Professional Paper No. 48 Series { A, Economic Geology, 62 

E. Chemistry and Physics, 47 

,,/ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED t;TATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES IJ, WALCOTT, DIRECTOP. 

REPOR.T 

ON THE OPERATIOXS OF THE 

CO_A_L-TESTING PLANT 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

AT THE 

LOUISIANA PURUHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOl'IS, MO .. 1904: 

I 

PART I.-Fiel1l "\\' ork, Classiftcat.ion of Coals, Chemical Work 

EDWARD W. PARKER, JOSEPH A. HOLMES, ~IARIUS R. CAMPBELL 

CoMMITTEE 1:-1 CHARGE 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906 

·. 

• 

Professional Paper No. 48 Ser. es { A, Economic Geology, €2 1 E, Chemistry and Physics, 47 

-DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNl'l'ED ~TATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES J). WALCOTT, DII<ECTOR 

REPORT 

ON THE OPERATIONS m• THE 

CO_A_L-TESTING PLANT 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

A'l' THE 

LQUISIANA PURUHASE EXPOSYrTON, ST. LOUIS, M.O .. 1904: -~----

.,, . -- ;] 

. j,-~~ r••k, Cl"•ift'Otion of Co~·~CbNJ!ill~n>~ ~- .,_ ' -

EDWARD \Y. PARK;R, JOSEPH A. HOLII'IES, ltA"Wl!J$.-~.-OA-1\~~]Jllffi@-t~- ~- CoMMIT'l'EE ~~ CHARGE 

\Y ASHINGTON 

GOVJ<IHNl\11<~ NT l'R IN TIN G 0 Fl<'IC F. 

1906 
NOTE. 

This report consists of three parts, namely: 

Part I. Field work, classification of coals, chemical work (pp. 1-300). 

Part II. Boiler tests (pp. 301-979). 

Part III. Producer-gas, coking, briquetting, and washing tests (pp. 981-1473). 

Part I contains also a general table of contents, a list of illustrations, and an introduction. An 

index to the report appears at the end of Part III. · 

-._...,;,~JJ,.~-~2..,' ~ - '" -' 
L. 

CONTENTS. 

PART I.-FrELn 'VonK, CLASSIFICATION OF CoALs, CHEmcAL 'YoRK. 

Page. 

Letter of transmittaL ______________ . __________ _-____________________________ :______________ 21 

I~trodndion, by E_dward \V. Parker .. _________________ . _____ . ___________________________ ._ 23 

Organization _________________ . _ . ___ . ____________ . ________ . _________ . _ . ______ . _ .. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 23 

Buildings. ____________________________________________________________________________ - 24 

Equipment ______________________ . ____________________________ . ________________ . __ _ _ _ _ _ 2.") 

Personnel __________________________________________ . ________________ . ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2B 

Field' work __________________________ . ________________________ . _________________ . _ _ _ _ _ 28 

Sampling ________________________ . ___ .. ___________________________ .. ___ . _______ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Reports ___________ .. ___ - ___________________________ ~-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Results _________________________________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 

Acknow ledgmcnts ________ . _ . _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 30 

Field work, by Marins R. CampbelL____________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 31 

Collecting coal for testing purposes. _________ . _______________________ ._________________ 31 

Introduetion. ____ . __ - _____ -, ____________________________________________________ . 31 

:Methods of sampling " _____ , ________ . __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 32 

Car sampling __________ . _____ ._____ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 32 

Mine sampling ___ . ___ . ______________ .__________________________________________ 33 

Uninspected car samples. ___________________ -.- _____________ ~--:~----~--~ --~-·.--:-~---~.:\»• 33 ----· 

Descriptions of samples _. ____________________ . _________ . ___ . ______________ . __ __ __ __ 34 

Alabama . __ . __ . ____________ . _______ .. _____________________ ... _. __ · __ . __ .. _. __ . 34 

Alabama No. 1 _ ............ _____ ..... __ . ___ . _ .... ____ ...... _. __ .. _ ... ____ _ 

Alabama No. 2 _. __ .. : .. __ ..... ___ . ______ . ______________________ _ 

Special samples of Alabama coals .. ___ . _____________ . ___________________ __ 

Results of tests ____ .. _ .. _. ___ . ____ . ________ ._ .. _._ ..... ____ . _. _ .... _____ __ 

Arkansas_ ................ __ .. ____ .. _. __ .. _ ..... _ .. __ .. ___ . __ . ___ ._ .. __ ..... __ 

Arkansas No. L . _ ·_______ . __ ... _ .. ____________ . ____ . _____ . ______________ __ 

Arkansas No. 2 ... _. _ .. · .. ___ .. _ .... _. _______ . _ .. ______ .. _ .. ________ . ___ . __ 

Arkansas No. 3 .. _ ... _ . _ . ___ . _ . ___ .. __ . _ ..... _ . __ . _ .... _ . _ . __ ... _ . __ . _ .. __ 

Arkansas No. 4. __ . _____ . _. ___ .... ______ ... _ .. _. __ . _ .. __ .. _______________ _ 

Arkansas No. 5 _ . _ . ____ . __ . _ .... ____ .. ________ . _ .. _ .... _ .... __ .. _ ..... ___ _ 

Arkansas No. G .... _. ________ .. ____ .... _ .. _ .......... _~ .... _._ ... __ .. _. __ . 

Special samples of Arkansas coals ............. ___________________________ _ 

Results of tests _______ , _ . _ ..... ___ ... _ .. _ .. _ ... ____ ........ _ . ___ .. ___ ... _ . 

Colorado _ .. __ ... _ .. _ ... _ ... __ ... _ ....... _ . : . ........ _ ... ____ ........ __ . . _ .. . 

Colorado No. 1 .. _ .... _ . __ .. __ .. _ ............................ _ .. _ ....... __ . 

Rcsul ts of tests . _ . . __ . __ ... _ ...... _ ....... __ ..................... _ .. . 

3 

35 

3R 

40 

40 

41 

42 

43 

45 

47 

47 

49 

49 

4~l 

50 

51 

52 
4 CONTENTS. 

Field work, by Marins R. Campbell-Continued. Page. 

Collecting coal for teHting purpo~es-Continued. 

Descriptions of samples-Continued. 

Illinois ............. _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

Illinois No. 1 . ______ ..... __ ............................ -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Illinois No. 2 .... _ ......... ·-- .. . .. .. • . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . • . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. 56 

Illinois No. 3 .... __ .............................. __ ....................... .56 

Illinois No. 4 .... _. _ ........ _·............................................. 58 

Illinois No. 5 .. _____ . _ ............ __ ••.. __ .... __ ................. __ . . • .. .. 5H 

Illinois No. 6 .. ____ ._. ______ . __ ... __ ...... __ . ___ .. __ ...... __ ... __ .......... 60 

Results of tests _______ . ____ .. -.--. __ ....... __ .... ____ .... ____ .. ______ .. __ _ 61 

Indiana ..................... _. . ......................................... _·_.. o2 

Indiana No. 1 .................. __ ........ _ ...... __ ........ _ .. . . .. . . . .. . .. 63 

Indiana No. 2 . ____ ..... ______ .... __ ................ . .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 

Special samples of Indiana coal .................... _...................... 66 

Results of tests _____ ... __ . __ ................... ___ ...... __ . __ .. . . .. .. . .. .. fi6 

Indian Territory __ ... _._._: ............... __ .... __ ...... _ ... __ . __ . __ .......... 67 

Indian Territory No. 1. _·.................... . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 

Indian Territory No. 2 __ .......................... __ ...................... 69 

Indian Territory No. 3 .. __ . __ .... __ .............................. __ ....... 70 

Indian Territory No. 4.................................................... 71 

Indian Territory No. 5 ............................ __ .... ____ ... __ . __ __ __ __ 72 

In<lian Territory No. 6 ................ __ .................... __ .... __ ...... 73 

Hosults of tests ____ ............. __ ........ __ .. ______________________ ... __ _ 7:3 

Iowa................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 · 

-~' ,!U:~-~~ N:o. 1 ........ _ ........... ·.......................................... 74 ----~!/7. _ _,-

Iowa No. 2 .... _ ... _...................................................... 75 

Iowa No. 3 .................................. -. -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

Iowa No. 4 ............... : ................... -.-..................... . . . . . 79 

Iowa No. 5 .............. ·- ........... -. -...... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO 

Special sam pies of Iowa coals ............. _· ....................... ____ .. .. 81 

Results of tests. __ ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

Kansas ................................. --... -... ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

Kansas No. 1 ...... _...................................................... 83 

Kan~as No. 2 ........................ -- ...... -............................ 84 

Kansas No. 3. __ . _. _...................................................... 85 

Kansas No. 4............................................................. 86 

Kansas No. 5 ........................ --.- ... -............................. 86 

Hesults of tests ... __ . __ . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . 88 

Kentucky . -- ....... ____ -...... ·........... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. 88 

Kentucky No. 1.---.- _ _' __ ...... --- ... -.............. _........... ... ... . . . .. 89 

Kentucky No. 2 ...........•.................••....••••••.•.....••• :. • • • • . 91 

Kentucky No. 3 ................................................ ____ .. . . .. 92 . 

Kentucky No: 4 ........................ -- .......... _..................... 94 

Speeial samples of Kentucky coals ... ----------·····---------------------· 95 

Results of tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 
:.. 

CONTENTS. 5 

Fiel<l work, by i\iarius R. Campbell-Continued. Page, 

Collecting coal for testing purpo8es-Continued. 

Descriptions of sampleH-Continued. 

1\'li~souri ___________ . ____ -- ______________ -- ...... _ ... -- .•... -... _- _____ ------. _ 96 

i\iissouri No. L. ______________________ . _______________ .. _________ -- ______ . 97 

Missouri No. 2 __________________________________ -- .... __ ... _____ -- -- ____ -- 98 

Missouri No. 3 ______________________________ . ______ . __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 100 

?lfissouri No. 4. _. ___________ . ___________________ . ____________ ... ________ , __ 

Special samples of Missouri coals _____ .. ________________ .. ______________ .. 

Results of tests __ . _______________ . _______________________________________ _ 

New i\T exieo _____________________ , ___________________________________ , _______ _ 

101 

102 

102 

10:! 

New Mexico No. 1 ___ . ____ . ____ - __ - _- _. _________ -. _____________ " ______ - _ _ 103 

New Mexico No.2 ____________ ---- ______________ -------__________________ 105 

Special samples of New Mexico coals __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ 106 

Results of tests ______________________ - ____ - -- __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ 107 

North Dakota _______________ -- - _________ --- -- - -- __ . _ -- ____ - ___ -- - __ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ 107 

North Dakota No. 1 ___ . __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 108 

North Dakota No. 2 _________ . _ 109 

Results of tests _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 110 

Pennsylvania ________________ - - __________ - ___ - - - __________ - ____ - - ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 111 

Pennsylvania Nos. 1 and 2------------------------------------------------ 111 

Pennsylvania No. ::1. ____ . _____________________ -- __ ---- __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ 112 

Special sam pies of Penusy l vania coals __________ ·_ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 112 

Results of tests ___________ . ____________________ -- ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 ;~ 

Texas ____________ , _____ - _______________ - - _____ - ___ - - _____ - _____ . _____ 0 ______ . • 11 :3 

Texas No; 1 ________ - _______ . _ - - ___ - - - __ .. __ - ___ - - __ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 114 

Texas No. 2 ____________ . ________ . _________ - ____ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ llll 

Hesults of tests. _________ .. ___ -- ___________ -- __ -- ___________ .. ~~--~~-- __ --~-- 1W 

West Virginia __________ - ___ -: __ ----- _________ -- __ --- _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ 117 

West Virginia No. 1 ______ . _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ H7 

\Vest Virginia No. 2 ____ -- _________________ . ___ -- ___________ : _ __ __ __ __ __ _ 119 

West Virginia No. :1 ________ --------------- _____ ------ _ _ ____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _ 120 

West Virginia No.4 ____ -- __ ----__________________________________________ 123 

. West Virginia No. 5 - __ -- - ____ --- _________________ . ____ . __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ 124 

'.Vest Virginia No. 6-- ________ -- ______ . ______ . __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ 126 

West Virginia No. 7- ____ - __ ---- ________ . __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 128 

West Virginia No. 8 ________ ---- _____________________________________ : __ __ 12H 

West Virginia No. 9. ____ - __________________ ~ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ l:ll 

West Virginia No. 10 _____ .. ____________ . ______________________________ , __ 132 

West Virginia No. 11 _ . ________________________ . _____ . __________ . __ __ __ __ _ 18:~ 

West Virginia No. 12 __ ·-- __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ 134 

Speeial samples of West Virginia coals ____________________________________ 136 

Results of tests ___________________________________ : _ ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 137 

Wyoming • ------. ____________ . ________ . ____ . _____ -- _______________ --- __ . __ __ 137 

Wyoming No. 1 . _____ ., ______________ . ________ . ___________ . ________ . _. __ _ 1:~8 

Wyoming No. 2 _______________________________ :. __ . __________________ .. __ 1 3!) 

Results of tests. ____ . _________________ . ___ .. __ .. ___ . _________ .. _ . _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 141 
6 CONTEN'I'S. 

Field work, by Marins R. Campbell-Continued. Page. 

Commercial value of coal-mine sampling ............... _ ... _ ........ _ .•........ _,. ___ .. 142 

Introduction .............................................. _ ... _ ... :................ 142 

Samp!iug for Geological Survey coal-testing plant. ........... __ . _ ........ _ ... _..... 142 

· l\iinc sampling ....................... _ ................................. __ .... 142 

Car sampling ......... _ . . ................. _ ............. _ ...... _· ........... _. 143 

Analytical results ............................. _ ................................. _. 144 

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 

l\ioisturc ......... _ ...................................... _ ............ _ .. _·_... 150 

Sulphur...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 

Ash ............ _ ........................................... _ .......... _...... 153 

Proposed method of mine sampling ........... _ ... _ ....... _ .......... __ .. __ ...... _ 155 

Classifieation of coals, by Marins R. Campbell ....................... ~------------------·· 156 

Introduction ..................................... _ ... _............................... 156 

Need of a scheme of classification--------------------------~--------------------- 156 

Classifications previously proposed ............................ _ ............ _...... 156 

Pennsylvania classification ....... _ ................ _ ... _................ . . . . . . 156 

Classification of lignites _ ....... ·_ .......... _ ............. _ ............ _ ... _ .. _ 157 

Discussion of other schemes of classification ......... _ ... _ ...... _. _................... 158 

Fuel ratio ........................... _ ... __ .......... _ ......................... _.. 158 

Fixed carbon .............. _ ................ _ ..... __ ·_ ........ __ ....... . . . . . . . . . . . 160 

Calorific. value. _ .................................. _ .. _. _ . __ . _ .. ____ , _ . _ . _ .. ____ .. _ 162 

Hydrogen. __ .. __ .. _ ... __ .. _ .... __ ... _ ... ___ . ________ . __ . ___ . ___ .................. 164 

Carbon ..................................... __ ............ __ . _................... 166 

Carbon-hydrogen ratio ......... _ ................. _._._ ... _ ....... __ .. _ .... _ ... __ .. 168 

Possible exceptions ..................... _._ .............. _ .... _................... 171 

'Division into groups ......................... _ .. _ ........... _..................... 171 

Groups A, B, C, D, and E .. -----------------------------------------------·· 172 

Groups F, G, H, and I ............ _ ......... · .... _ ........... ___ ........ _ .. __ 172 

Groups J, K, and L --------------·····-------------------------------------- 173 

Resume , .......................................... __ ............... _ ........ _ . . . . . . . . 173 

Work of the chemical laboratory, by N. '\V. Lord---------------------------------------- 174 

Introduction .................................... __ . _ ............ _ ........... _ ........ _ 174 

Sampling .............................. ---............................................ 174 

Apparatus used ................................................... ___ ....... . . . . . . 174 

Collection of samples ...... _ ............................ _ ... _..................... 175 

Mine samples ....... --------------------------------------------------------- 175 

Samples for testii1g (car samples)-------------------------·------------------·- 175 

Reduction of the samples ... _ •................ _ ................ _ ....... _ ... __ ...•. 176 

Handling of samples in laboratory._ .. _ ........ __ . _ .... _ ......... _. _ ........... _ _ _ 177 

Mine samples ... _ .............................. _. _ ........... _ ... _. _......... 177 

Testing-plant samples ........................... _ ... _ ................. __ . __ ... 177 

Analytical work ... _._ ............... :._ ......... __ ...........................•...•... 178 

Determinations and records .................... _. __ ................ _ ......... :.... 178 

Methods employed .............................. _ .... __ ...... _ ..... _. _ ....... _... 179 

Determination of calorific value ......... -------'---------·········------------ 179 
CONTENTS. 

Work of the chemical laboratory, by N. \'\'~. Lord-Continued. 

Analytical work-Continued. 

l\'Iethods employed-Continued. 

