FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT JUNE 28 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 15209 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 4 - 0 0 1 8 2 - CR- O RL- 1 8 - K RS U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lla n t,

v ersu s M A X F R E D E R I C K G R A Y , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lle e .

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Ju n e 28, 2006) B efo re A N D E R S O N , B IR C H an d C A RN E S , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: T he go vernm entappeal s M ax F re deri ck G ray’ s 72-m on th sent ence i m po se d2

f o rd i s tr i b u t i o n o f

c h i l d p o rn o g r ap h y i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S . C . § § 2 2 5 2 A( a ) ( 2 ) ( A) a n d ( b ) ( 1 ) . W e a f

f i rm. D uri ng an i nv es t i gat i on i nt o a chi l d p orno graphy W eb si t e, an un derc ov er of f i c e rr e c e i ve d thr e e e m a i l s c ont a i ni ng i m a ge s of c hi l d pornogr aphy f

r om the s c r e e n n a m e “T e n ab o I n c .” A f te rd e te rm in in g th a t th e s c r e e n n a m e b e lo n g e d to G r a y , th e o f

f ic e ro b ta in e d a n d e x e c u te d as e a r c h w a rr a n t f o rG r a y ’s r e s id e n c e . G r a y di r e c t e d the of

f i c e rt o “ the di s k w i th the pi c tur e s of the c hi l dr e n unde r18 ye ar s of a ge performi ng se xu al ac t s. ” A fore nsi c a nal ys i s of G ray’ s c om pu t er re veal ed m ore than 3 00 i m ages of chi l d p orno graphy, som e of w hi ch depi ct ed p r e p u b e s c e n t c h ild r e n , a n d th r e e im a g e s o f c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y th a t G r a y h a d s e n t to th e u n d e r c o v e ro f

f ic e r . G r a y a d m itte d th a t h e h a d b e e n d o w n lo a d in g s e x u a lly e xpl i c i ti m a ge s of

c hi l dr e n f

oraboutf

i ve y e a r s a nd ha d s e nti m a ge s thr ough the I n te rn e t to a n in d iv id u a l in O h io . A f e d e r a l g r a n d ju ry in d ic te d G r a y f o ro n e c o u n t o f

d is tr ib u tio n o f

c h ild pornogr aphy i n vi ol a t i on of §§ 2252( a ) ( 2) ( A ) a nd ( b) ( 1) a nd one c ountof p o s s e s s io n o f

c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y in v io la tio n o f § § 2 2 5 2 ( A ) ( a ) ( 5 ) ( B ) a n d ( b ) ( 2 ) . G ray i ni t i al l y pl ea ded n otgu i l ty t o the charges bu tl at erre qu es t ed a c hang e of pl ea he a r i ng f orw hi c h he f

a i l e d t o appe a r . T he di s tr i c tc our ti s s ue d abe nc h w a rr a ntf or h is a rr e s t.3

G r a y w a s a rr e s te d in I n d ia n ao n N o v e m b e r2 9 , 2 0 0 4 . G r a y w a s in av e h ic le a t atru c ks to p , b r o a d c a s tin g o n ar a d io th a t h e h a d af ir e a rm f o rs a le . P ol i ce arri v ed atth e scen e an d att em p t ed t o n eg o t i at e w i th h i m . D u ri n g th e n eg o t i at i o n s, G ray hel d a se m i -aut om at i c handg un t o h i s hea d and t ol d the offi ce rs thathe had m i ss ed hi s c hang e of pl eahear i ng . G ray ul t i m at el y s urre nd er ed and w as ha ndc uf f e d w i thouti nc i de nt . H e w a s a rr e s t e d f ordi s or de r l y c onduc ta nd r e s i s t i ng la w e n f o r c e m e n t. T he go vernm entfi l ed a m ot i on for G ray t o u nd er go a c om pet ency e xa m i na t i on ba s e d on the na tur e of hi s a rr e s t , a nd the di s tr i c tc our tgr a nt e d the m ot i on . G ray’ s e val uat i on i nd i ca t ed thathe suff er ed fr om a depres si ve di sorder and app ea re d t o m ee tthe cr i t er i a f or dysthym i c di sorder , a c hron i c m oo d d i sorder . H e a dm i tt ed att em pt i ng sui ci de on four se para t e occ as i on s. T he com pet ency e xa m i ne rc onc l ude d tha tG r a y di d nots uf f e rf r om as e ve r e m e nt a l di s or de ror de f e c ttha tw oul d pr e c l ude hi s abi l i ty t o unde r s t a nd the na tur e a nd c ons e que nc e s of th e p r o c e e d in g s a g a in s t h im o rto a s s is t h is a tto rn e y in h is o w n d e f e n s e . O n A p r il 2 7 , 2 0 0 5 , G r a y p le a d e d g u ilty to o n e c o u n t o f d is tr ib u tio n o f

