GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION AND ARCHEOLOGICAL 

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE REPLACEMENT, 

ENTRANCE ROAD REALIGNMENT, AND NEW VISITOR PARKING LOT 

PROJECT AT THE FORT LARNED NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, 14PA305, 

PAWNEE COUNTY, KANSAS

By

Steven L. De Vore

and

Albert M. LeBeau III

MIDWEST ARCHEOLOGICAL CENTER

Technical Report: No. 132

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Lincoln, Nebraska

2012
GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION AND ARCHEOLOGICAL 

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PROPOSED BRIDGE 

REPLACEMENT, ENTRANCE ROAD REALIGNMENT, AND 

NEW VISITOR PARKING LOT PROJECT AT THE FORT 

LARNED NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, 14PA305, PAWNEE 

COUNTY, KANSAS

By

Steven L. De Vore

and

Albert M. LeBeau III

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Midwest Archeological Center

Technical Report No. 132

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Midwest Archeological Center

Lincoln, Nebraska

2012
Cover photo caption: 

Rambler Automobile on the old government bridge

which spans the Pawnee Creek near Fort Larned, Kansas

(Courtesy of Fort Larned National Historic Site)

This report has been reviewed against the criteria contained in 43CFR Part 7, Subpart 

A, Section 7.18 (a) (1) and, upon recommendation of the Midwest Regional Office

and the Midwest Archeological Center, has been classified as

Available

Making the report available meets the criteria of 43CFR Part 7, Subpart A, Section 7.18 

(a) (1).
i

ABSTRACT

The National Park Service’s Midwest Archeological Center staff with VolunteerIn-Parks participants conducted geophysical investigations of the underground electric 

line installation construction project at the Fort Larned National Historic Site (14PA305) 

in Pawnee County, Kansas. The geophysical investigations were conducted between 

July 13 and July 18, 2009. The investigations were requested by the FOLS resource 

manager at the Fort Larned National Historic Site. The project was located along the 

western side of the fort next to the row of Officers’ Quarters. The geophysical survey 

included a magnetic survey with dual fluxgate gradiometer and a resistance survey 

with a resistance meter and twin probe array. The geophysical survey was conducted 

in an attempt to identify any buried archeological remains associated with the fort in 

the vicinity of the construction project for the installation of the park’s underground 

electric line. The archeological monitoring of the underground electric line installation 

occurred between November 17 and 19, 2009. The monitoring activities included the 

documentation of the installation line and new transformer locations with a global 

positioning system unit and the monitoring of excavations for the directional boring 

access pits. The geophysical survey identified numerous buried archeological remains 

associated with the remnants of the military activities at the site, as well as more recent 

19th and 20th century farming and park activities at the site. The total area investigated by 

the geophysical survey in the FOLS geophysical project area was 16,161 m2 or 3.99 acres. 
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was completed with the support and assistance from the Fort 

Larned National Historic Site staff. Sincere appreciation is extended to the FOLS 

Superintendent Kevin McMurry, the FOLS Chief of Resource Management George 

Elmore, and the FOLS Facility Manager Bill Chapman who participated in the planning 

and implementation of the geophysical survey and archeological excavation project. All 

of the FOLS park staff went out of their way to make the MWAC crew feel welcome and 

provided assistance in getting the work done efficiently, safely, and as comfortably as 

possible during the archeological investigations. 

At the Midwest Archeological Center, we would like to thank Dr. Mark Lynott 

(MWAC Manager) and Dr. Ralph Hartley (MWAC Archeological Assistance and 

Partnership Program Manager) for their direction, leadership, and support during the 

project. We also appreciate the geophysical survey and archeological excavation efforts 

of the MWAC field crew: Blair Benton, Michael Favell, Curt Sedlacek, and David Wolf. 

We are also grateful for the support provided by Administrative Officer Jill Lewis, and 

the rest of the MWAC staff for all of their help without which this project would not 

have been completed as smoothly or efficiently as it was. Darin Schlake, Bryttie Duren, 

and Bailey Koziol provided logistical, computer, transportation, and personnel support 

during the project while Alan Weber, Jeff Larson, and Dustin Gonzales provided editing 

and report preparation in the publishing of this document. We are grateful for their 

review comments of the draft manuscript.

We would also like to extend our gratitude to the Denver Service Center staff 

for their assistance and guidance on the project. Tracy Cudworth served as the project 

leader. Lee Terzis was the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and National 

Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) specialist for the project and compiled the Planning, 

Environment, and Public Comment documents (PEPC) for the project compliance 

activities. We would also like to recognize the Midwest Region’s Federal Lands 

Highways Program (FLHP) coordinator Wayne Vander Tuin for his support of the 

project at the Fort Larned National Historic Site.
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... ii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... v

List of figures.............................................................................................................................. vii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1

2. Environmental Setting........................................................................................................... 3

3. Cultural History of the Fort Larned National Historic Site.............................................. 5

Prehistoric Periods ............................................................................................................ 5

Historic Periods ................................................................................................................. 7

4. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations ........................................................................ 11

5. Present Geophysical and Archeological Investigations.................................................... 13

Geophysical Grid Layout ................................................................................................ 14

Geophysical Prospection Techniques ............................................................................ 16

Magnetic Survey ...................................................................................................... 17

Resistance Survey..................................................................................................... 19

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey ........................................................................ 20

Geophysical Data Processing.......................................................................................... 22

Processing Dual Fluxgate Gradiometer Magnetic Data ..................................... 23

Processing Resistance Data .................................................................................... 24

Processing Ground Penetrating Radar Data........................................................ 24

Geophysical Data Interpretations .................................................................................. 25

Interpreting the Magnetic Data ............................................................................. 26

Interpreting the Resistance Data ........................................................................... 28
iv

Interpreting the Ground Penetrating Radar Data ............................................... 29

Combined Geophysical Data Set Interpretations................................................ 29

Aerial Photography........................................................................................................... 30

Archeological Excavation Methodology ....................................................................... 33

Shovel/Auger Testing................................................................................................ 33

Formal Archeological Excavation Unit................................................................. 34

6. Artifact Analysis..................................................................................................................... 35

Personal Items................................................................................................................... 35

Domestic Items ................................................................................................................. 35

Architecture....................................................................................................................... 36

Unknowns ......................................................................................................................... 36

7. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................. 37

References Cited........................................................................................................................ 39

Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 57

Figures......................................................................................................................................... 95
v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Global positioning system corrected grid coordinates for 

the FOLS Geophysical Project Areas A, B, C, D, and E (Site 14PA305). ............................ 57

Table 2. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer survey used in the grid input template at the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Areas A through E (Site 14PA305)....................................................... 85

Table 3. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the resistance 

survey used in the grid input template at the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Areas A and B (Site 14PA305). ................................................................................................. 86

Table 4. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the ground 

penetrating radar survey at the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B 

(Site 14PA305)............................................................................................................................ 87

Table 5. Aerial Photographs for Section 32, T21S, R17W in Pawnee 

County, Kansas, at the National Archives. ............................................................................. 87

Table 6. Aerial Photographs for Section 32, T21S, R17W in Pawnee 

County, Kansas, at the Aerial Photography Field Office. ..................................................... 88

Table 7. Shovel test data from the area north of the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area A. ........................................................................................................................... 88

Table 8. Shovel test data from the 100 meter square survey area in the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ......................................................................................... 89

Table 9. Shovel test data from the southwest corner of the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B...................................................................................................... 92

Table 10. Excavation unit data from the Test Unit 1 at the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B...................................................................................................... 92

Table 11. Artifacts collected from shovel test units and excavation 

unit at FOLS Geophysical Project Areas. ............................................................................... 93
vi
vii

List of Figures

Figure 1. Location of the geophysical project areas at the Fort Larned 

National Historic Site (14PA305), Pawnee County, Kansas. ............................................... 95

Figure 2. Bridge replacement project alternatives provided by DSC 

planning staff.............................................................................................................................. 96

Figure 3. Areas of Potential Effect for geophysical and archeological 

investigations.............................................................................................................................. 97

Figure 4. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A from 

the west side (view to the east northeast)............................................................................... 98

Figure 5. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B from 

the southwest corner of the grassy field (view to the northeast)......................................... 98

Figure 6. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C (view 

to the east). ................................................................................................................................. 99

Figure 7. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D (view 

to the north northwest). ........................................................................................................... 99

Figure 8. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E from 

the southwest corner of the project area (view to the northeast). ..................................... 100

Figure 9. Laying out the geophysical survey grid corner stakes with the 

surveying compass and 100-meter tape in project area B (view to the west). .................. 100

Figure 10. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A...................................... 101

Figure 11. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ..................................... 101

Figure 12. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C...................................... 102

Figure 13. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D...................................... 102

Figure 14. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E...................................... 103

Figure 15. Placing the surveying ropes on the geophysical grid in the 

southeast corner of project area B (view to the south)........................................................ 103

Figure 16. Creating the sketch map of cultural and natural surface 

features in project area B (view to the west southwest)....................................................... 104

Figure 17. Collecting GPS reading on one of the geophysical grid 

corner stakes with a GPS unit and external antenna (view to the south). ........................ 104
viii

Figure 18. UTM grid of the geophysical project areas at the Fort 

Larned National Historic Site................................................................................................. 105

Figure 19. Conducting the magnetic survey with the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer (view to the south). ............................................................................................ 105

Figure 20. Conducting the resistance survey with the resistance meter 

and twin probe array (view to the north).............................................................................. 106

Figure 21. Conducting the ground penetrating radar survey with a 

gpr cart and 400 mHz antenna (view to the east)................................................................. 106

Figure 22. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A................................................ 107

Figure 23. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................... 107

Figure 24. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C................................................ 108

Figure 25. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D................................................ 108

Figure 26. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E................................................ 109

Figure 27. Image and contour plots of the resistance data from the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area A. ........................................................................................ 109

Figure 28. Image and contour plots of the resistance data from the 

southeast corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................... 110

Figure 29. Image and contour plots of the resistance data from the 

southwest corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. .............................................. 110

Figure 30. Time slice data from the gpr survey of the selected area within 

the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B................................................................................... 111

Figure 31. Image and contour plot of the ground penetrating radar 

time slice 7 (13-17 ns) data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ........................ 111

Figure 32. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A................................................... 112

Figure 33. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B................................................... 112
ix

Figure 34. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C................................................... 113

Figure 35. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D. ................................................. 113

Figure 36. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E................................................... 114

Figure 37. Interpretation of the resistance data from the selected area 

within the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A....................................................................... 114

Figure 38. Interpretation of the resistance data from the southeast corner 

of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................................................. 115

Figure 39. Interpretation of the resistance data from the southwest corner 

of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................................................. 115

Figure 40. Interpretation of the ground penetrating radar data from time 

slice 7 (13-17 ns) from the selected area within the FOLS Geophysical Project.............. 116

Figure 41. Combined magnetic and resistance anomalies from the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area A. ................................................................................................... 116

Figure 42. Combined magnetic and resistance anomalies from the 

southeast corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. .............................................. 117

Figure 43. Combined magnetic and resistance anomalies from the 

southwest corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................. 118

Figure 44. Combined magnetic and ground penetrating radar anomalies 

from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. ........................................................................ 118

Figure 45. 1938 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 119

Figure 46. 1950 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 119

Figure 47. 1956 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 120

Figure 48. 1963 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 120

Figure 49. 1970 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 121

Figure 50. 1975 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 121

Figure 51. 1979 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 122

Figure 52. 1981 infrared aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.............................. 122
x

Figure 53. 1985 infrared aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.............................. 123

Figure 54. 1991 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 123

Figure 55. 1997 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 124

Figure 56. 2002 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area............................................. 124

Figure 57. 2003 color aerial photograph of the FOLS project area................................... 125

Figure 58. 2004 color aerial photograph of the FOLS project area................................... 125

Figure 59. 2005 color aerial photograph of the FOLS project area................................... 126

Figure 60. Conducting auger excavation in the 100-m shovel test grid 

in Geophysical Project Area B. ............................................................................................... 127

Figure 61. Shovel test locations on the north side of the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area A to the southwest of the main fort buildings and parade ground.............. 128

Figure 62. Shovel test and excavation unit locations on the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B..................................................................................................... 128

Figure 63. Shovel test locations in the southwest corner of the FOLS

 Geophysical Project Area B.................................................................................................... 129

Figure 64. General view of Test Unit 1 in the south central part of the FOLS

Geophysical Project Area B (view to the east northeast). ................................................... 129

Figure 65. West wall profile of Test Unit 1 in the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area B. .......................................................................................................................... 130

Figure 66. Summary of archeological and geophysical project at FOLS.......................... 130
1

1. INTRODUCTION

The geophysical survey and archeological investigations at five selected 

geophysical project area locations within the Fort Larned National Historic Site (Site 

14PA305), in Pawnee County, Kansas (Figure 1), were conducted as part of the National 

Park Service’s (NPS) Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) archeological assistance 

to the park’s construction and compliance activities related to the removal of the 

existing highway bridge across Pawnee Fork (also referred to as the Pawnee River) on 

the northwest side of the fort, the proposed construction of a new pedestrian bridge at 

the southwest corner of the fort quadrangle, and the realignment of the entrance road 

and parking lot location to the left side of Pawnee Fork near the southwest corner of the 

fort buildings and parade ground (Bringelson 2010; De Vore 2010). The archeological 

investigations were requested by the Transportation Division staff of the NPS Denver 

Service Center (DSC), to evaluate the archeological resources in the parking lot, 

entrance road, and pedestrian bridge construction zones in compliance with Section 

106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended through 2006 (NPS 

2006a:35-99). In order to facilitate the development of the project’s Environmental 

Assessment (EA), the DSC staff contacted MWAC to conduct a reconnaissance 

survey of alternative locations for the proposed bridge replacement, entrance road realignment, and a new visitor parking lot construction. As part of the reconnaissance 

level survey, geophysical prospection techniques were used to identify and pinpoint 

possible archeological features. Once the features were identified, archeological testing 

consisting of shovel/auger testing and excavation units were used to investigate the 

geophysical anomalies. Aerial photographs were also analyzed to provide information 

of the nature of the geophysical anomalies and to identify potential river crossings and 

military bridge locations. 

Fort Larned National Historic Site (FOLS) was authorized by legislation enacted 

by the Congress of the United States in 1964 under Public Law 88-541 (FOLS 1995:6). 

The national historic site was established to commemorate the significant role of the 

fort in the opening of the West. The law provided for the acquisition of 750 acres of 

land including the fort site and nearby remains of the Santa Fe Trail along with scenic 

easements. Fort Larned served as base of military operations against the hostile Plains 

Indians and for protection of commerce along the eastern part of the Santa Fe Trail 

during the 1860s and 1870s. The military post also served as the Indian Bureau Agency 

for the administration of the terms of the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861 with the Central 

Plains Indian tribes. 

The proposed DSC construction project calls for the demolition of the 

deteriorating 95-meter length concrete highway bridge across Pawnee Fork that served 

the park’s historic core and accessible parking area (Bringelson 2010). Approximately 

2425 square meters of gravel and paved accessible parking areas will also be removed. 

A wooden pedestrian bridge will be constructed near the historic military crossing of 

Pawnee Fork at the southwest corner of the row of Officers’ Quarters on the west side 

of the fort’s parade ground. The pedestrian bridge will be constructed to represent 

the 1874 military style structure. The two-lane, paved entrance road will be extended 

approximately 0.65 kilometers along the left bank of Pawnee Fork to the location of the 
2

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

proposed paved 50-space parking lot, which will connect to the fort’s historic core by 

means of the wooden pedestrian bridge across Pawnee Fork and accessible walkway. In 

order to determine the effects of the construction project impacts on the park’s buried 

archeological resources, the DCS planning staff requested an archeological inventory 

and evaluation of the Areas of Potential Effect (APE) associated with two possible 

alternative actions to achieve the desired project results (Figure 2). The potential 

impact areas for the two construction alternatives cover approximately 157,000 m2 or 

38.80 acres. Approximately 60% of the potential impact area (92,000 m2 or 22.73 acres) 

lies in open grassy areas of the park and has not been subjected to an archeological 

inventory (Figure 3). 

The archeological and geophysical investigations were conducted from August 2 

to August 20, 2010, along the western side of the fort next to the row of Officers’ Quarters 

and on the left side of Pawnee Fork to the west and north of the fort quadrangle. The 

geophysical survey included a magnetic survey with dual fluxgate gradiometer, three 

limited resistance surveys with a resistance meter and twin probe array, and a small 

ground penetrating radar survey with a gpr cart system and 400 mHz antenna. These 

techniques offered inexpensive, rapid, and relatively non-destructive and non-invasive 

methods of identifying buried archeological resources and site patterns, which were 

detectable and also provided a means for sampling relatively large areas in an efficient 

manner (Roosevelt 2007:444-445; and Von Der Osten-Woldenburg 2005:621-626). The 

geophysical survey was conducted in order to identify buried archeological remains 

associated with the fort in the vicinity of the proposed construction corridor and area of 

potential effect associated with the proposed bridge removal and bridge and parking lot 

replacement project. In addition to the geophysical survey of the proposed construction 

zone, targeted shovel/auger tests were strategically placed within the project areas to 

test and refine geophysical interpretations of the various anomalies. The shovel/auger 

test transect will be placed in the areas of the proposed pedestrian bridge crossing and 

the proposed location of the parking lot. Formal excavation units will also be placed 

over geophysical anomalies to provide complementary data on the nature and potential 

significance of the buried archeological features.
3

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Fort Larned National Historic Site is located within the Plains Border section 

of the Great Plains province of the Interior Plains division of the North American 

continent (Fenneman 1931:25-30). The site also lies within the Rolling Plains and Breaks 

land resource region of the Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region major 

land resource area (USDA 2006:195-196,200-202). The region consists of submature to 

mature dissected plains. The dissected plains are broad with undulating and rolling 

uplands that generally contain narrow valleys with steep hilly side slopes. Local relief 

in the region is measures in meters to tens of meters. However, broad flood plains and 

terraces occur along the larger rivers. Fort Larned is located on the right or south bank 

of the Pawnee Fork, a tributary of the Arkansas River. The area surrounding Fort Larned 

is relatively flat with featureless terraces and bottom lands of the Great Bend lowland 

region of the Arkansas River lowlands (Schoewe 1949:291-296). The area is transected by 

numerous abandoned channels of the Pawnee Fork. Sedimentary rock outcrops in the 

county range from the Cretaceous to Quaternary Periods (McLaughlin 1949; Schoewe 

1949:261-273). Terrace deposits along the Pawnee Fork consist of Pleistocene and 

Holocene Epoch alluvium from the Quaternary Period; however, some of the alluvial 

deposits may date to the Tertiary Period. 

The area also lies on the western edge of the Illinoian biotic province (Dice 

1943:21-23). The native vegetation is dominated by mixed grass prairie vegetation, 

which consists of tall and mid-height grasses. Little bluestem, big bluestem, switchgrass, 

sideoats grama, and western wheatgrass represent the major grass species (Brown 

1985:46-53; Dodge and Roth 1978:65; Küchler 1974; Shelford 1963:334-344; USDA 

2006:202). Stands of cottonwoods occur on the flood plains along the major rivers. 

Numerous species of fords are also present including sunflowers, goldenrods, and 

ragweed. Wildlife in the region includes white-tailed deer, coyote, raccoon, black-tailed 

jackrabbit pheasant, bobwhite quail, meadowlark, and mourning dove along with a 

variety of songbirds, rodents and smaller mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and 

aquatic fauna including bass, catfish, bluegill, and bullhead (Brown 1985:46-53; Shelford 

1963:334-344; USDA 2006:202). Bison, pronghorn antelope, elk, and wolves were present 

in the region during the prehistoric and early historic periods. 

Mollisols dominate the soil groups in the region (Foth and Schafer 1980:111-

142; USDA 2006:202). Entisols are also present but to a lesser extent (Foth and Schafer 

1980:37-62; USDA 2006:202). The loamy to clayey soils range from shallow to very deep 

and moderately well drained to somewhat excessively drained. The soil temperature is a 

mesic regime. The soils also have an ustic soil moisture regime (USDA 2006:202). Within 

the immediate project area, the soils belong to the New Cambria-Bridgeport-Hord soil 

association identified by deep, nearly level, well drained and moderately well drained 

soils that have a silt loam to silty clay subsoil (Dodge and Roth 1978:4). The soil within 

the project areas A, B, D, and E is identified as a Bridgeport silt loam (soil mapping unit 

Br) with 0 to 2 percent slopes (Dodge and Roth 1978:8,37). The nearly level Bridgeport 

soil is a deep, well drained soil is found on low terraces, which is occasionally flooded. 

The silt loam soil is formed in silty alluvial sediments on long, convex areas adjacent to 

major stream. It is moderately permeable with a high available water capacity. Fertility 
4

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

is high while the runoff rate is slow. The soil has a low shrink-swell potential. The 

surface layer is very friable. It has a moderately alkaline pH reaction (Dodge and Roth 

1978:8,37). Project area C lies within the Uly silt loam (soil mapping unit - Ub) with 1 to 

3 percent slopes (Dodge and Roth 1978:20,43-44). The gently sloping Uly soil is a deep, 

well drained soil is found on convex upland ridgetops and side slopes. The silt loam soil 

is formed in thick deposits of calcareous loess. It is moderately permeable with a high 

available water capacity. Fertility is high while the runoff rate is medium. The soil has 

a moderate shrink-swell potential. The surface layer is friable and easily tilled. It has a 

mildly to moderately alkaline pH reaction (Dodge and Roth 1978:20,44).

The climate is a temperate continental climate with warm summers and cold 

winters (Bark 1978:2-3; Trewartha and Horn 1980:299-302; USDA 2006:201). Annual 

precipitation averages 60 cm. Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of rain 

between April and September. Snowfalls can be heavy with an annual average of 55 

cm. The average annual temperature is 13.4 degrees C with a January daily average of 

-0.39 degrees C and a July daily average of 26.7 degrees C (Bark 1978:60-61). The region 

averages a freeze free period of approximately 180 days ranging from 145 to 210 days 

(USDA 2006:201). The prevailing winds are from the south. Severe windstorms can 

occur along with occasional tornadoes in well developed thunderstorms (Bark 1978:2-3).
5

3. CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE FORT LARNED 

NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

Little physical evidence is available from archeological investigations of the Fort 

Larned National Historic Site for the prehistoric occupation of the area (Boszhardt 

and Bednarchuk 2008). The numerous archeological investigations at the park have 

focused on the historic military occupation of Fort Larned (MWAC 1998). Information 

concerning the prehistoric use of the region is summarized in the publications of Robert 

J Hoard and William E. Banks (2006), Patricia J. O’Brien (1984), John D. Reynolds and 

William B. Lees (2004), and Waldo R. Wedel (1959). The project area lies within the 

Arkansas River Lowlands archeological study unit (Brown 1987:XVI-1—XVI-16).

The prehistoric period has been divided into several traditions denoting changes 

in technology, subsistence, and settlement patterns. The project area lies within the 

Central Plains Subarea of the Plains archeological cultural area of North America 

(Willey 1966:311-329). The prehistoric period is generally divided into the Paleoindian 

(11,000-7,000 B.C), Archaic 7,000 B.C. to A.D. 1), Ceramic (A.D. 1-1500), and Protohistoric 

(A.D. 1500-1800) periods, although the durations and manifestations of any individual 

tradition are specific to the local region. The historic period begins in 1541 with the 

arrival of Coronado’s band of Spanish explorers. The historic period (Holt 1990; HPD 

1984,1987; Lees 1989; Reynolds and Lees 2004:44-55) has been divided into five separate 

study contexts including the European and American exploration and contact with 

Native Americans (1541-1820), American exploration and settlement (1820-1865), rural 

and agricultural dominance (1865-1900), time of contrasts (1900-1939), and the recent 

past (1939-present). 

Prehistoric Periods

The prehistoric periods have been described in several publications. The 

prehistoric contexts have been summarized by Patricia J O’Brien (1984) and in the State’s 

prehistoric archeological preservation plan by Kenneth L. Brown (1987:XVI-1—XVI16) and Kenneth L. Brown and Marie E. Brown (1987:IX-1—IX-26). These include the 

Paleoindian Period (11,000 to 7,000 B.C.), the Archaic Period (7,000 B.C.to A. D. 1), the 

Ceramic Period (A.D. 1-1500), and the Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1500-1541). 

The Paleoindian Period in the Arkansas River lowlands is poorly represented in 

the archeological record (Blackmar and Hofman 2006:46-75; Brown and Brown 1987:IX16—IX-24; O’Brien 1984:27-37; Reynolds and Lees 2004:11-14; Wedel 1959:536-538). The 

Paleoindians are represented by small bands of nomadic hunter-gatherers who subsisted 

off large game animals such as mammoths and bison, as well as other Pleistocene fauna 

and supplemented their diets with seeds, roots, berries, nuts, and small animals. The 

Paleoindian Period is divided into three stages based on projectile point forms: 1) Llano 

or Clovis Complex (11,000-9,000 B.C.), 2) Folsom Complex (9,000-8,000 B.C.), and 3) 

Plano Complexes (8,000-7,000 B.C.). In the Arkansas River lowlands, the Paleoindian 

period is represented by isolated finds of Clovis and later Paleoindian projectile points 

(Brown and Brown 1987:IX-1—IX-26). 
6

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

The Archaic Period represents a shift in the reliance on large game to an 

increasing diversity of technologies associated with hunting, fishing, trapping, foraging, 

plant processing, and woodworking. The Archaic is further divided into the Early (6,000-

5,000 B.C.), Middle (5,000-2,000 B.C.), and Late Archaic (2,000 B.C-A. D. 1) stages with 

increases in highly regionalized adaptation to local environmental niches and increasing 

populations (Blackmar and Hofman 2006:46-75; O’Brien 1984:39-44; Reynolds and Lees 

2004:14-22; Wedel 1959:538-542). Stemmed and notched projectile points dominate the 

tool kit. Ground stone tools are being incorporated into the Archaic tool kit for grinding 

seeds into meal. Subsistence consists of a season round of exploitation of a diversity 

of faunal and floral resources. Habitation sites are becoming more permanent with 

increasing populations. The Archaic period within the Arkansas River lowlands is not 

very well represented. 

The Ceramic Period spans the Early Ceramic or Plains Woodland period 

(A.D. 1-1000), the Middle Ceramic period (A.D. 900-1500), and the Late Ceramic 

or Protohistoric period (A.D. 1500-1825). The Early Ceramic period is marked by 

the introduction of pottery, as well as changes in social organization, subsistence 

strategies, and technology (Bozell 2006:93-104; Logan 2006:76-92; O’Brien 1984:45-55; 

Reynolds and Lees 2004:22-32; Wedel 1959:542-557). Bow and arrow technology is 

introduced during the Early Ceramic period. Subsistence is largely based on hunting 

and intensive plant gathering: however, by the end of the Early Ceramic period, 

incipient plant domestication is occurring along with the introduction of tropical 

cultigens such as maize. Mound construction associated with mortuary activities 

occur across the eastern United States including the eastern and northern parts of 

Kansas. Hopewellian influences from Ohio are documented in the eastern part of the 

state. The Early Ceramic period within the Arkansas River lowlands is not very well 

represented. The Middle Ceramic period in the eastern United States is associated with 

the Mississippian cultures with their development of urban centers and temple mounds. 

The Middle Ceramic cultures have adapted a dual economy with maize, squash, and 

bean agriculture supplemented by hunting and wild food gathering. The bow and arrow 

becomes widespread during the period. Introduction of the rectangular earthlodge 

occurs in the northern part of the state associated with the Central Plains Tradition 

village farmers of the Upper Republican, Nebraska, and Smoky Hill complexes (O’Brien 

1984:59-62; Reynolds and Lees 2004:32-41; Roper 2006:105-132; Wedel 1959:557). The 

Middle Ceramic period in central Kansas, including Pawnee County, is defined by the 

poorly documented Pratt Culture (Brown 1987:XVI-2—XVI-5; Wedel 1959:503-512). 

The Pratt complex exhibits aspects of the Central Plains tradition and the Southern 

Plains cultures. The economy consists of hunting, gathering, and agriculture. Structures 

consist of flattened sides with rounded and braced corners with four center support 

posts and a central heart and interior cache pits. Artifacts consist of small, notched and 

unnotched triangular projectile points, alternately beveled diamond-shaped knives, 

bone tools, and sand tempered and shell tempered ceramics. The Late Ceramic period, 

including the protohistoric and early historic tribal periods, consist of the Great Bend 

aspect, the historic Wichita, and the Dismal River aspect/Plains Apache (Blakeslee and 

Hawley 2006:165-179; Brown 1987:XVI-6—XVI-16; Lees 1989:69-71,83-84; Marshall 

2006:219-232; O’Brien 1984:67-78; Reynolds and Lees 2004:41-44; Scheiber 2006:133-150; 

Vehik 2006:206-218; Wedel 1959:47-82,571-615). The Late Ceramic period represents a 

period of change in the Great Plains region of Kansas with the arrival of the European 
7

CULTURAL HISTORY

explorers in Kansas, including the Spanish under Coronado in 1541 and the French 

under de Bourgmont in 1724. During this period, specific historic tribes, such as the 

Kansas, Pawnee, Wichita, and Plains Apache are identifiable in the archeological record. 

The period ends with the removal of Native American tribes from the Eastern United 

States into Kansas in the early 1800s. The period presents the development of historic 

Native American tribes and the initial contact of the tribes with European explorers. The 

Great Bend aspect in central and southern Kansas is associated with the development of 

the historic Wichita while the Dismal River aspect is associated with the historic Apache 

and the Oneota aspect may be associated with the Kansas. The Wichita, Pawnee, and 

Kansa represent agricultural villagers while the Plains Apache remain nomadic.