7 

Page 

Ultimate analysis~~ ................................................... ~....... 184 

Apparatus and operations ................................. _.:_._.......... 184 

Nitrogen ......... _ ...... __ ....... ~. _ ... _ .. _ ....... _. _. _ ......... __ ....... 186 

Sulphur ........ _ ....... _ .................. _..................... . . . . . . . . 187 

Phosphorus .......................... _ ... _ ....................... _....... 189 

Proximate analyses ............ " .................. _ .... _ .... _ ........ _ . . . . . . . . . 189 

Moisture and ash ........... c .....•.•..•..•...•...• _ ......••..... _........ 189 

Volatile combustible matter ........................................... _... 190 

Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 

Discussion of methods of analysis ........... ~ .................. _ .. _ ..... _ . . . . . . . . . 192 

Analytical results .............................................. _ ......... _ . . . . . . . . 193 

Methods of statement......................................................... 193 

Regular samples.............................................................. 195 

Alabama· No. 1 coal. .......................... _........................... 196 

Alabama No. 2 coal. ................... _ ..................... _ .... _ .. _.... 197 

Arkansas No. 1 coal. ................................. _ ....... :............ 198 

Arkansas No. 2 eoal. .................................................. ~... 19fl 

Arkansas No. 3 coal. .. ·.................................................... 200 

Arkansas No.4 coal. ....... :.............................................. 201 

Arkansas No. 5 coal. .......................... ~ ...•... _......... . . . . . . . . . . 202 

Arkansas No. 6 coal ........ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 

Colorado No. 1 coal. .................................................. ~. ~. 204 

Illinois coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 

Illinois No. 1 coal ..................... ~.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 

Illinois No. 2 coal ........................................... _............ 207 

Illinois No.3 coal ........................................... ~............ 208 

Illinois No. 4 coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 

Illinois No. 5 coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 

Illinois No.6 coal........................................................ 211 

Indiana No. 1 coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 

Indiana No.2 coal....................................................... 213 

Indian Territory No.1 coal. .......................................... :... 214 

Indian Territory No. 2 coal............................................... 215 

Indian Territory No. 3 coal. ................................. ,............ 217 

Indian Territory No. 4 coal............................................... 218 

Indian Territory No. 5 coal. ..................... _ ................. _ .... _. 219 

Indian Territory No. 6 coal. ...... _~...................................... 220 

Iowa No.1 coal ......................... :................................ 221 

Iowa No. 2 coal ..... _.................................................... 222 

Iowa No. 3 coal .... _ ................................................... _ . 223 

Iowa No. 4 coal ............................................... ·.... . . . . . . . 224 

Iowa No. 5 coal ........ __ . __ ........ ~ .................... _ ........... _... 225 . 

Kansas No.1 coal........................................................ 226 
8 CONTENTS.· 

\Vork of the chemical laboratory, by N. \V. Lord-Continued. Page. 

Anaiytical work-Continue(!. 

Analytical results-Continued. 

R~gular ~arnplc~-Continned. 

Kansas No. 2 coal ................•.................................... __ . 227 

Kan~as No.3 coal........................................................ 228 

Kansas No. 4 coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 

Kansas N:). 5 coal .................. ~..................................... 2:~0 

Kentucky No. 1 coaL..................................................... 2:~1 

Kentucky No. 2 coaL ............... __ ................................ _... 232 

Kentucky No. 3 coal...................................................... 2:1:i 

Kentucky No. 4 coaL..................................................... 234 

Missouri No. 1 coal....................................................... '235 

.Missouri No. 2 coal .................................................... _. 236 

Missouri No. 3 coal ............................................ _........... 237 

l\Iissouri No. 4 coal....................................................... 238 

}fontana No. l coaL ..................................................... _. 239 

. New .i\:Iexico No. i coal. ............................................. _ . . .. 240 

New Mexico No. 2 emiL.......... . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . 241 

North Dakota No. J coal. ........ __ ........................... __ ......... 242 

North Dakota No. 2 coaL . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 

Pennsyh-ania No. 1 coal................................................... 244 

Pennsyh·ania No. 2 coaL................................................. 244 

Pennsylvania No. :~ coaL ........... ·...................................... 245 

Texas No. 1 coal ................ _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 

Texas No. 2 coal ................... __ .................................... 247 

\Vest Virginia No. 1 coal . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . 248 

West Virginia No. 2 coal................................................. 249 

West Virginia No.3 coal................................................. 250 

West Virginia No.4 coal................................................. 251 

West Virginia No.5 coal................................................. 252 

West Virginia No.6 coaL................................................ 254 

West Virginia No.7 coaL................................................ 255 

West Virginia No.8 coaL................................................ 256 

West Virginia No.9 coal................................................. 257 

\Vest Virginia No. JO coal................................................ 258 

West Virginia No. 11 coal ........ · ........................ _ ....... _ .. .. .. . 259 

West Virginia No. 12 coal. ..................... _......................... 260 

Wyoming No. l coal...................................... ........ ..... 262 

"ryoming No. 2 coal..................................................... 263 

l\:Iiscellaneous samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. 264 

Samples from testing plant................................................ 264 

Samples received from the field......... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 267 

Experimental tests and other special work.... . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. 275 

Sulphur retained. in residues from water extraction in Eschka method......... 275 

Comparison of sulphur obtained in washings from Mahler bomb calorimeter 

with results by Eschka method............................................. 276 

Comparison of results obtained for phosphorus in coke by direct weighing of 

the yellow precipitate with control tests by the magnesia method----·------ 27fl 
CONTENTS. 9 

Work of the chemical laboratory, by N. W. Lord-Continued. Page. 

Analytical work-Continued. 

Experimental tests and other special work-Continued. 

Comparison of nitrogen in mine samples and car samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 

Experimental work on sampling.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 

Experiments on moisture in coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28& 

Data on air drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 

Determination of moisture in the laboratory sample......................... 294-

Laboratory testH for coking properties ....... _.................................. 298 

PART II.-BorLER TEsTs. 

Boiler tests, by L. P. Breckenridge....................................................... ~01 

Object, number, and conditions of tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 

Observers an<l assistants.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 

Description of plant................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 

General equipment................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~02 

Boiler plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 

Steam plant ....... -.-................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 

Electrical gen,erator ............................................... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ~ 

\Vater rheostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 314 

Method of conducting tests .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . 315 

i\Iethml of calculating re~ults ....... _.......... .... . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . BlfJ 

Results of the tests................................................................... 320 

Forms of reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 

Graphic log charts .. :......................................................... :~20 

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 

Tables and curves showing special relations . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . 9i2 

Sur:gcstion for future trials. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . 973 

Compari~on of steam and producer-gas tests........................ . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . 9i& 

~'l.cknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. (1i!} 

l'ART 111.-PHODUCER·GAs, CoKING, BHIQUETTI~G, AND \VASHING TEsTs. 

Pro<lucer-gas tests, by R. H. Fernald ................................... :. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 981 

Introduction.......................................................................... 981 

Equipment ....................................... _ ........... _............... . . . . . . . mu 

Log and report forms use<l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 

Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999 

Conditiqns of conducting tests .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 1000 

Details 9f log of tests........... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 1001 

Gas analyses ......................................... .-.............................. . 1004 

Details of report of test............................................................... 1005 

Results of tests ............................................................... ~------- 1017 

Alabama No. 2 coal . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . 1017 

General results............................................................. 1017 

Gas engine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 
10 CONTENTS. 

Producer-gas tests, by R. H. Fernald-Continued. 

Hesults of tests-Continued. 

Colorado No. 1 coal ..... _ ..... _ . __ ............ _ .. _ ......•.. __ .. _. __________ ..... _. 

General results _ ........... _ ...... ___ ................ _ . ____ ...... __ .. _ ... ___ .. 

Gas engine ...... _ ... __ ..................................... __ . _ ............. _ 

Illinois No. 3 coal ........... ____ .... -.......... _ .. _ ..................... _ ....... . 

General reslilts ...... _ ............ _. __ ............. _ .. _____ ...... _ .. __ ., .. _____ . 

Gas engine ____ ....... __ ................ __ ... _ . ~ .... _ . ___ ............ __ ..... .. 

Illinois No. 4 coal .. · ....... _ ... ___ ............... _ ..................... _ ........ .. 

General results ................ _____ ._ ... _ ..... _____________ ......... _______ .. 

Gas engine ____ ....................... __ . _ ........ _ .... _. __ ... ____ .. _. __ .... .. 

Indiana No. 1 coal ....... _ ..... __ ..... _ ... _ ... _. ___ ..... __ ............ __ .... _ ... . 

General results ........ __ ...... _._ ............. ____ . ______ ........... _. ______ . 

Gas engine __ . ____ .................. __ . _ ... _ ... _ .. _ . __ .. __ . _______ .. __ ... __ .. _ 

Indiana No. 2 coal . _ .. _ . _ . ___ . __ ..... __ .... _. _ ..... ___ ..... _ ........... ___ ...... . 

General results .... ·- ........... __ . __ ..... _ .... _ . ___ ......................... __ _ 

Gas engine_ .. _ .. _ ......... __ ...... ___ .· ...... __ ..... __ .... __ .... ____ .... _____ .. 

Indian Territory No. 1 coal ................... _____ ........... _ ...... _· __ . ____ . _ . _. 

General re;;ults .. _ ..... _ ... __ . ___ ..... _ ..... _ ..... __ . ___ ..................... _ 

Gas engine_ ............ _ ........... __ ... _ ............... _. _______ ..... ______ . 

Indian Territory No. 4 coaL . _. ___ ................ _. __ ...................... ____ .. 

General results ................ _______ . _ ............ _ . ____ .................. _ . 

Gas engine .. ___ . _ .... __ ..................... _ ........... __ .... ____ .. __ .. _ .. _ .. 

Iowa No. 2 coal ................ __ ..................... ______ . _ ... _ ...... _ ..... ___ _ 

General results ............. __ ... _______ ........... : _ .. _________ ..... _ .. __ . _ .. 

Gas engine _ ..... _ ... ___ ........ _ ... _ .... __ . _____ . _ .... _ ..•. _________________ _ 

Kansas No. 5 coal. __ ......... ___ ._._._._ ............... ____ . __ .... __ ._ ....... __ .. . 

General results ...................... ___ ................... _.. . . . . . . . . . . .... . 

Gas engine ............ __ .......................... _ ......... _ ...... __ ... _. __ . 

Kentucky No. 3 coal ................. ___ ... _ ................ _______ .... _ ........ _. 

General results . _ ....... _ ................... _ , __ .............. _ .. _ . __________ _ 

Gas engine ... _ ....... __ .. _____ .. _. _ ... _ .... __ . ___ . ____ . ________________ .. ___ _ 

Missouri No. 2 coal .......... __ .. _ .. ______ . _ ................. _. _ .... ____ . ___ .... __ 

General results ....... ______ ...... _ .. _ ... _ . __ .. _________ ... __ .. __ .... ___ ..... . 

Gas engine .... _ ............... ___ . _ ........ _ ....... __ . _ .. ___ . _ ... __ ..... _ ... . 

Montana No. 1 coal ..................... __ ... _ . __ . __ .. _ .. _. _ ..... _ . _ .. _______ . ___ _ 

General results ...... ________ ........................ ___ .... __ ............... .. 

Gas engine_ ......... _ . _ ..... ___ ..... _______ . _ ................ ____ . ____ . __ ... _ . 

North Dakota No.2 coal .... ---------------·-------------------------------------

General results ............... _ ....................... _____ ....... · ........... _ 

Gas engine ...... _ .... ___ .................. _______ ..... _____ . _________ . ______ . 

Texas No. 1 coal ................................... , .. ______ ... _ ... ___ . ______ .. __ 

General results ........ __ ..... __ ... _·_ ............... __ . __ . __ .. _ ..... ___ . __ . __ _ 

Gas engine ........... _ ............................ _ ........... _ ............. . 

Page. 

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1042 

1042 

1056 

1057 

1057 

1067 

1068 

1068 

1078 

1079 

1079 

1095 

1098 

1098 

1109 

1111' 

1111 

1122 

Ll22 

1122 

1131 

1132 

1132 

1140 

1141 

1141 

1154 

1155 

1155 

1165 

1168 

1168 

1184 

1187 

1187 

1201 

1201 

1201 

1213 
CONTENTS. 

Producer-gas tests, by R. H .. Fernal(l-Continued. 

Results of testH-Continued. 

TexaH No.2 coal ............................................................... .. 

General results ....................................... _ .................... _ .. 

Gas engine .......... _ ........................................................ . 

West Virginia No.1 coal .......... ______ ....................................... .. 

General results ........................... _ ........... _ ...................... . 

Gas engine ................................... · ............................... . 

\Vest Virginia No.4 coal ........................................................ .. 

General results .............................................................. . 

Gas engine .................................................................. . 

\Vest Virginia No.7 coal ........... , ............................................ . 

General results ........ _ ............................. _ ....................... . 

Ga~ engine._ ........ _ ................................ _ ....... , ............... . 

West Virginia No.8 coal ................. ------.------------ .................. _ ... . 

General results ............. , ............ , __ ................................. . • Gas engine ......... -.- ....... _ ............................................... . 

West Virginia No. 9 coal. ...................................................... .. 

General rPsults .......... _ ............... _ .... _ ......... , ... _ .............. _ .. 

Gas engine . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .......... _· ............ . 

General results of additional test ............................................. . 

Additional gas-engine test_ __ ............................... _ ................ .. 

West Virginia No. 12 coal. ....................................................... . 

General results ................................. _ ............................ . 

Gas engine ...... _ ..... _. _. _-_ ............................ ___ ................. . 

\Vyoming No.2 coal. .......................................................... : .. 

General results ............................ _ ................ __ ............... . 

Gas engine_ ... ~ ........ _ .............................. ___ ................... . 

Summary of results ........ _ ............................ _. __ ._ ............. ____ ...... . 

Coking tests, by f. IV. Stammler ........................................................ .. 

In trod udion ... ~ ........... __ ... _ ........................... ______ ........... ________ _ 

Results of tests ...................................................................... .. 

Alabama No.1 coal----------------------------·································· 

Alabama No.2 coal--------------------------'-----------------------------------

Arkansas No. 1 coal .... _ .................. : ........................... _ ......... . 

Arkansas No.2 coal ................................................ • ............. .. 

Arkansas No.3 coal ........ c •••••• .' ••••••••••••••••••••••••• : •••••••••••••••••••• 

Arkansas No. 6 coal ....•......... _. _ ......... : ....... _ .................. _ .. _ .... . 

Illinois No. 1 coal .......... _ ........... , ........ _ ............................... . 

Illinois No.2 coal .................................. =------------------------- ... . 

Illinois No. 3 coal .............. _ ....... _ ................. , ...................... . 

Illinois No. 5 coal .............................................. _ ................ . 

Indiana No.1 coal ....•.................................................. --------

Indian Territory No. 1 coal ..................................................... .. 

11 

Page. 

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1214 

1226 

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1226 

1239 

1239 

1239 

1248 

1248 

124R 

1258 

1258 

1258 

1~69 

-1269 

1269 

1279 

1281 

. 1291 

1291 

1291 

1::104 

1304 

1304 

1315 

1315 

1326 

1326 

1326 

1326 

1328 

1328 

1329 

i329 

1330 

1332 

1332 

1334 

1335 

1336 

1337 
12 CONTENTS. 

Coking tests, by F. W. Stammler-Continued. 

. Results of tests-Continued. 

Indian Territory No. 2 coal. ___________ · ___________________ . __ . ________ . __________ _ 

Indian Territory No. 3 coal ________ . ~ _________ . _. _______ . _____ . __________ . _______ . 

Indian Territory No.5 coai ... _. ______________ . _______ . __________ . _______________ . 

Iowa No. 1 coal _. _. _. _ .. ____________ .. _______________ .. _________________________ _ 

Iowa No. 2 coal . _. _. ____ . __________________ . _______ . ________ .. ______________ . __ . _ 

Iowa No. 3 coal __ ... _ .... ____ . ____ . ___ . __ . _________ . ___________ .. _________ . _______ _ 

Iowa No. ± coal .. _ .. ________ ..... _ .. __ ... ____ . _ . __ ..... _____ .... _ .... ___ ... __ . __ . 

Iowa No. 5 coal _ .. _. _________ . __ . ______ .... _____ . ____ . __ ... __________ . _________ .. 

Kansas No. 1 coal ..... ______ .... _______ . __________ .............. __ . _ . ____ ....... . 

Kansas No.2 coal ................................................................ . 

Kamas No. ;3 coal ................ ············---~---······- .................... . 

Kansas No.4 coal ............................................................... . 

Kentucky No. 1 coal.-.............. _ ... _ ................. _ .............. _·_._ ..... . 

Kentucky No.2 coaL ............................................................ . .. Kentucky No.3 coal. ..........................•.................................. 

Kentucky No. 4 coal. .. _ ................................ __ ....................... . 

:Missouri No. 2 coal, ........... ___ . __ ._ ........... _ .......... __ ................... . 

.?liissouri No. 3 coal ...................... _ ..... __ . _ ..................... _ ........ . 

.?liissouri No. 4 coal .... _ .............................. __ . __ ............. _ ........ . 

West Virginia No. l coal ........................................................ . 

West Yirginia No.2 coal .................. : ....................... · .............. . 

West Yirginia No.3 coal·····························--·-·····--------·---------

West Virginia No. 4 coal . _. _________ . ____ . ____ . ___ . ____ .. _. ______ . __ .. ____ . ____ . _ 

West Virginia No. 5 c~oal ___ ..... __________________ ..... _______ . ______ . _____ . __ . __ 

\Vest Virginia No.6 coal-----····----------------------------·-----·-·····-------

\Vest Virginia No. 7 coal ___ ., __________ ...... _____ .. ____ . ___ . ___ , _______ .:_. ____ _ 

West Virginia No. R coal--------------------------------------- -----------------

\Vest Virginia No. 9 coal _ . __ ........ ·. _ . _ ........ __ ..... ______ ...... _____ ........ _ 

"rest Virginia No. 10 coal-----------------------·····--------------------·· ..... . 

