Slip Op. 01-63

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

BEFORE: RICHARD W. GOLDBERG, SENIOR JUDGE

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))),

*

PARK B. SMITH, LTD., *

*

Plaintiff, *

* 

v. *

* Court No. 96-02-00344

UNITED STATES, *

*

Defendant. *

*

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[Judgment in part for Plaintiff, judgment in part for Defendant.]

 Dated: May 29, 2001

Coudert Brothers (Steven H. Becker, Chris E. Pey, and Scott D.

Shauf), for plaintiff.

Stuart E. Schiffer, Acting Assistant Attorney General; Joseph

I. Liebman, Attorney-in-Charge, International Trade Field Office,

Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States

Department of Justice (Mikki Graves Walser); Office of the

Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, United

States Customs Service (Edward N. Maurer), of Counsel, for

defendant.

O P I N I O N

GOLDBERG, Senior Judge: This matter is before the Court

following trial de novo. It involves the proper classification

of approximately sixty-three items typically considered holiday

table linens in the textile trade. The case requires the Court

to interpret the scope of the term "festive articles" as it
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 2

appears in heading 9505 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedules of the

United States ("HTSUS"). Upon review of the evidence presented

at trial, the Court finds in favor of the plaintiff in part, and

in favor of the defendant in part. The Court exercises

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (1994).

BACKGROUND

 Park B Smith, Ltd., ("PBS") imports hand woven cotton

textile merchandise from India and then resells the merchandise

to retailers. The merchandise at issue here includes dhurries,

placemats, napkins and table runners. Generally, these items are

advertised and sold only to consumers prior to the particular

holiday with which they are associated. The majority of the

items were sold during the Christmas season.

The merchandise at issue was entered in 1994 and 1995. The

United States Customs Service ("Customs") classified the dhurries

under subheading 5702.99.1010, HTSUS (dutiable at 7.7% or 7.6% ad

valorem, depending on which year the entry was made); the

placemats and tablerunners under subheading 6302.51.40 HTSUS

(dutiable at 5.5% or 5.4% ad valorem); and the napkins under

subheading 6302.51.20 (dutiable at 5.5% or 5.4% ad valorem). 

PBS claims that all of the merchandise at issue should have

been classified as festive articles, and thus duty free, under

subheading 9505 of the HTSUS.

DISCUSSION

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Customs's tariff classification decisions are presumed to be
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 3

correct, and the importer has the burden of proving otherwise. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 2639(a)(1)(1994). To determine whether the

importer has overcome this presumption, the Court must consider

whether Customs's classification is correct. This evaluation is

conducted both independently and in comparison with the

importer's proposed alternative. See Jarvis Clark Co. v. United

States, 2 Fed. Cir. (T)70, 75, 733 F.2d 873, 878, reh'g denied, 2

Fed. Cir. (T) 97, 739 F.2d 628 (1984).

II. CUSTOMS’S CLASSIFICATION

At trial, Customs argued that the merchandise at issue was

properly classified under subheadings 5702.99.1010, 6302.51.40,

6302.51.20, HTSUS. PBS argued that even if the merchandise was

prima facie classifiable under the aforementioned subheadings, it

was also prima facie classifiable under the festive articles

provision of the HTSUS B heading 9505. PBS further claimed that

Section XI Note 1(t), HTSUS, excludes all articles of chapter 95

from being classified under Section XI. See Midwest of Cannon

Falls, Inc. v. United States, 20 CIT 123 (CIT, 1996), aff’d in

part, rev’d in part, 122 F.3d 1423, 1429 (Fed. Cir. 1997). 

Section XI, HTSUS includes chapters 50 - 63. Thus, PBS argued,

the merchandise was properly classifiable only under heading

9505.