Historic Periods

Compared to the prehistoric period in the region, the historic periods are 

extremely well documented. The initial exploration of the region by Europeans and 

contact with Native American tribes in Kansas had a profound effect on the native 

populations during the historic period between 1541 and 1825. The 16th century 

explorations by the Spanish with Coronado in 1541, Onate in 1601, and Ulibarri in 1706, 

and the 17th century explorations by the French explorers de Bourgmont in 1724 and 

Trudeau in 1794 provide written accounts of their observations of the landscape and 

interactions with Native American tribes (Lees 1989:71; Reynolds and Lees 2004:44-48). 

The American Lewis and Clark 1804-1086 expedition traveled along the northeastern 

part of Kansas while Pike in 1806 traveled across Kansas to Colorado and New Mexico. 

Thomas Say of the Stephen Long expedition provided additional insight into the Kansas 

territory in 1819 (Lees 1989:69-71). 

Between 1820 and 1865, Kansas saw the resettlement of many eastern Native 

American tribes, as well the establishment of American settlement within the state (HPD 

1987; Lees 1989:71-73; Reynolds and Lees 2004:48-51). While the Pawnee, Wichita, and 

Plains Apache were no longer permanent residents in the state, the Kansa and the Osage 

remained important state residents. During the late 1820s and the 1830, several eastern 

woodland tribes including the Sac and Fox, the Ioway, the Illinois, the Otoe, Delaware, 

Cherokee, Chippewa, and others were resettled in eastern Kansas (O’Brien 1984:79-82). 

In addition to the Native American tribes, American missionaries and traders moved 

into the state to work with the tribes. The Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon and California 

Trails carried American emigrants and commerce across Kansas during this period. 

Kansas Territory was established in 1854 under the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1861, 

Kansas was admitted to the Union. American settlement occurred rapidly along the 

eastern third of the state. Settlement during this portion of the period was characterized 

the establishment of forts, farms, roads, schools, towns, and the completion of the 

government land office surveys of the state (O’Brien 1984:83-86). In the years leading 

up to the Civil War and during the Civil War, eastern Kansas was the focus of much 

violence over the issue of slavery. The Indian War of 1864 resulted in hostilities between 

the Plains Indians and the American settlers in the state, which also had an effect on the 

Kansas forts including Fort Larned (Ware 1994).

In North America during the late 1700s and into the mid-1800’s; land purchases, 

wars, and treaties, created change that had an impact to the American landscape, 
8

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

including the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican-American War, the expansion westward 

through the means of Manifest Destiny, and the Civil War. To accommodate these 

changes and to provide security, military forts and outposts were established along the 

major travel and trade routes. One of these forts, established in 1859 was first labeled as 

a “camp on the Pawnee River” along the Santa Fe Trail. Later the fort became known 

as Camp Alert. In 1860 the camp moved and re-named to Fort Larned, to its current 

location just outside of the current town of Larned, Kansas (Oliva 1982:xi). Fort Larned 

was named for Col. Benjamin F. Larned, the Paymaster General of the Army. In 1859 

Col. Larned was eligible for retirement and the fort was named after him in honor of his 

service. The Fort was strategically located along Pawnee Fork. It was established to form 

a eastern front for the overland travels to the New Mexico territory and Fort Union. Fort 

Larned being roughly midway between the two major forts of Union and Leavenworth 

served as a respite and sanctuary for travelers along the Santa Fe Trail. 

Following the Civil War, Kansas developed from a frontier to a state with a 

diversified economy during the period of rural and agricultural dominance between 

1865 and 1900 (HPD 1984; Lees 1989:73-74; Reynolds and Lees 2004:51-53). Most of 

these tribes were moved elsewhere by the 1870s, although the Iowa Tribe of Kansas 

and Nebraska, the Kickapoo Tribe of Indians in Kansas, the Prairie Band Potawatomi 

Nation, and the Sac and Fox Nation retained reservations within the state to the present 

day. This opened more land in the state to American settlement. Railroad construction 

in Kansas began in the late 1860s. The railroads played a significant role in the further 

development of the state’s agricultural dominance throughout the period. The location 

of the railroads played an important role in the deciding factor in the location of new 

towns across the state. During this period, the state’s agricultural economy focused on 

wheat cultivation and on livestock production and processing. During the early part 

of the period, Kansas railheads provided shipping points for the Texas cattle drives 

to the eastern market places. Additional hostilities with the Plains Indians resulted in 

conflicts during 1867 and 1868. Major General Winfield S. Hancock with troops from 

Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley including the newly organized Seventh Cavalry 

under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer camped in the grassy field on the left bank 

of Pawnee Fork across from the fort buildings and parade ground in April 1867 (Oliva 

1997:45-47). By 1870, American settlement in the eastern half of the state was complete. 

In 1877, large group of Cheyenne left their Oklahoma reservation and crossed Kansas. 

By 1890, the entire state was settled; however, this was not without severe hardships for 

the American emigrants. The economic collapse in the 1890s resulted in the decrease 

in the farming population in the western part of the state; however, this economic 

downturn was to provide development of the state’s mineral extraction industries, 

including drilling for oil and natural gas and mining for coal and salt. The Fort Larned 

military reservation was transferred from the Department of War to the Department 

of the Interior’s General Land Office in 1883. In 1884, the buildings and lands of the 

military reservation were sold at public auction and adapted for use as a private ranch 

(Oliva 1997:93-96; Quinn Evans/Architects 1996:1-1—1-3). 

During the time of contrast from 1900 to 1939, the agricultural industry in the 

state rebounded with increasing mechanization and diversity (Holt 1990; Lees 1989:74-

75; Reynolds and Lees 2004:53-54). The mineral extraction industries continued to 

expand throughout the period. The automobile was becoming an important means 
9

CULTURAL HISTORY

of transportation for people and goods during this period. World War I and the Great 

Depression also had significant impacts on the state’s economy and population. The 

1930s drought had a major impact on the state, especially in the agricultural region in 

western Kansas.

The recent past from 1939 to the present resulted in many major changes in 

the nation, which were also represented in the state (Lees 1989:75; Reynolds and Lees 

2004:54-55). World War II had a major impact on the state’s population with increases 

in military training at the army and army air corps bases and the deployment of the 

fighting men overseas. Women filled the industrial and manufacturing roles that the 

men had occupied prior to the start of the war. Prisoner-of-War camps were established 

throughout the state. Following the war, the period continued to see a decline in the 

rural population with smaller farms and communities suffering from the movement 

away from the rural areas to larger urban areas. Following the war large-scale land 

leveling and agricultural terracing make it possible for fewer farmers to grow the crops 

and livestock needed to produce the grain, dairy, and meat for public consumption. 

Federal highway and reservoir construction also altered the landscape. In 1957, the Fort 

Larned Historical Society was founded and opened the old fort to the public. The Fort 

Larned site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. In 1964, Congress 

authorized the establishment of the Fort Larned National Historic Site as a national 

park. The fort property was acquired by the National Park Service in 1966. The National 

Park Service continued to restore the fort’s buildings to represent the 1868 military 

use since becoming a National Historic Site (Oliva 1997:96-99; Quinn Evans/Architects 

1996:2-28—2-30).
10

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED
11

4. PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS

The cultural resource investigations at the Fort Larned National Historic Site 

have produced numerous archeological reports, which are summarized in the cultural 

sites inventory for the park (MWAC 1998,2007). The first archeological investigations 

at the site in the late 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s occurred as preliminary 

steps in the reconstruction of the military post (Albright and Scott 1974; Dial 1991; 

Hunt 1983; Griffin 1991; Monger 1981; Perttula and Shaw 1980; Richner 1979; Scott 

1974,1975, 1998a,1998b; Spears 1978; Sudderth 1981,1983a,1983b; Thiessen 1983; 

Zalucha and Olinger 1976a,1976b). Other archeological projects in the 1970s included 

the archeological survey of a detached landholding containing trail ruts associated with 

the Santa Fe Trail southwest of the park (Nickel 1975), the archeological survey of the 

a proposed sandstone quarry exhibit (Nickel 1987), salvage archeology associated with 

the construction of the museum and visitors center (Monger 1976), construction of the 

maintenance facility (Lees 1984), archeological monitoring of utility line installations 

and reconstruction activities (Elmore 1983a,1983b, 1984,1986,1988a,1988b,1989; Griffin 

1987; Hunt 1990; Monger 1980; Thiessen 1987), and other archeological compliance 

related projects (Scott 2005). In addition to the archeological investigations, geophysical 

investigations at the fort included the magnetic survey of HS-3 and suspected privy 

location (Weymouth 1978), the metal detector survey of the proposed new visitors 

center location (Scott 1995), the geophysical investigations of the potential location for 

the Cavalry Stables (Kern and De Vore 1999), and the geophysical investigations and 

monitoring activities associated with the installation of the buried electric line (Baier 

2009; De Vore 2009; De Vore and Baier n.d.) . 

 A number of histories have been written about Fort Larned and its association 

with the Santa Fe Trail (Brown 1964; Oliva 1982,1985,1997; Reaves 1995; Unrau 1956; 

Utley and Watkins 1993). In addition the histories, several historic furnishing studies and 

structure reports, management documents, and other cultural resource studies related 

to Fort Larned National Historic Site were compiled for the park since its establishment 

in 1966 (Albright and Scott 1974; Clemensen 1978,1980; Cockrell et al. 1991; FOLS 

1988,1995; MWRO 1978; Quinn Evans/ Architects 1996,1999; Rickey and Crellin 1967; 

Sheire 1968,1969; Stinson 1966).
12

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED
13

5. PRESENT GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL 

INVESTIGATIONS

The five archeological/geophysical project areas are located around the northwest 

and southwest perimeter of the buildings surrounding the quadrangular parade ground 

and in the open field on the west side or left bank of Pawnee Fork. The investigations 

are concentrated along the back side of the Officers row of buildings on the west side 

of the parade ground adjacent to the 2009 geophysical survey area. Geophysical Project 

Area A is located on the west side of the 2009 geophysical grid along the access road 

behind the fort’s buildings and parade ground (Figure 3). It extends to the irrigation 

ditch south of the access road. The vegetational coverage consists of domestic grasses, 

which are kept mown by the park staff. Geophysical Project Area B lies on the left side 

of Pawnee Fork in a large grassy field (Figure 4), which has been cultivated in the past. 

The grass is allowed to grow and prescribed burns are conducted on a cyclic basis for 

control the buildup of dead grass. The project area extends across southern portion of 

the field along the bank of the Pawnee Fork and along the west side of the paved park 

entrance road (County Road 242). Geophysical Project Area C is located on the southeast 

side of the intersection of the paved US Highway 158 and the gravel County Road of 

180th Avenue (Figure 5). The project area is also located in the grassy field containing 

Geophysical Project Area B. Geophysical Project Area D is located on the east side of 

the 2009 geophysical project area near the southwest corner of the parade ground and 

Quartermaster’s storeroom (Figure 6). It extends to the irrigation ditch south of the 

access road. The vegetational coverage consists of domestic grasses, which are kept 

mown by the park staff. Geophysical Project Area E is located on the east side of the 

2009 geophysical project area near the northwest corner of the parade ground behind 

the Enlisted Men’s Barracks and Visitors Center, and the Officers’ Quarters (Figure 7). 

It extends to the bank of Pawnee Fork on the north side of the grid. The vegetational 

coverage consists of domestic grasses, which are kept mown by the park staff. 

The 2010 archeological investigations of the proposed parking lot and bridge 

replacements along with the extension of the entrance road consists of two phases with 

the geophysical survey representing the first phase and archeological excavations and 

shovel testing of selected areas within the geophysical project areas that yielded data 

concerning buried archeological resources that would be impacted by the proposed 

construction project representing the second phase of the field project. The geophysical 

phase includes the survey of the project areas with a dual fluxgate gradiometer system, 

as well as selected areas for additional resistance survey with a resistance meter and 

twin probe array and ground penetrating radar survey with a gpr cart system and 400 

mHz antenna. The formal archeological excavation phase includes the shovel testing 

of the area proposed for the parking lot, as well as areas that may be impacted by the 

construction of the pedestrian bridge across the Pawnee Fork between the parking lot 

and the fort’s parade ground at the southwest corner of the Officers’ Quarters. Formal 

excavations were placed in areas where geophysical anomalies suggested the presence of 

unknown archeological features. 
14

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Geophysical Grid Layout

The initial mapping point for the establishment of Geophysical Project Area A 

was the mapping station used in the establishment of the 2009 geophysical survey grid 

(De Vore 2009,2010; De Vore and Baier n.d.). The point was located one meter west of 

the southwest corner of the Company Officers Quarters (HS-7) backyard fence and 

approximately five centimeters south of the southern fence wall. A second grid point 

from the 2099 geophysical survey grid along the south side of the Officers’ Quarters 

backyard served as a backsight to establish the geophysical grid’s east-west baseline. 

The baseline orientation was 27 1⁄2 degrees west of magnetic north. After relocating 

the grid stakes and marking their location with tent pegs along the west side of the 

2009 geophysical grid, the 2010 geophysical grid at the Geophysical Project Area A 

was established using an Ushikata S-25 TRACON surveying compass (Ushikata 2005) 

and a 100-meter tape measure (Figure 8). Wooden hub stakes for the grid unit corners 

were placed at 20-meter intervals from the 2009 western grid edge between the park’s 

service road, the river levee, and the irrigation ditch. The grid was triangular shaped and 

measured 70 meters north-south by 120 meters east-west (Figure 9). Six complete and 

13 partial 20-meter by 20-meter grid units, which were used to control the placement 

of the instruments during data acquisition, were established in the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area A (De Vore 2010). The area investigated by the geophysical survey in the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area A was 5,082 m2

 or 1.26 acres. 

The FOLS Geophysical Project Area B was located in the grassy field to the west 

of the fort buildings on the left side of Pawnee Fork (Figure 10). The initial mapping 

station for Area B was 20 meters north of the northeast corner of the bridge over the 

Pawnee Fork on Country Road 180th Avenue and 10 meters to the east of the road in the 

grassy field. Using the surveying compass and 100-meter tape, the north-south baseline 

was established along the western edge of the field next to the county road ditch. The 

grid was oriented 5.5 degrees west of magnetic north. The initial baseline measured 

160 meters. The east-west baseline extended 240 meters. After filling in the corners of 

the grid units with wooden hub stakes, the grid extended 520 meters north-south by 

380 meters east-west. The grid extended from the county road and bridge across the 

Pawnee Fork along the left bank of the river to the park entrance road near the existing 

parking lot. One hundred sixteen complete and 13 partial 20-meter by 20-meter grid 

units were established in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B (De Vore 2010). The 

area investigated by the geophysical survey in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B was 

68,308 m2 or 16.88 acres. 

From the mapping station in Area B, a survey line was extended to the northwest 

corner of the field next to the county road and US highway intersection. The rectangular 

grid area FOLS Geophysical Area C in the northwest corner of the field measured 35 

meters north-south by 100 meters east-west (Figure 11). It also had the same orientation 

of 5.5 degrees west of magnetic north that Area B had. Five complete and 10 partial 

20-meter by 20-meter grid units were established in the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area C (De Vore 2010). The area investigated by the geophysical survey in the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area C was 3,500 m2

 or 0.86 acres. 
15

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

FOLS Geophysical Project Area D was located on the east side of the 2009 

geophysical grid next to the southwestern corner of the parade ground (Figure 12). 

The rectangular area measured 60 meters east-west by 120 meters north-south and was 

oriented on the same bearing as Area A. Seventeen complete and one partial 20-meter by 

20-meter grid units were established in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D (De Vore 

2010). The area investigated by the geophysical survey in the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area D was 6,990 m2 or 1.73 acres. 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area E was located on the northeast side of the 2009 

geophysical grid next to the northwestern corner of the parade ground (Figure 13). The 

grid extends from the Visitors Center in the Enlisted Men Barracks to the bridge and 

handicap parking lot. It also extended into the back yards of Officers’ Quarters No. 9 

and No. 8. The grid block was oriented with the same bearing as the 2009 grid and Area 

A. The grid block measured approximately 120 meters north-south by 100 meters eastwest. Eleven complete and five partial 20-meter by 20-meter grid units were established 

in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E (De Vore 2010). The area investigated by the 

geophysical survey in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E was 5,968 m2

 or 1.47 acres. 

A total area of 89,848 m2

 or 22.20 acres was investigated during the magnetic 

survey of the five geophysical project areas during 2010. Three areas were surveyed 

with the resistance meter and twin probe array including one 20-m by 60-m area in 

Geophysical Project Area A and two locations in Geophysical Project Area B, including a 

15-m by 20-m area near the southeast corner of the project area and a 40-m by 40-m area 

in the southwest corner of Geophysical Project Area B. The total area inventoried during 

the resistance survey was 2,960 m2 or 0.73 acres. A 40-m by 60-m area in Geophysical 

Project Area B was surveyed with the ground penetrating radar cart system and 400 

mHz antenna. The gpr survey area totaled 2,400 m2 or 0.59 acres. 

Twenty-meter ropes were placed along the east-west grid lines connecting the 

grid unit corners. These ropes formed the north and south boundaries of each grid unit 

during the data collection phase of the survey. Additional ropes were placed at twometer intervals across the grid unit in a north-south orientation (Figure 14). The survey 

ropes served as guides during the magnetic data acquisition. The ropes were marked 

with different color tape at half-meter and meter increments designed to help guide the 

survey effort. Once the geophysical survey of each grid unit was completed the survey 

ropes were flipped to the next adjacent grid unit. As the survey activities progressed 

across the geophysical project area, a sketch map was completed indentifying both 

cultural and natural surface features in the project area (Figure 15). The geophysical 

data were acquired across the grid units beginning in the lower left hand corner of each 

grid unit (Geoscan Research 1987:43-54,2003:5/2-5/11). 

The geophysical survey grid corner stakes at the project area within the FOLS 

geophysical project area were mapped with a Trimble GeoXH global positioning system 

(GPS) handheld receiver (Figure 16) and external antenna (Trimble 2007a) along with 

surface features including access roads, the irrigation ditch, trees, the Pawnee Fork bank 

and levee, etc. The GPS readings at stationary points (i.e., grid unit corners and individual 

surface features) were collected with 30 readings from five or more satellites while line 

segment data were collected at one second intervals along the path of the line. The field 
16

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

GPS data were collected in the universal transverse mercator (UTM) projection for the 

Zone 14 North coordinates of the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) horizontal 

datum. The data were transferred to a laptop computer via the Trimble TerraSync 

software (Trimble 2007b,2007c). The data was then differentially corrected using the 

Trimble Pathfinder Office software (Trimble 2007d) using the continuously operating 

reference station (CORS) HAVILAND (HVLK) site located 60 kilometers away at 

Haviland, Kansas (Table 1). Four files were processed with 2777 (93.8%) of 2959 selected 

positions were code corrected by post-processed. One thousand four hundred sixty-six 

(49.5%) of 2959 selected positions were carrier corrected by post-processing with one 

(0.1%) of the code positions chosen over carrier since it was higher quality. The estimated 

range for the 2959 corrected positions yielded 2.8% within an accuracy range of 0-15 

cm, 14.2% within and accuracy range of 15-30 cm, 219.8% within an accuracy range of 

30-50 cm, 9.7% within an accuracy range of 0.5-1.0 m, 1.0% within an accuracy range of 

1.0-2.0 m, 43.9% within an accuracy range of 2.0-5.0 m, and 8.6% at an accuracy range 

greater than 5.0 m. The high DOP values resulted from a variety of sources including 

multi-pathing of the satellite signal through the overhead tree canopy, poor satellite 

geometry, and the number of satellites present during the collection phase. After the raw 

survey data in the standard storage format (SSF) was post processed, the corrected data 

were exported to excel data files and imported into Surfer 9 (Golden Software 2009) for 

final display. In addition to identifying the locations of the geophysical grid units and 

other natural and cultural features, locations of linear depressions and/or cuts in the 

river banks were also recorded with the GPS unit (Figure 17). These locations appear 

to represent river crossings and potential locations for the military bridge across the 

Pawnee Fork.

Geophysical Prospection Techniques

Geophysical prospection techniques available for archeological investigations 

consist of a number of techniques that record the various physical properties of earth, 

typically in the upper couple of meters; however, deeper prospection can be utilized if 

necessary. Geophysical techniques are divided between passive techniques and active 

techniques. Passive techniques are primarily ones that measure inherently or naturally 

occurring local or planetary fields created by earth related processes under study 

(Heimmer and DeVore 1995:7,2000:55; Kvamme 2001:356,2005:424). The primary passive 

method utilized in archeology is magnetic surveying. Other passive methods with limited 

archeological applications include self-potential methods, gravity survey techniques, and 

differential thermal analysis. Active techniques transmit an electrical, electromagnetic, 

or acoustic signal into the ground (Heimmer and DeVore 1995:9,2000:58-59; Kvamme 

2001:355-356). The interaction of these signals and buried materials produces altered 

return signals that are measured by the appropriate geophysical instruments. Changes 

in the transmitted signal of amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and time delay properties 

may be observable. Active methods applicable to archeological investigations include 

electrical resistance/resistivity, electromagnetic conductivity (including ground 

conductivity and metal detectors), magnetic susceptibility, and ground penetrating 

radar. Acoustic active techniques, including seismic, sonar, and acoustic sounding, 

have very limited or specific archeological applications. Additional information on 

the basic geophysical techniques used during the present survey may be found in 

publications by Drs. Arnold Aspinall, Chris Gaffney, and Armin Schmidt (2008), Dr. 
17

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

Bruce Bevan (1991,1998), Dr. Anthony Clark (2000), Dr. Lawrence B. Conyers (2004), 

Drs. Lawrence B. Conyers and Dean Goodman (1997), Dr. Andrew David (1995,2001), 

Dr. Rinita Dalan (2008), Drs. Andrew David, Neil Linford, and Paul Linford (2008), Drs. 

Chris Gaffney and John Gater (2003), Drs. Chris Gaffney, John Gater, and Sue Ovenden 

(1991,2002), Don H. Heimmer and Steven L. De Vore (1995,2000), Dr. Kenneth Kvamme 

(2001,2003,2005), Drs. I. Scollar, A. Tabbagh, A. Hesse, and I. Herzog (1990), and Dr. 

John Weymouth (1986).

Magnetic Survey

A magnetic survey is a passive geophysical survey (see Aspinall et al. 2008; Bevan 

1991,1998:29-43; Breiner 1973;1992:313-381; Burger 1992:389-452; Clark 2000:92-98,174-

175; Davenport 2001: 50-71; David 1995:17-20; David et al. 2008:20-24; Dobrin and 

Savit 1988:633-749; Gaffney and Gater 2003:36-42,61-72; Gaffney et al. 1991:6,2002:7-

9; Hanson et al. 2005:151-175; Heimmer and DeVore 1995:13,2000:55-56; Kvamme 

2001:357-358,2003:441,2005:434-436,2006a:205-233,2006b:235-250; Lowrie 1997:229-

306; Milsom 2003:51-70; Mussett and Khan 2000:139-180; Nishimura 2001:546-547; 

Oswin 2009:43-54,126-135; Robinson and Çoruh 1988:333-444; Scollar et al. 1990:375-

519; Telford et al. 1990:62-135; Weymouth 1986:343; and Witten 2006:73-116 for more 

details on magnetic surveying). A dual system fluxgate gradiometer was used during the 

geophysical investigations at the five FOLS geophysical project areas. 

A magnetic survey is a passive geophysical prospection technique used to 

measure the earth’s total magnetic field at a point location. Its application to archeology 

results from the local effects of magnetic materials on the earth’s magnetic field. These 

anomalous conditions result from magnetic materials and minerals buried in the soil 

matrix. Iron artifacts have very strong effects on the local earth’s magnetic field. Other 

cultural features, which affect the local earth’s magnetic field, include fire hearths and 

soil disturbances (e.g., pits, mounds, wells, pithouses, and dugouts), as well as geological 

strata. Magnetic field strength is measured in nanoteslas (nT; Sheriff 1973:148). In North 

America, the earth’s magnetic field strength ranges from 40,000 to 60,000 nT with an 

inclination of approximately 60° to 70° (Milsom 2003:43; Weymouth 1986:341). The 

project area has a magnetic field strength of approximately 59,280 nT (Peddie 1992; 

Sharma 1997:72-73) with an inclination of approximately 71° 36’ (Peddie and Zunde 

1988; Sharma 1997:72-73). Magnetic anomalies of archeological interest are often in the 

±5 nT range, especially on prehistoric sites. Target depth in magnetic surveys depends 

on the magnetic susceptibility of the soil and the buried features and objects. For most 

archeological surveys, target depth is generally confined to the upper one to two meters 

below the ground surface with three meters representing the maximum limit (Clark 

2000:78-80; Kvamme 2001:358). Magnetic surveying applications to archeological 

investigations have included the detection of architectural features, soil disturbances, 

and magnetic objects/artifacts (Bevan 1991; Clark 2000;92-98; Gaffney et al 1991:6; 

Heimmer and DeVore 1995,2000; Weymouth 1986:343). 

Two modes of operation for magnetic surveys exist: the total field survey and 

the gradient survey. The instrument used to measure the magnetic field strength is the 

magnetometer (Bevan 1998:20). The total field survey uses a single magnetic sensor. 

Three different types of magnetic sensors have been used in the magnetometer: 1) 
18

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

proton free precession sensors, 2) alkali vapor (cesium or rubidium) sensors, and 3) 

fluxgate sensors (for a detailed description of the types of magnetometers constructed 

from these sensors see Clark 2000:66-71; Milsom 2003:45-47; Scollar et al. 1990:450-469; 

Weymouth 1986:343-344). 

The total field magnetometer is designed to measure the absolute intensity 

of the local magnetic field. This type of magnetometer utilizes a single sensor. Due to 

diurnal variation of the earth’s magnetic field, the data collected with a single sensor 

magnetometer must be corrected to reflect these diurnal changes. One method is 

to return to a known point and take a reading that can be used to correct the diurnal 

variation. A second method is to use two magnetometers with one operated at a 

fixed base station collecting the diurnal variation in the magnetic field. The second 

magnetometer is used to collect the field data in the area of archeological interest. 

Common magnetometers of this types used in archaeological investigations include the 

proton precession magnetometer, the Overhauser effect magnetometer (a variation of 

the proton-precession magnetometer), and the cesium magnetometer. 

The magnetic gradient survey is conducted with a gradiometer or a magnetometer 

with two magnetic sensors at a fixed vertical distance apart. The instrument measures 

the magnetic field at two separate heights. The top sensor reading is subtracted from the 

bottom sensor reading. The resulting difference is recorded. This provides the vertical 

gradient or change in the magnetic field. Diurnal variations are automatically canceled. 

This setup also minimizes long range trends. The gradiometer provides greater feature 

resolution and potentially provides better classification of the magnetic anomalies. Two 

commonly used gradiometers in archeological investigations are the cesium gradiometer 

and the fluxgate gradiometer. They are capable of yielding 5 to 10 measurements per 

second at a resolution of 0.1 nT (Kvamme 2001:358). Cesium gradiometers record the 

absolute total field values like the single sensor total field magnetometers. It also records 

the gradient change between the bottom and top sensors. The fluxgate sensors are 

highly directional, measuring only the component of the field parallel to the sensor’s 

axis (Clark 2000:69). They also require calibration (Milsom 2003:46-47). Both cesium 

and fluxgate gradiometers are capable of high density sampling over substantial areas at 

a relatively rapid rate of acquisition (Clark 2000:69-71; Milsom 2003:46-47).

The dual fluxgate gradiometer system, the Bartington Grad 601-2 single axis 

magnetic gradiometer (Figure 18), is a vector magnetometer, which measures the 

strength of the magnetic field in a particular direction (Bartington Instruments 2007). 

The dual fluxgate gradiometer sensor configuration of the instrument uses two fluxgate 

gradiometer sensor tubes separated by a distance of one meter. The dual gradiometer 

records two lines of data during each traverse reducing the distance walked and the 

survey time by half compared to the time and distance covered with a single gradiometer 

system. The sensors must be accurately balanced and aligned along the direction of the 

field component to be measured. The first reference point for balancing and aligning 

the dual gradiometer is located at N0/E60; however, it was moved to N0/E40 during 

the course of the magnetic survey. The instrument is aligned on magnetic north. The 

fluxgate gradiometer sensor tubes in the dual gradiometer are spaced one meter apart 

with the two tubes also spaced at one meter apart. The instrument is carried so the two 

sensors in each tube are vertical to one another with the bottom sensors approximately 
19

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

30 cm above the ground. Each sensor reads the magnetic field strength at its height 

above the ground. The gradient or change of the magnetic field strength between the 

two vertical sensors is recorded in the instrument’s memory for both sensor tubes. 

These gradients are not in absolute field values but rather voltage changes, which are 

calibrated in terms of the magnetic field strength. The dual fluxgate gradiometer also 

provides a continuous record of the magnetic field strength across each line for each 

traverse across the grid unit. 

The magnetic survey for the dual fluxgate gradiometer was designed to collect 

eight samples per meter along 1.0-meter traverses or eight data values per square meter 

at the five FOLS geophysical project areas (Table 2). The data were collected in a zig zag 

fashion with the surveyor alternating the direction of travel along each traverse across 

the grid. A total of 3,200 data values were collected for each complete 20 by 20 meter 

grid unit surveyed during the project. The magnetic data were recorded in the memory 

of the dual fluxgate gradiometer and downloaded to a field laptop computer when the 

instrument’s memory became full, at the end of the day, and at the completion of the 

survey in the FOLS geophysical project area. The magnetic data from the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer were downloaded into the Bartington GRAD 601 software (Bartington 

2007). The data were then imported into ARCHAEOSURVEYOR for processing 

(DW Consulting 2008). Shade and trace plots were generated in the field before the 

instrument’s memory cleared. 