West Virginia. No. 11 coal __ ................................. _ .......... _ ........ _ 

_West Virginia No. 12 coal ... ------------------------------------------···-·-----

Foundry tests of coke, by Dr. Richard i\ioldenke ______ ... _ ... ____ .... ________ . ______ _ 

Personnel __________ .. _________ , _ .. __ .. ___ . __ .. __ . ____ .. __ . _______ . __ . _______ .... . 

}[ethods ____ . _____ ... _______ ........................ _ ........................... _ 

Records . _____ . ____ ........................ --............ -- .. -- ------ . -- -. - ----... . 

Samples of coke ............ __ ..... _ . __ ......... _ . _ ... __ . _ . ___ ....... ____ .... _ ... . 

Chemical tests .... _ ...... __ . _ ... _____ . _ . ____ ..... ___ . _ .... __ . __ .. __ . _____ . __ .. ___ _ 

Essential conditions of tests _. _____________ . ________ ...... _. ____________ . _. ______ _ 

Classes of coke ...... _____ ... ____ .. _ .. __ . __ .. ____ ·- ______ . ________ .. ____ ... ___ _ 

The blast ............................... _ ... _ . _ .... __ .......... __ ........... . 

· .?.felting ratio._ ........ ___ ... _. _________ ... _________ . _______ . __ . ____________ ._ 

General features ...... _ . __ ... __ . ___ . ________ . ___ .... __ . _______ . ___ .. __ . ______ _ 

Results of the tests ........ ___ ....... _ ...... _ .• __ . ____________________ .... __ . _ . __ _ 

Alabama No.1 ______ · ______ ----------·-----······--···-------- _______ ..... . 

Prrge • 

1337 

1338 

1339 

1340 

1341 

1341 

1:342 

1343 

1344 

1345 

1345 

1346 

1347 

1348 

1349 

1350 

1351 

1352 

1352 

1::!53 

1354 

1355 

13.57 

18.58 

1359 

1361 

1362 

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1364 

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1366 

1:~67 

1367 

1367 

1368 

1368 

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1:~69 

1369 

1369 

1369 

13i0 

13il 

13il 
CONTENTS. 

Coking tests-Continued. 

Foundry tests of coke, by Dr . .Richard Moldenke-Continned. 

Results of the tests-Continued. 

Kentucky No. 3 ............................. __ ........................ , ..... . 

Kentucky No. 4 ............................................................. . 

West Virginia No. L ......................... _ ........... ___ .. __ ....... _ .... . 

West Virginia No. 2 ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .............................. . 

West Virginia No. " .) ~ . --- . --- --------- ---- ---- ------ --- --- ---------- ------ ----

'Vest Virginia No.4, washed ............................................... . 

'Vest Virginia No.4, unwashed ............................................. . 

West Virginia No. 5, unwashed .............................................. . 

West Virginia No.5, washed ................................................ . 

West Virginia No.6, run of mine ........................................... . 

West Virginia No.6, pulveri7-ed ..................... · ........................ . 

West Virginia No. 1 •.•..•....•••.•.••..•.....•.•... .- •....•.•.••• _ •. __ .• · _____ _ 

West Virginia No. 8 ...................................... ~ ........ ___ . _____ .. 

West Virginia No. 10 ........................................................ . 

West Virginia No. 12 ........................................................ . 

By-product coke ........................................... " ................. . 

Briquetting- tests, by Joseph Hyde Pratt ................................................. . 

Introdndi<;n ......................................................................... . 

1\cknowledgments ................................................................... . 

Briquetting plant ............................................................... _. ___ . 

Machines used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... · ....... . 

English machine ................................................................ . 

American machine ..................................... ____ ... _. _ ... _ ... _. _ .... _ .. 

BinderH used ........................................................................ . 

Pitch ...................... ~ ..... _. _ .. __ .. _ ...... _. _. __ .... _ .... _____ . _ .. __ . ____ . 

Rosin .............................................. · ............................. . 

Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. . 

Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... __ .. ____ .... . 

.i\'lolasses .................................................. --- . - . -............... . 

Lime ................................. --···· · · ··· ..... : ............ ········ · ····· 

Clay ............................................................................ . 

Laboratory ·experiinents ................................ ___ . _____ . ____ . __ .... _ ... ____ . 

Pitches ..................................... -..................................... . 

Asphalts ........................................................................ . 

Rosin ........................................................................ ___ _ 

Petroleum ....................................................................... . 

Molasses ........................................................................ . 

\Vax tailings .................................................................... . 

Acid sludge ..................................................................... . 

· Lime ............................................................................ . 

Clay ........................................... ························.······ ... . 

Coals used .. • ............................•......................................... 

.. 

13 

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187\l 

1380 

1381 

1382 

138:3 

1385 

1386 

13ti7 

1388 

1389 

13ti\l 

1391 

1391 

1391 

1392 

1393 

1394 

13\!5 

1399 

1399 

1400 

1400 

1401 

1401 

1401 

1402 

1405 

140S 

1410 

1410 

1412 

1412 

141::! • 

1413 

1413 
14 CONTENTS. 

Briquetting tests, by Joseph Hyde Pratt-Continu!"d. 

Laboratory experiments-Continued. 

Coals used-Continued. 

Colorado No. 1 black lignite ...........•••..•••••..•.•................. · ....... . 

Texas No.1 brown lignite ......................••............................ 

\Vest Virginia No.1. ........................................................ . 

Other coals .................................................................. . 

Compression tests .................................................................. ·. __ 

Arkansas coals .................................................................. . 

Illinois coals .................................................................... . 

Indian Territory coals ........................................................... . 

Kentucky coals .. __ ...... _ ...................................... _ ............... . 

New .Mexico coals ............................................................... . 

Pennsylvania coaL .... _ ............. _ ............................................ . 

Pennsylvania and West Virginia coals ........................................... . 

\Vyoming coal. .......................... · .......•................................. 

Coke bree7-e ........... _. _ ................................................ ·: ...... _ 

Specific-gravity determinations ............................................... · ........ . 

Weight of briquettes ............ _ ................................... ____ . __ · ___ . ___ .. . 

\Veathering ........ · ...... ___ ... _ ................... ___ ... __ . _ ...... _ . _ .. _ ... _ . __ .... . 

Briquettes manufactured ...... _ ...................................................... . 

List of coals briquetted .......................................................... . 

Alabama ........................................................... : ............ . 

.-\. labama No. 1 .................................. · ............................ . 

Arkansas ....................................................................... . 

Arkansas No. 1 ................................ _ ............................. . 

Arkansas No.2 .............................................................. . 

Arkansas No. 3 .... __ .......................... --~ ............................ , 

Arkansas No. 4 .............................................................. . 

Arkansas No. 5 ....................................... _ .... _ ................. . 

.-\.rkansas ·No.6 ............. ___ ..... _ ............. _ .......... : ........ _ ...... . 

Colorado ................................................................. ·.- ___ _ .: 

Colorado No.1 ............................................•.................. 

Illinois .......................................................................... . 

Illinois No.1 ................................................. : ............. .. 

Illinois No. 4 ............ · .................................................... . 

Indiana ......................................................................... . 

Indiana No. 1 ............................................................... . 

Indiana No. 2 ............................................................... . 

Indian Territory ..... _., ........ : ..................... _ ......................... _ .. 

Indian Territory No.2 ...................................... -................ .. 

Indian Territory No.3 ....................................................... .. 

Indian Territory No.6 ...................................................... .. 

Iowa ............................................................................. . 

Iowa No.4 ............. ___ ........ -.- _____ ..................... ___ ........... . 

Page. 

1413 

1413 

1416 

1416 

1416 

1417 

.1418 

1420 

1421 

1422 

142:~ 

142? 

1424 

1424 

142.5 

142.5 

1426 

1428 

"1428 

1429 

142(1 

14:30 

1430 

1431 

1431 

1432 

1434 

1436 

1436 

1436 

1437 

1437 

1437 

1438 

1438 

14:-l!J 

1439 

1439 

1439 

1440 

1443 

1443 
CONTENTS. 15 

Briquetting tests, by Joseph Hyde Pratt-Continued. Page. 

Briquettes manufactured-Continued. 

Kansas .. _ ..... _ ... __ . ____ ._. __________ . _. __ . _ ... __ ... __ _ .. : _ .. _. __ ............... 1443 

Kansas No. 2 ____ . ___ ._. ____________ ... __ ... __ ... ___ ... _ .. _. _.................. 1443 

Kentucky ___ . ___ . ___ ... __ . _ .. _____ . _. _ . ____ . ___ ........ _ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443 

Kentucky No. 1 . ___ .. _. _____ . _ ... ___ .. ___ ........ _........................... 1443 

Kentucky No. 2 __________ . _________ . ______ .. _. ____ . ___ . ___ . __ . ___ .. _. _ ...... _ 1444 

:Missouri __ . ____ .. _____ . _. _ .. ___ .. ___ ... _ .. _. _ -·-., ........... _.................... ] 445. 

Missouri No. L _________ ------ _______ ., _______ .. ______________ . _ ---. ___ .. --- __ 1445 

Montana __________ . ___ .. ___ . ____ .. _. __ . _ .. _. _. _ ........ _. _. ____ . _. _. _ .. _ ..... _ .. _ 1446 

.Montana No.1 ... --------------------------------------,--------------------- 144f) 

New l\1exico .. _. __ . _____ . ___________ .. __ . ___ , -- ... ---.--.-- __ ........ --: .. -- .... -- . .1446 

New Mexico No.1.. __ ._ .. __ .-- ... ------. __ .-- ... --- .. ---- .. ---- .. ---.---..... 1446 

New .i\i exico No. 2 _ . _ .. __ . _ .. _ .... _ .... _ . _ .............................. _ .... _ 144 i 

North Dakota _-__ ... __ .. :-. _ .... __ .......... _ ... _ ..................... _ .... _. _ ... _. 1448 

North Dakota No.1 .... ------------------------------------·----------------- 1448 

Pennsy 1 vania __ . __ .. _ . _ .... _ .... _ . _ ........ _ ................. · ........... _ ... _ .... _ 1449 

Pennsylvania No. 3 .. _ ..................................... _ ... c ..• -·-. ___ .•. _. 1449 

'Vest Virginia. __ . _ .......... _ .... _ ..................................... _. _ ... _ . . . 1450 

West Virginia No.3------·--------------------------------------------------- 1450 

West Virginia No.6 ___ .-----. ____________ ------ ____ . __ ..... --. ________ ..... __ 14.10 

'Vyoming .. ___ ... _ ...... _ ............................... ·- ......... _ .... _ ..... _ . _ . ·1451 

'Vyoming No. 1 . _ .. _ -.-. _ .. _. _ ... _ .... _. __ . _ ... __ ... _. _. ___ . _________ . ___ .... _ 1451 

Coke breeze _ . __ ................ _ ... _ ........................ _ . _ . _ . ·_ . _ .. _. __ . _ ... _ 1452 

Coking of briquettes and briquette mixtures ..... _. __ . ___ . ___ ._ .. __ .... __ .. _. ___ . _. __ .. 1454 

Summary ...... _ ... _ ............... _ .......... _.......... . ......... _ ..... ___ . _. __ . _ _ 1455 

Washing tests, hy John D. Wick---------------------------·-------------------·--------- 1460 

Introduction._._._ .. ___ ... _ .. _._._ .. __ .. _. __ ... _._ ... _ .... ___ ... ___ .. __ . _ .. ______ . _ _ _ _ 1460 

Special tests. __ .... __ .... _ . _ .. __ .... _ .... _ .......... _ .... ___ . _ ... _. ____ .. ____ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ 1461 

Illinois No. 2 .. _. _ ........ _. _ . _. _ .......... _. _. _. _. __ . ___ . ___ . _ .. __ . _ ... ___ . _. _ _ 1461 

Indiana No. 1 .. _. _ ............ _______ .. _· ___ . _ .. ___ .. __ . _ .. ___ . _____ . _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1463 

Missouri No. 3 _ .... _ .... _ ...... _ ... _ ................. _ .... _. __ . ____ . _____ ... _. _. _ _ 1464 

General tests _ ... __ . _ . _ . _ ........ _ .... _ ................... _ . _. _ .. __ . _______ . _ . ___ . _. _ _ 1465 

Alabama No .. 1. _ .. ------ ___ ------------ ______ . ___ ----- __ ... ______ ... _______ . ___ . _ 1466 

Arkansas No. 6 ................................... _. _ ... _. _____ . _ .. __ .. _. _ ... :. _ 1466 

Illinois No. 3 ........................................... _. _ .. __ .... _ ..... __ .... _ _ _ 1466 

Illinois No. 5 ...... _ .... _. _ ... _. __ . ___ .... _ ... ___ ... __ .. _. _. _ .. ____ . _. _. ______ . _ _ 1467 

Indian Territory No. 2 . __ ... _ .. _. _. _. _. _ .. _. _ ..... _. __ . __ . _ .... ___ . _. _ .... ___ . _. _ _ 1467 

Indian Territory No. 3 ... __ .... ___ .. __ . ______ . _. _ .. _. _ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1468 

Indian Territory No. 5 _. _. __ . ___ .. __ .. _______ . ______ . _ .. __________________ . ___ . . . 1468 

Iowa No. 1 .... _. __ .. __ .... __ ... __ ... _ ...... _ .... _ .. _. _ ... _ .. __ ... __ .. __ . ___ . -.-. _ 1469 

Iowa No.2·---------- ----------------···-·----------···--·········-··---·-·-··· 1469 

_Iowa No.3··------------------------··--···---~--------·····--····---------····· 1469 

Iowa No.4·----·-----------------·······--··-···------------:.................. 1470 

Iowa No. 5 .... ____ .... ______________________ ................ ---------- .... . ... . . .1470 
16 CONTENTS. 

Washing tests, by John D. Wick-Continued. Page. 

General tests-Continued. 

Kentucky No. 3 .... ·.............. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1470 

Kentucky No. 4 ..... _ ... ______ ......... ___ ............................. _ ... __ .. __ 147l 

Missouri No. 2 .... _. _ .................... _ ....... , ................... __ ... _ ... _ _ _ 1471 

West Virginia No.2 .............................................................. 1471 

West Virginia No.3 .............................................................. 1472 

West Virginia No. 4 ........ _ .... _ .......... __ .... _. _____ .......... .... .. . .. .. .. .. 1472 

West Virginia No.5 .............................................................. 1472· 

West Virginia No. 9 ............. _ .. __ . ________ .. _ .... __ ........ _ ..... _..... .. .. .. 1472 

West Virginia No. 12 ...... _ ... _ .... _ .. ____ .... ______ .. ___ ........ ____ .. __ .. ___ ... 1473 

lndex ......................................... ." ............................. _ .... : ....... · 1475 
ItL USTRATTONS. 

Page. 

PLATE l. ~fap showing eoal fields of the United States ................................ In pocket. 

JI. A, View o[ plant, looking east; B, View· of plant, looking west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

HI. Calorimeter and reading telescope ..................... ~ ........................ . 

IV. A, View in front of Heine boilers, showing coal-weighing apparatus; B, Arrangement of tanks for weighing feed water .................................... _ .. . 

V. A, Calorimeter connection to steam main; B, Eames differential draft gages and 

Orsat apparatus ....... , ....................................................... . 

Vl.-A, Two hundred and fifty horsepower Allis-Chalmers Corliss engine;_ B, Two hundred kilowatt Bullock direct-current generator ..... : .......................... . 

VTI. \Vater rheostats ............. __ ........ __ ......... _._ ... _ .. _ ..... ___ ._ .......... . 

VIII. View of producer-gas plant ........ _. ___ .... __ ._ .. _ .... __ .. __ .. _ .. _ ............. . 

IX_ A, \Vesting house gas engine; R, \Vesting house direct-current generator .. _ ....... . 

X. Gas meter . _ .... _ ..... _ .. _ ........ _ ................................. _ .......... . 

XL A, Building containing briquetting plant; B, English briquetting mad1ine ......... . 

XII. A, American briquetting machine; B, American. briquetting machine at work .... . 

XIII. A, Stewart jig; B, New Century jig .. _ .... _ ..... __ . __ ....... _._ ................ . 

FIG. J. General plan of coal-testing plant. _ .... __ .. __ ... _ ..... _ ................ _ ... _ .. _ .. . 

2. Sections of Alabama and Arkansas coal beds ............. _ ...... ___ ._ .. _ ......... . 

3. Sections of Colorado and Illinois coal beds ........ __ .... ___ . _. _ .................. . 

4. Sections of Indiana aml Indian Te;ritory coal beds .. _ ............. __ .. _ .......... . 

5. Sections of Iowa coal beds .......... _ ............. _ .. _ .. _ ... _ ................... . 

6. Sections of Kansas and. Kentucky coal beds .... ___ ...... _ ............. _. __ ..... _ .. 

7. Sections of Missouri, New Mexico, and North Dakota coal beds ..... _ ............ . 

8. Sections of Texas and \Vest Virginia coal beds .. _ ........ _ ... _ .... _. __ ........... . 

9. Sections of West Virginia coal beds ....... ___ ......... ~ .. _ ....................... . 

10. Sections o~ Wyoming coal beds ....................... , .......... _ ....... _ .... _ .. . 

11. .Plan of boiler room, showing location of boilers and equipment .. _ .......... _ .. · .. . 

12. Details of 210-horsepower Heine boiler._ ....... __ ..... _. _ ... ___ ...... __ .. __ .... _ .. 

1R. Dimensions and details for setting boilers ....... _ ..... _ ............ _ ..... _ ...... __ 

14. Details relating to special features of. boiler setting ...... · ...... _ ...... _ ........ _ .. . 

15. 

