1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

COUNCIL ON AMERICAN-ISLAMIC 

RELATIONS ACTION NETWORK, INC., et 

al.,

Plaintiffs

v.

PAUL DAVID GAUBATZ, et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No. 09-2030 (CKK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

(December 2, 2022)

This tort case is before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions in limine.1

 The case 

centers on an alleged scheme between Defendants Paul Gaubatz, David Gaubatz, and affiliated 

organizations to gather damaging information on Plaintiffs Council on American-Islamic 

Relations Action Network, Inc. (“CAIR-AN”) and CAIR-Foundation, Inc. (“CAIR-F” and, 

collectively, “CAIR”) under false pretenses. Plaintiffs’ remaining claims to relief arise under the 

Federal Wiretap Act, the District of Columbia Wiretap Act, the Stored Communications Act, and 

the common law of trespass. Defendants seek to present particularly inflammatory evidence of 

Plaintiffs’ purported links to the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist organizations in an 

effort to portray Plaintiffs as criminal organizations and material supporters of Islamic terrorism. 

Because these specious allegations have nothing to do with the claims at issue and would overly 

prejudice the jury, the Court shall exclude all such evidence and testimony. Accordingly, and 

1

 Plaintiffs filed one document, ECF No. 249, entitled “Plaintiffs’ Motions in Limine,” 

containing seven separate “motions.” For ease of reference, the Court refers to each motion 

seriatim (e.g., “Plaintiffs’ First Motion”), each of which is contained within ECF No. 249. 
2

upon consideration of the pleadings, the relevant legal authority, and the record as a whole2, the 

Court shall GRANT IN PART AND DENY IN PART Plaintiffs’ [249] Motions in Limine.

I. BACKGROUND

Given how long this case has been pending, the Court shall restate the factual background 

of this matter in more detail. Plaintiffs’ remaining claims to relief arise under the common law 

of trespass, the Federal Wiretap Act, the District of Columbia Wiretap Act, and the Stored 

Communications Act. CAIR v. Gaubatz, 82 F. Supp. 3d 344, 349 (D.D.C. 2015); Third Am.

Compl. Plaintiffs allege that, beginning in 2007, Defendants crafted and executed a plan by 

which Defendant Chris Gaubatz secured and completed work as a CAIR intern under false 

pretenses in order to access and distribute confidential information belonging to CAIR. Third 

Am. Compl. at ¶ 21. This scheme was purportedly motivated by Defendants’ belief that CAIR, a 

civil rights organization, was a “front group” for nefarious Islamist organizations. 

2 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following briefing and materials submitted by the 

parties:

• Plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 126 (“Third Am. Compl.”);

• Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine, ECF No. 249 (“Pls.’ Mot.”);

• Gaubatz Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine, ECF No. 253 (“Gaubatz 

Defs.’ Resp.”);

• CSP Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine, ECF No. 250 (“CSP Defs.’ 

Opp’n”);

• CSP Defendants’ Motion in Limine, ECF No. 248 (“CSP Defs.’ Mot.”);

• Plaintiffs’ Response to CSP Defendants’ Motion in Limine, ECF No. 251 (“Pls.’ Resp. to 

CSP Defs.’ Mot.”);

• CSP Defendants’ Reply in Support of Motion in Limine, ECF. No. 254 (“CSP Defs.’ 

Reply”); 

• Gaubatz Defendants’ Supplemental Brief and Exhibits, ECF No. 262 and 263 (“Gaubatz 

Defs.’ Suppl. Br.”);

• CSP Defendants’ Supplemental Brief and Exhibits, ECF No. 261 (“CSP Defs.’ Suppl. 

Br.”);

• Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief, ECF No. 266 (“Pls.’ Reply Br.”).

In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument would not be of 

assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f). 
3

Plaintiffs contend that Defendants SANE and Yerushalmi entered into a 2007 agreement 

with Defendant David Gaubatz whereby David Gaubatz would serve as the Director of SANE’s

unrelated “Mapping Shari’a in America: Knowing the Enemy Project.” Id. at ¶ 22; Pls.’ Ex. A 

(“SANE-Gaubatz Agreement”); CAIR v. Gaubatz, 31 F. Supp. 3d 237, 244-45 (D.D.C. 2014). 