Resistance Survey

The resistance survey is an active geophysical technique, which injects a current 

into the ground (see Bevan 1991,1998:7-18; Burger 1992:241-318; Carr 1982; Clark 2000:27-

63,171-174; Davenport 2001:29-30; David 1995:27-28; David et al. 2008:24-28; Dobrin and 

Savit 1988:750-773; Gaffney and Gater 2003:26-36,56-61; Gaffney et al. 1991:2;2002:7; 

Hallof 1992: 39-176; Heimmer and DeVore 1995:29-35,2000:59-60; Kvamme 2001:358-

362,2003:441-442,2005:434-436; Lowrie 1997:206-219; Milsom 2003:83-116; Mussett 

and Khan 2000:181-201; Nishimura 2001:544-546; Oswin 2009: 32-43,118-126; Robinson 

and Çoruh 1988:445-478; Scollar et al. 1990:307-374; Sharma 1997:207-264; Somers 

2006:109-129; Telford et al. 1990:522-577; Van Nostrand and Cook 1966; Weymouth 

1986:318-341; Witten 2006:299-317; and Zonge et al. 2005:265-300 for more details on 

resistivity surveys). The voltage is measured and by Ohm’s Law, one may compute the 

resistance at any given point (R=V/I where R is resistance, V is voltage, and I is current). 

Due to the problem of contact resistance between two electrodes in the ground, a 

typical resistance survey makes use of four electrodes or probes. The current passes 

through two electrodes and the voltage is measured between the other two probes. The 

configuration of the electrodes also varies (see Milsom 2003:99 and Weymouth 1986:324 

for common configurations). 

Resistance or resistivity changes result from electrical properties of the soil 

matrix. Changes are caused by materials buried in the soil, differences in soil formation 

processes, or disturbances from natural or cultural modifications to the soil. In 

archeology, the instrument is used to identify areas of compaction and excavation, as 

well as, buried objects such as brick or stone foundations. It has the potential to identify 

cultural features that are affected by the water saturation in the soil, which is directly 
20

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

related to soil porosity, permeability, and chemical mature of entrapped moisture 

(Clark 2000; Heimmer and De Vore 1995:30). Its application to archeology results from 

the ability of the instrument to detect lateral changes on a rapid data acquisition, high 

resolution basis, where observable contrasts exist. Lateral changes in anthropogenic 

features result from compaction, structural material changes, buried objects, excavation, 

habitation sites, and other features affecting water saturation (Heimmer and De Vore 

1995:37). The resistivity survey may sometimes detect the disturbed soil matrix within 

the grave shaft. 

The Geoscan Research RM15-D resistance meter uses the PA20 multiple probe 

array (Geoscan Research 2007). Arranged as a twin probe array, a current and voltage 

probes are located on a mobile frame, which is moved around the site (Figure 19). Two 

additional probes are located away from the survey area, which also consists of a current 

probe and voltage probe. The mobile probes are set 0.5 meters apart on the multiprobe 

array frame. The remote probes are set a distance 30 times the mobile probe separation. 

The probes on the frame are located at a fixed distance apart. A general rule of thumb 

for the depth investigation of resistance survey is that the depth is equal to the distance 

of probe separation. This value is not a unique number but an average for the volume 

of soil 0.5 meters depth and a surface diameter of 0.5 meters under the center point of 

the instrument frame. The probes are connected to the resistance meter, which is also 

on the frame. Wings may be added to the frame to expand the separation distance of 

the probes; however, this requires the resurvey of the grid for each change in the probe 

separation distance. The measurement is taken when the mobile probes make contact 

with the ground and completes the electrical circuit. The resulting resistance value is 

the average of 16 readings. The average value is stored in the resistance meter’s memory 

until downloaded to a field laptop computer. 

The resistance survey was designed to collect two samples per meter along 

1.0-meter traverses or two data values per square meter at the three selected areas within 

FOLS Geophysical Project Areas A and B (Table 3). The data were collected in a zigzag 

fashion with the surveyor maintaining the alternating the direction of travel for each 

traverse across the grid. A total of 800 data values were collected for a complete 20 

meter by 20 meter grid unit. The resistance data were recorded in the memory of the 

resistance meter and downloaded to a laptop computer at the completion of each day’s 

survey effort. The resistance data were imported into Geoscan Research’s GEOPLOT 

software (Geoscan Research 2003) for processing. Both shade relief and trace line plots 

were generated before the instrument’s memory was cleared. 

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey

The ground-penetrating radar (gpr) survey is an active geophysical technique that 

uses pulses of radar energy (i.e., short electromagnetic waves) that are transmitted into 

the ground through the surface transmitting antenna (see Annan 2005:357-438; Bevan 

1991,1998:43-57; Clark 2000:118-120,183-186; Conyers 2004,2006:131-159,2007:329-344; 

Conyers and Goodman 1997; Davenport 2001:89-103; David 1995:23-27; Gaffney and 

Gater 2003:47-51,74-76; Gaffney et al. 1991:5-6,2002:9-10; Goodman et al. 2007:375-

394; Heimmer and DeVore 1995:42-47,2000:63-64; Kvamme 2001:363-365,2003:442-

443;2005:436-438; Lowrie 1997:221-222; Milson 2003:167-178; Mussett and Khan 
21

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

2000:227-231; Nishimura 2001:547-551; Scollar et al. 1990:575-584; Weymouth 1986:370-

383; and Witten 2006:214-258 for more details on ground-penetrating radar surveys). 

This radar wave is reflected off buried objects, features, or interfaces between soil 

layers. These reflections result from contrasts in electrical and magnetic properties of 

the buried materials or reflectors. The contrasts are a function of the dielectric constant 

of the materials (Sheriff 1973:51). The depth of the object or soil interface is estimated 

by the time it takes the radar energy to travel from the transmitting antenna and for its 

reflected wave to return to the receiving antenna. The depth of penetration of the wave 

is determined by the frequency of the radar wave. The lower the frequency, the deeper 

the radar energy can penetrate the subsurface; however, the resulting resolution, or the 

ability to distinguish objects, features, and soil changes, decreases. These low frequency 

antennas generate long wavelength radar energy that can penetrate several tens of 

meters under certain conditions, but can only resolve larger targets or reflectors. The 

higher the radar wave frequency, the higher the resulting resolution but the penetration 

depth decreases. High frequency antennas generate much shorter wavelength energy, 

which may only penetrate a meter into the ground. The generated reflections from these 

high frequency antennas are capable of resolving objects or features with maximum 

dimensions of a few centimeters. A resulting tradeoff exists between subsurface 

resolution and depth penetration: the deeper the penetration then the resulting 

resolution is less or the higher the resolution then the resulting depth penetration is 

much shallower.

As radar antenna system (transmitting and receiving antennas) is moved along 

the survey line, a large number of subsurface reflections are collected along the line. The 

various subsurface materials affect the velocity of the radar waves as they travel through 

the ground (Conyers and Goodman 1997:31-40). The rate at which these waves move 

through the ground is affected by the changes in the physical and chemical properties 

of the buried materials through which they travel. The greater the contrast in electrical 

and magnetic properties between two materials at the interface results in a stronger 

reflected signal. As each radar pulse travels through the ground, changes in material 

composition or water saturation, the velocity of the pulse changes and a portion of the 

energy is reflected back to the surface where it is detected by the receiving antenna and 

recorded by ground-penetrating radar unit. The remaining energy continues to pass into 

the subsurface materials where it can be reflected by deeper reflectors until the energy 

finally dissipates with depth. The radar system measures the time it takes the radar pulse 

to travel to a buried reflector and return to the unit. If the velocity of the pulse is known, 

then the distance to the reflector or the depth of the reflector beneath the surface can be 

estimated (Conyers and Lucius 1996).

The success of the survey is dependent on soil and sediment mineralogy, clay 

content, ground moisture, depth of the archeological resource, and surface topography 

and vegetation. The ground-penetrating radar signal can be lost or attenuated (i.e., 

quickly dissipated) in soils that have high moisture content, high electrical conductivity, 

highly magnetic materials, or high clay contents. Dry soils and sediments, especially 

those with low clay content, represent the best conditions for energy propagation. A 

ground-penetrating radar survey, with its capability for estimating the depth and shape 

of buried objects, may be an extremely valuable tool in the search of grave shafts and 

trenches. At times, radar cannot profile deep enough or the strata may be so complex as 
22

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

to render the trenches, graves, and other types of excavations indistinguishable from the 

surrounding soil profile. 

The TerraSIRch SIR System-3000 survey cart system (GSSI 2003) operated an 

antenna at a nominal frequency of 400 megahertz (mHz). The antenna was mounted in a 

cart that recorded the location of the radar unit along the grid line (Figure 20). The gpr 

profiles were collected along 0.5 meter traverses beginning in the southwest corner of 

the grid unit with the initial profile collected from west to east. The data were collected 

in a zigzag or bidirectional fashion with the surveyor alternating the direction of travel 

for each traverse across the grid. Five hundred twelve samples were collected for each 

scan and 50 scans were collected per meter. A total of 81 radar profiles were collected 

across the selected area within the FOUS Geophysical Project Area B for a distance 

of 4,860 meters. Ground penetrating radar surveys generally represent a trade-off 

between depth of detection and detail. Lower frequency antennas permit detection of 

features at greater depths but they cannot resolve objects or strata that are as small as 

those detectable by higher frequency antennas. Actual maximum depth of detection 

also depends upon the electrical properties of the soil. If one has an open excavation, 

one can place a steel rod in the excavation wall at a known depth and use the observed 

radar reflection to calibrate the radar charts. When it is not possible to place a target at 

a known depth, one can use values from comparable soils. Reasonable estimates of the 

velocity of the radar signal in the site’s soil can be achieved by this method (Conyers and 

Lucius 1996). Using one of the hyperbolas on a radargram profile from the geophysical 

project area (Goodman 2005:76), the velocity was calculated to be approximately 7.5 

cm per nanosecond (ns). For a time slice between 5 and 15 ns with the center at 10 ns 

(two way travel time), the approximate depth to the center of the gpr slice would be 37.5 

cm. With a time window of 50 nanoseconds, the gpr profile extended to a depth of 1.63 

meters. The gpr data were recorded on a 512 mb compact flash card and transferred to a 

field laptop computer at the end of the survey. 

Geophysical Data Processing

Processing of geophysical data requires care and understanding of the various 

strategies and alternatives (Kvamme 2001:365; Music 1995; Neubauer et al. 1996). 

Drs. Roger Walker and Lewis Somers (Geoscan Research 2003) provide strategies, 

alternatives, and case studies on the use of several processing routines commonly used 

to process magnetic, resistance, and conductivity data in the GEOPLOT software. 

David et al. (2008:42-45) presents a basic description of steps involved in the processing 

of magnetic, resistance, and ground penetrating radar data. Dr. Kenneth Kvamme 

(2001:365) also provides a series of common steps used in computer processing of 

geophysical data:

Concatenation of the data from individual survey grids into a single composite 

matrix;

Clipping and despiking of extreme values (that may result, for example, from 

introduced pieces of iron in magnetic data);
23

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

Edge matching of data values in adjacent grids through balancing of brightness 

and contrast (i.e., means and standard deviations);

Filtering to emphasize high-frequency changes and smooth statistical noise in 

the data;

Contrast enhancement through saturation of high and low values or histogram 

modification; and

Interpolation to improve image continuity and interpretation.

It is also important to understand the reasons for data processing and display 

(David et al. 2008:45-49; Gaffney et al. 1991:11). They enhance the analyst’s ability to 

interpret the relatively huge data sets collected during the geophysical survey. The 

type of display can help the geophysical investigator present his interpretation of the 

data to the archeologist who will ultimately use the information to plan excavations or 

determine the archeological significance of the site from the geophysical data. 

Processing Dual Fluxgate Gradiometer Magnetic Data

The magnetic data were recorded in the memory of the gradiometer and 

downloaded to a field laptop computer when the instrument’s memory was full or at the 

completion of day’s survey effort. Upon completion of the magnetic survey with the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer system at each one of the five FOLS Geophysical Project Area A 

through E, the data were processed in the ARCHAEOSURVEYOR computer program. 

The grid data file was assembled into a composite file (DW Consulting 2008:31-32). The 

data were destriped to remove any traverse discontinuities that may have occurred from 

operator handling or heading errors (DW Consulting 2008:9,60). The magnetic data 

from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A ranged from -121.9 nT to 129.83 nT with a 

median of 0.00 nT, a mean of -0.48 nT, and a standard deviation of 19.330 nT after the 

application of the destriping operation. The magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area B ranged from -116.4 nT to 185.9 nT with a median of 0.00 nT, a mean of 0.03 

nT, and a standard deviation of 5.635 nT after the application of the destriping operation. 

The magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C ranged from -104.1 nT 

to 171.46 nT with a median of 0.00 nT, a mean of 0.16 nT, and a standard deviation of 

10.065 nT after the application of the destriping operation. The magnetic data from the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area D ranged from -199.0 nT to 136.9 nT with a median of 

0.00 nT, a mean of -0.72 nT, and a standard deviation of 24.341 nT after the application 

of the destriping operation. The magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area E ranged from -200.0 nT to 199.3 nT with a median of 0.00 nT, a mean of 0.62 nT, 

and a standard deviation of 46.550 nT after the application of the destriping operation. 

Upon completion of the destriping function, the data were interpolated by expanding 

the number of data points in the traverse direction and by reducing the number of data 

points in the sampling direction to provide a smoother appearance in the data set and to 

enhance the operation of the low pass filter (DW Consulting 2008:9,61). This changed 

the original 8 x 1 data point matrix into a 4 x 4 data point matrix. The low pass filter was 

then applied over the entire data set to remove any high frequency, small scale spatial 

detail (DW Consulting 2008:9,71). This transformation may result in the improved 
24

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

visibility of larger, weak archeological features. The data were then exported as an 

ASCII dat file (DW Consulting 2008:39) and placed in the SURFER 9 contouring and 

3d surface mapping program (Golden Software 2009). Image and contour maps of the 

dual fluxgate gradiometer data were generated for the survey grid blocks at the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Areas A through E (Figures 21 through 25). 

Processing Resistance Data

At the end of the day or upon completion of the resistance survey, the resistance 

data from the three selected grid blocks in the FOLS Geophysical Project Areas A and 

B were downloaded into a field laptop computer for further processing in GEOPLOT 

(Oswin 2009:79-80). The grid files were combined to form a composite file and further 

processed in GEOPLOT (Oswin 2009:80-86). The resistance data composite file from the 

FOLS survey grid blocks were despiked to remove any random, spurious measurements 

caused by contact with buried cobbles or stones during the averaging of the multiple 

readings taken at each survey point (Geoscan Research 2001:6/35-6/39). Despiking 

may be accomplished with the processing routine in GEOPLOT or manually by editing 

each individual grid file. The edge match routine was applied to remove discontinuities 

between grid edges (Geoscan Research 2001:6/45-6/47). Discontinuities may result 

from the improper placement of the remote probes as they are moved across the survey 

area, as well as changes in soil moisture content resulting from loss of moisture due to 

evaporation or increase in moisture from rain showers. The resistance data from the 

resistance survey at the survey grid block in FOLS Geophysical Project Area A after the 

application of the edge matching and despiking routines ranged from 12.7 ohms to 31.6 

ohms with a mean of 20.24 ohms and a standard deviation of 2.589 ohms. The resistance 

data from the resistance survey at the survey grid block in the southeast corner of the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area B after the application of the search and replace and 

the despiking routines ranged from 7.1 ohms to 16.2 ohms with a mean of 8.33 ohms and 

a standard deviation of 0.822 ohms. The resistance data from the resistance survey at 

the survey grid block in the southwest corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B 

after the application of the despiking routine ranged from 10.1 ohms to 41.8 ohms with 

a mean of 20.23 ohms and a standard deviation of 9.283 ohms. The interpolation routine 

was then applied to the data set to arrange the data from a 2 x 1 square matrix to an 

equally spaced 4 x 4 square matrix (Geoscan Research 2001:6/53-6/56). A high pass filter 

was then applied over the composite data set. The high pass filter was used to remove 

low frequency, large scale spatial detail such as a slow changing geological ‘background’ 

trend (Geoscan Research 2001:6/49-6/52). The data were then exported as an ASCII 

dat file and placed in the SURFER 9 mapping program (Golden Software 2009; Oswin 

2009:86-95). Image and contour maps of the resistance data were generated for the FOLS 

survey grid area (Figures 26 through 28). 

Processing Ground Penetrating Radar Data

The gpr radargram profile line data are imported into GPR-SLICE (Goodman 

2005) for processing. The first step in GPR-SLICE is to create a new survey project 

under the file menu. This step identifies the file name and folder locations. The next 

step is to transfer the gpr profile data to the project folder. The next step is to create 

the information file. The file contains the basic information on profile names and data 
25

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

format, the number of profiles, lengths of the profiles with the starting and ending 

locations along the x and y axes along with the number of samples per scan, scans per 

marker, markers per unit of measurement, the data format size, and the extent of the 

open time window in nanoseconds (ns). The information file can be edited if necessary 

to correct profile lengths. The 16-bit GSSI radargrams are imported into the GPR-SLICE 

project folder for further processing. The 16-bit data are then converted to remove 

extraneous header information and to regain the data. During the conversion process, 

the signal is enhanced by applying gain to the radargrams. Once the conversion process 

is completed, the next step is to reverse the profile data. Since the radargrams were 

collected in the zigzag mode, every even line needs to be reversed. The next step is to 

insert navigation markers into the resample radargrams, which are based on the total 

number of scans in the radargram. The next step is to create the time slices of the profile 

data (Conyers and Goodman 1997; Goodman et al. 1995). The program resamples the 

radargrams to a constant number of scans between the markers and collects the time 

slice information from the individual radargrams. The number of slices is identified 

along with the slice thickness, which allows for adequate overlap between the slices. The 

offset value on the radargram where the first ground reflection occurs is identified and 

is used to identify the first radargram sample at the ground surface. The cut parameter 

is set to resample the gpr data. The final step in the slice menu is to create the XYZ data 

files for each slice. The slices are gridded using the Kriging algorithm to estimate the 

interpolated data. A low pass filter is then applied to the dataset to smooth noisy data 

in the time slices. At this point, one may view the time sliced radar data in the pixel map 

menu for the project areas at the geophysical project area (Figure 29). In addition, the 

original processed grid slices and the low pass filtered grid slices can be exported in 

the Surfer grid format. The surfer grid file is transformed into an image plot in Surfer 9. 

Generally, one time slice is selected for further display and analysis. Time slice 7 from 

13 to 17 ns (Figure 30) is selected as the representative slice for further analysis of the 

gpr data at the geophysical project area. The ground penetrating radar data from time 

slice 7 before the low pass filter was applied to the data from the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area B ranged from 2,187,536 SI units of amplitude strength to 202,526,182 SI 

units of amplitude strength with a mean of 33,540,126 SI units of amplitude strength, 

and a standard deviation of 19,484,994 SI units of amplitude strength. The slice data are 

interpolated to create the 3D dataset in the grid menu. The number of grids is now equal 

to 95 ((20-1)*5). The 3D data may be displayed as a series of z slices in the creation of a 3D 

cube with a jpeg output for animating the 3D cube. 

Geophysical Data Interpretations

Andrew David (1995:30) defines interpretation as a “holistic process and its 

outcome should represent the combined influence of several factors, being arrived at 

through consultation with others where necessary.” Interpretation may be divided 

into two different types consisting of the geophysical interpretation of the data and the 

archaeological interpretation of the data. At a simplistic level, geophysical interpretation 

involves the identification of the factors causing changes in the geophysical data. 

Archeological interpretation takes the geophysical results and tries to apply cultural 

attributes or causes. In both cases, interpretation requires both experience with the 

operation of geophysical equipment, data processing, and archeological methodology; 

and knowledge of the geophysical techniques and properties, as well as known and 
26

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

expected archeology. Although there is variation between sites, several factors should 

be considered in the interpretation of the geophysical data. These may be divided 

between natural factors, such as geology, soil type, geomorphology, climate, surface 

conditions, topography, soil magnetic susceptibility, seasonality, and cultural factors 

including known and inferred archeology, landscape history, survey methodology, data 

treatment, modern interference, etc. (David 1995:30; David et al. 49). It should also be 

pointed out that refinements in the geophysical interpretations are dependent on the 

feedback from subsequent archeological investigations. The use of multiple instrument 

surveys provides the archeologist with very different sources of data that may provide 

complementary information for comparison of the nature and cause (i.e., natural or 

cultural) of a geophysical anomaly (Clay 2001). Each instrument responds primarily to a 

single physical property: magnetometry to soil magnetism, electromagnetic induction to 

soil conductivity, resistivity to soil resistance, and ground penetrating radar to dielectric 

properties of the soil to (Weymouth 1986:371).

Interpreting the Magnetic Data

Interpretation of the magnetic data (Bevan 1998:24) from the project requires 

a description of the buried archeological feature of object (e.g., its material, shape, 

depth, size, and orientation). The magnetic anomaly represents a local disturbance in 

the earth’s magnetic field caused by a local change in the magnetic contract between 

buried archeological features, objects, and the surrounding soil matrix. Local increases 

or decreases over a very broad uniform magnetic surface would exhibit locally positive 

or negative anomalies (Breiner 1973:17). Magnetic anomalies tend to be highly variable 

in shape and amplitude. They are generally asymmetrical in nature due to the combined 

affects from several sources. To complicate matters further, a given anomaly may be 

produced from an infinite number of possible sources. Depth between the magnetometer 

and the magnetic source material also affect the shape of the apparent anomaly (Breiner 

1973:18). As the distance between the magnetic sensor on the magnetometer and the 

source material increases, the expression of the anomaly becomes broader. Anomaly 

shape and amplitude are also affected by the relative amounts of permanent and 

induced magnetization, the direction of the magnetic field, and the amount of magnetic 

minerals (e.g., magnetite) present in the source compared to the adjacent soil matrix. 

The shape (e.g., narrow or broad) and orientation of the source material also affects the 

anomaly signature. Anomalies are often identified in terms of various arrays of dipoles 

or monopoles (Breiner 1973:18-19). A magnetic object in made of magnetic poles (North 

or positive and South or negative). A simple dipole anomaly contains the pair of opposite 

poles that relatively close together. A monopole anomaly is simply one end of a dipole 

anomaly and may be either positive or negative depending on the orientation of the 

object. The other end is too far away to have an affect on the magnetic field. 

Magnetic anomalies of archeological objects tend to be approximately circular 

in contour outline. The circular contours are caused by small size of the objects. 

The shape of the object is seldom revealed in the contoured data. The depth of the 

archaeological object can be estimated by half-width rule procedure (Bevan 1998:23-24; 

Breiner 1973:31; Milsom 2003:67-70). The approximations are based on a model of a steel 

sphere with a mass of 1 kg buried at a depth of 1.0 m below the surface with the magnetic 

measurements made at an elevation of 0.3 m above the ground. The depth of a magnetic 
27

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

object is determined by the location of the contour value at half the distance between 

the peak positive value of the anomaly and the background value. With the fluxgate 

gradiometer, the contour value is half the peak value since the background value is 

approximately zero. The diameter of this contour (Bevan 1998:Fig. B26) is measured 

and used in the depth formula where depth = diameter – 0.3 m (Note: The constant 

of 0.3 m is the height of the bottom fluxgate sensor above the ground in the Geoscan 

Research FM36 were I carry the instrument during data acquisition. This value needs 

to be adjusted for each individual that carries the instrument.). The mass in kilograms 

of the object (Bevan 1998:24, Fig. B26) is estimated by the following formula: mass = 

(peak value - background value) * (diameter)3/60. It is likely that the depth and mass 

estimates are too large rather than too small, since they are based on a compact spherical 

object made of iron. Archeological features are seldom compact but spread out in a line 

or lens. Both mass and depth estimates will be too large. The archaeological material 

may be composed of something other than iron such as fired earth or volcanic rock. 

Such materials are not usually distinguishable from the magnetic data collected during 

the survey (Bevan 1998:24). The depth and mass of features comprised of fired earth, 

like that found in kilns, fireplaces, or furnaces could be off by 100 times the mass of 

iron. If the archeological feature were comprised of bricks (e.g., brick wall, foundation, 

or chimney), estimates could be off by more than a 1000 times that of iron. The location 

of the center of the object can also be determined by drawing a line connecting the peak 

positive and peak negative values. The rule of thumb is that the center of the object is 

located approximately one third to one half of the way along the line from the peak 

positive value for the anomaly. One should also be cautious of geophysical anomalies 

that extend in the direction of the traverses since these may represent operator-induced 

errors. The magnetic gradient anomalies may be classified as three different types: 

linear, 2) dipole, and 3) monopole.

Preliminary analysis of the magnetic data while in the field indicated the 

presence of numerous magnetic anomalies within the five geophysical project areas. 

Over all, there are numerous magnetic anomalies across the geophysical project areas. 

These anomalies appear to be associated with metal artifacts and buried archeological 

features, as well as modern intrusions. In the Geophysical Project Area A on the west 

side of the 2009 geophysical project area, the 1974 University of Colorado excavations 

of the Sutler’s residence and store are indicated by extremely strong square shaped 

magnetic anomalies (Figure 31). The Sutler’s mess hall, located between the Sutler’s 

residence and store, is indicated by a square outline of fairly strong magnetic anomalies 

which are located in the vicinity of the park’s gravel access road on the southwest side 

of the main fort buildings. There is a linear magnetic anomaly oriented to the southwest 

of the Sutler’s residence, which may represent a trail used the Native Americans to trade 

and get their annuities. The gravel access roads on the south and west sides of the row 

of Officers’ Quarters appear as slight linear magnetic disturbances. A buried utility line 

is also indicated by a strong linear magnetic anomaly consisting of the typical high/

low value beaded pattern. A cluster of relatively strong magnetic anomalies is located to 

the west of the Sutler’s residence. Other linear magnetic anomalies appear to represent 

possible trails or river crossings. Throughout the project area, numerous magnetic 

anomalies are present. These anomalies may represent historic military period artifacts 

and features along with farming and modern park materials. Geophysical Project Area 

B is located on the left bank of the Pawnee Fork in the open grassy field. Along the edges 
28

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

of the field next to the Pawnee Fort, there are several clusters of magnetic anomalies 

and other linear anomalies that appear to be related to the farming period including 

fence lines, a skeet shooting location, and possible race track (Figure 32). In addition, 

the modern telephone and gas lines are identified by linear anomalies and very strong 

magnetic anomalies, as well as a staging area for the stone used in riprap along the bank of 

the Pawnee Fork. Besides the more recent magnetic anomalies associated with farm and 

modern period activities, several linear anomalies appear to represent trail segments and 

river crossing trail segments. Geophysical Project Area C, located in the southeast corner 

of the intersection of State Highway 156 and the 180th Avenue county road, contains 

a few isolated magnetic anomalies, which are probably associated with agricultural 

activities (Figure 33). In addition to the isolated materials, an underground cable box, 

buried gas line, and boundary markers and fence posts are indicated in the magnetic 

data. Geophysical Project Area D is located on the south side of the parade ground and 

east side of the 2009 geophysical project area (Figure 34). Buried utility lines along with 

fence lines and access roads and lanes are noted in the magnetic data as linear magnetic 

anomalies. A square shaped anomaly near the west side of the quartermaster building 

may represent the location of a guard house in the open area between the quartermaster’s 

building and the row of Officers’ Quarters. The area contains a high concentration of 

magnetic anomalies. These anomalies could be associated with military, farming, and 

modern park activities and materials. The Geophysical Project Area E is located on the 

northeast side of the 2009 geophysical grid by the Officers’ Quarters and the Enlisted 

Men’s Barracks (Visitors Center). Magnetic anomalies represent the parade ground 

gravel path, the visitor sidewalk from the parking lot, buried utility and sewer lines, 

the handicap parking area, manhole and drain covers, paved and gravel access roads, 

along with numerous smaller magnetic anomalies associated with military, farming and 

modern park activities. In addition to these materials and modern intrusions to the fort’s 

buried archeological, there is a square shaped magnetic outline to the northeast of the 

row of Officers’ Quarters (Figure 35). This magnetic anomaly may represent the location 

of the Adjutant Office building. In addition to these large clusters of magnetic anomalies, 

there are smaller clusters located outside of these large ones. The smaller clusters may be 

locations of discarded material, as well as building locations associated with the military 

occupation or more recent farming activities. These anomalies all bear further ground 

truthing examination with traditional archeological excavation techniques. 

Interpreting the Resistance Data

Interpretation of the resistivity data results in the identification of lateral changes 

in the soil. Since the array parameters are kept constant through out the survey, the 

resulting resistance values varies with changes in the subsurface sediments/soil matrix 

and buried archeological resources. For each probe separation, the depth penetration 

is approximately the same as the distance between the current and potential probe on 

the mobile array frame, which was 0.5 meters. The resistance measurement for each 

point represents the average value for the hemispheric volume of soil with the same 

radius. If the soil below the survey area was uniform, the resistivity would be constant 

throughout the area. Changes in soil characteristics (e.g., texture, structure, moisture, 

compactness, etc.) and the composition of archeological features result in differences 

in the resistances across the surveyed grid. Large general trends reflect changes in the 

site’s geology whereas small changes may reflect archeological features. An advantage 
29

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

to the resistance survey and its interpretation is its usefulness in areas that have high 

concentrations of metal objects such as the three project areas in this study.

