# Patent

## Title
Products of converted lignocellulosic materials

## Abstract

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 610,570, filed Sept. 5, 1975, now abandoned.

## Background
The invention relates to a method for producing internally coated glass tubes, consisting of a core and a jacket of glasses which have a mutually different refractive index, by means of a reactive deposition of the coating from a gas mixture which is passed through the tube and which is brought to reaction in the tube.

The tubes produced in this manner are heated to a temperature which is suitable for drawing and thereafter drawn to such an extent that the diameter is reduced until the coating is brought to coincidence and a light conductor of the required diameter is obtained.

Light conductors consist of a light-conducting core which is embedded in a jacket of a lower refractive index. The core may, for example, consist of quartz glass which has been doped with a few percent of a metal oxide which increases the refractive index and the jacket of undoped quartz glass.

For the doping of the core glass TiO.sub.2, GeO.sub.2 and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 may, for example, be used. In the so-called self-focussing fibre optic light conductors a parabolic change in the refractive index across the radius is obtained by means of a continuous change in the grades of doping. According to a known method such internally coated quartz glass tubes are produced in which gaseous SiCl.sub.4 and oxygen or a mixture of SiCl.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4 and oxygen are passed through a tube brought there to reaction in the gas phase by means of high frequency energization and probably precipitated at least partly as a soot-like glass coat, which must thereafter be melted or sintered. There is a danger that gases are trapped which later on might form light-scattering centers. The heat treatment makes the formation of a doping profile as required for self-focussing fibre optic light conductors difficult, owing to blurring due to diffusion.

The tube may consist of non-doped quartz glass. In this method a uniform relative motion in .Iadd.an .Iaddend.axial direction may be caused between the tube and a high frequency pulse which envelopes the tube .[.a.]..Iadd.. A .Iaddend.uniform distribution of the deposit is enhanced by the fact that the tube is rotated during the coating procedure.

It is an object of the invention to provide a method of the aforementioned kind in which the rate of deposition is relatively large, in which coatings of a good quality are obtained and .[.that.]. .Iadd.in which .Iaddend.the deposition is not the result of a homogeneous reaction in the gas phase but of a heterogeneous reaction on the wall. According to the invention this object is realized by means of a method which is characterized in that in the tube a non-isothermal plasma zone is produced for the activation of the reactive deposition while a relative motion is caused between the tube and the equipment which produces the plasma, and a temperature zone in which the tube is heated to such a temperature that the deposited coatings are stress-free is superimposed on the plasma zone and that deposition takes place at a pressure of between 1 and 100 Torr.

In this respect a non-isothermal plasma is understood to mean a zone in which the kinetic energy of the gas particles is small compared with the energy of the excited electronic states. In spite of the low translational energy, many dissociated and ionised particles are available, which are favourable for the reaction and promote it.

With the method according to the invention well-adhering, crackfree or substantially crackfree coatings are formed on the tube wall. This is probably explained by the fact that in the method according to the invention the precipitation of the doped quartz glass takes .Iadd.place .Iaddend.mainly .[.place.]. on the tube wall and no or practically no soot-like particles are formed in the gas atmosphere. However it appeared that at pressures over 100 Torr the non-isothermal plasma gradually changes into an isothermal plasma and that the reactive deposition also takes place in gas while glass soot is formed.

The method according to the invention also enables the direct reactive deposition on a quartz wire or quartz rod which is arranged inside the tube.

With the method according to the invention deposition rates of from 2500 .mu.m/hour can be attained. The method according to the invention makes it .[.therefore.]. possible .Iadd.therefore, .Iaddend.to obtain in an economic way a uniform deposition over long tube lengths.

In the method according to the invention a heating up of the tube (temperature zone) of greater length is superimposed on the plasma zone. The temperature shall then not be chosen that high that a homogeneous gas reaction could take place, but it must at least be chosen that high that the deposited coatings are stress-free. Heating of the tube to a temperature of between 800.degree. C. and 1200.degree. C., for example in the GeCl.sub.4 /oxygen system, does not or to only a small extent affect the deposition rate. In the temperature zone the consistency of the deposited coating is favourably influenced on the one hand because, at the chosen temperatures the mobility of the deposited matter is still sufficient to obtain a stress-free coat and on the other hand because the embedding of gaseous reaction products is avoided.