Under the agreement, Gaubatz worked as SANE’s and Yerushalmi’s agent, reported directly to 

Yerushalmi, and held the authority and obligation to manage the “field work” of SANE, 

including data collection, hiring and training of “field agents,” and supervising analysis of 

collected data. Third Am. Compl. ¶ 22; Pls.’ Ex. A. The agreement dictated that all “written, 

electronic, and digital material” collected by David Gaubatz through his work for SANE would 

be “the exclusive property” of SANE. Third Am. Compl. ¶ 25; Pls.’ Ex. A.

When Defendant CSP needed someone to manage field research for its “CAIR 

Documentary Project,” Defendant CSP contacted Defendants SANE and Yerushalmi, who 

recommended Defendant David Gaubatz for the role. CAIR, 31 F. Supp. 3d at 244-45. Plaintiffs 

allege that the Gaubatz Defendants “entered into at least two agreements” with Defendants CSP 

and Brim according to which the Gaubatz Defendants provided Defendants CSP and Brim with 

Plaintiffs’ confidential information obtained by Chris Gaubatz. Third Am. Compl. ¶ 42; Pls.’

Ex. B (“CSP-Gaubatz Agreement”). 

Plaintiffs assert that in 2008 Defendant Chris Gaubatz, in furtherance of Defendants’

agreements, served as Defendant David Gaubatz’s “chief field investigator” and worked as an

intern first at the affiliate CAIR MD/VA Office in Virginia and then at the national CAIR office 

in Washington, D.C. by deceptively stating that his name was David Marshall and he was an 

adherent to the Muslim faith, among other false representations. Id. ¶¶ 26-28, 41. These CAIR 

offices, including the areas where computers are stored, were not open to the public and could 
4

only be accessed with authorization from CAIR. Id. ¶¶ 34-35. Plaintiffs have stipulated that 

Defendant Chris Gaubatz’s conduct at the CAIR MD/VA Office does not form the basis for any 

of their claims. CAIR, 31 F. Supp. 3d at 247.

During his work as a CAIR intern, Plaintiffs contend that, without Plaintiffs’ 

authorization, Defendant Chris Gaubatz accessed and removed confidential CAIR documents, 

recorded private conversations involving CAIR employees and concerning CAIR activities, and 

distributed this confidential information to Defendants David Gaubatz, CSP, Brim, SANE, and 

Yerushalmi. Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21, 48-54. Plaintiffs claim Defendant Chris Gaubatz accessed 

CAIR computers and networks with login credentials he was not authorized to use and 

distributed electronics documents, including emails and spreadsheets, to Defendant David 

Gaubatz without Plaintiffs’ consent. Id. at ¶ 49-50, 71. Plaintiffs allege the Gaubatz Defendants 

then distributed the documents and recordings to Defendants CSP and Brim without Plaintiffs’ 

authorization. Id. ¶¶ 53, 71; see Pls.’ Ex. C (“SANE-Gaubatz Settlement Agreement”). Plaintiffs 

assert that Defendants CSP and Brim knew how the Gaubatz Defendants obtained the recordings 

and that Defendants CSP and Brim subsequently distributed them to additional parties. Id. ¶¶ 

56-57. 

Over successive rounds of dispositive briefing, three sets of claims remain: those arising 

under the Federal and D.C. Wiretap Acts, the Stored Communications Act, and the common law 

of trespass. 

First, Plaintiff CAIR-F claims Defendant Chris Gaubatz intercepted CAIF-F’s 

communications in violation of the Federal Wiretap Act and the D.C. Wiretap Acts. Third Am. 

Compl. ¶ 80. The Federal Wiretap Act prohibits the intentional interception of “any wire, oral, 

or electronic communication,” including attempted interception. 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(a); 18 
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U.S.C. § 2520(a) (authorizing civil action for recovery based on interception). “Interception” 

means “the aural or other acquisition of contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication 

through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.” 18 U.S.C. § 2510(4). 