c h ild pornogr aphy pur s ua ntt o apl e aa gr e e m e nt . T he m a nda t ory m i ni m um t e rm of im p r is o n m e n t f

o rth e o f f e n s e is f iv e y e a r s a n d th e m a x im u m te rm is tw e n ty y e a r s . 1 8 U .S .C . § 2 2 5 4 ( b ) ( 1 ) . A t s e n te n c in g , G r a y r a is e d n o o b je c tio n s to th e c o n te n ts4

of the pre-s ent ence i nv es t i gat i on re po rt(P S I) and exp l ai ned thathe w as a 64-ye ar ol d m an w ho had a hi st ory of hea l th p robl em s and w ho w as re ce nt l y di sc harged fr om the ho spi t al because of aheartcond i t i on . G ray e xp l ai ned thathe had n ever m o l est ed a ch i l d an d ex cep tfo r a few m att ers i n h i s cri m i n al h i st o ry th atw ere so ol d the y c oul d notbe s c or e d, he ha s be e n al a w - abi di ng c i t i z e n. G r a y s t a t e d tha the ha d c oope r a t e d w i th the author i t i e s , gi vi ng the m ac om pl e t e s t a t e m e nta nd a c c e p tin g f

u ll r e s p o n s ib ility f

o rh is a c tio n s . “[ I ]t w a s ab a d d e c is io n o n m y p a r t . . . bu tI a m the on e thatm ade thatdeci si on , so . . . i t ’ s up t o m e now t o p aythe pri ce for m aki ng thatchoi ce . ” G ray s ai d thathe w as so troub l ed by hi s c ri m i nal cond uct a n d c o n v ic tio n th a t h e h a d a tte m p te d to c o m m it s u ic id e th e d a y o f h is a rr e s t in Indi ana. H e s t at ed thatdu ri ng the i nci denthe had o nl y poi nt ed a w eapo n at hi m se l f. In det erm i ni ng G ray’ s s ent ence , the di stri ctcourtconsi dere d thatG ray had s e t u p as c r e e n n a m e to c a rry o u t h is o f f e n s e , p o s s e s s e d a s m a n y a s 3 0 0 c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y im a g e s , d is tr ib u te d s o m e im a g e s , a n d f a ile d to a tte n d h is p le ah e a r in g . T h e co u rtal so ex p l ai n ed th ati tw o u l d “ t ak e i n t o co n si d erat i o n [G ray’ s] ag e, [h i s] pri or m i ni m al re cord, [hi s] m edi ca l cond i t i on , and . . . [w ou l d] form a s ent ence w h i ch i t[fel tw as] reaso n ab l e u n d er th e ci rcu m st an ces. ” F i n d i n g G ray’ s b ase offe nse l evel t o b e 34 and hi s c ri m i nal hi st ory c at egory t o b e I , the courti nd i ca t ed5

thatG ray’ s gui del i nes r ange w as 15 1 t o 1 88 m on ths i m pri sonm ent . T he court s e nt e nc e d G r a y t o 72 m onths i m pr i s onm e nt , t o be f ol l ow e d by thr e e y e a r s of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e . T he gove rnm e ntobj e c t e d t o the s e nt e nc e a s be i ng un re as on abl e. T h e g o v e rn m e n t c o n te n d s th a t G r a y ’s 7 2 - m o n th s e n te n c e is u n r e a s o n ab le be c aus e the di s tr i c tc our tf a i l e d t o gi ve a de qua t e w e i ghtt o the gui de l i ne s r a nge or the fa ct ors s etforth i n 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 55 3(a) . W e r evi ew a di stri ctcourt ’ s s ent ence f orr e a s onabl e ne s s i n l i ghtof the § 3553( a ) f

a c t or s . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B ooke r , 543 U . S . 220, 261, 125 S . C t . 738, 765–66 ( 2005) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. T a l l e y , 431 F . 3d 78 4, 78 5– 86 (11th C i r. 20 05 ). W e m ustdet erm i ne w hether the se nt ence i m po se d by the di s tr i c tc ourt“ f