16. 

17. 

1S. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Details of grate bars, boiler setting, feed-water tank, and water-weighing tanks ... . 

Hughes automatic smoke preventer .. _ .... _ ...... _ ... : .. ! .... _ ...... __ ........... . 

Boiler setting, showin::;- arrangement of piping, tanks, etc .............. _ ... __ .... . 

Details of rheostat, Hteam jets under grate, and flue-gas collector ........ _ ........ . 

Details of thermometer cup, calorimettlr, and calorimeter sampling nipple .... _ ... . 

Details of standard (A. S. 1\i. E.) flue-gas ~ampler ....... _. __ .. _ ..... __ .. ___ ..... . 

Graphic log sheet, Alabama No.·1 coal (nut)--------------·-----------------------

13-No. 48-06--:2 17 

180 

304 

306 

312 

314_ 

982 

986 

\)88 

1392 

1394 

1460 

27 

:37 

53 

u5 

77 

87 

99 

121 

127 

140 

R03 

305 

307 

:108 

309 

311 

314 

315 

316 

317 

327 
18 ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

FIG. 22. Graphic log sheet, Alabama No. 1 coal (large briquettes) .................. __ ..... 335 

2:3. Graphic log sheet, 

24. Graphic log sheet, 

25. Graphic log sheet, 

26. Graphic log sheet, 

27. Graphic log sheet, 

28. Graphic log sheet, 

29. Graphic log sheet, 

.-\labama No. 2 coal (run of mine)............................ 343 

Arkansas No. 1 coal (lump, bright) ................. _..... 351 

Arkansas No. 

Arkansas No. 

}ukansas No. 

Arkansas No. 

Arkansas No. 

] coal 

2 coal 

2 coal 

3 coal 

3 eoal 

(large briquettes) .. _ ..................... _ 35() 

(lump, bright) ............ ·............... 367 

(large briquettes)......................... 375 

(run of mine, clean, bright). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 

(large briquettes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3H1 

30. Graphic log sheet, Arkansas No. 4 coal (large briquettes)......................... 399 

31. Graphic log sheet, Arkansas No. 4 coal (small briquettes) ...................... _.. 407 

32. Graphic log sheet, Arka11sas No.5 coal (nut, bright).............................. -n.5 

33. Graphic log sheet, Colorado No. 1 lignite (nut, bright) ..... _...................... 423 

34. Graphi(: log sheet, lllinois No. 1 coal (nut, dull) ................. ' ............ ___ .. 431 

35. Graphic log sheet, Illinois No.2 coal (washed slack, dull)......................... 43() 

36. Graphic log sheet, Illinois No.3 coal (nut, dull).................................. 447 

37. Graphic Jog sheet, Tllinois· No. 4 coal (lump, dull) ............................. _. _ · 455 

38. Graphic log sheet, Illinois No. 4 coal (nut, (lull) .......................... •........ 463 

39. Graphic log sheet, Illinois No.6 coal (nut, dull).................................. 471 

40. Graphic Jog sheet, Indiana No. 1 coal (large briquettes) ... _......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4i() 

41. Graphic log sheet, Indiana No.1 c'oal (washed nut, dull).......................... 487 

42. Graphic log sheet, Indiana No. 2 coal (nut, dull).................................. 495 

43. Graphic log sheet, Imlian Territ<;>ry No. 1 coal (run of mine, bright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 

44. Graphic log sheet, Indian Territory No. 2 coal (nut, bright) ...... _ ...... _......... 511 

4.5. Graphic log sheet, Indian Territory No. 3 coal (nut, bright)....................... 519 

46. Graphic log sheet, Indian Territory No. 4 coal (nut, bright) .. _.................... 52i 

47. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 1 coal (nut, dull).................................... 5:~5 

48. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 2 coal (nut, dirty).................................. .543 

49. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 3 coal (nut, dull) ............................ _...... 551 

50. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 4 coal (run of mine, dull)........................... 559 

51. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 4 coal (large briquettes)............................. 567 

52. Graphic log sheet, Iowa No. 5 coal (nut, medium bright) .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 575 

5:3. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 1 eoal (lump, dull)_._._ ................. _......... 58:3 

54. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 1 coal (run of mine, dull)......................... 591 

5.5. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 2 coal (run of mine, ch1ll) .. _ ........ _: .. .. .. .. .. .. 59!:! 

56. Graphic log sheet, 'Kansas No. 2 coal (washed nut, dull) .. .. .. ................ ... 607 

57. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 3 coal (run of mine, dull) ....... ,.,............... 615 

58. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 3 coal (run of mine, dull)......................... 62::! 

59. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 4 coal (nut, bright) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6:n 

60. Graphic log sheet, Kansas No. 5 coal (nut, bright) .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 639 

61. Graphic log sheet, Kentucky No. 1 coal (nut, clean) .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 647 

62. Graphic log sheet, Kentucky No. 2 coal (nut, bri&ht) ................... _........ 655 

63. Graphic log sheet, Kentueky No 2 coal (large briquettes)........................ 663 

64. Graphic log sheet, Kentucky No. 2 coal (nut, bright) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6il 

65. Graphic log sheet, Kentucky No. 4 coal (nut, bright) ......... :.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 679 

66. Graphic log sheet, 1\'Iissouri No. 1 coal (run of mine, dull)....................... 687 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fw. 67. Graphie log sheet, :i\'lissouri No. J <~oal (large briquettes) ...•. -.......... ----.----

68. Graphic log sheet, l\'lissonri No. 1 coal (washed nut, dull) ........ -.... ---.---.---

69. Graphic log sheet, J\'lissouri No.2 coal (nut, dull)--------------------------------· 

70. Graphic log shtet, Missouri No.2 coal (nut, dull).---------.----------------·-·---

71. Graphic log sheet, Missouri No.3 coal (nut, dull)·-----·------------------------

72. Graphic log sheet, Missouri No. 3 coal (washed nut, dull) .................. -.-.---

73. Graphic log sheet, :i\iissonri No.4 coal (nut, bright)--------------------·---------

74. Graphic log sheet, New 1\'lexico No.1 coal (run of mine, clean, bright)----------

7fi. Graphic log sheet, New l\'lexico No.2 coal· (pea, dull)-----------------'·--------

76. Graphic log sheet, New Mexico No .. 2 coal (small briquettes)._ .............. -.- .. 

77. Graphic log sheet, North Dakota No. 1 lignite (nut, brown) ................ -... . 

78. Graphic log sheet; Pennsy I vania No. 1 coal (run of mine, clean, bright) ......... . 

79. Graphic log sheet, Pen-nsylvania No. 2 coal (run of mine, clean, bright) ....... -.. 

80. Graphic log sheet, ·Pennsylvania No. 3 coal (small briquettes) .................... . 

81. Graphic log sheet, Pennsylvania No.4 coal (nut, bright)-------------------------

82. Graphic log sheet, Texas No. 1 lignite (large briquettes)._. __ ..... _._ ...... __ .... . 

83. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 1 coal (nut, clean, bright)_._ ...... _._ .... _. 

84. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 2 coal (run of mine, clean, bright) .... _. _ .. 

l:l5. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 3 coal (clean, bright) __ ...... _ .. _ .... __ .... . 

86. Graphic log sheet, West-Virginia No.4 coal (nut, bright) _______ : _______________ _ 

87. Graphie log sheet, \Vest Virginia No. 5 coal (nut, clean, bright)_ .. ___ . __ ..... _._. 

88. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 6 coal (nut, bright) . ____ ..... ___ . _ .. _ .. _. _. 

89. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No.6 coal (nut, bright)-------------:----------

90. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 7 coal (nut, bright) ... _. _ .. _. _. _____ ... ___ _ 

91. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No.8 coal (nut, bright)-------------------------

92. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No.9 coal (nut, bright)--------------------------

93. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No.lO coal (nut, bright) .. ----------------------

94. Graphie log sheet, West Virginia No. 11 coal (nut, bright)------------------------

95. Graphic log Hheet, West Virginia No.12 coal (nut, bright) __ .. _ ... ___ ..... ___ .... _ 

96. Graphic log sheet, West Virginia No. 12 coal (small briquettes) ___ .... _. ____ .. __ .. 

97. Grapbie log sheet, Wyoming No. 1 lignite (nut, bright)_ .. _ ........ ____ . ___ .. __ .. _ 

98. Graphic log sheet, Wyoming No. 2 coal (nut, dirty) _______ .... _. _ .. ___ ... ___ •.••• 

99. Diagram showing relation of efficiency to per cent of fixed carbon in coaL_._ .. __ _ 

100. Diagram showing nilation of efficiency to per cent of fixed carbon in combustible 

in coal ......... __ .. ___________ .-------- ________ .. ____ . ___ . __________ ----------

101. Graphic log sheet of ultimate analyses of coals _ ... ___ .. ________ .... _______ . _____ . 

102. Graph:c log sheet of heat balance .. _ .... __ ._ .... _ .. _._ .. __ .. __ .. _. ______ ... _. __ :_ 

103. Suggested modification of Mahler curve, showing relation of heating value to 

percentage of fixed carbon.----- ------ '---- ------ ----- '------ ----.--------------

104. Plan of producer-gas power plant . _ .... _. ___ .... ________ . _. ________ . ___ . __ . _. ___ _ 

105. Elevation of producer-gas power plant ... _ .... _ .. __ . _________ . ______ .. _. __ . _____ . _ 

106. Section of gas producer . _ ............. __ .. _______ .. _______ .. ________ . _. __________ _ 

107. Gas purifier .......................... __ . _ .... __ .. __ .. _ . _ .. _ ..... ____ .. _. _. ___ .. _ 

108. Plan of engine room o{ producer-gas plant .... ___ .. _________ . _______ ._._ .. _______ _ 

109 .. Apparatus used to determine quantity of steam used by producer . _. __ . ____ . ___ . __ 

19 

Page. 

695 

703 

711 

71\f 

727 

735 

743 

751 

759 

767 

775 

788 

791 

799 

807 

815 

823 

831 

839 

847 

855 

863 

871 

879 

887 

895 

903 

911 ·- 919 

927 

935 

943 

972 

973 

974 

975 

977 

982 

983 

984 

986 

987 

988 
20 ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

FIG. 110. Diagram showing fador for determining cubic feet of standard gas ... _ ......... _ . 1004 

111. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Alabama No. 2 coaL ................... _.... 1027 

112. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Colorado No. 1 coal ........................ _ 1029 

113. Graphic log sheet, .producer-gas test, Illinois No. 3 coal. ................. _._ .... _ _ 105:3 

114. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Illinois No. 4 coaL.......................... 10L15 

115. Uraphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Indiana No. 1 coal ............. _ ........ _... 1075 

116. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Indiana No. 2 coal .. _ .... ___ ... _. _. __ : _. _. _ __ 108H 

117. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Indian Territory No. l coal._ .... _ .. _........ 1107 

118. Graphic log sheet, _producer-gas test, Indian Territory No. 4 coal ... ______ .. _ ... ___ 1119 

119. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Iowa No. 2 coaL._ .. __ .... __ .. _____ ._. ____ ._· 112H 

120. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Kansas No. 5 coal .. _._ ... _ ....... _ ... _ ... _.. 1137 

121. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Kentucky No. 4 coal._ .. __ . __ .. __ . __ .. ______ 1151 

122. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Missouri No. 2 coaL .. __ .... __ ._. __________ .. 1161 

123. Cl-raphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Montana No. 1 coal . __ .' ... _. _. _. _. _. __ .. _. _ _ ll7i 

124. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, North Dakota No. 2 coal .. _ ..... _ .... ___ ._.. 1197 

125. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Texas No. 1 coal_ .. _ ............... _._. ___ .. 1209 

126. Graphic log sheet, i>roducer-gas test, Texas No. 2 coal ... : ....... _................ 1221 

127. Graphic log sheet, producer-ga~ test, \Vest Virginia No. 1 coal .. ___ .... _._. __ . __ ._ 1228 

128. Graphic~ log sheet, producer-gas test, \Vest Virginia No. 4 coal ............ _ .. _ .. _. 124:3 

129. Graphic log si1eet, producer-gas test, West Virginia No. 7 coal ......... _ ........ _. 125:3 

130. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, West Virginia No. 8 coal. ......... __ ........ ·J265 

131. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, \~'est Virginia No.9 coal. ................... 1273 

132. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, West Virginia No.9 coal. ................... 1287 

13:). Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, West Virginia No. 12 coal ................ _.. 1299 

124. Graphic log sheet, producer-gas test, Wyoming No. 2 .coal .... _............. . . . . . . 1:·ll1 

135. Graphic summary of producer-gas tests of 24 coals and lignites ...... _. _ .... _..... 1325 

~: ~ ... 
J1ETT ER 0 F TRANS~fiTT AL. 

DEPART~IENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SmwEY, 

CoAL- TESTING PLANT, WoRLD's FAIR GRoUNDs, 

St. Louis, J1[o., Augnst 10, 1905. 

Sm: The undersigned, composing the eornmittee appointed by you to conduct 

the operatiom; of the United States Geological Survey coal-testing plant at the 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, :Mo., have the honor to submit the 

following report on the work committed to their eharge. This report eontains the full details of the installation of the plant, its operations, and the 

results obtained, with numerous illustrations by photographs, drawings, diagrammatic· charts, etc. The plant was started September 1, 1904, and was kept in 

operation, except for a shut-down for the Christmas holidays, until February 25, 

1905. The work done after the dose of the exposition, on December 1, 1904, 

was carried on for the purpose of finishing up some tests of coal on hand or 

received after that date, and delayed in transit. 

A preliminary report giving a summary of the res~1lts obtained up to December 

22, 1904, was submitted to you January 31, Hl05, and published as Bulletin No. . . 

261 in February. 

Very respectfully, 

Hon. CuARLEs D. 'V ALCOTT, 

Directm· United State8 Geolog,ical Snrvey. 

E. w. PARKER, 

J, A. HoLJ\'mS, 

M. R. CA:Ml'BJ<JLL, 

Oomdm:ttee. 

21 

. ~-
~-
-' 

REPORT ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PijANT 

0}, THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AT THE 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. IjOUIS, MO~, 1904. 

Evw ARv W. PARK.Em; 

Jos~<JPH A. HoLMEs, 

MARIUS R. CAMPBELL, 

Committee in .0/tw'ge. 

INTRODUCTION. 

By EDWARD V'l. PARKER. 

ORGANIZATION. 

The authority for conducting at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition an investigation of the coals and lignites of the United States is contained in the act of 

Congress providing for the urgent deficiencies in the appropriations for the fiscal 

year 1905, and approved February 18, 1904, as follows: 

For analyzing and testing. at the Louisiana Purchase Expo~ition the coals and lignites of the 

United States, in order to determine their fuel values mid the most economical method for their 

utilization for different purposes, under the supervision of the Director of the United States 

Geologieal Suryey, thirty thousand dollars, to be available until expended: P1·ovided, That all 

testing machinery and all coals and lignites to be tested shall be contributed without charge to 

the Government. 

Tu the general deficiency bill approved April 27, 1904, an additional appropriation of $30,000 was provided, making the total snm appropriated for this 

work $60,000. 

For carrying out the provi;.;ions of these acts the Director of the Geological 

Survey appointed a committee, consisting of Edward \V. Parker, Joseph A. 

Holmes, and -Marins R. Campbell, to direct the construction uud operation of 

the plant. 

23 
24 Ol'ERA'L'IONS OF 'l'RE COAI,·TESTING PLANT. 

It will be observed that under the law authorizing this work all of the 

testing machinery and all of the coals to be tested had to be furnished to the 

Government free of charge. Under these conditions it was not po~-;sible to equip 

an ideal testing plant, and the assembling and construction of such equipment as 

conld be obtained under these provisions entailed some annoying delays in the 

completion of the plant. In addition to this, the delivery of a considerable 

quantity of operating and conveying apparatus purchased from the Link Belt 

:Machinery Company, of Chieago, was delayed by a strike in the works of that 

company. As a result of these combined influences the plant was not put in 

operation until the 1st of September. 

Notwithstanding these delays, the committee feels that through the hearty 

and ·patriotic cooperation of a larg·e number of manufacturers of apparatus and 

machinery it was able to collect and install, within a notably s'bort time, a 

testing plant that was well suited for such pioneer work. 

BUU~DING8. 

The buildings for the housing and protection of the machinery and of the 

operators in charge, with the exception of the chemical laboratory, were built 

by contract and paid for out of the appropriation. These buildings (sec fig. 1, 

p. 27) were: 

(1) A boiler and engine house, in which were installed 2 Heine safety 

boilers, 1 Frost boiler, 1 Allis Corliss steam engine, 1 Westinghouse gas 

engine, 1 Bullock generator, 1 vVestinghouse generator, an electric switchboard, 

a gas-analyzing laboratory, and all the incidental apparatus pertaining to the 

operation:-; of these portions of the plant. The contraet price for the construction 

of this building ,was $2,700. It was built by the Barwick Construetion Company, 

of St. Louis. 

(2) A storage and washery building, in which were installed 5 storage bins 

of :-35 tons capaeity each, 2 coal washers, 1 revolving screen, 1 set of crushing 

rolls, 1 pulverizer, 1 Frost steam engine, 1 hopper scale, and the conv~ying 

machinery adapted for such a plant. This building, which had to be of extra 

strong material and construction, 'vas completed at a contract cost of $4,550, 

the Settle-Price Construction Company, of St. Louis, being the contractor. 