Both parties agree that the merchandise was prima facie

classifiable under subheadings 5702.99.1010, 6302.51.40, and

6302.51.20, HTSUS. See Pl.’s Pretrial Mem. of Law, at 6; Def.’s

Pretrial Mem. of Law, at 10-15. Thus, the questions before the
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 4

 1Customs even went as far as to publish and make available

to the public an Advanced Level Informed Compliance Publication

of the U.S. Customs Service entitled "What Every Member of the

Trade Community Should Know About: CLASSIFICATION OF FESTIVE

ARTICLES as a result of the Midwest of Cannon Falls Court Case

(November 1997)." at

http://www.customs.ustreas.gov/impoexpo/impoexpo.html. This

article, in the Court’s opinion, is an inexcusably irresponsible

attempt by Customs to present to the public its twodimensional/three-dimensional distinction theory as the current

state of the law after Midwest. The Court reminds Customs that

it is the purview of the courts, not executive branch agencies,

to interpret the law.

Court are whether PBS has overcome Customs’s presumption of

correctness and proven that the merchandise is also classifiable

under heading 9505, and if so, whether Section XI Note 1(t)

operates to compel a classification under heading 9505, HTSUS. 

III. PRIMA FACIE CLASSIFICATION AS "FESTIVE ARTICLE" 

 UNDER 9505, HTSUS.

At trial, Customs argued that the merchandise at issue was

not prima facie classifiable as festive articles because the

general scope and explanatory notes of Heading 9505 indicate that

"Congress did not intend to extend the scope of this provision to

include all manner of possibly festive articles, i.e., rugs,

placemats, napkins, and table runners." See Def.’s Pretrial Mem.

of Law, at 17. Further, Customs claimed that the Federal

Circuit’s opinion in Midwest should be constrained to threedimensional objects, and thus not apply to any of the twodimensional objects at issue here.1

PBS, on the other hand, argued that the merchandise was

prima facie classifiable as festive articles because, as the

merchandise in Midwest, the merchandise at issue was designed,
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 5

marketed and used by consumers in conjunction with festive

occasions. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at 1429.

The meaning of a tariff term is a question of law. 

Brookside Veneers, Ltd. v. United States, 6 Fed. Cir. (T) 121,

124, 847 F.2d 786, 788, cert. denied, 488 U.S. 943 (1988). 

Courts interpret the tariff acts in order to carry out

legislative intent. Nippon Kogaku (USA), Inc. v. United States,

69 CCPA 89, 92, 673 F.2d 380 (1982). The first source for

determining legislative intent is the statutory language. United

States v. Esso Standard Oil Co., 42 CCPA 144, 155 (1955). In

ascertaining the plain meaning of a particular statutory term,

the Court presumes that Congress frames tariff acts using the

language of commerce. Nylos Trading Co. v. United States, 37

CCPA 71, 73 (1949). The Court also presumes that the commercial

meaning of a tariff term coincides with its common meaning, in

the absence of evidence to the contrary. United States v. C.J.

Tower & Sons, 48 CCPA 87, 89 (1961). The Court may rely on its

own understanding to determine the common meaning of a tariff

term. See Brookside Veneers, 6 Fed. Cir. (T) at 125, 847 F.2d at

789.

Here, the Court relies on all of these factors, as well as

the Federal Circuit’s direct guidance. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at

1429. As a threshold matter, Customs’s attempt to limit the

Federal Circuit’s holding in Midwest to only three dimensional

object is without merit. Nothing in the Federal Circuit’s

opinion even hints that such a distinction is warranted. See id.
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 6