At temperatures which are too low, in general below 800.degree. C. gases such as chlorine produced during the reaction may be trapped. At temperatures over 1200.degree. C. reaction in the gas phase .Iadd.also .Iaddend.takes .[.also.]. place while soot-like particles are formed at the same time.

The plasma may be produced in any way, known in the art, for example by the inductive or capacitive coupling of a high frequency field or in a microwave resonator.

The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawing and the following examples.

In the drawing

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a device for performing the method according to the invention;

FIG. 2 shows the attenuation of a fibre optic light conductor drawn from a tube produced according to the invention.

A tube 1, for example made of quartz is moved to a heating device 2, for example an electric heating coil in the direction indicated by arrows. The heating device 2 is enveloped by a resonator 3 by means of which a plasma 4 can be produced in the gas mixture passed through the quartz tube 1.

In the reactive deposition a coating 5 is directly formed on the inner wall of the tube 1.

The deposition of non-doped SiO.sub.2. A gas mixture consisting of SiCl.sub.4 and oxygen was passed through a quartz tube 1 (length 150 cm, outer diameter=8 mm, inner diameter=6 mm) at a throughput of 545 cm.sup.3 /minute. The mixture consisted of 7 volume % SiCl.sub.4 and 93 volume % oxygen. The pressure in tube 1 was 12 Torr. The wall temperature was kept at 1000.degree. C. The tube 1 was passed at a speed of 0.17 cm per minute through the device, formed by heating device 2 having a length of 500 mm and resonator 3 having a length of 30 mm, while a plasma 4 was produced by a 2.45 GHz generator. An SiO.sub.2 coating having a thickness of 130 .mu.m was formed directly on the tube wall. A gas phase reaction together with the formation of soot-like particles did not take place. The reaction efficiency in the plasma 4 is then almost 100%. The coating formed adheres well and is homogeneous. The gas mixture was measured in scm.sup.3 (standard cubic centimeters). 1 scm.sup.3 is one cm.sup.3 of the gas, where P=760 mm and T=0.degree. C.

The deposition of an SiO.sub.2 -coat doped with GeO.sub.2. A mixture of SiCl.sub.4 and oxygen, consisting of 4 volume % SiCl.sub.4 and 96 volume % oxygen was used to which increasing linearly with time, GeCl.sub.4 was added until the content of GeCl.sub.4 was 0.4% by volume. The pressure was 10 Torr. The wall temperature was kept at 960.degree. C. The throughput was 40 scm.sup.3 /minute and the duration of the test was 2 hrs. A well-adhering SiO.sub.2 coat doped with GeO.sub.2 was obtained. The coating consisted of 940 single layers of an increasing GeO.sub.2 content .Iadd.toward a central axis of the tube.Iaddend.. The resonator 3 was moved forward and backward along the tube in this test at 60 cm/min.

A mixture of 0.4 volume % AlCl.sub.3, 4 volume % SiCl.sub.4 and .Badd.95.6 volume % oxygen was passed through the quartz tube at a throughput of 42 scm.sup.3 per minute (length and diameter as in Example I). The pressure in the tube 1 was 15 Torr. The wall temperature of the tube 1 was kept at 950.degree. C. A plasma 4 as in Example I was produced. (Power 180 W, frequency 2.45 GHz). The reaction efficiency was approximately 100%. The tube was passed through the device 2-3 at a speed of 60 cm per minute while the resonator 3 was moved forward and backward along the tube 1. A homogeneous, adhering coat 5 was obtained. The total thickness of the coating was 150 .mu.m.

FIG. 2 shows the total attenuation in dB per km as a function of the wavelength in micrometer of a fiber optic light conductor which was obtained by drawing at 1900.degree. C. of an internally coated tube according to Example II. The core diameter was 25 .mu.m and the fiber diameter was 100 .mu.m. The difference in the refractive indexes were approximately 5 o/oo.