Plaintiffs also claims that Defendants Chris Gaubatz, David Gaubatz, CSP, and Brim 

used and disclosed the contents of the intercepted communications in violation of the Federal 

Wiretap Act and the D.C. Wiretap Act. Third Am. Compl ¶ 87. Like the Federal Wiretap Act, 

the D.C. Wiretap Act prohibits willful disclosure and willful use of “the contents of any wire or 

oral communication, or evidence derived therefrom” when an individual knows or has reason to 

know “that the communication was obtained through the interception of an oral or wire 

communication.” D.C. Code § 23-542(a)(2)-(3); D.C. Code § 23-554(a)(1) (authorizing civil 

action for recovery based on disclosure and use). The D.C. Wiretap Act, however, does not 

require knowledge that the communication at issue was illegally intercepted. CAIR, 31 F. Supp. 

3d at 264 & n.10. 

Plaintiff CAIR-F further claims Defendants David Gaubatz, Yerushalmi, CSP, and Brim 

are liable for Defendant Chris Gaubatz’s violations of the Federal Wiretap Act and D.C. Wiretap 

Act by respondeat superior. CAIR v. Gaubatz, 31 F. Supp. 3d at 253, 268-70. Specifically, 

Plaintiff CAIR-F asserts (1) that Defendant Chris Gaubatz was Defendant David Gaubatz’s agent 

and (2) that Defendant Chris Gaubatz was therefore Defendants Yerushalmi’s, CSP’s, and 

Brim’s sub-agent because Defendant David Gaubatz was their agent. Id. at 268-69. 

Second, CAIR-F argues that Defendants violated the Stored Communications Act. Third 

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 89-93. Specifically, Plaintiff CAIR-F claims that (1) Defendant Chris Gaubatz 

accessed electronic communications stored in CAIR-F’s computers and servers without 

authorization in violation of the Stored Communications Act and (2) Defendants David Gaubatz, 
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Yerushalmi, CSP, and Brim are liable for Defendant Chris Gaubatz’s conduct by respondeat 

superior. Id. at ¶ 90; CAIR, 31 F. Supp. 3d at 273. The theory through which Plaintiff CAIR-F 

claims Defendants David Gaubatz, Yerushalmi, CSP, and Brim are liable for Defendant Chris 

Gaubatz’s conduct under the Stored Communications Act is identical to that raised under the 

Federal and D.C. Wiretap Acts. 

Third and finally, Plaintiffs claim Chris Gaubatz is liable for trespass by gaining consent 

to enter the national CAIR office under false pretenses and by exceeding the scope of the consent 

he gained. Third Am. Compl. at ¶ 127-134. Trespass is defined as “an unauthorized entry onto 

property that results in interference with the property owner’s possessory interest therein.” 

Sarete, Inc. v. 1344 U. Street Ltd. P’ship, 871 A.2d 480, 490 (D.C. 2005). 

CAIR also seeks punitive damages. To recover on their first and third sets of claims, 

Plaintiffs must show (1) that the defendant “acted with evil motive, actual malice, deliberate 

violence or oppression, or with intent to injure, or in willful disregard for the rights of the 

plaintiff,” and (2) that his conduct “was outrageous, grossly fraudulent, or reckless toward the 

safety of the plaintiff.”3 CAIR need only show willfulness to recover punitive damages on its 

SCA claim. 18 U.S.C. § 2707(c). 

Procedurally, the Court denied without prejudice Plaintiffs’ motions in limine pending 

supplemental briefing on Plaintiffs’ motions in limine, but did not order supplemental briefing on 

CSP Defendants’ motion. CAIR, 306 F. Supp. 3d 165 (D.D.C. 2018). The CSP Defendants 

3

 See, e.g., Destefano v. Children's Nat. Med. Ctr., 121 A.3d 59, 66 (D.C. 2015) (D.C. common 

law on punitive damages generally); Wood v. Neuman, 979 A.2d 64, 73 (D.C. 2009) (trespass 

specifically); Smoot v. United Transp. Union, 246 F.3d 633, 647-48 (6th Cir. 2001) (on Federal 