(3) Two buildings for briquetting machines and equipment, one built by 

the Ba01·veldt Construction Company, of St. Louis, for $1,050, and the other 

by the Barwick Construction Company, of St. Louis, for $693. 

In the letting of all contracts, bids were obtained from at least five 

responsible bidders. 

The chemical laboratory was installed in the .Metal Pavilion, a short 

distance from the other buildings. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESS IONAL PAPER NO. 48 PL. II 

A. VIEW O F PLANT, LOOK IN G EAS T. 

B. VIEW OF PLANT, L OOK ING WEST. 
INTRODUCTION. 25 

EQUIPMENT. 

The plant, when put into operation in September, contained the following 

testing equipment, all of which had been contributed free of charge: 

Two Heine water-tube boilers, 210 horsepower each, contributed by the 

H cine Safety Boiler Company, of New York and St. Louis. 

One Allis Corliss engine, contributed by the Allis-Chalmers Company, of 

New York and Chicago. The Corliss engine was belt-connected to a Bullock 

electric g·enerator contributed by the Bullock Electric Manufacturing Company, 

of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

One Frost fire-tube boiler of 100 horsepower and a 50-horsepower slide-valve 

engine, both contributed by the Frost Engine Company, of Galesburg, Ill. 

One Taylor gas producer, with complete outfit for scrubbing and purifying 

gas, contributed by R. D. Wood & Co., of Philadelphia. 

One Westinghouse gas engine, of 235 brake horsepower, furnished by the 

Westinghouse Machine Company, of Pittsburg, and operated by the gas made in 

the Taylor producer. 

One "T estinghouse electric generator, belt-connected to the gas engine, contributed by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, of Pittsburg·. 

Seven motors of different horsepower, required for the operation of the 

different portions of the plant, contributed by the Westinghouse Electric and 

Manufacturing Company. 

One Bartlett direct-heat rotating drier for driving out the moisture from 

washed coals and lignites whose moisture contents were too high to permit successful briquetting, contributed by the C. 0. Bartlett & Snow Company, of 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Two hriquetting plants--one exhibited by William Johnson & Sons, of Leeds, 

England, and one by the American Compressed Fuel Company, of Chicago. In 

order that the briquetting machine of British manufacture should be installed in 

conformity with the law, the freight bill was paid by the Western Coal and 

Mining Company, of St. Louis. 

A washing plant equipped with a New Century jig, contributed by the American Concentrator Company, of ,} oplin, Mo.~ and a modified Stewart jig, contributed by the Link Belt Machinery Company, of Chicago. 

The fire brick and common brick used in the construction of the coke ovens 

were donated by the Laclede Fire Brick Manufacturing Company, of St. Louis. 

The foregoing statement includes all that might properly be considered testing machinery, but the following additional incidental equipment and material 

wei·e contributed by the firms mentioned : 

One ·williams crusher, by the "'Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Company, of St. Louis. 
26 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·'l'ESTING PLANT. 

A complete outfit of belt-conveying apparatus, contributed and installed by 

the Robins Conveying Belt Company, of New York. 

Scales, by Fairbanks, Morse & Co., of New York and Chicago. 

Smoke-preventing device, automatic steam jet, by H. H._ Hughes, of St. Louis. 

Thermometers and pressure gages, by the Hohmann <-'i:; Maurer Manufaeturing 

Company, of Rochester, N. Y. 

Draft gages, by the Appliance Manufacturing Company, of Chicago. 

Feed-water heater and pump, by the Stilwell-Bierce Smith-Vaile Company, 

of Cincinnati. 

Le Chatelier pyrometers, by Charles Engelhard, of New York. 

Engine indicators and attachments, by the Ashcroft Manufacturing Company, 

of New York, and the Crosby Steam Gage and Valvo Company, of Chicago. 

Metallic piston packing, by the Steel Mill Packing Company, of Detroit, .Mich. 

Burroughs adding machirie,· by the American Arithmometer Company, of St. 

Louis. 

Insulated electric wire, by the American Steel and Wire Company, of Chicago. 

Machine and engine oil for lubricating the machinery, and heavy and medium 

oil for binding material in the manufacture of briquettes from bituminous coals 

and lignites, by the vYaters-Picrce Oil Company, of St. Louis. 

Oil filter, by the Famous Filter Company; of St. Louis. 

eTas meters, by the Pittsburg Meter Company, of Pittsburg. 

Dumping cttr and buckc.t conve.rors, by the Austin Manufacturing Company, 

of Chicago. 

Centrifugal pump, by Henion & Hi1bbell, of Chicago. 

Coal-tar pitch, by the Barrett Manufacturing· Company, of New York and 

elsewhere, and the Chatfield Manufacturi1~g Company, of Cincinnati. 

Power crusher and automatic sampler for preparing samples for the chemical 

laboratory, by the F. \V. Braun Company, of Los Angeles, Cal: 

Cooking· range, by the Buek Stove and Hange Company, and a heating stove, 

by the Bridge & Beach Manufacturing Company, both of St. Louis, for the 

purpose of testing briquettes for domestic use. 

Caleulat:ing machine, by the Keuffel & Esser Company, of New York. 

The plans for the buildings and their arrangement (sec fig. 1) were prepared 

by the Roberts & Shaefer Company, engineers, of Chicago. The construction work 

was done under the supervision of Mr. Bert. Fankboner, one of the ~ngif\CCrs 

for the Roberts & Shaefer Company. Mr. Fankboner was aceidentaJly killed by an 

electric locomotive early in October, just as the plant had been placed in successful operation and when he could have enjoyed the results of his hard and conscientious labor. 
INTRODUCTION. 27 

The boiler room was thoroughly equipped with standardized apparatus for 

weighing coal and water, for determining the force of the draft, for ascertaining· 

the temperatures in the different parts of the furnace, and for analyzing the flue 

gases. The gas producer and gas engine were also provided with apparatus for 

ascertaining temperatures, for collecting samples of the gas as produced, and 

N 

I 

1. Heine boil(>r1 No. 1. 

2. Heine boiler, No.2. 

3. Frost boiler. 

!. Coal-weig hing scales. 

5. 'Vater-weighing scales. 

6. Feed pump. 

7. Feed-water heater. 

8. Allis-Chalmers Corliss engine. 

9. Bullock D. C. generator. 

10. Westinghouse gas engine. 

11. 'Vestinghouse D. C. generatot·. 

12. "\Vater rheostat-s. 

13. R. D. ' Vood & Co. gas producer. 

H. R. D. Wood & Co. economizet·. 

15. R. D. Wood & Co. scrubber. 

16. R. D. "\Vood & Co. tar extractor. 

17. R . D. Wood & Co. purifier. 

18. R. D. "\Vood & Co. gas holder. 

19. Forter gas producer. 

R.R. ~IO IN G 

Fra . l.- General plan of coal-testing plant. 

20. Coke ovens. 

21. Conveyors. 

22. Steam engine. 

2/J. Ce ntrifugal pump. 

24. Sludge tank. 

25. HoppeJ·s. 

26. Roller crusher. 

27. W illiams mill. 

28. Link-belt jig. 

29. Century jig. 

30. Mixer. 

31. Hopper. 

32. Pltch cracker. 

3!3. Elevating fan. 

34:. Elevator. 

35. Wm. Johnson & Sons briquetting m a<'hine . 

36. Office. 

37. Hopper a nd storage. 

38. Chisholm, Boyd & White briquetting machine. 

for determining the horsepower developed in the gas engine. The electrical horsepower developed by both the steam engine ·and the gas engine was ascertained 

by twenty-minute readings of voltmeters and ammeters, and the electrieal horsepower developed per pound of fuel consumed by the two different methods was 

thus accurately determined and recorded. 

The chemical laboratory was equipped with every apparatus and chemical 

material necessary for making proximate and ultimate analyses and for determining 

• 
28 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·TESTING PJ,ANT. 

the calorific value of the coal. The last was determined by a Mahler bomb 

calorimeter, and the observations were made in a room especially set aside for 

this purpose. Calorific values were alRo calculated from the ultimate analyses 

and, as shown by the report of the chemical laboratory, these calculations check 

very closely with the calorimeter determinatiom;. 

The railroad companies entering St. Louis or having coal resources along 

their lines have coopei·ated most heartily with the committee in charge of the 

work. 

PERSONNEL. 

The vanom; portions of the plant were put under the direction of men 

thoroughly equipped in their special lines. The steam test division was under 

the direction of Prof. L. P. Breckenridge, of the University of Illinois, with Prof. 

D. T. Randall, of the same university, as chief assistant. The gas-producer tests 

were under the direction of Prof. Robert H. Fernald, of Washington University, 

St. Louis, assisted by Capt. John A. Laird, also of St. Louis. The operation 

of the gas producer was directed by Messrs. Charles W. Lummis and C. 0. 

Nordenson, expert engineers, of R. D. Wood & Co., of Philadelphia. The gasengine operations were looked after by Mr. ,J. G. Culbertson, an engineer of the 

Westinghouse Company. The washing operations were under the superintendence 

of Mr .• John D. Wick, of Chicago, general f_oreman of the plant. The coking· 

plant was in charge of Mr. Fred. W. Stammler, of Johnstown, Pa., assisted by 

Mr. B. B. Boyd, of Uniontown, Pa. The briquetting tests were directed by Dr. 

.Toseph Hyde Pratt, of the University of North Carolina and the North Carolina 

Geologicltl Survey, assisted by Mr. A. A. Steel, of Omaha, Nebr. The plans 

for the chemical laboratory, its equipment and operations, were under the direction of Prof. N. W. Lord, of the Ohio State University. His chief assistant at 

the coal-testing plant was Mr. E. E. Somermcier, who is also his chief assistant 

in his university work. The engine room was in charge of Mr. Otto Kinner, ·a 

mechanical engineer, of St. Louis, and the electrical apparatus was looked after 

by .Mr .• Jos. Underwood, also of St. Louis. Mr. Louis H. Legler, of Evansville, 

Ind., rendered valuable service as timekeeper and general assistant foreman of 

the plant. 

FIET,D W 0 RJL 

The field work was placed in charge of Mr. M. R. Campbell, one of the 

eommittee appointed by the Direetor of the Survey for the prm;eeution of these 

tests. lie was assisted throughout the field t<eason by Messrs~ .J. Shober Burrows 

and John \V. Groves, and, for a short time, by Mr. Frank W. De vVolf. All cif the 

coal shipped to the plant for testing, with the exeeption of a few carloads, was 
IN'l'RODUOTION. 29 

collected under the supe.t'VJSlOn of one of these Survey officials. This was done 

to a\·oid any possibility of the criticism that selected coal:,; had been subjected to 

these test,s. 

SAMPT .. ING. 

When the coal was shipped the Survey representative sampled it at two 

working faces of the mine, and the samples so obtained were shipped to the 

chemicallabor~tory for analysis. When the car was unloaded at the testing plant, 

what is known as a "laboratory car sample," consisting· of about 200 pounds of 

coal, was taken from every car and sent to the laboratory, where the coal was 

pulverized, quartered clown, and analyzed. Again, as the coal was. distributed 

to different portions of the plant for testing, other samples were taken in a 

Teg·ular and uniform manner and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Such a 

series of coal analyses has never before- been made in this country. 

RFJPORTS. 

A preliminary report of the operations of the different portions of the plant, 

prepared by the experts in charge, has already been published. The detailed repsnt, 

fully illustmted, by photographs, graphic charts, etc., and giving the methods 

employed and results obtained in much greater detail, is given in the following 

pages. 

RESUL'l'S. 

It will be necessary to test a larger number and greater variety of coals and 

lignites, and to repeat with greater care some of the tests already made, before 

a full discussion of the results of these investigations can be properly entcnid 

upon or their value fully appreciated. But the results already obtained from the 

preliminary inyestigations made during the time the plant was in operation are 

sufficient to indicate their far-reaching importance in the solution of the fu~l and 

power problems upon which the varied industries of the country depend. 

Among the results already clearly indicated by these preliminary tests the 

following may be s~ated as worthy of speciat consideration: 

1. Pro_bably the most important of the results accomplished has been the 

demonstration that bituminous coals and lign'ites can be used in the manufacture 

of producer gas, and that this gas i:nay be consumed in internal-combustion 

engines for the development of power, with a fuel economy of over 50 per cent. 

The use of producer gas made from anthracite coal, from coke, or from charcoal 

for power purposes, and of prodLicer gas from bituminous coal in steel works, 

etc., is no new story; but the demonstration of the possibility of utilizing bituminous coal and lignite in the gas engine is a decided adyance in the economical 

combustion of coal for power. It has been shown by comparative tests (see p. 978) 
. ' 

30 OPERATIONS OF THE OOAL-TES'HNG PLANT. 

that the power-producing efficiency of a number of bituminous coals, when convetted into ~·as and used in the gas engine, is 2t times what it is when used under 

boilers in the production of steam power. ln other words, 1 ton of coal used 

in the gas-producer plant has developed, on a commercial scale, as much power 

as 2! tons of the same coal used under •Heine boilers with a simple Corliss 

engine.. The results were measured by the amount of electrical horsepower per 

hom delivered &t the switch board. 

2. Of scarcely Jess importance are the results obtai;1ed in the use of lignite 

in the gas-producer plant. It has !Jeen shown that a gas of higher quality can 

be obtained from lignite than from high-grade bituminous coals, and that 1 ton 

of lignite used in a gas-producer plant will yield as much power as the best 

Pennsylvania or 'West Virginia bituminous coals used under boilers. It appears, 

in fact, that as coals decline in ntlue when measured by their steam-raising 

power, they increase in value comparatively as a fuel for the gas producer. The 

brown lignites on which tests were made at the coal-testing plant were from 

North Dakota and Texas, and the unexpectedly high power-producing: qualities 

developed by them in the gas producer and g'as engine give promise of large 

future developments in these and other States in the far West, where extensive 

but almost untouched beds of lignite arc known to exist. 

3. The briquetting experimcnls have sho\vn that the slack produced in the 

mining· of many of the dry noncoking bituminous coals of the Middle ·west and 

of the semianthracite coals of the Southwest, which i:; now almost entirely wasted, 

may by briquetting be converted into a usable fuel on a commercial basis. 

_ 4. The work of the chemical laboratory, in connection with the sampling of 

the coal at· the mines and at the testing plant, has not only set a standard for 

similar work in the future, but has developed the necessity for certain lines of 

investigation in the study of our mineral fuels. 

5. The coking and washing tests have also given valuable results, which are 

well worth . careful consideration. 

ACKNOWLEDG~IENTS. 

For active cooperation in procuring coal to be tested, and its transportation to 

the testing plant, acknowledgments are due to many State geologists, and particularly to Prof. Frank A. Wilder, Director of the lowa Geological Survey, who not 

only arranged for all samples of Iowa coal, but paid .for transportation of at least 

one carload to St. Louis; to Dr. E. R. Buckley, State geologist of Missouri, who 

arranged for all samples of Missouri coals; and to Prof. Erasmus Haworth, State 

geol.ogist of Kansas, for several samples of Kansas coal. 
FIELD WORK. 

By "MARIUS R. .CAMPBELL. 

COLLECTING COAT ... FOR '.rESTING PURPOSFJS. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The task of supplying" the plant with coal for testing pm'poses 'vas assigned 

to the writer. In this work he was assisted by Mr. J. Shober Burrows, Mr. ,John 

W. Groves, and Mr. Frank W. De ·wolf. To Mr . .Burrows was intrusted a brge 

share of the work and responsibility, and the success attained is due lat·gely to his 

intelligent and hearty cooperation and his unflagging interest in the work. 

Mr. Groves and Mr. De Wolf also rendered very valuable assistance. Mr. De \Vol£ 

was employed for only a short time, making a special trip to Wyoming and Colorado, but Mr. Groves was employed continuously during the time the plant was in 

operation. 

In a circular letter sent out early in th~ season the coal operators of the United 

States were invited to participate in these tests, upon the conditions stated in the 

act of Congress under which the work was C!trt'i~d· on, namely, that all material to 

be tested should be delivered at the testing plant free of cost to the Government. 

It was decided by the committee in charge that for practical tests of the ebaracter 

contemplated not less than one carload of coal should be accepted. In response to 

this invitation offers of coal were made from almost every coal-producing State in 

the Union. From these offeTs it was decided to accept such samples as best represented the State from which they were obtained, and also, as far as possible, the 

various fields or districts within the State. Owing, however, to the fact that the 

testing plant was not put in operation until late in the season, it was impossible to 

test all of the coal samples offered, and so a number of important coal fields and 

even States of large production were not represented. 

It is a generally recognized fact that the value of tests upon fuel and 

similar materials depends largely upon the way in which the sample is obtained 

and what it represents. In the pre~ent work the committee in charge decided to 

31 
32 OPERATIONS OF' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

give this feature special attention and in every case possible to superintend the 

collection of the samples, so as to be in a position to guarantee that the coal 

tested fairly represented the commercial product from the mine, so far, M least, 

as it is possible for one earlond to represent the average output. 

METHODS OF SAMPLING. 

CAR SAMPLING. 