By means of the method according to the invention a coating profile which has a certain refractive index in proportion to the doping can be obtained as shown above at a progressive change of the doping share. When a suitable profile is chosen the tube forms in an ideal manner a basic product for the production of monomode, multimode and self-focussing fiber optics.

.Iadd.Dopant-forming compounds which may be used in the method according to the invention are, for example, GeCl.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, and AlCl.sub.3 which oxidize to form the dopants GeO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, and Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, respectively.

## Claims

1. A method of producing internally coated glass tubes for drawing fiber optic light conductors which consists of a core and a jacket of glasses which have a mutually different refractive index, comprising the steps of introducing into a glass tube surrounded by a resonator a reactive gas mixture consisting of SiCl.sub.4 and oxygen at a pressure of about 1 to 100 Torr, adding GeCl.sub.4 to the gas mixture moving the tube relative to the resonator to form .[.a.]. non-isothermal plasma zone within the tube, and heating the tube to a temperature between 800.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. to form a coating free of soot-like particles and consisting of a plurality of layers of SiO.sub.2 doped with an increasing content of GeO.sub.2.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the gas mixture consists of about 96% by volume of oxygen and 4% by volume of SiCl.sub.4.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein up to 0.4% by volume of germanium tetrachloride (GeCl.sub.4) is added to the reactive gas mixture. .Iadd.

4.  A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, for drawing fibre-optic light conductors which consist of a core and a jacket of glasses which have a mutually different refractive index, comprising the steps of introducing into a glass tube surrounded by a resonator a reactive gas mixture comprising SiCl.sub.4 and oxygen at a pressure of about 1 to 100 Torr, moving the tube relative to the resonator 2 and heating the tube to a temperature between 800.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. while activating the resonator to form a nonisothermal plasma zone within the tube, whereby a coating free of soot-like particles and consisting of a plurality of layers of SiO.sub.2 is formed. .Iaddend. .Iadd.5. A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 4, further comprising the step of adding a dopant-forming compound to the gas mixture. .Iaddend. .Iadd.6. A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 5, wherein the dopant-forming compound is one or more compounds from the group consisting of TiCl.sub.4 AlCl.sub.3, and GeCl.sub.4. .Iaddend. .Iadd.7. A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 5 or 6 wherein the dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture at a constant rate. .Iaddend. .Iadd.    A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 9, wherein the dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture at an increasing rate. .Iaddend. .Iadd.9.  A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 5 or 6 wherein the dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture at a varying rate. .Iaddend. .Iadd.10. A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 9, wherein the dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture at a decreasing rate. .Iaddend. .Iadd.11.  A method of producing internally coated glass tubes, as claimed in claim 9, wherein the dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture at a rate which will produce a coating whose index of refraction increases toward a central axis of the tube. .Iaddend. .Iadd.12. A method of producing coatings on walls of glass comprising the steps of: gaseous glass-forming compound and gaseous oxygen at a pressure of about 1 to 100 Torr; portion; temperature necessary to produce substantially stress-free coating layers on the heated tube wall portion but which is below the temperature at which there is substantial reaction of the mixture in the gas phase, to produce a nonisothermal plasma zone; and resulting in the deposit on the glass wall of a glass coating. .Iaddend. .Iadd.13.  A method as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the glass wall is in the form of a tube and further comprising the step of causing relative movement between the plasma zone and the tube. .Iaddend. .Iadd.14. A method as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the coating and the gas mixture are on the inside of the tube, and the glass-forming compound is a silicon tetrahalide. .Iaddend. .Iadd.15. A method as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that the tube is heated to a temperature which is not greater than 1200.degree. C. and not below 800.degree. C. .Iaddend. .Iadd.16. A method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the plasma is formed by means of a high frequency field or a microware resonator. .Iaddend. .Iadd.17. A method as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that a dopant-forming compound is added to the gas mixture. .Iaddend. .Iadd.18. A method of producing a fiber-optic light conductor comprising the steps of: conductor. .Iaddend.