Wiretap Act claim, punitive damages available when “aggrieved party demonstrates that a 

wanton, reckless[,] or malicious’ violation of the Act has occurred” (internal quotation marks 

omitted)).
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correctly note that the Court actually ordered supplemental briefing as to Plaintiffs’ motions in 

limine. As such, this Memorandum Opinion and Order resolves Plaintiffs’ motions in limine, 

resolves in part the CSP Defendants’ [258] Motion in Limine, and holds in abeyance the 

remainder of CSP Defendants’ [258] Motion in Limine pending supplemental briefing ordered at 

the end of this Memorandum Opinion and Order. 

II. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs’ motions in limine generally seek to exclude Defendants’ efforts to paint CAIR 

as a criminal organization, a material supporter of terrorism, partial to Islamism, and a 

discriminatory employer. Broadly, such proffered testimony and exhibits are irrelevant or, even 

where relevant, far more prejudicial than probative. The Court turns to each pending motion in 

turn. 

A. Plaintiffs’ First Motion

Plaintiffs first move to preclude Defendants from introducing evidence referring to 

CAIR-F and CAIR-N as criminal organizations and/or “Muslim Brotherhood front group[s].” 

Pls.’ Mot. at 1. Plaintiffs argue that this evidence is irrelevant under Rule 401 to all remaining 

claims and defenses in the case and that, even if it were relevant, Rule 403 requires its exclusion 

because the risk of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs its probative value. Fed. R. Evid. 

401, 403; Pls.’ Mot. 1-2. Defendants represent that they intend to put on evidence to establish 

that CAIR, a notable civil rights organization, secretly supports terrorism in order to: (1) show no 

fiduciary relationship existed between Defendant Chris Gaubatz and Plaintiffs; (2) impeach 

Plaintiffs were they to represent at trial that they are, in fact, civil rights organizations; (4) 

Plaintiffs had no reasonable expectation of privacy; (4) Defendants did not act maliciously or 

with evil motive; and (6) the “substantive soundness” of the documentary and the insignificance 
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of the recordings’ content to Defendants CSP and Brim. Gaubatz Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 

262 at 1-8; CSP Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 261 at 4, 8-12. Most of these showings are 

irrelevant to the remaining claims, and even where such evidence might be relevant, the risk of 

prejudice outweighs whatever slight probative value it might carry.

As an initial matter, Plaintiffs’ evidence that a respected civil rights organization is 

secretly a front for radical Islamic terrorism is, to be put it mildly, scant. Much of the proffered 

evidence is nearly three decades old. E.g., Proposed Trial Exhibit 5 (1993); Proposed Trial 

Exhibit 32 (1994). Other proposed exhibits are tenuous at best. They include, for example, the 

federal government’s initial inclusion of CAIR as an unindicted coconspirator with a group 

known as the “Holy Land Foundation.” The Holy Land Foundation, convicted of funneling its 

own funds to terror groups, evidently wrote a check to CAIR in 1994. Proposed Trial Exhibits 3, 

31. For the purposes of Federal Rule of Evidence 103(b), the Court is skeptical that Defendants 

could carry such an evidentiary burden in the first place. 

Whether they could make that showing is largely beside the point, because evidence of 

prior unlawful acts is entirely collateral to the remaining claims. Whether CAIR had previously 

engaged in criminal activity is irrelevant, for instance, to whether Gaubatz had a fiduciary duty 

to CAIR of which Gaubatz was aware. See Bolton v. Crowley, Hoge & Fein, P.C., 110 A.3d 

575, 584 (D.C. 2015) (quoting Gov't of Rwanda v. Rwanda Working Group, 227 F.Supp.2d 45, 

64 (D.D.C. 2002)) (“[a] fiduciary relationship is founded upon trust or confidence reposed by 

one person in the integrity and fidelity of another.”). Cf. also In re Enron Corp. Securities, 

Derivative & ERISA Litig., 284 F. Supp. 2d 511, 581 (S.D. Tex. 2003) (corporate officers of 

Enron nevertheless owed fiduciary duty to Enron notwithstanding level of criminality at 

leadership level of organization). Similarly, whether Defendant Chris Gaubatz’s relationship 
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with Plaintiff CAIR-F vested a fiduciary duty of non-disclosure depends not on his internal 

understanding of his relationship with Plaintiff CAIR-F, but the objective circumstances of the 

relationship, including the extent to which he had access to confidential information and private 

facilities and operated as Plaintiff CAIR-F’s agent. CAIR, 31 F. Supp. 3d 237. 256-261 (D.D.C. 

