenuees, .entieres; · · Occurrence:, Tuscaloosa formation, ~hirleys · la nervure mediane est forte; elle porte deux nervures 

. secondaires faibles, aerodromes, qui sont presque paralleles Mill and Glen Allen, Fay.ette County; Cottonau limbe; mais elles ne sont pas opposees, comme chez les dale, big gully ·and upper ravine on the Snow 

Daphnogene et Cinnamomum. place, and gully at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa 

This species was described by H~er from the County, Ala. . 

Dakota sandstone· of Nebraska, and was based Collections: U.S. National :Museum. 

upon very incomplete material. His specimens have some long ascending secondaries, 

but Lesquereux's more complete specimens 

. from the same formation and region show that 

these secondaries were not aerodrome. but 

camptodrome. The species in this feature, and 

also in other respects, differs fro:rh Protea and 

its allies, which are more coriaceous and have 

the secondaries branching at acute· angles and 

massed toward the generally apetiolate base. 

When compared with the genus Ficus it is 

found to closely resemble a number of different 

species from such widely separated localities as 

Central and South America· and the Celebes. 

Especially among the Mexican and Central 

American forms are very similar leaves seen.; 

for example, Ficus .fasciculata Watson, Ficus 

Zancifolia Hooker and Arnott, Ficus ligustrina 

Kunth and Bouche, and especially Ficus sapida 

Ficus inaequalis Lesquereux. 

Plate XII, figure 1. 

Ficus inaequalis Lesquereux, the flora of the Dakota 

group, p. 82, pl. 49, figs. 6-8; pl. 50, figs, 3, 6, 1892. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. 

Bartsch, Iowa Univ. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., voL 3, 

p. 180, 1896. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Dull., vol. 34, p. 194, pl. 12, 

:figs. 2, 3, 190~. 

Leaves broadly ovate-acuminate in outline, 

many of tb,em inequil~teral. Size variable, 

ranging from 4·to 12 centimeters in length by 2 

to 4.5 ·centimeters in maximum width, which 

is slightly below the middle, averaging 'about 8 

centimeters in length by 3 to. 3.5 centjmeters in 

maximum width. From the middle the entire 

margins curve downward in a full curve to the . 
UR.TICALES. Si 

slightly decurrent base and upward to then1ore This form is exceedingly striking and graceor less extended and commonly falcate-acun1i- ful, and it is entirely distinct from any known 

nate apex. Petiole-short and stout, ·2.5 centi- Cretaceous species, although it may be readily· 

nleters lo~g in the largest specimen seen. matched by a number of modern tropical 

Midrib stout below, becoming much attenuated American species. It resembles to a certain 

in the acumen. Secondaries numerous, mostly extent the contemporaneous species Ficus 

thin, son1ewhat irregularly spaced, branching inaequalis Lesquereu.."C, and Ficus daplinofrom the n1idrib at angles of about 456 , and curv- genoides .CHeer) Berry, being intermediate in 

ing ':Jpward, regularly camptodrome. ·In·some its characters. Thus it is relativeiy shorter 

specimens one of the lower secondaries on and broader thal_l Ficus daphnogenoides and 

either or both sides may be larger 'than the rest, relatively larger than Ficus inaeqy,alis ·and is 

giving the leaf the appearance of being triple more elegantly proportioned than either of 

veined. Tertiaries fine, of the usual Ficus these, at the same 'time p·reserving the same 

type; general facies. The 'long acumen or "dri.pping 

This handsome species was described. origi- point," which has been. commented upon i!l 

nally from the Dakota sandston.e of Kansas: connection with other members of the TuscaIt was subsequently recognized by Ward in .loosa flora,· is exceedingly well developed 

collections from the Tuscaloosa formation, by and may be duplicated in species now growing 

Bartsch in the Dako.ta sandstone of Iowa, and in the tropical rain forests of northern South 

by the writer in the Black Creek forn1ation of .America. The preservation of these features 

North Carolina. The acuminate apex, though in the present species also affords a clear indicanot developed to the conspicuous extent .that tio.n of the quiet waters in which the Tuscait is in some of the other n1embers ·of the Tusca- loosa sediments were laid down at this· point 

loosa flora, fully merits · the appellation of and further indicates that the form was a 

"dripping point.'' Its prese.r:ce in so 1nany- marginal species and was not brought down 

different forms in this flora is a clear· indication· to the basin of sedimentation by rivers from 

of humidity and heavy rainfall. son1e inland habitat. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys Among previously described fossil plants the 

Mill, Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa present species }?ears a close resemblance to the 

County, Ala. larger leaves of the form from the Cenomanian 

Collections: U.S. N a~ional :Museum. of Bohemia described by Velenovsky 1 as Cassia 

Ficus shirleyt:msis Berry n. sp. 

Plate XIII, figure 8. 

Leaves ovate-acuminate in outline, about 

10 centimeters in length by about 3.5 centimeters in nuL~imum widt}f, which is at. a point 

about one-third of the distance from the base 

to the tip. :Margins full and curved at the 

broadest part of the blade, becoming incurved 

and decurrent at the base and incurved upward 

to the narrow, extended, acuminate tip. Petiole stout, short. Midrib stout, curved. Secondaries numerous, thin, approximately parallel, 

camptodrome; they branoh from the midrib 

at angles of about 45°, those· in .the broader 

part of ~he blade sviTeeping upward in a wide 

curve, approximately parallel with the lower 

lateral margin, · and those in the acun1en 

becon1ing short and nearly straight. Tertiaries 

fine, of the usual type found in Ficus leaves 

with the habit. of the present species. 

65628°-19-6 

melanophylla.' 

Occurrence: Tuscaioosa fonnation, Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. N ational·:Museum. 

Ficus woolsoni Hollick. 

Plate XII, figure 2. 

Ficus 'l.vonlsoni Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Traits., vol. 

12, p. 33, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2c, 1892; New York .Acad. 

Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 419, pl. 37, fig. 9; 1898; The 

Cretaceous flora of souther~ New York and New 

England, p. 59, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6, 1906. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. . 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 70, pl. 20, 

fig. 3; pl. 23, figs. 1-6, 1896. . · 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 74, 

pl. 47, fig. 7, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., ·vol. 33, 

p. 172, 1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 

for 1905, p. 119, 1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey 

Bull. 3, p. 124, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1911. 

Leaves broadly ovate to· cordate in outline, 

5 to 10 centimeters. in length, by 3.25 to H) 

1 Vclcnovsky, Josef, Die Flora dcr bohmischcn Kreidcformation, pt. 

4, p. 5, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12, 1885. See especially fig. 1. 
82 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN ·TE_NNESSEE, _MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

centimeters in breadth, with a usually acute between the s·econdaries. Texture somewhat 

apex and a cordate to a round~d, more or less coriaceous, but leaf substance. not especially 

decurrent base. Margin entire. Principal thick.· 

veins th~ee, the midrib being the stoutest. This handsorp.e species is based upon 

The laterals branch at a variable angle from splendid material from. Shirleys Mil!, Ala., 

the top of the petiole, traverse considerably near the base of the Tuscaloosa formation, and 

more than -the basal half of the leaf, and join is entirely .disti:p_ct from any known Cretaceous 

the camptodrome secondaries above; they give forms. Although its secondary· venation is 

off on the outside numerous camptodrome pinnate, it belongs with the palmate-veined 

branches, the lowest of which in some speci- species. of Ficus represented in the Tuscaloosa. 

· mens branch from their extreme base, ·so that by Ficus woolsoni, which is truly tri-veined 

_basal fragments of these. leav~s ha:re the and smaller than the present species: It bears 

appearance of Hederp, primordialis Saporta. · the same relation to this type as the pinnately 

As I have previously pointed out, this _veined species of Populus bear to those which 

species has many points of resembJance to are clearly palm-ate in their venation. 

Ficus ovatifolia Berry but is decidedly shorter Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

and broader, with a more orbicular outline Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

and a mark:ed·tendency toward· a cordate base. Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

It was evidently of a more coriaceous texture; 

as the finer venation is obsolete. 

Ficus woolsoni is a much more abundant 

form in the Raritan formation of New Jers.ey 

than Ficus ovatifolia, and it has a considerably 

wider_ distribution, for it is recorded from 

Staten· Island and from North Carolina and 

Georgia. It is also present in the _Magothy 

formation in the New Jersey-Maryland region. 

{)ccurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen 

Allen and Shirleys Mill, Fayette County; gully 

at Tuscaloosa,. Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, 

Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Ficus alabamensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XIV, figure 5. 

Leaves of large size, ·cordate in outline, about 

15 cen.timeters in length by 13 to 14 centimeters in greatest width, which is in the basal 

half of the leaf. Margin entire, with wide_ 

shallow indentations at irregular intervals. 

Apex pointed. Lateral margins rounded to 

'the broad, truncate (not emarginate) base. 

Petiole short and stout, about 2.5 centimeters 

in length, swollen below and then constricted 

at the point of attachment. Midrib stout below, becoming greatly reduced and more or 

less curved distad. Secondaries stout, about 

seven subopposite pairs, branching from the 

midrib at· angles of 45 ° or more, and curving 

upward, camptodrome; those in upper half of 

the leaf much reduced. Tertiaries camptodrome along the margin, transverse and curved 

Ficus fontainii Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XI. fignre 3. 

Leaves of medium to small size, broadly 

elliptical and more or less inequilateral in general outline, with. a shallow rounded sinus on 

·each side in the upper part, giving them a 

trilobate form, with full rounded lateral lobes 

and a narrow rounded apical lobe: Basal margins- full and rounded, slightly decurrent. 

Length ranging from 7.5 to 11 centimeters. 

Maximum width, about halfway between tpe 

apex and the bas~, 5 to 8 centimeters. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Petiole stout, 

tapering proximad, about 1.25 centime~ers in 

. length. Midrib stout and curved, prominent 

on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries 

pinnate, irregularly spaced, becoming close 

together in the basal part of the leaf; _they are 

stout, rather prominent on the lower surface of 

the leaf and rather irregular in their courses; 

six to eight mostly alternate pairs diverge fro:m 

the midrib at acute angles and pursue a rather 

straight ascending course, forking in some 

specimens but as a rule regularly camptodrome 

except the second or third one from the base, 

which terminates at the apex of the lateral 

lobe. Tertiaries thin, mostly percurrent and 

subparallel. 

This handsome and characteristic species is 

unfortunately represented by fragmentary- material, the most complete leaf being_ the rather 

small one figured. This material was collected 

Ill 1888 by w.· M. Fontaine, for whom it is 
named. It suggests somewhat the· A.1nerican 

l11te Cretaceous and early Eocene forms that 

have been referred to Ficus tiliaefolia (Alexander Bra1.u1) I-I~er, as well as the two Dakota 

sandstone species Benzoin masoni (Lesquereux) 

ICnowlton and Benzoin venustum (Lesquereux) 

Knowlton, both of which, however, are palmately triveined, with deep narrow sinuses, 

ovate lobes, and cuneate bases. It is, however, typically Ficus-like in the characters of 

its venation and perfectly distinct from previ:-

ously described forms. 

Occru·rence: Tusc11loosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys :Mill, Fayette 

.County, Al11. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Order P~ATANALES. 1 

Family PLATANACEAE. 

Genus PLATANUS Linne. 

[Species plantarulll,, p. 999, 1753.] 

Platanus asperaeforrnis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XVI, figure 1., 

Plalantts newberryana Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 7, 

· p.' 28 (part), pl. 59, fig. 2, 1883 (not remainder of 

Heer's figures). 

Leaves of Inedium size, ··orbicular in general 

outline, son1ewhat trilobate, with acute apex 

and cordate ( ~) base. Prin1aries three in number, of about equal prominence, the laterals 

branching fron1 the n1idrib at angles of about 

45°, slightly curved, terminating in' the pointed 

tips of the lateral lobes, which are but slightly 

extended. Secondaries thin, numerous, craspedodrome. Tertiaries of the usual Platanus 

type. · Margin p~·ominently toothed. Teeth 

numerous, markedly aquiline-serrate, those at 

the termination of the seconda~ies enlarged. 

This species is somewhat similar but more 

11n1ple than the Dakota sandstone species, 

Plat(£ nus newberryana I-Ieer, 2 and has a somewhat different margin. However, th~ leaf 

from western Greenland identified by Heer as 

P. newberryana and cited above seems to differ 

fron1 it and to be identical with the present 

species, indicating the rmnarkable range from 

Al11bama to Greenland. As the occurrence in 

I I folla,w Griggs (Torrey B~t. Club Bull., vol. 36, pp. 389-395, 1909) in 

removing Platanus from the Rosales and making it the type of an order 

in the Apetalae next above the Urticales. 

2 Heer, Oswald, Phyl_lites cretacees du Ne~raska, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 4,1866. 

83 

Greeilland. is in a somewhat younger horizon, 

the species may have migrated northward, · 

although it has always been assumed that the 

usual direction of migration of the Cretaceous· 

floras was from the north southward. 

The preseD,t species is not common· and ~s 

associated with Platanus shirleyensis Berry, 

from which it shows well-marked differences. · 

It is nained in allusion to its great resemblance, 

and possible ancestral relation to Platanus 

aspera Newberry,3 an upper Eocene species of 

the Pacific Coast region. There is also a 

somewhat more distant resemblance to the 

Fort Union species Platanus raynoldsii Nowberry.· 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. · 

Collections: U. S. National :Museum. 

Platanus shirleyensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XV, figures 1-5. 

Leaves of sman and medium size, rang1ng 

frOill 5 to 15 centimeters in length, by 3.5 to 

i2 centimeters in max:imUm. width, at a point 

about halfway between the apex and the base. 

Trilobate, the median lobe ovate, the lateral 

lobes directed. outward· and upward, conical 

in form. Lateral _sinuses, narrowly rounded, 

extending less than half the distance to the 

base, which is cuneate or slightly decurrent. 

Petiole .stout, enlarged and partly sheathing 

proxim&d, as in th~ leaves of the modern 

species, variable in length, only .1 centimeter 

long in the· smallest · specimen figureq. but 

4 centimeters long in other specimens which 

were collected. Lateral primaries, one on 

each side, stout, of the ~arne caliber. as the 

midrib, from which they branch eit4er at or 

above its base, their relative position being 

determined by the amount of decurrence or 

truncation of the basal part of the leaf blade. 

Angle of divergence with the midrib a-bout 30°. 

They terminate at t4e tips of the lateral lobes. 

Secondaries somewhat stout and fairly numerous, regularly spaced and approximately parallel in the larger leaves but more variable in· 

this respect in small leaves;· they diverge at 

angles of about 45°, pursue a more or less 

.slightly. curved course, and terminate. in the 

margi1ial teeth, hence they are craspedodrome. 

s Newberry, J. S., U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 5, p. 509~ 1882; U.S. Gcol. . 

Su_rvey Mon. 35, p. 102, pl. 42, figs. 1-~; pl. 44, fig. 5; pl. 59; fig. 3, 1898. 
84 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TE~NESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA·, AND GEORGIA:. 

Margins entire below, especially in the smaller 

' leaves, above with broad-pointed serrate teeth 

directed upward, one to each secondary . and 

with intermediate less prominent teeth. Tertiary venation typical of Platanus. Some of 

the leaves are infested with· a spot fungus,. 

S phaerites alabamensis Berry.· 

This species is totally unlike any previously 

described Platanus and exhibits a rather wide 

range of variations. The small Jorms in particular, in their r~mote teeth, some of· them 

crenate, and in the character of their base 

suggest ·some forms of Sassafras or of Aralia 

wellingtoniana Lesquereux. They are, however, connected by ·numerous . intermediate 

forms with· leaves- that are typically those 

of Platanus, .a relationship emphasized by the 

character of the petiole in both large and 

small forms. 

The. present spe·cies suggests somewhat 

Platanus asperaeformis Berry, which occurs 

with it in Fayette County, b_ut the form is 

relatively narrower and longer, the teeth are 

much less . aquiline, the lobes are more pronounced, and the base is. different. Another" 

species which resembles Platanus .shirleyensis 

is Platanus kilmmelii, which I have described 

from the Magothy formation of New Jersey.1 

Some. of the leaves of P. kilmmel~i, which is 

abundantly represented, by both lea~es and 

fruit, are very clos~ to the present species, 

although the typical form is that of a much 

larger, more prominently lobed and· toothed, 

and more modern-lookiiig leaf. 

· ·Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, A~a. · 

Collections: U. S. ·National Museun1. 

Platanus latior (Lesquereux) Knowlton. 

· Platanus.aceroides? Goeppert var. latior Lesquereux, Am. 

. . . Jour .. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 46, p. 97, 1868. 

Platanus latior (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Bull.152, p.170, 1989; U.S. Geol. Survey Twentyfirst Ann. Rept., pt. 7, p. 314, 1901. . 

Platanus primaeva Lesquereux, The Cretaceous flora, p. 69, 

· pl. 7, fig. 2; pl. 26, fig. 2, 187 4; The flora ofthe Da~ 

kotagroup, p. 72, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8b; pl.lO, fig.l, 1892. 

Leaves large, palmately trilobate broadly 

rhomboidal in outline.· Length of specimen 

from Alabama. about 17 centimeters. Maxi1 Berry, E. W., New Jersey Gcol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, p. 146, 

. pl. 23, figs. 2, 3; pl. 24, 1906. 

mum width about 15 centimeters. Margins 

somewhat irregularly dentate, entire at the 

broadly cuneate base. Lateral. lobes short; 

intervening sinuses scarcely qifferentiated. 

Petiole long and stout. Primaries stout, three 

in number, diverging at or near the base in the 

material from Alabama, but commonly suprabasilar in the forms from· the Dakota sandstone. 

Venation strictly platanoid. Text_ure coriaceous. 

This fine large species is. very abundant in 

the Dakota sandstone of Kansas, Nebraska, 

and Minnesota, and Lesquereux differentiated 

three varieties, namely, 'integrifolia, subintegrifolia, and · grandidentata. The forms from _ 

Alabama· are c_loser to the ;type than they are 

to any of ~he varieties. · 

The species appears to have been common 

near Cottondale, and it occurs in-the Woodbine 

sand of Texas, according to Knowlton. It is 

readily distinguishable from the other two Tuscaloosa_speciesof Platanus-and in_size and general appearance suggests Platanus kilmmelii 

Berry 1 of the Magothy formation of New Jersey but is more entir~ and less prominently 

toothed. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection:· U.S. ~ational Museum. 

Platanus ripleyensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXXII, figure 6. 

Leaves small, trilobate, about 7 centimeters 

in length by 8 centimeters in maximum width 

from tip to tip of the lateral lobes~ ·Base cuneate or slightly decurrent. Sinuses open, shallow, extending less than halfway to the base. 

Margins entire below, elsewhere with large ser-· 

rate teeth directed distad. Petiole stout. Pri-

·maries three, suprabasilar. Secondaries mostly 

craspedodrome---'-a few intermediate ones camptodrome. Tertiaries thin, numerous, typically 

platanoid. 

This species is a very 'modern-looking Platanus' and is readily distinguishable from the 

known Upper Cretaceous species. It is also 

clearly different from the imperfect material 

from the near-by locality on Co\\-ikee Creek referred to Platanus sp. . In its general facies it 

might readily be· mistaken for a small leaf or' 

Platanus orientalis or Platanus occidentalis or 

for the common Miocene species PlatanUs 
.PROTEALES. 85 

aceroides. It is, unfortl.Jnately, represented by 

a scanty amount of material which was. col:-

lected by C. W. Cooke _several years a~ter the 

I~mnainder of the present report was_written. 

Occurrm1ce: Ripley for.mation, roadside 6! 

miles north of Eufala, Barbour County, Ala. 

Collection: U._S. National Mu~eum. 

Platanus sp. 

Plate XXXI, figures 7, 8., 

FraO'ments of what appear to represent a new 

specie~ of Platan~s were ~ollec.ted fr01n the 

lower part of the Ripley formatiOn of eastern 

Alabama. They are insufficient for proper 

diagnosis but are included in the p~·esent report and figured because plant fossils are .so 

extremely rare in these beds. . ~ 

OccmTence: Ripley formation, near Inouth 

of Cowikee Creek, Barbour County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Order PROTEALES. 

Family PROTEACEAE. 

Genus PROTEOIDES Heer. 

Proteoides .conosperrnaefolia Berry, n. sp. 

The present .species is .clearly referab~e to the 

O'enus Proteoides by which I mean that It repre-

~ents an Upper Cretaceous species of the fiLmily 

Proteaceae whose exact generic relationship is 

uncertain because of the parallelism in the foliar 

characters of so· many of the gmiera of this 

family. The present leaves can be almost exactly duplicated in the existing genus Oon~­

spermum of the ,Australian region,. and this 

resemblance has suggeste.d the specrfic name 

which has been adopted. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys · 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus PERSOONIA Swartz. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii Knowlton. 

Plate XIV, figure 2. · 

Persoonia lesquereuxii Knowlton, in Lesquereux, The flora 

· of the Dakota group, p. 89, pl. 20, figs. 10-12, 1892. 

N:ewberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 71, pl. 42, 

fig. 16, 1896; New Jersey Geol. Su..rvey Bull. 3, p. 

126, pl. 20, fig. 6, 1911. -

B'erry, Torrey Bot. 'Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 173,_ 1906. 

Andromeda l(ltijolia Newberry, The fl<;>ra of the Amboy 

clays, p. 120 (part), pl. 33, fig. 9, 1896 (not figs. 

6--8, 10). 

Leaves · obovate in outline, with a broadly 

Plate XIV, figure 

4

· rounded apex, subemarginate in otie of the 

Leaves narrowly oblanceolate in outline, specimens ~rom the Dakota sandstone, gradwith a rounded apex and a gradually narrowed, ually narrowing to the d~current base. They 

straiO'ht margined, extended base. About 8 ranO'e from 1. 7 to 5 centimeters in length by 1.2 

centi~eters in length· by 1 centimeter in great- to 2.5 centimeters in 'greatest width, ·which is:. 

est width, which is in the distal half of the leaf.· toward the ,apex. Petiole stout. Textura 

:Midrib stout below, narrow above. Second- subcoriaceous. Secondaries sparse, 3 . or 4 · 

aries fine, numerous, ~i:erging fro:r;n the miciJ:ib pairs, thin, alternate, br~nching from the stout 

.at angles of over 45 , Immersed In the COria- midrib at an anO'le of 45° or less, camptodrome. 

ceous leaf substance and indistinct towar~ t!1e This species, ;,hich was described originally_ 

margins along which they arch. Tertiaries from the Dakota sandstone of Kansas, is somefine,. mostly obsolete, forming quadrangular or what variable in appearance. Hollick referred 

polygonal meshes. . a small, almost orbicular leaf from the Rari~an This well-marked new spec10s resembles a formation of New Jersey to it, presumably on 

number of European Upper Cretaceous species, the basis of its resemblance to Knowlton's · 

as, for example,~ EuP_ho~biophyllum ant~quum figure 12. For tlie same reason th~ ~iter is 

Saporta and Marion 1 from the Turonian of inclined to think that the form shown m New,-

Bagnols, France. It still more clos!3ly resem- berry's Plate L"'\::XIII, figure 9, which he calls 

bles certain leaves from the Cenomanian of the an Andromeda,· is also referable to this species. 

island of Lesina, off the Dalmatian coast, Similar obovate leaves .are also present in the 

which Kerner 2 desc~ibes as Proteoides cf: overlying Magothy formation. 

P. g1·evillaejormis Heer, although in-my judg- As far as I can discover, this species in New 

mont they· are certainly not to be identified Jersey is n.ot foun4 below the upper_ part of the 

·as that species. Raritan. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys t Saporta, G. do, and Marion, A. F., L'evolution du regno vezetal, 

Phaneroga:mos, vol. 2, p. 117, fig. 125c, 1885. Mill, and Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. s Komm·, F. von, K.-k. goo!. Roichsanstalt Jahrb., Band 4.5, p. 54, pl. 5, Collections: U. S. National Museum. fig. 2,1896. 
g(} UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Persoonia lesquereuxii minor Berry, n. var. 

. ~ ! : 

Plate XIV, figure'S. 

70°, usually about 50°, curving upward and 

running to the marginal teeth, or camptodrome. The base of the leaflet extends down~· 

::>··Leaves spatulate in .outline, somewhat in- ward to _a point within· 2. or 3 milli~eters of 

.. ~quilat"erali with a rounded apex and decur- the forks of the petiole. 

·rent bas~. Length above 3 centimeters. Lateral leaflets, more or less inequilateral, 

Maximum width 1.3[) centimeters in the upper usually solll:ewhat smaller than the middle · 

· part of the leaf. .Texture coriaceous. Petiole leaflet. The internal lateral leaflet is lancestout, about 7 millimeters in lengt:Q. .. Midrib olate, ·the outer lamina starting at or very 

slender, 'immersed. Secondaries ascending near the point where the lateral branch of the 

camptodrome, mostly obsolete. · petiole forks. The· inner ·lamina, however, 

·This variety greatly resembles the smaller extends downward almost to the base of the 

leaves which are referred to the species, espe-. lateral branch, making the base markedly incially those from ·the R.aritan formation of equilateral. In general outline and marginal 

New Jersey, which have been identified by and venation characters, it is identical with 

Newberry. The variety is . more coriaceous, the middle leaflet. The outer lateral leaflet is · 

has more completely -immersed venation, and also somewhat inequilateral but less so than 

is relatively narrower and more inequilateral the internal lateral leaflet, the internal lamina 

in outline. It is considerably smaller than the starting at or near the fork and its outer 

species as it occurs in the Dakota sands~one of lamina extending more or less below the fork. 

Kansas. · The marginal· and venation characters are like 

Occurrence: Tuscaloos.a formation, SPirleys those of the other leaflets. 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. This handsome species, ·of. which a restoraCollection: U.S. National Museum. tionis shown l.n figure 11, is abundantly repreOrder RANALES. 

Family RANUNCULACEAE (1). 

Genus DEWALQUEA Saporta and Marion. 

[Acad. ·roy. sci., lettres et beaux arts Belgique Mem._ 

couronnes et mem. des savants etrangers, vol. 37, p. 55, 

1874.] 

Dewalquea smithi Be,rry. 

·. Plate XIV, figure 1; Plate XVI, figures 2, 3. 

sented in, the Middendorf arkose member of 

the Black Creek formation of South Carolina, · 

mostly by terminal leaflets, a number of 

which-have been figured. It is common in the 

Tuscaloosa formation at Whites Bluff on the 

right bank of Black W ~rrior River, 309 miles 

above Mobile, Ala.. .A small collection of fossil 

plants 'from this outcrop contained no less 

than 27 specimens of this form. Several of 

these specimens were complete and 'were 

Dewalquea smithi Berry, ~Torreya, vol. 10, p. 36, fig. 1, ·sketched at the time they ·were collected, which 

· 1910; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 293, 1916. proved fortunate, for the extremely arenaLeaves palmately decompound, the petiole ceous matrix did not withstand shipment very 

dividing into three principal branches, the well. The material in the N ationai Museum, 

angle of divergence ranging from 20° to 60°, although considerably broken, comprises several 

and the two lateral branches forking at an detached leaflets and three or four basal parts . 

acute angle 1 centimeter to 2 centimeters of the leaf, showing the mode of division of the 

above their base. The middle leaflet is Ian-· petiole. The spec~es is also represent-ed by 

ceolate in outline, being widest in its central detached leaflets at Shirleys Mill in Fayette 

part and tapering almost equally to the acute County. 

apex and base. Length 7.5 to 16 c~ntimeters. The genus Dewalquea. was founded by SaMaximum width 1 centimeter to 4 centimeters. porta and Marion in 1874 upon remains from 

Margin entire o:v)serrate, usually entire below. the Senonian of Westphalia, communicated by 

- · and serrate in the apical three-fourths, in some Debey · and named by him in manuscript 

specimens with large aquiline-s~rrate teeth. Araliophyllum, and on additional remains colMidrib stout. Secondaries regular, subop- lected by those authors from the Paleocene of 

posite, parallel; about 2,0 pairs, branching Gelinden, Belgium (Marnes heersiennes, etage 

from the midrib at angles ranging from 45° to Thanetien). Three species were enumerated, 
RAN ALES. 87 

Dewalquea haldemiana and Dewalq_urJa .aquis-· 

granensis from the Westphalian Senonian, and 

Dewalquea ge.lindenensis from the basal Eocene. 

In the past 35 years sever~l additional species 

have been referred to this genus. These include another species from the German Senoni~,n (Dewalquea insignis), described by Hosius 

and Von der Marek; 1 two species from the 

Cenomanian Qf Bohemia (Dewalquea coriacea 

and Dewalq_1.wa pentaphylla), described by Velenovsky; 2 two American species from the Dakota sandstone (Dewalquea · dakotensis and 

cies described by Heer 5 from Greenland (Dewalquea groenlandi.ca) and subsequently recorded 

from Staten Island, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Alabama. 

Hosius and Von der. Marek 6 record the 

Eocene species from the Senonian of Westphalia; the remains, however,· are not of this 

species but. are fragments of Dewalquea halclemiana, which is .common at that horizon. The 

European species Dewalquea insignia is recorded 

. by Heer 7 from both the Atane and Patoot.beds 

of Greenland, and by Hollick 8 from the CretaFIGURE H.-Restoration of Dewalquea smitht. 

Dewalquea primordialis), described by Lesquereux,3 ·both of .which are fragmentary and 

of uncertain relationship; a species from the 

Raritan formation of New Jersey (Dewalquea 

trijoliata); described by Newberry; 4 and a speI Hosius, A., and Von dcr Marek, W., Palacontographica, vol. 26, p. 

172, pl. 32, figs. 111-113; pl. 33, fig. 109; pl. 34, ftg. no; pl. 35, ·fig. 123, 1880. 2 Vclcnovsky, Josef, Dio Flora dcr boh.mischcn Krcidcformation; vol. 

3, p. 11, 14, pl. 1, ftgs. 1-9, pl. 2, ftg. 2, pl. 8. 

s Lcsqu('rcnx, Leo, Tho flora of tho Dakota group, p. 211, pl. 59, figs. 

5, 6, 1892; 1itinhcsota Goal. and Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 3, p. 18, pl. A, 

fig. 10, 1892. 

• Newberry, J. S., '£he flora of the Amboy clays; U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 26, p. 129, pl. 22, figs. 4-7, 1896.. · 

ceous of Staten Island, but both of these determinations are based upon fragments of single 

leaves and are in ·my judgment entirely untrustworthy. Attention should also be called 

to the possibjlity that Cel<istrus arctica Heer 9 · 

-represents the leaflets of a Dewalq_uea. This 

6 ~ocr, Oswald, Flora fossills arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 87, pl. 29; figs. 18, 

19; pl. 42, fi~s. 5, 6; pl. 44, fig. 11, 1882. 

6 Hosius, A., and Von der Marek, 'N., op. cit., p. 50. 

7 Hccr, Oswald, op. cit., vol. 6, p. 86, pl. 25, fig. 7; pl. 33, figs. 14-16, 

1882; idem, vol. 7, p:37, pl. 58, fig. 3; pl. 62, fig. 7, 1883. 

a Hollick, Arthur, The Cretaceous flora of southern Now York and New 

England: U.S. Goal. Survey Mon. 50, p. 106, pl. S, fig. 24, 1907. 

o Hccr, Oswald, op. cit., vol. 7, p. 40, pl. 61, figs. 5d, 5o, 1883. 
88 UPPER. CR.ET'ACEOUS FLORAS 'IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSlPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

species .was described from the Patoot beds of 

Greenland, where it is sparsely represented. It 

is abundant, however, in the upper part of the. 

Raritan formation of New Jersey, but of some 

scores of specimens examined by the writer all 

were detached and 'failed to show their habit 

of growth. 

The botanic relationship of Dewalquea has 

always remained obscure, and there is no better 

discussion of it than that given by Sa porta and 

Marion/ who, after comparing these leaves with 

those of Ampelopsis, .A.risaema~ Anthurium 

(Araceae), Araliaceae, and othe-r forms, arrive 

at the. conclusion that they are prototypes of 

the tribe Helleboreae of the Ranunculaceae. 

, The claims of the Araliaceae, pointed out by 

Schenk and others, should not be .overlooked 

in this connection. · 

The present species is markedly distinct from 

the American species oJ Dewalquea previously 

descril:>ed, an of which were apparently tripartite. Among the European species it is quite 

similar to the Senonian _species Dewalquea insignis HosiU:s and Von der Marek, which is, 

however, entirely distinct .. It is also similar 

to D ewalquea coriacea S:nd D ewalquea pentaphylla, which are described by Velenovsky 

from the Cenomanian of Bohemia. 

As mentioned above, this Alabama species 

shows entire and· serrated forms, and it is remarkable that. wherever this genus has been 

found to occur in any abundance, two species 

are usually described, one· entjre and one with 

toothed margins. Thus in Germany -Dewalquea haldemiana is entire, whereas Dewalquea 

insignis is toothed, though probably both are 

the leaves of. the same plant. -In Bohemia 

Dewalquea pentaphylla is entire, whereas l)ewalquea coriacea is toothed. Both the entire and 

serrate leave3 of the Alabama plant .are believed to· be specifically identical, as the 

material shows a great many gradations in the 

size of the teeth and great variability regarding the proportion which the entire part bears 

to the toothed part on single leaflets. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; Whites Bluff, Greene 

County, Ala. Eutaw formation (Coffee sand 

member), Coffee Bluff, I-Iardin Coun.ty., Tenn. 

Collections: U. S. National !1:useum. 

I Saporta, G. de, and Marion, A. F., L''evolution du regno vegetal, 

Phanerogamcs, vof. 2, pp. 55-61, 1885. 

Family MAGNOLIACEAE. 

Genus MAGNOLIA Linne. 

[Species_ plantarum; p. 535, 1753.] 

Magnolia speciosa Heer~ 

Pia:te XVIII, figures 3, 4. 

:Magnolia speciosa Heer, Allg. schweiz. Gesell. gesammt. 

Naturwiss. Bern Neue Denskchr., Band 23, p. 20, 

pl. 6, fig. 1;· pl. 9, :fig. 2; pl. 10, fig. 1, 1869: 

Lesquereux, The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, 

p. 72, 1874; The fi<?ra of the Dakota group, p. 202, 

pl. 60,-:figs. 3, 4,-1892. · 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 234, 

pl: 7, fig. 4, 1893; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, 

p. 60, _pl. 178, fig. 5, 1894; Geol. Soc. America Bull., 

vol. 7, p. 13, 1895; The Cretaceous flora of southern New ¥ork and New England. p. 64, pl. 19, 

:figs. 1-4, 1906. 

Knowlton, U. S. Geol. Survey Twenty-first Ann. 

Rept., pt. 7, p. 318, 1901. . 

Smith, On the geology of the· Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 348, 1894. -' 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p: 76, pl. 3, 

fig. 10, 1904; idem, vol. 32,· p. 46j pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 

1905; New Jersey Geol. ·Survey Bull. 3, p. 129, 

pl. 14, :fig. 3, 1911. 

Magnolia auriculata Newberry, The flora of the Amboy 

clays, p. 75 (part), pl. 41, :fi~.13; pl. 58, :fig. 10, 1896. 

Heer\; description, published in 1869, IS as· 

follows: · 

M. foliis maximis, coriaceis, ovato-ellipticis, apice 

Ionge attenuatis, valde acuminatis, bas:i, in petiolum" 

validum attenuatis, nervo prim~rio crasso, nervis secundariis valde curvatis, camptodromis. 

This species is somewhat variable in size. 

The -American material, which is sonwwhat 

smaller than the type material froni Moletein, 

:Moravia, ranges in length from 8.5 to 19 centimeters and in maximum width from 4 to 7.5 

centimeters. It is ovate-elliptical in outline, 

with the apex more or less produced and the 

base decurrent. The midrib and petiole are 

stout. The- secondaries are well marked, 

camptodrome; they number seven to nine pairs 

and are subopposite, branching from the midrib ~t angles of about 45° and curving upward. 

The textu1;e is coriaceous. 

This species, which was described origin9,lly 

from the Cenomanian of Moravia, has been 

found to have a wid~range in America. 

Typical leaves oceur in the Dakota sandstone 

and also as far_south as Texas. It is present 

on !1:arthas Vineyard and Long Island and in 

the !1:agothy formation of New Jersey.· Though 

not heretofore reported from the Raritan formation, it would seem as if some of tl?-e leaves 

/ 
RAN ALES. 89 

which .Prof. Newberry described as Mag- about equally pointed, although a few epecinolia auricu.lata should be referred· to tlus spe- mens have a somewhat obtuse apex, whereas 

cies. They range down in size, but this is also others have it extended,. as it is in some of the 

true of some of ·the western leaves of this spe- material from North Carolina and in the ·fragcies. Magnolia auriculata was reported by" ments identified as this species from South CarWard from the Tuscaloosa formation of Ala:.. olin a. Texture coriaceous ·or subcoriaceous. 

bama, but all of the specimens so labeled which Midrib and petiole stout. Second~ries usually 

have cmne into the writer's hands for study are seven or eight alternate or subopposite pairs 

closer to Jf. speciosa, and not· one shows any ·at regular intervals, approximately parallel, 

tendency toward an aurieulate base, which is camptoclrome. . 

the main characteristic. of M: auriculata. This This widespread species in some of its forms 

1nay of course .have been a variable feature, approaches quite close to the less narrow and 

as it is to a certain .extent in the ·existing M. less apically extended form of Magnolia speciosa 

f'raseri Walter and M. macrophyl~ia :Michm.LX, Heer. Ordinarily,. however, Jfagnolia speciosa 

but if it is .. worth anything at all in the fossils may be· readily distinguished by its relatively 

it is worth emphasizing. · narrower form, with the produced tip and de-

.Magnolia speciosa is common in the lower current base. , Magnol~a. capellinii was desCI:ibecl 

part of the Tuscaloosa .formation and is the odginally from the Dakota sandstone by }leer 

most abundn.nt form at the Cottondale locality. and has been collected from a large number of 

It has not been discovered in the upper part of localities of homotaxial age, from eastern 

the Tuscaloosa or in the Eutaw formation. Europe, Greenland, and the Pacific coast of 

. Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys North America. In the Atfanti~ Coastal Plain 

l\1i)l and Glen Allen, Fayette Coul.1t3r ;, Cotton-· it ch~racterizes the Magothy formation of the 

dale, and gully at. Tuscaloosa, .Tuscaloosa northern slope and is present· in the Black Creek 

County, Ala. formation of North Carolina, the Middendorf 

Collections: U.S. National :Museum. arkose member of the Black Creek formation of 

Magnolia capelliriii Heer. 

Plate XVIII, figure 1; Plate :XXXII, figure 7. 

Jlfagnolia capellini·i Heer, Phyllites cretacees duN ebraska, 

p. 21, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6, 1866; Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 

3, Abt: 2, p. 115, pl. 33, figs. 1-4, 1874; idem, vol. 

6, Abt. 2, p. 90, pl. 24, figs. 3-5, pl. 25, figs. 1-3, pl. 

45, fig. 1, 1882. 

Velenovsky, Dje Flora·dei· bohm.ischen Kreideformation, pt. 2, p. 20, pl. 7, figs. ·8, 9, 1883. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 203, 

,pl. 46, fig. 1, 1892. . 

Dawson, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 1st ser., vol. 11, 

sec. 4, p. 63, pl. 11, fig. 49; pl. 13, fig. 49a, 1894. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 234, 

pl. 6, fig. 6, 1893; New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 

3, p. 413, pl. 78, fig. 3, 1904; The Cretaceo.us flora 

of southern New York and New England,. p. 63, pl. 

17, figs. 3, 4, 1907,. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p .. 76, pl. 3, 

fig. 3, 1904·;NewJerseyGeol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 

1905, p. 138, 1906; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., voL 34,-

p. 195, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5, l 90.7. 

:Magnolia sp. Berry, 'Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., 

No. 7, p. 81, 1907. 

T'he leaves of this species vary consl.derably 

in size, averaging-about 13 centimeters in length 

by 7 centimeters in nu1ximum :width. Outline 

broadly. ovate, the base and apex usually. 

South Carolina, and the Tuscaloosa formation 

of Georgia and Alabama. In Alabama it is 

only kuown from the single locality cited, where 

it is not abundant and may be simply a variant 

of Jfagnolia speciosa, which is so very common 

at that locality. A slightly variant form ocqurs 

in the Ripley. formation of western Tennessee. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottonda~e, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. Eutaw formation 

(basal beds), McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee 

County, Ga. Ripley formation (MeN airy sand 

member), 2t miles· southwest of Selmer, 'MeN ~iry County, Tenn. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Magnolia newberryi Berry. 

Plate XX, figure 4. 

Magnolia newberryi Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bu11., vol. 

34, p. 195, pl. 13, fig. 6, 1907; New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 133, pl. 13, 1911. 

]J[agnolia longijolia Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., 

vol. 12, p. '36, pl. 3, fig. 9, 1892;. New York Acad. 

Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 422, pl. 37, fig. 3, 1898; The 

Cretaceous flora of southern New York and New 

England,' p. 66, pl. 20, figs. 2, 3 (not Sweet, 1826), 

1906. . 
90 -UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN T.ENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 76, pl. 55, 

figs. 3, 5; pl. 56, figs. 1-4. 

Leaves mostly of large size, ovate to oblong 

in outline, about 20 centimeters in length by ·9 

to 10 centimeters in maximum width, broadest 

toward tlie base. _Apex subacute or obtuse. 

Base varying from obtusely rounded, almost 

truncate, to somewhat cuneate. Petiole .and 

midrib stout. Secondaries comparatively thin 

and open, about 12 pairs, camptodrome. 

Tertiaries forming 4, 5, or 6 sided areoles, 

prominent in some specimens. 