In addition of the magnetic survey of the geophysical project areas, limited 

resistance and ground penetrating radar surveys were conducted to enhance our 

understanding of the magnetic anomalies. The possible trail and the Sutler’s residence 

are indicated in the resistance data from Geophysical Project Area A (Figure 36). In 

Geophysical Project Area B, two areas were surveyed with the resistance meter and 

twin probe array. One area is located along the river bank immediately across from 

the fort (Figure 37). The resistance survey suggests square shaped anomalies that may 

be associated with the military bridge. A second area was located along the southwest 

corner of the project area where a concentration of stone was noted on the surface 

(Figure 38). The stones were initially thought to be part of a building foundation but the 

resistance data did not indicated any potential foundation. After further examination of 

the area, it is believed that the concentration of stone and associated magnetic anomalies 

is related to the riprap activities along the bank of the Pawnee Fork. The resistance data 

from the FOLS geophysical survey area illustrates a number of resistance anomalies 

previously identified in the dual fluxgate gradiometer magnetic data set from the project 

area. The resistance anomalies include the gravel access road and the location of the 

wooden backyard fences. In addition to these linear resistance anomalies, there are a 

number of linear anomalies across the project area. Some may represent locations of old 

trails, fence lines, and other cultural features. Concentrations of resistance anomalies 

in the backyards appear to represent the locations of privies or small sheds, as well as 

possible garden plots. As with the magnetic anomalies, ground truthing with traditional 

archeological excavation techniques are warranted to determine the nature of these 

anomalies and their relationship to the military occupation at Fort Larned. 

Interpreting the Ground Penetrating Radar Data

Analysis and interpretation of the gpr data may be conducted in several different 

ways. The individual radargrams for each profile line may be analyzed for hyperbolic 

reflections. The radargrams may be combined and processed to provide planar time 

slices of the data. The time slices may also be combined to form 3D cubes of the gpr data. 

The majority of the gpr radargrams show numerous small reflections along any given 

profile. Most of the analysis of the gpr data is done with the 3D display while moving 

through the numerous time slices, but in order to provide a graphic representation of the 

anomalous areas, an individual time slice was selected.

A ground penetrating radar survey was conducted in an area where there 

appeared to be numerous linear magnetic anomalies tentatively identified as trail 

segments. A strong reflection in the gpr data appears to be associated with a curve in the 

possible trail segment identified in the magnetic data (Figure 40). 

Combined Geophysical Data Set Interpretations

A different way of looking at the geophysical data collected during the 

investigations of the survey area at parking lot area is to combine the complementary data 

sets into one display. A number of the different geophysical anomalies overlap suggesting 
30

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

a strong correlation between the geophysical data and the buried archeological features 

(Ambrose 2005; Kvamme 2007:345-374). These areas of overlap would be considered areas 

of high probability for ground truthing and the investigations of buried archeological 

resources. While these correlations are important, individual isolated occurrences also 

need ground truthing in order to determine their unique nature as well. Complementary 

data from the geophysical survey efforts at the FOLS geophysical project area indicate 

the locations of historic military artifact or sheet midden concentrations and more 

recent 19th and 20th century farming building locations and related activity areas, as 

well as modern National Park Service modifications to the military landscape. In the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area A, magnetic and resistance data from a 20-m by 60-m 

area were combined (Figure 41). The location of the Sutler’s Store and a possible trail 

are indicated in the data along with other concentrations of geophysical anomalies. 

In the southeastern corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B, the magnetic and 

resistance data suggest possible location for the footings or piers of the military bridge 

across the Pawnee Fork near the southwest side of the main fort buildings and parade 

ground (Figure 42). The magnetic and resistance data from the southwestern corner of 

the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B provided data that indicated the concentration of 

rock noted on the surface were debris left from the construction of the rip-rap along the 

bank of the Pawnee Fork near the county road bridge (Figure 43). Magnetic anomalies 

suggest that the area along the county road contained items tossed from vehicles on the 

road, as well as items deposited in the corner of the field during seasonal flooding. A 

ground penetrating radar survey a 40-m by 60-m in the eastern portion of the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B combined with the magnetic survey data from the area, 

identified the possible wagon trail segment in along the eastern side of the field (Figure 

44). The segment may be part of the Fort Larned-Fort Hayes military road, other military 

roads between Fort Larned and other Kansas forts, or a portion of the Santa Fe Trail on 

the north side of Pawnee Fork.

Aerial Photography

While aerial photography and photographic interpretation are not new to 

archeology, they are often under used in archeological investigations. The aerial 

photographs provide a different perspective of an area than can be seen on the ground. 

The imagery can provide a systematic means of searching for cultural features that have 

gone unnoticed at ground level. During normal site detection (reconnaissance level) 

surveys, the archeologist is limited to sites that are 1) small enough to be comprehended 

on the ground from visible remains, 2) accessible within practical and economical limits, 3) 

still visible in spite of modern-day cultivation and construction, and 4) recognizable, even 

through the erosion effects of nature may have been operating over a long time (Avery and 

Berlin 1992:225). 

The use of aerial photography as a detection technique is not limited to the 

foregoing conditions (Aschmann et al. 1975; Duel 1969; Riley 1987). Remnants of 

past landscapes that are too large to visualize from the ground may be detectible on 

some form of aerial imagery. This can also be said of past landscapes that have been 

incorporated into the present one and are unrecognizable at ground level. Aerial views 

provide greater range and vertical perspective of patterns of objects not apparent on 

the ground. Landscapes and other types of cultural features may be revealed as shadow 
31

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

patterns, soil color variations, differences in height, density, or color of plants that grow 

above the buried cultural features (Avery and Berlin 1992:227-235; Jones and Evans 1975; 

Wilson 1982). Stereo pairs of photographs provide vertical distortion that can be used in 

photogrammetric site mapping. Aerial photographs taken over a period of time, as well 

as in different seasons also provides information on the cultural resources. The spatial 

extent of a site can be identified on an aerial photograph and then verified in the field.

Since the 1920s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has been 

systematically collecting aerial photographic flights over the United States. These 

flights have been used to classify agricultural land and crops. These are only a 

couple of applications for the aerial photographs. The photographs, which are taken 

approximately every three to ten years, can provide information on land use, prehistoric 

and historic archeology, forestry applications, geological interpretations, engineering 

applications, urban-industrial analysis, etc. Today, over 90 percent of the United States 

has aerial photographic coverage. Three U.S. governmental agencies serve as primary 

repositories for aerial photographs acquired by the federal government. They are the 

Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center of the U.S. Geological Service, Sioux 

Falls, South Dakota; the Aerial Photographic Field Office of the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture’s Farm Service Agency (previously called the Agricultural Stabilization and 

Conservation Service), Salt Lake City, Utah; and the National Archives and Records 

Library, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. Currently Farm Service 

Agency’s Aerial Photography Field Office retains the USDA aerial photographs from 1955 

to the present. Aerial photographs taken before 1955 are curated at the Cartographic and 

Architectural Section of the National Archives and Records Administration in College 

Park, Maryland. 

Aerial photographs of the current project area at the Fort Larned National 

Historic Site were obtained from the National Archives (Table 5) and the Aerial 

Photographic Field Office (Table 6). Aerial photographs from the National Archives 

were from 1938 and 1950. These black and white photographs were taken at a scale of 

1:20,000 (1” = 1667”). The 1956 and the 1963 black and white aerial photographs from the 

Aerial Photographic Field Office (APFO) were also at a scale of 1:20,000. By the 1970s, the 

USDA started acquiring aerial photographs at a scale of 1:40,000. The aerial photographs 

were taken at a higher altitude of 20,000 feet. This allowed more areal coverage with 

each photo frame. The APFO 1970 and 1979 photos were taken at a scale of 1:40,000 

while the 1975 photos were acquired at a scale of 1:48,000. An interagency Federal effort 

was initiated in 1978 to provide the greatest number of users with the systematic aerial 

coverage of the United States under the National High Altitude Program (NHAP). 

Between 1980 and 1987, black and white aerial photography was taken at a scale of 

1:80,000, while color infrared imagery was collected at a scale of approximately 1:60,000. 

The APFO 1981 and 1985 NHAP aerial photographs were taken in color infrared at a 

scale of 1:60,000. The National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) was instituted 

in 1987 among the Federal agencies including USDA to acquire aerial photographs at 

an altitude of 20,000 feet with a scale of 1:40,000. Each 9-inch by 9-inch frame covers 

approximately a five mile by five mile area. The APFO 1991, 1996, and 2002 aerial photos 

were acquired as black and white imagery. In 2003, the USDA’s Farm Service Agency 

began the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). The purpose of the program 

was to make digital ortho photography available to public and government agencies 
32

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

with one year of its acquisition. The imagery was acquired at one-meter ground sample 

distance with six meter horizontal accuracy. The imagery was collected in the natural 

color spectrum (Red, Green, and Blue) including the 2003, 2004, and 2005 APFO aerial 

photographs. Since 2007, the infrared band was also delivered as part of the imagery 

acquisition process. The imagery was acquired at a scale of 1:40,000. 

The 1938 aerial photograph from the National Archives contains numerous 

features associated with the historic fort setting (Figure 45). Modifications to the 

Enlisted Men’s Barracks and Post Hospital (HS-1 and HS-2), the Quartermaster’s 

buildings including the storehouse (HS-6), Commissaries (HS-4 and HS-5), and the 

Shops Building (HS-3) for use as barns and other ranch/farm related buildings are 

noticeable on the aerial photograph. The Officers Quarters, including HS-7 and HS-9 

along with the Commanding Officer’s Quarters (HS-8) are being maintained as farm 

residences. In addition to the view of the buildings in the fort’s historic core, a number of 

linear anomalies appear to represent trail swales on both sides of the Pawnee Fork. These 

swales may be segments of the Santa Fe Trail, as well as military roads between Fort 

Larned and other Kansas forts. There also appear to be five potential river crossings. 

The potential river crossing at the south end of the trail swale that heads north of the 

fort may be the location of the military bridge on the southwest side of the fort’s core. 

The other crossings may be fords or ferry locations.

The next series of USDA aerial photographs of the Fort Larned vicinity were 

taken in 1950. The aerial photograph showed several trail swales including the ones 

noted on the 1938 aerial photograph (Figure 46). Seven prospective river crossings were 

identified including the five visible on the 1938 aerial photograph. Although new features 

were noted on the 1950 aerial photograph, it did not mean that such features were 

relatively new dating to the period following the taking of the 1938 aerial photograph. 

Changes in vegetation cover, crop rotation, soil moisture content, time of year, etc., also 

played important roles in the ability of the photographic interpreter to identify cultural 

and natural features. Besides the identification of more trail swales and river crossings, 

the photograph also documented the increase usage of livestock pens adjacent to the 

barracks and Quartermaster’s buildings along with newer farm buildings, silos, and 

sheds. In the field west of the fort’s historic core across the Pawnee Fork. A lighter 

colored farm lane extended around the main field. In the area south of the field, a trap 

range and buildings were noted. Since these features were not present in the 1938 aerial 

photograph, it was assumed that the trap range and associated trap house and storage 

building were built after 1938. There also appeared to be an increase in the size and 

number of trees within in the historic fort’s core, as well as along the Pawnee Fork and 

the oxbow on the east side of the historic fort’s core. 

By 1956, the tree growth continued in the core area, as well as along both banks of 

the Pawnee Fort (Figure 47). The trap range is still present although the actual shooting 

location appeared to have been demolished. The main trail swales were still visible on 

both sides of the river, as well as the potential river crossings.

The 1963 aerial photograph contained fewer noticeable features associated with 

the trail swales and river crossings. The trap building was still present although the range 

was demolished. Livestock pens along the historic core buildings also appeared to have 
33

PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS

been removed. These changes reflected the development of the historic fort as a tourist 

attraction beginning in 1957 with the founding of the Fort Larned Historical Society 

(Oliva 1982:96-97). The development of a picnic area near the entrance to the Frizell 

Fort Larned Ranch along U.S. Highway 156 was also noticed in the aerial photograph. A 

bridge was also constructed across the Pawnee Fork on the northwest side of the historic 

fort’s historic core of buildings in 1963 and was visible on the aerial photograph.

By 1970, the fort buildings were in the process of being restored to their historic 

military appearance (Figure 49). The federal government purchased the land and 

buildings in 1966 after Congress authorized the National Park Service to add Fort 

Larned to its growing list of national historic sites (Oliva 1982:96-97). By 1975, the 

existing buildings were restored to their military appearance. Changes in the presence 

of trees was also indicated on the aerial photograph. The large lot of trees to the north 

of Officer’s Row was removed between 1970 and 1975. Two river crossings were still 

visible, as well as a trail swale that cut across the field northwest of the fort’s core area. 

Aerial photographs from 1979 (Figure 51), 1981 (Figure 52), and 1985 (Figure 53) provide 

additional views of changes in vegetation and land use associated with park activities. 

Most trail related features were obscured by vegetational and land used changes over 

the decade. In 1991, the reconstruction of the fort’s Blockhouse (HS-10) was present in 

the aerial photograph (Figure 54). The primary potential location of the military bridge 

across the Pawnee Fork was present in the aerial photographs from 1980s, as well as 

those from 1997 (Figure 55), 2002 (Figure 56), 2003 (Figure 57), 2004 (Figure 58), and 

2005 (Figure 59). 

Archeological Excavation Methodology

The archeological excavations at FOLS consisted of excavation of regularly 

spaced shovel/auger tests and a formal 2-m by 1-m test excavation unit. The excavations 

were conducted with shovels, trowels, and fence posthole augers. The orifice for the 

posthole auger hole was approximately 30 cm in diameter. The units were excavated to 

an approximate depth of 50 centimeters below the ground surface (cmbs). The sediment 

removed from the units was screened through 1⁄4” steel mesh. All artifacts identified 

during the excavations were recovered for further analysis.

Shovel/Auger Testing

Ground truthing with shovel tests using fence posthole augers (Figure 60) was 

conducted along the inside of the levee next to the farm era ice house foundation to the 

southwest of the main post, across a 100-meter square area in the vicinity of the proposed 

parking lot location, and the stone concentration in southwest corner of the open field. 

Four shovel test units were placed along the river side of the protective levee above the 

Pawnee Fork on the FOLS side of the river (Figure 61). The shovel tests were also located 

to the north of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A and west of the 2009 geophysical 

survey area (Table 7). The shovel test (ST) units were placed 10 meters apart on the bank 

side of the protective levee. ST1A was excavated to a depth of 30 cmbs and contained 

concrete fragments to a depth of 10 cmbs. ST2A was excavated to a depth of 50 cmbs. 

A roofing nail and mortar fragments were recovered from the upper 10 cm. Between 20 

and 30 cmbs, a second roofing nail was recovered. A piece of water rolled, clear glass was 
34

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

recovered from 30-40 cmbs. ST3A was excavated to a depth of 50 cmbs and contained a 

9d common wire nail, a 2d wire nail, and inch wide box staple between 20 and 30 cmbs. 

ST4A was placed inside the stone foundation of the farm era ice house. The excavation 

extended to a depth of 30 cm. Concrete and charcoal fragments were identified in the 

mixed fill from inside the foundation. One hundred shovel test locations were laid out 

in the proposed parking lot area (Table 8). Ninety-nine of the 100 units were excavated 

with the first unexcavated unit used as the reference point for laying out the remaining 

units. The shovel test were spaced at 10 meter intervals and excavated to a depth of 50 

cmbs (Figure 62). The 50 cmbs depth was selected as the bottom of the excavation based 

on the soil composition. Of the 99 shovel tests excavated, only six produced artifacts or 

related ecofacts (Table 8). The artifacts consisted of a centerfire 12 gauge Remington/

Union Metallic Co. shotgun shell base from ST 20, a right astragalus from Bos taurus and 

an unidentified bone fragment in ST25, and three mortar fragments from ST54. ST15 

contained some mussel shell while ST 60 and ST 80 contained some charcoal flecking. 

The artifacts were related to the farm period. Five more shovel tests (Table 9) were 

excavated at the southwest corner of the project area (Figure 63). The shovel tests (ST101 

through ST105) were placed in a grid unit (N40/E0 to N60/E20) to test the presence of a 

structure, however upon further investigation it was realized that this area of limestone 

was most likely used as a staging area for the riprap along the Pawnee Fork near the 

county road bridge. 

Formal Archeological Excavation Unit

A single excavation unit (TU1) was placed over a strong magnetic anomaly in the 

southern part of the open field next to the left bank of Pawnee Fork (Figure 64). The 

excavation extended two meters north-south by one meter east-west. The southwest 

corner of the unit was located at N40/E101 (Figure 65). The unit was excavated in 10 cm 

arbitrary units to a depth of 30 cmbs. The upper portion of the unit consisted of a very 

dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silty loam plowzone. The sub soil consisted of a brown 

(10YR7/3) silty loam (Figure 50). Sections a railroad ties were noted as appearing to 

foundation foots to s small structure. Gravel was placed between the ties for drainage. 

Artifacts recovered from TU1 consisted of two centerfire shotgun shell bases (a Peters 

Victor 12 gauge shell base and a Winchester Ranger 12 gauge shell base), two crown 

bottle caps, pieces of asphalt shingles, a foil gum wrapper, wire staple, a 6d common wire 

nail, a clay pigeon fragment, a roofing nail, and the interior foil from a bottle cap (Table 

10). The excavation of the test unit revealed the foundation of a farm related trap or skeet 

house for shooting clay pigeons. 
35

6. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

Excavations of the geophysical project areas yielded a small sample of historic 

artifacts associated with the farming activities at the old fort site during the 20th century 

(Table 11). Historic artifacts from the shovel test and test unit excavations were divided 

into several material categories consisting of ceramics (e.g., clay pigeon fragment), 

glass (e.g., curved glass, metal (e.g., nails, wire, shotgun shell bases, bottle crown caps, 

aluminum foil), bone (e.g., faunal remains), stone (e.g., mortar and concrete). Using a 

functional classification developed by Roderick Sprague (1980-81) for historic artifacts, 

the artifacts from the archeological investigations at the parking lot project area at 

the FOLS Geophysical Project Areas consisted of personal items, domestic items, 

architecture, and unknowns. 

Personal Items

Within the personal items (Sprague 1980:255), the indulgences category is 

represented by two pieces of aluminum foil. One folded piece of foil may be a gum 

wrapper of the internal foil wrapper from a cigarette package. The small circular piece 

of foil is the interior bottle cap liner, which measures approximately 2.2 cm in diameter.

Three crown cap bottle closures were recovered from the excavation unit in 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area B (Sprague 1980:255). The beer or soda pop bottle caps 

measure approximately 3 cm in diameter. The ferrous metal caps contain 21 points 

around the external diameter of the edge of the cap. 

The pastimes and recreation category contains a piece of a clay pigeon (Sprague 

1980:255). Three brass, shotgun shell bases were also recovered during the excavations. 

One base contains the impressed lettering REM-UMO over SHURSHOT and No 12 on 

opposite sides of the primer between the lettering. REM-UMO headstamp represents 

the combined Remington and Union Metallic Company that merged to form REMUMC from 1911 to 1934 (Steinhauer 2011). One base contained the words PETERS over 

VICTOR with MADE IN U.S.A. on the left side and 12 on the right side of the primer. 

A large P surrounds the primer. The Peters Company operated between 1887 and 1934 

when it was purchased by DuPont along with REM-UMO to form the Remington 

Arms Company (Steinhauer 2011). The third shotgun shell base contained the word 

WINCHESTER over Ranger. Between the word WINCHESTER and the primer the 

smaller sized words MADE IN U.S.A. were stamped on the base. On the left side of 

the primer, the word N° occurred with the number 12 on the right side of the primer. 

Winchester added the “MADE IN U.S.A.” to the headstamp on its shotgun shells after 

1937 (Steinhauer 2011).

Domestic Items

Domestic items (Sprague 1980:256) recovered from the parking lot excavations 

at the Fort Larned National Historic Site consist of housewares and appliances items in 

the gustatory (e.g., faunal remains) category. The faunal remains represent subsistence 

ecofacts that are part of the gustatory group within housewares and appliances under 
36

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

the domestic items (Sprague 1980:256). One bone element and one bone fragment are 

among the artifacts recovered from the archeological investigations of the bridge 

replacement project areas. The right astragalus is from Bos taurus (domestic cattle) is 

the single identifiable element (Gilbert 1973,1990). The other faunal remain is a bone 

fragment from a large mammal, probably Bos taurus. 

Architecture

Architecture (Sprague 1980:256) includes construction items such as materials 

(e.g., concrete, mortar, and asphalt shingles) and hardware (e.g., nails, staples, and wire), 

and plumbing items for sanitation (i.e., drain tile). Construction materials are used in 

buildings and other structures at Fort Larned. Hardware items are materials used to 

hold the construction materials together. 

Among the construction materials recovered from the archeological 

investigations, there were two small fragments of concrete, three pieces of mortar, 

and two pieces of a composite asphalt shingle. Hardware recovered from the 

archeological investigations included wire nails, a possible staple, and a piece of wire 

(Sprague 1980:256). A total of seven wire nails represented the nails recovered from 

the archeological investigations. Wire nails replaced the cut nails in everyday usage 

following a major strike that affected the nail industry in the 1880s (Loveday 1983:137-

139). The four wire nails included one 3d nail with a rounded head, a 4d common wire 

nail, a 6d common wire nail, and an 8d common wire nail. Two functional categories 

were represented by the wire nails: 1) small construction nails between 2d and 5d for 

finish work, shingles, and lathes and 2) medium construction nails between 6d and 

16d for framing, sheathing, roofing, casing, siding, flooring, and/or shingles (De Vore 

1987:76). The remaining wire nails consist of one 5/8-inch, one 7/8-inch, and one 1 5/8 

inch length roofing nails for attaching shingles to the roof of a structure. A bent piece of 

flatten wire measuring approximately an inch on three sides appeared to be a staple used 

to hold staves of a wooden basket together. A piece of 16 gauge (1.92 mm in diameter) was 

also recovered during the archeological investigations.

Unknowns

The unknown category (Sprague 1980:258) contains an unidentifiable fragment 

of glass. Due to the small size of the clear glass fragment, the purpose or use of the item 

cannot be positively identified. The exterior surface of the glass fragment is patinated 

and water rolled or smoothed. 
37

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

During the period from August 2 to August 20, 2010, geophysical investigations 

were conducted at the Fort Larned National Historic Site (14PA305) along the western 

side of the fort next to the row of Officers’ Quarters and on the left side of Pawnee 

Fork to the west and north of the fort quadrangle. The geophysical survey included a 

magnetic survey with dual fluxgate gradiometer, three limited resistance surveys with a 

resistance meter and twin probe array, and a small ground penetrating radar survey with 

a gpr cart system and 400 mHz antenna. The geophysical survey was conducted in an 

attempt to identify buried archeological remains associated with the fort in the vicinity 

of the proposed military bridge reconstruction and parking lot relocation construction 

project. The geophysical survey identified numerous buried archeological remains 

associated with the remnants of the military activities at the site, as well as more recent 

19th and 20th century farming and park activities at the site. The total area investigated by 

the geophysical survey in the FOLS geophysical project area was 89,848 m2 or 22.20 acres 

(Figure 66).

The surveys resulted in the identification of numerous subsurface anomalies. 

The magnetic and resistance data collected at the site provided information of the 

physical properties (magnetic and soil resistance properties) of the subsurface materials. 

Standard methodology for conducting geophysical investigations was used with 

standard 20-meter by 20-meter grid sizes where feasible. The results of the geophysical 

survey indicated the presence of buried features and artifact concentrations related to 

the military period, historic farming era, and modern park activities associated with the 

occupation of the Fort Larned National Historic Site in the late 19th and 20th centuries. 

The identification of several trail segments on both sides of the Pawnee Fork along 

with potential river crossings represents significant archeological resources associated 

with the military during the active lifespan of Fort Larned. Aerial photographs from 

the 1930s to 2005 were also analyzed. A number of trail swales were noted in the earlier 

photographs (Figure 66). In addition to the trail swales, six potential river crossing 

locations were identified from the aerial photographs, as well as nine potential locations 

noted during the archeological investigations along the left bank of the Pawnee Fork. 

The six from the aerial photographs were also identified in the nine location mapped 

with the GPS unit during the archeological investigations. Two of the potential crossings 

may represent the potential location for the military bridge across the Pawnee Fork. 

Finally, refinement of the archeological and geophysical interpretation of the 

survey data is dependent on the feedback of the archeological investigations following 

geophysical survey (David 1995:30). Should additional archeological investigations 

occur at the site investigated during this project, the project archeologist is encouraged 

to share additional survey and excavation data with the geophysical investigator for 

incorporation into the investigator’s accumulated experiences with archeological 

problems? Throughout the entire geophysical and archeological investigations, 

communication between the geophysicist and the archeologist is essential for successful 

completion of the archeological investigations. It is also important for the investigators to 

disseminate the results of the geophysical survey and archeological investigations to the 
38

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

general public. It is through their support in funds and labor that we continue to make 

contributions to the application of geophysical techniques to the field of archeology. 

Large scale mechanized excavation by the construction equipment should be 

conducted within the area of potential effect for the entrance road modification and 

parking lot relocation project. The field contains several remnants of the Santa Fe Trail 

as well as military trails from Fort Larned to other posts, such as Fort Hayes. Due to 

the physical nature of the trail remains, it is better to have a large area opened than to 

conduct small scale archeological excavations. The road construction equipment could 

remove the soil in layers, especially the plow zone, in order to provide better visual 

examination of the construction area for trail segment remnants. It is recommended 

that archeological monitoring of the areas selected for the entrance road modification, 

parking lot relocation, and the Pawnee Fork pedestrian bridge by a professional 

archeologist occur during the construction phase of the project. Construction should 

stop upon the identification of archeological features by the professional archeologist 

and time provided to evaluate and document the uncovered archeological features. 

This report has provided a review and analysis of the geophysical and 

archeological data collected during the investigations of the proposed bridge replacement 

and parking lot relocation construction project at the Fort Larned National Historic 

Site. The geophysical techniques applied to the investigations at Site 14PA305 have 

proven successful in the identification of buried archeological resources in the present 

archeological/geophysical project areas. The geophysical techniques combined with 

traditional archeological shovel test and excavation methodology have the potential to 

identify the subsurface features associated with the historic and possibly the prehistoric 

use across the park. This information will be used by the Midwest Archeological Center 

and the Fort Larned National Historic Site staffs to guide further archeological inquiry 

into the nature of the archeological resources at the military post (Site 14PA305) and help 

direct future National Park Service geophysical surveys and archeological excavations 

at other locations within the boundary of the Fort Larned National Historic Site.
39

REFERENCES CITED

Albright, John, and Douglas D. Scott

 1974 Historic Furnishing Study: Historical and Archeological Data, Fort Larned 

National Historic Site, Kansas. Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 

Denver, Colorado.

Ambrose, Heather M.

 2005 Quantitative Integration and Three-dimensional Visualization of Multiarchaeological geophysics Survey. ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 

Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Aschmann, H. Homer, Leonard W. Bowden, Thomas R. Lyons, and Ralph S. Solecki

 1975 People: Past and Present. In Manual of Remote Sensing, Volume II, edited by 

Robert G. Reeves, pp. 1999-2060. American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls 

Church, Virginia.

Aspinall, Arnold, Chris Gaffney, and Armin Schmidt

 2008 Magnetometry for Archaeologists. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.

Avery, Thomas E., and Graydon L. Berlin

 1992 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Airphoto Interpretation. Fifth Edition. 

Macmillian Publishing Company, New York.

Baier, Melissa

 2009 Archeological Monitoring of Underground Electric Line Installation, Fort 

Larned National Historic Site, November 17-19, 2009. Trip report on file, 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Bark, L. Dean

 1978 Climate. In Soil Survey of Pawnee County, Kansas, by Darold A. and William E. 

Roth, pp. 2-3,60-61. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.

Bartington Instruments

 2007 Operation Manual for Grad 601 Single Axis Magnetic Gradiometer. OM1800. 

Bartington Instruments, Oxford, England.

Bevan, Bruce W.

 1991 The Search for Graves. Geophysics 56(9):1310-1319.

 1998 Geophysical Exploration for Archaeology: An Introduction to Geophysical 

Exploration. Special Report No. 1. Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, 

Nebraska.

Blackmar, Jeanette M., and Jack L. Hofman

 2006 The Paleoarchaic of Kansas. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard 

and William E. Banks, pp. 46-75. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. 
40

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Blakeslee, Donald J., and Marlin F. Hawley

 2006 The Great Bend Aspect. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard and 

William E. Banks, pp. 165-179. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Bozell, John R.

 2006 Plains Woodland Complexes of Western Kansas and Adjacent Portions of 

Nebraska and Colorado. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard and 

William E. Banks, pp. 93-104. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Breiner, Sheldon

 1973 Applications Manual for Portable Magnetometers. GeoMetrics, Sunnyvale, 

California.

 1992 Magnetics: Applications for Portable Magnetometers. In Practical Geophysics 

II for the Exploration Geologist, compiled by Richard Van Blaricom, pp. 313-381, 

Northwest Mining Association, Spokane, Washington.

Bringelson, Dawn

 2010 Scope of Work: Archeological Inventory and Evaluation for PEPC 28759 

“Demolish Failing Traffic Bridge and Construct New Pedestrian Bridge 

with Parking Facilities” Fort Larned NHS. Scope of Work on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Brown, Everett M.

 1964 Fort Larned: Camp on Pawnee Fork. Ms. on file, Fort Larned National 

Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

Brown, Kenneth L.

 1987 Arkansas River Lowlands. In Kansas Prehistoric Archaeological Preservation 

Plan, edited by Kenneth L. Brown and Alan H. Simmons, pp. XVI-1—XV1-16. 

Office of Archaeological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Brown, Kenneth L., and Marie E. Brown

 1987 The Paleo-Indian Period. In Kansas Prehistoric Archaeological Preservation 

Plan, edited by Kenneth L. Brown and Alan H. Simmons, pp. IX-1—IX-26. Office 

of Archaeological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Brown, Lauren

 1985 The Audubon Society Nature Guides: Grasslands. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Buck, Madeleine

 n.d. A History of Fort Larned. Ms. on file, Santa Fe Trail Center and Museum, 

Larned, Kansas.

Burger, H. Robert

 1992 Exploration Geophysics of the Shallow Subsurface. Prentice Hall PTR, 

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
41

REFERENCES CITED

Carr, Christopher

 1982 Handbook on Soil Resistivity Surveying: Interpretation of Data from Earthen 

Archeological Sites. Research Series, Volume 2. Center for American Archeology 

Press, Evanston, Illinois.