2014).

The question of whether Plaintiffs are “genuine civil rights organization[s]” for which 

Defendants offer this evidence is also not relevant to any of the claims or defenses. Even were 

CAIR itself a terrorist group––it obviously is not––there is no “vigilantism” exception to the 

D.C. and Federal Wiretap Acts, the Stored Communications Act, or the common law of trespass. 

See 18 U.S. Code § 2511(c) (exceptions for interception by person acting under color of law 

under the Federal Wiretap Act); D.C. Code § 23–542(b)(2) (exceptions for interception by 

person acting under color of law under D.C. Wiretap Act); 18 U.S. Code § 2703 (exception for 

disclosure to government entities pursuant to a warrant under the Stored Communications Act).4 

To the extent Plaintiffs seek compensatory damages, this evidence is also not relevant to the 

question of whether Plaintiffs suffered any actual harm. 

Similarly, Defendants offer no explanation as to how this evidence is relevant to 

unspecified “equitable remedies” nor how the issue of the documentary’s “substantive

4

 See also Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514, 524-25 (2001) (First Amendment does not bar 

federal criminal sanction for unlawfully intercepting a private entity’s communications, even 

where those communications involved criminal conspiracy). As for trespass, the D.C. Court of 

Appeals has not explicitly held that there is no safe harbor for vigilantes or newsgathering, but 

most other jurisdictions hold as much. E.g., People v. Johnson, 859 N.E.2d 290, 300-02 (Ill. Ct. 

App. 2006) (criminal trespass and vigilantism); Food Lion, Inc. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 951 

F. Supp. 1211, 1214 (M.D.N.C. 1996) (civil trespass and newsgathering). The Court expects that 

the D.C. Court of Appeals would join this approach. Cf. Danai v. Canal Square Assocs., 862 

A.2d 395, 401 n.5 (D.C. 2004) (in tort of intrusion upon seclusion, noting close link between 

constitutional privacy and common-law privacy). 
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soundness” is relevant to any of Plaintiffs’ claims. This evidence’s purported tendency to 

support the thesis of Defendant CSP’s CAIR documentary is in no way material to any element 

of Plaintiffs’ claims, which concern interception, use, and disclosure of and access to electronic 

communications as well as physical trespass on property. 

As for impeachment, as an initial matter, extrinsic evidence of misconduct to attack a 

witness’s credibility generally is not admissible. See United States v. Robinson, 530 F.2d 1076, 

1079 (D.C. Cir. 1976); United States v. Tarantino, 846 F.2d 1384, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1988). 

Moreover, because the purported instances of connections to radical Islamism are irrelevant to 

the claims at issue, extrinsic evidence of such is inadmissible as collateral evidence. See 

Tarantino, 846 F.2d at 1410. Additionally, it appears that few, if any, of the proposed exhibits 

Defendants seek to use for impeachment purposes will likely be Plaintiffs’ witnesses’ prior 

statements, and witnesses may be impeached only “by their own prior inconsistent statements.” 

Id. at 1416 (emphasis original). See also United States v. Mahdi, 498 F.3d 883, 894 (D.C. Cir. 

2010) (affirming trial court’s exclusion, on Rule 403 grounds, of impeachment with extrinsic 

evidence that prosecution witness had previously killed another man with a gun after prosecution 

witness denied having ever handled a gun).

At the merits stage, the Court shall not just bar such extrinsic evidence, but also the 

questions in the first place. The mere mention of “terrorism” is far too likely to inflame the 

jury’s passions and prejudice Plaintiffs. Cf. United States v. O’Neal, 844 F.3d 271, 276 (D.C. 