Thi~ is the largest fossil Magnolia of the 

Coastal Plain, and some of its leaves are said by 

Newberry to reach. a length of 30 centimeters 

or more .. In a general way it resembles an 

immense leaf of Magnolia woo_dbridgensis, and 

it also approaches somewhat Magnolia longipes, 

but the petiole is only about one-third the 

length of that of the latter species. It is common in the middle part of the Ra~.:itan forma-. 

tion of New Jersey through the Black Creek 

-formation in North Carolina and is present at 

various points along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 

It is present in the lower ·part of the 'Tuscaloosa formation in western Alabama, but owing 

. to its large size it has generally become more 

or less broken before fossilization. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa forn1ation,. Glen 

Allen, Fayette County, Aia. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Magnolia obtusata Heer. 

Plate XVII, figures 7, 8. 

Magnolia obtusata Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, Abt. 

2, p. 90, pl. 15, fig. 12, pl. 21, fig. 3, 1882. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 201, 

pl. 60, figs. 5, 6, 1892. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, Il· 76, 

pl. 47, fig. 4, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull:, vol. 37, 

p. 23, 1910. 

~Magnolia capellinii Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 

2, pl. 33, fig. 4, 1874 (no other citations of this 

species). 

Leaves ~f variable size, oblong ovate or obovate in outline, entire,. with a broadly rou?ded 

apex. and a narrowed cuneate base, ranging 

from 7 to 14 centimeters in .length by 2.4 to 

7 centimeters. in greatest width,· which is above 

the middle. Petiole and midrib stout. Secondaries few in number ascending, curved, camptodrome. Texture coriaceous. 

This species was describe~ from the Atane 

beds of Greenland by Heer and was_ based upon 

rather fragmentary material. Subsequently· 

Lesquereux recorded some fine specimens from 

the Dakot~ sandstone of Kansas. It is present 

in the Magothy formation from New Jersey to 

Maryland, and in beds of homotaxial age in 

South ·Carolina. In western Alaban1a it appears to be confined to the lower part of the 

Tuscaloosa formation of Fayette County. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. N ational.Museutn. 

Magnolia boulayana Lesquereux. 

Plate XVIII, figure 2. 

Magnolia boulayan'a Lesquereux, The fl'ora of the Dakota 

group, p. 202, pl. 60, fig. 2, 1892. 

~Magnolia glaucoides Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

21, p. 60, pl. 175, figs. 1, 7, 1894. . 

~Magnolia glaucoides Hollick. Smith, On the geology of 

the Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 348, 1894. 

Magnolia glaucoides N.ewberry, The flora of the Amboy. 

clays, p. 74, pl. 57, figs. 1-4, 1896. 

Jf~gnolia boulayana Lesquereux. Knowlton, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Twenty-first Ann. Rept., pt .. 7,.p. 318,1901. 

Jfagnolia glaucoides Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of 

southern New York and New England, p.67,pl. 19, 

fig. 6; pL 20, fig·. 6, '!906. 

Jfagnolia boulayana Lesquereux. Berry, Torrey Bot. 

Club Bull., vol. 36, p. 254, 1909; idem, vol. 37, 

p.23, 1910. 

New Jersey Geol. Survey BulL 3, p. 131, pl. 14, fig. 2, 

1911. . 

Leaves narrowly elliptical in outline, unusually uniform in size and shape, 8.5 to 13 centimeters in length and·3.5 to 4.5 centimeters in nlaximum width. Apex usually bluntly rounded, 

in some specimens acu~e. Base n1atching the 

apex. Petiole rather stout, 3 to 4 centimeters 

in . length. Midrib rather stout.· Secondaries 

slender, commonly obsolete, about 11 pairs, 

equidistant, parallel, camptodrome, branching 

from the midrib at an angle of about 40°. 

Tertiaries, when seen, transverse. Texture 

cor1aceous. 

This species was dese1~ibed originally fro1n 

the Dakota sandstone of Kansas by Lesquereux. 

Newberry described the Raritan_ren1ains, which 

are ·abundant at the vVoodbridge locality, as a 

new species and it has been kept distinct by 

Hollick, who recognized, however, its practical 

identity with .the Dakota sandstone plant. 

There can be no question but that they belong 

to the same.species, and it seen1s probable that 

Jfagnolia 'uaningeni described hy Hollick 1 

should also be referred to th~ same species. 

1 Hollick, Arthur, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 61, pl. 175, fig. 6, 

1894. ' . 
RA:NALES. 91 

In addition·. to . the localities ah·eady mentioned this spec~es is found on Marthas Vineyard and Long Island, in the Eutaw formation 

· of western Georgia, and in the Woodbinesand 

of. t4e "'estern Gulf i·egion (Texas). Characteristic specimens of this species are present 

in the lower l:>eds of the Tuscaloosa formation 

of Fayette County, Ala .. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa -formation, Shirleys 

}.fill, :F'a)7 ette County, Ala. Eutaw formation 

(basal beds), }.1cBrides Ford, Chattahoochee 

County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Alabama is ·based upon the nraterial from the 

Cottondale locality, which is more or less 

fragmentary ·and sin:i.ilar to that identified as 

Magnolia alternans Heer by Ward. In the 

absence of complete specimens, only the basal 

part as a rule being preserved, it· is quite 

·possible that the present specimens are not 

distinct from Magnolia speciosa, which is so 

abundant at this locality. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cot-tondale, Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys }.fill, Fayette 

County, Ala. 

Collections:· U.S. National Museun1. 

MagnQiia Iongipes Hollick~ Magnolia lacoeana Lesquereux. 

Magnolia longipes Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., Plate XVII, figure 9 

vol. 21, ·p. 60, pl. 178, fig. 3, 1894. Magnolia lacoeana Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota 

Newberry, 'fhe flora of the Amboy clays, p. 76, pl. 54, group, p. 201, pl. 60, fig. 1, 1892. . 

figs. 1-3, 1896. Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 73, pl. 55, 

(:?) Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New· figs. l, 2, 1896. 

York and New England, p. 64, pl. 21, figs. 5, 6, 1906. Hollick,·· The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, p. 23, 1910; ·and New England, p. 65, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1906. 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 135, pl:14, Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 3i, p. 23, 1910; 

fig. 1, 1911. · New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 134,. pl. 16, 

Magnolia alternans Heer. Ward, in Smith, On the fig. 2, 1911. 

· geology of the· Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 348, 'Leaves broadly oval to almost orbicular in 

1894 (not Heer). outline, obtuse or abruptly pointed above and 

Leaves .oblong-ovate in outline, apparently rounded to a som~what cuneate base below, 

about 18 centimeters in length by 6 to 7 .centi- 10 to 12 centimeters in length by 8.5 to 9.5 

n1e-ters in maximum width, which was below· centimeters in maximum width. }.fidrib stout, 

the n1iddle. Apex obtusely rounded. Base somewhat flexuous. Secondaries numerous, 

usually cuneate. Midrib and petiole very camptodrome, rather stout, 10 to 12 pairs; 

stout, the latter unusually long, reaching 12 to they branch from the midrib. a-t acute angles, 

13 centimeters in some specimen_s. Sec- immediately curving outward, fo1~ming fesondaries camptocl:fome, relatively thin· and toons near the margin, which is son1ewhat 

rmnote; 10 to 12 pairs, branching from the undulate in one specimen that Newberry remidrib at angles of about 45° and curving ·fei.·red to this species. 

upward in a short distance to join a branch This species differs fron1 its contemporaries, 

from the secondary next above. The sec- especially in its nearly round outline; Les- · 

ond~r!es thus form a series of large arches. quereux finds a resemblance to :Jfagnolia 

which approximately parallel the margin and inglfjieldi Heer from Greenlan,d, and it also 

constitute one of the distinctive. characters of suggests some of the Arctic forms which have 

this species, another being the long petiole been referred to :Jfagnolia capellinii I-Ieer. 

and the oblong, almost straight-sided shape. -Although this species is reported fron1 such 

This leaf is a very striking :Afagnolia and is widely separated points as }.1arthas Vineyard 

common in the middle part of the Raritan and Kansas, it is nowhere abundant and. is 

formation at Woodbridge, N. J. Frag- usually poorly preserved, suggesting that the 

mentary specimens which have been corre- leaves were readily macerated. It also occurs 

lated with these remain~ are reported from ill: unreported collections from the ·Magothy · 

Long Island. It is apparently quite different fqrn1ation in Maryland. In ·Alabama it 

in appearance from any of the other Ore- appears to be confined to the lower part of the 

taceous species of :Afagnolia, .although it sug- Tuscaloosa· formation of Fayette County. 

gests somewhat a gigantic form of Magnolia _Occurrence: Tuscaloosa f9rmation, Shirleys 

woodbridgensis. _ It .is found in the Magothy Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

formation. of Maryland. The occurrence in Collections: U.S. National Museum. 
92 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TEN·NESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Magnolia hollicki Berry. 

Magnolia hollicki Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, 

p. 253, 1909; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 

136, pl. 15, fig. 3, 1911. . 

Magnolia auriculata Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

21,·p. 61, pl.179, figs. 6, 7, 1894; The Cretaceous 

flora of southern New York and New England, p. 

67, pl. 19, fig. 5; pl. 20, figs. 5,.8, 1906 (not Lamarck, 

1783) . 

. Smith, On the geology of the Cpastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. 

Newberry, The flora·of the Amboy clay::~, p. 75, pl. 58, 

. figs. 1-9, 11, 1896 (not fig. 10). · 

Berry, Torrey Bot. C111b Bull., vol. 33, p. 174,. 1906. 

Dicotyledonous leaf impression, Hitchcock, Fio.al report 

on the geology of Massachusetts, vol. 2, p. 430, pl. 

19, fig. 1 (part), 1841. · 

Leaves orbicular-ovate in outiine, 4 to ·10 

centimeters in length by 2 to 5.5 centimeters in 

width, petiolate. Apex acute, slightly extended in one or two specimens: )3ase usually· 

pronouncedly auriculate. Petiole and midrib 

stout. Secondaries few, 6 or 7 pairs subopposite, camptodrome. Texture smooth and subcoriaceous. 

This ·magnificent species is abundant· and 

well preserved at Woodbridge, N. J., in the 

Raritan formation, on 11arthas Vineyard, and 

in the Magothy formation of Maryland. Newberry was somewhat uncertain as to its rela-· 

tionship with _,_"1fagnolia and compared it with 

Aristolochich Polygonum, and · Toxylon. Of 

these genera ·Toxylon is the only one which is 

at all suggestive, and none of its species has the 

auriculate base, whereas this character of base 

prevails in more than one modern species of 

Magnolia. The outline, consistency and venation, are all in accord in pointing to Magnolia 

as the proper generic reference. This form is 

one of those 1nentioned from Marthas Vineyard 

by Hi tcheock.1 • 

Ward identified this species· fron1 Cottondale, Shirleys Mill, and Glen Allen, in Alabama, 

but in restudying these collections I have referred these forms to Magnolia speciosa Heer 

and confined M. hollicki to forms with an auriculate base. I have seen only a single specimen of M. hollicki, which is, however, typical, 

being an almost e.xact counterpart of N~wberry's :figure 11 in size and outline, differing 

·merely in the more pronounced basal auricles 

of the Tuscaloosa specin1en. 

1 Hitchcock, Edward, Final report on the geology of Massachusetts, 

vol. 2, p. 430, 1841. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette Coun~y, Ala. 

·Collection: U.-S. National Museum. 

Genus LmiODENDRON Linne. 

Liriodendron rneekii Heer. 

Plate XX, .figure 2. 

Liribdendron meekii Heer, i;n Meek and Hayden, A cad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 10, p. 265, 1858. 

Heer, Phyllites cretacees du Nebraska, p. 21, pl. 4, 

figs. 3, 4, 1866. · 

Newberry, Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary 

plants, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6, 1878. · 

Lesquereux, The flora of the.Dakota group, p. 205, pl. 

28, figs .. 5, 6, 1892. 

Engelhardt, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 

7, Jahrg.1891, p .. JOO, 1892 (?). 

.Kurtz, Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. JO, p. 53, 1902 (?). 

Liriodendron .meekii genuina Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, 

vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 89, pl. 22, figs. J2, 13; pl. 23, fig. 6, 

1882. 

Liriodendron primaevum Newberry, Lyceum Nat. Hist. 

New York City Ann., vol. 9, p. 12 (part), 1868. 

Newberry, Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary 

plants, pl. 6, fig. 7, 1878 (misnumbered as fig. 6). 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota. group, p. 203 

(part), pl. 26, fig. 2, 1892. -

· Newberry, The later extinct floras of North America 

. p. 96, pl. 6, fig. 7, 1898. '. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 8, 

pl. 3, fig. 4, 1892. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 68, pl. 21, fig. 7, 1906. 

Liriodendron. meekii primaeva Heer, Flora fossilis arctica., 

. vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 88 (part), pl. 23, fig. 5, 1882~ 

Leaves of relatively small size, more or less 

pandurifor~ in outline; described by Newberry as three-lobed with the median lobe 

em.arginate. Length along the midrib 5 to 10 

centimeters, usually about 5 centimeters, the 

specimen from Alabama.being 4. 7 centimeters. 

Greatest width, which is toward the base of 

the leaf, 2.4 to 7 centimeters, averaging about 

4 centimeter$, the specimen from Alabama 

being 4.3 centimeters.· Lobes. more or less 

well marked, the basal pair directed laterally 

and. broadly rounded, the upper pair directed · 

diagonally, usually less well marked, rounded 

at the outside and inclinec;l toward angularity 

at the tip. Lateral sinuses more or less indented in the typical forms, such as the specimen figured from Alabama, extending nearly 

halfway to the midrib and. broadly rounded. 

Apical sinus wide and open, usually cuneate 

in outline. Base somewhat descending close 

·to the midrib, broadly and son1ewhat curved 
0 

RANALES. • 93 

cuneate. Midrib stout, -straight, or somewhat 

·curved. Secondaries thin, parallel, about six 

paii·s, branching from the. 1nidrib at angles ·of 

over 45° and gently curving UlHvard toward 

their extremities, probably ca1nptodrome, their 

ulthnate course not n1ade out. ·. 

The middle Cretaceous leav~s variously described as Liriodendron meekii, L: primaevum, 

L. semiala~um, and L. simplex are in a state of 

aln1ost hopeless confusion, owing largely to the 

di:f[i.cul ty of determining the specific .lines of 

cleavage in a probably genetic t_tnd variable 

series of forn1s, 

Liri.odendron meelcii, fr01n the Dakota sandstone of Nebraska, was described by I-Ieer in 

1S58, in an appendix to a paper by -Meek and 

I-Iayden. It was described as trilobate and 

was not figur~d, but was comp~red with the 

European Liriodendron procaccinii Unger and 

with the living Liriodendron tulipijera Linne. 

In 1866. the sanie author returned to this subject and gives figures of the two well-known 

.specimens, w4ich have been reproduced by 

both Lesquereux and Newberry. It would 

seen1 that this form n1ust be considered as the 

type of this species and the present writer so 

considers it. . However, Heer, in describing 

the Atane flora of Greenland in i882, returned 

to this subject and considered this form, as 

·well as various simple emarginate Lirioden-

.dropsis-like forms, as different· varieties of 

Liriodendron meekii. In this treatment he 

was subsequently followed by Lesquereux, but 

not by Newberry, who insisted upon the distinctness of the lobate form.&> We find one of 

!-leer's varjeties, Liriodendron meekii genuina, 

·which may belong here, ·although the leaves 

.are exceptionally large ·and poorly preserved. 

Another variety, Liriodendron meekii primaeva, 

includes the slightly lobate forn1s subsequently 

referred to Liriodendron primaevum Newberry. It is apparently the latter which 

Engelhardt reports from the Cenomanian of 

Sa..xony. It would seem that the small entire 

retqse leaves. which· have been variously re-

:ferred to Leguminosites, Bumel~a, Bignonia, 

Liriodendron. meekii, and L. primaevum, as 

·well as to L. simplex and to ,the genus Lirio-

. dendropsis, are more probably allied to the 

Leguminoseae than to Liriodertdron, and they 

. are so consider~d in the present study. On 

·the other hand, Liriodendron meekii is restricted to include only such lobate forms as 

do not seem to be specifically distinct from the 

originally figured types, and with them are 

merged those forms. usually referred to Lirio:.. 

dendron primaevum .Newberry, which are simply variants of the type just mentioned with 

less prominently developed lqbes. 

· As here delimited, the species is found in the 

Dakota sandstone·;· in morainic material on· 

Staten Island, derived from the Raritan formation, or.possibly from the :Magothy formation; 

somewhat doubtfully in the Atane beds of 

Greenland; doubtfully in the lower part of the 

Black Creek formation of North Carolina; 1 

positively in the lower part of the Tuscaloosa 

formation in Alabama; and doubtfully in. the 

South American Cretaceous and in the · Cenomanian of Saxony:. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala: 

Collections: U. S. National ~1useun1. 

Family MENISPERMACEAE . 

. Genus COCCULUS De Candolle., 

Cocculus cinnamomeus V elenovsky (?). 

Pla~e XVII, figure 1. 

Cocculus cinnamomeu.9 Velenovsky; Die Flora der 

Dohm~schen Kreideformatjon, pt. 4, p. 65(4),. 

pl. 8 (31), figs. 16-21, 1885. 

· Hollick, The Cretacequs flora of southern New York 

and New England, p,. _62, pl. 12, figs. 10-12, 1906. 

Leaves small, ovate in. outline, with acute 

base and apex, triveined from a point at or 

near the base; Primaries aerodrome. Margins entire. Very close to the existing Oocculus 

·zaurifolius De Candolle. 

The Alabama material, which is fragmentary, 

denotes ·a smaller leaf than the type, which is 

from the .Cenomanian of Bohemia. It is, however, unquestionably identical with the leaves 

from Martl1,as Vineyard which Hollick iclen tifies as· this species .. As the grounds for this 

long .. range identification are more or less insecure the occurrence of this species in Alabama 

is queried. The modern species of Oocculus 

number about thirty and are massed in the 

oriental rropics, although several are known 

from the Western Hemisphere . 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottonda1e, Tuscaloosa County, Ala . 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

l.Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 34, p. 197,1907. 
94 UPPER CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Cocculus polycarpaefolius Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XVII, figures 2, 3. 

· Leaves of relatively medium size, ellipticacuminate in outline, with a· short acuminate 

apex, full rounded sides, and broad, at length 

decurrent base. Length 4_ to 6 centimeters. 

Maximiun width 2 to 4 centimeters in the 

basal half of the leaf. Primaries three, thin, 

aerodrome from the base, of equal caliber. 

Angle of divergence between the laterals and 

the midrib acute, about 20° or less. The 

laterals give off two or three curved camptodrome secondaries on the outside,. and in some 

specimens the l~wer, which diverges at an 

acute angle, bends upward and pursues an 

aerodrome course, parallel with the margin, 

precluding the d~velopment of distal lateral 

secondaries. Tertiaries thin, obliquely· trans-

. verse. 

. The present species, which is an obviously 

new element in our eastern Cretaceous floras, 

is named in allusion to . its resemblance. to 

Ooccul~s poly carpus Roxburg from India. It 

is readily distinguishable from the associated 

Tuscaloosa species of Oocculus. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa C<?unty, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Cocculus problematicus Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XVII, figure 4. 

Leaves oblong-linear in ·outline, 9 to 10 

centimeters in length, by about 2 centimeters 

in maximum width. Apex obtusely pointed. 

Base broadly rounded, sligh-tly decurrent at 

the short, stout, curved petiole. M~rgins 

en tire. Venation aerodrome from the base. 

Midrib stout. Lateral primaries thin, two on 

each side branching from the extreme base, 

the outer forming a thin, more or less arching, 

marginal hem, the inner 1 millimeter to 2 

millimeters inside the outer and somewhat 

. more prominent, connected' with· the midrib 

by oblique transverse tertiari_es. 

This species is unique in character and of 

rather uncertain botanic affinity. It· is more 

elongated and linea~ than Oocculus cinnamomeus Velenovsky, although it resembles 

s.omewha t some . of the forms from. Marthas 

Vineyard which Hollick refers to this species.1 

l Hollick, Arthur, U. S. G.eol. Survey Mon. 50, pl. 12, fig. 13, 1907. 

They differ in their greater elongation, less 

ov~te outline, and broader base. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, ·Glen 

Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

. Genus MENISPERMITES Lesquereux. 

Menispermites integrifolius· Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XX, figure 1. 

Leaves deltoid-ovate in outline, with a short, 

sharply pointed apex and a truncate or slightly 

cordate, peltate base. Length about 6.5 centimeters. Maximum width,. in the basal part of 

the leaf, about 6.5 ·centimeters .. Margins en-

. tire, full and rounded. Texture subcoriaceous. 

Petiole missing. :Midrib stout, enlarged proximad. Lateral primaries subopposite: ·suprabasilar, only slightly differentiated from true secondaries, of which they constitute the second -

pair. They diverge from the midrib at angles of 

about 45° or slightly inore, and are relatively 

straight for more than half the distance to the 

margin, then curve upward and are eventually. 

camptodrome. Secondaries well marked, four 

or five opposite to·· alternate pairs, irregularly 

spaced, one pair below the primaries, all 

camptodrome. P:rimaries give off on their 

:outer sides three 'to five curved camptodrome 

laterals. Tertiaries thin, percurrent, with a 

few laterals from midrib parallel with 

secondaries. 

. This species is not at all trilobate, as aresome 

of the species fro;g1 the Dakota sandstone froni 

which it also differs iri having. camptodrome 

instead of craspedodrome lateral primaries. 

Ar~wng described forms it is like some of the 

leaves from the Raritan formation of New 

Jersey that Newberry referred to Menispermites 

borealis Heer, without greatly resembling the 

type material of that species. The most similar figured form is one given by Newberry/ 

which differs from the present species in its 

inequilateral form. Superficially Menispermites integrifolius suggests the associ~ ted Cordia 

apiculata' (Hollick) Berry, differing especially · 

in its peltate_base. It may also be compared 

with different Upper Cretaceous leaves that 

have been commonly referred to Populus, some 

of which have 'been referred by various stude11ts to Oocculus. The fossil seems to resemble 

2 Newberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clays: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 26; pl. 50, fig. 2, 1895. · 
PAPA VERALES. 95 

Oocculus more closely, but in view of. the uncer- reux 1 and },f. obtusilobus Lesquereux 2 of that 

tainty of such a reference Menispermites will ·formation. Curiously enough Kurtz 3 has reserve equally well as a generic designation for corded },f. obtusilobus from the ·upper Creta- · 

leaves of the family },feniszJermaceae. ceous of Argentina in southern South America, 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cotton- but as he has failed to publish figures of any of 

dale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala~ his forms their identification can not be conCollection: U. S. National Museum. sidered to be above suspicion. The Tuscaloosa 

Menispermites trilobatus Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XVIr', :figures 5, 6. 

Leaves of relatively sn1all size, elliptical in 

general outline, trilobate, 3.5 to 5. centimeters 

in le11.gth by 4 to 6 centin1eters in maximum 

width, which is from tip to: tip of the lateral 

lobes. Petiole stout, about 1.5 centimeters in 

species resembles a small leaf of Aspidiophyllum 

trilobatum Lesquereux 4 of the Dakota sandstone, differing somewhat in the character of 

the base. . 

. Occurrence: Tuscaloosa form~;ttion, Shirh)ys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

· Menispermites variabilis Berry. 

length. :Margins entire, slightly repand in o 

P

laces. Apex broadly rounded, in some· speci- Menispermites variabilis Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper84, p.ll3, pl. 21, figs.l-4, 1914. 

mens retuse mucronate. Base very broadly 

rotinded, more or less peltate. ·Apical lobe ·This species was recently described by n1e 

wide and rou'ncled, lateral sinuses very open from the ·eastern Gulf area ill the publication 

and shallow, extending inward not more than cited and the discussion need not be repeated 

one-seventh of the distance to the base, broadly here. . . 

rounded. Lateral lobes directed at angles of Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

45° to 55° with the midtib, with rounded tips, McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

which are somewhat J,utrrower than that of the· Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

median lobe; the position of t.he tips of the 

lateralloqes is about half .the distance between· 

the apex and the base of the leaf, qr.somewhat 

less. From this point the margin curves 

downward in a full lunate curve that is not 

broken for the attachment of the petiole, which 

is within the margin a distance of several 

millimeters. 

Midrib- rather. stou~ from the peltate base. 

Lateral primaries of about the same caliber 

diverge from the· extreme base at angles of 45° 

to 55° and run to the tips of the lateral lobes in 

Order PAPA VERALES. 

Family CAPPARIDACEAE. 

Genus CAPPARITES Berry, n. gen. 

Relatively large, orbicular or elliptical, more 

or less retuse,. pinnately veined·, petiolate, entire ·margined, leaves of the general character 

of those of the modern genus· Oapparis of 

Linne. 

Capparites cynophylloides Berry, n. sp. 

an almost straight course. The lateral pri- Plate XXII, figure 1. 

maries, as well as the midrib, give off severai. Leaves of relatively large size and variable 

pairs of secondaries, at angles somewhat in form, ranging in outline from elliptical. to 

excess of 45°, which are curved and ultimately deeply retusely obovate. Length ranging from 

camptodrome. Marginal tertiaries form small 6 to 8 centimeters. Maximum width 4.

75 to 7 

arches within the margin and more or less open centimeters in -the middle part of the leaf. pentagonal and inequilateral meshes within the 

secondaries. Margins entire, more or less repand, full, reThls fine species is ent~rely djstinct from any ·fleeted in apical part of leaf to form a retuse 

previously described forms and is clearly refer- sinus with a maximum depth of 1.5 centimeters. 

able to the genus },fenispermites and genetically Petiole stout, about 2.5 centimeters in length. 

related to the modernl\1enispermaceae. ~· },fenispermites is an abundant type al).d is especially 

well represented in the flora of the.Dakota sandstone, the present species suggesting. a close relationship with },fenispermites grandis LesqueI Lesquereux, Leo; The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, p. 80, pl. 15, 

figs. 1, 2, 1883. 

· 2 Lcsquereux, Leo, The Cretaceous flora, p. 94, pl. 25, figs. 1, 2; pl. 26, 

fig. 3, 1874. 

a Kurtz, Federico, Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. 10, p. 53., 1902. 

4 Lcsqnereux, Leo, The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, p. 87, pl. 12, 

fig. 1; pl. 13, figs. 1-5: 'pl. 14, fig. 1, 1883. · 
96 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Midrib stout, usually curved. Secondaries 

relatively thin, five to seven opposite to alternate pairs, branching from midrib at angles 

of 45° or more, somewhat irregular_in both their 

spacing and course, ultimately camptodrome. 

Texture coriaceous. 

This species varies from the equi;lateral almost obcordate leaf. figured to the inequilateral 

elliptical form also figured. Among modern 

species it is so close t9 Gapparis cynophallophora 

Linne, a West Indian species, that the genus has 

been named Gapparites. The modern· genus 

Gapparis Linne includes over a hundred species of trees the majority of which inhabi~ Central America and northern South America, 

although it is also present in the Tropics of t_he 

Old World. 

.Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. · (Collected by 

E. W. Berry.) 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Capparites orbiculatus Berry, it. sp. 

Plate XXII, figures 2, 3. 

Leaves somewhat smaller than in the preceding species, nearly orbicular in general outline, 

about 5 to 6 centimet.ers in longitudinal and 

lateral diameter. Margin entire, slightly repancl. Texture subcoriaceous .. Petiole ·missing but apparently present, as s~own by the 

character of the broken base in the figured 

specimen. Midrib thinner than in Gapparites 

· cynophylloides Berry, decidedly flexuous. Secondaries thin, four or five subopposite to alternate pairs, branching from the midrib at angles 

. of 45° or more, curving upward, camptoclrome. 

Tertiaries consisting of camptodrome veins in 

. marginal region and percurren t veins internally. In the lower marginal region there a:J;e 

. three or four camptodrome tertiaries from the 

outside of the basal secol).daries, and one or 

two nearly horizontal camptodrome pseudose·condaries from the midrib on either side, below 

the lowest true· secondaries. 

The present speoies, which is n~t common, 

is similar to soine of the forms assumed by the 

existing Gapparis cynophallophora Linne ·as 

well as to other tropical American species of 

Gapparis, and it may be only a variety of G. 

cynophylloides, especially as it occurs at the 

same outcrop_. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (Collected by 

E. W. Berry.) 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Order ROSALES. 

. Family MIMOSACEAE. 

Genus INGA Willdenow. 

btga cretacea Lesquereux. 

Plate XXII, figures 4, 5. 

Inga cretacea Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, 

p. 153, pl. 55, fig. 11, 1892. 

Bart~ch, Iowa Univ. Lab .. Nat. IGst. Bull., vol. 3, p. 

181, 1896. 

Knowlton, U .. S. Geol. Survey Twenty-first Ann. 

Rept., pt. 7, p: 318, 1901. 

Leaves narrowly oblong-lance6late in outline, usually inequilateral, about 9 centimeters 

in length by about 2 centimeters in maximum 

width, which is below the middle. They taper 

downward from this point to the cuneate and 

slightly decurrent base and upward to the acuminate tip, which in a measure suggests a small 

leaf of Ficus dazJhnogenoides, as may. be seen 

by comparing the present species with figures 

of some of the specimens of that species from 

Alabama.. Petiole short and thick, about 1 

centimeter in length. Midrib stout below and 

curved, becoming thin distad. Secondaries numerous, about 14 opposite or subopposite pairs, 

branching from the midrib at acute angles of 

about 30°' camptodrome. 

This species was described by LesquerelL"'{ . 

from theDakota sandstone of Kansas. It has 

been recorded by Bartsch from this f?an1e formation in Iowa, and by Knowlton from the 

Woodbine sand of Texas. The present is the 

first recorded occurrence of this species east 

of Mississippi River. It may be comp'ared 

with many described species of Leguminosites 

and also to a Jesser extent with numerous 

European Tertiary species referred to Cassia. 

Lesquereilx called attention to its resemblance 

to the European Tertiary Inga icari .Unger/ 

and to the living Inga semialata Martius of 

tropical Brazil. · 

The writer has collected leaves of the Inga 

type not greatly different frow the present 

species from b?th. the lower Eocene (Wilcpx 

1 Unger, Franz, Die f:Jssile Flora von Kumi auf der Insel Euboea, 

p. 87' pl. 16, fig. 1?, 1867. 
ROSALES. 97 

group) and t~e middle Eocene (Claiborne group) I by Hollick 3 from the Magothy formation on 

of the :Mississippi en1bayment r.egion. Marthas Vineyard. In this form the leaflets 

'rhe modern species of Inga· are numerous, are petiolate, and the margins are commonly 

more than 150 being known. These species 

inhabit the American tropics, extending southward into the ·subtropical region of South 

America but not 1~eaching northward as far as 

the United States.· 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Family C.AESALPINIACEAE. 

Genus· HYMENAEA Linne. 

[Species plantarum, p. 1192, 1753.] 

Hymenaea fayettensis Berry, n. sp. · 

Plate XXIII, figure ~-

Leaves wi~h _a short, stout petiole; compound; consisting of two ovate-lanceolate; entire margined leaflets. Leaflets sessile with a 

markedly inequilateral, cuneate or slightly 

decurrent base but not noticeably inequilateral 

above the base; 6.5 to 8 centimeters in length, 

by 2 to 3. centimeters in maximum width, which 

. is in the lo,ver half of the leaflets; tips .extended, 

·acuminate. :Midribs stout below, becoming 

thin above. Secondaries thin, campt'odrome, 

numerous; seven or eight subopposite to alternate pairs in ea~h leaflet; they branch from 

the midrib at angles ranging from 30.o to 50° 

and curve upward, the lower being quite ascending and the angle of divergence becoming 

progressively greater toward the apex of the 

leaflets·. Tertiaries numerous, very fine, transverse. Texture less coriaceous than in most of 

the recent species. 

This forn1 is a well-defined species of this interesting genus of the Caesalpiniaceae and is quite 

distinct from any of those previously described. 

Although the genus llymenaea is confined to 

tropical America in the existing flora, it seems 

to have been cosmopolitan in the.late Mesozoic, 

several well-characterized species having been 

described fron1 the Upper Cretaceous of this 

country and Europe. The present ·species is 

mo~t like Hymenaea primigenia Saporta, a species describe<;]. by Saporta 1 and Velenovsky 2 

from the Cenomanian of Bohemia and recorded 

crenate-dentate .. The other known American 

Cretaceous species is Ilymenaea dalcotana described by Lesquereux 4 from the Dakota sandstone of Kansas,- and recorded by N.ewberry 5 

from the Raritan formation (probably upper 

Raritan) of New Jersey, by Hollick 6 from Long 

Island and Marthas Vineyard, and by me 7 from 

the l\1agothy formation of New Jersey. 

· 'rhis widespread species is not unlike the 

present species iri some specimens, but in general the leaflets are much smaller and more 

ineq:uilateral,· with shorter tips and with petiolules of considerable length. The two species 

are perfectly distinct. 

The curious bifoliola te leaf habit which 

characterizes Hymenaea is not confined to 

that genus but is shared by other genera of 

the Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae, as, for 

example, by certain species ·of Bauhinia, 

Leucaena, Cassia, Acacia, Oynometra, and lnga. 

Usually, however, the general habit, shape, 

venation characters, and other features enable 

the student to distinguish between them . 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa· formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: p. S. National Museum. 

Genus BAUHINIA Linne. 

[Species plantarum, p. 374, 1753.] 

Bauhinia cretacea Newberry~ 

Bauhinia cretacea Ne~vber~y, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

13, p. 77, pl. 56, 1886; The flora of the Amboy clays, 

- p. 91; pl. 43, figs. 1-4; pl. 44, figs. 1-3, 1896. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 162, pl. 19, 

fig. 3, 1911. 

Newberry's description of this species, published in 1896, is as follows: 

Leaves large, from 10 to 18 centimeters in diameter, 

general outline-circular, deeply two-lobed, sinus reaching 

below the middle, margin entire, base rounded, lobes oblong or broadly spatulate; nervation strong, radiate or 

bilateral, midrib slender, from 1 to 4 centimeters in length, 

running to bottom of medial sinus, there forking equally, 

each slender branch running parallel with the margin of 

a Hollick, Arthur, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 84, pl. 32, figs. 8, 9, 

1907. . . 4 .Lesquereux, Leo, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 17, p. 145, pl. 55, figs. 2, 

3; pl. 56, figs: 1, 2; pl. 62, fig. 2, 1892. 1 Sa porta, G. de, Le monde des plantes avant !'apparition de l'homme, 6 Newberry, J. S., U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 26, p. 90, pl. 41, fig.14, 1896. 

p. 199, fig. 2, 1879. 6 Hollick, Arthur, op. cit., p. 83, pl. 32, ftgs. 5-7. 1 Velonovsky, JosC'f, Die Flora der bohmischen Kreid'eformation, pt. 3, · 7 Berry, E. W., New Jersey Gcol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, p. 138, 

p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 4; pl. G, ftgs. 1-4, 1884. · I pl. 22, figs. 1, 2, 1906. 

65628°-18-7 
98 UPPER CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, ·AND GEORGIA. 

the sinus; lateral nerves strong, usually two, rarely .one 

on each side, springing from a co~on base, the interior 

lateral nerve strongest, forking several times and giving 

off fine branches, which inosculate to form a graceful festoon near the upper margin; the .exterior laterai nerves 

throwing off numerous branches which anastomose ill 

loops near the margin, producing a camptodrome .nervation. In those which hav_e but a single lateral nerve the 

lobes are narrower, and each is covered with the ramification of the branches, which spring chiefly from the· outer 

side of the single main nerve. 

The. form and nervation _of these leaves are so precisely 

those of some of the Bauhinias ·of the present flora that 

there can be no reasonable doubt that we here have 'the 

. remains of a well-marked species of this genus, which 

grew near the mouth of the Hudson I_tiver in the middle 

of the Cretaceous age, and was the associate of the magnolias, ·tulip trees, aralias, ·etc., which composed the 

angiosperm forest of eastern North . America. l:q. size 

some of these leaves exceed those of any living bauhinia, 

and the outline. and nervation indicate that the genus was 

as perfectly defined and highly specialized in the Cretaceous age as now. 

The living bauhinias inhabit the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds, India,. Mauritius,_ Surinam, Cuba, Mexico, etc. The genus is closely 

related to Cercis, and most of the species have a similar 

habit. In a few the leaves are orbicular or slightly emarginate, but they are generally bilobed, the sinus reaching 

the middle of the leaf, sometimes extending to the base, 

as is the case with the only species inhabiting the United 

States, B. lunaroides Gray, of .Texas and Mexico. 

In most of the Ea,st India species the nervation is more 

crowded than in the fossil leaves before us, each nerve 

having three and som~t~mes four lateral nerves, the medial 

nerve, however, being quite the same. In. several oriental species, and all those of the New World, the nervation is sinipl~r and especially like that of the fossil. 

A fossil species of Bauhinia from the Tortoniap deposits of Oeningen, Baden, was described by Heer ·in -1859.1 Soon afterward 

Unger_ described two ad~itional species~ 2 both 

based on pods, from Croatia. Five years 

later the same author described another 

species from the Aquitanian of Kumi, Greec~. 3 

In 1885 V elenovsky described another species 

from the Cenomanian of Bohemia,4 without, 

however, _recognizing its true relationship. 

. The next year Newberry described ·this and 

another larger species from· the middle part 

of the Raritan formation of New Jersey.· In 

1908 I described a ~mall but striking new 

1 Heer, Oswald, Flora tertiaria Hclvetiae, vol. 3, p. 109, pl. 134, fig. 21, 

18q9. 

2 Unger, Franz, Sylloge plantarum fossilium, vol. 2, p. 31, pl. 11, figs. 

2, 3, l862. 

s Unger, Franz, Die fossile ·Flora von Kumi auf der Insel Euboe!l, 

p. 61, pl. 15, fig. 36, 1867. 

4 Vclenovsky, Josef, Die Flora der bohmischen Kreideformation,pt.4, 

p. 12, pl. 6, fig. 4, 1885. ' -

species 5 from the Magothy formation of Maryland and the foJ.lowing new and ornate species 

frollJ. the lower part of the Eutaw formation 

in Alabama. A late Tertiary species has been 

described by Cockerell 6 from· the Miocene lake 

deposits at Florissant, Colo. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; Co-ttondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. Eutaw formation (basal part), 

Havana, Hale County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. (The 

type of this species fro in New Jersey is ill the 

New York Botanical Garden.) 

Bauhinia marylandica Berry. 

Bauhinia marylandica Berry, Torr~ya, vol. 8, p. 218, figs. 

1-3, 1908. . . 

Leaves small, about 3 centimeters in greatest· 

length by 2.5 centimeters in greatest breadth, 

elliptical in ·general outline, bilobate; the apical 

sinus narrow and pointed, reaching one-half to 

two-thirds of the distance to the base; lobes 

narrow, ascending, somewhat falcate in out- . 

line, obtusely pointed; midrib straight, giving 

off one, two, or three sharply- ascending pairs 

of opposite, camptodrome secondaries, and 

these give off . a series of broadly rounded, inequilateral tertiary arches, which are directly 

upward and outward; the upper pair of secondaries is the most prominent; from the juncture 

of the midrib and sinus a pair of much reduced 

secondaries is given off, and these join the sec-:-

ondary next below in one or two broad arches. 

The' present species was described in 1908 

from the Magqthy formation at Grove Point, 

Md., where it is abundant. It is only sparingly represented in the lower part of the 

Tuscaloosa formation. 

The form and venation of these leaves are 

exactly like those of several existing forms and 

are so well marked that there can be no doubt of 

the existence of a species of Bauhinia growing 

along the middle and south Atlantic coast 

during the deposition of the Upper Cretaceous, 

whose descendants along w!th those . of its 

congeners migrated finally to their present 

tropical habitat, perhaps gradually with the 

oscillation of climatic conditions,. and. perhaps 

5 Berry, E. W., A new Cretaceous Bauhinia: Torreya, vol. 8, p. 218, 

fig. 3, 1908. 6 Cockerell, T. D. -A., Two new fossil plants from Florissant, Colo.: 

Torreya, vol: 9, p. 184, 1909. 
ROSALES. . 99 

no.t until the Pleistocene glaciation to the 

north forced them to 1nake a c01nparatively 

sudden retreat southward.· . 

. Occuri·ence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys Mill, Glen 

Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Bauhinia alabaiJlensis Berry. 

the lower lateral lobe on each side along the 

margin oi which their branches arch. · 

This ornate and butterfly-like species of· 

Bauhinia is not uncommon in the sandy clays 

near Havana, in Hale County, Ala., but owing 

to the unsatisfactory character of the matrix, 

which is too sandy for good ·collecting, and also 

to the fact that the plant remains had evidently 

been in the water a long time before entombPlate XXIII, figure 8. ment, only fragmentary specimens were· obBauhinia alabamensis Berry, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. tained. These represent, however, all parts of 

29, pp. 256-258, text :fig. 1, 1910. the 1eaf and are complete enough to ser~e as an 

Bilobate leaves of medium and large size, 8 ·entirely accurate basis for the complete leaf' 

to 15 centimeters in greatest length by 11 to 18 shown in the figure 12. . 

centimeters in greatest width. Median sinus This species is markedly distinct from any 

rather broad and of the fossil sperounded, reach- cies hitherto 

ing two-thirds of known. In size 

the distance to- and general apward the b as e pearance it· sugor even more. gests Bauhinia 

Lobes somewhat cretacea Newreniform in out-. berry, and it may 

line, sublobate, well be. a descen-- · 

rounded a hove dant of that spean d with three · cies, which, as 

broadly rounded tiine passed, wisublobes on· the denedoutand beouter · side, the came· sublobate. 

en tire 1nargin It differs from 

.curving upward any existing spe-

~d inward fro1n . cies known to me 

the l<;nver and · in its great width 

largest :lobe to and sublobate 

the truncate or character, al- FraunE 12.-Restoration of Bauhinia alabamensis. 

deeply cordate though several 

base, which appears to be slightly peltate in recent smaller-leaved species approach it in 

son1e specimens.. Midrib comparatively shm- the sublobate character, and if representdar, 1. 7 to 3 centimeters in length, running to ative collections of the foliage of .the recent 

tl~e base of the median sinus and sending off forPls showing the limits of specific variation 

two branches in its upper part, one on each side, ·were available for comparison, a tendency 

which curve upward parallel with the inner. would probably be found toward the formation 

.n1argin to join inwardly directed branches from of sublobes. Two recent species were noted as 

the lateral primaries. Main lateral primaries showing this marginal character. These are 

stout, sending two or three upwardly directed Bauhinia hookeri F. v. Muller of Australia and 

branches inward and three or four longer, less Bauhinia tomr3ntosa Linne of the West Indies. 

oblique branches outward,, the latter forking The display of species of this moderii tropical' . 

and forming bi·oad arches in the lat~r~llobes. genus in tl~e Upper Cretaceous of the Atlantic 

One or two additional prin1aries on each side Coastal Plain is cer~ainly remarkable, for .it 

take their origin from the common point of embraces very small and very large forms and 

divergence of the palmate or bilateral system shows a variety almost ·as great as that furof venation of this' species and are confined to nished by the existing spec_ies. 
100 UPPER. CR.ETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MIS~ISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

2 miles south of Havana, ·Hale County, Ala·. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Bauhinia ripleyensis Beny. · 

. . Plate XXIII, figure 7: 

Bauhinia ripleyensis Berry, T~rrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

43, p. 294, pl.'16, fig. 1, 1916. . 