 2 The design styles which incorporate festive symbols or

color schemes include: At Home, Autumn Day, Autumn Decor, Autumn

Welcome, Bats & Ghosts, Bunnies & Tulips, Bunny Hop, Candles &

Bells, Celebration, Christmas Cottage, Christmas Deer, Christmas

Garden, Christmas Garland, Christmas Highland, Christmas Holly,

Christmas Ornaments, Christmas Pines, Christmas Presents,

Christmas Sampler, Christmas Santa, Christmas Trees, Christmas

Village, Christmas Wreath, Cornucopia, Country Quilt, Decorated

Eggs, Duck Parade, Eagles Galore, Easter Basket & Eggs, Easter

Bouquet, Easter Tulips, Fall Gathering, Gingham Hearts, Harvest

Decor, Harvest Rows, Holiday Blossom/Holly Blossom, Holiday Town,

Holly Border, Holly Leaves, Houses & Hearts, Jingle Bells,

October Day, Poinsettia, Poinsettia Plaid, Pumpkins Galore,

Rabbit Run, Ringing Bells, Rocking Horse, Santa’s Plaid, Seasons

Trimmings, Sensation, Star Light, Stardom, Stars & Stripes,

Tartan, Trumpets & Hearts, Tulip Garden, Turkey Day, and White

at 1423-29. Rather, in Midwest the Federal Circuit sets out two

requirements for festive articles classification: (1) such

articles must be "closely associated" with a festive occasion and

(2) such articles must be displayed and used by the consumer only

during the festive occasion. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at 1429. The

Federal Circuit did not define "closely associated." See id.

The Court, however, considers the meaning of the term to be self

evident. See Brookside Veneers, 6 Fed. Cir.(T) 125, 847 F.2d at

789. If the physical appearance of an article is so

intrinsically linked to a festive occasion that its use during

other time periods would be aberrant, it is "closely associated"

to the festive occasion. See id. 

A. Merchandise Incorporating Festive Symbols and Color 

Schemes.

PBS’s attempt to establish that the merchandise at issue is

prima facie classifiable as festive articles is successful in

part. The merchandise at issue which incorporates festive

symbols and color schemes2 is "closely associated" with a festive
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 7

Christmas. See Pl.’s. Exh. 40. 

occasion and, as the evidence adduced at trial indicated, the

merchandise is likely to be "displayed and used by the consumer

only during" a festive occasion. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at 1429. 

Thus, such articles are "festive articles" and prima facie

classifiable under heading 9505.

The Court finds it illustrative to review a representative

sampling of the design styles which incorporate festive symbols

and color schemes. For example, the design style Autumn Welcome

is closely associated with the festive occasion of Halloween. 

Autumn Welcome’s design incorporates colors associated with the

Fall season (browns and oranges), jack-o-lantern pumpkins and

images of ghosts. Because the colors and symbols are

intrinsically linked to the celebration of Halloween the Court

finds that Autumn Welcome would likely only be used by a consumer

in relation to the festive occasion of Halloween.

The design style Cornucopia also bears mention. 

Cornucopia’s design incorporates colors associated with the Fall

season (browns and oranges), five images of cornucopias

overflowing with fruits and gourds interspersed with deciduous

tree branches bearing leaves. This design style is closely

associated with the festive occasion of the Fall or harvest

season. Cornucopia’s colors are associated with the Fall season

and the cornucopia itself is a symbol strongly affiliated with

harvest and abundance. Because of this association, this design

style would likely only be used by a consumer during the Fall or
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 8

harvest season.

Still other merchandise at issue incorporate no symbols, but

incorporate color combinations and patterns associated with a

festive occasion. For example, Christmas Highland is a red and

green plaid. The Court finds that Christmas Highland is prima

facie classifiable as a festive article because the design and

the colors are so closely associated with the festive occasion of

Christmas that the design would likely not be used by a consumer

during any other time of the year. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at

1429. The color combination of red and green is so often and

closely linked to Christmas in American culture that the Court

considers the color combination to be "closely associated" to the

festive occasion of Christmas.

At trial, merchandise incorporating festive symbols, color

schemes and patterns was also shown to have been designed,

marketed and sold for use during festive occasions and was in

fact displayed and used by consumers only during festive

occasions. Specifically, PBS offered testimony from its

president, from a member of its design department, from a PBS

employee with extensive retail experience, and from a consumer of

representative samples of the articles at issue. The Court finds

this testimony to be both credible and persuasive on the issue of

whether the merchandise bearing festive symbols, color schemes

and patterns was designed, marketed and sold for use during

festive occasions and was displayed and used by consumers only

during festive occasions. See Midwest, 122 F.3d at 1429.
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 9

 3 In addition, PBS initially sought judgment in regard to

merchandise incorporating the design style Harvest Time. PBS,

however, failed to supply any evidence of Harvest Time. 