Cir. 2016) (finding no abuse of discretion in excluding question regarding and evidence of 

witness’s prior “shady business” where line of questioning more prejudicial than probative).

5

5

 Cf. also Diaz v. City of Anaheim, 840 F.3d 592, 602-03 (9th Cir. 2016) (holding trial court 

abused discretion in refusing to bifurcate trial where gang affiliation was relevant only to 

damages and not to liability); Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 2018) (in 
11

When weighed against the minimal probative value and the inadmissibility of any such extrinsic 

evidence, Rule 403 bars any questions or statements about any purported links to Islamism, 

criminal activity, or radical Islamic terrorism. 

The relevance of Defendants’ proposed line of questioning poses a closer question for the 

purposes of punitive damages. Although both D.C. and federal law discuss punitive damages 

using terms like “malice” and “evil motive,” the locus of analysis for both is willfulness. E.g., 

Destafano, 121 A.3d at 66-67; Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 34-35 (1983). In other words, the 

key question is often not what motivated a particular tortious action, but rather whether the 

action was taken in known violation of the victim’s lawful rights. See Elkins v. District of 

Columbia, 610 F. Supp. 2d 52, 63-65 (D.D.C. 2009). This is particularly so under D.C. law, in 

which the main purpose of punitive damages is to “punish [intentional] and unlawful conduct 

and deter its repetition.” See Destefano, 121 A.3d at 66-67. As such, and to avoid the admission 

of particularly inflammatory testimony and exhibits, the Court will preclude Plaintiffs from 

arguing that Defendants tortious conduct came by “evil motive,” and instead require Plaintiffs to 

show willfulness to recover punitive damages on each claim. At the same time, the Court will 

preclude evidence that CAIR is a criminal organization or a “front group” for foreign Islamist 

organizations. With these instructions, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ First Motion. 

B. Plaintiffs’ Second Motion

Second, Plaintiffs move to preclude Defendants from offering evidence that U.S. 

government has proven or has knowledge that CAIR is founded by the Muslim Brotherhood, 

Hamas, or any other terrorist organization. Pls.’ Mot. at 5. Plaintiffs argue this evidence is 

prison civil rights action, affirming exclusion of prior felony criminal convictions and gang 

affiliations of inmate plaintiffs as unduly prejudicial).
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irrelevant and highly prejudicial. Id. Because Defendants are not authorized law enforcement 

personnel, Plaintiffs argue the evidence is irrelevant to any of the claims and available defenses. 

Id. The Gaubatz Defendants expressly state that they do not intend to offer evidence that the 

U.S. government has proven or has knowledge that CAIR is founded by the Muslim 

Brotherhood, Hamas, or any other terrorist organization. Without such a showing, and for the 

same reasons the Court excluded evidence of CAIR engaging in criminal activity above, the 

Court excludes evidence suggesting any link between CAIR, Hamas, or any other terrorist group. 

As such, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Second Motion.

C. Plaintiffs’ Third Motion

Third, Plaintiffs move to preclude evidence that Defendants were acting on behalf of law 

enforcement, the United States, or any other governmental entity or that they obtained 

documents for the purpose of distributing them to U.S. government officials. Pls.’ Mot. at 5. 

The Gaubatz Defendants and CSP Defendants fail to address Plaintiffs’ third motion to preclude 

evidence that Defendants were acting on behalf of law enforcement, the United States, or any 

other governmental entity or that they obtained documents for the purpose of distributing them to 

U.S. government officials. As such, that portion of the Third Motion is conceded. See Kone v. 

District of Columbia, 808 F. Supp. 2d 80, 83 (D.D.C. 2011). To the extent Defendants argue that 

they somehow had legal authority to access CAIR’s records on some belief of criminality, it is 

beyond peradventure that Defendants, who have no link to any government agency, were not 

acting under color of law at the time of the allegedly tortious actions. See Democracy Partners 

v. Project Veritas Action Fund, 453 F. Supp. 3d 261, 285-87 (D.D.C. 2020). 