Leaves of medium size, more or less bilobate 

but much less deeply divided tlian in the preceding species, obovate in general outline. 

Length along the midrib~ 4.5 centimeters; 

from apex of lobes to base, 6.7 centimeters .. 

Width across upper part of the leaf, 5.5 centimeters. Apical sinus open, ··extending about 

one-fourth of the distance toward the base of 

the leaf, 'its margins at the tip of the midrib 

forming an angle of a·bout 90°, curving slightly 

upward and then conspicuously outward to the 

pointed tips of the lobes, which are directed 

laterally. Outer margins of the leaf full and 

r01.inded, becoming straight toward the broadly 

'Cuneate b'ase. Midrib of medium size. Lateral 

·primaries branching from the base at angles 

with the midrib of about 25°,· ofmedium size, 

·curving upward and then outward, and running to the tip's of the lobes. They give off 

four or five camptodrome secondaries· on the 

outside and two or three on the inside. The 

midrib, in its upper half, also gives off one or. 

two secondaries on each side. Leaf substance 

·somewhat coriaceo.us. 

Tl;lis ·species, which is sparingly represented 

in the. argillaceous greensand marls along 

Cowikee Cree_k a:p.d is associated with shallow 

water or estuarine ~ollusks of ~he Ripley for~ 

mation, is markedly distinct from any described 

species of Bauhinia. It is much smaller and 

less deeply divided than Bauhinia gigantea 

Newberry or Bauhinia alabamensis Berry and 

is much less ornate· in character. It is, on the 

other h.and, much larger than Bauhinia marylandica BmTy of the Magothy formation in the 

Maryland area. It differs froni all these 

American Cretaceous species in its pbinted, 

outwardly directed lobes but is _:p.ot unlike a 

. number of existing species of this genus. 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (Cusseta sand 

member), right bank of Cowikee Creek, oneeighth of a .'mile above its mouth, Barbour 

County, Ala.; (MeN airy sand member), 2!-miles· 

southwest of Selmer, Mc~a,iry County, Tenn. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus PALEOCASSIA Ettingshausen. 

Paleocassia laurinea Lesquereux. 

Plate XXIII, figure 1. 

Palaeocassia laurinea Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota 

group, p. 147, pl. 64, fig. 12, 1892 . 

Leaflets- ovate-Ianceolate in outline, subinequilateral, with a pointed apex and ·a cuneate · 

base.. Length ranging from 3 to 6 centimeters. 

Maximum width, at or below the middle, about 

2 centimeters. Margins entire, somewhat irregular, ·emarginate halfway up on one side in 

the figured specimen. ·Petiolule short, curved, 

gradually enlarged proximad, about 5 millimeters. in length. Midrib of medium size, -

curved. Secondaries thin, campt_odrome. 

This species, ·which was describe9, from the 

Dakota sandstone of Kansas, is present in the 

lower part of the Tuscaloosa formation. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National :Museum. 

. Genus CASSIA Linne. 

Cassia vaughani Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, ngure 8. 

-Leaflets of relatively .large size, elliptic!tl in 

general outline, with a somewhat extended, 

obtusely pointed apex, and a broadly rounded 

base, about s· centimeters in length by about 

4 centimeters in maximum width, which is 

about midlvay between the apex and the bas·e. 

Margins entire, full and rounded. Petiole absent in the material collected. Midrib stout .. -

Secondaries numerous, thin; and more or less 

obsolete, about ten pairs, eamptodrome; they 

branch from the midrib at angles of 45 ° · or 

slightly more. Tertiary venation obsolete. 

This species, which. is named in honor of 

T. Wayland Vaughan, is clearly new. It resembles the leaves of a number of unrelated 

tropical genera in the existing flora but stands 

closest to the_ genus Cassia, greatly resembling 

a number of existing species and being also 

identical in its characters with the fossil leaves 

which European paleobotanists refer to this 

genus. . 

The genus Cassia in the modern flora has· 

· m9re than 400 species of herbs, shrubs, and 

trees, which are widely distributed in the 

warmer parts of both hemispheres, and there is 

a distinct massing of species in the American 

_ tropical and subtropical regions. 
ROSALES. 101 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. N ation~u Museun1. 

Family PAPILIONACEAE. 

Genus PHASEOLITES Unger. 

Phaseolites formus Lesquereux. 

. Plate XXII, fig~tre 7. 

Phaseol'ites fonnu8 Lesquereux, The Jl0ra bf the Dakota 

group1 p .. 1.47, 1.1l. _55, figs. 5, G, 18!)2 .. 

(':') Kerner, K.-k. geol. i"{.eichsanstaltJahrb., Rand 4_5, 

Heft 1, p. 54, pl. 5, fig. '1, 1895. · 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, p. 198, 1910. . 

Leaves ovate, inequilateral and somewhat 

variable in outline, more or less falcate, with 

an acute apex and base, 5 to 8 centimeters in 

length by 2.5 to 5 centimeters in maximuni 

width, which is near the n1iddle. Petiole stout, 

Clu·ved, about 1 centimeter in leng.th. Midrib 

stout below, thin above, c:urved. Secondaries 

of mediun1 size, about 8 p,airs, branching from. 

the midrib at angles of 45° to 50°, curving 

up:ward, camptodrome. Finer venation indistinct; Texture subcoriaceous. 

This species was described by Prof. -.Lesquereux from the Dakota sandstone of Kansas. 

It was subsequ-ently recorded by von Kerner 

from the island of Lesina, off the coast of Dalmatia (Cenomanian). The citation is· questioned, for the identity of these widely removed 

occm·rences is doubtful, although the actual 

specimens are very similar in appearance. 

. I have recorded tl1is species from the lower 

part of the Blnck Creek formation in North 

Carolina, and it is represented by cloi?ely allied 

forms in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 

In the Alabama area it is known only from the 

lower part of the Tuscaloosa formation. 

Qccurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. . 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus COLUTEA Linne. 

[Species plant.arum, p. 723, 1753.] 

Colutea obovata Berry. 

The Tuscaloosa leaf is somewhat smaller than 

the type and measures 1.3 centin1eters along 

the midrib, 1.6 centimeters from apices to base, 

and 1.2 centimeters in greatest width, which is 

in the distal half of the leaf. Base cuneate. 

Mi~rib slightly curved. Secondaries 4 or 5 

·subopposite pairs which are thin, ascending, 

and camptodrome. Tertiaries fine, not seen in 

the material from Alabama. 

This small species was described by the 

writer from_material collected in the Magothy 

formation of Maryland and appears to - be 

entirely distinct from the known Cretaceous 

species, of which there are severaJ. It resembles more or less some of the leaves which 

have been identified as Oolutea pTimordialis 

Heer from Gre~nland, the Atlantic Coastal 

Plain, and the western interior reg~on. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation,. Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S-. National Museum. 

Genus LIRIODENDRO.PSIS Newberry. 

[U. S. ·GeoL Survey Mon. 26; p. 82, 1896.] 

Liriodendropsis simplex (Newberry) Newberry. 

Plate XXII, figure 6. 

Liriodendron s·implex Newberry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 14, p. 6, pl. 62, figs. 2, 3, 1887 (part). 

White, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 39, p. 98, pl. ·2, 

figs. 6, 7, 1890. 

Uhler, MaryJand Acad. Sci. Trans., :vol. 1, p.-207, 189?. 

Hollick, New York Acad. S~i. Trans., vol. 11, p. 99, 

pl. 2, figs. 2, 4,.5, 7, 9, 1892; idem, vol. 12, p. 235, 

pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 4, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1893; New York State 

Mus. Fifty~fifth Ann. Rept., p. 50, 1903. 

Pollard, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vof. 13, p. 180, 

1894. 

Liriodendropsis simplex (Newberry) Newberry, The flora 

of the Amboy clays,' p. 83, pl. 19, figs. 2, 3; pl. 53, 

figs. 1-4, 7, 1896. 

Smith, On the geology of the CoastarPlain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. 

Hollick, Tlie Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 72, pl. 23, figs. 1-7; pl. 24, 

figs. 1-9; pl. 25, figs. 1, 4, 5, 7, 10-12; pl. 26, figs. 

1b, c, d, 1906. 

Beri-y, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 158, pl. 

19, fig; 2, 1911. 

Leaves or leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate Pin te XXII1, figure 3. ih ·outline, with entire margins, emarginate 

Colutea obovata Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33,· apex, _and cuneate base, ranging from ·3 'to 10 

. P· 175, figs. 5, 6, 19°6· centimeters.in length and fr01n 2.2 to 5 centiLeaves small, obovate i.n general outline, meters in width. Midrib stout. Secondaries. 

ine~uilateral, with rounded margins and npicallnumerous., camptodrome, their int?rvals filled. 

auricle~ separated by a deep and rounded s1nus. by more or less parallel, reticulating, fine ter-
102 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN -TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

tiaries. The angles of divergence are variable, 

even in the· same leaf, and the peculiarities of 

preservation obscure the finer vena tiori in some 

specimens; giying them a strikingly different 

appearance from others iri which the preserva-

~ion is more complete. 

These leaves are exceedingly variable in size 

and outline. The ~pex in many specimens is 

angular· at the corners of the leaf blade and at 

the sinus; in other specimens it is rounded. 

The sinus may be shallow or moderately deep. 

The leaflets are much wider than those of L. 

angustifolia, qescribed below, and the width is 

usually greatest in the upper part, although 

this feature is far from constant. 

This species is very common at a i:nimber of 

localities in the Raritan formation of New Jersey and also on Marthas Vineyard, Long Island, 

and Staten Island. It is also common in the 

lower part of the Tuscaloosa formation of western Alabama. None of the American specimens, abundant as. they are, show definitely a 

trifoliate character, but this is indicated by the 

relative position ·of the leaflets in some of the 

specimens figured by Hollick. 

These leaves were segregated from Liriodendron by Newberry on the basis of their simple 

nature, emarginate apex, crowded and fine 

venation, and r13latively small size, although 

their describer says that they are evidently 

related to Liriodendron. Since 1896 much new 

rna terial has been collected, especially from 

Long Island: Holm 1 in 1890 suggested that 

these leaves were not related to Liriodendron 

but were comparable to those of a number of 

leguminous genera. · Somewhat similar leaves 

were described 'froni Bohemia as Myrsinophyllum varians byVelenovsky, 2 and more closely 

allied forms -as Bignonia pulcherrima by Bayer, 3 

the latter sufficiently well preserved to show· 

their trifoliate nature. 0 

Ward 4 refers a species, described by Saport~ 

as a species. of Chondrophyton from the Cenomanian of Portugal, to Liriodendropsis, to 

which it is obviously not related, as the writer 

pointed out some years.ago. 5 Recently Hol1 Holm, Theodore, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 13, pp. 15-35, 1890; 

Bot. Gazette, vol. 20, pp. 312-316, 1895. 

2 Velmiovsky, Josef, Kvetcna ceskeho cenomanu, p. 25, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9; 

pl. 5, fig. 12; pl. 6, figs. 10, 11, 1889. 

3 Bayer, Ed win, Studicn im Ge bicte der bohmischen Kreideformation; 

. Perucer Schichten, p. 156, f. 126a, b, 1901. · 

4 Ward, L. F., U.S. Geol. Survey Sixteenth A~. Rept., pt. 1, p. 540,, 

pl. 107, figs. 6-8, 1896. . · 

6 Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p. n; 1904. 

lick 6 has given: a resume of the genus together 

with descriptions of new species and ~ large 

number of illustrations. The probabilities are 

all in fav·or of their reference to the Leguminosae, to which family they are referred in the 

present contribution. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation,. Shirleys 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Lirio~endropsis angustifolia Ne'."berry. 

Liriodendropsis angustifolia Newberry, The· flora of the 

Amboy clays, p. 84, pl. 53, fig. 8, 1896. 

Smith, On the geology of the coastal plain of Alabama, 

p. 348, 1894. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 71, pl. 26, figs. la, 2-5, 1906. 

Berry, New Jersey Geo_l. Survey Bull. 3, p. 160, 1911. 

Liriodendron simplex Newberry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 14, p. 6,_ pl. 62, fig. 4, 1887 (part). 

Leaves or leaflets lanceolate to linearlanceolate in. outline, relatively long and narrow, :with an emarginate, generally angular 

apex and a cuneate base. Size variable, from 

6 to. 9 centimeters in length by 1.9 to 3 centimeters .in greatest breadth, which is never in 

the upper part of the leaf, the margins as a 

rule· being straight and almost parallel from 

the angular apical corners, bowing outward 

slightly in the lower half of the leaf, and curving downward to the rather long petiole. Midrib stout. Secondaries numerous, campto-· 

drome. Tertiaries as in the preceding species. 

It may be do~bted if this species is anything 

more than a variant of the preceding species, 

but as the remains are so abundant it may 

represent a closely allied, although specifically 

distinct type. Hollick has described two additional species in the abundant· material of 

this general type contained in the insular 

Cretaceous flora, namely, Liriodendropsis constricta and L. spectabilis. He makes L. spectabilis one extreme of a series of which L. 

angustifolia Newberry is the other. The relations are obviously as pointed· out, but it seems 

questionable, in view of the individual variation eve:Jf . of these segregates, whether it 

would not have been better to have considered 

all these forms as variations of a single species. 

. The present form is abundant in the middle · 

p3:rt of the Raritan formation at Woodbridge, 

N. J., and also on Marthas Vineyard and at 

6 Hollick, Arthur, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and 

New England: U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, pp. 69-73, 1907. 
ROSALES. 103 

Glen Cove, Long Island. It was recognized 

by Ward from. the Tuscaloosa formation of 

Alabama and recorded by Smith, as. cited in 

· the synonymy, a number of years ago. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Liriodendropsis constricta (Ward) Hollick. 

Lir·iodendropsis simplex constricta Ward, U.s~ Geol. Survey 

Sixteenth Ann. Rept., pt.·1, p. 540, pl. 107, fig. 8, 

189~. 

Liriodendropsis constricta (Ward) ·Hollick, The Cretaceous 

flora of southern New York and New England, p: 

71, pl. 22, fig. 7; pl. 26, :figs. 6-15; pl. 4o, :fig. 15, 1906. 

Liriodendropsis simplex (Newberry) Newberry. Holli.ck, 

New York Acad. Sci. Trans., v.ol. 12, p. 235, pl. 7, 

fig. 3, 1893. 

Leaves ovate in general outline, with a 

rounded, ultimately cuneate base; constricted 

abruptly on eac~ side, the apical portion narrowed and straight sided with an. em~rginate 

apex. Length ranges from 4 to 9 centimeters. 

Ma.."Umum width, in the basal part, ranges 

from 2 to 4 centimeters. Secondary and tertiary venatioi1 indistinguishable from that .of 

Liriodendropsis simzJlex or L. angustifolia, of one 

or the other of which it is probably a variant 

and not a distinct species. 

Forms which answer to the foregoing diagnosis are recorded frorri Marthas Vineyard, 

Mass., and Glen Cove, Long Island, where they' 

are associated with large numbers of leaflets 

of Liriodendropsis simplex and L. angustifolia. 

A single leaflet is likewise associated with these 

two species in Alabama, which fact lends e~-

phasis to its doubtful specific rank. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala .. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

LEGUMIN<?SAE (position uncertain). 

Genus LEGUMINOSITES Bowerbank. 

Leguminosites ingaefolia Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, figure 5. 

Leaflets of sn1all size, elliptical-lanceolate 

and slightly inequilateral in general outline, 

with a rounded apex and base, the apex 

n1ucronate and the base correspondingly decurrent. Length about 2.75 centimeters. 

Maximum width, in the lower half of the 

leaflet, 6 1nillin1eters to 1.2 centimeters. Margins entire; Texture subcoriaceous. Petiolule . 

stout, curved, a:bout 5 . millimeters in length. 

Midrib stout, . flexuous. Secondaries four to 

six, irregularly spaced; can1ptodr01ne pairs, 

those in the proximal half of the lamina fewer 

and more ascending than those in the distal . 

half, particularly the lowest se'condary. Tertiaries n1ostly immersed. 

This small-leafed species, which is obviously 

new, is clearly allied to the Leguminosae and is 

much like some of the Tertiary and existing 

species of Inga, of which a large-leafed-species,' 

Inga cretacea Lesquereux, occurs in the Tuscaloosa formation, and several species not unlike 

the present one occur in the Eocene of the 

Mississippi embayment area .. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa· formation, Glen 

All~n and Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

;Leguminosites ompha,obioides Lesquereux. 

Leguminosites omphalobioides Lesquereux, The flora of the 

Dakota group, pl. 38, :fig. 4, 1892. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 97, pl. 42, 

fig. 39, 1896. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, p. 24,· 1910;· 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 155, 1911. 

Leaflets elliptical -in outline, 3.2 to 4 centimeters in .length by 1.5 to· 1. 7 centimeters in 

greatest width, which is about halfway between 

the apex and the base, Texture subcoriaceous. 

Apex rather broadly rounded. Base slightly 

narrowed ·and .decurrent to the point of attachment. · Lesquereux speaks of a short petiole, 

but this is lacking in_ his type figure and in all 

the specimens examined by the writer. The 

midribis not especially wide but is quite prominent. The secondaries are· thin and alternate; 

they number about six pairs .and branch from 

the midrib at angles of 50° or ·somewhat less, 

curving upward close to the ~argins, campto- drome. · · · 

This spec·ies \vas described originally fron1 the 

Dakota sandstone of Kansas. The Tuscaloosa 

leaf is ·very close to the type, differing merely in 

that the outline is more nearly elliptical than it 

is in the western form. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

· Collection: U.S. National Museum. 
104 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Leguminosites shirleyensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, figure 4. 

Diospyros rotundijolia Lesquereux, Tlie flora of the Dakota 

group, pl. 17, fig. 11 (not figs. 8-10), 1892. 

Leaflets o~ small size, orbicular or elliptical in 

general outline, with a rounded or slightly 

retuse apex. Base rounded, slightly inequilateral, abruptly decurrent to forn1linear wings 

referable to the · Leguminosae, resembling a 

variety of recent forms in each of the families 

into which the old family has been segregated 

in recent years. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

.Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. -8. National M:useum~ .. 

Order GERANIALES. 

Family RUTACEAE. 

along the lateral margins of the petiolule. Genus CITROPHYLLUM Berry. 

Length about 1. 75 centimeters. Maximum Citrophyllum aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry. 

width, in the middle part of the leaflet, about Fieu:s aligera Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, 1.1 centimeters.. Margins entire, slightly irreg- 34 1 o fi 6 189<> p. ,- p '. 1 , 1gs. 3- , .... 

ular. Petiolule stout, alate, about. 3 milli- Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 172, 1906; 

n1eters long. Midrib stout proximad, qecon1- New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, 

ing attenuated in ·a short distance distad. P· 139, 1906. · 

S · ·citrophyllum aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry, Torrey B.9t. econdaries thin, Irregularly spaced, about six 

dr . .. Club Bull., vol. 36; p. 258, pl. 18a, figs. 1-8, 1909; 

cai.npto orne pairs. . New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 169, pl. 21, 

This small leaflet appears to be related to the figs. 1-8, 1911. 

Leguminosae, although it is similar to the leaves Leaves small, elliptical to· ovate or· ovateof a number of unrelated genera, as for example, lanceolate in outline, cQriaceous, ranging. from 

Oelastroph_ yllum, Bumelia; Vaccinium, and vari~ 2.5 to 6 centimeters in length by 1.8 to 3.2 

ous Rhamnaceae. · It is believed to represent t' t · 'dth M · t' ·n cen 1me ers In WI • argins en rre, 1 

an Upper Cretaceous species of the Legumi- sqme specimens .slightly undulate. Apex 

nosae or possibly of the Rhamnaceae. The rounded or obtusely acuminate. Base 

small leaf from the Dakota· sandstone which rounded, subtruncate or cuneate. Petiole 

Lesquereux referred to.Diospyros rotundifolia stout, 0.

7 centimeter to 2 centimeters in 

is obviously identical ·with t}lis species from length, ~onspicuously · alate. The petiolar 

Alabama and is quite unlike the usual forms of wings may be oblong-lanceolate ·or obovate; 

Diospyros rotundifolia. together they are from 2.5 to 5 millimete~ in Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys . width, averaging about 3.5 millimeters. MidMill, Fayette County, Ala. rib stout. Secondaries fine, more or less obCollection: U. · S. National Museum. 

Leguminosites tuscaloosen~is Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, figme 6. 

Leaflets ·of medium size, ses~ile, ovatelanceolate and· markedly inequilateral in general outline, with a cuneately pointed apex 

and a decurrent· base. Length about 3 to 5 

centimeters. 'M:axim.um width, about midway 

between the apex and the base, 1.5 to 2.5 

centimeters, one side commonly about twice 

the width of the other.· Petiolule wanting. 

Midrib thin and curved, stout at ·base. Secondaries thin, numerous, su'Qparallel, diverging from the midrib at. acute angles and camptodro:m:e, more or less immersed in the leaf 

substance. .Tertiaries obsolete. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. · 

These more or less falcate leaflets are unlike 

previously described forms arid appear to be 

· scured by the coriaceous leaf-substance, about. 

9 alternate pairs, branching from the midrib. 

at· angles of 45° to 50,0 , parallel, camptodrome. 

These curious .leaves were described by 

Lesquereux from the Dakota sandstone as a 

species. of Ficus and compared ·with Ficus 

bumelioides Ettingshausen and Ficus mudgei 

Lesquereux, neither of which has alate petioles, and the first has an emarginate apex. 

Subsequently the same leaves were found in 

the Magothy formation of New Jersey and· 

only recently a single small leaf was found in 

the upper beds of the Raritan formation of 

South Amboy, N. J. They have also been 

recognized in the Black Creek forp:1ation of 

North Carolina and in the Middendorf arkose 

member of the Black Creek formation of 

South Carolina.· They exhibit considerable 

variability in outline, but all have exactly the 

same aspect and. conspicuous alate petioles. 
GERANIALES. 105 

They appear to be related to .the leaves of the Family EUPHORBIACEAE. 

1nodern genus Citrus, which have exactly the Genus CROTONOPHYLLUM Velenovsky. 

smne texture and venation, the same ·variability Crotonophyllum pand~raeformis Berry. in outline and marginal undulations, the same 

stout midrib and conspicuously alate petioles. Crotvnophyllu;n Pa??.dura~{or-rnis Berry, U.S. Geol. Survey 

In examitiing a suite of spedmens of len,ves of Prof. Paper 84, P· 48, pl. 7, figFi. 5-10, .1!)14. 

Citrus and comparing them with the fossils, Leaves of variable size and irregular pandurithe conclusion seems irresistible that they are form outline, about 8 to 10 centiineters in 

. related, and the writer has consequently re- length by 3 to 4 centimeters in greatest width, 

ferred the fossils to a new genus with a· name which is in the basal half of the leaf. General 

that emphasizes this relationship. to the outline ovate, separated by a sharp lateral 

modern genus sinus on each side into a broad basal portion 

Possibh~ arguments against the present view with full rounded J?argins, and an upper narmay be based on the theory that the modern rower portion which is more or less rounded' or 

alate petioles are .derived from ancestors with elongated. In some specimens the sinus is 

comp.ound leaves; in fact, son1e modern species. wanting on one side, and it may be wanting on 

still have trifoliate leaves, and if this were true both sides and· the leaf be ovate-lanceolate in 

of the fossils as well it would require consider- outline if the habit of the Boheinia1i species is 

able ru.pidity of evolution in this ge.nus previous any· criterion. Tip bluntly pointed, dependent 

to the 1niddle Cretaceous. The n1odern leaves on the width of the.· apical segment. Base 

absciss from the top of the petiole and would be slightly decurrent to the stout petiole, which is 

·unlikely to occur as fossils with the petiole of considerable length. Texture coriaceous. 

attached, neither' can any indication of such an Midrib stout. Secondaries numerous, rathe~ 

abscission line be made out in the fossils. This stout, branching from the midrib at angles of 

argument is difficult to combat. I-Iowever, about 45°, parallel, cainptodrome below and in 

1nodern leaves are sometimes shed in their en- some specimens also in the apical portion of 

tirety, and we are justified in predicating the the leaf; in these specimens they pursue an upoccasional fall of leaves before Inaturity, when wardly curved course. In other specimens they 

the abscission layer of cells has not yet become are straight in the apical half of the leaf, and 

weakened. The agency might be ·violent their ends are connected by a nearly straight 

winds, the passage of large animals like some marginal vein, which is the continuation of 

of the Cretaceous dinosaurs, or weakened con- some lower secondary; in fact the regularly 

clitions due to insect or fungous diseases. canlptodrome lower secondaries are parallel 

The Tuscaloosa forms are of the elliptical with the margin before they finally inosculate. 

typ.e occurring in the Raritan formation . of These curious leaves are not uncommon in 

New Jersey and in the Dakota sandstone of the the Middendorf arkose member of the Black 

West.· Some of the western leaves are 1nore Creek formation of the South Carolina Cretaelongated, as 1 are those collected from the ceo us, although they are generally incomplete. 

Magothy and Black Creek formations and the They are wholly unlike any American CretaMiddendorf 1nember. It is possible that two ceous leaves, although they suggest the leaf de:. 

species are represented, but if so, differential scribed from the Upper Cretaceous of Vanspecific characters are not obvious. The genus couver Island by Dawson as Liriodendron 

is represented by well-marked species in the succedens.1 That leaf is'hardly a Liriodendron, 

undescribed collections from the lower Eocene but Dawson's figures are all inaccurate, and as 

·(Wilcox group) and middle Eocene (Claiborne the writer has not seen the original material, no 

group) of the Mississippi embayment area. conclusion on this point is legitimate. The 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cotton- genus Crotonophyllum was proposed by Velednle; Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys Mill, Fayette novsky for leaves from the Cenomanian of. 

County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National :Museum. 1 Dawson, J. W., Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 11., sec. 4, p. 62, pl. 8, 

fig. 6, 1893. 
106 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSI~PI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Vyserovic, Bohemia, which are very similar to 

the present species~· A single species, Orotdno-· 

phyllum cretaceum, 1 was described ·and com-

. pared with the existing species of Croton, but 

as the discussion is in Bohemian it can not be 

followed without a. translation. The illustrations are, however, ample and depict a leaf 

which is surely congeneric with the American 

species. The genus is also represented by un:-

described forms from the lower Eocene (Wilcox 

group) of the Mississippi embayment .area. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa !ormation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Qollection: U. S. National Museum. 

o. 

Genus MANIHOTITES Berry. 

Manihotites georgiana Berry. 

Manihotites georgiana Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

37, p~ 507, figs. 1, 2, 1910; U. S. Geol. Survey Pro( 

Paper 84, p. 114, pis. 22, 23, 24, figs. 4, 5; text figs. 

2, ·3, 1914; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 295, 

1916. 

. This remarkable form was recently described 

by rtie in the papers cited above, and the discussion need not be repeated here. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga.; 

(Coffee sand member), Coffee Bluff, Hardin 

County, Tenn. Ripley formation (Cusseta 

sand member), near Buena Vista, Marion 

County, Ga.; (MeN airy sand member), :2! miles 

· southwest of Selmer, MeN airy County, _Tenn. 

· Collections: U.S. National Museuni. 

Order SAPINDALES. 

Family ILICACEAE. 

Genus ILEX Linne. 

Ilex rnasoni Lesquereux. 

Ilex masoni Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, 

p. 179, pl. 7, fig. 6; pl. 63, fig. 6, 1892. -

The· original description of this species by 

Lesquereux, which was published in 1892, is as 

follows: 

IJeaf subcoriaceous, linear-oblong, slightly enlarged in 

the lower part, cuneiform to the base, apparently obtuse 

(point broken) repand-dentate on the borders; primary 

nerve comparatively thick; secondaries open, arched in 

passing toward the borders, camptodrome, anastomosing 

in broad, angular curves at a distance from the borders 

to which they are joined by branches at right .angles to 

tP,e curves. 

1 Vclenovsky, Josef, Kvetena ceskeho cenomanu, p. 20, pl. 5, figs. 4-11, 

1889. 

The first leaf is about 12 centimeters long, 4.5 c~ntimeters broad below the middle, where it is slightly enlarged, is marked by a few obtuse teeth, ·the upper part 

being entire or slightly undulate. The lower pair of 

secondaries are thin, at a more acute angle of divergence, 

50°' inequidistant, parallel, somewhat strong, distinctly 

camptodrome, the upper 'pair appearing more curved in 

ascending toward the apex. The bows formed by angular 

anastomosis of the secondaries at a short distance from the 

borders are linked to them by short nervilles at right 

angles. · The surface is smooth, nearly polished, indistinctly marked by transverse nervilles. The other fragment indicates a leaf scarcely broader but much longer, 

broken at both ends, and cut in deeper, large teeth. 

'fhese leaves resemble those of Ilex borealis Heer 2 but 

are larger, also Ilex longifolia Heer, 3 the borders of which 

are also minutely dentate, etc. 

· Whatever may be thought of the botanic 

affmity of. this relatively large-leafed speci,es as 

determined by Lesquereux, it is certainly not 

uncommon in the lower part of the Tuscaloosa 

formation, although the material is for the 

most part rather fragmentary. . 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Allen, . Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S: National Museum. 

Family CELASTRACEAE. 

Genus CELASTROPHYLLUM Goeppert. 

Celastrophyllurn decurrens Lesquereux. 

Celastrophyllum decurrens Lesquereux, The flora of the 

Dakota group, p. 172, pl. 36, fig. 1, 1892. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p.176, pl. 22, 

fig. 8, 1911. 

Celastrophyllum angustifolium Newberry, 'l'he flora of .the 

.Amboy chys, p. 100, pl. 14, figs. 8-17, 1896. 

Leaves of variable size, lanceolate in ge!leral. 

outline. Length ranging from 5 to 15 centimeters. Maximum width, in the middle part 

of the l~af, ranging from 1.5 to 4 centimeters. 

Apex usually acuminate, rarely subacute. 

Base narrowed and decurrent. Margins entire 

near the base, above this they are serrulate or · 

finely crenate-dentate. Petiole stout, curved. 

Midrib stout, usually curved or flexuous. 

Secondaries thin, numerous, usually about 2 

millimeters apart, subparallel, diverging ,from 

the midrib at angles of 40° to 45°, finally 

branching and forming an intricate netw0rk 

along the margin, the ~timate branches running directly · to the margin. . Texture subcoTiaceous. 

2 Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 7, P: 39, pl. 64, figs. 3, 4,1883. 

a Idem, vol. 1, p. 124, pl. 48, figs. 3, 4, 1868. 
SAPiNDALES. 107 

This species was based ·on a single specimen 

fro:m the Dakota sandstone of Kansas. It is 

common from the base to the top of the Raritan 

formation in New Jersey. Only _one specimen 

has been found in the Tuscaloosa for1nation. 

It is very similar to Myrica fragiliformis 

(Zenker) EngelhQ.rdt,t a species described from 

the Cenomanian of Saxony 2 and recorded 

under the name lllyrica zenkerj- Heer from the 

Atane beds of .Greenland 3 ·and the Mag<?tlly 

formation at Glen Cove, Long Island. 4 The 

form from Long Island is· an extremely questionable iden tifi.ca tion. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum .. 

Celastrophyllum shirleyensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures 3, .8. 

Leaves of medium to small· size,. elongateelliptical in general outline, with a somewhat 

narrowed, rounded tip, and·a broadly rounded 

base. Length about 5.25 centimeters. Maximum width, in the lower part of the leaf, about 

1. 7 centimeters. :Margins irregularly dentate, 

the teeth directed laterally. Texture subconaceous. Petiole not preserved, eyidentl:y 

stout. Midrib stout, curved, prominent. 

Secondaries stout, about 11 opposite to alternate pairs, variably spaced, diverging from 

. the midrib at wide angles of 55° to 70°; 

the basal pairs craspedodrome; the distal pairs 

reguhtrly camptoclrome; the median pairs forking and anastomosing and. sending branches to 

·the margins. 

The present species is similar to Oelastrophyllum . brittonianum Hollick but differs in 

beinO' Widest below instead of above the middle, b 

in having the marginal teeth larger· and crenate 

instead of denticulate, and in the less numerous 

and earlier forked secondaries. It also· resembles somewhat the Patapsco species Oelastr.ophyllum acutidens Fontaine, which is, however, a coarser· leaf with very .large irregular 

teeth and more ovate form. It is also much 

1 Engelhardt, Hormann, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 7, 

Jahrg. 1891, p. 93, 1892. 

s l~ttlngshauson, C. von, Die Kreidoflora von NiederschoenainSachsen, 

p. 23, pl. 3, figs . .l, 3, 10, 11, 1867. . · . 

a Hocr, Oswald, Floro. fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, p.108, pl. 31, fig. 2, 

1874. . 

4 Hollick, A.rthur, U.S. Gool. Survey Mon. 50, p. 54, pl. 7, fig. 23, 1907. 

like Oelastrophyllum a~baedomus Ward, 5 a 

Patapsco species with which I at one time co~lfused it. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formatibn, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

.Collection: U.S~ National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum undulatum .Newberry. 

Celastrophyll~w~ undulatum Newben-y, The flora of the 

Amhoy clays, p. 102, pl. 38, figs. 1-3, 1896: 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 3!8, 1894 (nomen nudum). 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Smvey Bull. 3, p.175, 1911. 

Leaves of large.size, 10 to 15 centimeters in 

length by 4 to 8 centimeters in breadth, ovateoblong or ovate in outline, with an obtuse or 

bluntly pointed apex and somewhat narrowed 

base. Margin strongly undulate or broadly 

and coarsely crE:mate, somewhat variable in the 

character of its teeth.· Midrib stout. Secondaries numerous, ~ dozen or more subopposite 

pairs, which branch from_ the midri~ at a wide 

angle. and fork near the margins to form festoons, which coincide approximately with the 

marginal teeth. 

This very large species resembles the larger 

leaves that are referred to OelastrozJhyllum 

·crenatum Heer but is much. larger and more 

el~ngate in outline. Its· size has apparently 

rendered perfect specimens rare, and as a rule 

the remains that are obtained are fragmentary . 

v elenovsky hints at its identity with· the leaves 

named by him jJ{yrica zenkeri from the Bohemian Cretaceous, although this resemblance is 

obviously slight, the present species more 

·nearly· resembling the Bohemian leaves which 

this author identifies as a species of Ternstroemia, as well as various lower Eocene species of.. 

Ternstroemites of the Mississippi embayment 

·area. 

It was described originally from· the Raritan 

formation of New Jersey and ~s represented by 

considerable fragmentary material in the lower 

beds of the Tuscaloosa formation. Large leaves 

of this species occur in the Black Creek fo~rn.ation of North Carolina. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

6 ·ward, L. F., Status of the Mesozoic nora of tho United States: 11. S. 

Geol. Survey Mon. 48, p. 489 (footnote), pl. 108, Hg. 3, 1~06, 
10 8 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS ·IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Ce'Iastrophyllum. newberryanum Hollick. 

Celastrophyllum. newberryanum IIollick, in Newberry, '!'he 

flora of.the Ainboy clays, p. 101, pl. 49, figs. 1-27, 

1896; N~w York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 16, p. 133, 

pl. 14, fig. 1, 18!17. . 

Knowlton, in \Vhiteand Schuchert, Geol. Soc. America 

Bull., vol. 9, p. 3!)3, 1898. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 86, 

1903; Torrey Bot. Club Buil., vol. 31, p. 78, ·1904.; 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 174, pl. 22; figs. 

5_;_7, 1911. 

Leaves-of medium size, ·2.5 to 6 c·entimeters 

fn length by 1 to 2.5 centimeters in maximum 

width, ranging in· outline from. narrowly to 

broadly ovate or- obovate. Apex somewhat 

rounded, although it _may be acute or apiculate 

in the narrower form. Base somewhat cuneate 

and slightly decurrent. :Margins entire in-the 

basal third of the leaf, in some specimens so 

thro~ghout, elsewhere· with -mostly small, 

closely set, appressed deriticles. Midrib rather 

stout. Secondaries five or six pairs, branching 

from the midrib at angles of about 45 °, curved, 

camp~odrome. 

In size, outline, and venation this species, 

which_ is exceedingly abundant, is ~ery_ close to· 

modern members of the family Celastraceae 

and may be compared with our exis_ting Oelastrus scandens Linne, which it closely resembles. 

It is ·probably present in the Atane beds of 

Greenland in some of the leaves which Heer includes under his Oelastrophyllum crenatu~, and 

it has been reported by Hollick from the Magothy formation at Cliffwood Bluff, N.J., where 

it is apparently rare. It would seem as if such 

an abundant element in the late Raritan, which 

reappears in the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama, would be present in allied floras at intermediate points,. but as yet its presence has not 

· been detected. 

. For~s from the Bohemian Cretaceous that 

are practically identical with the smaller and 

more pointed leaves of this species are refe;rred 

by V elenovsky to the genus Phillyrea of the 

Oleaceae, and compared with the living Phillyrea latifo_lia Linne of southern Europe. • . 

.occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. · 

-Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

1 Velenovsky, Josef, Die· Flora der bohmisehen Kreideformation 

pt.,1, p. 7, pl. 4, figs.·2-5, 1885~ · ' 

Celastrophyllum grandifolium Newberry. 

Plate XXIV, figure 5. 

Celastrophyllum, grandifolium, Newberry, The flora ·of the· 

Amboy clays, p. 104,_ pl. 19, fig. 8; pl. 21, figs. 1_: 

4,1896. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 88, pl. 33, ~g. 8, 1906. 

_Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 179, pl. 

23, fig. 1, 1911. 

Leaves large, 10 to 25 centimeters in length 

by 3.5 to." 7 . centimeters in ma.ximum width, 

ovate-lanceolate in outline. Apex rounded or 

subacute. Base varying from rounded ·to 

cuneate. Margins entire below, above somew~at irr~gularly undulate or closely serrate, or 

~nth coarse rounded teeth. Petiole long (max-· 

1mum length 4.5 centimeters) very stout. 

Midrib stout. Secondaries num~rous ~nd slender for ~uch large leaves, 12 to 15 pairs, branch- · 

ing from the midrib at angles of 45° or slightly· 

more, somewhat flexuous and irregular in their 

course, campto~rome. Tertiaries generally 

transverse, form1ng ·a coarsely quadrancrular 

areolation. b 

This species is quite variable not onlv in 

siz~ but especially ,in ·marginal charact,ers, 

whiCh show every gradation fron1 nearly entire 

forms to closely serrate forms. This variation 

is more or less characteristic of all the species of 

t~is ge~us: This species, however, is very distmct, 1ts ~earest ally apparently being Gelas--

tTorp_hyllum lanceolatum, which is described by 

Ettlngsha.usen from the Cret-aceous of Saxonv z· 

and which Heer apparently .recognized in :his. 

material from Greenland. 3 · · . . · 

This spec.ies is very common in the Raritan 

formati.on of New Jersey but is sparingly represented 1n the Tuscaloosa collections. None of 

the very. large forms have been discovered at 

Shirleys Mill, and at first sight the two appear 

to be entirely distinct. However, the Raritan 

form shows a series ·of gradations, and the 

sma~er leaves are identical with the· figured 

speCimen f.rom the Tuscaloosa. Fragments of 

large leaves of . this species are found, at the 

Cottondale locality. 

2 Ettingshausen, C. von, Die Kreideflora von Niederschoena in Suchsen, p. 260, pl. 3, fig. 9, 1867. 

a·neer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 7, p. 40, pl. 54, fig. 9u; pl. 55, 

figs. 7, 8, 1883. 
SAPINDALES·. 109 

This and other Cretaceous species eommonly 

referred to ·oelastrophyllum greatly resemble 

the leaves of various modern tropical species 

of the family Ternstroemiaceae (Theaceae) 

and it is quite possible that they may represent 

ancestral types of this family. This relationship is further indicated l?Y the presence of 

types belonging to this family in the Wilcox 

and Claiborne groups of the Eocene of. the 

embayment area, which I have described· as 

species of Ternstroemites. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys. 

Mill, Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum carolinensis Berry; 

Plate XXIV, figures 6, 7. 

CelaslrOJJhyllum carolinensis Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 84, p .. 51, pl. 1 .. 3, figs. 1-5,· 1911. 