Therefore, the Court will not consider Customs’s classification

of any merchandise at issue bearing the design style Harvest Time

and Customs’s classification of such items will be affirmed.

 4

Savannah and Serendipity were designed to be produced as

either solid red or solid green.

B. Articles Incorporating Single Color Schemes.

There are, however, three design styles that the Court finds

are not prima facie classifiable as festive articles: Savannah,

Serendipity, and Squaredance.3 Savannah and Serendipity are

solid color design styles.4 Although both Savannah and

Serendipity may have been designed and marketed by PBS to be used

during the Christmas holiday, the designs are not closely

associated with Christmas. To the contrary, the Court finds that

a solid color design is likely to be used by a consumer at any

time of the year and thus cannot be classified as a festive

article under the HTSUS. Likewise, Squaredance, a green, red and

blue plaid, is not closely associated with a festive occasion. 

As stated infra, the colors green and red in combination are

closely associated with the festive occasion of Christmas. Here,

however, the addition of blue to the green and red plaid design

prevents the design style from being closely associated with

Christmas. The color blue has no independent association with

Christmas and its combination with the colors red and green also

has no significance. Therefore, the Court holds that merchandise

incorporating the design style Squaredance cannot be classified

as festive articles under the HTSUS.
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 10

IV. OPERATION OF SECTION XI NOTE 1(t), HTSUS.

The Court has held that Customs’s classification of the

merchandise at issue was prima facie correct and that PBS’s

proposed classification as to some of the merchandise at issue is

also prima facie correct. Thus, there is a conflict as to the

correct classification of that merchandise. In a circumstance

such as this, the Court normally must decide which classification

provides the most specific description. See General Rules of

Interpretation (GRI)3(a), HTSUS. Here, however, a section note

renders such an analysis unnecessary.

At trial, Customs argued that even if the merchandise at

issue was prima facie classifiable as festive articles it was

properly classified by Customs. First, Customs claimed that

Section XI, Note 1(t) did not operate to prohibit Customs’s

classifications because Note 1(t) contained a list of exemplars

that should be interpreted to be exclusive. Thus, Customs

argued, because dhurries, placemats, napkins, and table runners

do not appear in the parenthetical to Note 1(t), these types of

articles are excluded from the operation of Note 1(t). Customs

then argued, again assuming a prima facie festive article

classification, that the merchandise at issue was properly

classified because the provisions chosen by Customs more

specifically identified the merchandise.

PBS argued that Section XI, Note 1(t) operates to exclude

all articles classifiable under Chapter 95, HTSUS, from

classification under any chapter in Section XI. Section XI,
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 11

 5This Court’s determination in regard to the operation of

Note 1(t) Section XI parallels the CFAC’s analysis of the

operation of note 2ij, chapter 69, in Midwest. See 122 F.3d at

1429.

contains Chapter 57 and Chapter 63, the two sections under which

all the merchandise at issue was classified by Customs.

The Court finds that Note 1(t) of Section XI excludes all of

the merchandise that is prima facie classifiable as festive

articles under heading 9505 from classification as carpets and

other textile floor coverings under chapter 57, HSTUS, or as

other made up textile articles; needlecraft sets; worn clothing

and worn textile articles; rags under chapter 63, HSTUS. Thus,

for the merchandise at issue that the Court found to be prima

facie classifiable as festive articles, Customs’s classification

of these articles under chapter 57 and 63 was in error. 