Clark, Anthony

 2000 Seeing Beneath the Soil: Prospecting Methods in Archaeology. Reprint. 

Routledge, London. Originally published in 1990 by B. T. Batsford, Ltd., London.

Clay, R. Berle 

 2001 Complementary Geophysical Survey Techniques: Why Two Ways are always 

Better than One. Southeastern Archaeology 20(1):31-43.

Clemensen, A. Berle

 1978 Historic Structure Report: Historic Furnishing Study, Commanding Officer’s 

Quarters HS-8, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Kansas. Denver Service Center, 

National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

 1980 Historic Structure Report: Historic Furnishing Study, Fort Larned Commanding 

Officer’s Quarters HS-8 National Historic Site, Kansas. Denver Service Center, 

National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

Cockrell, Ron, Alan W. O’Bright, and Jan L. Dial

 1991 Historic Structure Report: Blockhouse (HS-10), Fort Larned National Historic 

Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 

Omaha, Nebraska.

Conyers, Lawrence B. 

 2004 Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, 

California.

 2006 Ground-Penetrating Radar. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly 

North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 131-159. University of 

Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

 2007 Ground-penetrating Radar for Archaeological Mapping. In Remote Sensing in 

Archaeology, edited by James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz, pp. 329-344. Springer, 

New York.

Conyers, Lawrence B., and Dean Goodman

 1997 Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. AltaMira Press, 

Walnut Creek, California.

Conyers, Lawrence B., and Jeffrey E. Lucius

 1996 Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground-penetrating Radar Studies. 

Archaeological Prospection 3(1):25-38.
42

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Cutler, William G.

 1883 History of the State of Kansas. A. T. Andreas, Chicago, Illinois.

Davenport, G. Clark

 2001 Where is it? Searching for Buried Bodies & Hidden Evidence. SportWork, 

Church Hill, Maryland.

David, Andrew

 1995 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Research & 

Professional Services Guidelines No. 1. Ancient Monuments Laboratory, English 

Heritage, London.

 2001 Overview—The Role and Practice of Archaeological Prospection. In 

Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, edited by D. R. Brothwell and A. M. Pollard, 

pp. 521-527. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, England.

David, Andrew, Neil Linford, and Paul Linford

2008 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. Second Edition. 

Research & Professional Services Guidelines No. 1. Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory, English Heritage, London.

De Vore, Steven L.

 1987 Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site (32WI17) Material Culture 

Reports, Part VII: Building Hardware, Construction Materials, Tools, and Fasteners. 

National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 2009 Geophysical Survey of the Proposed Utility Line Installation along the 

Perimeter of the Row of Officers’ Quarters on the West Side of the Quadrangular 

Parade Ground at Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas 

(July 13-18, 2009). Trip Report on file, National Park Service, Midwest 

Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 2010 Geophysical Survey of the Bridge Removal and Parking Lot Replacement 

Alternatives at Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas 

(August 2-20, 2010). Trip Report on file, National Park Service, Midwest 

Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

De Vore, Steven L., and Melissa A. Baier

 n.d. Geophysical Investigations and Archeological Monitoring of the Underground 

Electric Line Installation Project Area at the Fort Larned National Historic Site, 

14PA305, Pawnee County, Kansas. In Press. Midwest Archeological Center 

Technical Report Series. National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
43

REFERENCES CITED

Dial, Janis L.

 1991 Historic Structure Report Archeological Data: Blockhouse (HS-10), Fort 

Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. In Historic Structure 

Report: Blockhouse (HS-10), Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, 

Kansas, by Ron Cockrell, Alan W. O’Bright, and Jan L. Dial, pp.47-126. Midwest 

Regional Office, National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska.

Dice, Lee R.

 1943 The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann 

Arbor.

Dobrin, Milton B., and Carl H. Savit

 1988 Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Book 

Company, New York

.

Dodge, Darold A., and William E. Roth

 1978 Soil Survey of Pawnee County, Kansas. U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington D.C.

Dueul, Leo

 1969 Flights into Yesterday: The Story of Aerial Archaeology. St. Martin’s Press, New 

York.

DW Consulting

 2008 ArchaeoSurveyor User Manual. Program Version 2.3.0X, Issue 2. DW 

Consulting, Barneveld, The Netherlands.

Elmore, George

 1983a Archeological Monitoring of Trenching for Power Line. Paraprofessional 

report on file, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

 1983bArcheological Information on HS-2, Barracks/Hospital. Paraprofessional 

report on file, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

 1984 Ground Disturbance, South Side HS-8, Commanding Officer’s Quarters. 

Paraprofessional report on file, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, 

Kansas.

 1986 HS-8 Cellar Window. Paraprofessional report on file, Fort Larned National 

Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

1988a Blockhouse Monitoring. Paraprofessional report on file, Fort Larned National 

Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

1988b Monitoring of Electrical Line Installation to Fee Collection Station. 

Paraprofessional report on file, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, 

Kansas.
44

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

1989 Monitoring of Fence Installation around Officers Row. Paraprofessional report 

on file, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

Fenneman, Nevin M.

 1931 Physiography of Western United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New 

York.

FOLS

 1988 Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. Fort Larned 

National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

 1995 Fort Larned National Historic Site Statement for Management. Fort Larned 

National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas.

Foth, Henry D., and John W. Schafer

 1980 Soil Geography and Land Use. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Gaffney, Chris, and John Gater

 2003 Revealing the Buried Past: Geophysics for Archaeologists. Tempus Publishing, 

Stroud, Great Britain.

Gaffney, Chris, John Gater, and Sue Ovenden

 1991 The Use of Geophysical Techniques in Archaeological Evaluations. Technical 

Paper Number 9. Institute of Field Archaeologists, University of Birmingham, 

Birmingham, England.

 2002 The Use of Geophysical Techniques in Archaeological Evaluations. Paper No. 6. 

Institute of Field Archaeologists, University of Reading, Reading, England.

Geoscan Research

 2001 Geoplot Version 3.00 for Windows Instruction Manual, Version 1.6. Geoscan 

Research, Bradford, England.

 2003 Geoplot Version 3.00 for Windows Instruction Manual, Version 1.6. Geoscan 

Research, Bradford, England.

 2007 Resistance Meter RM15-D Instruction Manual, Version 2.95. Geoscan Research, 

Bradford, England.

Golden Software

 2009 Surfer 9 User’s Guide: Contouring and 3D Surface Mapping for Scientists and 

Engineers. Golden Software, Golden, Colorado.

Goodman, Dean

 2005 GPR-SLICE v 5.0 Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging Software Quickstart 

Introduction. Geophysical Archaeometry Laboratory, Woodland Hills, California.
45

REFERENCES CITED

Goodman, D., Y. Nishimura, and J. D. Rogers

 1995 GPR Time Slices in Archaeological Prospection. Archaeological Prospection

2(2):85-89.

Goodman, Dean, Kent Schneider, Salvatore Piro, Yasushi Nishimura, and Agamennon G. 

Pantel

 2007 Ground Penetrating Radar Advances in Subsurface Imaging for Archaeology. 

In Remote Sensing in Archaeology, edited by James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz, 

pp. 375-394. Springer, New York.

GSSI

 2003 TerraSIRch SIR System-3000 User’s Manual. Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc., 

North Salem, New Hampshire.

Griffin, Kristin L.

 1987 Monitoring of Floor Removal at HS-4, Fort Larned National Historic Site. 

Trip report of file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, 

Nebraska.

 1991 Excavations inside Historic Structure 4, The New Commissary, at Fort Larned 

National Historic Site, Kansas. Midwest Archeological Center Technical Report 6. 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Hallof, Philip G.

 1992 Electrical: IP and Resistivity: Grounded Electrical Methods in Geophysical 

Exploration. In Practical Geophysics II for the Exploration Geologist, compiled 

by Richard Van Blaricom, pp. 313-381, Northwest Mining Association, Spokane, 

Washington.

Hansen, R. O., Louis Racic, and V. J. S. Grauch

 2005 Magnetic Methods in Near-Surface Geophysics. In Near-Surface Geophysics, 

edited by Dwain K. Butler, pp. 151-175. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 

Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Heimmer, Don H. and Steven L. De Vore

 1995 Near-Surface, High Resolution Geophysical Methods for Cultural Resource 

Management and Archeological Investigations. Revised edition. National Park 

Service, Denver, Colorado.

 2000 Near-Surface, High Resolution Geophysical Methods for Cultural Resource 

Management and Archaeological Investigations. In Science and Technology in 

Historic Preservation, edited by Ray A. Williamson and Paul R. Nickens, pp. 53-73. 

Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science, Volume 4. Kluwer Academic/

Plenum Publishers, New York.

Hoard, Richard J., and William E. Banks (editors)

 2006 Kansas Archaeology. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
46

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Holt, Daniel D.

 1990 Kansas Preservation Plan: Study Unit on A Time of Contrasts: progress, 

Prosperity, and the Great Depression, 1900-1940. Historic Preservation 

Department, Kansas State Historic Society, Topeka.

HPD

 1984 Kansas Preservation Plan: Study Unit on The Period of Rural/Agricultural 

Dominance (1865-1900). Historic Preservation Department, Kansas State 

Historical Society, Topeka.

 1987 Kansas Preservation Plan: Study Unit on the Period of Exploration and 

Settlement (1820s-1880s). Historic Preservation Department, Kansas State 

Historical Society, Topeka.

Hunt, William J., Jr.

 1983 Archeological Investigations at FOLS, May 15-19, 1983. Trip report on file, 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1990 Trip Report. Trip report on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Kern, Anne, and Steven L. De Vore

 1999 Geophysical Investigations of Potential 10th Cavalry Stables (HS-35) Location, 

Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Ms. on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Küchler, A. W.

 1974 A New Vegetation Map of Kansas. Ecology 55:586-604.

Kvamme, Kenneth L.

 2001 Current Practices in Archaeogeophysics: Magnetics, Resistivity, Conductivity, 

and Ground-Penetrating Radar. In Earth Sciences and Archaeology, edited by Paul 

Goldberg, Vance T. Holliday, and C. Reid Ferring, pp. 353-384. Kluwer Academic/

Plenum Publishers, New York.

 2003 Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity

68(3):435-457.

 2005 Terrestrial Remote Sensing in Archaeology. In Handbook of Archaeological 

Methods, edited by Herbert D. G. Maschner and Christopher Chippindale, pp. 

423-477. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.

 2006a Magnetometry: Nature’s Gift to Archaeology. In Remote Sensing in 

Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, 

pp. 205-233. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
47

REFERENCES CITED

 2006bData Processing and Presentation. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An 

Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 235-250. 

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

 2007 Integrating Multiple Geophysical Datasets. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology, 

edited by James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz, pp. 345-374. Springer, New York.

Kvamme, Kenneth L., Jay K. Johnson, and Bryan S. Haley

 2006 Multiple Methods Surveys: Case Studies. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: 

An Explicitly North American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 251-267. 

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Lees, William B.

 1984 Results of an Archeological Evaluation of a Proposed Maintenance Building 

Location, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Pawnee County, Kansas. Ms. on file, 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1989 Kansas Preservation Plan Section on Historical Archeology. Kansas State 

Historical Society, Topeka.

Logan, Brad

 2006 Woodland Adaptations in Eastern Kansas. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by 

Robert J. Hoard and William E. Banks, pp. 76-92. University of Kansas Press, 

Lawrence.

Loveday, Amos J.

 1983 The Rise and Decline of the Cut Nail Industry: A Study of the Interrelationships 

of Technology, Business Organization, and Management Techniques. Greenwood 

Press, Santa Barbara, California. 

Lowrie, William

 1997 Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United 

Kingdom.

Marshall, James O.

 2006 The Kansa. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard and William E. 

Banks, pp. 219-232. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

McLaughlin, Thad G.

 1949 Geology and Ground-water Resources of Pawnee and Edwards Counties, 

Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 80. Kansas Geological Survey, 

Lawrence.

Milsom, John

 2003 Field Geophysics. Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United 

Kingdom.
48

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Monger, Earl W.

 1976 A Report on the Archaeological Salvage of the Various Projects at Fort Larned 

National Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1980 Monitoring during Trenching for the Intrusion of Fire Alarm Cables, when 

Pit Silos are Filled, and when KPL Lays approximately 1,000 Ft. of Power Line 

Underground, Provide Archaeological Monitoring for Historic Artifacts and/

or Features. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, 

Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1981 Conduct Archaeological Investigations of Windowwells and Entrances of 

Cellars of HS-7 and HS-9 for Reconstruction Program now in Progress. Ms. on 

file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Music, B.

 1995 On-Site Prospection in Slovenia: The Case of Rodik. Archaeological 

Computing Newsletter 43:6-15.

Mussett, Alan E., and M. Aftab Khan

 2000 Looking into the Earth: An Introduction to Geological Geophysics. Cambridge 

University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

MWAC

 1998 Fort Larned National Historic Site Cultural Sites Inventory. Midwest 

Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 2007 Chronological Listing of Archeological Work in Fort Larned National Historic 

Site. In Fort Larned National Historic Site Cultural Sites Inventory, by Midwest 

Archeological Center, pp. CRONO.LISTING.1-7. Midwest Archeological Center, 

Lincoln, Nebraska.

MWRO

 1978 Master Plan, Fort Larned National Historic Site. Midwest Regional Office, 

National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska.

Neubauer, W., P. Melichar, and A. Eder-Hinterleitner

 1996 Collection, Visualization, and Simulation of Magnetic Prospection Data. 

In Interfacing the Past: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in 

Archaeology, CAA95, Volume 1, edited by H. Kamermans and K. Fennema, pp. 

121-129. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia No. 28. University of Leiden, Leiden, 

The Netherlands.

Nickel, Robert K.

 1975 EO11593 Surveys of Wagon Ruts Unit, Fort Larned National Historic Site. 

Trip report on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, 

Nebraska.
49

REFERENCES CITED

 1987 Archeological Survey of Quarry Site for Blockhouse, Fort Larned National 

Historic Site. Trip report Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National 

Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Nishimura, Y.

 2001 Geophysical Prospection in Archaeology. In Handbook of Archaeological 

Sciences, edited by D. R. Brothwell and A. M. Pollard, pp. 543-553. John Wiley & 

Sons, Ltd., Chichester, England.

NPS

 2006 Federal Historic Preservation Laws: The Official Compilation of U.S. Cultural 

Heritage Statues. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

O’Brien, Patricia J.

 1984 Archeology in Kansas. Public Education Series No.9. University of Kansas, 

Lawrence.

Oliva, Leo E.

 1982 Fort Larned on the Santa Fe. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.

 1985 Fort Larned. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.

 1997 Fort Larned: Guardian of the Santa Fe Trail. Kansas State Historical Society, 

Topeka.

Oswin, John 

 2009 A Field Guide to Geophysics in Archaeology. Springer-Praxis Books, 

Chichester, United Kingdom. 

Peddie, Norman W.

 1992 The Magnetic Field in the United States, 1990, Total Intensity Chart. U.S. 

Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-1002-F. U.S. Geological 

Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Peddie, Norman W., and Audronis K. Zundie

 1988 The Magnetic Field in the United States, 1985, Inclination Chart. U.S. Geological 

Survey Geophysical Investigations Map GP-986-I. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, 

Virginia

Perttula, Timothy K., and Chet Shaw

 1980 Archeological Investigations at Historic Structure 3, Fort Larned National 

Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, 

Lincoln, Nebraska.

Quinn Evans/Architects

 1996 Fort Larned National Historic Site Cultural Landscape Report. Quinn Evans 

Architects and Land and Community Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
50

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

 1999 Historic Structures Report Officer’s Row; South Officer’s Quarters (HS-7), 

Commanding Officer’s Quarters (HS-8), and North Officer’s Quarters (HS-9), Fort 

Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas. Quinn Evans Architects and Land 

and Community Associates, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Reaves, Stacy Webb

 1995 A Necessary Evil, the Post Sutler at Fort Larned and Fort Dodge Kansas. Ms. 

on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Reynolds, John D., and William B. Lees

 2004 The Archeological Heritage of Kansas: A Synopsis of the Kansas Preservation 

Plan. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.

Richner, Jeffrey

 1979 Trip to Fort Larned National Historic Site, 3/12-3/14/79. Trip report on file, 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Rickey, Don, Jr., and Thomas N. Crellin

 1967 Fort Larned National Historic Site, Kansas Historic Structures Report. Division 

of History, Office of Archeology & Historic Preservation, National Park Service, 

Washington, D.C.

Riley, D. N.

 1987 Air Photography & Archaeology. Gerald Duckworth & Company, London.

Roosevelt, A. C.

 2007 Geophysical Archaeology in the Lower Amazon: A Research Strategy. In 

Remote Sensing in Archaeology, edited by James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz, pp. 

443-4475. Springer, New York.

Roper, Donna C.

 2006 The Central Plains Tradition. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. 

Hoard and William E. Banks, pp. 105-132. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Scheiber, Laura L.

 2006 The Late Prehistoric on the High Plains of Western Kansas: High Plains Upper 

Republican and Dismal River. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard 

and William E. Banks, pp. 133-150. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

Schoewe, Walter H.

 1949 The Geography of Kansas. Transactions Kansas Academy of Science 52(3):261-

333.

Scott, Douglas D.

 1973 The Archeology of Fort Larned National Historic Site, Kansas. Master’s 

Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder.
51

REFERENCES CITED

 1974 Archeological Salvage during the Enlisted Barracks Restoration at Fort Larned 

National Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1975a 1974 Excavations at Fort Larned National Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1975b A Report on the Archeology Salvage on the North Side of HS 1, Fort Larned 

National Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1977 Historic Fact vs. Archaeological Reality: A Test in Environmental 

Reconstruction. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, 

Boulder.

 1995 Archeological Inventory of the Proposed New Visitor Center Site, Fort Larned 

NHS, Kansas. Rocky Mountain Project Report on file, Midwest Archeological 

Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1998a Investigations of Fort Larned (FOLS) Cellars and Refrigerant Line 

Excavations, August 24-28, 1998. Trip report on file, Midwest Archeological 

Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1998b Archeological Investigations Related to Fort Larned NHS Refrigerant 

Line Replacement and Officer’s Cellars Stabilization. Ms. on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 2005 Archeological Mitigation at the Old Commissary HS5, Stabilization at Fort 

Larned National Historic Site, Kansas. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, 

National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Scollar, I., A. Tabbagh, A. Hesse, and I Herzog

 1990 Archaeological Prospection and Remote Sensing. Topics In Remote Sensing 2. 

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Sharma, Prem V.

 1997 Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Shelford, Victor E.

 1963 The Ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

Sheriff, Robert E.

 1973 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics. Society of Exploration 

Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
52

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Sheire, James W.

 1968 Ft. Larned National Historic Site: The Company Quarters Historic Structures 

Report, Part II Historical Data Section. Division of History, Office of Archeology 

and Historic Preservation, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

 1969 Fort Larned National Historic Site, Historic Structures Report Part II, Historical 

Data Section. Historic Preservation Division, Denver Service Center, National 

Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

Somers, Lewis

 2006 Resistivity Survey. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North 

American Perspective, edited by Jay K. Johnson, pp. 109-129. University of 

Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Sprague, Roderick

 1980-81A Functional Classification for Artifacts from the 19th and 20th Century 

Historic Sites. North American Archaeologist 2(3):251-261.

Steinhauer, Curtis

 2011 Headstamp & Cartridge Identification. hppt://members.shaw.ca/cstein0/ 

heads.htm.

Stinson, Dwight E., Jr.

 1966 Fort Larned National Historic Site Historic Structures Report: Historical Data 

Section. Historic Preservation Division, Denver Service Center, National Park 

Service, Denver, Colorado.

Sudderth, W. E.

 1981 Trip Report to Fort Larned National Historic Site. Trip report on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1983a XXX Archeology at the Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Kansas. 

Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, 

Nebraska.

 1983b “You are what you eat” 1983 Archeological Work at Fort Larned. Ms. on file, 

Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Telford, W. M., L. P. Geldart, and R. E. Sheriff

 1990 Applied Geophysics. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 

United Kingdom.

Thiessen, Thomas

 1983 Archeological Excavation of Flagstaff Remnant at Fort Larned National 

Historic Site. Trip report on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
53

REFERENCES CITED

 1987 Archeological Monitoring of Floor Removal in HS-4, at Fort Larned National 

Historic Site. Trip report on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park 

Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Trewartha, Glenn T., and Lyle H. Horn

 1980 An Introduction to Climate. Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New 

York.

Trimble

 2007a Getting Started Guide GeoExplorer 2005 Series, Version 1.10. Trimble 

Navigation Limited, Westminster, Colorado.

 

 2007bGetting Started Guide TerraSync Software, Version 3.00. Trimble Navigation 

Limited, Westminster, Colorado.

 

 2007c Reference Manual TerraSync Software, Version 3.00. Trimble Navigation 

Limited, Westminster, Colorado. 

 2007dGetting Started Guide GPS Pathfinder Office Software, Version 4.00. Trimble 

Navigation Limited, Westminster, Colorado. 

Unrau, William E.

 1956 The History of Fort Larned, Kansas: Its Relation of the Santa Fe Trail and the 

Plains Indian. Master’s thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

USDA

 2006 Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, 

the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. United States Department of Agriculture 

Handbook 296. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Ushikata 

 2005 Tracon & Surveying Compasses. Ushikata Manufacturing Company, Tokyo.

Utley, Robert, and Christina Watkins

 1993 Fort Larned National Historic Site. Southwest Parks and Monument 

Association, Tucson, Arizona.

Van Nostrand, Robert G. and Kenneth L. Cook

 1966 Interpretation of Resistivity Data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 499. 

United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Vehik, Susan C.

 2006 Wichita Ethnohistory. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard and 

William E. Banks, pp. 206-218. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
54

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Von Der Osten-Woldenburg, Harald

 2005 Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radar, Magnetic and Electrical Mapping, 

and Electromagnetic Induction Methods in Archaeological Investigations. In 

Near-Surface Geophysics, edited by Dwain K. Butler, pp. 621-626. Society of 

Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Ware, Eugene F.

 1994 The Indian War of 1864. Reprint. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 

Originally published in 1911 by Crane & Company, Topeka, Kansas.

Wagner, William J.

 1976 Architectural Data Section, Historic Structures Report for Buildings No. 3, 4, 5, 

7, 8, 9, and 10, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Larned, Pawnee County, Kansas. 

Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska.

Wedel, Waldo R.

 1959 An Introduction to Kansas Archeology. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of 

American Ethnology Bulletin 174. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 

D.C.

Weymouth, John W.

 1978 A Magnetic Survey at Fort Larned National Historic Site. Ms. on file, Midwest 

Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

 1986 Geophysical Methods of Archaeological Site Surveying. In Advances in 

Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 9, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 

311-395. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

Willey, Gordon R.

 1966 An Introduction to American Archaeology: Volume One, North and Middle 

America. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Wilson, D. R.

 1982 Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists. St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Witten, Alan J.

 2006 Handbook of Geophysics and Archaeology. Equinox Publishing Ltd., London.

Woods, B. Z.

 1934 A History of Fort Larned. The Aerend: A Kansas Quarterly 5(1):

Zalucha, L. Anthony, and Danny E. Olinger

 1976a Archeological Investigations, Fort Larned National Historic Site. Trip report 

on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
55

REFERENCES CITED

 1976b Archeological Investigations, Fort Larned National Historic Site, Kansas, 

1976. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, National Park Service, Lincoln, 

Nebraska.

Zonge, Ken, Jeff Wynn, and Scott Urquhart

 2005 Resistivity, Induced Polarization, and Complex Resistivity. In Near-Surface 

Geophysics, edited by Dwain K. Butler, pp. 265-300. Society of Exploration 

Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Zwink, Timothy Ashley

 1980 Fort Larned: Garrison on the Central Great Plains. Unpublished Ph.D. 

dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
56

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED
57

Tables

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

1 -99.219 38.1822 596.571 480829 4226054 623.255 Geophys Feature Pt-2009 survey stake.

2 -99.22 38.1833 598.285 480758 4226176 624.968 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

3 -99.22 38.1831 597.056 480765 4226158 623.739 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

4 -99.219 38.1832 598.362 480784 4226165 625.045 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

5 -99.219 38.183 597.566 480792 4226147 624.249 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

6 -99.22 38.183 598.5 480773 4226139 625.183 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

7 -99.219 38.1828 598.349 480781 4226121 625.032 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

8 -99.219 38.1826 596.854 480789 4226103 623.538 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

9 -99.219 38.1829 598.546 480800 4226128 625.229 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

10 -99.219 38.1825 598.652 480796 4226084 625.336 Geophys Feature Pt-2009 stake

11 -99.219 38.1823 596.888 480804 4226065 623.571 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

12 -99.219 38.1821 598.366 480811 4226047 625.05 Geophys Feature Pt-2009 mapping station

13 -99.218 38.1825 596.749 480904 4226084 623.433 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

14 -99.218 38.1823 597.262 480911 4226067 623.947 Geophys Feature Pt-project area a

15 -99.218 38.1822 597.578 480919 4226048 624.263 Geophys Feature Pt-project area d

16 -99.218 38.182 597.183 480927 4226030 623.867 Geophys Feature Pt-project area d

17 -99.218 38.1818 597.037 480934 4226011 623.721 Geophys Feature Pt-project area d

18 -99.218 38.1817 596.846 480942 4225993 623.531 Geophys Feature Pt-project area d

19 -99.218 38.1815 596.807 480950 4225974 623.492 Geophys Feature Pt-project area d

20 -99.217 38.1815 597.181 480967 4225980 623.866 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.217 38.1815 597.206 480967 4225980 623.891 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.217 38.1815 597.329 480965 4225977 624.014 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.217 38.1815 597.386 480961 4225974 624.071 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.217 38.1815 597.332 480956 4225971 624.017 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.217 38.1814 597.309 480952 4225967 623.994 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1814 597.329 480948 4225963 624.014 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1814 597.32 480943 4225959 624.005 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1813 597.331 480939 4225955 624.016 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1813 597.271 480934 4225951 623.956 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1812 597.253 480930 4225947 623.937 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1812 597.415 480924 4225944 624.1 Other Line-irrigation ditch

20 -99.218 38.1812 597.397 480921 4225942 624.082 Other Line-irrigation ditch

21 -99.218 38.1811 596.808 480917 4225929 623.493 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1811 596.783 480917 4225929 623.468 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1811 597.066 480916 4225933 623.75 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1812 597.31 480914 4225939 623.995 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1812 597.265 480912 4225944 623.949 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1813 597.068 480909 4225950 623.753 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1813 596.973 480907 4225956 623.658 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1814 596.918 480904 4225962 623.602 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1814 596.841 480902 4225968 623.526 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1815 596.835 480899 4225974 623.519 Other Line-two-track lane

Table 1. Global positioning system corrected grid coordinates for the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Areas A, B, C, D, and E (Site 14PA305).
58

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

 

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

21 -99.218 38.1815 596.851 480897 4225980 623.535 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1816 596.857 480894 4225987 623.542 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1817 596.886 480892 4225993 623.57 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1817 596.922 480889 4225999 623.606 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1818 596.907 480886 4226005 623.591 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1818 596.874 480884 4226011 623.558 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1819 596.892 480882 4226017 623.576 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.1819 596.549 480879 4226023 623.233 Other Line-two-track lane

21 -99.218 38.182 596.47 480878 4226027 623.154 Other Line-two-track lane

22 -99.219 38.1823 596.386 480860 4226066 623.07 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.219 38.1823 596.236 480863 4226067 622.92 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1823 596.943 480865 4226068 623.627 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1824 596.33 480870 4226071 623.014 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1824 596.915 480876 4226073 623.599 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1824 597.349 480882 4226075 624.033 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1824 597.331 480888 4226078 624.015 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1824 596.764 480894 4226080 623.448 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1825 596.751 480900 4226083 623.435 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1825 596.778 480906 4226085 623.462 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1825 596.216 480912 4226088 622.9 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1825 596.736 480918 4226090 623.42 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1826 596.801 480924 4226093 623.485 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1826 596.834 480930 4226096 623.518 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1826 596.328 480936 4226098 623.012 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1826 596.087 480943 4226101 622.771 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.218 38.1826 596.09 480949 4226103 622.774 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1827 596.01 480955 4226105 622.694 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1827 596.092 480961 4226108 622.776 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1827 596.343 480967 4226111 623.027 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1827 596.262 480974 4226114 622.946 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1828 596.421 480980 4226116 623.106 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1828 596.558 480986 4226119 623.243 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

22 -99.217 38.1828 596.112 480987 4226120 622.796 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

23 -99.217 38.1828 596.079 480987 4226120 622.764 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1828 595.73 480988 4226120 622.414 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1828 595.979 480992 4226121 622.663 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1828 596.608 480998 4226124 623.292 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 596.564 481004 4226127 623.248 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 596.645 481010 4226129 623.329 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 596.66 481017 4226131 623.345 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 595.89 481023 4226133 622.575 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 596.741 481030 4226134 623.425 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

23 -99.217 38.1829 596.176 481036 4226133 622.861 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail
59

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

23 -99.217 38.1829 599.089 481037 4226132 625.773 Site Feature Line-blockhouse gravel trail

24 -99.217 38.1828 596.292 480988 4226120 622.976 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1828 596.785 480987 4226120 623.469 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1828 596.327 480986 4226125 623.011 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1829 596.816 480983 4226130 623.5 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1829 598.417 480980 4226136 625.1 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.183 598.573 480977 4226142 625.257 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1831 598.054 480974 4226149 624.738 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1831 598.044 480972 4226155 624.727 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1832 596.477 480970 4226162 623.161 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1832 595.8 480967 4226169 622.484 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1833 595.874 480965 4226175 622.558 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1834 595.857 480962 4226181 622.541 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1834 595.916 480960 4226188 622.599 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1835 595.941 480957 4226194 622.625 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.217 38.1835 596.012 480954 4226201 622.695 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1836 597.305 480951 4226207 623.988 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1836 596.632 480948 4226213 623.316 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1837 596.121 480945 4226219 622.804 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1838 596.211 480943 4226226 622.894 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1838 598.194 480941 4226232 624.877 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1839 596.861 480939 4226239 623.544 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