Leaves lanceolate in outline, ·with a pointed 

apex and a cuneate base, maximum dimen~ions 

about 14 centimeters in length by 2.9 centimeters in width, which is about midwa.y 

between the apex and the 'base, tapering 

equally in both directions. Midrib stout, 

TU.ther flexuous. Secondaries numerous, thin, 

branching fron1 the 1nidrib at acute angles. of 

45° or less, curving upward, usually camptodrome, some of the1n · craspedodrome in the 

upper part of the leaf; sending tertiary branches 

into the 1narginal teeth. Margins entire for a 

short distance at the base, above which they 

are crenate or biconvex, the teeth larg~, inter:.. 

spersed with .srrtaller su~ordinate ·teeth of the 

san1e ·character. Leaf substance thin. 

This striking form is rather common at a 

single locality in the Middendorf a~·kose member of the Black Creek forn1ation of South 

Carolina, but the leaves are always much 

broken, although fragn1ents of all parts of the 

leaf are present. The Alabama ntaterial is ·alc;;;o 

badly 1nacerated. 

This species has been compared with a very 

large aillOunt of material of existing species in 

the National I-Ierbarium and in that of the Ne'v 

York Botanical" Garden. It shows analogies 

with. a variety of existing ·genera, as, for ex..:. 

ample, Ounonia, Olerodendron, Syrt~plocos, Ternstromia, and Panax, but is believed to. find its 

nearest relatives among the Celastraceae, alreferable to the family Ternstroerniaceae shoUld 

not be overlooked. It is· not close to any described fossil species, although there is a general 

resernblance to a number of the American Ore-· 

taceous species of Oelastrophyllum. There is 

also a general resemblance to Grevilleophyl~'l.tXl" 

c011stans 1 and Aralia. coriacea, 2 both Cenomanian species described by Velenovsky from Bohemia. Leaves of this sort have also been 

referred to Dryandroides (cf. D. q_uercinea 

V elenovsky), l.fyrica ( cf .. },{, serrata V elenovsky), Quercus, and Fraxinus. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa .formation, upper ravine and big gully on the Snow place, Tusealoosa County, Ala. . ' . 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer. 

Celastrophyllum crenatum Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, 

vol. 7, p. 41, pl. 62, fig. 2, 1885. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain 0f Ala-· 

bH.ma, p. 34.8, 1894. · 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 99, 

· pl. 68, figs. 1-19, 1896. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 34, p. 197, pl. 13, 

fig. 5, 1907; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bnll. 3, 

p. 178, pl. 22, :fig. 9; pl. 23, fig. 2, 1911. 

·Leaves very variable ·in size, 2 to 8 centinleters in length by 1 .to 5 centimeters in width, 

ovate or elliptical in outline, broadly rounded 

above, narrowed and -generally inequilateral 

below: :Margins entire below, coarsely toothed 

above, with somewhat variable, · rounded, 

crenate,· or crenate-dentate teeth. A few 

specimens are entire throughout and some have 

a markedly inequilateral base. Midrib rather 

stout. Secondaries numerous, nine or ten 

pairs, subopposit~, branching from the 1nidrib 

at angles· somewhat in excess of 45°, slightly 

curved upward and ·parallel, _branching near 

the 1nargin to form festoons from.· which 

branehes enter the marginal teeth. 

This species was described originally by 

I-Ieer from the Patoot beds of Greenland, but 

unfortunately only a single small leaf was 

figured. The Raritan leaves that have been 

identified as Oelastrophyllum crenatum are 

abundant and grade into much larger forms, 

which are also present .in the Black Creek 

forn1ation of North Carolina and the Tuscaloo8a 

formation of Alabama. 

though the possibility of this· species as well as . 1 Velenovsky, Josef, Die Flora der bohmischen Kreideformation, pt. 

. z· N b . 2, P- 3, pl. 1, figs. 6-10, 1ssa. OelastroJJhyll1tm grand if<? ~um ew erry being , 2 Idem, pt. 3, p. n, pl. 1, figs. 1-9; pl. 2, fig. 2, 1884. 
' ' 

110 -UPPER CR,ETAC~OUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

The species is rare in South Carolina, fragmentary specimens b-eing sparsely represented 

in the Middendorf arkose ,member of the Black 

Creek formation. The genus is characteristic 

of the late Lowei· and the Upper Cretaceous 

of eastern North America. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottopdale ·and big gully on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum crenatum ellipticum Berry, n. var. 

Pl::tte XXIV, _figures 1, 2. 

Leaves of small to medium size, elliptical to 

orbicular in outline, ranging from 2.2 to 5 centimeters in length by 1.5 to 4.5 centimeters in 

n1aximum Width, which is midway between 

the apex and the base. Apex bioadly. and 

evenly rounded~ Base equally rounded, natrowly and inconspicuously decurrent. }.fa~g!mi 

entire for a short distance at the base, passing 

_ gradually into large crenate and biconvex teeth 

which are typically those of Oelastrophyllum 

crenatttm Heer. Petiole stout; curved, 1 to 1.5 

centimeters in length. Midrib of medium 

size. Secondaries thin, few in number, about 

five pairs, branching from the midrib at angles 

of 45° or more, camp_todrome. 

The present well-marked variety differs from 

the type in ita orbicular or elliptical instead of 

obovate outline, i~ its fewer secondaries, longer 

petiole, and in the nearer approach to the base 

of the marginaL teeth. The younger leaves 

are elliptical, but the older ones, which are 

slightly smaller than the average ·for the type, 

are nearly orbicular. 

- Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum; 

Celastrophyllum alabamensis Berry, n. sp. 

- Plate XXIV, figures 10-12. 

Petiole of medium length, 4 mi.lllnieters:in the 

sm_allest specimen figured, 2 centimeters in 

larger specimens, rather stout and curved. 

Midrib relatively stout. -Secondaries stout, 

about six pairs, branching from the midrib at 

angles of about 45 °, craspedodrome, sending 

off curved craspedodrome tertiaries to the subordinate teeth, especially laterally from the 

lowest pair. 

. This species is exceedingly variable -in size 

and appearance, ranging front small elliptical 

leaves similar to those of Oelastrophyllum crenatum ellipticum Berry 'to htrge forms, somewh~t triangular in ·outline, almost trilobate, 

with toothed lobules at the apex of each secondary, suggestive of Betula nigra Linne' or Orataegus coccinea Linne. It is, as a whole, entirely distinct -from the rather numerous forms 

of Oelastrophyllum that ~re present in the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama or in homotaxial 

deposits ·in t~e lJpper Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where this genus is so well 

represented. -

This species is only known from the single 

locality cited, where it is exceedingly abundant 

in all sizes- and is the only recognizable form 

in the collection. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, 4 miles 

east of Centerville on Centerville-Randolph 

road, Bibb County, Ala. , 

Collectipns: U. S. National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum brittonianum Hollick. 

Plate XXIV, figure 4. 

Celastrophyllum- brittonianum Rollick, in Newberry, The 

flora of the Amboy clays, p. 10~, pl. ·12,- figs:-37, 38, 

46 ,' 47' -1896. 

Ward, U. S. Geol: Survey Fifteenth A_rm. Rept., 

pp. 349, 358, 377, 378, 379, 1895; Status of the :Meso-, 

zoic floras of the United States, p. 492, pl. 107, 

fig. 7, 1905. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Dull. 3, p'. U~O, 1911; 

l\Iaryland qeol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 479, 

Leaves of small to medium size, elliptical in pl. 90, flg. 3, Hn l. 

general outline, showing a tendency in the Leaves s1nall, 4 to 5 centimeters in l~ngth by' 

larger specimens toward a somewhat trilobate' 1.2 to 2.1 centimeters in maximum- width, 

form. Length ranges from 1.75 to 10 centi- ovate-lanceolate or in some specimens somemeters. Maximum width, which is in the basal . what spatulate in outline. Apex_ subacute. 

half of the' leaf, ranges fron1 1 to -9 CJentimeters. Base somewhat decurrent and straight sided 

Ma:rgin somewhat .Irregularly crenate, with (cuneate). Margins entire below, denticulate 

large 'and small teeth, some of which are den- above. Midrib rather stout. Seconqaries nutat~, though the larger ories are broad scallops,- merous, somewhat irregular, branching fron1 the 

exac~ly similar to the marginal cha~acters so midrib at angles of about 45'0, of fin'e caliber. 

well shown in Oelastrophyll~m crenatum Heer. but prominent, camptodrome. 
SAPINDALES. 111 

This species, which was described originally 

fro:m the Raritan for1nation of New Jersey, _is 

clearly distinct fr01i1 Celastrophyllum spcttulnt'l.tm Newberry, although it st.ands nearer to 

that forrn than to any other that is known~ It 

see1ns to be a so1newhat older type, for .. it has 

been recognized in the considerably older 

deposits of the Patapsco formation (Albian) in 

Virginia. It would be interesting to ·know from 

what horizon or horizons in the Raritan formation it had been collected, but Newberry failed 

to indicate the locality in connection with any 

of his several specinl(:ms, and it has not been 

collected in that region since·his day. 

Though not con1n1on in the Tuscaloosa forlnation of western Alabama unquestionable 

re1nains of this species occur in the. lower beds, 

and it is one of the v.m~y few species which survived fron1. the Lower Cretaceous.. It resembles son1ewhat Celnstrophyllum ·albaedomus 

Ward, which is associated with it, but differs in 

the m.ore spatulate outline, the finer denticulate 

teeth, and the n1ore numerous, less ascending, 

and less branched secondaries. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Celastrophyllum gymindaefolium Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figure 9. 

Leaves n1ore or less inequilateral, obovate in 

outline, with a broadly round~d, in some, specimens slightly retuse, apex, and a narrowed 

decurrent base. Length 3 to 3.5 centimeters, 

1naximum width, at or above the . middle, 2 

centimeters, or sligh~ly n1ore. Petiole short 

and stout, curved, 3 to 4 millimeters in length. 

Midrib stout below, becoming thin distad. 

Secondaries very thin, diverging at an acute 

angle, forking and arching to form oblanceolate 

meshes, the points ·of the meshes directed inward fron1 the margin. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. 

This hands01ne species i~ clearly di_stinct from 

previously. described species of Celastrophyllum, and it is as clearly related to the modern 

Gymindn grisebachii Sargent, which is a s1nall 

tree that ranges fro1n the Florida Keys through 

the West Indies to Trinidad and is found also 

in. southern Mexico and Central· America. 

'rhis resemblance is most 1narked; the leaves of 

the modm~n species in their short petiole, more 

or less inequilateral blade, decurrent base, and 

broadly rounded apex, as well as in their texture 

and venation, are identical with their Upper 

Cretaceous ancestor. 

·In accordance with custom the fossil forn1 is 

refm:red to' Celastrophyllum, a form genus for 

leaves of this fiunily, and the specific name 

chosen denotes the remarkable resemblance to 

its existing representative, the genus Gymirbda. 

Occurrence: Tusc~loosa formation, Shirleys · 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (Collected by E. 

W. Berry . .) 

Collection: U. S .. National Museum. 

Celastrop~yllum praecrassipes Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figtire 13~ 

Leaves of small size, orbicular in general outline, with an equally rounded apex and base. 

Diameter about 1.5 centimeters. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Petiole missing, 

presumably short and stout. Midrib stout below, slender distad, flexuous. Secondaries thin, 

three or foul\ irregularly spaced, campto9-rome 

parrs. 

The present species is named from its. resemblance t'o the smaller leaves of the Dakota sand-

. stone species, Celastrophyllum crassipes Lesquereux, 1 and is clearly referable to the Celastraceae 

. or Rhamnaceae. It is not unlike Oelastrophyllum latifolium Fontaine 2 of the Patapsco formation and is also similar to the more nearly 

contemporaneous Celastrophyllum minus Hollick 3 of the Raritan formation. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation. Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Family SAPINDACEAE. 

Genus SAPINDUS Lj.nne. 

Sapindus variabilis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXVII, figures 1-3. 

Leaflets differing gre.atly in size and outline, 

ranging from small lanceol~te forms like the 

smallest specimen figured, which is 5 centime-· 

ters in length by 1.2 centimeters in maximum 

width,· to forms like the 1 argest. specimen figured, which i$ oblong-elliptical in outline and 10 

centimeters in length by 3 centimeterc:; in maximum width. All are inequilateral, the .rna1 Lesqucreux, Leo, 'l'he flora of the Dakota group; p. 174, pl. 57, figs. 6, 

7, 1892. . 

2 See Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaeeom•, p. 477, 

pl. 90, figs. G-9, 1911. _ 

a Hollick, Arthur, in Newberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clays: 

.U.S. Geol. Survey M:on. :.!6, p. 105, pl. 42, figs. 51, 52, 1895. 
112 UPPER. CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, A-ND GEORGIA. 

jority markedly so, and many ~re falcate .. ·The Hollick, New York Acad. Sci .. Ann., vol. 11, p. 422, 

apex varies fr-om an acute point. but slightly . pl. 36, fig_. 4, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

elongated.· to forms in which. the lamina is New York and New England, p. 90, pl. -33, figs. 16-20, 1906. 

abruptly contracted to a long, slender acumen. Knowlton, u._ s. Geol. Survey Twenty-first Ann. 

The base is conspicuously decurrent and in- Rept., pt. 7, p. 317, 1901. 

equilateral. Margins entire. · Texture coria- Berry, N. Y. Bot. Garden Bull., vol._ 3, p. 83, pl. 

. ceous. Petiolule_ broad and flat, reaching a 4?, ·figs. 2, 3, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

. maximum length of 1.3 centimeters. Midrib 31, p .. 78, 1904; New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. 

Rept. for 1905, pp. _138, 139, 1906. 

stout below, becoming thin distad, more or less 

curved. Secondaries ~umerous, thin, sub- Leaflets of· variable, generally hirge size, 

parallel, diverging from the mi~rib a.t angles of lanceolate and !llore or less inequilateral. in 

about 45°, rather straight, ultimately campto- outline, with a broadly cuneate or rounded 

drome, largely immersed in the leaf substance. base· and a pointed tip. Petiolulate. · T~xture _Tertiaries obsolete~ _ subcoriaceous. Margiris entire. Midrib stout, 

This characteristic . species is abundantly curved. Secondaries numerous, camptodrome. 

represented in the collections from Shirleys The present species was des_cribed originally 

Mill, occurr~ng· rather sparingly at Glen Allen. . by Heer from West Greenland, to whom it must 

Its range of size and variation are well shown in be credited, although it was based on Lesthe accompanying illustrations. It resembles quereux's nianuscript which appeared in print 

more or less several previously described fossil the following year. It -is common in the 

species, as, for example, Sapindus diversifolius Dakota sandstone of the West and in the 

Lesq~ereux 1 of the Dakota sandstone, which Magothy" formation of the northern Atlantic 

has_ a more prominent venation and which is Coastal Plain and occurs in the Woodbine 

represented in the Magothyformation of New sand of the western Gulf area (Texas). 

Jersey and Long Island by the specimens Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, roadside . 

erroneously identified by Hollick 2 as Sapindus southwest of Northport, Tuscaloosa County, 

apiculatus . V elenovsky, 3- .a species which comes Ala. · . 

froin the European Cenomanian and which· is. Collection: U. S. National ~1:useum. 

also much like the present species. Both the . 

species mentioned are· most like the smaller 

leaflets of ·sapindus variabilis. A form that 

resembles the larger leaflets is Sapindus cauda--

tus Lesquereux/ which occurs in the basal 

Eocene of Colorado. Among recent species 

there are ·several tropical American forms that 

· have leaflets very close to this fossil form. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette Cotmty, Ala: 

CoUection: U. S. National Museum. 

Sapindus morrisoni Heer (Lesquereu~ MS.). 

Sapindus morrisoni Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, v9l. 6, pt. 

2, p: 96, pl. 40, ~g. 1; pl. 41, fig. 3; pl. 43, figs. 1a·, b; 

pl. 44, figs. -7,.8, 1882; idem, vol. 7, p. 39, pl. 65, 

fig. 5, 1883. . 

LesquereuX:, The Cretaceous and Tertiary fl~ras, p. 83, 

· pl. 16, figs. 1, 2, 1~83; The flora of the Dakota group, 

p. 158, pl. 35, figs. 1, 2, 1892. 

I Lesquereux, Leo, 'l'he flora of the Dakota group: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon.l7, p.158, pl. G4, fig. 18, 1892. 

2 Hollick, Arthur, 'l'he Cretaceous flora of southern New York and New 

England; U. $. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 91, pl. 33, fig. 21,1907, 

3 Velenovsky, Josef, Die flora der bohmischen Kreideformation, pt. 

3, p. 6, pl. 7, fi'gs. 1-8, 1884. · 

· 4 Lesquereux, Leo; The Tertiary flora, p. 264,-pl. 48, fig. 6, 1878. 

Order RHAMNALES. 

Family RHAMNACEAE. 

Genus ZIZYPHUS Linne. -

Zizyphus lamarensis Berry. 

Zizyphus lamarensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

39, p. 398, pl. 31, fig. 1, 1912. 

Leaves elliptical in outline, 4.5 to 5 centimeters in length by 3 centimeters in maXimum 

width about midway between thE) apex and the 

base, slightly nearer the base. Apex full and 

rounded·, or abruptly and broadly pointed, 

slightly less full than the base. Margin viTith 

regular but shallow crenate teeth, becoming 

less prominent toward 'the base. :Midrib slender but prominent, straight: Lateral primaries, one on each. side, diverging from the nlidrib at its extreme base at an acute ailgle (about 

10°), thin, slightly curved in~ard above. ·the 

middle, joining_ a secondary in the· apical part 

of the leaf. Two or three alternate t~in pairs 

of secondaries. from the n1idrib in the apical 

region, camptodrome. J!ive or six secondaries 
RHAMNALES. 113 

from the lateral primaries on the outside, 

curved, camptodrome. The lowest is longest 

and branches at the most acute angle (about 

10°) an~ from the extreme base. Each successively higher secon9-ary subtends a slightly 

larger angle and follows a somewhat shorter 

course. Internnl tertiaries Inore or less percurrent, marginal ones si1nilar to the secondaries from the primaries in their arrangement 

aiid course, thin and carnptodrome. 

This handsome species of an undoubted 

Zizyphus was described recently from the 

Woodbine sand of Texas, where it is repr~­

sented by very scanty material. It is entirely 

distinct frmn any previously described Cretaceous species and is n1uch clos9r to some of the 

Tertiary and still existir:tg forn1s. 

Zizyphus ·has not yet been discovered in the 

European Cretaceous, but it is represented in 

the Western I-Iemisphere by. four or five wellmarked types. Tlie one nearest to the present 

species is Z. groenlandicus fleer/ which occurs 

in the Magothy formation onl\1arthas Vineyard 

and in the Patoot beds of western Greenland.· 

It is about the same size but relatively wider 

than the Texas form and has a· somewhat 

different venation and much· coarser teeth. 

The species from the Magothy of New Jersey, 

·z. cl~ffwoodensis Berry,2 is a larger, lanceolate 

entire-margined form. The two species, Z. 

elegans 3 and Z. oblongus, 4 d_escribed by Hollick 

from the Cretaceous of Long Island are much 

smaller, entire-n1argined forms, and IIollick's 

Z: lewisiana 5 from the same locality and age 

is a smalllanceolate leaf of doubtful affmity. 

The existing species of Zizyphus number 

about 40 and are largely indigenous in the 

Indo-Malayan region, although the genus is 

represented in subtropical or tropical America, 

Africa, and Australia. One modern species, 

ZizyzJhus vulgaris Lan:i.arck, a:n oriental form, has 

foliage ahnost identical with Z. lamarensis, the 

outline, 1nargin, and venation being the same. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, ·Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. Nationall\1useuin. 

1 Hcer, Oswald, Flora fossilis·arctica, vel. 7, p. 42, pl. 62~ fig. 20, 1883. 

2 Berry, E. Yv., Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., No. 7, p. 88, fig. 

5, 1907. 

3 Hollick, Arthur, To~rey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 58, pl. 176, fig. 9, 

1894. 

4 Hollick, Arthur, Tho Cretaceous flora of southern New York and 

Now l!:ngland: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 92, pl~ 34, figs. 9, 10, 

1907. 

G Hollick, Arthur, 'l'orrQy Bot. Club.BulL, vol. 21, pl. 180, fig. 13. 1894. 

65628°-18--8 

Zizyphus laurifolius Berry. 

Zizyphus laurifolius Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 84, p. 116, pl. 21, fig. 7, 1914. 

This species was recently described by me 

from the eastern Gulf area, in the work cited, 

and the discussion need not be repeated here. 

· Oecurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

l\1cBrides. Ford, Chattahoochee Coup.ty, Ga .. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum .. 

Genus PALIURUS Linne. 

Paliurus upatoiensis Berry. 

Paliurus upatoiensis · Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 84, p. 116, pl. 21, figs. q, 6, 1914. 

This species was recently described by me 

from .the eastern Gulf area, jn the work cited, 

and the discussion need not be repeated here. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal bedEi), 

:McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga~ 

Collection: U.S~ National Museum. 

Genus EORHAMNIDIUM Bercy, n. gen. 

Leaves of small size; elliptical to ovate in 

outline, with entire margins, coriaceous texture, 

short petioles, and pinnate veins; the secondaries subparallel, ascending, and camptodrome. 

This genus is erected for a type of leaf that is 

particularly cow..mon in the Mississippi embayment area. It is closely allied to the modern 

genus Rhamnidium Rei:;s and its recent segregate J(rugiodendron Urban and is believed to 

stand in an ancestral relationship to the3e 

m.odern forms. Rhamnidiurn has lour species 

in the Brazilian· a.rea and a fifth, Rhamnidium 

(erreum (V ahl) Sargent ( Oondalia ferrea Grisebach), in the Florida Keys, .the Bahamas, and 

the West Indies, which Urban makes the type 

and only ~pecies of J(rugiodendron. The latter 

is one of the conrmonest small trees and i~ a 

strictly coastal form. 

Eorhamnidium cretaceum Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXVIII, figure 10. 

Leaves above the average size for the genus, 

3.[5 to· 4 centimeters in length by 2.8 centimeters in maximunl Width, which is at & point 

below the middle. General outline ovate, the 

base broadly rounded or truncate and the 

apex bluntly pointed or slightly emarginate. 

Petiole short and stout. l\fidrib stout. Sec-
114 UPPER CR,ET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

ondaries rather stout, about five subopposite 

to alternate pairs, diverging from the midrib 

at angles that range from 28° to 4 7°, slightly 

curved until they approach the marginal 

region, where they clu've :upward, subparallel 

with the margin and in a camptodr.ome man:.. 

ner. · The margins are entire, and the texture 

1s cor1aceous. 

The pres-ent species is clearly rhanmaceous, 

although labeled Populus by Ward. Among 

previously described forms it greatly resembles 

. the. single small leaf from the Dakota sandstone that Lesquereux 1 erroneously identified 

as Populus stygia Heer. I anl not f?ure, however, whether or not that form is identical 

with the present species. Eorhamnidium cretaceum is much like some of the leaves of the 

n10dern J(rugiodendron ferreum, a form whose 

foliage exhibits much minor diversity, and it is 

alSo very close to Tertiary forms fron1 the 

:Mississippi embayn1ent area, which are as yet 

undescribed. 

, Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County; Shirleys Mill, Fayette 

County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National :Museum. 

.' Eorhamnidium platyphylloid~s (Lesquereux) Berry, 

n. comb. 

Corn us platyphylloides Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota 

. group, p. 126, pl. 64, fig. 15, 1892. 

The ·original description of this species, by 

Lesquereux, which was published in 1892, is as 

follows: · 

Leaves small, thickish, subcoriaceous or membranous, 

oval, narrowly obtuse and narrowed to the base, entire; 

median nerve thick; secondaries seven pairs, very oblique, 

slightly curved in traversing the lamina, parallel, subopposite and subequidistant. 

This species wa:s described from the Dakota 

sandstone of Kansas and referred to the genus 

Corn us because of its great resemblance to 

Oornus platyphylla described by Saporta 2 from 

the Paleocene of France-a rather remote resemblance, it seems to me. 

It is represented in the Tuscaloosa formation 

. by material indistinguishable from the type 

1 L~squcreux, Leo, U.S. Geol. Survey :M:on.17, p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 12, i.s92. 

2 Saporta, G. de, Prodrome d'une flore fossile des travertins anciens 

de Sezannc, p. 103, pl. 11, figs. 8, 9, 1868. 

material, except that it is relatively slightly 

less elongate. Its reference to Oornus was entirely questionable, for it almost certaiuly represents sowe genus of the Rhamnaceae. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collec.tion: U.s~ National Museum. 

Genus RHAMNUS Linne. 

Rhamnus· tenax Lesquereux. 

Pla~e XXV, figures 1, 2. 

Rhamnus tenax Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 46, 

p. 101, l868; The Cretaceous flora, p. 109, pl. 21, fig. 

4, 1874; The flora of the Dakota group, p. 170, pl. 38, 

fig. 6, 1892. . 

Engelhardt, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. 

7, Jahrg. 1891, p. 101, 1892. · 

Bartsch, Iowa Univ. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 3, 

p. 181, 1896. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate rn outline,· acuminate, slightly equilateral. Length about 8 

centimeters; maximum width about 2 centimeters in · the lower half of the _leaf. The 

dimensions of these leaves are remarkably 

uniform in all the specimens from the Dakota 

sandstone of the West, as well as those from the 

Tuscaloosa formation in Alabama. Margins· 

entire, curving inward. somewhat abruptly to 

the petiole, which is stout, more or less curved, 

and about 1 centimeter or slightly more in 

length. Midrib stout, curved, becoming thin 

in the acuminate tip. Secondaries numerous, 

thin, approximately parallel, 12 to 14 subopposite to alternate pairs, branching from the 

midrib at angles of about 45° to 50°, curving 

slightly upward, camptodrome. · 

This species, which was . described many 

years ago by Lesquereux: from the Dakota sandstone of southern Kansas and subsequently re-

·corded by Bartsch from the same horizon in 

Iowa, is represented in the lower beds of the 

Tuscaloosa formation of western Alabama by 

leaves which are identical in all of their characters with the type· material and which seem to 

be closely allied to the. Tertiary and modern 

forms of Rhamnus. It has been reported by 

Engelhardt from the Cenomanian of Niederschoena, Saxony. 
RHAMNALES. 115 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Family VITACEAE. 

Genus CISSITES Heer. 

[Phyllites cretaceos_du Nebraska, p. 19, 1866.] 

Cissites formosus Heer. 

Cissites jormosus Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pt. 2, 

p. 85, pl. 21, figs. 5-8, 1882. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 161, 

pl. 21, fig. 5, 1892. 

the main ones may be deep or shallow. The 

fragment from Long Island referred to this· 

species by Hollick is, as that writer remarks, 

exceedingly unsatisfactory and doubtful. It 

occurs also in the Dakota sandstone of Kansas 

and a closely related variety has been found in 

the Magothy formation of Maryland. 

The genus Oissites was erected by Heer in 

1866 for the species Oissites insignis from .the 

Dakota sandstone of Nebraska, which presented points of affinity with the genus Oissus 

of Linne. It is a largely developed type in the 

upper half of the Cretaceous period but is re-. 

placed after the Eocene by forms which are 

definitely ·referable to modern allied genera 

such as Oissus and Vitis. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Newberry, ThefloraoftheAmboyclays, p.107, pl.47, · Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

?Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21; p. 57, 

pl. l 74, fig. 6, 1894; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and N~w England, p. 94, pl. 37, fig. 7, 

1906. Glen 

figs. 1-8, 1896. 

Berry, New Jersey Gov!. S'..!.l"vey Bull. 3, p. 185, 1911. Collectien: U. S. National Museum. 

Ifeer's description, published in 1882, is as 

follows: 

C. foliis palmatis, profunde trilobatis, lobo medio _basi 

contracto, trilobato, lobis obtusis. 

The foregoing description was based upon 

very fragmentary material from the Atane 

beds of Greenland, from which, nevertheless, 

Ifeer reconstructed the supposed outline of the 

perfect leaf. To judge by the specimens referred to this species by Lesquereux and Nowberry it was an exceedingly variable form. In 

plan it is trilobate, but the subsidiary lobes 

dev.eloped upon both the median and the 

lateral lobes in some specimens obscure this 

trilobate character and suggest Oissites parvifolius Berry of the Albian of America and 

Europe, Oissites dentatolobatus Lesquereux of 

the l)akota sandstone, or Oissus vitifolia Velenovsky of the Cenomanian of Bohemia. · 

The primaries are stout and three in number; 

they may diverge from the top' of the stout 

p_etiole or be suprabasilar·; in many specimens 

the branches of the laterals approach so near 

tl::.e base that the leaves have the appearance 

of being palmately 5-veil1t3d. 

· This species is common but fragmentary in 

the Raritan formation; it ranges in size from 

7. to 10 centimeters in length and from 6 to 12 

centimeters between the tips of the main 

lateral lobes. The sinuses are all rounded, and 

.Cissites crispus Velenovsky. 

Cissites crispus Velenovsky, Die flora der bohmischen 

Kreideformation, pt. 4, p. 12, pL 4, ~g. 6, 1885 (not 

Newberry, 1896, or Berry, 1911). 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, p. 296, 1916. 

Oissites crispus was identified from the Raritan formation of New Jersey by Newberry and 

from the Magothy f_ormation of that State by 

Berry, but neither of these occurrences represents the European form, so that recently I 

have made them the basis of a new species, 

Oissites newberryi.1 

A perfectly well characterized, sma.ll-leafed 

form which appears to be identic!ll with the 

Bohemian type of Oissites 'crispus is, however, 

present iri the Ripley formation o!' western 

Tennessee·. It differs from .Oissites newberryi · 

in its relatively shorter and wider form, its 

crenate instead of serrate or dentate teeth, its 

fess ascending secondaries and its cordate 

base. 

The type and only other known occurrence 

of . Oissites crispus is the Chlomeker beds 

(Emscherian) of Bohemia. 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (MeN airy sand 

member), 2j- miles southwest of Selmer, McNairy County, Tenn. 

Collection: Johns Ifopkins University. 

i Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. Survey, Upper Cretaceous; p. 856, 

19t6. 
116 -UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN: TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

Order MALVALES. 

Family TILIACEAE. 

. Genus· GREWIOPSIS Saporta. 

Grewiopsis formosa Berry, n. sp. 

· ~iate XXV, figures 4, 5. 

Leaves relatively large for this genus, more 

or less trilobate, about 10 centimeters in length 

by 9 or 10 centimeters in maximum width. 

Apex bluntly pointed. Base cordate: Lobes 

more or less developed, ovate conical. Sinuses 

usually open and shallow. Margin with large. 

dentate teeth or sublobes at ends of secondaries 

and these finely and' evenly denticulate. Petiole stout. Primaries. stout, three in number, 

diverging at or near the base. Laterals form 

acute angles of about 25° with the midrib. 

Secondaries numerous, craspedodrome. Tertiaries, with the exception of those which run 

from the secondaries to the marginal teeth, 

are more closely allied to certain modern genera 

of the family Tiliaceae. These are Grewia 

Linne, which has about 90 species, mostly tropical, in the old world; Hoclcenya Willdenow, 

which has about 15 species in the American 

Tropics, extending from the Antilles and Cen-. 

tral America to Brazil; and Triumfetta Linne, 

with about· 60 species in the Tropics of both 

hemispheres, extending northward in America 

to the Antilles. 

In the deposits of the Mississippi embay-:-

ment there is a small Populus-like species 'of 

Grewiopsis in the lower Eocene (Wilcox group) 

and a large and orn~te ·'species in the middle 

Eocene (Claiborne group} 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

-Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Grewiopsis tuscaloo~ensis Berry, n. sp. 

:(>late XXV, figure 3. 

transverse. Leaves of small size, elliptical in general 

This fine species is usually found in a rather outline, .about 4 centimeters in length by 3 to . 

.fragmentary condition. It is entirely di~- 3.5 eentin1eters in maxiinum width, which is 

tinct from previously described species and con- about halfway between the apex and the base. 

stitutes one of the earliest records of this genus .. Apex· rounded or. blu~tly pointed. Base sh~lThe genus Grewiopsis was instituted by lowly cordate. Margin dentate throughout; 1n 

Saporta in 1866 for leaves referable to the order upper half of the leaf sublobate dentations at 

Malvales but not positively referable to exist- ends of the secondaries, which are denticulate 

ing genera. He compared these leaves, which to match the teeth lower down. Petiole long, 

were abundant in the Paleocene of Sezanne, about 2.5 centimeters in length, rather stout. 

France, with the existing genera, Sida, Abu- Midrib rather stout. · Five or six subopposite 

tilon, Pterospe'T'1num, Dombeya, Grewia, Spar- pairs of secondaries, branching from the midrib 

mannia, Luhea, and Tilia of this order. They at angles of about 45° or more, craspedodrome. 

have also been compared with the extinct genus On the outside these give off tertiary branches, 

Gredneria Zenker. About a score of species are which run to the marginal teeth and in turn 

known, largely from the early Eocene of Europe some of them give off subordinate outside 

and America. Two species are known fro1ll branches to the margin. Balance of the terthe Dakota sandstone, Grewiopsis aeq_uidenta{a tiaries transverse, as is the rule in this genus. 

and Grewiopsis flabellata, both described by This species is much smaller than Grewiopsis 

Lesquereux. Lesquereux described a third formosa and altogether lacks t~e triveined, 

species, Grewiopsis mudgei, but this was an u~- trjlobate character of that spec1es, although 

intentional redescription of the type of Grew~- the possibility that it may represent an i~­

opsis aeq_uidentata. Grewiopsis flabellat~ h~s matm;e or slightly aberrant leaf of that species 

been recorded from the Magothy formatwn 1n should not be lost sight of, for it occurs in the 

the Coastal Plain of Maryland.t A third same deposits ·and less abundantly .. It is 

species, Grewiopsis cleburni, has been recorded strictly congen.eric with the previously deby . Lesquereux · from the .Cretaceous ·of the scribed species of GrewiozJsis · and serves to 

Montana group. . . relate ·the Tuscaloosa formation with the 

Both this and the following Tuscaloosa spe- Dakota sandstone as well as to clearly forecies are entirely distinct from the foregoing and shadow the developmel).t of this type of vege-· 

t Berry, E. W., Torrey Bot. Club Bnll., vol. 33,1>. 177, 1906. tation in the early Eocene. 
MAL VALES. 117. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa for1nation, Shirleys 

:Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National :Museun1 .. 

F~mily STERCULIACEAE. 

Genus PTEROSPERMITES Heer. 

Pterospermites carolinensis Berry. 

Plate XXV, :figtrres 6-8. 

Pterosperrnites carolinensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 34, p: 198, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1907; idem, vol. 43, 

p. 297, 1916. 

Leaves broadly ovate or elliptical in outline. 

ceous-P. modestus Lesquereux of the Dakota 

sandstone in the West and the upper part of 

the Raritan formation in the East, P. obovatus 

(Newberry) Berry, of the Raritan formation of 

New Jersey, and P. cordifolius ·Heer, of the 

Atane beds of Greenland.· During the Eocene 

there were species in Alaska and Europe, and· 

the ·genus continued throughout the Tertiary 

in considerable abundance. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill· and Glt:m Allen, Fayette County; Cott.ondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. Eutaw formation ·(Coffee sand member), C0ffee Bluff, 

I-Iardin County, Tenn. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus STERCULIA Linn~. 

Sterculia snowii tennesseensis Berry. 

Plate XXXII, :figure 1. 

Apex 1nissing but probably broadly pointed. 

Base broad, ranging from fonns in which it is 

broadly cuneate and slightly decurrent to 

fonns in which it is 1nore or less cordate; in all 

specimens the lateral margins of· the lamina 

continue downward as wings of the petiole for 

considerable distances. Length 10 to 15 centiIneters 0). Greatest width, 5 to 8 centi- Stereul·iasnowii tennesseensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

· th b al half f tl 1 f M · . vol. 43, p. 296, pl. 16, fig. 5, 1916. 1neters 111 e as · o 1e ea . arg1ns 

entire, except that they Inay be somewhat Leaf bilobate, with 'a bluntly pointed'. b_ase 

undulate distad. Texture somewhat coria- and gradually narrowed acuminate recurved 

ceous. Petiole _very stout, curved, about 2.5 apical lobes. Length about 11 centimete~. 

centimeters in length. Midrib straight, rather Width of the entire basal part of the leaf 2.5 

stout, becoming enlarged to join the petiole. "to 2.75 centimeters. Width of lobes 1.1 to 1.6 

Secondaries subopposite to alternate, rather centimeters. · Margins ent!re. Texture sub~ 

. rmnote, relatively slender, the lower ones on coriaceous. Sinus extending halfway to the 

each side commonly branching from the ex- base or less, open, narrowly rounded. Midrib 

tre1ne base of the m.idrib, giving off at the point stout, flexuous.· Lateral primary stout, eliof branching a prominent tertiary which lllakes verging from the midrib at an acute ang~e 

an angle of about 90° with the midrib and giv- about 3 centimeters· above its base. Secondaing off a.lso ·several tertiaries which arch along ries thin, largely' immersed, diverging from the 

the lateral n1arghis; similar 1narginal camp to- primaries at wide angles· and at regular inter-· 

dron1e veins are given .off by the basal tertiary vals, arching in a camptodrome manner ne.ar 

just described. The ren:in.inder of the second- the margins. 

aries, nun1bering four or five pairs, diverging This striking form is unfortunately reprefrOln the n1idrib at angles of about 50°, curving sented by only two specimens, both of wh.ich 

upward, camptodrotne. Nervilles thin, largely are bilobate, although it, like so many fossil 

simple, straight or _somewhat curved. and existing species of Sterculia, may. well 

This species was described by the writer in have vari_ed froni entire to trilobate.- Among 

1907 frmn the Black Creek fonnation· at Court previously described foss~l forms it may be 

Ilouse Bluff, N. C., where it is not uncommon,· compared with the species from the Magothy 

although mostly in a poor state of preserva- formation in New Jersey and Maryland, 

· tion. It appears to be coinmon in the lower 1 Sterculia -minima Berry,. wh.ich is· a smaller · 

part of the Tuscaloosa formation, in western and more variable·. form, or with the species 

Alabama, where it is also not particularly -\vell from the Dakota sandstone, Sterculia mucropresel·ved, the apical half of the leaf being nata LesquerelL-x: and Sterculia snowii Lesusually missing. It -is present also in the. quereux. The latter, though often much 

Eutaw formation in Tennessee. larger and with five lobes, is extremely variaThere are three additional species of Ptero- ble. Two named varieties of it have already. 

sper:mites recorded from· the American. Creta- been recognized, and the gener.al character 
118 UPPER CRE~'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

and venation of this Tennessee form leads· me 

to conclude that it repre&ents ap.other 'Variety 

of this protean species. · 

Occurrence: Ripley formation (MeN airy sand 

member), 2! miles southwest of Selmer, MeN airy 

County, Tenn. 

Collection: Johns Hopkins University. 

Order THYMELEALES. 

Family LAURACEAE. 

Genus CINNAMOMUM Blume. 

C~nnamomum newberryi Berry. 

Plate XXI, figures 6-9. 

Cinnarrwmum newbemJi Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 38, p. 423, 1911; NewJerseyGeol. Survey Bull. 

3, p. 150, pl. 16, fig. 3, 191L . 

· Cinnamomum sezannense Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, 

-Abt. 2, p. 77, pl. 19, fig. 8; pL 33, figs. 11, 12, 1882 

(not Watelet). · 

Heer, idem, vol. 7, p. 30, pl. 41, fig. 1a, 1883. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, p. 107, pl. 

12, fig. 7, 1892·(not fig. 6). 

Dawson, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 1st ser., vol. 2, 

· sec. 4, p. 64, pl. 13, fig. 58, 1894. 

Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 53, pl. 

180, figs. 5, 7, 1894. 

Penhallow, Roy. Soc. Canada,Trans., 2d ser., vol. 8, 

sec. 4, p. 46, 1902. 

Hollick, New York State Mus. Fifty-fifth Ann. Rept., 

for 1901, p. r50, ~903. 

CiTfnamomum intermedium. Newberry. Smith, On the 

· geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 348, 

1894 (nomen nudum) (not Ettingshausen). 

Newberry, The flora of the Ambo'y clays, p. 89, pl. 29, 

figs. 1-8, 1896. 

. Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, 

p'.139, pl. 20, figs. 2-6, 1906; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

. vol. 33, p. 179, _pl. 7, figs. 3, 4; idem, vol. 37, p. 27, 

1910. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 74, pl. 29, fig. 7; pl. 30, figs. 

i, 2, 1906. 

Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate to ovatelanceolate in outline, differing greatly in size 

and consequently in appearance. Apex shortpointed or more or less narrowly extended; 

base broad; narrowed to the petiole. Pri~aries 

three, usually supra basilar. 

This species is primarily distinguished from 

Oinnamomum heerii Lesquereu.x by its relatively narrower form and· acute base. The 

present species, as here revised .according to 

the foregoing citations, h~s a remarkable range 

in the earlier half of the Upper Cretaceous, 

being recorded from the Raritan formation of 

New Jersey, which is the oldest horizon from 

which it is known. Above the Raritan horizon 

it occurs in the Atane and Patoot beds of 

Greenland, in the Magothy formation from 

Long Island to Maryland_, in the Black Creek 

formation of North Carolina, in the ~1iddendorf arkose member of the Black Creek formation of South Carolina, in the Tuscalc0sa formation of Georgia and Alabama, and in the Dakota 

sandstone of Kansas. It appears to be present 

in the Upper Cretaceous of the Pacific coast on 

Vancouver Island and is probably represented 

in the Texas remains of Oinnamomum recorded 

by Knowlton 1 from the Woodbine sand in 

Cooke County. Although not known from 

. Europe the forms from the Cenomanian of 

Bohemia which V elenovsky describes as Aralia 

daphnophyllum 2 are very similar to the. American species. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, · Shirleys 

Mill, Glen Allen, Fayette County; Cottondale, 

Tuscaloosa County,. Ala. Eutaw formation 

(basal beds), McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee 

County, Ga. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Cinnamomum heerii Lesquereux (?). 