As a result, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Third Motion and excludes evidence that 

Defendants were acting on behalf of law enforcement, the United States, or any other 
13

governmental entity and obtained documents for the purpose of distributing them to U.S. 

government officials. 

D. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Motion

Fourth, Plaintiffs move to exclude evidence or testimony that Defendant David Gaubatz 

was an Arab linguist for the U.S. State Department and U.S. Air Force Office of Special 

Investigations Special Agent. Pls.’ Mot. at 6. Plaintiffs argue Defendant David Gaubatz’s 

training and prior employment are irrelevant and risk misleading the jury with respect to his 

authority to investigate Plaintiffs. Id. CSP Defendants contend that evidence of Defendant 

David Gaubatz’s training and experience in the Air Force is relevant to Plaintiffs’ respondeat 

superior theory because it speaks to the scope of his duties and especially whether he acted 

independently from Defendants CSP and Brim or under their control. CSP Defs.’ Suppl. Br., 

ECF No. 261 at 8-9, 17-18. CSP Defendants also argue that evidence of Defendant David 

Gaubatz’s training and experience in the Air Force is relevant to their claim that they lacked the 

knowledge required under the Federal Wiretap Act because it supports their claim that they 

trusted the materials Defendant David Gaubatz delivered to them was obtained lawfully. Id. at 

18.

Although not particularly probative, Defendant David Gaubatz’s prior training makes it 

slightly more likely that Defendants CSP and Brim might have permitted Defendant David 

Gaubatz to work independently. For the same reasons as stated above, however, his background 

may not be used to suggest to the jury that he was authorized under color of law to surveil CAIR. 

The Court further concludes that testimony as to David Gaubatz’s prior employment is not itself 

unduly prejudicial. Therefore, Defendants may only use evidence of Defendant David Gaubatz’s 
14

prior training to show he acted independently, and for no other purpose. As such, the Court 

GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART Plaintiffs’ Fourth Motion. 

E. Plaintiffs’ Fifth and Sixth Motions

Fifth, Plaintiffs move to preclude any former or current CAIR employees from testifying 

about alleged discrimination or mistreatment within CAIR or presenting evidence that Plaintiffs 

discriminate between Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims. Pls.’ Mot. at 6. Sixth, Plaintiffs move to 

exclude evidence and arguments that attempt to exploit and attack Islam, including any evidence 

from a 2014 documentary film called “Honor Diaries” that discusses the rights of women in 

Muslim-majority societies. Pl.’s Mot. at 6-7. Plaintiffs argue alleged discrimination is not 

relevant to any of the claims or defenses at issue and that its high risk of prejudice outweighs its 

low probative value is. Id. The CSP Defendants explicitly decline to contest these motions. CSP 

Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 261 at 2. The Gaubatz Defendants also decline to contest Plaintiffs’ 

Sixth Motion. Gaubatz Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 262 at 21. As such, the Court GRANTS 

Plaintiffs’ Sixth Motion as conceded and excludes evidence and arguments that attempt to 

exploit and attack Islam, including any evidence from a 2014 documentary film called “Honor 

Diaries.”

With respect to Plaintiffs’ Fifth Motion, Gaubatz Defendants argue only that evidence of 

discrimination has impeachment value because it is relevant to CAIR’s status as a civil rights 

organization. Gaubatz Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 262 at 20-21. For the same reasons discussed 

above, any extrinsic evidence of purported discrimination is collateral and inadmissible. Supra 

at 10-11. Furthermore, a generalized history of discrimination has the potential to mislead the 

jury in their consideration of the party’s conduct and invoke emotionally-charged judgment of 

Plaintiffs. As such, given the limited probative value of such a line of questioning, the Court 
15

concludes any such probative value its substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. 

The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Fifth Motion and excludes Ms. Haddadi and any other 

former or current CAIR employees from testifying about alleged discrimination or mistreatment 

within CAIR or presenting evidence that Plaintiffs discrimination between Sunni and Shi’ite 

Muslims.