In actual operation the sampling was done as follows: 

After arrangements had been made for the coal and its transportation was 

assured, a representative of the testing plant visited the mine for the purpose of 

procuring a sample. He first entered the mine and carefully studied the character of the coal as shown in the bed before it was mined ~nd the method of 

minirig and of cleaning the coal as it was loaded on cars in the mine. After 

becomirlg familiar with the undergroui1d conditions, he visited the tipple and 

observed the manner of handling the coal for market, getting information 

regarding the arrangement of the screens,_ the grades of coal pro~uced, the 

method of utilizing slack coal, washing, coking, ete. "When this was aeeomplished 

the inspeetor supervised the loading of a car for te:-ting purposes, selecting run 

of mine, lump, or nut eoal, as seemed to him most nearly representative of the 

general output of the mine, or in ptwticular cases l-lelecting certain grades for 

spccral tests. The principal object in closely supervising the work was to procure 

representative coal; but how could such eoal be procured? In order that a car 

shall contain average eoal it must be 'loaded with coal from all parts of the mine. 

This could be done only by setting aside cars from different rooms until coal from 

all rooms had been obtained. This, however, is impracticable, as it would require 

a great many mine cars .. and more trackage than almost any mine possesses. 

In the course of regular work coal comes from all parts of the mine in 

whieh work is carried on, therefore, in a mine of small or medium capacity a 

car loaded in the ordinary manner is likely to contain coal from all parts, and 

therefore representative coal. This was found to be the only pmeticable plan, 

and all coal was loaded ttl-> it came from the mine. The loading of the car was 

carefully watched so as to prevent undue pieking or any irreguhtrity that would 

tend to make the test sample better or worse than the average output. 

ln certain cases where a number of cars were in the yard, already loaded 

with what was regarded as representative eoal, one of these cars was selected at 

random and shipped to the testing plant. 

In case the car sample consisted of lignite or soft bituminous coal, such RS 

probably would be affected by weathering in trnnsit, it was loaded in a hox car, 

but the great majority of samples were shipped in ordinary open coal ears 
FIELD WORK. 33 

without any protection from the weather. Most of this coal wa8 shipped during 

the months of August, September, October, and November, and these months 

were unusually dry in the vicinity of St. Louis. For this reason it seems 

probable that the coal in transit was subjected to little wetting by rain or snow, 

and that the principal change caused by weather was due to general atmospheric 

conditions which probably affected not only the coal in open cars but that shipped 

m box cars also. 

MINE SAMPLING. 

As an additional check on the quality of the coal, and especially for the 

determination of its moisture ·content in its native co~dition, two samples were 

taken in each mine for chemical analysis. These were handled as follows: After 

a general inspection of the mine to determine the variations of the coal in 

thickness and in quality, two points were selected in opposite or widely separated 

parts of the mine, and after the face of the coal was cleaned of any weathered 

coal or powder smoke, a cut was made across the face of the coal from roof to 

floor, including all of the benches of coal mined and such impurities as were not 

removed in ordinary work. This cut was about 3 inches wide and 1 inch deep. 

The coal obtained from it, amounting to 25 or 30 pounds, was caught upon an 

oilcloth blanket spread upon the floor of the mine, so as to protect the sample 

from water and from admixture of shale and clay fragments that usually abound 

in such places. ~ 

The coal composing the sample was then pulverized and quartered down 

according to the generally accepted rule~ for preparing samples until a quart 

sample was obtained, the particles of coal being reduced to a size not much 

greater than one-half inch in diameter. The sample was placed in an air-tight 

galvanized iron can having a screw top, and the can was hermetically sealed by 

screwing the top down tight and covering the joint with tire tape. The can 

containing the sample was then mailed to the testing plant, and in almost all 

cases it reached its destination two or three days after the date of sampling 

in the mine. When the can reached the chemical laboratory the sample was at 

once transferred to a glass jar, in which it was sealed until the time arrived for 

makin~ a chemical analysis. 

UNINSPECTED CAR SAl\iPLES. 

In a few cases carload samples were shipped to the testing plant without the 

personal super;-ision of a representative of the Government. In one case this 

was the result of a misunderstanding; in others the samples consisted of slack 

coal for special tests and their selection did not require personal supervision; 

while in others samples were sent under such conditions that supervision was 

13-No. 48-Q6-3 
34 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL•TESTING PLANT. 

impossible. In most cases information was furnished by the party sending the 

sample regarding the conditions under which it was secured, but in some cases 

no data were supplied, and the samples sent have therefore little value. Owing 

to the peculiar conditions under which these samples were sent, they were accepted, 

but the committee in charge does_ not care to hold itself responsible :for the 

character of the coal thus sent. Tests have been made upon them, and the 

results are given :for what they are worth. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 

In describing the coal sent to the testing plant, the samples :from each State 

will be grouped and the States will be treated in alphabetical order: Figures 

denoting coal production are taken from the report on the ·production in 1904 by 

Mr. Edward W. Parker, statistician of the United States Geological Survey. 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama is one of the great coal-pmducing States of the Union. In 1904 it 

produced 11,262,046 short tons of coal, exceeded only by Pennsylvania, lllinois, 

West Virginia, and Ohio. As shown on the map accompanying this report (Pl. 

I, in pocket), the coal-bearing rocks of the State are divided into several fields, 

among which the Warrior basin is the most important, both in area and production. 

All of the coal sent to the testing plant £ro!J1 this State came from Walker County, 

which is located in the central part of the vr arrior basin. The general location 

of the mines :from which the samples were obtained is shown on the map. This 

county is second in coal production in the State, yielding 2,583,473 short tons of 

coal in 1904. 

The \Varrior basin lies northwest of a long anticlinal :fold, on which is located 

the city of Birmingham. It is a basin in which there are several minot undulations, but in a general way the rocks dip lightly to the center from the north 

and northwest and steeply from the southeast side. The basin deepens gradually 

to the southwest, and in the vicinity of Tuscaloosa passes beneath the cover of 

Cretaceous rocks. Little is known regarding its extent in this direction. 

About 23 coal beds that locally are o:f· workable thickness have been recognized in this basin. They have been grouped in ascending order as :follows: 

Black Creek, Horse Creek (Mary Lee), Pratt, Gwin, and Brookwood groups, each 

of which contains :from two to eight seams of coal. The most important groups, 

as regards geographic extent and quality of coal, are the Horse Creek (Mary 

Lee) and Pratt. The coal beds; of these two groups are extensively mined along 

the southeast and north sides o:f the basin. 

The Horse Creek (Mary Lee) group o:f coals is supposed to c.onsist of five 

principal seams named, in ascending order, Ream, Jagger, Blue Creek, Mary Lee, 
FIELD WORK. 35 

and Newcastle. According to Mr. Henry McCalleya the Jagger coal bed ranges 

in thickness from 0 to 15 feet, but in its thicker sections it contains many shale 

and clay partings. Alabama No. 2, or the car of coal obtained at Carbon Hill, 

Walker County, came from this bed, sections of which are given in the description of that sample on page 38. 

The Mary Lee coal bed, according to McCalley, b ranges in thickness from 8 

inches to 8 feet 2 inches. Alabama No. 1, or the car of coal obtained at Horse 

Creek, Walker County, came from this bed, and sections of the coal as it occurs 

in the type vicinity of Horse Creek are given below. 

Ar,ABAMA No. 1. 

Operator.-Ivy Coal and Iron Company, Birmingham, Ala. 

Jlfin-:.-Mine No. 8, 1t miles west of Horse Creek, "'alker County, Ala., on 

the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway (Frisco System). 

Sa1npler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-This bed is locally known as the Horse Creek coal. Its thickness 

and character in the mine were determined by three carefully meastired sections, 

two o£ which are shown in fig. 2. Section A was measured in first left entry 

off third right entry, about 1,450 feet from the mouth of the mine. Section B 

was measured in room 24 off second left entry, 1,250 feet from the mouth of 

the mine. Section C, below, was measured in main entry of mine No. 10, about 

1,300 feet from the mouth of the mine. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mines of the Ivy Coal ctnd Iron Company, Horse Creek, Ala. 

Section A. Section B. Section C. 

Ft. in. Pt. in. H- in. 

Coal .................... 2- 8 Coal . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 10 Coal ............ · ... _ .. _ 2 8 

Shale ................... 0 1 Shale .................. 0 1- Bone ................... 0 1 

Coal .................... 0 4t Coal ................... 0 5 Coal ................... 0 6 

Shale ................... 0 1t Shale .................. 0 t Bone ................... 0 ~-

Coal . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. 0 2 Coal .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 0 21- Coal __ .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 0 t 

Shale ................... 0 5 Shale .................. 0 5~ Shale .................. 0 5 

Coal ..................... 1 10 Coal ................... 1 5 Coal ................... 3 6 

Bone .................... 0 1t Bone ................... 0 1 Bone ...... , ............ 0 1 

Coal . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . 1 0 Coal . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. 2 4~ Coal .................. _ 1 1 

Bony coal . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . 0 1 

Coal .................... l 2 

TotaL •• ~ .......... 8 t TotaL ............ 7 lOt Total.. ........... 8 5} 

a McCalley, Henry, Report on the Warrior Coal Basin: Geological Survey of Alabama, 1900. 

bOp. cit. 
36 OPERATIONS OB' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Samples fm' dmm:cal analysis.-Two samples were collected for chemical 

analysis. 

Sample A was obtained at the point where section A wat-~ measured, by making 

a cut from roof to floor of the coal, excluding the partings and bony coal. The 

sa!llple thus obtained weighed about 25 pounds, and was pulverized and quartered 

down until a quart sample was obtained. This was sealed in a galvanized-iron 

can and mailed directly to the chemical laboratory. 

Sample B was obtained in room 24, at the point where section B was measured. 

A cut was made across the face of the coal from roof to floor, includii1g all parts 

of the bed usually mined, but excluding the partings noted in the section. This 

sample weighed from 25 to 30 pounds. It was pulverized and quartered down 

until a quart sample was obtained, which was sealed as noted above and mailed 

to the chemical laboratory of the testing plant. 

Oha?'acter of car sample.-About 12 tons of "fancy lump" coal had been 

loaded on the car before the mine was visited by the inspector. Although this 

was not regarded as representative coal it was accepted, as no other car was 

available, but the screens were changed at once so as to load all coal passing 

over a l-inch perforated screen. Much of the coal was wet as it carne from 

the mine, and consequently the screen worked imperfectly, allowing much of the 

slack coal to pass into the car. This equalized the character of the coal, so that 

the average was probably about the same as dry coal screened over a l-inch 

perforated screen. 

Until recently there has been no effort to hand pick the coal as it was 

loaded, but now the tipple at mine No. 8 is equipped with a belt conveyor at 

which two men are stationed to pick the bits . of shale and bony coal as the 

cars are loaded. In loading the ·sample car five pickers were employed, but owing 

to the· wet condition of the coal picking was probably no more thoroughly done 

than in ordinary cases. The coal was shipped September 9 in ··an ordinary 

gondola car, and it was received at the. testing plant September 27, 1904. 

Bquiprnent.-At present this company is operating 6 mines in this vicinity 

and preparing to open up several new ones. Most of the coal is consumed in 

the Birmingham district, but the Frisco and Southern railroads draw on this 

field to t>ome extent for engine coal. The slack coal from mine No. 10, whir~h 

is adjacent to_ mine No. 8, is washed in a Jeffrey washer and sold to the 

Woodward Iron Company for coking purposes. When used alone it cokes 

with difficulty, but when mixed with slack coal from the Pratt seam it makes 

a merchantable coke. 
ALABAMA NO. 1 

A B 

COAL 

2'-8'' 

COAL. 4~11 

COAL 21/ 

COAL 

1'- 1011 

COAL 

1'- 0 " 

BOHY COAJ,.. 1 11 

COAL 

f-2'1 

ALABAMANO. 2 

A B 

COAL 8 " 

COAL 8" 

COAL 

2 '-5'' 

FIELD WORK. 

ARRANSAS .NO. 1 

A B 

COAL 

4~011 

COAL 6" 

COAL 

2~911 

ARKANSAS NO. 3 

A B 

37 

ARRANSAS NO. 2 

A 

COAL 

3'- 1011 

COAL 6'' 

COAL 

2'--9" 

COAL 

2'- 5" 

COAL 

1'-2" 

COAL 

2'-2'' 

COAL 

1'- 31/;· 

B 

ARKANSAS NO. 5 

A B 

1'-3Jt;" 

COAL 

1'-5'' 

COAL 

2 '-o 

COAL 

1'-9" 

8 FEET 

FIG. 2.-Sections of Alabama and Arkansas coal beds. 

NOTE.-The thickness of the lowest bench in section A, Arkansas No. 1, should be 1 foot 10 inches. 
38 OPERATIONS OJf THE COAL-TESTING PLAN'!'. 

Mine No. 8 is a slope mine, although the coal shows m outcrop above 

drainage level. Th~ slope was dl'iven .so as to secure sufficient height for a 

tipple without having to cross the valley. The slope is about 300 feet long and 

the grade i'l about 10 per cent. 

The roof of this mine. is excellent, consisting of a strong sandy shale which 

requires almost no timbering, although all the rooms are 20 feet wide . 

.Mining is done on the bench below the principal shale parting shown in the 

sections. When this bench is removed, the upper benches are shot down and the 

lower benC'h shot up. The principal parting is supposed to be thrown out, but 

no effort is made in the mine to get rid of the other partings. 

ALABAMA No. 2. 

OJJeratOJ'.-Galloway Coal Company, Memphis, Tenn . 

.Mine.-Chickasaw No. 5, about three-fourths of a mile 'northwest of Carbon 

Hill, Walker County, Ala., on the Frisco Hailroad. 

Sampler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-This coal is locally known as the Jagger co~l bed. It lies nearly 

horizontal and seems to· occur ir swamps or local developments of thick coal. 

The coal was carefully measured at two rather widely separated points in mine No. 

5, and the sections are shown graphically on fig 2. Section A was measured in 

the third west entry off the main north entry at a point about 2,000 feet from. 

foot of the slope, and section B was measured in the fourth east entry at a 

distance of about 1,200 feet from the foot of the slope. The sections arc as 

follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 5, Galloway Coal Company, Carbon Hill, Ala. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. • Ft. in . 

CoaL: ..... ----------- .......... __ ....... 0 7 Coal ____________________________________ 0 8 

Shale .. __ ....... _ ....... _ ....... __ . . . . . . . 0 7 Shale .. _ .... __ ...... __ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 0 7 t 

CoaL ....... _ ...... __ . _ ... _ . _ ..... _ . _ ... _ . 1 0 Coal .. _ ........ _ ....... _ .. _ . _ . __ ...... _._ 0 8 

Dirty coal ••.. _ .... ~. __ .. _ .... _ .. _ .... _ . . 0 1 Bone _ . _ ... _ ... _ . ___ .... _ . _ .... ____ ... _ . 0 1 

Coal •... _ ..... _. __ ...... __ ...... ~_ ....... 2 2t Coal .. __ ..... __ ...... __ ..... __ .·. _. __ ... _ 2 5 

Total. .. _ ....... _ ....... _ . . . . . . . . . . 4 5~ Total .......•....... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5t 
FIELD WORK. 39 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were collected in mine No. 5 

for chemical analysis. Sample A was taken at the point where section A was 

measnred. The coal fur this sample was obtained by making a cut across the 

face of the coal from roof to floor, throwing out all the partings noted in this 

section. From 25 to 30 pounds of coal were thus obtained. This was pulverized and quartered down to a quart sample. It was sealed in the ordinary 

way and mailed to the chemical laboratory of the testing _plant. 

Sample B was taken at the point where section B was measured in the fourth 

east entry. The coal for this sample was obtained by making a cut from roof 

to floor exclusive of the partings noted in section B. This was pulverized and 

quartered down at the mine to the customary quart sample, which was mailed at 

once to the testing plant. 

Character of car sample.-The product of this mine is graded into "fancy 

lump" and "engine coal." The "fancy lump" is such as passes over an 8-inch 

bar screen; it is generally sold for domestic use. "Engine coal" is that which 

passes through an 8-inch bar screen and over a three-fourths-inch perforated 

screen. The slack passing through the latter screen is washed and the resulting 

"pea coal" is returned to the cars containing "engine coal." If the lump coal 4 

came from any particular part of the bed, the ''engine coal" would not be 

strictly representative, but the lump coal comes from all parts of the bed and 

consequently its absence does not affect the quality or the representative character 

of the engine coal. The same is true to a certain extent of the slack, although 

the latter is more likely to be made up of impurities from ·the partings than of 

good coal. 

The coal was shipped in an ordinary gondola car on September 9 and was 

received at the testing plant Septemper 22, 1904 . 

. Equipment.-The Galloway Coal Company operates three mines in this 

district, known as Chickasaw .Nos. 4, 5, and 6. Mine No. 5, from which the car 

sample was obtained, is a slope mine about 27 feet below the surface. The coal 

is raised by a belt conveyor and about 50 per cent of the coal is mined by 

compressed-air machines. Most of the mines of this compan.)~ are equipped with 

washeries, but owing to poor water supply they are greatly hampered in dry 

weather. 

Most of the coal from tliis mine is used by the Frisco System for engine 

coal; the remainder finds a ready market in the Birmingham district for domestic 

and factory use. 
40 OPERATIONS OF THE CO.AL·TESTING PLANT. 

SPECIAL SAMPLES OF ALABAMA COALS. 

The following table gives data concerning the special samples· of Alabama 

coals taken for chemical analysis: 

- ---c-------c--

r~~g;yl number. 

·Coal bed. 

Special samples of Alabama coal, taken for chemical analysis. 

Mine. Town. County. Owner. Sampler. Date. 

Total Page thick- of ness of analbed. ygis. 

l~----l-----l--------l-------1---------l---------l-----·-----

Ft. in. 