Cinnamomum heerii Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., 

vol. 27, p. 361, 1859. 

Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, p. 118, 

pl. 21, fig. 8, 1914; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, 

- p. 298, 1916. 

This species in the eastern Gulf area was 

recently discussed by me in the paper cited . 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

McBrides Ford, Chatt~hoochee County, Ga.; 

(Coffee sand member), Coffee Bluff, I-Iardin 

County, Tenn. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Cinnamomum. sp. 

Cinnamomum sp. Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., V()l. 43, 

p. 299, 1916. 

A characteristic Oinnamomum, apparently 

distinct from Oinnamomum newberryi and Oinnamomum heerii, the two most common and 

wide-ranging Upper Cretaceous species, is 

present in the Ripley formation. The material · 

is too imperfect for satisfactory characterization. · 

1 Knowlton, F. H., in Hill, R. T., U. S. Geol. Survey Twenty-first 

Ann. Rept., pt. 7, p. 317, 1901. 

z Velenovsky, Josef, Die Flora der bohmischen Kreideformation, Theil 

1, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 5-8, 10; pl. 6, figs. 1-5, 1882. 
THYMELEALES. 119 

Occurrence: Ripley formatio~1 (MeN airy sand 

member), 2tmilessouthwestof Selmer, MeN airy 

County, Tenn. · 

Collection: Johns I-Iopkins University. 

Genus PER SEA Gaertner. 

and have the appearance of lateral primaries, 

giving the leaf somewhat the appearance of a 

triveined leaf, but they are reaiJy only slightly 

enlarged secondaries. All the secondaries are 

camptodrome. 

This species is new to science and is clearly 

Persea valida Hollick. distinct frorri Oreoda1Jhne alabamensis in size, 

Plate XXI, figure 2. outline, and general appearance. The base 

Persea val·ida Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern is quite different, and the development of a 

New York and New England, p. 76, pl. 29·, figs. 8, 9, normal pair of secondaries below the alternate 

1906. . pseudoprimaries instead of the numerous 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate in outline, with 

slightly waved marg,ins, 9 to 11 centimeters 

in length by about 3 centimeters in maximum· 

width, which ~s about halfway between_ the 

apex and the base. Apex somewhat abruptly 

acuminate. Base about equally sharp, cuneate. Petiole short and stout. }.1idrib stout, 

curved, and somewhat flexuous distad. Secondaries numerous, thin, 9 to 12 pairs, somewhat irregularly spaced and branching from 

parallel secondaries from the outer side of the 

true p1~imaries, which are so conspicuous a 

feature in Oreodaphne alabamensis, affords a 

ready mean~ of discrimination between the 

two species. 

Occurrence:- Tuscalbosa . formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. · 

Collection: U. S. National }.1useum. 

Oreodaphn,e a·labamensis Berry. 

the midrib at mostly acute angles, curving Plate XIX, figures 3-5. 

UI)Ward, camptodrome. o d h z b · B T B 01 B 1 reo ap ne a a amensts erry, orrey ot. ub ul .,. 

This well-marked species was recently de- · vol. 39, p. 40.0, pl. 32, 1912. 

scribed by Hollick from the Upper Cretaceous 

of Long Island. The Tuscaloosa leaves are Leaves of large size, ovate in general outliD. e, ranging from 13 to ·20 cent1'meters 1'n identical in character with the type material, 

the specimen :figured from Cottondale, Ala., length, and from 4.75 to 7 centimeters in 

being. an almost exact counterpart of the maximum width, which is at a point about 

smaller of I-Iollick's figures. midway between the apex and the base. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cotton- Frmn the point of greatest width the margins 

dal T al C Al extend, both distad and proximad, ·in a very \ · e, usc oosa ounty, . a. 

Collection: u.s. National Museum. full curve, narrowing rather abruptly to the 

acuminate tip and also to the n1ore or less deGenus OREODAPHNE Nees and Martius. 

Oreodaphne shirleyensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XIX, figures 1, 2. 

Leaves· of ·medium size, broadly ovate in 

outline, with an acuminate apex and a broadly 

rounded base, about 10 centimeters_ in length 

by 4.5 centi.J.lleters in maximum width, which 

is in the middle part of the leaf. From this 

point the margins are full ·and curved to the 

base. Distad they curv.e outward then inward', n~rrowing more or less gradually to the 

narrowly pointed apex. :Midrib stout, curved. 

Secondaries about six pairs. The second pair 

from the base branch from the midrib at a 

somewhat more acute angle than those above 

or below. They are also somewhat. stouter, 

straighter, and more ascending, although much 

thinner than the midrib. They are .. alternate 

current base. Midrib stout, curved.· Lateral 

prin1aries opposite, one on each side, branching fron1 the niidrib at an acute angle a considerable · distance above its base, rather 

straight in their course, thinner than the midrib. Above· the pri1naries there is an interval 

and then about six pairs of thin, curved, approxiinately parallel, · can1ptodrome ~econdaries b1~anch fron1 the 1nidrib at acute angles. 

The lateral primaries give off on the outside 

numerous regularly spaced and approxin1ately 

parallel, curved can1ptodrome secondaries, this 

feature serving to distinguish this species from 

other fossil species of this genus, and from 

Oinnamomum, Cocculus, or other genera with 

somewhat similar leaves with which it might 

be compared. Texture coriaceous. . _ 

This fine, large species shows considerable 

vari~tion in size and som·e in outline, the varia-
120 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

tion in outline bejng dependent on whether the 

leaf is widest nearer to. or farther from the 

base. If the leaf is widest farther from the 

base the distal Qpart is more fully rounded and 

abruptly contracted to the acuminate tip, 

whereas the base is more gradually narrowed 

and finally cuneate rather than decurrent. If 

the greatest width is nearer the base the apical 

portion is more gradually narrowed and the 

base is full ~nd rounded ·abruptly, decurring to 

the petiole. It is also present in the Woodbine sand at Arthurs Bluff, Lamar County, Tex. 

This species is markedly different from previously described fossil forms but may be 

matched by several modern tropical American 

species of Oreodaphne . . The genus Oreodaphne 

of N ees, which is exclusively American in the· 

existmg flora, is made a subgenus of Ocotea 

· Aublet by Pax. 1 Ocotea, which in ·paleobotanic usage may be co~sidered as composite, 

has about 200 modern spec!es, which occur 

chiefly in the American Tropics and range from 

southern Florida to Brazil and Peru but have 

some representation (subgenus Mespilodaphne 

Nees) in the Canary Islands,· South Africa, 

Madagascar, and ·the Mascarene Islands. 

Our single. existing species in the. United 

States, whose habit and environment may be 

taken as typical for the whole genus, is found 

in Florida southward from Capes Canaveral 

and Romano along the shores and islands, with 

the exception of some of the western keys, 

ma,king its best growth in the rich, moist, hammock lands near the coast. 

The genus is abundantly represented by 

several characteristic species in the Eocene 

floras· of the Gulf region. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cotton:.. 

dale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

Genus SASSAFRAS Nees. 

[Handbuch der :medizinisch-pharmaceutischen Botanik, 

vol. 2, p. 418, 1831.] 

Sassafras acutilobum Lesquereux.. 

Sassafras acutilobum Lesquereux, The Cretaceous flora, p. 

79, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, 1874; The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, p. 56, pl. 5, figs. 1, 5, 1883; The flora of 

the Dakota group, p. 100, 1892. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 12, p. 236, 

pl. 7, fig. 1, 1893; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England, p. 77, pl. 30, figs. 8, 

9, 1906. 

1 Engler, A., and .Prantl, K., Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilie. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy Clays, p. 87, pL 25, 

figs. 1-10; pl. 26, figs. 2-6, 1896. 

Kurtz, Rev. Mus. La Plata, vol. 10, p. 53, 1902. 

Berry, Bot. Gazette, vol. 34, p. 438, 1902; New York 

Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 81, pl. 45, figs. 1, 2, 

1903; Torrey, Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, pl. 1, fig. 6, 

1904; New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, 

p. 139, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5, 1996; New Jersey Geol. 

Survey Bull. 3, p. 140, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1911. 

.TrilobatE) leaves, variable in size and outline. 

Length .ranges from 2.5 centimeters in the 

young leaves to 14 centimeters in mature forms 

and averages 10 to .12 centimete.rs. Width 

from the tips of the late;rallobes likewise ranges 

from 1 to 15 centimeters averaging about 10 

centimeters. Lobes mostly conical and acute, 

the middle one being usually slightly the broadest and longest. Lateral lobes directed more 

or less laterally. Base decurrent. The sinuses 

between the lobes as a rule are open and rounded, the margins forming an angle of approximately 90°. There is considerable variation, 

however, in this respect, some of the leaves 

having comparatively narrow sinuses with the· 

lobes directed upward, as in S~ssafras progenitor Hollick, whereas others, at the opposite 

extreme of the series, have extremely shallow · 

·sinuses, so shallow that the leaf has the appearance of a triangularly pointed, entire leaf. The 

lateral primaries may branch from the midrib 

at or near the base, _as they do in a majority of 

the Rarit3,n forms, or their point of divergence 

may be a considerable distance above the base, 

as in modern Sassafras leaves. Their angle of' 

divergence from the midr~b rang~s from about 

30°. to 40°. The secondaries are usually 

numerous, regular, camptodrome, and connected by transverse tertiaries, although in the 

Raritan leaves this uniformity is often lacking. 

Petiole, long and stout. The marginal vein 

along· ·the sinus, a marked feature in niodern 

leaves of this genus, is generally absent in this 

species, although present in a few specimens. 

This species is apparently widely distribu'ted 

and almost as variable as the modern Sassafras. 

It was described originally from the Dakota 

sandstone as a v-ariety of Sassafras mudgei· and 

oocurs also on Marthas Vineyard and Long 

Island and in the Raritan and·Magothy formations of New Jersey and Delaware. It has 

been recorded from Cerro Guido, Argentina, 

and V elenovsky identified somewhat doubtful 

remains from the Cenomanian of -Bohemia as 

this species. Probable Sassafras fruit has been 
THYMELEALES. 121 

found in the same strata with S. acutilobum, 1 

tending to show that it is a true Sassafras, notwithstanding its dissimilarities; however, the 

leaves and fruit were not found associated. 

LesqueretL""('s sntallest figure of S. acutilobum 

is considerably smaller, with the l~bes directed 

upward, and is probably a young leaf of his 

larger form. His other figure approaches some 

of the leaves which Newberry refers to this 

species but has narro-\ver and more produced 

lobes. 

There is considerable doubt as to whether 

these Coastal Plain leaves are generically related to Sassafras. Whether the Dakota sandstone forms are those of Sassafras it is not easy 

to decide. No modern Sassafras leaves have 

the primaries and the lateral lobes so nearly 

horizontal; the ·secondaries are not so uni-

.formly regular, nor do they curve upward to 

join the next above at a point. In the modern 

le!lf an outwardly ·and downwardly directed 

branch from the lateral lobe is emphasized. 

None of the modern forms have such an open 

sinus, which ·amounts in the fossil to nearly 

90°, and the lobes in the modern leaf have 

their margins inflated and not straight. In 

these ancient leaves the sinus as a rule does 

not have a marginal vein, the s~condary in 

· this region usually forl~ing and striding it, or 

cm~ing to join its neighbor. The secondary 

system seen1s to . be uniform t4roughout the 

leaf, but in the modern leaf there is always 

evidence of changes in the region around the 

sinus; the secondaries or their representatives 

fron1 both the primaries and midrib are changed 

in size and direction, and as a rule belong to th~ 

tertiary system. None of the Dakota leaves 

of this species show the- characteristic basal 

venation of. the modern leaf. Though Cretaceous species should not necessarily be expected 

to conform to the modern type, still the character of the secondary system in the fossils 

However, in view of the present uncertainty, 

and because of the havoc to the stratigraphic 

value of these leaves which would be wrought 

by any change of name, they are retained in the 

genus Sassafras pending more positive evi<)ence. 

of their affinity. 

Occurrence: Tuscal~>Osa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa. County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National J\1useu.m. 

Genus MALAPOENNA Nees. 

Mahipoenna cottondalensis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXI, :figme 4. 

Leaves lanceolate in general outline, 11 to 

12 centimeters in length by about 2.5 centimeters in maximum width in the basal half 

of the leaL Apex gradu3lly narr_owed, acuminate. Base curved cuneate, pointed. Midrib 

stout, becoming thin distad. Secondaries about 

eight to ten pairs; the lowest pair are opposite 

and suprabasilar, diverging from ~he midrib at 

angles of about 25°, ascending for a distance of 

about 4 centimeters to a point where they join 

an outwardly directed branch from the secondaries next above, thus giving the basal part 

of the leaf a triveined appearance; after an interval the remaining secondaries are more or 

less equally spaced; approximately parallel and. 

alternate, branching fro·m the midrib at angles 

of about 40° to 45°, regularly curved -upward 

and camptodrome. 

This species, which is obviously new, is much 

larger than Malapoenna falcifolia. It is about 

the same size as Malapoerina cretacea but narrower and more elongated and attenuated 

~hove. The ·secondaries are thinner and only 

one pair extended ~o simulate primaries. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloor:;a formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. ·National Museun1. 

Malapoenna. cretacea (Lesquereux) Knowlton. 

is so different from what would o btaiil in a Plate XXI, figure 3. 

leaf descended from a simple a:r{cestor, such as Litsea cretacea Lesquereux, The :!lora of the Dakota group, 

Sassafras is thought to have done, t4at I am . p. 96, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1892: 

inclined to associate these leaves with those Malapoenna cretacea (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U.S. Geol. 

trilobed forms which have been referred. to SUl'vey Bull. 152, P· 142, 1898. 

Aralia or Sterculia, laying aside, for the present, Leaves oblong-lauceolate in outline with a 

any consideration as to whether they are· true cuneate or slightly decurrent base, widest in 

species of A1·alia and Sterculia. the lower half of the leaf and tapering upward 

into au acuminate apex. Length 10 · to 14 . 1 Losqucrcux, Leo, 'l'ho flora of tho Dakota group: U. S. Gcol. Survey 

Mon. 11, p. 230, 1892. -centimeters: MaximUm. width about 3 centi-
122 UPPEH .CRET·ACEOUS FLORAS I:N TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

n1eters. Margins entire but slightly waved. 

Texture coriaceous. Petiole short and stout. 

Midrib stout. Secondaries thin, :five or six 

pairs, irregularly spaced; proximad they branch 

from .the midrib at acute angles and sweep upward in long, ascending curves, which give 

these leaves the semblance of being triveined; 

distad they branch at a wider angle and are 

shorter and more curved; all are :finally campto.drome. 

This handsome species, which was originally 

descrl.bed from the Dakota sandstone of 

Kansas, .to which it. has hitherto been confined, is· unmistakably present in the lower 

part of the Tuscaloosa formation of western 

Alabarna. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

· Collection:. U. S. National :Museum. 

Malapoenna falcifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton. 

Plate XXI, figure 5. 

Litseajalcifolia Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota group, 

p. 97, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1892. 

Malapoenna falcifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 152, p. 142, 1898. · 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club BulL, vol. 33, p. 180, 1906. 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1905, p. 

139, 1906. . 

Leaves of relatively small size, lanceolate in 

outline, falcate. Length about 5 to 6 centimeters. Maximum width, which is about 

halfway between the apex and the base, if anything slightly nearer the base, about 1.7 centimeters. From this point the blade narrows 

to the lanceolate base and gradually tapers to 

the extended acuminate tip. · Petiole not preserved. Midrib much curved, thin distad. 

Secondaries three or four pairs; the lower suprabasilar and subopposite pair should possibly 

be tern1ed lateral primaries, as was done by 

the original describer of the species. These 

lower secondaries are thin. and branch from the 

midrib at angles. of 45° or less, sweeping up-

~ard in a long curve, at length camptodrome. 

Upper secondaries somewhat irregularly spaced, 

camptodrome. Tertiaries very :fine and more 

or less obsolete. Texture coriaceous but not 

thick. 

This attractive species is easily distinguished 

from other lauraceous forms, particularly from 

species of Cinnamomum, with which Lesquereux 

. originally compared it, by its slight inequilaterality and marked falcate forn1, as well as 

by the lack of definiteness in the triple venation, the suprabasilar position of the so-called 

primaries, and the character of the tertiary 

venation. It was described originally from 

the Dakota sandstone of Kansas and subsequently was' discovered by the writer in the 

Magothy formation of New Jersey. Some of 

the specimens from the lower part of the 

Tuscaloosa formation, though the materials 

are not extensive, are complete and are entirely characteristic. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Malapoe~na .horrellensis Berry. 

Malapoenna horrellensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., 

vol. 37, p. 198, pl. 24, figs. 1-9~ 1910. Idem, vol.. 

43, p. 299, 1916. . 

I described this species ii1 1910 as follows: . 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, about 8 centimeters long by 2.5 

centimeters in greatest width; broadest at the evenly . 

rounded or slightly acute base, narrowing gradually upwarcl, the apex narrow and extended but obtusely pointed. 

Leaf substance thin but persistent, evidently coriaceous 

in life, since these leaves occur abundantly at a locality 

where all the vegetable ·remains except the resistant 

Amucaria, Cunninghamites, and Pistia were evidently 

thoroughly macerated before entombment. Secondaries 

4 to 6 pa~rs, subopposite, .curved upward, camptodrop:te, 

branching from the midrib at an acute angle, the lowest 

pair branching fro'm the top of the petiole and extending 

upward halfway to the apex or farther, giving the leaf a 

triple-veined appearance. Perhaps they should be termed 

lateral primaries, although they are much finer ·than the 

medium stout midrib. The next pair of secondaries 

branch at a less acute angle a considerable distance above 

the base, one-third to one-half the distance to the apex. 

Tertiary venation typically lauraceous. 

This species is markedly distinct from the 

species of lauraceous leaves hitherto described 

in its rounded base, the o:bly genus of ·this 

family with such a character being Cinnamomum, the present species being possibly 

liable to be corifused with Cinnamomum heen 

Lesquereux when only the basal part of the · 

leaf is found. The general proportions and 

characters of the whole leaf are, however, 

perfectly distinct. 

It was described from several localities in the 

upper part of the Black Creek formation of 

North Carolina and is .represented in the collections from the basal part of the ·Eutaw formation of Alabama from Hale County. It is: 
, 'IHYMELEALES. 123 

also present in the basal beds of the Eutaw 

in western Georgia. 

· Occurrence: Eutaw formation, Havana, Hale 

Cou~1ty, Ala.; Bro.ken Arrow Bend, Chattahoochee County, Ga. Ripley formation (~1cN airy 

sand member), Big Cut near Cypress and 2~ 

1niles southwest of Seln1er, ~1cN.aii·y County, 

1,enn. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus LAURUS Linne. 

Laurus plutonia Heer. 

· La7.L1"tts pl1ttonia Heer, Flora fossiles arctica, vol. 6, abt. 2, 

p. 75, pl. 19, figs. 1d, 2-4; pl. 20, figs. 3a, 4-5; pl. 28, 

figs. 10, 11; pl. 42, fig. 4b, 1882; idem, vol. 7, 

p. 30, pl. 48,· fig. 2; pl. 62, fig. 1a, 1883. . 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakot~ group, ·p. 91, 

pl. 13, figs. 5, 6; pl. 22, fig. 5, 1892; Minnesota Geol. 

. and Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 14, pl. A, fig. 

6; pl. B, fig. 5, 1895. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 85, pl. 16, 

figs. 10, 11,{1896. . . 

Velenovsky, Die flora der hohmischen Kreideformation, Theil 3, p. 1, pl. 4, figs. 2-4, 1884. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 40, p. 60, pl. 

4, figs. 6, 7, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

N'ew York and New England,'p. 80, pl. 27, figs. 9, 

11; pl. 28, figs. 1; 2, 1906. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 79, 

pl: 1, f1gs. 9-H, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

31, p. 77, pl. 3, f1g. 1, 1904; idem, vol. 33, p. 173, 

1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 

1905, pp. 138, 139, 1906; New Jersey Geol. Survey 

Bull. 3, p. 144, 1911. · · 

Leaves lanceolate in outline, usually tapering almost eq~1ally in both directions but 

son1etimes less acute at the base. Length, 7 

to 11 centimeters. Maximum width, 1.5 to 2.5 

centimeters. Midrib rather stout. Petiole· 

short and stout, 6 to 15 millimeters in length. 

Secondaries slender, eight or more alternate 

pairs, crunptodrome. 

This species was described by Heer fr01n the 

Atane beds of Greenland, and a large number 

of somewhat variable and fragmentary specimens were figured. Newberry records specimens from the Raritan formation of New 

Jersey without giving any sp~cific localities. 

Those figured show leaves which are relatively 

wider than the usual leaves of this species, but 

these ru·e compru·able with some of the Greenland specimens. 1 Entire typical leaves ·occur 

in the top layer of the Raritan at the I-Iylton 

Pits near Crunden, N. J. 

1 IToor, Oswald, Flora fossilis arcticn, Yol. (i, Abt. 2, pl. 20, fig. 5; pl. 

28, fig. 11, 1882. 

·Subsequent to its description by Hecr, this 

species was recorded from a very large number 

of Cretaceous plant beds, s.o that its present 

range, both geographic and geologic, is· rather 

wide. Many of these records are .not entirely 

above question, ai1d this appears to be esped:.. 

ally true of the forms fr01n the Cenomanian of 

Bohemia which Velenovsky so identifies. 

Laurus plutonia is evidently a rare plai1t in 

the Raritan formation but becomes abundant 

in immediately succ~ediilg floras, being common in that of the Dakota sandstone of the 

West and i~1 the Magothy formation of the 

East at a number of localities in New Jersey 

and Maryland. It is a common form in the 

insular Cretaceous floras and also occurs in the 

southern AtlantiC Coastal Plain.. Supposed 

fruits are figured by I-Ieer. 2 In South Carolina 

this species is ~:epresented by typical leaves 

which are not at all uncommon in the ·Middendorf arkose member of the Black Creek formation. It has not been detected in the North 

Carolina Cretaceous, although it ranges from 

the base to the top of the Tuscaloosa formntion 

and into the base of the Euta·w formation in 

Alabama. 

The generic nrune Laurus is used as a form 

genus for fossil Lauraceae, and its use does not 

imply an intimate relationship with the existing species of Laurus. The present form is 

probably not a true Laurus but is referable to 

Oreodaphne, },fespilodaphne, or J.Vectandra. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayett~ County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa 

County, Ala. Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

2 n1iles south of I-Iavana, I-Iale County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. · 

Genus LAUROPHYLLUM Goeppert. 

Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick. 

Plate XXI, figure l. 

Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of. 

southern New York and New England, p. 82, pl. 

27' figs. 6, 7' 1906. 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, p. 255, 1909. 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 146, 1911. 

Proteoides daphnogenoides Heer. Hollick, New York Acad. 

Sci. Ann., vol. 2, p. 420, pl. 36, figs. 1, 3, 1898 .. 

Leaves of comparatively large size, oblonglanceolate in outline, somewhat inequilateral 

2 Idem, pl. 42, fig. 4f?. 
124 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

in some of the Tus~aloosa material, about also stout. Secondaries fine, commonly obso15 centimeters in length by about 2.5· centi- lete; 12 to 15 pairs, branohing from the midrib 

meters in greatest width, which is about mid- at an angle of about 45° and curving upward 

way between· the apex and ·the base. Apex caniptodronie. Texture subcoriaceous. 

acuminate. Base pointed, narrowly cuneate. This species, which was described from the 

Midrib. stout.· Secondaries thin, close, paral- middle part of the Raritan formation of New 

lel,. branching from the midrib at angles not Jersey, where it is common, has also been 

exceeding and usually somewhat less than 45°, found in the overlying Magothy formation in 

ascending, nearly straight or somewhat flexu- · both New Jersey and Maryland. In the abous, connected by transverse nervilles, branch- sence of· complete and well-marked specimens 

ing and inosculating ·near the margin, where many of those available can with difficulty be 

they merge in the tertiary venation. differentiated from contemporaneous species 

This species was described originally from of other genera with similar lanceolate leaves. 

the transported morainic material at Totten- Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation,· upper 

ville, Staten Island, and probably represents ravine on the Snow place, Tusqaloosa County, 

transported· Raritan materials, as it occurs in. Ala. 

the Raritan formation at Milltown, N. J. It Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

is, however,· present in the succeeding Magothy 

formation and is riot uncommon in the typical 

Black Creek formation of the Carolinas and in 

the Middendorf arkose member of the Black 

Creekf ormation in South Carolina. It is somewhat like Laurophyllum lanceolatum Newberry 

but has a markedly different venation and a 

less lanceola te outline. It is also very close to 

Laurophyllum elegans Hollick, which is, however, a more slender lanceolate leaf, with 

narrowly produced apex and base and a somewhat coarser venati<?n, with less close and 

more curved camptodrome secondaries. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa: formation; Shirleys 

. Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Laurophyllum angustifolium Newberry: 

Laurophyllum angustijolium Newberry, The flora of the 

Amboy clays, p. 86, pl. 17, figs. 10, 11, 1896. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 80, 

pL47, figs. 1, 5, 8; pl. 49, figs; 1-5, 1903; Torrey Bot. 

Club ~ull., vol. 33, p. 178, 1906; NewJersey Geol. 

Survey ·Bull. 3, p. 148, 1911. 

L~aves elongate-lanceolate, very symmetric 

in outline, 10 to 15 centimeters in length, by 

·1.5 to 2 centimeters in width, widest above 

the middle, tapering with almost straight sides 

to the elongate-acute ba$e. Apex narrowed, 

sub~cute. Petiole short and stout. Midrib 

Laurophyllum elegans Hollick. 

Laurophyllum elegans Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of 

south~rn New :York and New England, p. 81, pl. 27, 

figs. f-5, 1907. 

.Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, p. 53, 

pl. 12, fig. 6, 1914; Torrey Bot. Club Btill., vol. 43, 

p. 297, 1916. 

Leaves elongate-lanceolate, somewhat flexuous, about 12 or 13 centimeters in length by 

about 2 centimeters in maximum width, which 

is aqou t midway between the apex and the base; 

from this point they narrow gradually apicad 

into an attenuated acuminate and usually 

curved tip and basally into a long, narrowly 

cuneate base. Petiole and - midrib stout. 

Secondaries numerous, usually less close and 

somewhat coarser than in Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick, branching from the inidrib at 

acute angles below but becoming more open 

above the basal region of the leaf; they are 

usually more curved than those of Laurophyllum nervillosum and more distinctly campto- · 

drome. Tertiaries transverse throughout. 

This species is certainly present in the upper 

beds of the Raritan formation at South Ambo.y, 

N.J., and is common in the Magothy formation of :Maryland. · It is sparingly represented 

in the Black Creek formation of North Carolina and in the Middendorf arkose member of 

the Black Creek formation of South Carolina. 
MYRTALES. 125 

Occurrence: Eutaw fo'r~ation (Coffee sand 

member), Coffee Bluff, I-Iardin County, Tenn. 

Collection: Johns fl~pkins University. 

Order MYRTALES. 

Eugenia? anceps Berry. 

Plate-XXXJI, figures 3-5. 

Eugenia? anceps Berry, Tor-rey-Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, 

p. 301, pl. 16, figs. 2-4, 1916. 

Family MYRTACEAE. Coriaceous leaves of variable· size and form, 

Genus EUGENIA Linne. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline. 

Eugenia tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp. ApeX' and base equally acuminate or the apex 

Plate XXVIII, figure 6. somewhat more attenuated. Margins entire. 

L f all · 1 1 t · tl' Length 7.75 to 10 centimeters. Maximum eaves o sm size, anceo a e Ill ou Ine, . . 

f 1 t l

. htl · ·1 t 1 L th · . Width, midway between the apex and the base, a ca e, s Ig y Inequi a era . eng ranging . . . 

f . . 5 t 8 t' ·t M ~· 'dth 11 to 18 millimeters. Petiole enlarged, short 

1 on1 o cen Ime ers. ax;Imum Wl , d .

11. · 1 h M' 

b. ] ·· · th 1 h lf f. th 1 f 1 t 1 3 an stout, 3 to 4 mi Imeters In engt . Idw IC 1 IS In e ower a o e ea , o · 'b S d · hi · d · h 

t

. t f thi · t th 1 f t n stout. econ anes t n, Immerse In t e cen nne ers; rom s pmn e ea apers 1 f b - · d 11 d · · t 1 tt t d t' ea su stance. gra ua .. y.upwar Ill o a ong, a enua e Ip, Thi . . f d E · · h - forming a "dripping point." Base narrowly 'd _. sblspehCie~ IS ~e erreThto !-ugen_~al ~t bconM · · p . 1 SI era e esitatwn. e matena IS a un- cuneate. argins entire. etw e very stout 

mid curved, about 7 · millitneters in length. dant but poor~y preserved, and these leaves 

Mid ;b t t b 1 thi · · g d' t. d d resemble a vanety of forms referred to such 11 s ou e ow, nnm IS a , curve . S Z' d L h zz - Secondaries numerous, thin, a,scending; they genera. a~ a 'I.X an . aurop Y u_m . . 

branch from the :r;nidrib at an ac~te angle, .

1

Eugen;a has .. furn7~d ba species I~ th~ Tubswhich is invariably less ·th~n 4·

5o, and are ca oosa ormatwn o -~ ama, anot er In.t e 

straiO'ht at first, afterward curving upward, Dakota sa~dstone of the :western ·United 

bt d. T t · States, and IS not uncommon In the Eocene of 

camp o 1ome. ex ure conaceous. h Mi . ·· · b . · 

FJ · hi h · th t t · t e ssiSSippt em ayment regwn. ugen~a, w c IS a genus a con mns 0 . R' 1 f · · M- N ·. 

th 500 · t' · · 1 ccurrence. Ip ey ormatwn ( c any ·more an eXIs Ing speCies, IS common y . · · 

t d · ll t · 1 t · F' sand member), 2~ miles southwest of Selmer, represen e In a ropiCa coun nes. IVe- M N . C · T · f hi h f 11 t h c airy ounty, enn. · speCies, o w c our are sma rees, reac as C -

11 . J h I:I k' U · · ·far northward as southerp_ Florida and the 0 ectwn: 0 ns op Ins niversity. 

Bahamas. They are all coastal types, growing Genus MYRCIA De candolle. 

·on the keys, where they commonly form the 

·"scrub" on coral ro_ck, or in rich hammofcks 

where the water table is near the surface, or 

on river or estuary banks near the coast. 

The number of fossil species which have 

'ibeen· described is inconsiderable. The present 

:species is the first to be recognized in the 

Coastal Plain. A very different form, Eugenia 

primaeva, has been described from the Dakota 

sandstone by Lesquereu.-x. 1 With the exception of these two the remainder of the species, 

numbering less than a dozen, are Tertiary- in 

age and confined to Europe, although the genus 

is known to be present in the Eocene deposits 

·Of the Mississippi embayment. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys Mill, Fayette County; Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National Museum. 

1 Losqueroux, Leo, U. S. dool. Survey Mon. 17, p. 137, pl. 53, figs. 

5-9, 1892. 

Myrcia havanensis Berry. 

Plate XI, figure 4; Plate XXVIII, figure_7. • 

Myrcia havanensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 43, 

p. 300, 1916. - ' 

Eucalyptus attenuata: Ward (not Newberry), U. S. Geol. 

Survey Fifteenth Ann. Rept., p. 371, 1895. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, falcate, 

about 9 centimeters in length by 1 centimeter 

in maximum '\Vid th, which is in the lower half 

of the leaf. Margins entire. Apex· gradually 

narro~ed, acuminate. Base narrowly pointed, 

decurrent. P~tiole very stout, tapering upward, 1.75 centimeters in length. Midrib 

stout,. curved. Secondaries numerous, thin, 

somewhat irregularly- spaced, 2 to 6 milli-. 

meters ·apart, ·branching from the midrib at 

angl-es of about 40°, running with but slight 

curvature to the well-marked and nearly 

straight longitudinal vein which forms a mar-
126 . UPPER CR.ETACEOUS ~LORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEOR.GIA. 

ginal hem less than 0.5 millimeter from the 

margin. Texture coriaceous. 

The present species is· very close to some of 

the numerous forms' which from time to time 

have been referred to Eucalyptus geinitzi 

(Heer) Heer. It is, however, distinct from 

that species, especially wheri compared with. 

Heer's type or with.the more typical American 

material. In generaLit is a smaller leaf, has 

a larger and longer petiole and an outline less 

inclined toward ovate, and is relatively much 

more produced apically.· It is typically Myrcia1ike in all of its characters and is readily distinguishable from the forms from the Tuscaloos~ formation which have been referred to 

Eucalyptus geinitzi in this work. It is confined to the basal beds of the Eutaw formation 

in Hale County, Ala., ~nd the Ripley formation in western Tennessee, and takes its name 

from the· town of Havana, near which the leaJbearing laminated clays of this .formation outcrop. A single specimen collected by R. 'T. 

Hill in 1891 at the big cut on the Southern 

Railway east of Pocahontas, Tenn., and. identified by Ward as Eucalyptus attenuata Newberry, proves to belong to this species. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

2 miles south of Havana, Hale County, Ala. 

Ripley formation (MeN airy sand member), 

Camden-Paris road, 13 miles. northwest of 

Camden, Benton County; big cut 1! miles 

west of Cypress, 2! miles southwest of Selmer, 

·MeN airy County, Tenn. 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus EUCALYPTUS L'Heritier. 

Eucalyptus latifolia Hollick. 

Eucalyptus latijolia Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of 

southern New York and N8w England, p. 97, pl. 36, 

· figs. 1-5, 1906. 

Berry, Torrey :Sot. Club Bull., vol. 37, p. 26, 1910. 

Leaves elongate-ovate in outline, tapering to 

a somewhat abruptly attenuated and more or 

less curved or flexuous tip. Base cuneate. 

Length about 15 centimeters. Maximum 

width, about halfw:ay between the ap~x and. 

the base, about 5 centimeters. Midrib stout, 

flexuous. Secondaries thin, numerous, diverging from the midrib at angles of 45° to '50°, 

ne~ly straight or flexuous, their tips joined by 

a marginal vein. Margins entire. Texture 

subcoriaceous. 

These large leaves occur in. the Magothy 

formation of Marthas Vineyard, Long Island, 

and Maryland. They are not uncommon at a 

single locality in the lower part .of the Tuscaloosa formation. Their relation to Eucalyptus 

is extremely doubtful, but a change of generic 

reference is not considered advisable at the 

present time. According to long-established 

usage, therefore, this species and Eucalyptus 

geinitzi and E. angusia are referred to the genus 

Eucalyptus, although it seems more probable 

that they represent the genus Myrcia· of this 

same family, or its ancestral stock. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, upper 

ravine on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, 

Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Eucalyptus geinitzi (Heer) Heer. 

Plate XXVIII, figure 8. · 

Myrtophyllum geinitzi Heer, Flora von Moletein in Mahren, 

p. 22, pl. 11, 'figs. 3, 4, 1872; Flora fossiiis arctica, 

vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 116, pl. 32, figs.,14-17, 1874. 

Eucalyptus geinitzi (Heer) Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 

6, Abt. 2, p. 93, pl. 19, fig. 1c; pl. 4, figs. 1, 13, 1885. 

Engelhardt, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh. · 

· 7, Jahrg. 1891, p. 102, 1892. 

Lesquereux, The flora of the Dak9ta group, p. 138, pl. 

. 37, fig. 20, 1892. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 110, pl. 

32, figs. 2, 12 (not figs. 15, 16), 1896. 

Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. ll, p. 60, pl. 

0 · 4, :figs. 1-3, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England, p. 96, pl. 35, :figs. 1-8, 

10-12, 1906. 

Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 87, pl. 

53, :fig. 3, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p. 

78, pl. 4, :fig. 5,' 1904; idem, vol. 33, p. 180,· 1906; 

idem, vol. 34, p. 201, pl. 15, :fig. 4, 1907; Johns 

:S:opkins Univ. Circ. new ser., No. 7, p. 81, 1907; 

New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 189, pl. 28, :fig. 

7, 1911. ' 

Myrtophyllum warderi Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota 

group, p. 136, pl. 53, :fig. 10, 1892. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York 

and New England, p. 97, pl. 35, :fig. 13, 1906. 

Eucalyptus? angustijolia Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays (not Desvaux, 1822), p. 111, pl. 32, :figs. 

1, 6, 7' 1896. 

·Hollick, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 408, 

· pl. 70, figs. 8, 9, 1904; The Cretaceous flora of 

southern New York ;tnd New England, p. 95, pl. 35, 

:figs. '9, 14, 15, 1906. 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, pl. 28, :fig. 5, 

1911. 
MYR.TALES. 127 

Leaves lanceolate in outline, broadest near 

the rniddle and tapering almost equally in both 

directions to the acute apex and base. There 

is considerable variation in size, the South 

Carolina leaves averaging about 15 centimeters 

in length by 2.2 centimeters in greatest width. 

The petiole is very stout, as is the prominent 

midrib, which leaves a sharp groove in impressions showing the lower ·surface. Secondaries numerous, thin, branching from the midrib at angles of about 45° and running with but 

a slight· curvature to the 1narginal vein, which 

is "either almost straight when the secondm~ies 

. are close set or n1ore or less bowed when the 

secondaries are some little. distance apart, ·as 

they are in many specimens. 

Tllis species has a wide range. It was 

· described originally from the Cenomanian of 

Moravia and has since been recorded from a 

number of other European Cenomanian localities, from the Atane beds of Greenland, the 

Dakota sandstone of the West, and from 

Marthas Vineyard to Alabama along the Atlantic coast. It i·anges upward into the -Black 

Creek formation of North Carolina and is not 

rare in the :Middendorf arkose member of .the 

Black Creek fonnation of South Carolina. In 

Alabama the species is not common, but this 

1nay simply be due .to accidents of preservation. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, upper 

ravine and big gully on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa County; roadside southwest of Northport, 'l.,uscaloosa qounty; near Maplesville, 

Chilton County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Eucalyptus angusta V elenovsky. 

Eucalypt·us angusta V elenovsky, Die Flora der bohmischen 

Kreideformation, pt. 4, p. 3, pl. 3, figs. 2-12, 1885. 

Berry, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, p. 119, pl. 

20, figs. 2-4, 1914. · 

This species was 1:ecently discussed by me 

for the eastern Gulf area in the paper cited. 

. It 1nay well be doubted whether this and the 

preceding species· are correctly referred to the 

genus Eucalyptus. Were it not for .the havoc 

which would be ,Vl·ought with the synonymy 

and the obscuring of their bearing on geographic distribution, 1 would refer these forms 

· to the 1nyrtaceous genus Jfyrcia, which is so 

abundant in the existing flora of tropical 

America and whose foliage is not distinguishable from the adult leaves of Eucalyptus. 

Jfyrcia is represented in the Eocene floras of 

the Mississippi enibayme~1t by several species, 

some of which are undoubtedly descended from 

these Upper Cretaceous species. of so-called 

Eucalyptus. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation· (basal beds), 

McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Ripley formation (Cusseta sand member), 

near Buena Vista, :Marion County, Ga. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Family COMBRETA~E~ • 

Genus CONOCARPITES Berry, n. gen. 

Leaves of small or Ineclium size, lanceolate 

to ovate-lanceolo.te, and more or less falcate 

in outline, of a coriaceous texture, and com- . 

parable in venation and all other features with 

those of the existing monotypic genus Donocarpus Linne of the ·strand· flora of tropical 

Africa and America. 

Conocarpites formosus Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXVIII, figure 9. 

Leaves of medium size, about 7 centimeters 

in length by 2.5 centin1eters in maximum 

width, which is halfway between the apex and 

the base. Outline ovate-lanceolate, slightly 

falcate, but the leaf is practically equilateral. 

Apex and base about equally acuminate. ~etiole short and stout. Midrib stout, curved. 

Secondaries thin and for the most part immersed, five or six pairs,' branching fron1 the 

midrib at angles of lUOre than 45°, curving upward, at length camptoclrome. Tertiaries im- , 

mCI·secl. Texture coriaceous, the surface of 

the fossil form with the identical, somewhat 

granular appearance of the leaves· in herbarium 

rna terial of Oonocarpus erect us. 

This species, in its venation, texture, and outline, is veiT close to the larger leaves of the 

single recent species of Oonocarpus. 

The single recent species is widespread along 

low muddy or sanely tropical shores in Central 

and South America, and on the west coast of 

Africa (Guinea and Senegambia). I~ is ·said 

to occur in the Galapagos. Islands on the 

Pacific coast of South America, and it extends 

northward from the West Indies to the Florida 

Keys and to Bermuda, where it is found on the 
128 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, ~ISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND 'GEORGIA.' 

sand dunes. Its distribution is ~ffected almost m~ntary. It may be di$tinguished frorp. this 

·entirely through the agency of ocean currents. well-known species by the -shorter, more 

Not only is it a member of the ecologically conical lobes, the rourided instead of the conspecialized mangrove assoc.iations, _but it is spicuously decurrent base, and the differeri~ 

equally at home on sandy st:rand and dunes. character of the marginal teeth. It resembles 

The genus Oonocarpus has been detected by somewhat Aralia looziana Saporta and Marion, 

the W:riter in_ the undescribed Eocene flora of ·a European lower Eocene species recorded· 

the Wilcox group· of the Mississippi embay- by Ward in the Fort Union formation of the 

ment area, and a typical species has been de- West. 

scribed from the Jackson group of the Eocene Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Cottondeposits of Georgia.1 Though it is unknown in dale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala.-

European Tertiary deposits it is represented in Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

that area by very similar leaves which are· 

. referred to the allied genus Eugenia. Aralia eut3:wensis Berry. 

· Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Al- Aralia eutawensis Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

hm, Fayette County, Ala. {collector, E. W. - 84, p. 119, pl. 20, fig. 7, 1914. 