GRI 1, HTSUS, provides that classification shall be

determined "according to the terms of the headings and any

relative section or chapter notes...." Section XI of Note 1(t)

of Section XI is quite clear: "1. This section does not cover:

(t)Articles of chapter 95 (for example, toys, games, sports

requisites and nets)." Customs’s assertion that the list of

exemplars is exclusive is without merit. The clear meaning of

this note is to exclude all articles classifiable under chapter

95 from classification anywhere in Section XI. The parenthetical

examples are just that B examples.5 

CONCLUSION

Therefore, although Customs’s classification of all the
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 12

merchandise at issue was prima facie correct, Customs erred in

its classification of the merchandise incorporating festive

symbols, color schemes and patterns because Section XI Note 1(t)

HTSUS compels Customs to classify these items as festive

articles. 

JUDGMENT

This case having been heard at trial and submitted for

decision, and the Court, after due deliberation, having rendered

a decision herein; now, in conformity with said decision, it is

hereby

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the Christmas dhurries, excluding merchandise incorporating

design styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity, and

Squaredance, by the United States Customs Service ("Customs")

under subheading 5702.99.10 of the Harmonized Tarrif Schedule of

the United States ("HTSUS") is reversed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.10.50 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the Christmas dhurries incorporating design styles Harvest Time,

Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance, by Customs under

subheading 5702.99.10 of HTSUS is affirmed. Judgment is hereby

entered for defendant; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the Christmas placemats and table runners, excluding merchandise

incorporating design styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity,

and Squaredance, by Customs under subheading 6302.51.40 of the

HTSUS is reversed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.10.50 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the Christmas placemats and table runners incorporating design
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 13

styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance, by

Customs under subheading 6302.51.40 of the HTSUS is affirmed. 

Judgment is hereby entered for defendant; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that the classification of

Christmas napkins, excluding merchandise incorporating design

styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance, by

Customs under subheading 6302.51.20 of the HTSUS is reversed; and

it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.10.50 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff, and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that the classification of

Christmas napkins incorporating design styles Harvest Time,

Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance, by Customs under

subheading 6302.51.20 of the HTSUS is affirmed. Judgment is

hereby entered for defendant; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that the classification of

4th of July, Easter and Halloween dhurries, excluding merchandise

incorporating design styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity,

and Squaredance, by Customs under subheading 5702.99.10 of the

HTSUS is reversed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.90.60 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED: that the classification of

4th of July, Easter and Halloween dhurries incorporating design

styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance by

Customs under subheading 5702.99.10 of the HTSUS is affirmed. 

Judgment is hereby entered for defendant; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

4th of July, Easter and Halloween placemats and table runners,

excluding merchandise incorporating design styles Harvest Time,

Savannah, Serendipity, and Squaredance, by Customs under

subheading 6302.51.40 of the HTSUS is reversed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.90.60 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with
Court No. 96-02-00344 Page 14

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

4th of July, Easter and Halloween placemats and table runners

incorporating design styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity,

and Squaredance by Customs under subheading 6302.51.40 of the

HTSUS is affirmed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the 4th of July, Easter and Halloween napkins, excluding

merchandise incorporating design styles Harvest Time, Savannah,

Serendipity, and Squaredance, by Customs under subheading

6302.51.20 of the HTSUS is reversed; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that Customs shall

reliquidate the immediately aforementioned subject merchandise

under subheading A9505.90.60 of the HTSUS, dutiable at the rate

of free. Customs shall refund all excess duties paid with

interest as provided by law. Judgment is hereby entered for

plaintiff; and it is further

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED: that the classification of

the 4th of July, Easter and Halloween napkins incorporating

design styles Harvest Time, Savannah, Serendipity, and

Squaredance by Customs under subheading 6302.51.20 of the HTSUS

is affirmed. Judgment is hereby entered for defendant.

_________________________________ JUDGE

 Dated: May 29, 2001 

New York, New York 
ERRATA

Park B. Smith, Ltd., v. United States, Court No. 96-02-00344, Slip-Op. 01-63, dated May 29,

2001.

On page 1 delete the name “Edward N. Maurer” and insert the name “Sheryl A. French.”

May 31, 2001