1145 Blue Creek. Adger ...... Adger ...... Jefferson ... TennesseeCoal, Chas. Butts ..... Sept. 27 10 10 267 

Iron and 

R.R. Co. 

1146 ..... do ...... Johns ....... Johns ............ do ........... do .......... E. F. Burchard .. Sept. 26 7 6i 267 

1148 ..... do .......... do ............ do ........... do ........... do ............... do ............. do.... 7 6! 267 

1149 ..... do ...... Adger ...... Adger ........... do ........... do .......... Chas. Butts ..... Sept. 27 8 0 267 

1164 Brookwood. Central..... Kellerman . Tuscaloosa . Central Co a I ..••• do.......... Sept. 30 7 2t 267 

and Iron Co. 

!186 Milldale .... SlopeNo.7 .. Brookwood ...... do ...... Consolidated ..... do .......... Oct. 1 2 2 267 

Coal and Iron 

Co. 

1187 Carter . . . . . . Drift No.10 ...... do ........... do ........... do ............... do.......... . . . . . . .. . . 3 0 268 

1188 Blue Creek. BelleSump- BelleSump· Jefferson ... TenncsseeCoal, E.S.Pinckard .................... 268 ter. ter. Iron and R. R. Co. 

1189 ..... do .....•....• do ........... do ........... do ........... do ............... do.......... .......... ........ 268 

1210 Brookwood. Searles ..... Searles ..... Tuscaloosa . Consolidated E. F. Burchard.. . . . ... .. .. .. . .. . .. 268 

Coal and Iron• 

Co. 

1593 ..... do ...... Tidewuter .. Tidewater ....... do ...... WurriorCoa!Co. Chas.Butts ..... Nov. 12 268 

RESULT OF TESTS. 

The analyses given on pages 196-197 of the two coal samples from Alabama show that they are similar in' composition and that the results obtained 

with one could probably be duplicated with the other, except in the manufacture 

of coke. In this respect the Horse Creek, coal (Alabama No. 1) is superior to 

Carbon Hill coal (Alabama No. 2), at least when ordinary beehive ovens are used. 

It is possible that with improved retort ovens better results could be obtained 

with the Carbon Hill coal, but no data are yet available to determine this point. 

The steam-producing quality of the two coals is very similar, and it is probable that they w~uld yield equally good results in the gas producer and gas engine. 

On·· account of lack of time a producer-gas test was made only on Alabama No. 2. 

The results given on pages 344 and 1029 show that 4.08 pounds of dry coal 

were consumed under the steam boiler in the production of one electrical horsepower hour and that in the producer plant the same power was produced by the 

consumption of 1.64 pounds of dry eoal, a gain in efficiency over the steam 

plant of 149 per cent. 

The average gain in efficiency in tests of 14 different coals is 153 per cent. 

From this it is apparent that the gain in the use of Alabama coal in this way 
It 

FIELD WORK. 41 

is near the average and 107 per cent better than the best West Virginia coal 

under the steam boiler. 

There seems to be no question that about the same results could be obtained 

with Alabama No. 1 coal. 

ARKANSAS. 

This State includes two areas of coal-bearing rocks-one of Carboniferous 

age, situated in the western-central part of the State, along, Arkansas River, and 

one of Tertiary age in the southern part of the State, extending at least from 

Texarkana to Arkansas River. The former contains high-grade bituminous and 

semibituminous coal, and from this field in 1904 there were produced 2,009,451 

short tons of coal. The latter field contains nothing but brown lignite, and up· 

to the present time there has been little or no demand for this class of fuel and 

no developm'ent has taken place. 

The Carboniferous coal field is a wide, irregular, unsymmetrical trough of 

coal-bearing rocks, which enters the State from the west in the vicinity of Fort 

Smith and extends eastward. to Dardanelle on Arkansas River. 

On the southern margin of the field the folding it:! more pronounced and the 

result is a number of basins or troughs separated by underlying and barren rocks. 

On the north the basin is wide and shallow, and its outline is much more 

regular than on the southern side. 

In this field there are two principal horizons that carry workable coal seams. 

The upper horizon is present in the western end of the field, in the vicinity of 

Fort Smith, and the bed is generally known as the Huntington or Jenny Lind 

coal. The lower horizon is coal bearing only in the eastern part of the field and 

the principal bed is generally known as the Spadra coal. 

The Huntington coal ued ls extensively mined at Hartford, Huntington, 

Midland City, Bonanza, and Jenny Lind, which are located south and southeast 

of Fort Smith. Car samples for testing were procured from Huntington, 

Bonanza, and Jenny Lind. The mine at Huntington is in the southernmost 

basin. This basin is of considerable geographic extent, and the coal is mined at 

Huntington, Hartford, and a number of other places along the outcrop of the 

coal. Tho mines at Bonanza and Jenny Lind are in a distinct basin, being 

separated from the Huntington basin by the "Backbone" ridge, a sharp anticline 

composed of lower rocks. Some doubt exists regarding the equivalence of the 

Huntington and Jenny Lind coal beds, but many regard them as exactly 

equivalent and they will be so considered here. 

The Spadra coal bed occurs in lower rocks than the Huntington coal. It is 

extensively mined in the reg·ion about Denning in Franklin and Johnson counties, 
42 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

and to some extent farther east in the vicinity of Spadra. Car samples for testing 

purposes were received from the vicinity of Denning. The general location of 

the mines furnishing samples for testing is shown on the large map in the pocket 

of this volume. ARKANsAs No. 1. 

Operator.-Central Coal and Coke Company, Kansas City, Mo. 

Mine.-Mine No. 3, 1 mile west of Huntington, Sebastian County, Ark., on 

the Frisco Railroad. 

Samplers.-Marius R. Campbell and John W. Groves. 

Ooal bed.-This coal is locally known as the Huntir,gton coal. It lies in a 

synclinal basin, the axis of which extends from Huntington westward, beneath 

Sugar Loaf Mountain. The pitch of the axis to the west i8 about 120 feet per 

mile. The field averages about 2. miles in width, and covers an area of about 14 

square miles. 

The thickness and character of the bed in the Huntington region is shown 

in fig. 2 by two sections obtained in different localities in mine No. 3. Section 

A was measured in the fourth east entry on the north side and section B was 

measured in the fourth east entry on the south side. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 3, Ce:ntral Coal and Coke Company, Huntington, Ark. 

Section A. Section ll. 

Ft. in. Ft.in. 

Coal ..................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 Coal •... _ .... __ ........... _ .......... _... 3 10 

Shale and coal.._. __ ...... _ .......... _.... 0 10 Shale and coal. ..... _ ...... __ ,_.. .. .. .. .. . 1 0 

Coal ...... _. _ ... __ ... ____ ........... _... . 0 6 Coal -. _.... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . 0 6 

Shale, black .............................. 0 5 Shale, black ............ ----------------- 0 5 

Coal ... __ ....... __ ....... _ ... _ ... _ ....... 1 10 Coal ...... _ .......... _ ......... _ ......... 2 9 

Total. ____ ............. ~ __ ..... -.. .. 7 7 Tot:>: .. _ ..... _ ............. _ .. _ ... _ 8 6 

Samples for chemical anal;ysis.-Two samples for chemical analysis were 

collected in mine No. 3. Sample A was collected at the point where section A 

was measured. The coal for this sample was obtained by making a cut across 

the face o.f the bed from roof to floor, throwing out the partings noted in the 

section given above. The sample was pulverized and quartered down to quart 

size in the usual way and mailed to the testing plant. 

Sample B was taken at the point where section B was measured. The coal 

for this sample was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor across a working 

face of the coal, exclusive of the partings shown in section B. This was pulverized and quartered down at the mine in the usual way, and a quart sample was 
FIELD WORK. 43 

sealed in a galvanized-iron can and sent to the chemical laboratory of the 

testing plant . 

. Character of car sa1nple.-The coal from this mine is largely used by the 

Frisco Railroad for engine coal. For this use it is screened over bar screens 

having openings of It inches in width. That which passes through is generally 

sold to the Kansas City packing houses, but at some seasons of the year there 

is little or no demand for it, and then it is dumped beside the tracks, a total 

loss. Engine coal consists of lump and nut coal. Since this is the general grade 

of coal marketed at this mine it was selected for testing purposes .. When the 

inspector visited the mine a number of gondola cars were loaded ready for the 

market, and from these one was selected at random for shipment to the testing 

plant. This car contained about 44 short tons of engine coal. It was shipped 

from the mine on September 1 and was received at the testing plant on September 15, 1904. 

Equiprnent.-Mine No. 3, from which .this sample was obtained, is located 

nearly on the axis of the synclinal basin, and the coal bed is reached by a shaft 

110 feet deep. 

Mining is dol}e by the room-and-pillar system, and since the shaft is nearly 

on the axis of the syncline all the coal on the two sides and toward the point of 

. the basin can be brought to the foot of the shaft by mules at slight expense. The 

coal is soft and it is mined entirely by hand, being shot from the solid. The 

roof is generally good and little timbering is required in the mine. This company 

has in operation in this district three mines, known as Nos. 1; 2, and 3. The 

capacity of mine' No. 3 is about 800 tons a day. 

ARKANsAs No. 2. 

Operator.-Central Coal and Coke Company, Kansas City, Mo . 

.Mine.-Mine No. 12, about 1 mile east of Bonanza, Sebastian County, Ark., 

on the Frisco Railroad. 

Sarnplers.-Marius R. Campbell ana John W. Groves. 

Goal bed.-This coal is probably best known as the ,Jenny Lind coal, from 

~ mine which h!j-s been operated for a long time 2 or 3 miles east of Bonanza. 

This coal bed lies in a separate synclinal basin from the Huntington coal; the 

-two basins being separated by a sharp anticlinal ridge trending east-west and 

crossed by the Frisco Railroad just south of Hackett. 

No direct connection can be made between the Bonanza and the Huntington . 

coal beds, but in all probability they are the same or at about the same horiz_on. 

The section and thickness are, however, very different, and for that reason they 

are regarded by many as different beds. 
44 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The structure of the Bonanza bed is shown in fig. 2 (p. 37) by two sections 

· which were obtained at widely separated localities in mine No. 12. Section A was 

measured in the fourth east entry and section B was measured in the seventh west 

entry. The sections are as follows: 

Section of coal bed in mine No. 12, Central Coal nnd Coke Company, Bonanza, Ark. 

Section A. Section B. 

Shale roof: Ft. ·in. Shale roof: Ft. in. 

Coal ___ _'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 5 Coal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 

Shale ________________ . ____ ... __ . __ . . . 0 1 t Shale _____________________ . ____ . _ .. _ 0 2~ 

Coal . ______ . __ . ____________________ . 1 2 Coal . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 3~ 

Total. _________________ ... __ . _. . . . . 3 St Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 8 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were collected in this mine for 

chemical analysis. 

Sample A was taken at the· place where section A was measured. The coal 

from this sample was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor of the bed 

exclusive of the black-shale parting. This was reduced as usual to a quart 

sample, which was sealed m a galvanized-iron can and mailed to the chemical 

laboratory. 

Sample B was taken from the place where section B was measured. The 

coal for this sample was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor on a 

working face cif the coal exclusive of the black-shale parting. 'P-iis was reduced 

to a quart sample, which was sealed and mailed directly to the chemical laboratory. 

Olwracter of the car sample.-About ·55 per cent of the coal from this mine 

is sold to railroads for engine use, most of it going to the Frisco and Kansas 

City Southern railways. About 15 per cent goes to manufactories, and 30 per 

cent, or the slack, goes to the Kansas City packing houses. Although the slack 

naturally contains more impurities than the lump coal, it also contains much of 

the best part of the bed. This is generally true 'of Arkansas coals, and it is. 

due to the friable nature of the coal. The best coal of the bed breaks down 

mec~anically and passes through the screen with the slack coal. 

Although run-of-mine coal is generally desired for testing purposes, the faets 

noted above made it less imperative to obtain that particular grade, and since 

it was almost impossible to load run-of-mine coal, lump and nut were accepted . 

. Until recently little or no attempt has been made to pick the coal as it was 

loaded, but now this is fairly well done, with the result that the quality of the 

coal has greatly improved. 
FIELD WORK. 45 

The coal for testing was loaded in a gondola car and consisted .of all coal 

passing over a bar screen with H-inch openings. During the -loading the coal 

was picked by four pickers, the number usually employed in such work. The 

.car was shipped September 2 and was received at the testing plant September 

15, 1904. 

Equipment.-Mine No. 12 is located on the southern outcrop of the coal, 

which lies in a broad, flat synclinal trough reaching from Bonanza on the south 

nearly to Fort Smith on the. north and extending in an east-west directioi1 far 

beyond the limits of Sebastian County. 

The mine is opened on the outcrop of the coal and it is carried downward 

as a slope toward the center of the basin to the north. The slope has a grade 

of about 6 feet in 100 feet. It has been driven in about 3,000 feet and the haul is 

so long that a shaft is being opened farther north and at a lower point in the basin 

from which all of the coal adjacent to mine No. 12 will be taken. The present 

capacity of this mine is about 500 tons daily. 

The mine has connection with both the Frisco system and the Kansas City 

Southern Railway. The coal is all mined by hand and it is hauled to the main 

gangway by mules. 

ARKANSAs No. 3. 

Operator.-Westei·n Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis1 Mo. 

Mine.-Mine No. 18, located in sec. 36, T. 7 N., R. 32 W., at .Tenny Lind, 

Sebastian County, Ark., on the Missouri Pacific Railway. 

Sampler.-.John W. Groves. 

Coal bed.-This bed is locally known as the Jepny Lind coal, but it is probably 

the same as the coal mined in the next basin to the south and known as the 

Huntington coal. The Jenny Lind mines are located on the south limb of a 

wide, shallow basin which probably extend~ from this place to the vicinity of 

Fort Smith, but near the river the coal is obscured by the wide bottom lands, 

and appears to die out, or at least little is known regarding it. 

The thickness and character of the bed in mine No. 18 are shown by four 

carefully measured sections, two of which, sections A and B, are represented in 

fig. 2. Section A was measured in the main east slope, section B was measured 

in the. main west slope, and seetions C and D were measured in other widely 

separated localities in the mine. 
,. 

46 OPERATIONS OF THE CO.AL·TESTING PLANT. 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 18, Western Coal and Mining Company, Jenny Lind, Ark. 

Section A. Section B. Section C. Section D. 

Ft. in. Ft. ln. Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal ............ 2 ~ Coal ----------- 2 0 Coal ........... 1 2 CoaL .......... 2 2 

Shale ............ 0 31 Shale ........... 0 3 Shale ........... 0 1 Shale .......... 0 2~ 

Coal ............ 2 4 Coal ----·------ 1 6 i)oal ........... 2 10 Coal ........... 1 4 

Total ...... 4 8 Total ...... 3 9 Total ..... 4 01 Total ..... 3 8~ 

Samples for chemical ctnalysis.-Two samples were collected in this mine for 

chemical analysis, as follows: 

Sample A was from the main east slope at the point where section A was 

measured. The coal for the sample was obtained by making a vertical cut across 

the face of the coal bed including everything except the shale bed 3t inches thick, 

shown in section A, above. The coal so obtained was crushed and quartered 

down to about 1 quart, which was sealed in a galvanized-iron can and mailed to 

the chemical laboratory of the testing plant. 

Sample B was obtained in the main west slope at the place where section B 

was measured. It was obtained by channeling the coal from roof to floor, throwing out in the process all of the material of the main shale parting 3 inches 

thick. This sample was pulverized and quartered down to quart si~e, and this 

was mailed to the chemical h1boratory in a sealed galvanilr.cd-iron can. 

Ohamcter of em· sample.-The principal use of the coal from this mine is 

for steam purposes.' At the present time more than half · the output is used 

by the Missouri Pacific Railway for locomotive fuel. Like most of the Arkansas 

coals, there is a large percentage of slack, and the better utilization of this 

nearly waste product was the principal incentive for furnishing the coal for 

testing purposes. 

The car contained about 40 short tons of emil. Of this one-half, or about 20 

tons, was lump screened over a lt-inch ·bar screen, and the other half slack or 

that which passed through the screen mentioned above. 

The coal was loaded in an ordinary gondola car, which was shipped from 

t,he mine September 22 and reached the testing plant October 7, 1904. 

R'qwjnnent.-Mine No. 18, from which. this sample ~as obtained, is located 

some distance from the southern outcrop of the coal, and the bed is reached by 

a shaft 265 feet deep. The coal dips lightly to the north or toward the center 

of the basin, and consequently the principal workings are in the opposite direction, 

or toward the outcrop. The ordinary room and pillar system is used. Most of 

the mining is done by hand, and the coal is shot off the solid. The coal is overlain 
FIELD WOR:K. 47 

by a hard shale which makes a strong, ·durable roof. The clay immediately 

underlying the coal is soft, but at a depth of a few inches it is firm and unyielding. 

The coal is somewhat affected by "horsebacks," etc. In places the thickness 

of the bed is only slightly reduced by the "horsebacks," but occasionally the 

coal is entirely replaced by shale, which makes mining expensive. Since the 

workings are extended up the dip the coal is easily delivered to the foot of the 

shaft by mules, and the water accumulates in a sump at the same place. 

The daily capacity of the mine is about 550 tons. The company operates 

another mine (No. 17) in this vicinity, and contemplates the development of new 

mines in the field. ARKANSAS No. 4. 

Operator.-Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

ll:fines.-This sample came from four mines located in the vicinity of Denning, 

Franklin County, Ark., on the Missouri Pacific. Railway. 