Berry). This species was recently described by me 

Collection: U. S.-National Museum. from the eastern Gulf area in the paper cited, 

order UMBELLALES. and the discussion need not be repeated here. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (basal beds),· 

Family ARALIACEAE. McBrides Ford, Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Genus ARALIA Linne. Collection: U. S. National Musetim. 

Aralia cottondalensis Berry, n. sp. Genus PANAX Linne. 

Plate XXVI, figures 1-3. Panax cretacea Heer. 

· ·Aralia wellingtoniana Ward, in Smith, On the geology 

of the Coastal· Phiin of Alabama, p. 348, 1894 (not Plate XXVI, figures 4, 5. 

Lesquereux). Panax (Jf'etacea Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, 

Leaves of medium size, trilobate, ranging P· 114, pl. 32, figs.- 9, 9b, 9c, 9d, 10, 1874. 

from 7 to 13 centimeters in length, by 6_5 to Hollick, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York· 

and New England, p. 100, pl. 38, fig. 7, 1906. 

11 centimeters in maximum width, from tip to 

tip of the lateral lobes. Tips acute. Base Heer's original description, published in 

broadly cuneate or rounded. Lobes conical, 187.4, is as follows: 

pointed, directed upward; the median the P.- fructibus bicarpellaribus, acheniis complanatis, 

larger. Sinuses narrow, rounded, reaching rotundatis, subtilissime regulosis. 

about halfway· to the base. Margins entire This little fruit was described by Heer from 

below, above somewhat irregularly_ crenate, rather well preserved material collected in 

approaching serrate in some specimens. Pri- the Atane beds of ':Vestern Greenland. A single . 

.. m'aries t~ee in number, from a point at or specimen of a form that appears to be identical 

very near .the extreme base, the laterals di- with the Greenland material was recently deverging from the midrib at angles of about -scribed by Hollick, from ·the. Magothy forma-

'25 o, running to the tips- of the lobes. Sec- tion of Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard. The 

ondaries numerous, thin, approximately par- species is also represented by a single specimen 

allel, craspedodrome. in the lower part of the Tuscaloosa formation. 

This species, ·which was confused by Ward It is broadly obcordate in outline and is 5 

-with Aralia wellingtonian<J Lesquereux, is millimeters in total height by 6.5 millimeters 

coinmon at the Cottondale locality, although in width. 

most of the specimens ate more or less frag- Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 1 Berry, E. W., U. S .. Geol. Sur~ey Prof. Paper 84, p. 147, pl. 29, figs. 

4-7, 1914. . 
UMBELLALES. 12 9 

Family CORNACEAE. Genus CORNOPHYLLUM Newberry. 

Genus NYSSA Linn~. [U. S. Geol. Survey _Mon. 26·, p. 119, 1896.] 

Nyssa snowiana Lesquereux. CornophyUurn vetusturn Newberry.· 

Plate XXVI, figure 6. 

Cornophyllum, vetustum Newberry, The flora of the Amboy 

.ZV:vssa snowiana Lesquereux, The flora ofthe Dakota group, clays, p. 119, pl. 19, fig. 10, 1896. 

p. 126, pl. 52, fig. ll, 1892. . . c Berry, New Jersey Ge~l. Survey Bull. 3, p. 196, 1911. 

Leaves of relatively sn1all size for this genus, Leaves elliptical in outline, 7 to 8 cent~n1eters 

b~oadly ovate· in outli~e, a~ruptly contrac-ted -~ 11 length by abO\lt 4 centimeters in n1aximum 

to a short acuminate tip, cuneate and finally width, with an acu~e apex and base, the latter 

sliO'htly decurrent to the short, stout petiole. slightly decurrent and inequilateraJ.. Margin 

Lerigth 5:5 centi1neters. Greatest width, which entire, very slightly and inconspicuously un-

_is about. halfway between the apex and the dulate. Midrib slender and.straight. Secondbase, 3.3 centi1neters. Petiole 6 ]nillimeters aries slender, about seven pairs, opposite or 

long. Margins ent.ire. :Midrib rather sto~t, alternate,. branching fronl" the nlidrib at angles 

cm·ved. Secondaries six to nine subopposite of about 4·5o ~nd strongly ·curved upward, ap-

.pairs branching fron~. th~ 1niclrib at angles ·of proxilnately parallel ·and ca1nptodi·on1e; they 

about 45° and sweeping upward in ·broad, increase in length frmn the apex to the base, 

·gentle cm·ves, can1ptoclron1e, as are their ter- the lower. ones· sweeping upward ·in strong 

tiary branches in the 1narginal part of the-leaf. arches parallel with the p1argin and all dra~ 

This 1naterial fro1n Alaban1a is clearly iden- inward toward the apex. 

tical with that described by ·Lesquer~ilx from With the excepti~n of th~ delicate and sonlethe Dakota sandstone· of Kansas, the type of what flexuous character of the venation, these 

which is 'in the collec.tion of the University of leaves are strictly cmnparable with those of 

Kansas (No. 935). These leaves in all of .their Oornus, good species of ~vhich, very similar to· · 

characters are clearly referable to the Cor- this species, . occur in the Dako.t~ sandstone of 

naceae and .are associated with striated fruits the West, in Greenland, and in the Magothy 

which have been natned · Nyssidium. One for1nation of ~1aryland. · Doubtl~ss the Raritan 

·other Cretaceous speci~s has been described by species will eve.ntually be referred tq that genus, 

Newberry fro1n . the Dakota· sandsto~e. but 1neanwhile the present generic appellation 

Throughout the Tertiaty Nyssa· is represented is a sufficient· index to its 1~elationship. 

by a v~riety of species widely distributed and This. species is rather rare, both in New Jerextending to ·Alaska on the one hand and sey arid Alabatna and, . as indicated al?ove, · 

Spitzbergen on the other. These occurre-?-c~s .ser~es to ally them -with somewhat younger 

are based for the 1nost part upon characteristiC fortnations. 

fruits. There -are a nmnber of European spe-· Occurrence; Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Alcies, · son1e of which persist as late as the Plio- len, Fayette County, Ala. . 

cene although the genus is not represented in Collections: U. S. National ·Museunl (type ' . . the existing flora of Europe. In North AtneriCa frotn New Jersey in New Y or.k Botanical Gar~ 

the O'enus has always been well represented, the den). 

Tertiary lignites of Vern10nt in particular con- .. . 

taining an extraordi:p.ary variety of fruits of Cornophyllurn obtusatu~ Berry, n. sp • 

. this genus. In existing floras Nyssa is confined Plate XXVI, figures 7, 8. 

to the ·eastern United States, with five species, f . . 

1

. 1 . · · · A b Leaves o n1ec mm or arO'e size, elliptical or and southern Asia with two speCies. nun1 er · ' b 

· · 11 d. all · obovate in general outline, with a broacl~y of these species occur In sn1a areas, an · are . . r h 

mesophytic 1 1 types, the .Jnajority being confined ,rounded apex ~ncl a. cuneat~ or~ 1g t y c ecurto low swa1nps, and .to estuary, river, and pond rent base. Length 1anges f1o1n 5.5, to 10 cenmaJ~O'ins, 111ostly n.eai· ·the .coast, the center of timeters. ~1aximmn width,ranges fr01n 3'.3 to 

distribution or the 'Anierican species being 5 centimeters, halfway between the apex and 

the base. ~1a~·gin entir~, slightly repan~l in 

places. Petiole short and stout. Midrib stout 

and flexuous. . Secondaries thin, five or six. 

pairs branching from the midrib at angles of 

Georgia. 

Occurrence: · Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

65628°-19-9 
130 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

· 45° or less, usually less, and sweeping upward. as a small mucronate point .. The base in these 

in long, more or less flexuous curves, approxi:- forms gradually narrows. to the stout petiole. 

·mately parallel with the lateral margins, even- The variations in outline· of this species a.re well. 

tually. camptodro~e, distinctly of the type shown in the figures reproduced in Newberry's 

'usually associated with Oornus, Rhamnus, or monograph. 'i':qe specimens collected from the· . 

Berchemia. South Atlantic Coastal Plain seem to have an · 

This new species is clearly allied with Oornus, obtusely rounded apex more commonly than 

.the ·principal difference being that of outline those from New Jersey. 

and irregularity of venation. It differs from In the Ra~itan formation this species is ·ofiiy 

tlie only other kno~ species· of Oornophyllum, kn.own·with certainty-from the uppermost beds· 

that from the Raritan formation of New Jersey, at South Amboi, N. J. It becorri(3s more 

in its obtuse apex. Outside the lower part of abundant in the overlying Magothy formation, 

the Tuscaloosa formation it is sparingly repre- occurring from New Jersey to Maryland in 

·sen ted in the Black Creek forination of North beds of this age .. Farther south it is found as 

Carolina. 

o·ccurrence: Tuscaloosa formation; Cotton;_· 

dale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Musmun. ~ 

Order ERICALES 1 

one. of the typical fossils of the Black Creek 

formation in North Carolina, being a prominent but never abundant element in the dark 

lignitic laminated clays of the upper beds 

as~ociated with · Araucaria, Ounninghamites, 

Pistia, and .other forms and a marine fauna. 

Family ERICACEAE? It occurs in the Middendorf arkose .menlber 

Genus ANDROMEDA Linne.. of the Black Creek formation of South Carolina 

Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick. and is also present in. Georgia. It. has not 

Plate XXX, figures 1, 2. · been observed to be common in the TuscaAndromeda novaecaesareae Hollick, in Newberry, The flora loosa formation, being only known from beds 

of the Amb9y clays,: p. 121, pL 42, figs. 9-12? 28-31, near the base. However, the abundance of· 

1896. this. species at somewhat higher horizons in 

Smith, On thegeologyoftheCoastalPlainofAlahama, Georgia and Tennessee would in~icate that 

p .. 348, 1894. . . . · · · h T 1 d · b · Its ranty In t e usca oosa eposits may . e Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 33, p. 181, 1906, 

idem, vol. 34, p. 204, 1907; idem, vol. 43, p: 301; more apparent than real. 

1916; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3,. p. 204', It may well be questioned whether this and. 

pl. 25; fig. 6, 1911. · the following species of Andromeda should be 

Leav~s small, thick,. and. entire, with stout referred to the Ericales. Certain~y the prespetioles and inidribs and obscure secondary ent form has nun1erous points of contact. with 

venation which is immersed in the thick the leaves of Eugenia, which has been posiiamina. Length 2.5 to 5 centimeters~ Width· tively recognized in the lower Eocene floras 

varying from 0.9 centimeter to 1..3 centimeters. of tllis general region. and doubtfully from 

Venation; where visible, showmg numerous both the Tuscaloosa and Ripley formations. 

parallel, cainptodrome, relatively long and thin Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

secondaries which branch from the. midrib at Mill and Glen Allen (Ward's determination), 

~cute angles. Thovgh the· majority of these Fayette County;· big gully on the Snow place, 

leaves are. equally acuminate at bo~h ends there Tuscaloosa County, Ala. Ripley formation 

is considerable variation in this respect, and a (Cusseta sand m~mber)~ near Buena Vista, 

well-marked tendency is shown in many. speci- Marion County, Ga. Eutaw _formation (Coffee 

mens which ~re relatively broader, especially sand member), Coffee Bluff, Hardin County,· 

·in the upper half, toward an obtusely rounded T~nn. 

apex, the termination. of the ·Inidrib showing Collections: U. S. National Museum. 
ERICALES. 131 

Andromeda grandifolia Berry. Hollick New York Acad. ScL Ann., vol. .ll, p. 420, 

pl. 371

, figs. 1-4, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southPlate XXVII, figure 7. ern New York and New England, p. 101, pl. 39, 

B Cl. b. B 11 figs: 2-5, 190~. · Andromeda grandijolia J?erry, Torrey, · ot. u u ., Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 97, pl:l,. 

vol. 34, p. 204, pl. 15, fig. 3, 1907; New Jersey Geol.. figs. 1-4, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club BulL,· vol. 31, 

· Survey Bull. 3, p. 205, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2, 19ll. p. 79, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1904; idem, vol. 33, p. 181, 

Andromeda latijolia. Newberry, The flora of the Amboy, 1906; idem, vol. 34, p. 203, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1907; Johns 

clays, p. 120, pl. 33, figs. 6-8, 10 (n~t fig. 9); pl. 34:, · Hopkins Univ. Circ., new ser., No.7, p. 81, 1907; 

figs. 6-11, pl. 34, fig. 10,,1896 (not Wright~. · · New Jersey G~ol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 206, pl. 27, 

Smith; On the ·g~ology 'of the. <;Joastal Plam of Ala- . . figs. 1-4, 1911. · . . 

·bama, p. 348, 1894. . . Prunusf parlf!-torii (Heer) Lesquereux, Affi. Jour. Sci:; 4th·. 

Hollick, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, .p. · .ser., vol. 36, p. 102, 1868. 

416, pl.· 79, fig. 3, 1904; The Cretaceous flora of Leucothoe parlatorii (Heer) Schimper, Paleontologie vegesouthern New York and New England,· P· 100, pl. · . ·tale, ~roL 3, p. ll, 1874. · · 

39, fig. 1, 1906. Leaves o~ate-lanceolate in outline, with a 

Leaves thick· and coriaceous, varying ·~on- long and . gradually narrowed apex, and a 

siderably in size :and shape. .From 4. to 20 · broad, somewhat· rounded but :£inally cti~ea~e 

centimeters in length, by 1.5 to 7 centlmet.ers or slightly decurrent base. Petwle an~ m1d~1b 

in width. Ovate-lanceolate in outline with stout. ·. Length about H) to 12 centimeters. 

an entire, usually son1ewhat undulate or un- Maximum width about .3 .centimeters in the· 

·sym1netric rpm·gin,. Apex obtusely poin~ed lower half of the leaf. ·secondaries ·numerous, 

oi· in some specimens rotinded. Base some- rather thin; subparallel, branching from the 

what wedge-shaped. :Midrib and petiole very midrib at ·acute· angles·, long and ascending, at 

st~ut. Secondaries relativel~ f~w, 6 to 8. length cainptodrom~. Tertiaries mostly 

pairs, stout. and flexuous, branclung from the straight, transverse. There· is considera~le 

midrib at acute angles and sweeping upward variation in the size 6f these leaves and in- the . 

in loner curves, eventually inosculating· to anO'les which the secondaries f~rm .with the b . b . 

complete the strictly camptoi:lrome venatwn. midrib, and consequently in their length and 

This species occurs from the lower part of deO'ree of curvature. Some of the specimens 

tlie .Raritan formatio~1 of New Jersey to the ap~roach closely iri appearance to the,. sm~ll. top of the e~stern leaf-bearing . Cretaceous. leaves of. Andromecla grandifolia Berry, which. 

It is a common fossil in. the Magothy formtt- are more slender and apically ·atten:uated than. 

tion, the Black Creek formati~n of North th~ normal-sized leaves ·of that species. · 

Carolina,· and the Tuscaloosa. formation of This species was first descriJ?ed by rrof. · 

Alabama. It is larger, relatively broader, Heer In one of the earliest published accounts 

and· less· regular than Andromeda parlatorii of the Dakota sandstone flora, and it has since 

I-Ieer. b~en .found to ha~e a wide geographic range. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation,· Shirleys It is one of the commonest fossils in the Dakota 

:Mill and Glen Allen, upper ravine on the Snow sandstone, having been recorded from .Minlieplace, Fayett~ County; university grounds, sota, Kansas, _and Nebraska. In eastern North 

Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. · · Anierica it is recorded from the Atane beds of 

Collection: U. S. National Museum. Greenland, the Magothy formation on Marthas · 

Andromeda parlatorii Heer. 

Anclromeda parlatorii Heer, Phyllites cretacees du Nebraska, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 5, 1866; Flora £ossilis arctica, 

vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. ll2, pl. 32, figs. 1, 2, 1874; idem, 

vql. 6, p. 79, pl. 21, figs. 1b, 11; pl. 42, fig. 4c, 1882. 

Lesquereux, The yretaceous flora, p. 88, pL 23, figs. 

6, 7; pl. 28, fig.15, 1874; The flora of the Dakota group, 

p; 115, pl. 19, fig. 1; pl. 42, fig. 6, 1892. 

Newberry, 1'heftora:of.theAniboyclays, p.120, pl. 31, 

figs. 1-7; pl. 33, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 1896. · 

Smith, On the geology of the Coast~ Plain of Alabama, 

. p. 348, 1894. 

·Vineyard, the Raritan formation of New J~rsey, 

the Magothy formation of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, the Black Creek formation of North Carolina,· and the Middendorf 

arkose niember of the Black Creek formation 

of South Carolina. In Alabama it is common 

in the Tuscaloosa formation and extends into 

the·loweF beds of the Eutaw forJp.ation in Hale 

County. 

The genus Andromeda of Linne has been 

niuch segregated .by . the subsequent taxon-. 
132 UP~ER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI,. ·ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

omists, and this, 'is reflected in 'sc~per's pro'-

posal to refer this species to the genus Leucothoe. However; the more comprehensive 

name has· obvious advantages for the paleobotanists in dealing with. mat.erial where it is. 

impossible to discriminate between the ericaceous genera with any degree of accuracy.· 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen Allen and Shirleys Mill, Fayette County;. university grounds, upper ravine and big gully on 

the Snow place, Cotto.ndale, and gully at Tus-:-

caloosa County, Ala. Eutaw formation (basal 

·beds), 2 miles south of Havana, Hale Coun.ty.,. 

Ala. · 

Collection: u·. ·s. National Museum.' 

Andromeda wardiana Lesquereux. 

Plate XXVII, figure 6. 

Andromeda ·wardian~ Lesque~eux; The ·flora .of the Dakota 

group, p.ll9, pl. 64, fig. 17, 1892.: 

. Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. ·raper 84, p. 120, pl. 

24, fig. 3, 1914. 

Leaf narrowly elliptical in outline, with an 

entire margin. Apex and base about equally 

narrowed, the form.er bluntly rounded. Size 

somewhat variable. Length 4. 7 to 6.5 centi-

.meters. Maximum width 2 to 2.5 centimeters about halfway between the apex and the 

base. · Midrib thin hut pro min en t. . Secondaries thin, five or six subparallel pairs diverging 

from the midrib at angles of about 40°, ascend-

. ing, eventually camptodrome. 

The type of this species came from the Dakota sandstone. of Ellsworth County, Kans., 

and constituted the ·only. known occurrence 

until a few years ago, when I collected it at the. 

Andromeda cretacea Lesquereux (?). - . 

Andromedq, cretacea Lesquer.eux, The flora of the Dakota 

group, p. 117, pl. 17, figs, 17, 18.; pL 24, fig. 5, 1S92. 

Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof .. Paper 84, p. 120, pl. 

24, fig. 2, 1914. .. 

The probable occurrence of this species in the 

east~rn Gulf area was recently discussed by 

me in the paper cited above and need not be repeated here. · 

Oc_currence: Eutaw formation (basal beds), 

McBrides F9rd,. Chattahoochee County, Ga. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Genus DERMATOPHYLLITES Goeppert.-

Dermatophyllites acutus Heer . .. Plate XXVII, figure 8. 

Dermatophyllites acutus Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, 

pt. 2, p. 80, pl. 42, fig. 7' 1882. 

Heer's 'description of this species, published 

in 1882; is as follows: 

D. foliis minutis, coriaceis, anguste lanceolatis, apice 

acute acuminatis, basim versus attenuatis, integerrimis, 

nervo medio valido, nervis secundariis 'nullis. 

Heer -referred this tiny leaf, along with another species from the same horizon, to the 

genus Dermatophyllites, established .by Go~ppert for several Tertiary species of Ericaceae. 

Heer's species certainly occurs in. the Tuscaloosa 

{ormation, showing that it had a

0

very extensive 

latitudinal range. The indicated botanic affinity is entirely problematic, so that 'the name 

stanqs as given by the original describer. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

hase · of the Eutaw f~rmation in western Genus KALMIA Linne (?) .. 

Georgia. The present occurrences are· from Kalmia brittoniana Hollick. 

the basaLpart of the Tuscaloosa formation near · Kalmia brittoniana Hollick, New York A-cad. Sci. Trans., Shirleys Mill, Ala., and from a horizon in north- vol. 12, p. ~4, pl. 2, figs. 6-8, 1892; The Cretaceous 

eastern Mississippi which is nearly equivalent f!.oraofsouthern NewYorkand New England, p.100, · 

to the one in Georgia. · pl. 39, figs. 8, 9, 1906. 

Occurrence.: Tuscaloosa formation, cut on Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., voL 34, ~- 204, 1907. 

· Southern Railway 1 i miles east of Iuka, Tisho- Leaves of sma:ll siz·e, petiolate, oblong-elli'pmingo County, Miss. (collected by~· L .. W. tical in· general outline, with a rounded apex 

Stephenson); Shirleys Mill, Fayette County,· and a cuneate base. Leng~h about 2. 75 ·centiAla. (collected by E. W. Berry). Eutaw for- meters. ·Maximum width 6 or 7 millimeters 

mation (basal beds), McBrides Ford, Chatta- in the middle part. Midrib promineri.t. Sec-. 

hoochee County, Ga.; (Coffee smid member), ondaries obsolete. Texture cori~ceous . 

... Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, Tenn. This small-leafed. sp.ecies was described by 

. ,., Collection: ·U. S. National Museum. Hollick from the Raritan formation on Staten 
PRIMULALES. 133. 

Island and subsequently recorded· by me fron1 

the Black Creek formation of North Carolina. 

I do not believe that· there is any foundation 

for its reference to the genus f{almia.or eve:rr to 

the Ericaceae. It probably represents some 

Upper· Cretaceous· species of. Pro.teaceae ·or· 

Myrtiweae. 

Remains identical with the type are present 

in the Tuscaloosa formation. . 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

~fill, Fn,yette County, Ala .. 

Collection: U .. S. National :Museum. 

Order PRIMULALES. 

Family MYRSINACEAE·. 

Genus MYBSINE Linn~. 

Myrsine gaudiiti (Lesquereux) Ber~y. 

Myrsinites? gattdini Lesquereux, The flora of the Dakota 

group, p. 115, pl. 52, fig. 4, 1892. 

Myrsine gattdini (Lesquereux) Berry, Torrey Bot. Club 

Bull., vol. 36, p. 262, 1909; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 210, pl. 24, figs .. 3, 4, 1911. 

Myrsine elongata Newberry, MSS. Holl~ck, Torrey Bot. 

Club Bun.; vol. 21, p. 54, pl. 177, fig. 2, 1894; New 

York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 11, p. 420; pl. 38, figs. 

3, 4b, c, 1898; The Cretaceous flora of southern 

New York and New England, p. 102, pl. 8, fig. ib; 

pl. 39, figs. 13, 14,.1906. · 

Newberry, The flora of the Amb~y clays, p. 122, pl. 22, 

figs. 1-3, 1896. 

fo:r:mati9n in South Carolina. It is not abundant in the Alabama Cretaceous and is only 

present· in the basal beds ~f the Tuscaloos.a· 

formation.in western Alabama. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, roadside 

·sout.hwest of Northport, Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County; Glen Allen, Fayette County,. 

Ala. . . . 

·Collection: U. S. Nation:all\1useum. 

Myrsine borealis Heer. 

Myrsine boreal,is fleer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, 

p. 113, pl. 32, fig. 23,, 187:4; idem, :vol. 6, Abt. 2, 

p. 81, pl. 24,:figs. 7b, 8; pl. 2?, fig. 1b; pl. 44, fig. 

5a; pl. 46, figs. 19, 20, 1882. 

White, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 39, p. 98, pl. 2, 

fig. 5, 1890. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, 

p. 348,'1894. . 

Newberry, The ·ftora of the Amboy clays; p. 122·, 

pl. 24,· figs. 4-6, 1896. . . · 

llollick, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 7, p .. 13, 1895; 

The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and· 

New England, p. 102, pl. 39, figs. 10, 11, 1906. 

. Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 208, 

pi: 24, fig. 2, 1911. . 

Diospyros rotundijolia Lesquereux. Hollick, Torrey Bot. 

Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 53, pl. 179,-fig. 2, 1894. 

Heer's· original· description of this species, 

published in 1874, is .as follows: 

M. foliis ovatis (?), iritegerrimis, nervis secundariis 

Leave~ oblanceolate or elongate-obovate in numerosis, approximatis, ramosis, camptodromiS. 

outline, 5.5 to .7 'centimeters in length by 1.9 Leaves ovate-elliptical in outline, obtusely 

to 2.5 centimeters in greatest width.. Margins rounded above and ·slightly c~eate below, 

entire. Apex obtusely rounded. Base some.; 2.5· to 5 centimeters in length by 1.2 to 3 centiwhat elongated, narrowly cuneate .. Petiole meterS · in maximum· width,· with a stout 

present, stout. Midrib stout below, diminish- petiole about 1 centimeter in l~mgth. Margm.s 

ing in caliber in a short distance. Secondaries entire. ·Textur·e coriaceous, more· or less obnumerous, 8 to 10 pairs, alternate, bra:p.ching scuring the· venation. ·Midrib stout. Secfrom the midrib ~t angles of 40° to 45°, camp- ondaries rather ~tout, "five to eig~t alternate 

todrome. When tertiary venation is. dis.:. pairs, parallel, br~nching from the midrib at 

tinctly preserved, the venation. is more typical acute angles, camptodrome. Tertiaries fine, 

'of th~ genus than when only the secondaries forming.~ an inosculating series of elongated 

are partly visible~ This species· is well dis- meshes, more or l~ss parallel with the sectribu ted in the Raritan formation of New Jersey ondaries. In specimens in which the tertiary 

·and has been recorded' also from· Long -Island venation is visible the appea:J;"ance is very 

and Staten Island. The identification of Myr- different from that ·shown in Newberry's :figsinites? gaudini ;Lesquereux,· with the eastern. ures, where only the .secondaries ·are seen. 

forms with which it is obviously identical, ex- N ewberrj's specimens may be compared with 

tends the range eastward from ~ansas to Long the similarly preserved leaves from GreenIsland.· It may·be readily distinguished from land, figured by Heer.1 

-the other species of Myrsine by its relatively This _species was described· originally ·from 

narrow, elongated form. It is present in the the Atane .beds of Greenland b1 Heer an9. was 

Black Creek formation of.'~orth Carolina and 

in the Mi-ddendorf arkose merriber· of that · 1 Hecr, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, pl. 24, fig. 8; pl. 44, fig. Sa, 

1882 . . 
134 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND' GEOR.G,IA. 

subsequently collected in considerable abun- of Ne~r~ska nearly half a ~entury ago. It has 

dance from the Raritan formation in New proved to be a form of very wide range, having 

·Jersey. It' has also . been recorded from been identified at both the Atane and Patoot 

¥arthas Vineyard and Long Island,. and from· horizons in Greenland and from· the .Cenothe Black Creek formation in North Carolina .. ma:nian of Niederschoena· in Saxony; from 

Th Alabama, so far as known, it is confined to various localities within the Dakota san.dstone, 

the lower part of the Tuscaloosa· formation of including its southern· extension, the Wood:.. 

Fayette Conn.ty, where it is not especially bine sand of Texas; and with the exception . 

common. ·of the fragments from Marthas Vineyard and 

Occurrence: Tuscalqosa formation, Shirleys Long Island, which are of questionable identity, 

Mill, Glen Allen, Fayette County; big gully . it is common in the Raritan an-:1 Magothy foron the Snow .place, Tuscalobsa County, Ala. mations, or homotaxial equivalents, from 

Collection: U.S. National.MusE:mm.. · New Jersey to Alabama. · 

Order EBENALES. 

Family EBENACEAE. 

Genus l>IOSPYROS Linne. 

Diospyros primaeva Beer. 

Plate XXX, figure 3. 

Diospyros primaeva Heer, Phyllites cretacees du N ebraska, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 1866; Flora fossilis 

arctica, vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 11, 1882; 

idem, vol. 7, p. 31, pl. 51, figs: 5a, b, c, 1883. 

Englehardt, Naturwiss. Gesell. Isis ·:in Dresden 

Abh. 7, J ahrg. 1891, p. 98, 1892. 

Lesquereux,. The flora of the Dakota group, p. 109, 

pl. 20, figs. 1-3, 1892. 

Smith, On· the geology of the Coastal Plain of. Alabama, p. 348, 1894. 

Newberry, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 124, 

pl. 30, figs. 1-5, 1896. . 

Knowlton U. S. Geol. Survey Twenty-first Ann. 

Rept., pt. 7, p. 317, pl. 39, fig. 3, 1901. 

Berry, Torrey Rot .. Club Bull., vol 32, p. 46, pl. 2, 

· 1905; idem, vol. 34, p. 204, 1907; idem, val. 38, 

p: 417, 1911; New ~ersey Geo~. Survey Bull. 3, 

'p. 211, pl. 29, fig. 1, 1911. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous flora o~ southern New York 

and New England, p. •103, pl. 42, figs .. 2, 11, 1906. 

Leaves oblong!qvate in outline, variable 

accordirig to age, ranging from 3 to 15 centimete~s ·in length, by 1.3 to 5 centimeters in 

greatest width, which is )n the middle part of 

the leaf. Apex acute or obtuse.· Base cuneate. 

Margins entire. . Petiole rather long ·and very 

stout·. Midrib also stout. Secondaries 

branching from the midrib, generally. at acute 

angles, sU:bopposite or alternate, parallel 

camptodrome. Tertiaries forpling. polygonal 

areoles whose relative prominence . is one· of 

the features of this species. 

. This species, which is quite suggestive of the 

. modern Diospyros virginiana Linne, was described by Heer from the Dakota sandstone 

Its most marked character is the prominence. 

of its tertiary areolation. It is ·common at 

various locaJities in the lower part of the 

Tuscaloosa formation of western·Alabama and 

continues upward. into those beds in Hale 

County which have ·been placed in the basal 

·portion of the Eutaw formation and into the 

Coffee· sand me~ber in Tennessee. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shi,rleys 

Mill and Glen Allen; Fayette County; Cottondale; gully at Tuscaloosa,· Tuscaloosa County, 

Ala. Eutaw formation· (basal beds), 2 ·miles 

south Qf Havana, Hale County,· Ala.; (Coffee 

Rand member), Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, 

Tenn. · 

Collection: U. S. National Mu.seum. 

Diospyros amboyensis Berry. 

Plate XXVII, figure 5 .. 

Phyllites ellipticus Ne·wberry, The flora of the Amboy 

clays, p. 130, pl. 24, :fig~ 9, 1896. 

Diospyros arnboyensis Berty, 'l'orr~y Bot. Club Bull., vol. 

36, p. 262, ]909; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, 

p. 212, pl. 29, fig. 5, 1911. 

Leaves elliptical in outline,. large, 8 to. 9 

centimeters long by 4.6 to 5 centimeters wide; 

margin more or less undulate; apex slightly 

narrowed, rounded, almost retuse; bas.e broadly 

rounded, thus differing from the wedge-shaped 

base of Diospyros primaeva Heer; midrib strong, 

although not so strong as in D. primaeva; secondaries thin, numerous, 8 to to pairs, ~egular, 

leaving the midrib at an angle of about 45°, 

camptodrome; tertiary venation. of l'arge polygonal meshes, finer in caliber than in D. 

primaeva. 

The type was a single specimen from the 

Raritan formation at Woodbridge, N. J . 

Similar remains are sparingly reptesen ted in 
EBENALES .. 135 

· the collections fron1 the b-asal beds of the Tus-

. c.11loos11 fonnation.· One of the leaves which 

}leer iden-tifies from Atane schists of Greenland as Populus hyperbo1·ea,t though the apex 

is partly destroyed and the tertiaries are not 

shown, is very si1nilar to. the species .under discussion. This sin1ilarity does not extend, 

however, to the other leaves identified ·as this 

species. 

. Occurrence: Tuscaloosa f ornlation, "Shirleys 

Mill, F11yette Colu1ty, Ala. · 

Collection·: U. S. National :Museun1. 

Diospyros rotundifolia Lesquereux. 

F:-mily SAPOTACEAE. 

Genus SAPOTACITES Ettingshausen. 

Sapotacites ettingshauseni Berry, n. sp •. 

Plate XXIX, figure 7. 

Leaves inversely triangular in general outline with a broad, slightly en1arginate. apex, 

rounded at the outer' angles, and a cuneate 

base, about 4 centimeters in length by 4 to 5 · . 

centimeters in n1~ximmn width, which is at or 

above the 1niddle. The margi~s are entire, 

straight below and full above,· the apical nlargin slightly unrlulate and somewhat emarginate 

Plate XXYII, figure 4; Plate XXX, figu~es 4, 5. · 11t apex of the 1nidrib. Texture somewhat 

coriaceous. · Petiole short or wanting. Midrib 

Diospyros rotundifolia Lesquereux, The Cretaceous flora, stout.· · p. 89, pl. 30, fig. 1, 1S74; The flora of the Dakota · Secondaries thin, three or four oppo- , 12 1 1- fi s 11 139? site or .subopposite pairs. They branch from group, p .... , p .. 1, gs. - , -· . . . 

Berry, New Jersey Geol. Survey A11n. Rept. for u}o5, the midrib at angl~s of ·about 45° and pursue 

p. 139, 190G; 'l'orrey Bot. Club R.ull., vol. 33, p. 181, a slightly curved co1,1rse almost to· the nlarl!)OG. gin, where they curve upward to join a lateral 

Leaves entire, variable in size, 4 to 10 centi:- branch of, the secondary next above .. Termeters in' length, by 2 to 7 centimeters in_ maxi- tiaries fine, arched. along the margins; intermum width, which is in the middle part. Out- nally they are mostly_ transverse, forming SOJJ;leline broadly oval or elliptical. Apex broadly . what irregl,llar rectangular areole~. 

ro1:1nded. Base similarly rounded ·or some- This species is named in honor· of the late 

what narrowed and.pointed. · Petiole and mig- Baron von E~tingshausen, who founded this 

rib stout. Secondaries 6 or 7 pairs, branching genus in 1853 for those fossil leaves which are 

fr01n the midrib at angles of 50° to 60°, arched, 1 referable t9 the family Sapotaceae. but which 

ca:rn,ptodron1e. Texture subc.oriaceous. Ven- · it is ~mpossible to assign definitely to any of 

ationless prominent than in Diospyros primaeva the existing genera. Perhaps a_ score of such 

I-Ieer. . species have been described. These range in 

·This ~pecies is a characteristic element in the age fron1 the n1id-Cretaceous of Europe and 

post-Raritan ·flora of the ·Atlantic· Coastal America through the Tertiary." The present 

Plain, although at tin1es it is liable to be con-:- species somewhat resembles certain genera of 

fused with ]fyrsine borealis fleer, or with soine the · Leguminosae, for example Colutea and 

of the smallei·, n10re orbicular, entire leaves of Amicia .. It is also much like the· East Indian 

Po1Julus. The _venation is 1narkedly· different, spe"cies ]f.imusops obovata. 

however. Occurrence: Tuscalo.osa forn1ation, Shirleys 

Diospyros ?'otu~difolia was described or1g1- Mill, Fayette County, Ala .. 

.nallyfrom the Dakota sandstone of Kansas, and Collection: U. S. National Museum. 

Sapotacites shirleyensis Berry, n., sp. 

it·is co:mmon in the Magothy formation in New 

Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. In South 

C11rolina it has only been found at a single · Plate XXVIII, figure 11; Plate XXIX, figures 4-6. 

locality in the Middendorf arkose member of Leaves rather· small in size, elliptical in genthe Black Creek formation. It is not rare.in eral outline, with a deeply emargii).ate· apex 

the lower part of the Tuscaloosa form~tion of and slightly decurrent base. Length 3.3 cenwesteru Alaban1a. ··timeters along the midrib, 4 centimeters from 

. Occurrence: Tuscaloosa form.ation, Shirleys a line connecting the tips of lateral wings to the 

Mill, Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. base, about .3 centimeters or· slightly less in 

Collections: U.S. National Museum. maximu1n width, which is about n1idway be- . ' 

1 Roor, Oswald, Flora fossil is urcticu, vol. 3, .Abt. 2, pl. 29, figs. 6, 18," 

1874. - . 

tween the apex and the ·base. Margin entire, 

full. and .rounded, the api,cal lateral angles . 

. . 
' . 

. 136 UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE'·· MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

directed upward and roundecl. ·. Apical sinus· of the geriera Bumelia a~d Mimusops, is .much 

extending one-fifth to one-sixth of the distance like the forms from the Dakota sandstone, 

to the base, its margins nearly straight, form- Sapotacites haydenii Heer 1 and Phyllites ob- . 

· ing an angle of about 65°. Petiole. short or cordatus ]~Ieer. 2 The latter is described by 

·wanting. Midrib stout. Secondaries thin, Lesquereux as Bumelia marco'ljALna ;3 it is most 

two or three alternate pairs, 'branchiiig from the like the present species but is broader toward 

n1idrib at angl~s of about 45 ° ~nd curving up- the apex and more narrowed toward the base, 

ward parallel with the lateral margin, eve:ritu- with. thinner venation and. texture and· more 

ally camptodrome. Tertiaries thin, arched retuse apex. Sapotacites formosus is very simalong. the margins and· forming rectangular ilar to the Raritan species, Populus orbicularis 

n1eshes internally. These are more regular and (Newberry) Berry, 4 and is also much like sevsmaller than in S(tpotacites ettingshauseni. erallower Eocene species collected in the emThe pres.ent species, though different in gen- bayment area, which will·be described by the · 

eral appearance, is close to Sapotacites ettings- writer as species of Bumelia and Mimusops in. 

hauseni, differing in. the elliptical instead of . a subsequent publication. Some of these ·are 

triangular outline, the full margins,. rounded unquestionably descended from the Sapotacites 

base, deep apical sinus,· and alternate curved formosus. . · · 

secondaries, features which would be largely · · Occurrence: Tusc·aloosa formation, .Shirleys 

duplicated if the tips in that species were Mill, Fayette County, Ala. ' 

directed· upward instead ·of outward and Collection: U.S. National Museum. · 

brought toward each other in the line of the 

midrib. The ·present species resembles somewhat various described fossil species ·which 

Order GENTIAN ALES.· 

Family ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

Genus ACERATES Nilsson . . have oeen referred to. the genus Colutea, more 

especially Colutea protogaea H~er of the G~een- · Acerates amboyensis Berry. 

land Cretaceous. However, the two species are Acerates amboyensis Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 36, 

believed to be perfectly distinct. I consider it . p. 263,. 1909; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, P• 

undoubtedly.ancestral to a common form of the 214, 1911. 

lower Eocene of the Mississippi emb.ayment .. Acerates sp. Hollick, in Newberry, Th~· flora of the Amboy 

hi h I h d 'b d · . clays, p. 124, .PL 32, fig. 17; pL 41, figs. 4, 5, 1896. 

area, w c ave escri e In manuscript as 

a species of Bumelia. · · Lea'ves narrow and elongat~d,. some~hat fal-

·Occuirence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys cate,l~nceolateorlinear-lanceolate, 5 to. 7:5 cenMill, Fayet.te County, Ala. timeters in length by 5 to 8 millimeters in maxiC~llection: U.S. National Museum.· mum width,· gradually narrowed above· and 

cuneate below. Margins ent~e, .somewhat un- . 

Sapotaci~es formosus Berry, n. sp. dulate. Petiole apparently wanting. · Texture 

Plate XXX, figure 6. thick.. Secondaries numerous, rather angular, 

L f d

. . . b dl 11. . l . . branching from the midrib at acute angles, 

eaves o .. me IU~ size,. roa y e ~ptwa In . camptodrome. · 

general outline, ·With a broadly rounded or Th' ll k d · d 'b d b . · b . · . Is we -mar e species was escn e y shghtly. retuse apex, a. nd a road more or less Ne b · f th . t f th R ·t 

decurrent· base. ·Length about 4. 75 .centi- f · w e:ry. rfoNm eJ upper par 0 e an an . · M · 'd h . h 'dell ormatiOn o . ew ersey, and I have detected 

mfetehrs.l faxbimum WI t ' 11_1 t e _mi Me p~rt it 1n the Black Creek formation of North Caroo . t e ea , a out 3.25 centimeters. argnl-S 1

. d - · 1 · f A h · · n1 d d L f b h' k In~, an severa species o cerates ave been 

entrre, eve y roun e . ea su stance t IC d ·b d b p ·f H f h. C 

d · p · 1 ·h d M'd escn e Y ro . eer rom t e retaceous 

an cor1aceous. et10 e s ort an stout. I - d · ·t f t · G I d . . . . eposi s o wes ern reen an. . nb very stout, especially proximad, somewhat Th h t · · t k bl · r · · . . · oug no common, unmis a a e remains 

flexuous.. Secondanes stout, five or SIX alter- f th' : I I ll' d t th . d . . . · . o IS species, c ear y a Ie o e mo ern 

nate, Irregularly space<;l parrs ;· they. diverge ---·---.......,.---""'--:"'-·----~-----­

.from the midrib· at wid·e .angles, between 60° 1 Newberry, J. S., The later extinct floras of North America: U. S. 

d 6 · o d d · · h . l Geol. Survey Mon. 35, p. 126, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1898. 

an 5 ; an are camp to rome In t e margina 2 Idem, p. 136, pl. 5, fig. 2. 

region. This species,. which is clearly allied. to 8 Lesqu~reux, Leo, The Cretaceous flora, p. 90, pl. 28, fig. 2, 1874. 

• · • 4 Berry, E. W., New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 112, pl. 11, figs. various modern species of Sapotaceae,_ especially 5, 6,1911. 
POLEMONIALES. 137 

representatives of this genus, are present in 

western Alabn.ma. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa forn1ation, Shirleys 

Mjll, Fayette County; S~nders Ferry Blu~, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. National :Museum. 

Order POLEMONIALES. 

Family BORRAGINA<;:EAE. 

Genus CORDIA Linn~. 