24 -99.218 38.1839 596.21 480937 4226242 622.893 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1839 596.277 480937 4226242 622.961 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1839 594.569 480937 4226243 621.252 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1839 593.706 480942 4226244 620.389 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1839 595.996 480948 4226247 622.68 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.184 594.686 480947 4226252 621.369 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.184 594.871 480943 4226257 621.554 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1841 595.137 480944 4226262 621.82 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.218 38.1841 597.32 480949 4226266 624.003 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1841 597.194 480955 4226269 623.877 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1842 597.238 480961 4226271 623.921 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1842 597.674 480966 4226274 624.357 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1842 597.382 480973 4226276 624.065 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1842 597.293 480979 4226278 623.976 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1843 597.154 480985 4226281 623.837 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1843 595.516 480990 4226284 622.199 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1843 597.35 480997 4226286 624.033 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1843 597.388 481003 4226289 624.072 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

25 -99.217 38.1843 597.137 481009 4226291 623.82 Site Feature Line-cemetery gravel path

26 -99.216 38.1839 596.275 481055 4226242 622.958 Site Feature Point-monument

27 -99.218 38.1839 594.689 480937 4226243 621.372 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path
60

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

27 -99.218 38.1839 594.562 480937 4226242 621.245 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1839 594.599 480933 4226241 621.282 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1839 594.61 480927 4226239 621.293 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1838 594.031 480922 4226236 620.714 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1838 594.499 480916 4226234 621.182 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1838 594.496 480911 4226231 621.179 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1838 594.507 480905 4226229 621.19 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1838 594.514 480899 4226227 621.197 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1837 594.251 480894 4226224 620.934 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1837 594.305 480888 4226222 620.988 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1837 594.333 480882 4226219 621.016 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1837 594.355 480876 4226217 621.038 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1837 594.351 480870 4226215 621.034 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.218 38.1836 594.359 480864 4226212 621.042 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1836 594.41 480858 4226210 621.093 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1836 594.865 480852 4226207 621.548 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1836 594.878 480846 4226204 621.561 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1835 594.53 480840 4226202 621.213 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1835 596.088 480835 4226199 622.771 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1835 595.926 480829 4226196 622.609 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1835 596.189 480823 4226194 622.872 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1834 596.342 480817 4226191 623.025 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1834 596.34 480811 4226189 623.023 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1834 596.306 480811 4226188 622.989 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1834 596.474 480812 4226185 623.157 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1833 596.333 480815 4226179 623.016 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1833 594.636 480816 4226173 621.319 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1832 594.128 480819 4226167 620.812 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1832 594.141 480821 4226161 620.824 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1831 594.714 480824 4226155 621.397 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1831 594.616 480827 4226148 621.299 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.183 595.082 480829 4226142 621.765 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1829 594.328 480832 4226136 621.011 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1829 594.383 480834 4226130 621.066 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1828 594.445 480837 4226123 621.128 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1828 594.519 480840 4226117 621.202 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1827 594.504 480842 4226111 621.187 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1827 594.542 480845 4226104 621.226 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1826 594.555 480847 4226098 621.239 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1825 594.574 480850 4226091 621.258 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1825 594.542 480853 4226085 621.225 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1824 594.433 480855 4226079 621.117 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1824 594.407 480858 4226073 621.091 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path
61

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

27 -99.219 38.1823 594.315 480861 4226067 620.999 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

27 -99.219 38.1823 596.146 480862 4226066 622.83 Site Feature Line-parade ground gravel path

28 -99.218 38.1826 596.03 480938 4226099 622.714 Site Feature Line-center gravel path n-s

28 -99.218 38.1837 593.845 480884 4226221 620.528 Site Feature Line-center gravel path n-s

29 -99.217 38.1833 596.264 480963 4226180 622.948 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.217 38.1833 596.343 480963 4226180 623.027 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.217 38.1833 596.355 480959 4226179 623.038 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.217 38.1833 596.242 480954 4226177 622.926 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1833 596.236 480948 4226174 622.919 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1833 596.16 480942 4226171 622.844 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1832 596.116 480935 4226169 622.8 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1832 596.087 480929 4226166 622.77 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1832 593.827 480921 4226164 620.51 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1832 593.845 480915 4226161 620.529 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1831 593.911 480909 4226158 620.594 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1831 596.122 480904 4226156 622.805 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

29 -99.218 38.1831 596.161 480904 4226156 622.844 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

30 -99.218 38.1831 595.051 480899 4226153 621.734 Site Feature Point-flagpole

31 -99.218 38.1831 593.954 480894 4226152 620.638 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.1831 595.956 480894 4226151 622.64 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.1831 595.912 480890 4226149 622.596 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.183 595.947 480885 4226147 622.63 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.183 596 480879 4226144 622.684 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.183 596.016 480873 4226142 622.699 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.218 38.183 596.048 480867 4226139 622.732 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.219 38.183 596.101 480860 4226137 622.784 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.219 38.1829 596.102 480854 4226134 622.785 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.219 38.1829 596.173 480847 4226132 622.857 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.219 38.1829 596.203 480841 4226129 622.886 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

31 -99.219 38.1829 596.171 480836 4226127 622.854 Site Feature Line-center gravel path e-w

32 -99.219 38.1833 595.082 480803 4226171 621.765 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

33 -99.219 38.1833 595.914 480821 4226180 622.597 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

34 -99.219 38.1834 595.802 480840 4226187 622.485 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

35 -99.219 38.1835 595.27 480857 4226195 621.953 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

36 -99.219 38.1836 598.047 480831 4226205 624.73 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

37 -99.219 38.1835 596.81 480814 4226199 623.493 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

38 -99.219 38.1834 596.543 480795 4226191 623.225 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

39 -99.219 38.1834 596.925 480777 4226184 623.608 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

40 -99.219 38.1836 596.756 480788 4226210 623.439 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake 2009

41 -99.219 38.1837 596.337 480806 4226217 623.02 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

42 -99.219 38.1837 596.231 480825 4226224 622.914 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

43 -99.219 38.1838 597.546 480842 4226231 624.228 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

44 -99.219 38.184 596.187 480836 4226250 622.869 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake
62

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

45 -99.219 38.1839 596.177 480817 4226243 622.86 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

46 -99.219 38.1838 596.745 480799 4226235 623.428 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

47 -99.219 38.1838 595.622 480781 4226228 622.305 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

48 -99.22 38.1839 595.404 480773 4226246 622.087 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

49 -99.219 38.184 596.803 480787 4226252 623.485 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

50 -99.219 38.184 596.46 480794 4226255 623.142 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

51 -99.219 38.1841 595.345 480809 4226261 622.027 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

52 -99.219 38.1841 595.287 480828 4226269 621.969 Geophys Feature Pt-project area e stake

53 -99.219 38.1837 595.156 480829 4226222 621.839 Other Point-manhole cover

54 -99.219 38.1837 595.054 480825 4226221 621.737 Other Point-manhole cover

55 -99.219 38.1836 595.922 480837 4226204 622.605 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1836 596.081 480837 4226203 622.764 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1835 595.78 480833 4226203 622.463 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1836 595.857 480828 4226205 622.54 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1836 595.773 480825 4226210 622.455 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1837 595.476 480823 4226215 622.159 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1837 595.108 480821 4226221 621.791 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1838 595.069 480818 4226228 621.752 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1838 595.118 480816 4226234 621.801 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1839 595.455 480813 4226240 622.137 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1839 595.969 480811 4226246 622.651 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.184 596.071 480808 4226252 622.754 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.184 596.284 480804 4226258 622.966 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1841 596.397 480799 4226262 623.08 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

55 -99.219 38.1841 596.144 480795 4226265 622.827 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

56 -99.219 38.1841 596.33 480794 4226263 623.012 Other Point-storm drain

57 -99.219 38.184 596.138 480803 4226255 622.82 Other Point-storm drain

58 -99.219 38.1839 595.256 480806 4226245 621.938 Other Point-storm drain

59 -99.219 38.1839 595.499 480811 4226242 622.182 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

59 -99.219 38.1839 595.439 480810 4226242 622.121 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

59 -99.219 38.1839 595.421 480807 4226242 622.104 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

59 -99.219 38.1839 595.333 480803 4226241 622.016 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

59 -99.219 38.1839 595.09 480803 4226241 621.773 Other Line-asphalt sidewalk

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.25 480803 4226240 621.932 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.57 480803 4226241 622.253 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.665 480802 4226244 622.347 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 595.925 480801 4226249 622.607 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 595.582 480801 4226253 622.265 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 595.957 480798 4226252 622.639 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 596.071 480794 4226253 622.753 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 596.005 480793 4226253 622.688 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.184 595.934 480794 4226250 622.616 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.908 480794 4226245 622.59 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt
63

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.819 480795 4226239 622.501 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.756 480795 4226239 622.439 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.879 480800 4226240 622.561 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.709 480802 4226240 622.392 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

60 -99.219 38.1839 595.25 480803 4226240 621.932 Other Polygon-handicapped parking lot asphalt

61 -99.219 38.1838 595.868 480805 4226228 622.55 Other Point-storm drain

61 -99.219 38.1867 592.4 480810 4226553 619.081 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

62 -99.219 38.1867 592.562 480790 4226553 619.243 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

63 -99.22 38.1867 592.609 480770 4226553 619.289 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

64 -99.22 38.1865 592.693 480750 4226533 619.373 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

65 -99.22 38.1865 592.834 480770 4226533 619.514 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

66 -99.219 38.1865 592.745 480790 4226533 619.426 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

67 -99.219 38.1865 592.627 480810 4226533 619.308 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

68 -99.219 38.1863 592.829 480810 4226513 619.51 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

69 -99.219 38.1863 592.56 480790 4226513 619.241 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

70 -99.22 38.1863 592.624 480770 4226513 619.305 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

71 -99.22 38.1863 592.634 480750 4226513 619.315 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

72 -99.22 38.1862 592.556 480710 4226492 619.237 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

73 -99.22 38.1862 592.69 480730 4226493 619.37 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

74 -99.22 38.1862 592.795 480730 4226492 619.476 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

75 -99.22 38.1862 592.735 480750 4226493 619.416 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

76 -99.22 38.1862 592.808 480770 4226493 619.489 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

77 -99.219 38.1862 592.573 480790 4226493 619.254 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

78 -99.219 38.1862 592.422 480810 4226493 619.103 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

79 -99.219 38.186 592.8 480790 4226473 619.481 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

80 -99.22 38.186 592.683 480770 4226473 619.364 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

81 -99.22 38.186 592.552 480750 4226473 619.233 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

82 -99.22 38.186 592.633 480730 4226473 619.314 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

83 -99.22 38.186 592.401 480710 4226472 619.082 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

84 -99.22 38.1858 592.549 480710 4226452 619.23 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

85 -99.22 38.1858 592.772 480730 4226452 619.453 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

86 -99.22 38.1858 592.731 480751 4226452 619.412 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

87 -99.22 38.1858 592.778 480771 4226453 619.459 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

88 -99.219 38.1858 592.517 480791 4226453 619.198 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

89 -99.219 38.1856 593.362 480791 4226433 620.043 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

90 -99.22 38.1856 592.656 480771 4226433 619.337 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

91 -99.22 38.1856 592.672 480751 4226433 619.353 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

92 -99.22 38.1856 592.549 480731 4226432 619.23 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

93 -99.22 38.1856 592.558 480711 4226432 619.239 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

94 -99.22 38.1854 592.479 480711 4226412 619.16 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

95 -99.22 38.1854 592.547 480731 4226412 619.228 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

96 -99.22 38.1854 592.673 480751 4226413 619.354 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

97 -99.22 38.1854 592.698 480771 4226413 619.38 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
64

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

98 -99.219 38.1853 593.197 480791 4226393 619.878 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

99 -99.22 38.1853 592.701 480771 4226393 619.382 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

100 -99.22 38.1853 592.439 480751 4226393 619.12 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

101 -99.22 38.1853 592.538 480731 4226392 619.219 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

102 -99.22 38.1853 592.479 480711 4226392 619.16 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

103 -99.22 38.1852 592.426 480691 4226392 619.107 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

104 -99.221 38.1852 592.283 480671 4226392 618.964 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

105 -99.221 38.1851 592.359 480671 4226372 619.04 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

106 -99.221 38.1849 592.327 480652 4226351 619.008 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

107 -99.221 38.1847 592.732 480652 4226332 619.413 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

108 -99.221 38.1845 593.025 480652 4226312 619.706 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

109 -99.221 38.1843 592.923 480652 4226292 619.605 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

110 -99.221 38.1845 593.216 480667 4226312 619.898 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

111 -99.221 38.1845 592.523 480672 4226311 619.204 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

112 -99.221 38.1847 592.904 480672 4226332 619.586 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

113 -99.221 38.1849 592.634 480672 4226352 619.315 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

114 -99.22 38.1851 592.502 480691 4226371 619.183 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

115 -99.22 38.1849 592.599 480691 4226352 619.281 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

116 -99.22 38.1847 593.129 480692 4226332 619.811 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

117 -99.22 38.1847 593.22 480692 4226327 619.901 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

118 -99.22 38.1847 593.138 480712 4226332 619.82 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

119 -99.22 38.1849 592.965 480712 4226352 619.646 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

120 -99.22 38.1851 592.469 480711 4226372 619.151 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

121 -99.22 38.1851 592.537 480731 4226372 619.218 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

122 -99.22 38.1849 593.04 480732 4226352 619.722 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

123 -99.22 38.1848 593.177 480732 4226343 619.859 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

124 -99.22 38.1849 592.802 480752 4226353 619.483 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

125 -99.22 38.1851 592.365 480751 4226373 619.046 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

126 -99.22 38.1851 592.15 480770 4226373 618.832 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

127 -99.219 38.1851 593.23 480791 4226373 619.912 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

128 -99.22 38.1819 592.616 480758 4226017 619.299 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

129 -99.22 38.1818 592.878 480763 4226005 619.562 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

130 -99.22 38.1816 592.695 480770 4225986 619.379 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

131 -99.219 38.1814 592.863 480778 4225968 619.547 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

132 -99.219 38.1813 592.961 480785 4225950 619.646 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

133 -99.219 38.1812 592.754 480788 4225944 619.438 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

134 -99.22 38.1812 592.609 480766 4225944 619.293 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

135 -99.22 38.1814 592.795 480759 4225961 619.479 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

136 -99.22 38.1815 592.667 480752 4225979 619.351 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

137 -99.22 38.1817 592.656 480744 4225997 619.339 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

138 -99.22 38.1817 592.628 480742 4226002 619.311 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

139 -99.22 38.1816 592.805 480726 4225990 619.488 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

140 -99.22 38.1816 592.548 480721 4225988 619.232 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake
65

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

141 -99.22 38.1815 592.931 480733 4225971 619.615 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

142 -99.22 38.1813 592.725 480741 4225953 619.409 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

143 -99.22 38.1812 593.082 480745 4225943 619.766 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

144 -99.22 38.1812 593.288 480724 4225942 619.972 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

145 -99.22 38.1812 593.235 480723 4225945 619.919 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

146 -99.22 38.1814 593.574 480715 4225964 620.258 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

147 -99.22 38.1815 593.223 480708 4225979 619.907 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

148 -99.22 38.1814 593.436 480691 4225970 620.12 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

149 -99.22 38.1813 593.274 480696 4225956 619.958 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

150 -99.22 38.1812 593.121 480702 4225942 619.805 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

151 -99.221 38.1812 593.213 480680 4225942 619.897 Geophys Feature Pt-project area c stake

152 -99.221 38.1813 593.186 480678 4225949 619.87 Other Point-100 meters

153 -99.221 38.1814 593.457 480672 4225964 620.14 Other Point-100 meters

154 -99.221 38.1814 593.31 480652 4225960 619.994 Other Point-100 meters

155 -99.221 38.1812 593.266 480659 4225941 619.95 Other Point-100 meters

156 -99.221 38.1812 593.436 480643 4225940 620.12 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1812 593.64 480643 4225940 620.324 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1812 593.547 480643 4225942 620.231 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1812 593.765 480644 4225946 620.448 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1813 593.666 480645 4225950 620.35 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1813 593.763 480646 4225955 620.446 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1813 593.693 480647 4225959 620.376 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

156 -99.221 38.1814 593.803 480647 4225963 620.487 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.522 480631 4225939 620.206 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.868 480631 4225939 620.552 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.801 480634 4225939 620.484 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.791 480640 4225939 620.475 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.759 480646 4225940 620.443 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.635 480652 4225940 620.319 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.913 480658 4225940 620.597 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.753 480664 4225940 620.437 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.799 480670 4225940 620.483 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.807 480676 4225940 620.491 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.74 480682 4225940 620.424 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.221 38.1812 593.847 480688 4225940 620.53 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.679 480694 4225940 620.362 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.672 480700 4225941 620.356 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.558 480706 4225940 620.242 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.879 480712 4225941 620.563 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.368 480718 4225941 620.052 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.575 480725 4225941 620.259 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.573 480730 4225941 620.257 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.757 480736 4225941 620.441 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
66

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.627 480742 4225941 620.311 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.574 480748 4225941 620.259 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.503 480754 4225941 620.187 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.358 480759 4225941 620.042 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.394 480765 4225941 620.078 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.22 38.1812 593.402 480771 4225941 620.087 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.219 38.1812 593.082 480777 4225941 619.766 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.219 38.1812 593.211 480783 4225941 619.895 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

157 -99.219 38.1812 592.737 480788 4225941 619.421 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.419 480770 4225991 620.103 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.383 480770 4225991 620.067 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.47 480768 4225990 620.154 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.744 480763 4225988 620.428 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.711 480758 4225987 620.395 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1816 593.807 480754 4225985 620.49 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.417 480743 4225981 620.101 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.521 480738 4225979 620.205 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.5 480735 4225977 620.184 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.353 480729 4225975 620.037 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.521 480724 4225973 620.205 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1815 593.505 480718 4225971 620.189 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1814 593.652 480712 4225968 620.336 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1814 593.751 480707 4225966 620.434 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1814 593.771 480701 4225964 620.455 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1814 593.662 480695 4225962 620.345 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.22 38.1814 593.777 480690 4225960 620.461 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 594.044 480684 4225958 620.728 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 594 480678 4225957 620.683 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 593.859 480671 4225955 620.542 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 593.849 480665 4225954 620.532 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 593.801 480659 4225952 620.484 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 593.981 480653 4225951 620.665 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 594.214 480647 4225950 620.898 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1813 594.08 480641 4225949 620.763 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1812 593.624 480635 4225948 620.307 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1812 593.736 480629 4225948 620.42 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

158 -99.221 38.1812 593.267 480625 4225947 619.951 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.352 480628 4225962 620.035 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.482 480628 4225962 620.165 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.925 480629 4225961 620.608 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.739 480633 4225961 620.422 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.652 480639 4225962 620.336 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.28 480644 4225962 620.963 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
67

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

159 -99.221 38.1814 593.965 480649 4225963 620.649 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.064 480654 4225964 620.748 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.322 480658 4225965 621.005 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.925 480663 4225966 621.609 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 595.166 480666 4225967 621.85 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 595.203 480671 4225967 621.887 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.926 480677 4225968 621.61 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1814 594.971 480682 4225969 621.655 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.221 38.1815 594.713 480688 4225971 621.397 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1815 594.683 480693 4225974 621.367 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1815 595.019 480699 4225977 621.703 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1815 594.95 480703 4225980 621.633 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1816 594.749 480708 4225983 621.433 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1816 594.729 480713 4225986 621.413 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1816 594.758 480718 4225990 621.441 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1817 594.965 480722 4225994 621.648 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1817 594.734 480727 4225997 621.418 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1817 594.331 480731 4226001 621.015 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1818 595.048 480736 4226005 621.732 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1818 595.176 480740 4226009 621.86 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1818 595.256 480743 4226013 621.94 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1819 595.296 480747 4226017 621.98 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1819 595.012 480750 4226022 621.696 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.182 595.11 480754 4226026 621.793 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.182 595.233 480757 4226031 621.917 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.182 595.177 480759 4226036 621.861 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1821 594.527 480761 4226042 621.211 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1821 595.453 480764 4226047 622.136 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1822 595.396 480765 4226053 622.079 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1822 595.158 480767 4226059 621.841 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1823 595.327 480768 4226065 622.011 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1824 595.278 480768 4226070 621.962 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1824 594.805 480768 4226077 621.489 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1825 595.376 480768 4226082 622.059 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1825 595.125 480768 4226088 621.809 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1826 595.947 480769 4226094 622.631 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1826 594.761 480769 4226100 621.444 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1827 594.881 480769 4226106 621.564 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1827 595.295 480769 4226111 621.978 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1828 593.223 480770 4226117 619.907 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1828 595.879 480769 4226119 622.563 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1828 596.571 480768 4226123 623.254 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1829 594.617 480767 4226129 621.3 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
68

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

159 -99.22 38.1829 595.353 480765 4226135 622.036 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.183 595.509 480763 4226141 622.192 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.183 595.444 480761 4226146 622.127 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1831 595.184 480759 4226151 621.867 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1831 594.955 480757 4226156 621.638 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1832 594.757 480756 4226159 621.44 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1832 594.526 480754 4226164 621.209 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1832 594.128 480752 4226169 620.811 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1833 593.897 480749 4226174 620.579 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1833 595.409 480747 4226180 622.092 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1834 596.272 480744 4226186 622.954 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1834 597.812 480740 4226190 624.495 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1835 592.957 480741 4226196 619.639 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1835 594.342 480738 4226202 621.024 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1836 593.805 480737 4226207 620.488 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1836 594.224 480735 4226206 620.907 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1836 591.504 480737 4226211 618.186 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1837 594.516 480737 4226215 621.199 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1837 593.198 480738 4226219 619.881 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1837 593.932 480741 4226224 620.615 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1838 594.566 480743 4226229 621.249 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1839 593.758 480747 4226240 620.44 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.1839 594.091 480750 4226245 620.773 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.184 595.451 480754 4226249 622.134 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.184 595.129 480759 4226251 621.812 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.184 594.944 480765 4226253 621.626 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.184 594.513 480771 4226255 621.195 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.22 38.184 594.93 480776 4226256 621.612 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.184 594.032 480782 4226257 620.715 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 594.181 480787 4226259 620.863 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 592.631 480793 4226262 619.313 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 593.115 480798 4226264 619.798 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 592.607 480801 4226265 619.289 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 596.986 480803 4226263 623.669 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 594.727 480805 4226265 621.41 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 593.943 480808 4226267 620.626 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1841 593.569 480808 4226268 620.252 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1842 593.604 480811 4226272 620.286 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1842 592.663 480814 4226276 619.346 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1842 592.994 480816 4226281 619.677 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1843 593.352 480821 4226290 620.034 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

159 -99.219 38.1844 593.501 480824 4226293 620.183 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

160 -99.219 38.1841 593.211 480795 4226266 619.893 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
69

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

161 -99.219 38.1841 594.783 480783 4226265 621.465 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

162 -99.219 38.185 594.809 480780 4226359 621.491 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

163 -99.219 38.185 597.011 480790 4226359 623.693 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1849 594.374 480785 4226357 621.056 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1849 594.986 480785 4226357 621.668 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1849 597.374 480784 4226356 624.055 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.185 595.058 480785 4226363 621.74 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.185 595.099 480785 4226369 621.781 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1851 595.255 480785 4226375 621.936 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1852 595.077 480785 4226381 621.759 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1852 594.957 480785 4226387 621.639 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1853 594.541 480786 4226393 621.223 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1853 594.275 480786 4226400 620.956 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1854 594.196 480787 4226406 620.877 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1854 594.405 480788 4226412 621.086 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1855 594.298 480790 4226419 620.979 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1855 594.198 480792 4226425 620.879 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1856 594.268 480794 4226431 620.949 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1857 594.561 480796 4226437 621.242 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1857 594.647 480798 4226443 621.328 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1858 594.545 480801 4226449 621.227 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1858 594.688 480804 4226455 621.369 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1859 594.51 480806 4226461 621.191 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1859 594.852 480809 4226468 621.533 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.186 594.553 480812 4226474 621.234 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.186 594.336 480815 4226480 621.017 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1861 594.573 480817 4226486 621.254 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1862 594.762 480820 4226492 621.443 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1862 594.314 480823 4226498 620.995 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1863 594.275 480826 4226504 620.956 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1863 594.562 480828 4226510 621.243 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1864 594.565 480831 4226516 621.246 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1864 594.327 480833 4226522 621.008 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1865 594.356 480836 4226529 621.037 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1865 594.215 480839 4226535 620.896 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1866 594.285 480842 4226541 620.966 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1866 594.692 480844 4226547 621.373 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1867 594.336 480847 4226553 621.017 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1868 594.5 480850 4226559 621.181 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1868 594.509 480852 4226565 621.19 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1869 594.472 480855 4226570 621.153 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.1869 594.386 480857 4226576 621.067 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.219 38.187 594.127 480860 4226582 620.808 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
70

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

164 -99.219 38.187 594.237 480863 4226588 620.918 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1871 594.054 480865 4226594 620.734 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1871 594.229 480868 4226600 620.909 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1872 594.38 480870 4226606 621.061 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1872 594.342 480873 4226612 621.023 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1873 594.416 480876 4226618 621.097 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1873 594.523 480878 4226623 621.203 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1874 594.225 480880 4226628 620.906 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

164 -99.218 38.1874 594.31 480880 4226629 620.99 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1861 594.06 480820 4226485 620.742 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1861 594.182 480820 4226485 620.863 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1861 594.296 480821 4226484 620.977 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.186 594.19 480825 4226480 620.871 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.186 594.189 480829 4226475 620.87 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1859 594.298 480839 4226466 620.979 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1859 594.493 480843 4226461 621.175 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1858 594.472 480847 4226456 621.153 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1858 594.409 480850 4226450 621.091 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1857 594.147 480852 4226443 620.828 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1857 594.564 480852 4226437 621.246 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1856 594.456 480852 4226430 621.137 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1855 594.322 480850 4226424 621.003 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1855 594.492 480847 4226418 621.174 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.107 480842 4226413 620.789 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.14 480837 4226409 620.822 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.266 480831 4226407 620.947 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.374 480825 4226404 621.055 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1853 594.175 480818 4226402 620.856 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1853 594.529 480812 4226400 621.211 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1853 594.365 480805 4226400 621.046 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1853 594.953 480799 4226401 621.635 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.077 480793 4226403 620.758 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

165 -99.219 38.1854 594.441 480790 4226404 621.123 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

166 -99.223 38.1881 593.332 480429 4226714 620.01 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

167 -99.223 38.1883 593.605 480429 4226729 620.283 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

168 -99.223 38.1885 593.778 480428 4226749 620.456 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

169 -99.223 38.1885 593.879 480428 4226759 620.557 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

170 -99.223 38.1886 594.131 480448 4226759 620.809 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

171 -99.223 38.1886 594.545 480468 4226759 621.223 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

172 -99.223 38.1886 594.535 480488 4226759 621.213 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

173 -99.223 38.1886 594.502 480508 4226759 621.18 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

174 -99.222 38.1886 594.129 480528 4226760 620.807 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

175 -99.222 38.1885 594.083 480528 4226749 620.762 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
71

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

176 -99.222 38.1883 594.048 480528 4226729 620.727 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

177 -99.222 38.1882 593.978 480529 4226715 620.656 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

178 -99.223 38.1882 594.08 480509 4226714 620.759 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

179 -99.223 38.1883 594.172 480509 4226729 620.85 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

180 -99.223 38.1885 594.291 480508 4226749 620.969 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

181 -99.223 38.1885 594.2 480488 4226749 620.879 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

182 -99.223 38.1883 594.068 480489 4226729 620.747 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

183 -99.223 38.1881 594.001 480489 4226714 620.679 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

184 -99.223 38.1881 593.797 480469 4226714 620.475 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

185 -99.223 38.1883 593.805 480469 4226729 620.483 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

186 -99.223 38.1885 594.13 480468 4226749 620.808 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

187 -99.223 38.1885 593.973 480448 4226749 620.651 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

188 -99.223 38.1883 593.774 480449 4226729 620.452 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

189 -99.223 38.1881 593.559 480449 4226714 620.237 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b tent peg

190 -99.223 38.1874 592.12 480429 4226629 618.799 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

191 -99.223 38.1865 591.956 480430 4226529 618.636 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

192 -99.223 38.1856 591.928 480431 4226429 618.608 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

193 -99.223 38.1847 592.079 480432 4226329 618.76 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

194 -99.223 38.1841 592.605 480433 4226270 619.286 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

195 -99.223 38.184 592.305 480434 4226250 618.986 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

196 -99.223 38.1838 592.684 480434 4226230 619.365 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

197 -99.223 38.1836 592.577 480434 4226210 619.258 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

198 -99.223 38.1834 592.936 480434 4226190 619.617 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

199 -99.223 38.1832 593.452 480434 4226171 620.134 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

200 -99.223 38.1831 593.364 480434 4226150 620.045 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

201 -99.223 38.1829 593.469 480434 4226130 620.151 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

202 -99.223 38.1827 593.616 480435 4226110 620.298 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

203 -99.223 38.1825 593.276 480435 4226090 619.958 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

204 -99.223 38.1823 592.469 480435 4226069 619.151 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

205 -99.223 38.1824 592.915 480455 4226075 619.597 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

206 -99.223 38.1825 593.271 480455 4226090 619.953 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

207 -99.223 38.1827 592.93 480455 4226110 619.612 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

208 -99.223 38.1829 592.632 480455 4226130 619.314 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

209 -99.223 38.1831 592.596 480454 4226150 619.278 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

210 -99.223 38.1832 592.207 480454 4226170 618.889 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

211 -99.223 38.1834 592.066 480454 4226190 618.748 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