a i l s t o a c hi e ve the purpos e s of s e nt e nc i ng a s s t a t e d i n s e c t i on 3553( a ) . ” T a l l e y , 431 F . 3d a t788. W e ha ve s t a t e d tha t“ the r e i s ar a nge of r e a s o n ab le s e n te n c e s f

r o m w h ic h th e d is tr ic t c o u r t m a y c h o o s e .” I d . I n U n ite d S ta te s v . W illia m s , 4 3 5 F .3 d 1 3 5 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) , th is C o u r t h e ld tha tunde rthe c i r c um s t a nc e s of tha tc a s e as e nt e nc e l e s s tha n ha l f of the l ow e nd of the gu i del i nes w as re as on abl e. Id. at13 53 , 13 56 . T he defendantw as a c ar ee r of f e nde rc onvi c t e d of

s e l l i ng $350 w or th of

c r a c k c oc a i ne . I d. a t1351–52. T he d is tr ic t c o u r t s e n te n c e d h im to 9 0 m o n th s im p r is o n m e n t, w e ll b e lo w th e ap p lic ab le gu i del i nes r ange of 18 8 t o 2 35 m on ths. Id. at13 51 –5 3. W e not ed thatthe court6

w a s notr e qui r e d t o s t a t e on the r e c or d tha ti tha d c ons i de r e d e a c h § 3553( a ) f a c t or o r to d iscu ss ea ch fa cto r. Id . at 1 3 5 3

– 5 4 . W e e x p lain ed th at “th e d istrict co u rt’s s ta te m e n ts o v e rth e c o u r s e o f th e s e n te n c in g h e a r in g s h o w it w e ig h e d th e f a c to r s in § 3553 a nd t ook i nt o a c c ountW i l l i a m s ’ i ndi vi dua l hi s t ory a nd the na tur e of the char ge agai nsthi m w hen i tdet erm i ned t o sent ence hi m t o a l ow ert erm . ” I d. at 1355. W e r e a s one d tha tthi s w a s “ notac a s e w he r e the di s tr i c tc our ti m pos e d a non- G ui de l i ne s s e nt e nc e ba s e d s ol e l y on i t s di s a gr e e m e ntw i th the G ui de l i ne s . ” I d. R a the r , “ the di s tr i c tc our tc orr e c t l y c a l c ul a t e d the G ui de l i ne s r a nge a nd ga ve s p e c if ic , v a lid r e a s o n s f

o rs e n te n c in g lo w e rth a n th e a d v is o ry r a n g e .” I d . H er e, the di stri ctcourtgave speci fi c, val i d rea sons for i m po si ng a s ent ence tha tw a s l ow e rtha n the gui de l i ne s r a nge . S e e W i l l i a m s , 435 F . 3d a t1355. T he c o u r t’s s ta te m e n ts a t s e n te n c in g r e f le c t th a t it to o kin to a c c o u n t G r a y ’s a g e , h is p r io rm in im a l c r im in a l r e c o r d , a n d h is m e d ic a l c o n d itio n . T h e s e a r e a ll v a lid c ons i de r a t i ons be c aus e the y r e l a t e t o the “ hi s t ory a nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of the d efen d an t . ” S ee 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 5 5 3 (a)(1 ). T h e co u rtw ei g h ed th ese factors ag ai n st

“ the na tur e a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of the of f e ns e ” a nd de c i de d t o i m pos e anongui de l i ne s s e nt e nc e . S e e i d. T he r e i s no i ndi c a t i on tha tthe c our ti m pos e d the l ow e rs e nt e nc e s ol e l y be c aus e i tdi s a gr e e d w i th the gui de l i ne s . S e e W i l l i a m s , 435 F .3 d a t 1 3 5 5 . R a th e r , th e c o u r t’s s ta te m e n ts s h o w th a t it b e lie v e d th e 7 2 - m o n th7

s e nt e nc e t o be r e a s onabl e . A l though G r a y ’ s s e nt e nc e i s l e s s tha n ha l f the 151 m on ths thatdefi nes the bo tt om of the gu i del i nes r ange, un der the ci rc um st ance s a n d g iv e n th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s e x p la n a tio n w e c a n n o t s a y th a t is u n r e a s o n ab le in lig h t o f th e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f

a c to r s . AF F I R ME D.