Cordia apiculata (Hollick) Berry, n. comb. 

Plate XXX, figures 7, 8. 

·e~lt species is referred to the genus Cordia, 

which has more than 200 existing species of 

the Tropics, and wm'mer extratropical.regions 

of both hemispheres, the majority being American and severi\J reaching -the Florida Keys, 

the Bahamas, and th~ v~lley of .the Rio Grande. 

The fossil species in all its characters suggests 

most strongly tl1e existing · Corclia · sebestena 

Linne which ranges fimn the Bahamas and 

Florida ICe)7S to New Guinea in sandy soil not 

far from the coast. It also suggests Cordia 

tremula Grisebac4 of the West Indies, an~ 

·Popttltts apiculata Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Trans., there is a general generic likeness to. other 

vol. 12, p. 4, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1892; The Cretace01.is flora existing species of this genus: Leaves of the 

· of southern New York and New England, p. 49, Cordia are variable and tend to have moi·e ·or 

pl. 7, figs. 28, 29, j_906 (?). less toothed. margins, as iri some individuals of 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, Dordia sebestena, Hut they are in general enti.re 

N~~~l~!~:;~.S~~~ flora of the Amboy clays, p. 65, pl. i 5, or slightly rep and. and li~e the fossil somewhat 

figs. 3, 4, 18V~. · variable. · Cordia is certainly represented in 

Berry, Torrey Bot. Club. Bull., vol. 33, p. 172, 1906; the lower Eocene flo·ra· of the Gulf region by _ 

New Jersey Geol.· Survey Bull. 3, p. 111, pl. ll, forms that may be descendants of this Upper 

fig. 4, l 9l1. Cre.taceous species. The present form has 

Leaves variable in size and shape, ovate to· also been recorded from Staten Island and 

orbicular iri general outline, 5 -to 10 centimeters Long Island, from the Magothy formation 'of 

in length by 3 to 7 centin:1eters hl ma."Umum Delaware, and it is not rare in the lower beds 

width, which is at or below the niiddle. Apex of the Tuscaloosa formation .. 

usually somewhat· abrupt~y produced into an Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Glen AI-. 

acuminate. tip. Base cuneate and slightly· de- len and Shirleys :Mill, ·Fayette County; Cot toricurrent to rounded or almost truncate. Mar-. ·dale, Tu~caloosa Qounty, 'Ala.· · 

gins entire, in some specimens slightly-repand. Collections: U. S. National Museum; New 

Petiole of medium length, stout·. Midrib York Botanical Garden. 

rather stout, commonly flexuous. Secondaries, 5 or 6 pairs, subopposite below, alternate 'above, slender, branching from the mid-· 

rib at angles of 45 ° to 50° and arching upward, 

camptodrome. Tertiaries c~mpto~ome in the 

marginal r~gion, percurrent internally. , 

Newberry, the original d~scriber of this 

species in manuscript, compared it -with 

Populus hyperborea Heer and P. berggr.eni. 

I-Ieer but seemed doubtful of its real !'elation 

to Populus. Tlus doubt seems to be well 

founded,. for though. these leaves;are not unlike 

those usually referred to the· genus Populus, 

this assu1ned relationship has by no means 

been proved for a· number of the Upper Cretaceous forms so identifie.d. Though it is not 

impossible that species of Populus .1nay have 

flourished in the Gulf region during Tuscaloosn. time, the association of a number·· of 

forms whose descendants . are tropical' led to 

· an extended search among existing tropical 

American. forms with the result that the presPO~ITION UNCERTAIN. 

Genus TRICAL YCITES Hollick. 

[Torrey Bot .. Club Bull., vol. 21, p. 63, pl. 180, fig. 8, 1894.] 

Tricalycites papyraceus Hollick. 

Plate XXVIII, figures 1-5. 

Tricalycites papyraceus .Hollick, Torrey Bot: Club B:ull., 

vol. 21, p. 63, pl. 180, fig. 8, 189·1; N'ew York Acad. 

Sci. Ann., vol.)l, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 6, 1898; idem, 

:p. 423, pl. 37, · ~gs. 1, 2; New York Bot .. Garden 

Dull., vol. 2, p. '405, .pl. 41, fig. 3, 1902; The Cretaceous flora of southern Ne'v York and New 

England, p. 109, pl. 5, figs. 8-12, 1906; Ne,v York 

State :i\{us. Fifty-fifth Ann. Rept., p. r51, 1903. 

Smith, On the geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 348, .1894. · 

Newberry, The flora -of the ~\.mbor clays, p. 132, 

pl. 46, figs. 30-38, 1896. · · 

Berry, Toney -I~ot. Club. Bull., v~l. 31, p. 81, pl. 1, 

fig. 4, 1904; New Jersey Geol. .Survey Bull. 3, 

p. 221, ·1911. . 

Well-defined. organisms, apparently dicotyledonous in their · affinities and involucral or 
138 UPPER CRETACEOU S FLORAS IN. ~ TENNESSEE, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

fructicose in their nature. They consist of a 

central nucleus, which j8 .generally of ·small 

size, 1 to 3 ·.millimeters in diametei·, borne at 

the apex of a stout peduncle or stalk, 2 to 5 

millimeters in length. To this nucleus usually 

three membranous w~ings are connate. · These 

wings usually diverge from each other at angles 

of about 45 ° although in some specimens they 

are almost ;arallel in their orjenta~ion; t~1~y are broadly linettr, .obovate or ovate 111 out~ne, 

with broadly rounded, almost truncate tips, 

and narrowed somewhat tmyard the .base, the 

lateral wings .being usually somewhat asymmetric and in typical material somewhat 

shorter and broader than the median wing; 

' they are marked by fine, approximately parallel 

longitudinal veins, convergingt~ward the b~se, 

which fork and anastomose, ultimately ending 

in the margins. In s.ize ·they -range from 0.5 

centimeter to 2.5 centin1eters :in length by 2 to 

10 millimeters in width. Both Hollick and 

Newberry 'call attention to the somewhat 

greater length of the middle wing, which is, 

however, far from being a co~stant character, 

for some specimens fail to show it, all of the 

wings be.ing· of approximately similar size, or 

the central wing may even be n1uch. smaller, 

~s· it is in s.ome of the Ah1bama IJlaterial figured, 

where along with the'normal forms there occur 

others with all the wings directed upward and 

the central one only about half the size of the 

laterals. Most of the Alabama forms, however. 

are normal' as described above. 

The .botanic relation of these· curious objects remains unknown, although they are 

probably comparable to the bracts so largel! 

developed in some of the Juglandaceae, as, for 

example;. in Engelhardtia and Oreomunnea, or 

to .certain of the winged fruits to be found 

among the inodern Sapindaceae. The writer 

has compared the fossils with a large amount of 

recent material in the New York Botanical 

Garden and. the United States National 

Herbarium and feels some confidence in the 

belief that they may represent fruits of some 

Cretaceous member of the family. Dipterocarpaceae. Superficially, t~e venation ~ppears 

to consist of slightly diverg1ng, approx1mately 

parallel, longitudinal striatim~s .. The Alabama 

material, howe.ver, shows clearly that these 

veins fork and anastomose,· as shown in the 

figure reproduced from a photograph, which 

has been carefully verified from a large number 

of ~pecimens, thus allying these fossils with 

such a modern, gen1,1s as Vatica. Exact correspondence bet,veen these remot~ ancest_r~l 

forms and any of the modern genera, which 

are all confued to the Eastern IIemisphere, is· 

hardly to ~e expected. . . 

In the abundant remains from Tottenville, 

Staten Island; Gay Head and N ashaquitsa, 

Marthas Vjneyard; and Glen Cove, Long 

Island Hollick has described another species, 

Trical~cites major/ based on forms which are 

usually two-winged and which .have a larger 

nucleus, the wip.gs reaching a length of 4 centimeters and a width of 1.3 centimeters. The 

sai:ne author has described similar but smaller 

remains from Marthas Vineyard as · Calycites 

obovatus,2 and still'smaller remains from Montauk Point, Long Island, as Calycites alat~. 3 

Though perhaps from the standpoint of the 

paleo botanist ·these segregations are pern:issible· 

-or even desirable, it may be doubted if they 

express real specific distinctions ~nd not :nerely 

individual variations. There 1s certamly a 

suggestion in the forms fr?m · t~e Tus?aloosa 

formation of Alabama, which occur w1th the 

normal Tricalycites papyraceus, that the central 

wing may be more o~ l~ss ~bortive or co~­

pletely so, thus giving some terms of the senes 

leading to Tricalycites major or to the almost 

.identical smaller forms which are referred to 

Calycites ·obovatus and C. a~atus. , . 

Tricalycites papyraceus 1s abundan~ m the 

middle part of the Raritan fo'rmation at Woodbridge, N.J., and also occurs in the upper part 

of the Raritan forma~ion at South Amboy, 

N.J. It occurs sparingly-in the Magothy formation at Cliffwood Bluff, N. J., and is abundant in the insular Cretaceous floras along the 

so~thern coast of New England and is· very 

common. in the lower part of t~e Tuscaloosa 

for~ation in the Alabama area.. It is also 

common in the Woodbine sand at Arthurs 

Bluff Lamar County, Tex. 

Oc~utrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill and Glen Allen, Fayette County; big gully. 

on the Snow place, Tuscaloosa Co..1nty, Ala. 

Collections: U. S. National ~~useum. 

1 Hollick, Arthur, The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and Now 

England: U. S. Gool. Survey Mon. 50, p. 108, pl. 8, figs. 13-22, 1907. 

2 Idem, p. i09, pl. 5, fig. 23. · 

a idem; fig~ 24. 
PO~Il'ION UNCERTAIN. 139 

Calycites sexpartitus Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIX, figure 8. 

Calyx-like organisnlS consisting of a central" 

poorly preserve~ disk about 1 millimeter. in 

diameter sl.1rrounded by ~ix radiating rigid lanceolate segments a~out 7 millim~ters in· length 

an~ 1.25 :millimeters in n1axin1un1 width; the 

whole borne on a long, slender clu·ved stalk, 

:about 1. centimeter in length. . 

T'.hese ·peculiar specimens ·app.arently. repre-

. sent persistent coriaceous floral organs of unknown .n:ffmity. Superficially they resemble 

the Paleozoic AsterozJhyZZites. Forms of Oalycites are known fr01n the Raritan formation of 

the norther.n Atlantic coast;· the Dakota sandstone of the ·west,· and the ~1iddendorf arkose 

n1en1ber of the B.lack Creek formation of South 

Carolina, .but none previously described are 

similar to this Tuscaloosa "species. 

Occurrenc~: Tuscaloosa'formation, big gully 

on the ~now place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala .. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. · 

Carpolithus floribundus Newberry. 

Plate XXIX, figure 1. 

Cm·JJOlithus floribtmdus Ne,~·beri"y, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Mon. 26, p. 133, pl. 46, figs. 17-21, l.S~G. 

Hollick, The Cretaceous'flora ofsouthern New Xork 

and New England, p. 110, p~. 7, figs. 20, 21, 1906. 

Derry, New Jersey Geol. Survey Dtill. 3, ·p. 216, 1911. 

· Capsules ( ~) broadly ovate: ·in .outline ~nd 

elliptical i~cross sectio:J! (probably as a result· 

of compression duritig · fossilization), in size 

ranging fron1 5 to 8 Inilli~et~rs in length by 3 

to ·6 1nillimet~rs in diameter.· They seem to be 

del~iscent and they are five-valved according 

to Newberry: I a1n not sure th,at th,is dehiscence lnay not be a result of compression, for 

some of thmn are preserved entire, and tl{eri. 

they have a pointed apex. They occur singly 

oi· in pairs, and Newberry figured one specimen 

in which th~ axis is apparently dichotomously 

branched. i1i s01ne specimens there are traces 

.of what appear to. be per~istent calyx lobes. 

These objects occur in considerable ·abun:.. 

dance in the 1niddle p~rt of the Raritan formation of New Jersey. and somewhat doubtfully 

identified specimens are recorded by Ifollick 

frorn the Magothy foi.·mation on Marthas Vine-· 

yard. They are ·not. uncommon in the basal 

clays of the Tuscaloosa formation near Shirleys 

Mill. Their botanic relationship is unknown, 

although they suggest variou~ modei~n members of the orde~s Geraniales, R~1arp.nales~ and 

Parietales. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa. formation, Shlrleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

Collections: U.S. ~ational :Museum; the types 

are at ~he New York Botanical Garden. 

Carpolithus tuscaloosensis B~rry, n. sp. 

Fruits of unknown affinity, . disk shaped, 

about 1 centimeter. in dian1eter by about 3 

millimeters thick, one surface comparatively 

flat, the other elev:ated. . ·Edges ·thin. Peduncle in center of one side. 

These peculiar fruits are given a name be·-

cause of their abundance in. the lower part of 

~he Tuscaloosa formation. They are 'of. unknown affmity, were previously undescribed, 

and . ·are unlike any · fruits known · to me, 

although they suggest those of the genus 

Paliurus.' They are doubtless more or less 

flattened, but it is believed that .in life they 

were disk-shaped . rather than spherical, for. 

several show a peduncular scar in the center of 

the disk. If they had b~en dru pelike · their 

natural position of rest would have been with 

stalk on one side. at or near the flattened edge. 

They were of considerable consistency, for they 

are represented . when fossilized by a compact 

button· of structureless lign!te. · 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, big gully 

o!l . 'the Snow , place; roadside southwest of 

Northport; near Jones Ferry; Black Warrior 

River, Tuscaloosa. County, Ala. 

Collection: U.S. National Museum. 

Phyllites shirleyensis Berry, n. sp •. 

Plate XXIX, figure 3. 

Leaf of relatively small size,· broadly lanceo-. · 

late in general outline, with an acutely pointed, 

not extended apex and a similarly acutely 

pointed, somewhat decurrent bas.e. Length 

about· 4 centimeters. Maximum width, midway between the apex and the base, about 1. 7 

centimeters. ~1argins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Petiole . elongated, stout, and. 

curved, about 3.5 cen.timeters in length. · ~1idrib · slender. Secondaries vm~y thin, mostly 

'immersed, parallel with the lower lateral margins, camptodrome. 

This is a form of unknqwn botanic affinity, 

apparently not previously described. It IS 
140 UPPER. CR:ET'ACEOUS FLORAS IN TENNESSEE, MISSISSIP~I, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA. 

unfortu:q_ately based on the single specimen 

figured.- . 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation, Shirleys 

Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

·Collection: U. S. National :Museum. 

Phyllites pistiaeformis Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXIX, figure 2. 

Leaves of small size, elliptical in general outline, with a broadly rounded apex and a cuneate decurrent base. Length about 3 centimeters. ·Maximum width, in middle part of 

the leaf, about 2 centimeters. Margins entire 

but· somewhat irregular. Texture ·coriaceous. 

Petiole short and broad. Midrib st.out · proximad, becoming thin distad, curved. Secondaries thin, ascending, camptodrome, mostly 

· immersed in the leaf su'Qstance. 

These small leaves are ·of unknown relationship. They are named in allusion to their resemblance to the somewhat later Pistia nordenski~ldi (Heer) Berry, which is so abundant 

·in the Bl3tck Creek formation of North CarQlina. Any close· relationship is, however, 

entir~ly .problematic. 

Occurrence: Tuscaloosa formation; Glen 

Allen, .Fayette County, Ala.; .cut on Southern 

·Railway, It miles east of Iuka, Tishomingo 

County, Miss. 

Collection: U·. S. National Museum. 

Halymenites major Lesquereux. 

Halymenites m·ajor Lesquereux, The Tertjary flora, p. 38, 

· ·pl. 1, figs. 7, 8, 1878. · 

These very abund~nt objects, frequently considered to represent fossil fucoids, are. abundant 

· in the western ·United States. in sandy beds· 

ranging in age from· the Colorado group to the 

Eocene. 'rhey were long thought to be typical 

of the -Fox ·Hills sandstone, in which they are 

abundantly developed, but are now known 

from both older and younger beds and characterize sandy ferruginous sedime:q_ts. 

Typical material is abundant in the Coffee 

sand member of the Eutaw formation and also 

at different horizons in . the Ripley formation 

in w.estern Tennessee~ Generally, however, 

these objects are very friable, and the collected 

spec!mens r~present only the beds enumerateq 

below. 

Occurrence: Eutaw formation (Coffee sand 

member), Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, Tenn. 

Ripley £ormation (MeN airy sand member), 

MeN airy County, Tenn. 

Collection: Johns Hopkins University. 

Phyllites asplenioides Berry, n. sp. 

Plate XXXIII, figures 1-3. 

Fronds large in size, lax in habit but apparently of a thinly coriaceous -texture. 

Apparently entire or with only. a shallowly 

lobate margin. Reruform or broadly obovate 

in outline. Minimum length and width, over 

15 centimeters. · Midrib consisting of a wide, 

fl~t. mass of veins formed by the · approximation and subparallel proximad c·ourse of all 

th!3 veins of the frond: These veins are 

numerous, diverge at acute angles and fork 

dichotomously twq or three times, most of the 

dichotomies being 'near the point of their 

divergence. Thenceforth they are mostly sub~ 

parallel, here and there coalescing· to 'form a 

much-elongated netted venation. 

. This peculiar form is so striking a type and 

one moreover 'so totally unlike anything that 

I have encountered ~n the Upper Cretaceous 

that it can not be omitted from any discussion 

of our Upper Cretaceous floras, although its 

botanic affinity is more or less problematic. 

Certain beds in the' clays of the Eutaw formation at Coffee Bluff are packed with the 

broken reniains of these fronds, an~t has been· 

impossible to· determine conclusively their 

exact size· and form: Two of the most complete speci~ens are figured on the accompanying plate. The apparently flabellate segments appear to be the _result of splitting and 

most of them are clearly due to slight offsets 

in the clay after deposition.· Only three pos..:· 

sible bot~nic relationships seem suggestive. 

The material might represent some lax monocotyledonous leaf of unknown ~ffinity similar 

to Nitophyllum beaumontanum described by 

Bureau 1 from the Lutetian. of France; it 

might represent some hitherto unknown. type 

of Mesozoic cycadophyte; or it may be. a true 

pteridophyte. I incline to the interpretation 

1 Bureau, ;E., Etudes sur Ia flore fossilc du calcairc grossier parisien., 

p. 235, 1838. Considered of an algal nature by this author. · 
POSITION UNCERTAIN •. 141 

that it represents the simple tufted fronds of 

a gigantic asplenioid fern like some of the 

modern· forn1s referred to Diplazium or to· the 

large and reniform fi·onded existing scolopen-

. driums of the section Schaffneria of. Fee, such 

as ScolozJendrium delavayi Franch, of 'the 

mountains of Farther India and .Yunnan, or· 

ScolozJend1·ium · n~gnzH;s (Fee) Hooker, ·of 

southern Mexico and Guatemala. · Rather similo.,r l;mt equally indefinite remains· were describe.cl fr01n the Eocene at Green River, Wyo., 

and nt1.Ined by Lesquereux 1 J1usophyllum. 

complicatum from their fancied resemblance to 

the leaves of the existing monocotyledonous. 

genus Musa. 

The present .. material 'comes from a slightly 

higher clay lens in the Coffee sand than that 

from which the re:J?.lainder of the Coffee Bluff 

plants were obtained, and was collected by 

Bruce Wade in the autun1n of 19~6. 

·Occurrence: Eutaw formati.on (Coffee sand 

men1ber), Coffee Bluff, Hardin County, Tenn.· 

Collection: Johns I-Iopkins University. 

1 Lesquereux, Leo, The Tertiary flora, p. 96, pl. 15, figs. 1-6, ISiS. 
.r 

'. 
PLATES· V-XXXIII. 

. 143 

" .. 
.. 

PLATE V. 

FIGURE L Sphaeritesalabamensis Berry, from ShirleysMill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34794). 

FIGURES 2, 3. Jungermannites cretaceus Herry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette COlinty, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 

34795-34796) ....... ~ .. : .............. · ... ·_ ....... · .......... · ........................ . 

FIGURES 4-7. Lycopodites tuscaloosensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

Nos .. 34797~34800) .............................................. · .................... . 

FIGURE 8. Cladophlebis alabamensis Berry, fro.m gully on Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat.· No. 34801) ..........•................ .' ........... · ....... : . ............. .' ........ . 

FIGURE 9. Bra,chyphyllum macrocarpumjormosum Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala .. (U. s. Nat. 

J\1us. Cat. No. 34802) .................................. : .... ~ ...................... . 

All specimens are from .the Tuscaloosa formation. · 

144 

Page. 

49. 

49 

50 

51 

59 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE V 

2 

5 

4 

8 

9 

7 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIO ' S. 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE VI 

2 

4 

FOSSIL PLA TS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIO S. 
PLATE VI. 

Page. 

FrounE 1. Podozamites marginatus Heer, from the Tuscaloosa formation in _gully on Snow place, Tuscaloosa 

·" County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34803)---------------------~--~----·----······ 55· 

Fraun.1~ 2. Sequoia reiche:nbachi (Geinitz) Heer, from the Eutaw formation at Havana, Hale County, Ala. (U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34804)---·····-----··············--···-·················---~---· 64: 

l'i'roun.ES 3, 4. Sequoia ambigua IIeer (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. N.os. 34805-34806): ........ ·....................... 66 

3. Spebmen froin the Eutaw formation at Havana, Hale Co'unty, Ala. 

4. Specimen from the Tuscaloosa formation in gully Qn Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. 

65628°--19----10 145 

. > 
FIGURES 1-iO. 

146 

· PLJ\_ TE Vll. 

Androvettia carolinensis Berry ..................... · ...................................... ·- ..• 

1-3. Fr~pments of foliage from the Tuscaloosa formation in Tishomingo County, :Miss., natural 

s1ze. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos; 34807-34809). . . 

·4. Fragment from the Black Creek formation of North Carolina, natural size. 

5. Specimen shoWn. in figure 4, X 4. 

6. Another small specimen from North Carolina; natural size. 

7. Specimen sh~wn in figure 6, X 4. . 

8 .. A. larger twig from North Carolina, natural size. 

· 9. Specimen shown in figure 8, X 4. · 

10. Photomicrograph showing epidermal cells and stomata, X 38~~ 

·Page. 

62 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE VII 

2 I • • ' 4 6 

3 

5 7 

8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATiONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROF ESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE VIII 

2 

4 

0 

3 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 0 

0 

0 0 0 

0 0 0 

7 0 0 

0 

11 

9 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE. VIII. 

FIGURES 1-12. Widdringtonites ~btilis Heer, from the Tuscaloosa formati.on of Alabama~ ............ : ........ . 

I'agc. 

67 

1. Specimen from gully on Snow place, Tliscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. . 34810). . . 

2. Twig froin specimen illustrated in :figme 1, showing dimorphism, X 5. 

3. Terminal-flattened twig from gully on Sno~v place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala.,. X 5 (u. S. 

Nat. :Mus. Cat. No. 34811). · 

1, 5. Leaves frot~ same, X 10 (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34812,. 34813). 

G.' Sketch of tip of leaf illustrated in figure 5 showing marginal spines, X 50. 

7. Another leaf, X 10 (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34814). 

8. Sketch of leaf illustrated in figure 7 showing location of stomata, X 50. 

9. Drawing of epidermal preparation from preceding (:fig. 8) showing stoma, X 205. 

10. Specimen from Shirleys Mill, Fayette Comity, Ala., with elongated leaves (U. S. N:at. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34815). · · · 

ll. Cone-bearing specimen from gully on Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34816}. 

12. Cone from specimen shown in figure ll, X 10. 

147 
PLATE IX. .. . Page. 

Portion of alarge branch of Araucaria bladenimsis 'Berry, from the Eutaw formation at Havana, Hale County, Ala. 

(U.S. Nat.11us. Cat. No. 34817).: ..................... · .............................. ·. 61 

. 148 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE IX 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE X 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE X. 

Page. 

'Araucaria bladentJnsis Berry, from the Eutaw formation at Havana, Hale County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34818) ............•......... ·.· .................. · ...... · ....... : ................. :.... 61 

149 
-PLATE XI. 

Page. 

FIGURE L Sabalites sp. Berry, from the Ripley formation at Camden, Tenn. (U.S. Na~. Mus. Cat. No. 34819). 72 

FIGURE 2. ~Myrica ripleyensis B€lrry, from the Ripley ~ormation 13 miles northwest of Camden, Benton County, 

Tenn. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No .. 34820)------------------···············-·------------ 74 

FIGURE 3 .. Ficusjontainii Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Cottondale, Tuscaloosa·County, Ala. (lJ. S. 

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34821)---------------------·----------~--------------·----------- 82 

FIGURE 4. Myrcia havmiensis Berry, from the. Ripley formation at Camden, Benton County, Tenn. (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34822)---····-········.··············-···-·······-·--·-····---~-.------- 125 

150 

'. 
U, S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIO:-IAL PAPER 112 PLATE XI 

4 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM TI-IE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XII 

2 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
. I 

PLATE XII. 

FIGURE 1. Ficusin~equalis Lesquereux, from: Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. MtlB. Cat. No. 34823) 

FIGURE 2. Ficus woolsoni Newberry, from Glen Allen, Fayette ·county, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34824). 

FIGURE 3. Piperi(es tuscaloosensis Berry, from Tllscaloof:la, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34825) .............................. · .. · ............................................. . 

All specimens are from the Tt1Bcaloosa formation. 

151 

• J 

Page. 

80 

81 

72 
PLATE XIII. 

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Doryanthites cretacea Berry, from the Eutaw formation at Havana, Hale County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 

:}!ius. Cat. No. 34826) ........... · ...................... , ............................. . 70 

FIGURE 2. Populites tuscaloo$ensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Glen Allen 'Fayette County, Ala. 

· (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34827) .... ~ ....... ." ...................• ." .................. . 77 

FIGURE 3. Salixjlexuosa Newberry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Maplesville, Chilton County, Ala. (U.S. 

. Nat .. Mus. Cat. No. 34828) ........... , ......... > .................... · ......... · ...... . 75' 

FIGURE 4. Myrica enwrginata Heer, from the Tuscaloosa formation at C.otton~ale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U.S. 

EwuRE 5. 

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34829) .................. · ... · .....................•....•.......... 

Myrica dalcotensis minima Berry, from the Tuscaloosa for~ation at Glen Alien, Fayette County, Ala. 

73 

(U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34830) .. ·.· ............ : ..................... : ............... . 74 

FIGURE 6. Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) BeJ:ry, from the Tuscaloosa formation. at Shirl~ys Mill,. Fayette County, 

Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34831) ............................................... . 80 

FIGURE 7. 

FIGURE 8. 

A small form of the same species from the Tuscaloosa formation at Glen· Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

· (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34832).· .................... : .... · .. ~. ~ .......... ~ .......... .. 

Ficus ~hirleyensis Berry, from: the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette Coimty, Ala. (U. S. 

80 

Nat. Mus. Ca~. No. 34833) ............ : .............................•. · .......••...••.•.• 81 

152 
U. B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XIII 

3 

2 

5 

8 

6 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XIV 

/ 

I 

/ 

/ 

/ 

2 

/ 

/ 

/ , / 

/ 

/ , 

5 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPEH CHETACEOUS FOHMATIONS. 

' \ 

\ 

4 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

, 

• I 

' I

I 

I 

I 
Froum~ 1. 

Frou.•u~ 2. 

FIOUil.l~ 3. 

FwuHg 4. 

Fwmm 5. 

PLATE XIV. 

Poge . 

.Dewalquea smithi Berry, from Whites Bluff, Greene County, ..t\la. (U .. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34834).. 86 

Persoonia lesquereuxii Knowlton, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34835) ....................................... · .............................. ~ . . . . . . 85 

Persoonia lesquereuxii minor·Berry, from Shirleys Mill·, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34836) ......................................... ~ ......... ~ ............... ·. . . . . . 86 

Proteoides conospermaefolia Berry, from Shirleys·11rill, Fayette County, .Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34837),........................................................................ 85 

Ficus alabamensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34838). 82 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa forli).ation. 

153 
PLATE XV. 

Page. 

'l!IGURE~ 1-5. Platanus shir:leyensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosaformation_.at Shi~leys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. 

(U. S. ·Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34839-34843) ............. ~ ....... · ...... · ...... :. . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

154 

f.. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XV 

3 

5 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

( 

~ > 

< 

( 

~> 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLA'l'E XVI 

2 

t 3 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XVI. 

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Platanus asperaeformis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No.· 

'34844) ..............•..•............•. ~.···································,···-~---·· 83 

FIGURES 2, 3. Dewalquea smithi Berry, from W"hites Bluff, Greene County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus .. Cat. Nos. 

34845, 34846) ..••...•.•.............. _. •...••••••••• -- •.• -- .; .• -.--- ••• ----.- .... · ... ~.. 86 

411 specimens .are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

155 
PLATE XVII. 

·Page • 

. FIGURE 1. Cocculus cinnamomeus Velenovsky; from Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

. No. 34847) .......... ·,·; ..........................•..... " ......•...........•.... · .. · .. 

FIGURES 2,'3. Cocculus polycq,rpaejolius Berry, from Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

' · Nos. 34848,.34849) ......•.......... · ••... , .............•.......... " •................ · 

FwuRE 4. Cocculus problematieus Berry, from Glen Allen, Fayette County, Aia. (U~ S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

, . I . 34850) ..... o •••••• • • • • 0 • • • • • ·.~ • ~ 0 0 0 • • • • • • • •• •. •.• • • • • 0 0 • • • • • • • 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 • • 0 • • 94 

~FIGURES 5, 6. Menispermites trilobatus Berry: from Shirleys Mill, .Fayette County,. Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

Nos. 34851, 34852) ....... ~ •••.......•.•.......... ~ •...••.. · •. ~ •· •••.•...• ~ .••••••.••• 

FIGURES 7, 8. Magnolia obtusata ·Heer .... ~ .· ..................•.••.•.........•.• ~ •...• · ...•....•....•••••.•.• 

7. Specimen from Cottondale, ,Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34853). 

8. Specimen from Shirleys Mill, ·Fayette Cqunty, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34854) . 

. FIGURE 9. Magnolia lacoeana I;esquereux, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34855) ............... ~ ........ : .................•...•.•.•.•..... ~---··············· 

· All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. . 

91 

·156 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

,....------.... 

/ ', 

' ' 

2 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XVII 

3 

4 

6 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XVIII 

3 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XVIIi. 

FIGURE 1. Magnolia capellinii·Heer, from Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala .. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat.' No. 34856). 

Fwum~ 2. Magnolia boulayana L~squere~1x, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

FraunEs 3, 4. Jlfagnolia~;J·e!!~~ if~~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .· .·. ·. ·. ~: : :·: :: ::: ~:::::::: ·:: ~::: ~ :·:::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

3. Specimen from Glen Allen, Fayette Co.unty, Ala:. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34858). 

4. Specimen from Shirleys )iii~ Fayette ·county, Ala.· (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34859). 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

157 

Page. 

89 

90 

88 
PLATE XIX. 

FIGURES 1, 2. 

. . Page. 

Oreodaphne shirleyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County Ala: (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. -

FIGURES 3-5. Oreodaph~ :z::a~~! ~~r~~; _-: _- .··.· ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~ ~·~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~~: 3, 4. Specimen from Cottondale, .Tuscaloosa County, Ala. ·cu. S. Nat. :Mus. Cat. Nos. 34862 

34863). ' . 

5. Restoration from specimens shown in figures 3 and 4.:. 

All specii;nens ~e from the Tuscaloosa formation. · 

158 

,· 

.. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PROFESSIO::\'AL PAPER 112 PLATE XIX 

5 

3 

FOSSIL PLANTS FHOM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSION.U, PAPER 112 PLATE XX 

2 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XX. 

F.rGURE 1. Jlfenisperrnites integrijolius Berry, fr~m C~ttondale, Tuscaloosa C<;nmty, Ala. (U.S, Nat. Mus: Cat. No. 

34864) . ------- •. :-------------------------- ~- ~'- ._·_- _·_.-------.---.---------------- FTOURE 2. Liriodendron nteekii Heer, from Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (type crushed) .. -~ ... .' .... ~ .... 

Fwu.n.E 3. Liriodendron tnlip1jera Linne, a liVing form, i~troducecl for comparison. 

FIGURE 4. Jlfagnolia nmuberryi Berry, from Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34865) .. 

All the fossils are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

159 

Page. 

94 

92 

89 
PLATE X:Xt 

Page. 

FIGURE L Laurophyllum nervillosum Hollick, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. {U. 'S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34866} ...... ·· ...... : ....... ~ ........ " .. · ............. ~ .....•.. ·. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

FIGURE 2~ Persea valida Hollick, fr0m Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala."(U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34867).... 119 

· FIGURE 3. 1lfalapoertna cretacea (Lesquereux) Knowlton, from Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34868) ............•...... ~ ...................... ·. ~ ........ ·........... 121 

FIGURE 4. J,falapoenna cottondalensis Berry,. from.Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U.S. Nat: Mus. Cat. No. 

34869)---·····"·····················-~---·.··············;.· .......................... 121 

FIGURE 5. J,falapoennajalcijolia (Lesquereux)_ Knowlton, from Shirleys :Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34.870) ........ · ............. .' .. .- ............. : . .......... · ... _. ......... ~. i22 · 

FIGURES 6-9. Cinnamomum newberryi Berry ......... · ............................ :.: ....... :·................ 118 

6. Speci'men from Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34871). 

7-9. Specimen from Cottondale; Tuscaloosa. County, Ala. (U. S~ Nat. Mus, Cat. Nos. 34872....: 

. 3487:1). . 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

160 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIO~AL PAPER 112 PLATE XXI 

2 

4 

9 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXII 

4 

6 

8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 

2 

• 
PLATE XXIi.· 

Page. 

FIGuru~ 1. Capparites C1Jnophylloides Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34875) .......................................... ~................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

FIGURES 2, 3. Capparites orbicttlattts Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 

34876, 34877) ... · ............. _·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

FIGURES 4, 5. lnga cretacea Lesquereux, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat: Mus. Cat. Nos. 

34878, 34879). -··........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . 96 

F.rou.rm 6. Liriodendropsis simplex (Newberry) Newberry, from Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34880) ......... ; ................ ~.................. ... . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 101 

F.rou.tm 7. Phaseolites jormus Lesquereux, froin Shirleys ·Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34881) ......... :. -·· .. -······... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

Fmurm 8,. Cassia vattghani Berry, from Gleu.t\llen, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34882).... 100 

All specimens are f~o.~ .tli~.:Tuscaloosa formation. . . . , 

65628°-19-11 : . 161 
PLATE XXIII. 

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Paleocassia laurinea Lesquereux, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, 

Ala; (U.S: Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34883) .... ~···~·· ....... ·..... .. . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . 100 

FIGURE 2. Hymenaeajayettensis Berry,.from the Tus~aloosa formation at Shirleys Mill,. Fayette County, Ala. 

(U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34884) .................... ·. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

FIGURE 3. Colutea obovata Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys· Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34885).......................................................... 101 

FIGURE 4. Legumindsites ·shirleyensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, 

Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34886) .................................... :........... 104 

:FIGURE 5 .. Leguminosites ingaejolia Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

. . (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat .. No. 34887)..................................................... 103 

:FIGURE 6. Leguminosites· tuscaloosensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, .Fayette County, 

",,, Ala .. CU. s. Nat. Mus·. Cat. :No. 3488) ................. :............................... 104 

~Fmun,E 7. BauhirJ,ia ripleyensis· Berty, from the Ripley formation on Cowikee Creek, Barhour County; Ala. 

. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34889) ............. .'~·:·.··-~ ............................. :... 100 

FIQURE 8 .. BM~hinia alabamensis Berry, from the Eutaw formation at Hav~na, Hale. County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. 

· .. · Cat. No. 34890) ............•...... ·.,............ •.. ... • . • . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 99 

162 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

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I' , ~- . ,, . 

.. .. 

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PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXIII 

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5 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXIV 

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4 

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I 

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6 

7 

9 

13 

10 12 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XXIV. 

Page. 

FIGURES 1, 2~ Celastrophyllum cre:natum ellipticum Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. s. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. Nos. 34891, 34892)........................................................ 110 

FIGURE 3. Celastrophyllum shirleyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette Cou~ty, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34893) .................................... ·...................................... 107 

Froun.E 4. Celastrophylhtm bri~tonianum Hollick, froni Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No. 34894) ......... ~........ ... . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 

FIGURE 5. Celastrophyllum grandijolium Newberry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No. 34895) ................ · ....... ~ ... ~......................................... 108 

FIGURES 6, 7. Celastrophyllum carolinensis Berry, from gully on Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. 

Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34896, 34897) .. ~·········· ........................... · ............. · 109 

FIGun.E 8. Celastrophyllum shirleyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U: S. Nat. Mus: Cat." 

No. 34898).. ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

FIGURE 9. Celastrophyllum gymindaefolittm Berry,·from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No.' 34899) ......... ,. . . . . . . .•. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill 

FIGURES 10-12. Celastrophy.llttm alabamensis-Berry, from a·locality near Centerville, Bibb County, Ala. (U. S. 

· Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34900-34902)................................................... 110 · 

FwunE 13. Celastrophyllum praecrassipes Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34903) ..... · ...................................... ~ ................... ·............ 111 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

163 
}:>LATE XXV. 

Paeg. 

FIGURES 1, 2. Rhamnus t.enax Lesquereux, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 

34904, 34905)--.-.-.--.- ~·-----.--................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 

FIGURE 3. Grewiopsis tttscaloosensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill,. Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. M·us .. Cat. No. 

. ' 34906).· ........... _. ........ · ..................................................... ·:.. 116 

FIGURES 4, 5. ·Grewiopsis formosa Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 1h1s. Cat. Nos. 

. 34907' 34908) ... · ................................................•................. ·. . 116 

FIGURES 6-8. Pterospermites carolinensis Berry .... -................. ·........................................ . 117 

6, 7. Specimens from Glen Allen, Fayette County, AI~. (U. S. Nat. Mus. ·cat. Nos. 34909, 34910). 

8. Specimens from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S .. Nat. Mus. Cat. No .. 34911). 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa fqrmation; · · ~: 

164 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXV 

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,,, 

Il l 

t'/ , ' I 'I I 

'I 

1 I I 

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'I 

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~.' 

5 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXVI 

4 

3 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
-PLATE XXVI. 

Page. 

FIGURES 1-3. Aralia cottondalensis Berry, frolnCottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 

. . 34912-34914) .......... · ..................... ~ .................................. ~.... 128 

FIGURES 4, ·5. Panax cretacea Heer ...................... ~................................................ 128 

4. Specimen from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.~S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34915). 

5. Specimen shown in-figure 4, X 4. 

FIGURE 6 .. Nyssa snowiana Lesquereux, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette Oounty, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34916). 129 

FIGURES 7, 8. Cornophyllum obtusatum Berry, from Cotto~dale, Tuscaloosa County; Ala. (U. S. Nat~ Mus. Cat. 

No. 34917; specimen shown in fig. 8 has been destroyed) ........................ ·.·.... 129 

All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. · 

165 
PLATE XXVII. 

FIGURES 1-3. Sapindus variabilis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 

34918-34920)- -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --._ - - - - - - -·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - FIGURE 4. Diospyros rotundifolia Lesquereux, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No: 34921) ............. · ............... · ......................................... ." .. . 

FIGURE 5. Diospyros amboyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat .. Mus. Cat. No. 34922). · 

FIGURE 6. Andromeda wardiana Lesquereux, from Shirleys Mill; Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

34923).--------- ~--------------------- -.-------------------------------------------- FIGURE 7. Andromeda grandijQlia Berry, a small form from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No. 34924) .......... -....................... _ ................................. . 

FIGURE 8. Dermatophyllites acutus Heer, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 

. 34925)- -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - . - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -•• •,- --.....•.........• . All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. · 

166 

Page. -

111 

135 

i34 

132 

131 

132 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXVII 

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7 

FOSSIL PLANTS FRO.M THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOL!JGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXVIII 

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5 

4 

6 

7 

10 

9 \ \ 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XXVIII. Page~ 

FIGURES 1-5. Tricalycites papyraceus Newberry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, 

Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34926-34930) ......................................... . l37' 

FIGURE 6. Eugenia tuscaloosensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette C<?linty, Ala. 

(U.S. Nat. Mus.· cat. No. 34931) ...... : ............................ .- .............. . 12,5· 

FIGURJ<J 7. Myrcia havanensis Berry, from the Eutaw formation at Havana, H~le County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. 

Mus. Cat. No. 34932) ...................................•.......... ~ ........••••.... 125· 

FIGURE. 8. Eucalyptus geinitzi (Heer) Heer, from the Tuscaloosa formation in gully on Snow place, Tus€a.loosa 

County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34933) ....................................... . 

FIGURE 9. Conocarpites jormosus Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. 

. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34934)~ ....... · ...................•...•... ~ .... ~ ....•....•. 127' 

FIGURE. 10. Eorhamnidium cretaceum Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Cottondale, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No. 34935) ................................................ ~ ................. . 

FIGURE 11. Sapotacites shirleyensis Berry, from the Tuscaloosa formation at Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, 

Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No .. 34936) ................................................ .. 135 

1R7 
•. 

· PLATE XXIX. 

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Carpolithus jloribundus Newberry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34937) ................. .' .................. ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 

FIGURE 2 . . Phyllites pistiaejormis Berry, from a locality near Iuka, Tishomingo County, Miss. (U. S. Nat. Mus. 

Cat. No. 34938).·-·······················~·········:................................ 140 

FIGURE 3. Phyllites.shirleyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala .. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34939)~ 139 

FIGURES 4-6. Sapotacites shirleyensis Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

· Nos. :3494o-34942) ... ·:.................................. ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . 135. 

FiGURE 7. Sapotacites ettingshauseni Berry, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. 

No. 34943).· ................................. ~ ............................................... · 135 

FIGURE s·. Calycites' sexpartitus Berry, fiom gully on Snow place, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. s. Nat. Mus . 