212 -99.223 38.1836 591.967 480454 4226209 618.649 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

213 -99.223 38.1838 591.829 480454 4226229 618.51 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

214 -99.223 38.184 591.987 480454 4226249 618.668 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

215 -99.223 38.1841 592.118 480453 4226270 618.799 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

216 -99.223 38.1841 592.037 480473 4226270 618.718 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

217 -99.223 38.184 591.841 480473 4226250 618.522 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

218 -99.223 38.1838 591.978 480473 4226230 618.659 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
72

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

219 -99.223 38.1836 591.948 480474 4226210 618.629 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

220 -99.223 38.1834 592.13 480474 4226190 618.812 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

221 -99.223 38.1832 592.389 480474 4226170 619.071 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

222 -99.223 38.1831 592.685 480474 4226150 619.366 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

223 -99.223 38.1829 592.509 480474 4226130 619.19 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

224 -99.223 38.1827 593.119 480475 4226110 619.801 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

225 -99.223 38.1825 592.777 480475 4226090 619.459 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

226 -99.223 38.1824 592.859 480475 4226080 619.541 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

227 -99.223 38.1824 592.63 480475 4226075 619.312 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

228 -99.223 38.1823 593.634 480495 4226070 620.316 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

229 -99.223 38.1825 593.3 480495 4226090 619.982 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

230 -99.223 38.1827 593.159 480494 4226110 619.841 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

231 -99.223 38.1829 592.926 480494 4226130 619.608 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

232 -99.223 38.1831 592.605 480494 4226150 619.287 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

233 -99.223 38.1832 592.498 480494 4226170 619.18 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

234 -99.223 38.1834 592.449 480494 4226190 619.131 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

235 -99.223 38.1836 592.439 480494 4226210 619.12 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

236 -99.223 38.1838 592.293 480493 4226230 618.974 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

237 -99.223 38.184 592.359 480493 4226250 619.04 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

238 -99.223 38.1841 592.421 480493 4226270 619.102 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

239 -99.223 38.1841 592.458 480513 4226270 619.139 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

240 -99.223 38.184 592.566 480513 4226250 619.247 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

241 -99.223 38.1838 592.502 480513 4226230 619.183 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

242 -99.223 38.1836 592.639 480513 4226210 619.32 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

243 -99.223 38.1834 592.675 480514 4226190 619.357 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

244 -99.223 38.1832 592.692 480514 4226170 619.373 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

245 -99.222 38.1831 592.658 480514 4226150 619.34 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

246 -99.222 38.1829 593.062 480514 4226130 619.744 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

247 -99.222 38.1827 593.537 480514 4226110 620.219 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

248 -99.222 38.1825 593.099 480514 4226090 619.781 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

249 -99.222 38.1823 593.317 480515 4226070 620 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

250 -99.222 38.1823 593.748 480515 4226065 620.431 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

251 -99.222 38.1823 594.258 480536 4226061 620.941 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

252 -99.222 38.1823 593.082 480535 4226071 619.764 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

253 -99.222 38.1825 592.899 480535 4226091 619.582 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

254 -99.222 38.1827 593.083 480535 4226111 619.765 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

255 -99.222 38.1829 592.924 480534 4226131 619.606 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

256 -99.222 38.1831 592.777 480534 4226151 619.459 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

257 -99.222 38.1833 592.723 480534 4226171 619.405 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

258 -99.222 38.1834 592.616 480534 4226191 619.298 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

259 -99.222 38.1836 592.488 480533 4226211 619.17 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

260 -99.222 38.1838 592.386 480534 4226231 619.068 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

261 -99.222 38.184 592.328 480533 4226251 619.009 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
73

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

262 -99.222 38.1842 592.318 480533 4226271 618.999 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

263 -99.222 38.1842 592.238 480552 4226271 618.919 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

264 -99.222 38.184 592.192 480553 4226251 618.874 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

265 -99.222 38.1838 592.364 480553 4226231 619.046 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

266 -99.222 38.1836 592.551 480553 4226211 619.233 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

267 -99.222 38.1834 592.693 480553 4226191 619.375 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

268 -99.222 38.1833 592.503 480554 4226171 619.185 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

269 -99.222 38.1831 592.414 480553 4226151 619.096 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

270 -99.222 38.1829 593.206 480554 4226130 619.888 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

271 -99.222 38.1827 592.8 480554 4226111 619.482 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

272 -99.222 38.1825 593.63 480554 4226091 620.312 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

273 -99.222 38.1824 592.454 480555 4226071 619.137 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

274 -99.222 38.1822 593.691 480555 4226051 620.373 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

275 -99.222 38.1822 593.952 480576 4226052 620.634 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

276 -99.222 38.1824 594.034 480575 4226071 620.717 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

277 -99.222 38.1825 593.507 480575 4226091 620.189 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

278 -99.222 38.1827 593.294 480575 4226111 619.976 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

279 -99.222 38.1829 593.352 480574 4226131 620.034 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

280 -99.222 38.1831 593.385 480574 4226151 620.067 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

281 -99.222 38.1832 593.457 480574 4226171 620.139 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

282 -99.222 38.1834 593.351 480573 4226191 620.033 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

283 -99.222 38.1836 593.269 480573 4226211 619.951 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

284 -99.222 38.1838 593.178 480573 4226231 619.86 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

285 -99.222 38.184 593.278 480573 4226251 619.959 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

286 -99.222 38.1842 593.205 480572 4226271 619.887 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

287 -99.222 38.1843 592.961 480592 4226291 619.642 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

288 -99.222 38.1842 593.369 480592 4226271 620.051 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

289 -99.222 38.184 593.286 480593 4226251 619.967 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

290 -99.222 38.1838 593.285 480593 4226231 619.967 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

291 -99.222 38.1836 593.068 480593 4226211 619.749 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

292 -99.222 38.1834 593.47 480593 4226191 620.152 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

293 -99.222 38.1833 593.554 480593 4226171 620.236 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

294 -99.222 38.1831 593.541 480593 4226151 620.224 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

295 -99.222 38.1829 593.611 480594 4226131 620.294 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

296 -99.222 38.1827 593.505 480594 4226111 620.188 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

297 -99.222 38.1825 593.39 480594 4226091 620.073 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

298 -99.222 38.1823 593.623 480594 4226070 620.305 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

299 -99.222 38.1822 594.015 480595 4226051 620.697 Excavation Unit-project area b

300 -99.221 38.1822 595.185 480616 4226052 621.867 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

301 -99.221 38.1824 591.992 480615 4226071 618.674 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

302 -99.221 38.1825 593.84 480615 4226091 620.522 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

303 -99.221 38.1827 593.862 480614 4226111 620.545 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

304 -99.221 38.1829 593.334 480614 4226131 620.016 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
74

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

305 -99.221 38.1831 593.516 480614 4226151 620.198 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

306 -99.221 38.1833 593.405 480614 4226171 620.087 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

307 -99.221 38.1834 593.444 480613 4226191 620.126 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

308 -99.221 38.1836 593.431 480613 4226211 620.113 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

309 -99.221 38.1838 593.388 480613 4226231 620.07 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

310 -99.221 38.184 593.338 480613 4226251 620.019 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

311 -99.221 38.1842 593.236 480612 4226271 619.918 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

312 -99.221 38.1843 593.209 480612 4226291 619.891 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

313 -99.221 38.1845 593.1 480612 4226311 619.782 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

314 -99.221 38.1847 592.755 480612 4226331 619.436 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

315 -99.221 38.1849 592.454 480612 4226351 619.135 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

316 -99.221 38.1849 592.816 480632 4226351 619.497 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

317 -99.221 38.1847 593.296 480632 4226331 619.978 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

318 -99.221 38.1845 593.427 480632 4226311 620.108 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

319 -99.221 38.1843 593.514 480632 4226291 620.195 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

320 -99.221 38.1842 593.402 480632 4226271 620.084 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

321 -99.221 38.184 593.368 480632 4226251 620.05 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

322 -99.221 38.1838 593.634 480633 4226231 620.316 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

323 -99.221 38.1836 593.422 480633 4226211 620.104 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

324 -99.221 38.1834 593.265 480633 4226191 619.947 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

325 -99.221 38.1833 593.402 480633 4226171 620.084 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

326 -99.221 38.1831 593.263 480633 4226151 619.945 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

327 -99.221 38.1829 593.545 480634 4226131 620.228 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

328 -99.221 38.1827 593.198 480634 4226111 619.881 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

329 -99.221 38.1825 593.396 480635 4226091 620.079 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

330 -99.221 38.1824 593.984 480635 4226071 620.666 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

331 -99.221 38.1822 593.237 480635 4226051 619.92 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

332 -99.221 38.1822 593.527 480655 4226052 620.21 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

333 -99.221 38.1822 593.217 480675 4226052 619.9 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

334 -99.221 38.1821 592.351 480675 4226041 619.034 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

335 -99.22 38.1821 588.627 480695 4226041 615.31 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

336 -99.22 38.1821 589.578 480711 4226042 616.262 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

337 -99.22 38.1822 589.646 480710 4226052 616.329 Excavation Unit-project area b

338 -99.22 38.1823 590.447 480710 4226062 617.13 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

339 -99.22 38.1822 590.534 480710 4226052 617.217 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

340 -99.22 38.1822 591.703 480696 4226052 618.386 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

341 -99.22 38.1823 591.177 480695 4226067 617.86 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

342 -99.221 38.1824 594.12 480675 4226072 620.803 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

343 -99.221 38.1824 593.723 480655 4226072 620.406 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

344 -99.221 38.1825 593.651 480675 4226092 620.334 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

345 -99.221 38.1825 593.455 480654 4226091 620.138 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

346 -99.221 38.1827 593.388 480654 4226111 620.07 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

347 -99.221 38.1827 593.293 480674 4226112 619.976 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
75

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

348 -99.221 38.1829 593.369 480674 4226132 620.051 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

349 -99.221 38.1829 593.521 480654 4226131 620.204 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

350 -99.221 38.1831 593.488 480654 4226151 620.17 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

351 -99.221 38.1831 593.078 480673 4226151 619.761 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

352 -99.221 38.1833 593.117 480654 4226171 619.799 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

353 -99.221 38.1834 593.308 480654 4226191 619.99 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

354 -99.221 38.1836 593.017 480653 4226211 619.699 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

355 -99.221 38.1838 592.636 480653 4226231 619.318 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

356 -99.221 38.1839 592.62 480653 4226241 619.302 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

357 -99.221 38.1842 593.12 480642 4226271 619.801 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

358 -99.22 38.1819 594.145 480735 4226018 620.829 Shovel Test-bridge 1

359 -99.22 38.182 594.412 480742 4226026 621.095 Shovel Test-bridge 2

360 -99.22 38.182 593.859 480748 4226034 620.543 Shovel Test-bridge 3

361 -99.22 38.1821 593.565 480754 4226042 620.248 Shovel Test-bridge 4

362 -99.22 38.1818 595.011 480739 4226009 621.694 Site Datum bridge removal project 1st

363 -99.22 38.182 593.742 480742 4226032 620.426 Other Point-stake 0-4

364 -99.22 38.1821 594.518 480746 4226037 621.201 Site Feature Point-stone foundation nw

365 -99.22 38.1821 594.126 480750 4226045 620.809 Site Feature Point-stone foundation ne

366 -99.22 38.1821 593.973 480757 4226042 620.657 Site Feature Point-stone foundation se

367 -99.22 38.182 594.105 480754 4226033 620.788 Site Feature Point-stone foundation sw

368 -99.22 38.1822 593.966 480761 4226056 620.649 Site Feature Point-possible crossing head 2

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.949 480761 4226055 621.632 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 595.061 480761 4226055 621.745 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.654 480761 4226056 621.338 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.756 480761 4226056 621.44 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.768 480761 4226055 621.452 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.619 480760 4226054 621.303 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.789 480757 4226050 621.472 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1822 594.914 480753 4226049 621.598 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1821 594.641 480749 4226047 621.324 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1821 593.911 480747 4226044 620.595 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1821 594.333 480746 4226039 621.016 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.182 594.204 480744 4226034 620.888 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.182 594.035 480741 4226032 620.719 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.182 593.888 480739 4226028 620.571 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1819 593.574 480735 4226025 620.257 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1819 593.912 480731 4226022 620.596 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1819 593.924 480728 4226018 620.607 Other Line-bank

369 -99.22 38.1819 593.791 480727 4226017 620.474 Other Line-bank

370 -99.22 38.1819 593.799 480735 4226019 620.483 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

370 -99.22 38.1819 593.88 480736 4226020 620.564 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

370 -99.22 38.1819 593.796 480736 4226021 620.479 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

370 -99.22 38.1819 593.527 480735 4226024 620.21 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3
76

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

370 -99.22 38.182 593.184 480735 4226028 619.868 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

370 -99.22 38.182 592.783 480735 4226031 619.466 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

370 -99.22 38.182 592.335 480735 4226033 619.019 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 3

371 -99.22 38.182 592.309 480735 4226033 618.993 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

371 -99.22 38.1821 592.145 480737 4226037 618.828 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

371 -99.22 38.1821 592.173 480737 4226037 618.857 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

371 -99.22 38.182 592.586 480739 4226037 619.27 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

371 -99.22 38.182 593.283 480742 4226036 619.966 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

371 -99.22 38.182 594.008 480745 4226035 620.691 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 4

372 -99.22 38.1817 593.243 480719 4225995 619.927 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 5

372 -99.22 38.1817 593.146 480719 4225995 619.829 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 5

372 -99.22 38.1817 593.184 480719 4225996 619.868 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 5

372 -99.22 38.1817 593.016 480718 4225998 619.7 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 5

372 -99.22 38.1817 593.148 480718 4226000 619.831 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 5

373 -99.221 38.1824 593.114 480645 4226072 619.796 Shovel Test-bridge 2

374 -99.221 38.1824 593.192 480635 4226072 619.875 Shovel Test-bridge 3

375 -99.221 38.1824 593.831 480625 4226072 620.514 Shovel Test-bridge 4

376 -99.221 38.1824 593.729 480615 4226072 620.411 Shovel Test-bridge 5

377 -99.221 38.1823 591.792 480604 4226070 618.475 Shovel Test-bridge 6

378 -99.222 38.1824 594.071 480594 4226071 620.753 Shovel Test-bridge 7

379 -99.222 38.1824 594.514 480585 4226071 621.197 Shovel Test-bridge 8

380 -99.222 38.1824 594.129 480575 4226071 620.811 Shovel Test-bridge 9

381 -99.222 38.1823 593.365 480565 4226071 620.047 Shovel Test-bridge 10

382 -99.221 38.1824 593.101 480655 4226072 619.784 Shovel Test-bridge 1

383 -99.222 38.1824 594.897 480565 4226081 621.579 Shovel Test-bridge 20

384 -99.222 38.1824 593.454 480575 4226081 620.136 Shovel Test-bridge 19

385 -99.222 38.1824 594.65 480585 4226081 621.332 Shovel Test-bridge 18

386 -99.222 38.1824 594.484 480595 4226082 621.167 Shovel Test-bridge 17

387 -99.221 38.1824 592.482 480604 4226081 619.165 Shovel Test-bridge 16

388 -99.221 38.1825 607.795 480622 4226085 634.478 Shovel Test-bridge 15

389 -99.221 38.1825 594.811 480625 4226082 621.494 Shovel Test-bridge 14

390 -99.221 38.1824 590.949 480634 4226079 617.632 Shovel Test-bridge 13

391 -99.221 38.1825 594.474 480645 4226082 621.157 Shovel Test-bridge 12

392 -99.221 38.1824 585.787 480654 4226074 612.47 Shovel Test-bridge 11

393 -99.221 38.1824 593.903 480655 4226072 620.586 Shovel Test-bridge 1

394 -99.221 38.1825 593.662 480655 4226092 620.345 Shovel Test-bridge 21

395 -99.221 38.1825 593.763 480644 4226092 620.446 Shovel Test-bridge 22

396 -99.221 38.1825 593.789 480634 4226091 620.472 Shovel Test-bridge 23

397 -99.221 38.1825 594.62 480624 4226092 621.303 Shovel Test-bridge 24

398 -99.221 38.1825 594.68 480614 4226092 621.362 Shovel Test-bridge 25

399 -99.221 38.1825 595.234 480604 4226092 621.916 Shovel Test-bridge 26

400 -99.222 38.1825 593.327 480594 4226091 620.009 Shovel Test-bridge 27

401 -99.222 38.1825 592.964 480585 4226091 619.647 Shovel Test-bridge 28
77

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

402 -99.222 38.1825 593.245 480575 4226091 619.928 Shovel Test-bridge 29

403 -99.222 38.1825 594.163 480565 4226091 620.846 Shovel Test-bridge 30

404 -99.222 38.1826 593.771 480565 4226100 620.453 Shovel Test-bridge 40

405 -99.222 38.1826 593.656 480575 4226101 620.339 Shovel Test-bridge 39

406 -99.222 38.1826 593.534 480584 4226101 620.216 Shovel Test-bridge38

407 -99.222 38.1826 593.512 480594 4226101 620.194 Shovel Test-bridge 37

408 -99.221 38.1826 594.099 480604 4226101 620.782 Shovel Test-bridge 36

409 -99.221 38.1826 594.999 480614 4226101 621.682 Shovel Test-bridge 35

410 -99.221 38.1826 595.669 480624 4226102 622.351 Shovel Test-bridge 34

411 -99.221 38.1826 594.313 480634 4226102 620.996 Shovel Test-bridge 33

412 -99.221 38.1826 593.895 480644 4226102 620.578 Shovel Test-bridge 32

413 -99.221 38.1826 594.027 480654 4226102 620.71 Shovel Test-bridge 31

414 -99.221 38.1827 594.058 480654 4226112 620.74 Shovel Test-bridge 41

415 -99.221 38.1827 594.018 480644 4226112 620.701 Shovel Test-bridge 42

416 -99.221 38.1827 593.927 480634 4226112 620.61 Shovel Test-bridge 43

417 -99.221 38.1827 593.994 480624 4226112 620.677 Shovel Test-bridge 44

418 -99.221 38.1827 593.749 480614 4226111 620.431 Shovel Test-bridge 45

419 -99.221 38.1827 593.659 480604 4226111 620.342 Shovel Test-bridge 46

420 -99.222 38.1827 593.756 480594 4226111 620.438 Shovel Test-bridge 47

421 -99.222 38.1827 593.693 480584 4226111 620.375 Shovel Test-bridge 48

422 -99.222 38.1827 593.616 480574 4226111 620.298 Shovel Test-bridge 49

423 -99.222 38.1827 593.632 480564 4226111 620.314 Shovel Test-bridge 50

424 -99.222 38.1828 593.581 480564 4226121 620.263 Shovel Test-bridge 60

425 -99.222 38.1828 593.572 480574 4226121 620.255 Shovel Test-bridge 59

426 -99.222 38.1828 593.646 480584 4226121 620.328 Shovel Test-bridge 58

427 -99.222 38.1828 593.739 480594 4226121 620.421 Shovel Test-bridge 57

428 -99.221 38.1828 593.713 480604 4226121 620.396 Shovel Test-bridge 56

429 -99.221 38.1828 593.709 480614 4226121 620.391 Shovel Test-bridge 55

430 -99.221 38.1828 593.838 480624 4226122 620.52 Shovel Test-bridge 54

431 -99.221 38.1828 593.95 480634 4226122 620.632 Shovel Test-bridge 53

432 -99.221 38.1828 593.915 480644 4226122 620.598 Shovel Test-bridge 52

433 -99.221 38.1828 594.071 480654 4226122 620.754 Shovel Test-bridge 51

434 -99.221 38.1829 594.079 480654 4226132 620.761 Shovel Test-bridge 61

435 -99.221 38.1829 593.992 480644 4226132 620.674 Shovel Test-bridge 62

436 -99.221 38.1829 593.906 480634 4226132 620.588 Shovel Test-bridge 63

437 -99.221 38.1829 593.855 480624 4226132 620.537 Shovel Test-bridge 64

438 -99.221 38.1829 593.769 480614 4226131 620.451 Shovel Test-bridge 65

439 -99.221 38.1829 593.693 480604 4226131 620.375 Shovel Test-bridge 66

440 -99.222 38.1829 593.651 480594 4226131 620.334 Shovel Test-bridge 67

441 -99.222 38.1829 593.605 480584 4226131 620.287 Shovel Test-bridge 68

442 -99.222 38.1829 593.51 480574 4226131 620.192 Shovel Test-bridge 69

443 -99.222 38.1829 593.499 480564 4226131 620.181 Shovel Test-bridge 70

444 -99.222 38.183 593.497 480564 4226140 620.18 Shovel Test-bridge 80
78

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

445 -99.222 38.183 593.5 480574 4226140 620.182 Shovel Test-bridge 79

446 -99.222 38.183 593.599 480584 4226141 620.281 Shovel Test-bridge 78

447 -99.222 38.183 593.66 480594 4226141 620.342 Shovel Test-bridge 77

448 -99.221 38.183 593.766 480604 4226141 620.448 Shovel Test-bridge 76

449 -99.221 38.183 593.864 480614 4226141 620.546 Shovel Test-bridge 75

450 -99.221 38.183 593.938 480624 4226141 620.621 Shovel Test-bridge 74

451 -99.221 38.183 593.993 480634 4226141 620.676 Shovel Test-bridge 73

452 -99.221 38.183 594.066 480644 4226142 620.749 Shovel Test-bridge 72

453 -99.221 38.183 594.207 480654 4226142 620.889 Shovel Test-bridge 71

454 -99.221 38.1831 594.077 480654 4226152 620.76 Shovel Test-bridge 81

455 -99.221 38.1831 594.042 480644 4226152 620.725 Shovel Test-bridge 82

456 -99.221 38.1831 593.965 480634 4226152 620.648 Shovel Test-bridge 83

457 -99.221 38.1831 593.934 480624 4226151 620.616 Shovel Test-bridge 84

458 -99.221 38.1831 593.912 480614 4226151 620.594 Shovel Test-bridge 85

459 -99.221 38.1831 593.762 480604 4226151 620.444 Shovel Test-bridge 86

460 -99.222 38.1831 593.795 480594 4226151 620.477 Shovel Test-bridge 87

461 -99.222 38.1831 593.664 480584 4226151 620.346 Shovel Test-bridge 88

462 -99.222 38.1831 593.671 480574 4226151 620.353 Shovel Test-bridge 89

463 -99.222 38.1831 593.641 480564 4226150 620.323 Shovel Test-bridge 90

464 -99.222 38.1832 593.626 480564 4226161 620.308 Shovel Test-bridge 100

465 -99.222 38.1832 593.678 480574 4226161 620.36 Shovel Test-bridge 99

466 -99.222 38.1832 593.852 480584 4226161 620.534 Shovel Test-bridge 98

467 -99.222 38.1832 593.935 480594 4226161 620.617 Shovel Test-bridge 97

468 -99.221 38.1832 594.075 480604 4226161 620.758 Shovel Test-bridge 95

469 -99.221 38.1832 594.198 480614 4226161 620.88 Shovel Test-bridge 95

470 -99.221 38.1832 594.181 480624 4226161 620.863 Shovel Test-bridge 94

471 -99.221 38.1832 594.329 480634 4226162 621.011 Shovel Test-bridge 93

472 -99.221 38.1832 594.424 480644 4226162 621.106 Shovel Test-bridge 92

473 -99.221 38.1832 594.427 480654 4226162 621.109 Shovel Test-bridge 91

474 -99.221 38.1843 594.381 480642 4226286 621.063 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1843 594.657 480643 4226286 621.338 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1843 594.499 480645 4226285 621.181 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1843 594.358 480647 4226285 621.04 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1842 593.764 480663 4226278 620.446 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1842 594.01 480668 4226278 620.692 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1842 591.337 480666 4226280 618.019 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1842 591.785 480669 4226278 618.467 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

474 -99.221 38.1842 591.21 480671 4226278 617.892 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 1

475 -99.221 38.1843 594.036 480662 4226289 620.718 Other Point-fence post/railroad tie

476 -99.221 38.1838 593.517 480656 4226227 620.199 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 593.534 480656 4226227 620.216 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 593.485 480656 4226227 620.167 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 593.33 480656 4226227 620.012 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7
79

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

476 -99.221 38.1838 593.111 480658 4226228 619.793 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 592.818 480661 4226229 619.5 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 592.656 480663 4226228 619.338 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

476 -99.221 38.1838 592.704 480664 4226228 619.386 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 7

477 -99.221 38.1837 593.846 480658 4226217 620.528 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1837 593.914 480658 4226217 620.596 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1837 593.899 480658 4226217 620.581 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1837 594.258 480659 4226217 620.94 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1837 593.686 480660 4226216 620.368 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1837 594.069 480660 4226216 620.751 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1836 594.576 480661 4226214 621.258 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

477 -99.221 38.1836 593.072 480664 4226214 619.755 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 8

478 -99.221 38.1832 595.252 480675 4226160 621.935 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 9

479 -99.221 38.1827 594.709 480687 4226115 621.391 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 9

480 -99.221 38.1822 593.964 480653 4226050 620.647 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1822 594.06 480654 4226050 620.743 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1822 594.026 480657 4226049 620.71 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1822 593.936 480663 4226048 620.619 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 593.64 480668 4226048 620.323 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 593.907 480672 4226048 620.59 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 593.222 480676 4226047 619.905 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 592.976 480678 4226047 619.659 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 593.264 480679 4226047 619.947 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1821 593.959 480682 4226048 620.642 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1822 593.454 480682 4226049 620.137 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

480 -99.221 38.1822 592.617 480685 4226049 619.3 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 10

481 -99.222 38.1824 594.497 480594 4226076 621.18 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1824 594.579 480594 4226076 621.262 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1824 594.642 480594 4226074 621.324 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1823 594.549 480593 4226069 621.232 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1823 594.445 480592 4226064 621.128 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1822 595.124 480591 4226059 621.807 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1822 594.896 480590 4226054 621.579 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1822 594.839 480590 4226050 621.522 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1821 594.376 480589 4226046 621.059 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1821 594.475 480588 4226042 621.158 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.1821 594.16 480588 4226038 620.843 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.182 592.202 480590 4226035 618.885 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.182 592.904 480590 4226031 619.587 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

481 -99.222 38.182 592.15 480591 4226031 618.833 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 11

482 -99.222 38.1822 594.406 480549 4226056 621.088 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

482 -99.222 38.1822 594.346 480549 4226056 621.029 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

482 -99.222 38.1822 594.372 480548 4226054 621.054 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13
80

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

482 -99.222 38.1822 595.09 480547 4226052 621.772 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

482 -99.222 38.1822 594.918 480546 4226051 621.601 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

482 -99.222 38.1822 595.266 480546 4226050 621.948 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

482 -99.222 38.1822 594.293 480546 4226049 620.975 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 13

483 -99.223 38.1823 594.635 480507 4226064 621.317 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 15

483 -99.223 38.1823 594.601 480507 4226064 621.283 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 15

483 -99.223 38.1823 594.439 480507 4226063 621.121 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 15

483 -99.223 38.1823 594.215 480506 4226061 620.897 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 15

483 -99.223 38.1823 594.232 480506 4226060 620.915 Site Feature Line-possible trail/river crossing 15

484 -99.221 38.1843 594.036 480662 4226289 620.718 Other Point-bridge ne

485 -99.224 38.1823 595.15 480417 4226069 621.832 Other Point-bridge nw

486 -99.223 38.1817 594.987 480426 4226004 621.669 Other Point-bridge se

487 -99.224 38.1817 595.03 480417 4226004 621.712 Other Point-bridge sw

488 -99.224 38.1781 593.709 480424 4225601 620.394 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1781 593.789 480424 4225602 620.473 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1782 593.788 480424 4225605 620.472 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1784 594.041 480424 4225631 620.725 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1788 594.195 480424 4225676 620.879 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1793 594.493 480424 4225732 621.177 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1799 594.693 480423 4225797 621.377 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1805 595.117 480423 4225868 621.8 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1812 595.437 480423 4225944 622.12 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1819 595.463 480422 4226023 622.146 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1827 595.412 480422 4226106 622.094 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1834 595.004 480421 4226192 621.685 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1842 594.444 480421 4226281 621.125 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.185 594.142 480420 4226370 620.822 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1858 594.13 480420 4226458 620.81 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1866 594.201 480419 4226545 620.88 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1874 594.415 480419 4226630 621.094 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1881 595.069 480418 4226706 621.747 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1885 595.572 480418 4226752 622.25 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1886 595.662 480418 4226762 622.34 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1887 595.978 480418 4226773 622.656 Other Line-180th ave

488 -99.224 38.1891 595.374 480418 4226815 622.051 Other Line-180th ave

489 -99.226 38.1887 595.417 480240 4226778 622.094 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.226 38.1887 595.354 480240 4226778 622.031 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.226 38.1887 595.452 480251 4226778 622.129 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.225 38.1887 595.576 480294 4226778 622.253 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.224 38.1887 595.821 480359 4226778 622.498 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.223 38.1887 596.14 480439 4226778 622.818 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.222 38.1887 596.179 480528 4226778 622.857 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.221 38.1887 595.449 480623 4226778 622.128 Other Line-156 hwy
81

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

489 -99.22 38.1887 594.73 480721 4226778 621.409 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.219 38.1887 594.615 480823 4226777 621.295 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.218 38.1887 594.634 480927 4226777 621.314 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.217 38.1887 594.624 481033 4226778 621.305 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.215 38.1888 594.727 481140 4226781 621.407 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.214 38.1889 594.706 481244 4226792 621.388 Other Line-156 hwy