F. Plaintiffs’ Seventh Motion

Seventh, Plaintiffs move to preclude any alleged affirmative defenses not pled in 

Defendants’ answer or dispositive motions. Pls.’ Mot. at 7. Specifically, Plaintiffs move to 

preclude defenses based on claims that (1) no expectation of privacy exists for criminal conduct 

or for a criminal organization and its agents, (2) the reporting and preserving of evidence of 

criminal conduct is required by 18 U.S.C. § 4, and (3) Defendant Chris Gaubatz’s entry was 

permitted under the common law doctrines of public and private necessity. Pls.’ Mot. at 7-8. 

CSP Defendants’ responses, which Gaubatz Defendants join, argue that these defenses of 

“authority” were pled in Defendants’ Answer to the Third Amended Complaint and in 

Defendants’ answers to Plaintiffs’ interrogatories. CSP Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 261 at 19-20; 

Gaubatz Defs.’ Suppl. Br., ECF No. 262 at 21. They were not advanced in the operative answer,

ECF No. 130 at 16-17, and interrogatories cannot amend pleadings, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). 

The Court therefore excludes these defenses as waived. See Kapche v. Holder, 677 F.3d 454, 

465 (D.C. Cir. 2012).

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Seventh Motion and precludes any 

alleged affirmative defenses not pled in Defendants’ answer or dispositive motions, including 

any defenses based on Plaintiffs’ lack of reasonable expectation of privacy, legal authorization 

under the misprision of felony provision, or private and public necessity. 
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G. CSP Defendants’ Motion in Limine

Finally, the Court turns to the CSP Defendants’ Motion in Limine. The remaining issues 

include: (1) an objection to the admission of a book entitled “Muslim Mafia” on hearsay and 

relevance grounds; (2) the extent of testimony by Sarah Pavlis, Adam Savit, Corey Saylor, David 

Zimmerman, and Harold C. Weatherman II; (3) objections to Exhibits 3, 5, and 6; (4) objections 

to deposition transcripts on the grounds that they violate the Court’s Pretrial Scheduling Order; 

and (5) an objection to any evidence of damages because Plaintiffs have failed to itemize them in 

violation of the Pretrial Scheduling Order. CAIR v. Gaubatz, 306 F. Supp. 3d 165, 181 (D.D.C. 

2018); CSP Defs.’ Mot., ECF No. 248. The Court defers ruling on the “Muslim Mafia” issue, 

issues with witnesses, and evidentiary objections to exhibits and HOLDS IN ABEYANCE the 

CSP Defendants’ [248] Motion in Limine as to these issues. The Court DENIES WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE the CSP Defendants’ [248] Motion in Limine as to deposition transcripts and 

itemization of damages. Plaintiffs shall properly designate their depositions and itemize 

damages in the next joint pretrial statement. Failure to do so may result in the exclusion of any 

such evidence. 

III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED, that Plaintiffs’ [249] Motions in Limine is GRANTED IN PART AND 

DENIED IN PART. Specifically, Plaintiffs’ First, Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh 

Motions are GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Motion is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED 

IN PART. It is further
17

ORDERED, that CSP Defendants’ [248] Motion in Limine is HELD IN ABEYANCE 

as to the “Muslim Mafia” book issue, issues with witnesses, and evidentiary objections to 

exhibits. It is further

ORDERED, that CSP Defendants’ [248] Motion in Limine is DENIED WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE as to deposition transcripts and itemization of damages. It is further

ORDERED, that the CSP Defendants shall file supplemental briefing in support of the 

remaining issues in their [248] Motion in Limine on or before December 19, 2022. Plaintiffs 

may file a response on or before January 6, 2023. The Court will not permit any further

briefing. It is further

ORDERED, that the parties shall file a revised Joint Pretrial Statement on or before 

March 31, 2023. It is further

ORDERED, that a pretrial conference is set for October 19, 2023 at 10:00 AM ET in 

Courtroom 28-A. It is further

ORDERED, that trial is tentatively set for October 23, 2023 in Courtroom 28-A. 

SO ORDERED.

Dated: December 2, 2022

 /s/

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY

United States District Judge