. Cat. No. 34944).. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ....... . . . . . . ... • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • ..•.••••• •.• . • • . . • • . • . . • • . . 139 

All specimens are from the .Tuscaloosa formation 

168. 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXIX 

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8 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXX 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
PLATE XXX. 

Page. 

FIGURES 1, 2. Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick, fromShirleys Mill, Fayette· County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus.· 

Cat. Nos. 34945, 34946) ............ ~ ....... · .. ·.·. ~....................................... 130 

FIGURE 3. Diospyros primaeva Heer, from Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus .. Cat. No. 34947).. 134 

FIGURES 4, 5. Diospyros rotundijolia Lesquereux~ ............................ : ... : .... ·'·.................... 135 

4. Shirleys Mill, Fayette County, Ala. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34948). 

5. Cottondale, Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (U. S .. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34949). 

FIGURE 6. SfLpotacitesjormosus Berry, froin'Shirleys Mill,.Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34950J. 136 

FIGURES 7, 8. Cordia apiculata (Hollick) Berry ..... ~ ....... .- ......... · .... : .•....•••• ~ ......•...•.••.• : ..•..••. ·. 137. 

7.· Shirleys Mill, Fayette County', Ala. (U: S. Nat;. Mus. Cat. No. 34951). 

8. Glen Allen, Fayette County, Ala. (U.S. Nat. Mus .. Cat. No. 34952) .. 

· All specimens are from the Tuscaloosa formation. 

I' 

169 

• I 
PLATE XXXI. 

FIGUitE 1. .Undeterminable fern pinna (U. S. Nat. M~. Cat. No. 34953). 

FIGURES 2, 3. Undeterminable leaf of Salix or Laurus (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34954, 34955)., 

FIGURE 4. Undeterminable leaf of Sapindus (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 34956). 

FIGURES 5, 6. Undeterminable leaf, possibly of Myrica (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34957, 34958). 

FIGURES 7, 8 . . Platanus sp. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Nos. 34959, 34960) ..••••••..••............... · ...... : . ..•. ·• 

FIGURE 9. Undeterminable leaf, pos~ibly of Lau~ cii. s: Nat.1{us. Cat. No. 34961). . . 

All specimens are from the Ripley formation en Cowikee Creek, Barbour. County, Ala. 

170 

Page~ 

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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXXI 

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FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIO S. 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXXII 

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FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
• 

PLATE XXXII. 

FIGURE 1. Sterculia snowii tennesseensis.Berry, n. sp., from the McNai~y sand member of the Ripley formation 

Page. 

. near Selmer, McNairy County, Tenn ............•.....•.........•..............••.. 117 

FIGURE 2. Dryophyllum gracile D.ebey, from the McNairy sand member of the Ripley formation near Selmer, 

. . McNairy County, Tenn ................ · ........•..•.••........•............ , .•••••.•• 75 

FIGURES 3-5. Eugenia (f). anceps Berry, from the McNairy sand member of the Ripley formation near Selmer, 

McNairy County, Tenn ...........•.....................•• ." •.............•...•.•••.• 125 

FIGURE 6. Platanus ripleyensis Berry, n. sp., from the Ripley formation 6i miles north of .Eufala, Batbour 

County, .Ala ... ~ ..........................•.....•.................... _. ........••••• 84 

FIGURE 7. Magnolia .. capellinii, Heer, ·fro:m the McNairy sand m~mber of the Ripley formation near Selmer, 

McNairy County, Terin •.....•.. ~ ........•.••••...•....•••......................... 89 

i.: :.~: )~~~:,~·~,: .. 171 

'~.. . .: .. · ~· ~ ·~ . 

. ~ .. , :--~) .. ·. ·~: ·. . . ' . ~~.:,;;;:t .. 
• 

PLATE XXXIII. 

Page. 

FIGURES 1-3 . . Phyllites asplenioides Berry, n. sp., from the Coffee sand member of the Eutaw formation at 

Coffee Bluff, Hardin, Hardin County, Tenn ............. : ................ ·............ 140 

172 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 112 PLATE XXXIII 

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3 

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. 
• 

INDEX. 

Names in italic are synonyms; figures in black face indicate descriptions; figures in italic indicate illustrations.. 

• A. Page. 

Abletites Hissinger............................................... 64 

follosus (l~ontaine) Berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Ace rates Nilsson ................................... : ........... i36-137 

o.mboyensis Derry .................... ; .................... 136-137 

sp. Hollick................................................... 136 

Amber, occurrence of ............................................ 13, 14 

Andromeda Linne ............................................. 130-132 

crotacea Losquoreux (?) •••...•............• ~................. 132 

grandifolia Berry .......................................... 131,166 

latifolia Newberry ..................... : .................. .' .. 85, 131 

novnocnosaroao Hollick .................................... 130,169 

parlatorilHoor ................ : ........................... 131-132 

wo.rdlmm Losquoroux ........................... ~ ........• 132,166 

Androvottl!\ Hollick and Jeffrey ...... · ............................ 62-64 

caroUnensis· Berry ....................................... 62-64,146 

~!~~:~~i~::::::::: :::::::::::::::: ~:::::::::: :::: ~:::::::::: ~: Aneml!\ .......... : ......................................... ~..... 53 

A ncm.ia stricto. Newberry......................................... 54 

Anglospormao ................................... .' ............... 70-141 

Arali!\ Linne ................................................. :. . . 128 

cottondalensis Berry,n.sp ................. · ............... 128,165 

outawcnsis l3orry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 

looziano. Saporta and Marion................................. 128 

wellingtoniana I~csquereux................................... 84 

tvcllinutoniana Ward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 

Araliacoao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 

A.raucarla Jussiou ................................................ 61-62 

bidwiili...................................................... 62 

bladcnonsis l3orry ................................... 61-62,148,149 

jeiTroyi Berry................................................. 62 

rcichcnbachi (Goinitz) Heer. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

toucasi. .............. .-....................................... 62 

A.raucaritos ovatus.............................. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

rcicllcnbachi Oeinitz.......................................... 64 

Arocalcs.......................................................... 72 

Arthrotaxopsis................................................... 60 

cx7Jansa Fontaine .................. : ...................... :. . . 66 

Asclopiadaceao ................................................. 136-137 

Aspidiophyllum trilobatum Losquereux ......... ~............... 95 

Asplenitos roosscrti............................................... 51 

Asplenium Lhm6 ................................................ 53-54 

dicksonio.num He~r .......................................... 53-M 

B. 

Bambusium Jatifolium ....................... :................... 71 

Bauhinia Linne ...................... : .......................... 97-100 

alabamonsis Berry ..................................... 99-too, 162 

crotacoa Newberry ............................ : .......... 97-98,99 

glgantoa Now berry........................................... 100 

marylo.ndlca Berry ........................... : .......... 98-99, 100 

riployonsis Berry .......................................... 100,169 

Benton County, Tenn., fossil plants collected from .............. · 38 

Benzoin mason! (Losquoroux) Knowlton......................... '83 

Yonustum (Lesquereux) Knowlton: ..................... ·..... 83 

Bingen flora, relation of the Tuscaloosa flora to.................. 41 

l3Jack Wn.rrior River, fossil plants collected on ....... 17-18,19,20,21-22 

13orraginacco.e.................................................... 137 

13oundarics of tho rogion ........... :............................. 7 

Bro.chyphyllum Brongniart .•.................................... 59-60 

mncrocarpum formosum Borry ........................... 59-60, 144 

Broken Arrow Bond, Ga., section measured and fossil plants 

colloctod at •..... .' .............................. .'..... 32 

Bryophyta....................................................... 49 

Buona Vista, Ga., soction measured and fossil plants collected 

oust of................................................ 38 

Bumolla.. .. . .. .. . .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. . . ..... .. . . .. ... . .. .. ...... 136 

·Byron. Ga .. fossil plo.ntscollectod ncar........................... 38 

C. Page. 

·Caesalpiniaceae ................................. · ................. 97-101 

Callitris Ventenat ...............................................• 68,69 

Co.lycites alatus Hollick.......................................... 138 

obovatus Hollick .... · ............................ .'............ 138 

sexpartitus Berry, n. sp .................................... 139,168 

Camden, Tenn., Ripley formation northwest of, plate showing... 32 

Capparidaceae .................................. , .................. 95-96 

Cappariscynophallophora Linne ................................. · 96 

Capparites Berry, n. gen .. 00 00 • , ••••.• 00 .• ..- : 00 •••• 00 00 ••••• 00 •• 9~96 

cynophylloides Borry, n. sp .............................. 95-96,161 

orbiculatus Berry, n. sp ............. 00.00 ....... 00 •• 00 00 •••• 96,161 

Carpolit~us ~~ribundus Newberry ........... : ................. 139,168 , 

prumfonrus Newberry .... ····oooo oo ...... 00 ................. 49-..50 

. tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp.. ..... .... ... . .. .. ...... .. ... .. .... .. 139 

Cassia Linne ................................................... 100-101 

, melanophylla Velenovsky ........ 00 ... : 00.00 00 ••••• 00........ 81 

vaughan! Berry, n. sp ................ 00 .... 00 •.•••.••• 100-101,161 

Caulerpitesfastigiatus Sternberg ......... 00 •• •• .. •• •• .. •• •• ••••••• 67 

Cclastraceae .................................................... 106-111 

Celastrophyllum Goeppert ............... · ...................... 106-111 

variation of. .................... 00 •• 00 •• 00 .... 00 ••••• 00 • • • • • • 39-40 

acutidens Fontaine ............ 00.00 •••.• 00.. •• •• ..... ••• ••••• 107 

alabamensis Berry, n. sp ..... oo ... 00 ...... 00 •••••.•••••••• , no; 163 

albaedomus Ward ...•.............. 00 00 00 .................. 107,111 

ar!IJustifolium Newberry ...... 00 •• 00 00 .. 00.................... 106 

brittonianum Hollick ............. 00.00 •.•.•• 00 •••• 107,110-111,163 

~::~::~!;~r:: ~ ·. ·:.· .· .·.· .· .·.· .· .· .· .· .· .· .· .· .· _: .· .· .· .-.· .-.· .· .· .-.· .-.-.-: ::· ·ios, :g~;:: ellipticum Berry, n. var .............. 00 ................ 110, 163 

decurrcns Lesqueieux ..................................... 106-107 

gro.ndifolium Newberry ..... 00 •••• 00 ................... 108-109, 163 

gymindaofolium Berry, n. sp ..... 00 •.•.• 00 .•.••.•.••••••••• 111,163 

lanceolatum.................................................. 108 

latifolium Fontaine.......................................... 111 

minus Hollick ............... 00 00 •.••.•.• 00 00 .. • • . • • • • .. • • • • • • 111 · 

newberryanum Hollick ........ 00 ..... 00 00................... lOS 

praccrassipes Berry, n. sp ..... 00 ••.•.•••.•.••••• 00 •.•• 00 ~ •• 111,163 

shirleyensis Berry, n. sp ................................... 107, 163 

spatula tum Newborry........................................ 111 

undulatum Newberr)' ..... 00 ........................ 00..... •• 107 

Cclastrus arctica....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

Cephalotaxospermum Berry ................... .' .................. 56-57 

carolinio.num Berry .......................................... 56-57 

Chinmey Bluff, Ga., section measured and fossil plants collected at. 32-33 

Cinnamomum Blume .......................................... 118-119 

heorii Lesquereux (?) ......... 00 ....... : ••••••••••••••••••• 118, 122 

intermedium Newberry .... 00 •••• 00 00 ................ :. • • • • • • • • 118 

newberryi Berry ......................................... _.. 118, 160 

sezannense Heer....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

sp ........................................................... 118-119 

Cissites Hear· ....... ·............................................... 115 

crispus Velenovsky ............ 00 • • • • • • . • . • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 115 

formosus Heor ...................... 00 •.•••.•.•.••••••.• 00... • 115 

insignis ............ oo ... : ............ oo·····oo·•·oo·········· 115 

(Jitr~;;;l~~~ijj~;;;~~:::::::::::::::: :·::::::::::::::::::::::::: · io4-~~: aligerum (Lesquereux) Berry .............................. 104-105 

Cladophlebis Brongniart ................................. : . ...... 51-52 

alabamcns·is Berry, n. sp ................................ 51-52, 144 

albertsii...................................................... :-51 

browniana ........ ~ .. · ....... ooooo•oo··········oo············· 51,52 

parva........................................................ 51 

ungeri............................. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. ..... 51 

whitbyensis ..... · ..........................•................. .' 51 

Cocculus De Candolle ............................................ 93-94 

cinnamomeus Velenovski (?) ..... 00 .. '·00····: •••• 00 .... 93,94,156 

polycarpaefolius Berry, n. sp ................................ 94,156 

p~oblematicus ~erry, n .. sp .................................. 94,156 

173 
174 INDEX. 

Page. 

Coffee Bluff, Tenn., section measured and fossil plants collected at. 33-35 

Colutea Linne....... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

obovata Berry •............................................. 101, 162 

protogaea Hear ........................................... ·... . 136 

Collections, localities of ................ : .............. 14-22,32-35,37-39 

Combretaceae ................ .' ......................... : . . . . . . . 127-128 

Comptonia peregrina (Linne) Coulter .................... ~........ 74 

vindobonensis (Ettingshausen) Berry .................... ~·-.. 74 

Comptonites antiquus Unger...................................... 74 

Coniferales ....................................................... 56-70 

Conocarpites Berry, n. gen ..................................... 127-128 

formosus Berry, n. sp ................................... 127-128,167 

Conocarpus &rectus........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 

Cordaites ......................... : ................... ·.............. 76 

Cordia Linne ................................................ ,.... 137 

apiculata (Hollick) Berry, n. comb ......................... 137,169 

Corna:::eae ...................................................... 129-130 

Comophyllum Newberry ......................... , .....•...... .'. 129-130 

obtusatum Berry, n. 'sp ................................ 129-130, 165 

vetustum Newberry .. 0 •••• : ••••••••••••••••••••• ~............ 129 

Comus ...................... ~.................................... 129 

platyphylloides Lesquereux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 

• Cottondale, Ala., section measured and fossil plants collected at. 18-19 

Cowikee Creek, Ala., fossil plants on.............................. 38 

Crataceous, Lower, sediments, distribution of.................... 7 

Upper, sediments, distribution of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-43 

sediments, fossil plants from, plates showing ..........• 144-172 

Crotonophyllum Velenovsky •...... · ............................ 10S:.106 

panduraeformis Berry ........... : ......................... 10&-106 

Gunninghtimia elegans Corda .............. :....................... 58 

Cunninghan:i.ites Presl.;.......................................... 58 

elegans (Corda) Endlicher ................................ ·.... 58 

• squamosus Hear............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

Cupressinoxylon Goeppert ...................................... ; . 70 

~ya:K~~~~~--:: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:: ~ Cycadales (?) ..................................................... ~6 

Cycadinocarpus Schimper ............. ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

circularis Newberry........................................... 56 

Cyperacites SchiJnper .•................... : ..... •.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

sp. Hollick.................................................... 71' 

Gyperites1 Hollick ............. ~ ....... ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Cypress, Tenn., fossils collected near............................. 38 

D. 

Dammara Lamarck.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .. . 58-59 

borealis Hear ............... · .................................. 58-59 

microlepis Hollick .......... ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

minor Hollick ................................ : . ........ , ..... · 60 

Dermatophyllites Goepper.t.............................. . . . . . . . . 132 

acutus Hecr .. : ............................................ 132,166 

Dewalquca Sa porta and Marion.................................. 86-88 

groenlandica Heer. ·........................................... 76 

smithi Berry ....................................... 86-88;153,155 

Dicksonia Pres!. • • • . • . . • . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 

borealis Heer ........... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 

groenlandica Heer ................................. ; ........ 54, 66 

Dicotyledonae ...•............................. ~ ................ 72-141 

Dicotyledons, TusCaloosan, origin of.............................. 25 

Diospyros Linne ............................................... 134-135 

amboyensis Berry ........... : ....................... 134-135,166 

primaeva Heer ............................................ 134,169 

rotundifolia Lesquereux ............................ :. 135,166,169 

rotundifolia Lesquereu.x, ....................... :. . . . . . . . . . . 104, 133 

Doryanthites Berry .............................................. 7(}-71 

cretacea Berry ............ : .............. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 o-71, 152 

Dryandra cretacea Velenovsky................................... 74 

Dryophyllum De bey ...•..................................... a... 75 

gracile Debey ................................ , ....... .' ..... 75,171 

~~;~~!:~!:~~·:a~;.;;:::::::: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~: : : ~~: kennerleyi ...••••............ , ............ · ................ .'.. .53 

oerstedl...................................................... 53 

stephensoni Berry ................................. .' ......... 52-53 . . E. 

Ebenaceae ....... J .................................... :........ 134-135 

Ebenales ....................................................... 134-136 

Ecologic conditions, indications of. .......... ~ ............. 26-30,35-36 

Page. 

Eolirion........................................................... 71 

Eorhamnidium Berry, n. gen.................................... 118 

cretaceum Berry, n. sp .... , .......................... 113-114,167 

platyphylloides (Lesquereux) Berry, n. comb ................. 114 

Equisetales ...................................................... 49-50 

Equisetum Linne ........................ -........................ 49-50 

Equisetum? sp. Berry .......................................... 49-50 

Ericaceae? ...... .' ••... · ............................ ~ .............. 13(}-133 

Ericales? ....................................................... 13(}-133 

Eucallitris ............•.......................................... 68,69 

Eucalyptus L'Heritier ...................... f).................. 126-127 

anglli;ta Velenovsky ..................................... ;.... 127 

ang'!l-stifolia Newberry ............ ···········.················· 126 

Eucalyptus1 attenuata Newberry................................. 80 

attenuata Ward............................................... 125 

geinitzi (Heer) Heer ........................... · ... · .... 126-127,167 

latifolia Hollick .•................... ~..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 126 

Eugeinitzia ...•••••.••............... ·............... .. . ... . .. . . . . 65 

Eugenia Linne.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 

~=~:!e~q~~;;~·.-:."."."."."."."."."."."."."."·." .. ."."."."."."."."."."."."."."."."."."." .. 1.25,~~! tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,167 

Euphorbiaceae .............. .' .................................. 105-106 

Euphorbiophyllum antiquum Sa porta and Marion ......... :.... 85 

European Upper Cretaceous floras, relation of the Tuscaloosa 

flora to ........••....•.•..••••.................. ·....... 41 

Eutaw formation, distribution of ....••.•........................ 7-8,31 

flora of, composition of....................................... 35 

correlation of. ....••.•.•••••.............................. 41-42 

distribution of species of. ••.. : ........................ : ... 43-48 

ecologic conditions indicated by ................ : . ........ 35-36 

materials of. .....••••.•..•..•........... ~ ............. :. . . . . . 31 

plate showing •.•••• ~ ...•......... ·............................ 32 

sections of. ........................... : ....................... · 32-35 

small representation of....................................... 7 

stratigraphic relations of. ..................... ~ .............. 31-32 

studies on .......•...........................................• 30-al 

F. 

Fagaceae......................................................... 75 

Fagales .•........•.................. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

Ficus Linne ........... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 78-83 

alabamensis Berry, n. sp ...... : . ........................•.. 82,153 

aligera Lesquereux. ........ ... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .... 104 

atavina Heer ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

atavina Heer (?)~ ••.••••.........•......... : ••. ·.•..•.•••..•••• 78 

beckwithii Lesquereux ................ ~ .. ~.................... 78 

crassipes (Heer) Heer........................................ 79 

daphnogenoides·(Heer) Berry ........................ 79, 80, 96,152 

fontainii Berry, n. sp .................................... 82-83,150 

georgiana Berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 

inaequalis Lesquereux ................................. 8!)-81, 151 

krausiana Heer .....•........................................ 78-79 

ovata Newberry ..................... : ................... :.... 79 

ovatifolia Berry •......................... · .. L •••••••••••••••• 79,82 

proteoides Lesquereux.. ..... ... ... . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 80 

shirleyensis Berry,n. sp .................................... 81,152 

suspecta Velenovsky. • • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 

tiliaefolia (Alexailder Braun) Heer ................ .'.......... 83 

woolsoni Hollick ....... ~ ......... : ............. .- ..... 79,81-82,151 

Filicales ..................................... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51-55 

Frenela ........................................................... 68,69 

· Frenelites reichii Ettingshausen................................... 69 

Frenelopsis .................................................. ~ • • • • 68 

Fungi............................................................. 49 

G. 

. Geinitzia Endlicher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • • • • 61 

formosa Heer .•........................................ ·...•.• 61 

sp. Newberry ............ :................................... 61 

Gentianales .... · ................................................ 136-137 

Geraniales ..................................................... 104-106 

Gleichcnia Smith., ...... : ..................... .-.............. 51, 54-55 

delicatula Beer ..... , .......................................• 54-05 

micromera Heer .....•...•.......................... ~ . . . . . . . . . 54 

Gleichcniaceae ..........••.......••................. ~ .........•.• 54-55 

Glen Allen, Ala., section measured and fossil plants collected at •• 14-16 

Tuscaloosa formation near, plate showihg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • 14 

Glyptostrobus gracillimus Lesquereux ••.•....... ~ ..... : .....• ·,·... 69 
INDEX. 175 

Page. 

Gramlnales ............................... : ....................... 71-72 

Grewlopsis Sa porta ....................... · ..................... 116-117 

formosa Berry, n. sp ...................................... 116,164 

tuscalooscnsls Berry, n. sp ............................ 116-117,164 

Gymlnda griscbachii .......................................... ~.. 111 

Gymnospermac .................................................. 55-70 

Gypsum, occurrence of. .......................................... 13,26 . . 

H. 

Halymcnitesmajor Lesqucrcux ....... .-.......................... 140 

Havana, Ala., Eutaw formation cast of, plate showing ...... _.... 32 

section measured and fossil plants collected ncar..... . . . . . . . . 33 

Hedcra primordialis Sa porta. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 82 

Hcpaticae....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 49 

Hymenaca Linne.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 97 

dakotana Losquereux. .............. ......................... 97 

fayettensis Berry, n. sp ...................................... 97,16£ 

I. 

Ilex Linne....................................................... 106 

masoni Lesqucreux ................................. :. . . . . . . . 106 

Ilicaccac ................................. , . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 106 

Inga 'Vllldcnow .................... ~ ............................. 96-97 

crotacca Losqucrcmc ................................. 96-97,103,161 

Iuka, Miss., fossil plants collected at.............................. 14 

Tuscaloosa formation ncar................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

J. 

Juglandaccac~............... .. ................................... 73 

Juglandalcs...................................................... 73 

Juglans Linne.................................................... 73 

arctica Hccr ................... ~ ..................... :. . . . .. .. . · '13 

crasslpcs Hcer............. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... ........... 73 

Jungcrmannlalcs .......... ~...................................... 49 

;{ungormannltcs Gooppcrt............. ........................... .49 

crctaccus Derry, n. sp ....................................... 49,144 

vctustior .. ;. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . 49 

K. 

·Kalmia Linne(?) .............................................. 132-133 

brlttoniana Hollick ...•.................................... 132-133 

Krannora.. ...................................................... 71 

Krugiodondron forreum...................... . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . 113, 114 

L. 

Laricopsis longifolia Fontaine.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Lauraccac ...................................... , , ................ 118-125 

Laurophyllum Gooppcrt ........ : .............................. _123-125 

angustifollum Newberry..................................... 124 

elogans Hollick ................................ ~ ........... 124-125 

lanccolatum Newberry....................................... 124 

norvillosum Hollick .................................... 123-124, 160 

Laurus Linne.................................................... 123 

plutonia...................................................... 123 

Legumlnosae ................................................... 103-104 

ingaofolia Berry, n. sp ....................................... 103,16£ 

omphnlobioidcs Lcsquereux ................ .'................. lOS 

shirleyonsis Berry, n. sp ................................... 104,16£ 

tuscalooscnsis Berry, n. sp ................................. 104,162 

Leguminositcs Bower bank ..................................... 103-104 

Leptostrobus foliosus. Fontaine .......................... ·.......... 64 

Leucothoe parlatorii (Hocr) Schimpcr ........................... ,. 131 

Lignite, occurrence or. ........................................ 13,26,30 

Lillalcs ........................................................... 70-71 

Liriodcndron Linne .............. · ............................... 92-93 

mcekii Hecr .......................... : .. ................ 92-93,.159 

genuina Hccr ...................................... · ....... 92,93 

primaeva Hccr ............................ · ............... 92,93 

primaevum N ewbcrry ........................................ 92,93 

simplex Now berry........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 102 

sucocdons Dawson........................................... 105 

Liriodcndropsis Newberry ..................................... 101-1Q3 

angustifolia N cwberry ..................................... 102-103 

constricta (Ward) Hollick.................................... 103 

simplex (Newberry) Newberry ..................... 101-102,103,161 

constricta 'Vard........................................... 103 

spcotabilis Hollick............................................ 102 

Litsea cret(lcea Lcsquoreux .................................. :. . . . . . 121 

falcifolia Losqucrcux.......................................... .122 

Localities of tho fossils collected ................................. : 7 

Lycopodialcs .................... ~ ..................... ,.......... 50-51 

Page. 

Lycopodites Brongniart ............................. ~· .....•....... 50-51 

tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp ... · ............................ 50-61,144 

Ly<(opodium Linne.............................................. 50 

cretaceum Berry ? . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

M. 

McBrides Ford, Ga., section measured and fossil plants collected at 32 

Magnolia Linne .................................... :.. . . . . . . .. .. . 88-92 

alternans Heer................................................ 91 

auriculata .................................................... 88,92 

boulayanaLesquereux ................................... 90-91,157 

capelliniiHccr ...................................... 89,90,157,171 

glaucoides Hollick ............................................ · 90 

hollicki Berry ............. ·................................... 92 

inglefield! Hcer............................................... 91 

lacoeana Lesquereux ...................... • ................. 91,156 

longifolia Hollick. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. • . .. .. .. . 89 

longipes Hollick ............................................. 90,91 

newberryi Berry ........................................ 89-90, 159 

obtusataHeer .............................................. 90,156 

spccio~a Hcer ..................... , ................ 8~89, 91, 92, 157 

vaningeni.................................................... 90 

woodbridgensis . ..., .......................................... , .. 90,91 

Magnoliaceae.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 88-93 

:M:agothy flora, relation of the Tuscaloqsa flora to ................. 40-41 

MalapoennaNees .............................................. 121-123 

cottondalensis Berry, n. sp ................................ 121,160 

cretacca (Lcsquereux) Knowlton ........... , ......... 121-122,160 

falcifolia (Lesquer~U."<) Knowlton .......................... 122,160 

horrellensisBerry ......................................... 122-123 

Malvales .............. : .... ; ................................... 116-118 

1\fanihotitcs Berry................................................ 106 

georgiana Berry ............................................ ,.o 106 

Map of eastern Gulf region, showing distribution of Upper Cre· 

taccous deposits...................................... · 8 

M:arattia Sw'artz (?).............................................. 55 

crctacea Vclcnovsky (?) .... :................................. 55 

M:arattiaceae (?) ........................................ ·....... .. . 55 

Menispcrmaccae .................................................. 93-95 

M:enispcrmitcs Lesquercux ....................................... 94-95 

borealis Heer....... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. 94 

intcgrifolius Berry, n. sp ................................. 94-95,159 

trilobatus Berry, n. sp ...................................... · 95,156 

variabilis Berry.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . 95 

Microzamm gibba Corda............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

?.Hmosaceae............................... . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . 96-97 

Mimusops........................................................ 136 

ballotacvidcs................................................. 73 

Monocotyledonae .................... :. : . ......................... 70-72 

Monocotyledons, Tuscaloosan, scarcity or:........................ 24 

Moraccac ......................................................... 78-83 

?.foriconia ............... :........................................ 63 

Myrcia De Candollc ................... : . ....................... 125-126. 

havanensis Berry ................................. 125-126,150,167 

Myrica De Candolle .............................................. 73-75. 

dakotcnsisminima Berry, n. var ............................ 74,15£ 

emarginataHccr .· ........................................... 73,15£ 

longa (Hccr) Heer ................. ;.......................... 74 

ripleyensis Berry ........................................ 74-75,150 

zcnkcrilleer ................................................. 107 

Myricaceae .•.....•.................. ~. ~.......................... 73-75 

?.fyricalcs ........................................................ 73-75 

?.fyrsinaceae .................................................... 133-134 

Myrsine Linne ................................ : ................. 133-134 

borealis Heer........................................ . 133-134, 135 

elongaia Newberry........................................... 133 

gaudini (Lcsquercux) Berry ............. ,................... 133 

Myrisinites1 gaudini Lesquereux...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 

Myrtaceae .............................. : ..................... :. 125-127 

Myrtales ....................................................... 125-128 

Myrtophyllum geinitzi Heer ......................... : ............ · 12~ 

warderi Lesquereux. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 126 

N. 

Nyssa Linne..................................................... 129 

snowlana Lesquereux ...................................... 129, 165 

0. 

Onychiopsis ................................................. :. . . . 53 

Oreodaphne N~es and M~tius .................................. 119-120 

alabamens1s Berry ...... , .............................. 119-120,158 

shirleyensis Berry, n. sp ................................... 119,158 
.176 INDEX. 

· P. Page. . Page. 

Pachyphyllum araucarium....................................... 62 Protophyllocladus Berry ...................................... 57-58,63 

rigidum .. ·.................................................... 62 subintegrifolius (Lesquereux) Berry ................ : ........ 67-58 

Paleocassia Ettingshausen .. ,..................................... . 100 Prunus? parlatorii (Heer) Lesquereux ......................... .'.. 131 

Iaurinea Lesquereux .................... : . ................. 100, 162 Pseudogeinitzia .............................. : . ........ ·.......... 65 

Paliurus Linne................................................... 113 Psilotum......................................................... 50 

upatoiensis Berry............................................ 113 Pteridophyta .................................................... 49-55 

Panax Linne .................... ;................................ 128 Pterospermites Heer ............... ·...... .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . 117 

cretacea.Heer ..................... · ......................... 128,165 carolincnsis Berry ..................... ~ ...... ; ............ 117 ,164" 

Papav'erales ......................................... : ............ 95-96 Pyrenomycetes..... ... . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

Papilionaceae .. ~ .............................. ~ ......... · ....... 101-103 R. 

Pecopteris neuropteroides............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 R .

1 ' p rs G rt r 119 ana es .......................................................... 85-95 

e ea ae ne ·· · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ~anunculaceae (?) ........•.•...•...•.•.•.•.•.................•.• R5-88 valida Hollick ............................................. 119,160 R "t 

Persoonia Swartz ........ : . ............ ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S5-S6 an an flora, relation of the Tuscaloosa flora to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

Iesquereuxii Knowlton ................................. : .... 85,153 Rhamnaceae .. · ·· · · · ·· ·· · · · ··· ·· · · · ·· ··· ··· ·· · ·· · · · · · · · · · · ~ · · ·· 112-115 

minor Berry, n. var ..................................... 86,153 Rhamnales. · ··· ··················-~---························ 112-115 

Ph~~~g~~~: ~:~~~k·.~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: :·:::::::::: . 1~; RRhamlte::.~ ~!~;~~r~~~~ ·.-.-.·.·.·.·_·_-_·_·_-_·_·_·_·.-.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·:.·.·.·.·.·.·.·_-.-ii4~:::~:!1 i e f t" di t "b t· f formus Lesquerea\JX .................................... 72,101,161. PflY orma 100• .s n u 1000 ••••••••·••·••·••·••·•••••••·•••• · 8,37 

manhassetensis Hollick....................................... 72 ora of, correlatiOn of.······················ ................. 42-43 distribution of species of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-48 

localities in, where plants were collected ...................... 37-39 

materials·of. .... ·............................................. · 37 

plate showing ................... : ................ · ... ·.......... 32 . 

small representation of ......... ~ ........ : .......... ;.. . . . . . . . 7 

stratigraphic relations of..................................... 37 

studies on.................................................... 37 

Rosales ......................................................... 95-103 

Rutaceae ............ : ......................... : .................. 104-105 

~::~~;~:=~~~ -~~~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1~! Phragmites Trinius .............................. ,. ............... 71-72 

prattii Berry ................................................ 71-72 

Phyllites asplenioides Berry, n. sp ......................... 140-141,172 

ellipticus Newberry ................................... -........ 134 

obcordatus Heer... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 · 

pistiaeformis Berry, n. sp .................................. 140, 168 

shirleyensis Berry, n. sp ............................... 139-140,168 

Phyllocladus.. .. ...... ...... .... .. . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. . .... .. .. .. . 63 s. 

subintegrifolius Lesquereux................................... 57 

Pinus Linne .......................................... ;_.... . . . . . 70 Sab~~~~~:~~:~·;;;;~::::::::::: :::::::::::: :::·:::~:: ::::::::::: ;; 

Q.elicatulus... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 grayanus Lesquereux .................. ,. _.................... 72 

raritanensis Berry............................................. 70 magothiensis Berry ....... :: ............................ ~.... 72 

triphylla.............................. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

sp. Newberry ............... : ........................ :....... 70 

sp ............................... .' ........................... 72,150 

Salicaceae ........................................................ 75-78 

Piper............................................................ 72 Salicales .......................................................... 75-78 

. Piperaceae....................................................... 72 

Piperales ......................... : ......... :..................... 72 

Piperites Goeppert..................................... ... . . . . . . . . 72 

Salix Linne ...................................................... 75-77 

cuneata Newberry ....................... .'.................... 77" 

eutawensis Berry ......................................... ~ ... 76-77 

tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp .................................. 72,151 fiexuosa Newberry.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5-76, 152 

Plants, systematic arrangement of.. ........... ,................... 8-11 lesquereuxii Berry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Platanaceae ...................................................... 83-85· weekii Newberry... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Platanales ........................................................ 83-85 proteaefolia·Lesquereux.............. •. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 76 

Platanus Linne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83-8~ 

aceroides? Gocppcrt var. latior Lesquercux............. .. . .. .. 84 

jl.exuosa (Newberry) Lesquereux.................. .. . . . . . 7.5. 

lanceolata Lesquereux ........................ · .......... : . 77 

.aspera Newberry ............................................ , 83 linearifolia Lesquereux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 75 

asperaeformis Berry, n. sp ............................... 83, 84,155 

kiimmclii Berry .........•................................ ·. . . . . 84 

longifolia Lesquereux..................................... 76 

Sanders Ferry Bluff, Ala., section measured and fossil plants 

latior (Lesqucreux) Knowlton............................... 84 collected at........................................... 20 

ne wberryana Heer ........................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Sapindaceae ................................... · ................. 111-112 

primaeva Lesqucreu.." ...................... , ....... ~.. . . . . . . . 84 Sapindales ..................................................... 105-112 

raynoldsii Newberry......................................... 83 Sapindus Linne ................................................ 111-112 

ripleyensis Berry, n. sp .................................. 84-85,171 apiculatus Velenovsky ..................................... :. 112 

shir leyensis Berry, n. sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 83-84, 154 caudatus Lesquereux.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

sp ........................................................... 85,170 diversifolius ..................... , ............ ,............... 112 

Podocarpus ................................... -- .. : .............. 56,57 morrisoni Heer (Lesquereux MS.) ........ ·.................... 112 

Podozamites Friedrich Braun .............. ~ ..................... 55-56 

marginatus Heer ..................... ; ............... 55-56,71,145 

variabilis Berry, n. sp ................................. 111-112,166 

Sapotaceae .... : ........... : ..................................... 135-136 

Polcmoniales ............................................ : . . . . . . . . 137 Sapotacites Ettingshausen .. : ..................... : ............ 135-136 

Polypodiaceae ........................... , ........................ 51-54 ettingshauseni Berry, n. sp ................................ 135,168 

Populites Lesquereu..'C: ....................... ' ...................• 77-78 formosus Berry, n. sp ...................................... 136,169 

litigiosus Lesqucrcux ... ,. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7s· haydenii Heer..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 

tuscaloosensis Berry, n. sp .............................. 77-78,152 

Populus Linne................................................... 7·7 

shirleyensis Berry, n. sp ........................... 135-136,167,168 

Sassafras Noes .............. :• .............. , ................. 84, 120.:121 

apiculata Hollick .... ·.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 acutilobu~p. Lesquereux ................................... 12o-121 

cretacea Knowlton............................................ 78 

hyperborca Heer .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 sel::~:~r~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~:: ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3~3~ stygia Heer.................................................. 114 Selmer, Tenn., fossil plants collected near ........................ 38-39 

Primulales ..................................................... 133-134 Sequoia Endlicher ............................................... 64-67 

Proteaceae· .................... ; .................................. 85-86 ambigua Heer ........................................ 65,66-67,145 · 

Protcalcs ......................... · .... ·.· .......................... 85-86 conrinna Heer .................................... .'. . . . . . . . . . . 67 

Protcoidcs Hecr?...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 couttsiae Heer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

conospermaefolia Berry, n. sp .............................. 85,153 densifolia Fontaine ................ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

crassipes Hccr ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 fastigiata (Sternberg) Heer .·.................................. 67 

daphnogenoides Hecr: ...•.................... · ............ 76, 80,123 

longus Hccr. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

heterophylla Velenovsky ...... ~ ......................... · ..... 65-66 

gracilis Fontain~ ....................................... :. . . . . 66 

Protodammara Hollick and Jeffrey............................... 60 Heer ........................... .. :. .. . ... .. .... .. . ... .. . .. 67 . 

speciosa Hollick and J efirey .. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 gracillima (Lesquereux) Newberry ..... : ..................... 61,69 
INDEX. 177 

Page. 

Sequoia hetr.rophylla Velenovslry.... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. ... . . 54 

langsdorfii.................................................... 65' 

roichenbachi ( Oeinitz) Heer ... · ........................... 64-65, 145 

rr.ir.llenbachi (Oeinitz) Heer................................... 61 

longifolia Fontaine ............................ .".......... 64 

subulata Heor................................................ 67 

Sequoia Y inferna Ward ........................... :............... 65' 

sp. Fontaine., ........................................ ~...... 65' 

Shirloys Mill, Ala., plato showing roadside wash in Tuscalocsa 

formation ncar ....................... :............... 16 

section measured and fossil plapts collected at ................ 1fl-i7 

Smith, 1!:. A., discoveries by ... , .............................. : .. 11-12 

Snow plantation, section measured and fossil plants collected on .. 19-20 

Spermatophyta ................................................. 55, 141 

Sphaorites Unger.................................................. 49 

alabamonsis Berry, n. sp ...... ." .......................... 4!1, 84,144 

problematicus................................................ 49 

raritru10nsis.................................................. 49 

Stephenson, J,. 'V ., work of. ....................... ·.............. 12 

Sterculiacoao ............................................... : .... 117-118 

Sterculia J,inn6 ............................................. 49,117-118 

minima Berry................................................ 117 

mucronata I~esquereux....................................... 117 

snowii Lesquoreux ......................................... 117-118 

tonnossecnsis 13orry ..................... ." .......... 117-118,171 

Systematic arrangement of species represented ...... · ...... :...... 8-11 

T. 

'.l'aoniopteris ................... : . ....................... , . . . . . . . . . 55 

'.l'axodium mmosum............................................. 69 

'l'ornst;roemites .................................... : ............. 107, 109 

Thallophyta .................... · ..... : ............ 0 •••••••••••••• : 49 

Thinnfoldia...................................................... 63 

lesquereuxiana Hoer ............................ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58 

subintegrifolia (Losquereux) Knowlton ....................... 57,58 

7'huiles alienus Sternberg ......................................... · 67 

'l'hytnoloales ................................................... 118-125 

Thyrsopteris .............. ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

'l'iliacoao ....................................................... 116-117 

'l'rlcalycitos Hollick ..................... .- ...... : ............... 137-138 

major ............................................... ,........ 138 

papyracous Hollick ......... : ......................... 137-138,167 

Tumion Rafinosquo .............................................. 57,70 

carolinio.num Berry(?) ............. :......................... · 70 

Tuscaloosa, Ala., fossil plants collected at ........................ 17-18 

65628°-19--12 

Page. 

Tuscaloosa formation, distribution of............................. 7, 12 

field work on ....................................... · .......... 11-12 

flora of, composition, origin, and evolution of. ............... 22-25 

correlation of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-41 

distribution of species of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43-48 

lithologic character of. ....................................... 12-13 

plates showing ............................................... 14, 16 

sections. of ..................................................... 14-22 

stratigraphic relations of ........................ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Tuscaloosa time, climate of ....................................... 29-30 

deposition in................................................. 26, 

physiography of. ........................... :................. 26 

Typhaeloipum cretaceum........................................ ·71 

u. Umbellales ............................ : ........................ 128-130 

Urticales ......................................................... 78-83 

v. 

Vitaceae ....... ;................................................. 115 

W. 

Ward, L. F., species collected by................................ 12 

Whites Bluff, Ala., section measured and fossil plants collected at. 21-22 

Tuscaloosa formation in, plate showing....................... 14 

'Viddringtonia ................. : ................................. G8, 69 

reicllii (Ettingshausen) Velenovsky .· ...................... ·... 69 

Widdringtonites Endlicher ....................................... 67-70 

fastigiatus (Sternberg) Endlicher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

ramosus (Fontaine) Barry ......... ·.......................... 68 

reichii (Ettingshausen) Heer ................................. 69-70 

subtilisH~er ...................................... · ...... 67-68,147 

'Voodbine sand, flora of, relation of the Tuscaloosa flora to....... 41 

Y. 

)'nccites.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

z. Zamites tenuinervis Fontaine.................................... 56 

Zizyphus Linne ............ : ................................... 112-113 

cliffwoodensis Berry,........................................ 113 

elegans Hollick ..................... ,......................... 113 

groenlandicus Heer.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

lamarensis Berry' ......................................... 112-113 

laurifolius Berry ................ :............................ 113 

lcwisiana ..................................................... · 113 

oblongns Hollick............................................. 113 

_vulgaris Lamarck ...... : .... :................................ 113 

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