489 -99.213 38.189 594.713 481340 4226807 621.395 Other Line-156 hwy

490 -99.218 38.1886 594.536 480938 4226764 621.216 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.1886 594.574 480938 4226764 621.254 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.1885 594.51 480935 4226756 621.19 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.1883 594.515 480924 4226731 621.195 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.188 594.521 480908 4226695 621.201 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.1876 594.494 480889 4226652 621.175 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.218 38.1872 594.639 480869 4226604 621.319 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1867 594.65 480847 4226555 621.331 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1863 594.708 480825 4226505 621.389 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1858 594.793 480803 4226457 621.474 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1854 594.915 480788 4226412 621.597 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.185 595.75 480786 4226369 622.431 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1846 595.062 480787 4226324 621.744 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1842 595.925 480789 4226276 622.607 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.184 595.389 480791 4226249 622.071 Other Line-paved entrance road

490 -99.219 38.1838 595.255 480792 4226236 621.938 Other Line-paved entrance road

491 -99.219 38.1854 594.385 480792 4226407 621.067 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1854 594.273 480792 4226407 620.955 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1853 594.248 480797 4226402 620.93 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1853 594.385 480815 4226401 621.067 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1854 594.355 480836 4226409 621.037 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1856 594.437 480851 4226426 621.119 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1858 594.225 480850 4226450 620.906 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.186 593.937 480833 4226471 620.619 Other Line-parking area road

491 -99.219 38.1861 594.064 480823 4226481 620.745 Other Line-parking area road

492 -99.218 38.188 594.128 480914 4226692 620.808 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.218 38.188 594.243 480914 4226692 620.923 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.218 38.1879 593.978 480922 4226691 620.658 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.218 38.1879 594.037 480937 4226689 620.718 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.217 38.1879 593.691 480954 4226687 620.372 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.217 38.1879 594.105 480970 4226680 620.785 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.217 38.1877 594.11 480976 4226667 620.79 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.217 38.1876 594.063 480970 4226654 620.744 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.217 38.1875 593.802 480955 4226647 620.483 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.218 38.1875 593.962 480937 4226640 620.643 Other Line-picnic area road

492 -99.218 38.1874 594.113 480916 4226633 620.794 Other Line-picnic area road
82

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

492 -99.218 38.1874 594.277 480894 4226634 620.957 Other Line-picnic area road

493 -99.219 38.1838 595.059 480792 4226234 621.741 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1838 595.052 480793 4226233 621.734 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1838 595.106 480793 4226232 621.789 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1837 594.741 480793 4226222 621.424 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1836 594.499 480792 4226205 621.182 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1834 594.694 480778 4226190 621.377 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1833 594.761 480763 4226176 621.444 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1831 595.137 480761 4226159 621.82 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.183 594.941 480768 4226141 621.624 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1828 594.59 480777 4226120 621.274 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1826 594.804 480787 4226097 621.487 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1824 594.678 480790 4226074 621.361 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.1823 594.609 480789 4226060 621.292 Other Line-access road

493 -99.219 38.182 594.471 480785 4226036 621.155 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1818 594.21 480776 4226013 620.894 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1817 594.346 480760 4225993 621.03 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1815 594.325 480737 4225978 621.009 Other Line-access road

493 -99.22 38.1814 594.384 480709 4225967 621.068 Other Line-access road

493 -99.221 38.1813 594.501 480677 4225957 621.185 Other Line-access road

493 -99.221 38.1813 595.028 480642 4225950 621.712 Other Line-access road

493 -99.221 38.1812 594.461 480604 4225946 621.145 Other Line-access road

493 -99.222 38.1812 594.429 480563 4225945 621.112 Other Line-access road

493 -99.222 38.1812 594.414 480519 4225945 621.097 Other Line-access road

493 -99.223 38.1812 594.524 480476 4225946 621.207 Other Line-access road

493 -99.223 38.1812 594.781 480439 4225947 621.464 Other Line-access road

494 -99.22 38.1816 594.205 480749 4225982 620.889 Other Line-access road

494 -99.22 38.1816 594.179 480749 4225982 620.862 Other Line-access road

494 -99.22 38.1816 594.166 480758 4225985 620.85 Other Line-access road

494 -99.219 38.1817 593.981 480778 4225993 620.664 Other Line-access road

494 -99.219 38.1817 593.891 480804 4226003 620.575 Other Line-access road

494 -99.219 38.1818 593.883 480828 4226013 620.567 Other Line-access road

494 -99.219 38.1819 593.867 480851 4226022 620.551 Other Line-access road

494 -99.218 38.182 593.911 480877 4226028 620.596 Other Line-access road

494 -99.218 38.182 593.743 480905 4226032 620.427 Other Line-access road

494 -99.218 38.1821 593.632 480933 4226038 620.316 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1822 593.501 480959 4226048 620.185 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1823 593.505 480983 4226060 620.19 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1824 593.496 481004 4226071 620.18 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1825 593.635 481015 4226088 620.319 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1827 593.721 481016 4226105 620.405 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1828 593.753 481010 4226121 620.437 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.183 593.817 481003 4226140 620.501 Other Line-access road
83

TABLES

Table 1. Continued.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

494 -99.217 38.1831 593.967 480997 4226158 620.651 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1835 594.052 480982 4226193 620.736 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1836 594.025 480972 4226211 620.708 Other Line-access road

494 -99.217 38.1838 593.983 480961 4226229 620.666 Other Line-access road

494 -99.218 38.1839 594.114 480950 4226246 620.798 Other Line-access road

494 -99.218 38.1841 594.566 480939 4226260 621.249 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1819 593.583 480852 4226022 620.267 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1819 593.564 480852 4226022 620.249 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1819 593.584 480852 4226022 620.268 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1819 593.737 480839 4226019 620.421 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1819 593.76 480821 4226025 620.444 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1821 593.976 480809 4226040 620.66 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1822 594.179 480801 4226059 620.863 Other Line-access road

495 -99.219 38.1824 594.421 480793 4226078 621.105 Other Line-access road

496 -99.224 38.1794 594.514 480414 4225739 621.198 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1794 594.098 480414 4225739 620.782 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.512 480414 4225738 621.196 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.548 480414 4225738 621.232 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.305 480403 4225737 620.989 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.3 480377 4225737 620.984 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.541 480359 4225737 621.224 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.592 480354 4225737 621.276 Other Line-maintenance road

496 -99.224 38.1793 594.871 480348 4225737 621.555 Other Line-maintenance road

497 -99.219 38.1823 593.312 480848 4226061 619.996 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

498 -99.219 38.1821 593.033 480855 4226043 619.717 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

499 -99.219 38.1819 593.016 480863 4226024 619.7 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

500 -99.218 38.1818 592.952 480870 4226006 619.636 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

501 -99.218 38.1816 592.91 480878 4225987 619.594 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

502 -99.218 38.1814 592.917 480886 4225969 619.602 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

503 -99.218 38.1813 592.909 480893 4225950 619.594 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

504 -99.218 38.1813 592.826 480912 4225958 619.511 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

505 -99.218 38.1815 592.803 480904 4225976 619.488 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

506 -99.218 38.1817 592.817 480896 4225995 619.502 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

507 -99.218 38.1818 592.836 480889 4226013 619.52 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

508 -99.218 38.182 593.001 480881 4226032 619.685 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

509 -99.218 38.1822 592.968 480874 4226050 619.652 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

510 -99.218 38.1823 593.165 480866 4226069 619.848 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

511 -99.218 38.1824 593.086 480885 4226076 619.77 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

512 -99.218 38.1822 592.762 480892 4226058 619.446 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

513 -99.218 38.1821 592.805 480900 4226040 619.49 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

514 -99.218 38.1819 592.77 480907 4226021 619.454 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

515 -99.218 38.1817 592.705 480915 4226003 619.39 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

516 -99.218 38.1816 592.647 480923 4225984 619.332 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake
84

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 1. Concluded.

ID Longitude Latitude HAE Easting Northing MSL Description

517 -99.218 38.1814 592.722 480930 4225966 619.407 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

518 -99.221 38.184 592.985 480653 4226252 619.667 Geophys Feature Pt-project area b stake

519 -99.222 38.1823 593.817 480536 4226070 620.499 Excavation Unit-bridge SW

520 -99.222 38.1824 593.763 480536 4226072 620.446 Excavation Unit-bridge NW

521 -99.222 38.1824 593.682 480537 4226072 620.365 Excavation Unit-bridge NE

522 -99.222 38.1823 593.694 480537 4226070 620.376 Excavation Unit-bridge SE

523 -99.222 38.1823 593.72 480536 4226070 620.403 Excavation Unit-bridge SW

524 -99.222 38.1823 593.665 480537 4226070 620.347 Excavation Unit-bridge SE

525 -99.222 38.1824 593.677 480537 4226072 620.359 Excavation Unit-bridge NE

526 -99.222 38.1824 593.714 480536 4226072 620.396 Excavation Unit-bridge NW

527 -99.223 38.1824 594.084 480443 4226079 620.766 Shovel Test-bridge 101

528 -99.223 38.1824 594.062 480447 4226080 620.744 Shovel Test-bridge 102

529 -99.223 38.1825 594.156 480445 4226083 620.838 Shovel Test-bridge 103

530 -99.223 38.1825 594.083 480443 4226086 620.765 Shovel Test-bridge 104

531 -99.223 38.1825 594.083 480443 4226086 620.765 Shovel Test-bridge 105
85

TABLES

Table 2. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

survey used in the grid input template at the FOLS Geophysical Project Areas A through E 

(Site 14PA305).

GENERAL

Acquisition Value Instrumentation Value

Sitename FOLS2010 Survey Type Dual Gradiometer

Map Reference Fort Larned, KS 7.5 

minute quadrangle

Instrument Bartington Grad601-2

Dir. 1st Traverse Grid N Units nT

Grid Length (x) 20 m Range AUTO

Sample Interval (x) 0.125 m Log Zero Drift Off

Grid Width (y) 20 m Baud Rate 19200

Traverse Interval (y) 1.0 m Number of Sensors 

(tubes)

2

Traverse Mode ZigZag Download Software Bartington GRAD601

FILE

NOMINCLATURE

Raw Data Processed Data Corrected Data

Processing Software Archeosurveyor

Grid dga01-dga19, 

dgb01-dgb177, 

dgc01-dgc15, 

dgd01-dgd18, 

dge01-dge16

Composite dgca, dgcb, dgcc, 

dgcd, dgce 

dgacz, dgaczi, 

dgaczil, dgaczilr; 

dgbcz, dgbczi, 

dgbczil, dgbczilr; 

dgccz, dgcczi, dgcczil, 

dgcczilr; dgdcz, 

dgdczi, dgdczil. 

dgdczilr; dgecz, 

dgeczi, dgeczil, 

dgeczilr
86

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 3. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the resistance survey used in the 

grid input template at the FOLS Geophysical Project Areas A and B (Site 14PA305).

GENERAL

Acquisition Value Instrumentation value

Sitename FOLS2009 Survey Type Resistance

Map Reference Fort Larned, KS 7.5 

minute quadrangle

Instrument RM15

Dir. 1st Traverse Grid N Units Ohm

Grid Length (x) 20 m Current Range AUTO

Sample Interval (x) 0.5 m Gain Range AUTO

Grid Width (y) 20 m Baud Rate 9600

Traverse Interval (y) 1.0 m Frequency 137 Hz

Traverse Mode Zigzag High Pass Filter 13 Hz

ACCESSORIES

Accessories Value

Array Hardware PA5

Interface AD1

Log Mode Single

Configuration Twin

Probe Spacing 0.5

FILE

NOMINCLATURE

Raw Data Processed Data Corrected Data

Processing Software GEOPLOT

Grid 3ra, 8ra, 11ra; 2br, 

3br; a37br, a38br, 

a4abr, 142br

Mesh ram, rbm, rbbm

Composite rac, rbc, rbbc racd, racdi, racdih, 

racdihr; rbc, rbcpr, 

rbcsr, rbcsrd, rbcsrdi, 

rbcsrdih; rbbcd, rbbcdi, 

rbbcdih, rbbcdihr
87

TABLES

Table 4. Acquisition and instrumentation information for the ground penetrating radar 

survey at the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B (Site 14PA305).

GENERAL

Acquisition Value Instrumentation Value

File Nam FOLSB Survey Type GPR

Number of Profile Lines 81 Instrument GSSI TerraSIRch SIR 

3000

Dir. 1st Traverse Grid N Samples/scan 512

Grid Length (x) 60 m Bits/sample 16

Scans/meter 50 Scans/second 50

Grid Width (y) 40 m Meters/mark 1

Traverse Interval (y) 0.5 m Diel Constant 8

Traverse Mode Zigzag Antenna 400 mHz

ACCESSORIES

Channel(s) 1

Range Gain (dB) -20.0 -12.0 26.0 

31.0 32.0

Position Correction 0 ns

Vertical IIR LP N = 1F 800 mHz

Vertical IIR HP N = 1F 100 mHz

Position (ns) 0

Range (ns) 50

Table 5. Aerial Photographs for Section 32, T21S, R17W in Pawnee County, Kansas, at the 

National Archives.

Record Film Scale Year

RG 145 ~ Can # KS 18 ~ Exposure CHH 2-125 70 mm Aerial B/W 

Negative

1:20,000 October 5, 

1938

RG 145 ~ Can ON 35220 ~ Exposure CHH 6G 

- 126

10” x 10” Aerial 

B/W Negative

1:20,000 September 

29, 1950
88

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 6. Aerial Photographs for Section 32, T21S, R17W in Pawnee County, Kansas, at the 

Aerial Photography Field Office.

Contract 

Year

Scale Film Type Exact 

Date of 

Photography

Symbol/Code-Roll-Exposure No.

1956 1:20,000 Black & White 11-1-56 CHH-3R-114 

CHH-3R-115

CHH-3R-116

1963 1:20,000 Black & White 7-22-63 CHH-2DD-216

CHH-2DD-217

1970 1:40,000 Black & White 10-12-70 CHH-2LL-62

CHH-2LL-63

CHH-2LL-64

1975 1:48,000 Black & White 8-21-75 S48 20145-175-46

S48 20145-175-47

1979 1:40,000 Black & White 10-25-79 USDA 40 20145-179-49

USDA 40 20145-179-50

1981 1:60,000 Color Infrared 

Print 

10-19-81 380807 HAP-81 F-197-106

380807 HAP-81 F-197-107

1985 1:60,000 Color Infrared 

Print

6-19-85 380992 NHAP 2-205-161

380992 NHAP 2-205-162

1991 1:40,000 Black & White 8-15-91 NAPP-4324-47

NAPP-4324-48

1996 1:40,000 Black & White 5-7-97 NAPP-10282-208

NAPP-10282-209

2002 1:40,000 Black & White 3-27-02 NAPP-12888-89

NAPP-12888-90

2003 1:40,000 Color Print 7-1-03 USDA-FSA 40 NAIP03-08081-88

USDA-FSA 40 NAIP03-08081-89

2004 1:40,000 Color Print 7-13-04 USDA-FSA 40 NAIP04-08183-188

USDA-FSA 40 NAIP04-08183-189

2005 1:40,000 Color Print 6-27-05 USDA-FSA 40 NAIP05-08151-3

USDA-FSA 40 NAIP05-08151-4

Table 7. Shovel test data from the area north of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A.

Shovel 

Test #

Depth

 (cm bs)

Description

1A 0-30 0-10 cm - concrete fragments; 10-30 cm - sterile

2A 0-50 0-10 cm - one tack, 3 possible mortar fragments; 10-20 cm – sterile; 20-

30 cm – one tack; 30-40 cm – one glass fragment; 40-50 cm - sterile 

3A 0-50 20-30 cm – one metal staple and two nails; 40-50 cm – sterile soil 

change at 40 cm to sandier soil 

4A 0-30 0-10 cm – three pieces of concrete and two pieces of charcoal; 10-20 cm 

– three pieces of charcoal; 20-30 cm - sterile 
89

TABLES

Table 8. Shovel test data from the 100 meter square survey area in the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area B.

Coordinates Shovel 

Test #

Depth

 (cm bs)

Description

N40/E220 1 not excavated Mapping datum for 100 meter by 100 meter shovel 

test area between N40/E130 and N130/E220

N40/E210 2 0-80 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, wet; 80 cm / sterile

N40/E200 3 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, wet; 50 cm / sterile 

N40/E190 4 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam (10YR3/2-wet) 0-30 cm; 30-

50 cm – (10YR7/3-wet);/0-50 sterile

N40/E180 5 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam 10YR3/2-wet; 30-50 cm 

10YR7/3/ 0-50 sterile 

N40/E170 6 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam 10YR3/2, 7/3 at 20 cm, 

stopped at 30 cmbs; unable to get soil removed; too 

dust like

N40/E160 7 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, 10YR3/2 0-30 cmbs; 

10YR7/3 – 30-50 cmbs/0-50 sterile

N40/E150 8 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, 10YR3/2 0-30 cmbs; 

10YR7/3 – 30-50 cmbs/0-50 cm sterile

N40/E140 9 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, 10YR3/2 0-30 cmbs; 

10YR7/3 – 30-50 cmbs/0-50 cm sterile

N40/E130 10 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; silty loam, 10YR3/2 0-30 cmbs; 

10YR7/3 – 30-50 cmbs/0-50 cm sterile

N50/E220 11 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile; 10YR3/2 (wet) / 

10YR7/3 dry silty loam

N50/E210 12 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E200 13 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E190 14 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E180 15 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 40-50 cmbs piece of shell

N50/E170 16 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; shotgun shell at 10-20 cmbs

N50/E160 17 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E150 18 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E140 19 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N50/E130 20 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; shotgun shell at 10-20 cmbs

N60/E220 21 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 – silty loam / 0-50 sterile

N60/E210 22 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 – silty loam / 0-50 sterile

N60/E200 23 0-45 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-45 cmbs 

10YR7/3 – silty loam; stopped at 45 cmbs-unable to 

remove soil / 0-45 sterile

N60/E190 24 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 – silty loam / 0-50 sterile

N60/E180 25 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 – silty loam; L4 30-40 cmbs 2 pieces of bone, 

other layers all sterile

N60/E170 26 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-50 cmbs, clay like soil / 

0-50 sterile
90

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 8. Continued.

Coordinates Shovel 

Test #

Depth

 (cm bs)

Description

N60/E160 27 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-40 cmbs, 40-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 / 0-50 sterile

N60/E150 28 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 / 0-50 sterile

N60/E140 29 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 / 0-50 sterile

N60/E130 30 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 10YR3/2 – 0-30 cmbs, 30-50 cmbs 

10YR7/3 / 0-50 sterile

N70/E220 31 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E210 32 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E200 33 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E190 34 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E180 35 0-22 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E170 36 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-40 cmbs sterile; 40-50 cm pieces of 

shell and bone

N70/E160 37 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E150 38 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E140 39 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N70/E130 40 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs sterile

N80/E220 41 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E210 42 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E200 43 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E190 44 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E180 45 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E170 46 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E160 47 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E150 48 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E140 49 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N80/E130 50 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; 0-50 cmbs No Artifacts 2/3 – 4/7

N90/E220 51 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E210 52 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E200 53 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E190 54 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; cement – 10-20 cm, rest was sterile 

7/3 -4/3

N90/E180 55 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E170 56 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E160 57 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E150 58 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E140 59 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N90/E130 60 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; charcoal at 20-40 cmbs, not collected

N100/E220 61 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E210 62 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E200 63 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3
91

TABLES

Table 8. Concluded.

Coordinates Shovel 

Test #

Depth

 (cm bs)

Description

N100/E190 64 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E180 65 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E170 66 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E160 67 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E150 68 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E140 69 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N100/E130 70 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E220 71 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E210 72 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E200 73 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E190 74 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E180 75 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E170 76 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E160 77 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E150 78 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E140 79 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N110/E130 80 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; charcoal fragments from 0-50 cm; No 

other artifacts 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E220 81 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E210 82 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E200 83 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E190 84 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E180 85 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E170 86 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E160 87 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E150 88 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E140 89 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N120/E130 90 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E220 91 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E210 92 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E200 93 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E190 94 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E180 95 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E170 96 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E160 97 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E150 98 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E140 99 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3

N130/E130 100 0-50 cm 30 cm diameter; No Artifacts found 7/3 – 4/3
92

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 9. Shovel test data from the southwest corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area B.

Shovel 

Test #

Depth

 (cm bs)

Description

101 0-50 30 cm diameter orifice; 0-20 cm bs silty loam wet; rock on surface but 

none subsurface

102 0-50 30 cm diameter orifice; 0-20 cm bs silty loam wet; rock on surface but 

none subsurface

103 0-50 30 cm diameter orifice; 0-20 cm bs silty loam wet; rock on surface but 

none subsurface

104 0-50 30 cm diameter orifice; 0-20 cm bs silty loam wet; rock on surface but 

none subsurface

105 0-50 30 cm diameter orifice; 0-20 cm bs silty loam wet; rock on surface but 

none subsurface

Table 10. Excavation unit data from the Test Unit 1 at the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area B.

Coordinates

(SW Corner)

Test 

Unit #

Depth 

(cm bs)

Dimensions

(length m x

width m)

Excavation comments

N40/E101 1 0-10 2 (n-s) x 1 (e-w) 1⁄4” screen; 10YR3/2 silty loam; 2 

shotgun shells and 2 bottle caps

N40/E101 1 10-20 2 (n-s) x 1 (e-w) 1⁄4” screen; 10YR3/2 very dark 

grayish brown silty loam above 

10YR5/3 brown silty loam; asphalt 

shingle, two nails, and plastic 

wrapper

N40/E101 1 20-30 2 (n-s) x 1 (e-w) 1⁄4” screen; 10YR brown silty loam; 

possible temp building foundation 

with railroad ties for footings; and 

gravel base for drainage; copper 

staple or wire 
93

TABLES

Table 11. Artifacts collected from shovel test units and excavation unit at FOLS 

Geophysical Project Areas.

Catalog # Description Within Site

FOLS 6354 Two small fragments of 

concrete

South Shovel Test 2A,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6355 Small wire nail South Shovel Test 2A,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6356 Single wire nail South Shovel Test 2A,

Level 3, 20-30cm below 

surface

FOLS 6357 Small piece of colorless melted 

glass

South Shovel Test 2A,

Level 4, 30-40cm below 

surface

FOLS 6358 Two wire nails South Shovel Test 3A,

Level 3, 20-30cm below 

surface

FOLS 6359 Large wire staple South Shovel Test 3A,

Level 3, 20-30cm below 

surface

FOLS 6360 No. 12 shotshell head fragment, 

possibly a Remington Shurshot

North Shovel Test 20,

0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6361 Two fragments of bone, one 

joint fragment, one unknown

North Shovel Test 25,

Level 4, 30-40cm below 

surface

FOLS 6362 Three small fragments of 

concrete

North Shovel Test 54,

Level 2, 10-20cm below 

surface

FOLS 6363 Three corroded crown caps Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6364 Small fragment of bakelite Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6365 Single wire nail Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6366 Small circular piece of 

aluminum, possible bottle 

capsule foil

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6367 Winchester Ranger 12 gauge 

shotshell head fragment

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface
94

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED

Table 11. Concluded.

Catalog # Description Within Site

FOLS 6368 Peters victor 12 gauge shotshell 

head

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 1, 0-10cm below surface

FOLS 6369 Two wire nails, one is a roofing 

nail

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 2, 10-20cm below 

surface

FOLS 6370 A single broken asphalt roofing 

shingle fragment that fits back 

together

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 2, 10-20cm below 

surface

FOLS 6371 A foil wrapper with a small 

orange stripe

Parking Lot North,

Test Unit 1,

Level 2, 10-20cm below 

surface
95

Figures

Figure 1. Location of the geophysical project 

areas at the Fort Larned National Historic Site 

(14PA305), Pawnee County, Kansas.
96

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED Figure 2. Bridge replacement project alternatives provided by DSC planning staff.
97

FIGURES

Figure 3. Areas of Potential Effect for geophysical and archeological investigations.
98

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 4. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A from the west side (view to 

the east northeast).

Figure 5. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B from the southwest corner 

of the grassy field (view to the northeast).
99

FIGURES

Figure 6. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C (view to the east).

Figure 7. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D (view to the north 

northwest).
100

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 8. General view of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E from the southwest corner of 

the project area (view to the northeast).

Figure 9. Laying out the geophysical survey grid corner stakes with the surveying compass 

and 100-meter tape in project area B (view to the west).
101

FIGURES

Figure 10. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area A.

Figure 11. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.
102

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 12. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C.

Figure 13. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area D.
103

FIGURES

Figure 14. Sketch map of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area 

E.

Figure 15. Placing the surveying ropes on the geophysical grid in the southeast corner of 

project area B (view to the south).
104

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 16. Creating the sketch map of cultural and natural surface features in project area B (view to 

the west southwest).

Figure 17. Collecting GPS reading on one of the geophysical grid corner stakes 

with a GPS unit and external antenna (view to the south).
105

FIGURES

Figure 18. UTM grid of the geophysical project areas at the Fort 

Larned National Historic Site.

Figure 19. Conducting the magnetic survey with the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer (view to the south).
106

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 20. Conducting the resistance survey with the resistance meter and twin probe array 

(view to the north).

Figure 21. Conducting the ground penetrating radar survey with a gpr cart and 400 

mHz antenna (view to the east).
107

FIGURES

Figure 22. Image and contour plots of the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer magnetic data from the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area A.

Figure 23. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer magnetic data 

from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.
108

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 24. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area C.

Figure 25. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate 

gradiometer magnetic data from the FOLS Geophysical Project 

Area D.
109

FIGURES

Figure 26. Image and contour plots of the dual fluxgate gradiometer magnetic data 

from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E.

Figure 27. Image and contour plots of the resistance data from the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area A.
110

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 28. Image and contour plots of the resistance data from the 

southeast corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 29. Image and contour plots of the 

resistance data from the southwest corner of 

the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.
111

FIGURES

Figure 30. Time slice data from the gpr survey of the selected 

area within the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 31. Image and contour plot of the ground penetrating radar time slice 7 (13-17 

ns) data from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. 
112

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

gFi

ra

g

di

ur

om

e 32

et

. 

e

I

r f

nt

ro

er

m t

pre

h

t

e F

atio

OL

n o

S G

f t

e

h

oph

e m

y

a

si

g

c

n

a

e

l P

ti

ro

c d

j

a

e

t

c

a f

t Ar

ro

e

m t

a A

h

.

e dual fluxgate 

fF

lu

ig

x

u

g

r

at

e 3

e g

3

r

. 

a

In

d

t

io

e

m

rp

e

r

t

e

e

t

r f

ati

ro

on o

m th

f t

e F

h

OL

e ma

S G

gn

e

e

o

ti

ph

c d

y

a

s

t

ica

a f

l P

ro

roje

m th

ct A

e d

r

u

e

a

a B

l 

.
113

FIGURES

Figure 34. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual fluxgate gradiometer 

from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area C.

Figure 35. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area D.
114

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 36. Interpretation of the magnetic data from the dual 

fluxgate gradiometer from the FOLS Geophysical Project Area E.

Figure 37. Interpretation of the resistance data from the selected area within the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area A.
115

FIGURES

Figure 38. Interpretation of the resistance data from the 

southeast corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 39. Interpretation of the resistance data from the 

southwest corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.
116

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 40. Interpretation of the ground penetrating 

radar data from time slice 7 (13-17 ns) from the selected 

area within the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 41. Combined magnetic and resistance anomalies from the FOLS Geophysical 

Project Area A. 
117

FIGURES

Figure 42. Combined magnetic and resistance anomalies from the 

southeast corner of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B. 
118

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 43. Combined magnetic and resistance 

anomalies from the southwest corner of the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B. 

Figure 44. Combined magnetic and ground 

penetrating radar anomalies from the FOLS 

Geophysical Project Area B. 
119

FIGURES

Figure 46. 1950 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area. Figure 45. 1938 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.
120

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

FF

O

ig

L

u

S p

re 4

ro

7

je

. 

c

1

t a

95

rea

6 a

.

erial photograph of the 

Figure 48. 1963 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.
121

FIGURES

Figure 50. 1975 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.

Figure 49. 1970 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.
122

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED Figure 51. 1979 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area. a

F

re

ig

a

u

.

re 52. 1981 infrared aerial photograph of the FOLS project 
123

FIGURES

Figure 54. 1991 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area. t cejroS pLOe Fhf th opargotohl paired aerarfn5 i891 . 3e 5r. ua gire Fa
124

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED Figure 55. 1997 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area. Figure 56. 2002 aerial photograph of the FOLS project area.
125

FIGURES

t cejroS pLOe Fhf th opargotohl pairer aolo4 c002 . 8e 5r

.

u

a

gi

re

Fa t cejroS pLOe Fhf th opargotohl pairer aolo3 c002 . 7e 5r

.

u

a

gi

re

Fa
126

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 59. 2005 color aerial photograph of the FOLS project 

area.
127

FIGURES Figure 60. Conducting auger excavation in the 100-m shovel test grid in Geophysical Project Area B.
128

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

bGF

u

e

i

i

g

l

o

u

d

p

r

in

h

g

ys

e 6

s a

i

1

c

. 

a

n

l P

S

d p

h

ro

ov

a

j

e

r

e

a

c

l t

d

t A

e

e g

s

r

t l

ro

ea A t

oc

u

a

n

ti

d

o

.

o t

n

h

s o

e so

n th

ut

e n

hw

o

e

rt

st o

h s

f t

id

h

e o

e m

f t

ai

h

n f

e F

o

O

r

L

t 

S 

FF

O

ig

L

u

S G

r

e

e 6

o

2

p

. 

h

S

y

h

si

o

c

v

a

e

l P

l t

ro

es

jec

t a

t A

n

r

d e

e

x

a B

cav

.

ation unit locations on the 
129

FIGURES

Figure 63. Shovel test locations in the southwest corner of the 

FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 64. General view of Test Unit 1 in the south central part of the FOLS Geophysical Project Area 

B (view to the east northeast). 
130

GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTION FORT LARNED 

Figure 65. West wall profile of Test Unit 1 in the FOLS Geophysical Project Area B.

Figure 66. Summary of archeological and geophysical project at 

FOLS.