Samplm·.-Shipped by operator. 

Goal bed.-The mines of this district arc generally regarded as working on 

the Spadra coal. The thickness of the bed and the arrangement of its partings 

are shown in sections measure<l in mine No. 4 (see fig. 2, Arkansas No. 5). These 

are described on page 48. 

Gliaracter of car· sample.-This sample was sent for briquetting tests, and it 

consisted of slack coal taken from a pile which had accumulated in the yards 

of the Union Fuel Company, St. Louis. 

ARKANSAS No. 5. 

Operator.-Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo . 

.ffline.-Mine ~o. 4, located lt miles west of Coal Hill, Johnson County, Ark., 

on the Missouri Pacific Railway. 

Smnpler.-·John W. Groves. 

Goal bed.-This coal lied belongs to the lower division of the coal-bearing 

rocks of the Arkansas field. Locally it is known as the Denning seam, but 

probably it corresponds with the Spadra bed, which is typically developed a little 

farther east. 

The thicknes::; of the bed and the arrangement of the various bands of 

impurities were determined by making four detailed sections in various parts of 

the mine. There is so little variation in the coal that the two sections shown 

in fig. 2 may be taken as fairly representative of the coal bed as it appears in 

this mine. Section A was measured in room 45 off first east entry on slope and 
48 OPER~TIONS OE' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

section' B was measured in room 38 off second east entry on plane. The sections 

arc as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 4, Western Coal and -~fining Company, Coal Hill, Ark. 

-----~------------ -----

Section A. Section n. 

1-----------------

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

CoaL .. _ ..... ________ . ___ . _____ ._ .. _ ... __ 1 3~ Coal . _ ... __ .. _. _. _ .. ________ . ______ . _. _ _ _ 1 5 

Shale mixed with coaL .. ____________ . ~. ~ 0 5~ Shale mixed with coal _ ...... ____ . _ ...... 0 7 

Coal with streaks of sulphur and shale._. 2 0 Coal with streaks of sulphur and shale __ . 1 9 

Total·------------------------------ 3 9 Total _______________________________ 3 9 

Samples for chemical anctlysis.-Two samples were secured in this mine for 

chemical analysis as a check on the car sample. 

Sample A was taken at the same point. qiat section A was measured. It 

was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor, exclusive of the main central 

parting of shale and coal, which runs from 4 to 5 inches in thickness. The 

lower bench of the coal contains many thin partings or streaks of impurities 

which were included in the sample, being too thin to be separated in actual 

mining. About 25 pounds of coal were obtained from this cut. This coal was 

crushed and quartered down to about 1 quart, which was sealed in a galvanizediron can and mailed to the testing laboratory. 

Sample B was taken at the same point where section B was measured. 

The sample was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor in the usual way, 

and was prepared in the same manner as sample A. 

Ol~aracter of car sample. -The car sample shipped to St. Louis for testing 

purposes consisted of about 20 short tons of lump coal over a 1-k-inch bar screen 

and about 20 tons 'of slack or the coal that passed through this screen. 

The object in sending two grades of coal was that the lump, which generally 

is used for the production of steam, could be tested in that way, and the 

slack could be tested for its adaptability to briquetting. About 60 per cent of 

the output of the mine is used by the Missouri Pacific Railway for locomotive 

fuel. Generally the slack_ is sold to the Kansas City packing houses, but it 

commands only a small price and a method for its better utilization would gladly 

be welcomed by the companies operating in the field. 

The sample for testing was loaded in an ordinary gondola car, which was 

shipped on September 24 and received at the testing plant October 26, 1904. 

Eq~tipment.-Minc No. 4, from which this sample was obtained, lies about 

lt miles west of Coal Hill. It is within the outcrop, and the coal is reached by 

a shaft 135 feet deep. The coal dips somewhat toward the center of the basin, 
FIELD WORK. 49 

but the dip is irregular and the entries in following a regular grade arc quite 

crooked. The coal is delivered to the foot of the shaft by mules and cable 

haulage. 

The <!hale overlying the coal is hard, and it forms a good roof "to the mine. 

The floor is hard and gives no trouble from squeezes, etc. 

This company operates 4 mines in this vicinity and still bas considerable 

undeveloped territory. ,The daily capacity of mine No. 4 is about 500 short tons. 

AuKANSAS No. 6. 

Operator.-Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

M?:ne.-Mine No. 18 at Jenny Lind, Sebastian County, Ark., on the Missouri 

Pacific Railway. 

&mpler.-Shipped by operator. 

Character of ca1' sample.-This coal was shipped to the testing plant for 

special tests in briquetting and coking and consisted of slack coal from mine 

No. 18, the same as Arkansas No. 3. 

SPECIAL SA)IPLES 0~' ARKANSAS COALS. 

Data concerning the <!pccial samples of Arkansas coals taken for chemical 

tests are given in the following table: 

Special samples of Ar·kansas coals taken for chemical analysis. 

Labor- I ~~~2_: Coal bed. Wne. 

ber. 

Town. County. Owner. Sampler. ~~~~~f Thick- coal ness of bed. coal. 

Date. 

Page 

of 

analysis. 

----1·-----1 ----------------

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

1030 Hunting- No.17 .... Jennie Lind .. Sebastian. Western Coal John W. Groves. G 0 . .. .. .. . Aug. 27 269 ton. and Mining Co. 

1031 .... do ........ do ........ do ............. do ......... do .............. do ........ .. 

1040 Spadra . No.2 ..... Denning ..... Franklin ...... do .............. do ......... . 

1042 .... do ........ do ........ do ............. do ......... do .............. do ......... . 

1052 Hunting- Cherokee Midland City .

1 

Sebastian. Chcrok"c Con- .J. Shober Bur1054 --~~~~ ...... ~~:: ....... do .............. do ....... ~~~:c~~~~-~~:. ·--~~;:· ........ .. 

1066 .... do ... No.1. .... Burma ............ do .... M ammo t h John W. Groves. Vein Coal Co. 

1068 .... do ........ do ........ do ............. do ...... : .. do .............. do ......... . 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

6 .0 

H 7 

4 5 

2 10 

2 9 

8 7 

8 5 

········ .. .. do ... 269 

3 5 Aug. 29 269 

3 10 .... do ... 269 

2 10 Sept. 2 269 

2 ~ .... do ... 269 

7 7j Sept. 6 269 

7 7 .... do ... 269 

I 

The general results of tests on Arkansa::; coal are satisfactory. Its steamproducing quality was shown to b-e nearly equal to the best West Virginia coal. 

The great drawback in Arkansas coal is its 'friableness and the large amount of 

very fine slack that is produced in mining. The great question in this field is 

13-No. 48-06--4 
50 OPERATIONS OF THE CO.AL·TESTING PLANT. 

the better utilization of this slack coal, and many experiments were made in 

endeavoring to solve this problem. 

In many fields slack coals can probably be best utilized in the ·manufacture 

of producer gas, but this method does not seem to be applicable. to the slack 

coals of this region, for the reason that the coal suffers mechanical disintegration 

to so great an extent that a large percentage becomes fine coal, consisting of 

flakes rather than prisms, which packs in the producer and Sf)6il:s the quality of 

the gas. Also _Arkansas coal is a high-carbon, low~volatile coal, and prodncer 

gas made from it is of comparatively low calorific value compared with gas made 

from more bituminous coals and lignites. Owing to these conditions it does not 

seem probable that this coal can be used to great advantage in a producer-gas 

plant unless some method is devised to obviate the packing of the material in 

the producer. 

The most promising results were obtained in briquetting .experiments, and as 

the coals of this district are all of the same general character it is probable that 

the results obtained on the coal sent to the testing plant will be equally applicable to the coal produced at other mines of the district. 

With 6 per cent of hard pitch excellent briquettes were made with Arkansas 

No. 4 slack coal, and this result could probably be duplicated with any other 

coal in the district. With this small percentage c•f pitch, briquetting seems to 

be commercially possible, and it may open a way for the better utili~ation of 

slack coal and the iptroduction of a desirable substitute for anthracite coal. 

The results obtained in coking briquettes made of coal from Jenny Lind 

mine with 6 per cent pitch indicates another possible use for slack coal from 

this district, but in this use the original character of the coal seems to be an 

important element, and it may not be successful with higher fixed carbon coals. 

COLORADO. 

Colorado is the most important coal-producing State west of Mississippi 

River. In 1904 its output was 6,658,355 short tons of coal. The coal fields of 

the State have been divided into three groups-Eastern, Park, and Western. 

Coal beds occur in the uppermost formations of the Cretaceous system, but generally 

they arc most abundant in the Laramie rocks, which constitute the extreme top 

of the system. 

The Eastern coal group consists 

eastern foothills of the Front Range. 

Canyon City, and South Platte fields. 

of three Rcparatc fields lying along the 

They are generally known as the Raton, 

The South Platte coal field extends along the Front Range fr,om Colorado 

Springs nearly to the northern boundary of the State. It is naturally divided 
FIELD WORK. 51 

into two parts, a northern und a southern district. The first is decidedly the more 

important and includes the mining centers of Boulder, Marshall, ,Erie, Lafayette, 

and Louisville. Along the western ·margin of this field the coal-bearing rocks 

are steeply upturned, but toward the east they soon flatten out. Locally they 

are considerably disturbed by faulting and to some extent by igneous intrusions. 

Although ·the coal. of this field is a black lignite which slacks so readily 

when exposed to the air that storage or transportation to great distances is 

impossible, it is extensively mined for the Denver market and ·is an important 

source of fuel for the general region east of the mountains. -

The coal sent to the testing plant was obtained at Lafayette from the Simpson 

mine of the Northern Coal and Coke Company. 

CoLoRADO No. L 

O_perator.-Northern Coal and Coke Company, Denver, Colo. 

~ne.-Simpt-lon mine, Lafayette, Boulder County, Colo., on the Chicago, 

Burlington and Quincy and Colorado and Southern railroads. 

Sampler.-Frank W. De Wolf. 

Coal bed.--The coal bed from which the sample was taken is one of a number 

belonging to the Laramie formation. This formation; in the vicinity of Denver, 

is from 1,000 to 1,200 feet thick. The workable coal beds are confined to the 

lower part of the formation, which, so far as known, contains from one to four 

beds. A number of faults occur in the vicinity of Lafayettf'. Some of them show 

a displacement so great that t.he extension or the mine workings is impossible. 

The character of the coal is essentially lignitic, but in appearance it is black 

and lustrous, and possesses a structure more like block coal than lignite. Two 

measurements of this bed, shown in fig. 3, were taken in the Simpson nune. 

Section A was measured in room 5, off the fourth northwest entry, and section B 

was measured in room 23, off the twenty-third southwest entry. 

Sections of coal bed in Simpson mine, Northern Coal and Coke Compa.ny, Lafayette, Colo. 

Section A. Section B. 

Feet. Feet. 

Coal _______________________________________ 11 Coal _____________ -- ______ - _____ . ___ . --- ____ 14 

Samples for chemical anal/ysis.-Two samples were obtained in the Simpson 

mine for chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the point where section A 

was measured and sample B at the' point where . section B was measured. The 

coal was obtained by cutting a section from· roof to floor. It was then reduced 

to a uniform size of one-half inch in diameter for the largest fragments, and the 
OPERATIONS 01<' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

sample was then quartered down until about 5 pounds remained. These small · 

samples were ,;ealed in galvanized-iron cans and mailed to the chemical laboratory 

of the testing plant. 

Ohm·acter (~f eM' sample.-Run-of-mine coal was shipped to the plant for 

testing. The coal was bright and clean, and a large percentage of it was lump 

coal. The coal weathers or slacks very easily on exposure to the atmosphere, 

and for that reason very little of it is mined during the summer months. The 

coal was loaded in an ordinary open coal car, which was shipped from the mine 

November 4 and received at the testing plant November H), 1904 . 

. Erruipment and 'l.t8e.-Tbe Simpson mine bas good railroad facilities, as it has 

connection with the . Chicago, Burlington and .Quincy Railroad, and also the 

Colorado and Southern Railroad. Th~ mine workings are reaehed by a shaft 

240 feet deep, from the bottom of which entries radiat-e in all directions. The 

rooms are turned off from these entries. The entire mine is lighted by electricity. 

Electric haulage is used on the main roads, and all of the coal is cut by electric 

machines. A large percentage of the coal shipped from this mine is used for 

steam purposes in the vicinity of Denver, and for locomotive fuel by the railroads, 

while about 5 per cent is sold for domestic purposes. The maximum- daily 

output of the mine is approximately 1,400 tons, but the daily average fm the 

year is greatly lowered by the almost total suspension of operations during warm 

weather. 

RESULTS m' TESTS. 

Owing to the tendency to slack when exposed to the weather, this coal is not 

available except for use in near-by localities. The principal need of the field is 

some process for the better utilization of the lignite, which is really valuable, 

but which under present conditions is limited to local use. 

The progressive operators have been looking forward anxiously to the introduction of some process of successfully briquetting the coal, but so far without 

success. Although some experiments were tried at St. Louis, nothing was found 

in the limited time at hand to encourage briquetting, but tests made in the gas 

pro~ucer- and gas engine showed that by this method Colorado lignite could be 

used to much greater advantage in the production of power than as steam coal 

or in any form of briquette. , 

The results given on page 424 show that for the production of one electrical horsepower hour by the steam plant 4.85 pounds of dry coal were consumed, 

while for the production of the same amount of energy in the producer-gas plant 

and gas engine only 1. 71 pounds of dry eoal were consumed. This shows a gain 

in efficiency of 183 per cent. Also the results of steam tests on page S72 show 

that of the best \Vest Virginia coal 3.39 pounds of dry coal were required for 
COLOR.ADO NO. 1 A (Black lignite) 8 

COAL 11 ' 

COAL.t4' 

FIELD WORK. 

ILLINOIS N0.1 

A 8 

COAL , 1~ 5!4 

ILLINOI.S NO. 3 

A 8 

fliCHES 12 s FEET 

~~~----~----k---~ 

FIG. a.-sections of Colorado and Illinois coal beds. 

ILLI~OlSNO. 4 

A 8 

IL"LINOIS NO. 6 

A 8 
54 OPERATIONS OF. THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

the production ·of one electrical horsepower hour; therefore it is plain t~at in the 

producer-gas plant better results were achieved ·with Colorado lignite than with 

the best West ·virginia coal in the steam plant. 

With the· perfection of the gas engine· this method of producing power will 

undoubtedly come into common use, and then beds of such lignite as Colbrado 

~o. 1, lying in Close proximity to a manufacturing center like Denver, will be 

~f the greatest value. The results obtained on this coal can doubtless be dupli-

. cated ()n most of the lignites of the State. 

ILLINOIS. 

Illinois is ·second in importance among the coal-producing States, yielding, 

. ~ccording to th~ -report of Mr. E. W. Parker, a 36,4 75,060 short tons of coal in 

i904. The' coal is . not of so high grade as that from the Appalachian region, 

but the proximity of this field to the great manufacturing centers of Chicago 

· and St. Loujs has led to extensiv~ development and to the great output'. noted 

above. 

Illinois includes the greater part of the eastern interior coal field, which 

stretches from Rock Island and Wilmington, Ill., on the north to central Kentucky 

on the south, and from the Mississippi River on the west to Williamsport and 

Cannelton, Ind., on the east. The coal field of Illinois bas the form of an 

elongated basin, whose major axis extends in nearly a north-south direction from 

the vicinity of Hennepin on the north to the mouth of the Wabash River on the 

south. As a rule t~c higher; coal beds occur in the central part of the. basin 

and the lower coal beds around the margin of the field. 

· In the original geologic survey of the State the coal beds were numbered in 

?onsecutive order, beginning at the base of the coal-bearing rocks. Of this series, 

coal beds designated 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are of workable thicki,J.ess. In many places 

the coal-bearing roeks of the State rest unconformably upon the older rocks, 

and it has been extremely difficult to :.:nake exact correlation of the various coal 

peds. Lo~al names are therefore generally used for the coal beds from which 

coal was shipped for testing, a'nd when numbers arc given it must be understood 

that the eorrelation is tentative only, or is that which is commonly used in the 

district. 

The coal tested came from three districts, which may be best designated by 

the names of the counties in which they were .mined, as follows: (1) Marion, (2) 

Montg~mery, and (3) Madison-St. Clair. 

a :Mineral Resources of the United States, 1904. 
FIELD WORK. 55 

ILLINOIS N 0. 1. 

Operator.-Western Anthracite Coal and Coke Company, St. Louis, Mo.· 

Mine.-St. Louis and O'Fallon No. 1 (Nigger Hollow) mine, located 5t 

miles west of south of O'Fallon, Ill., on private railroad connecting mine with 

East St. Louis. 

Sampler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-The bed of coal here worked is called the Belleville seam. It 

1s correlated with coal No. 6 and is. the most extensively developed and most 

important bed in Madison and St. Clair counties. It ranges in thickness from 

5t to 7t feet, and averages over 6 feet. lt is mined at depths varying from 

50 to 300 feet, but most of the larger ·mines. are from 100 to 200 feet deep. 

Two sections, which are represented graphically in fig. 3, were measured in 

this mine. Section A was measured at a point 1,200 feet north of the shaft 

and sectim~ B 1,200 feet south of the sh_aft. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine of TVesteJ'J_t Anthracite Coal and Co~'e Company, nem· 0' Fallon, Ill. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Pt. in. 

-Coal------------------·········----·---· 1 5!- Coal .................................... 0 11~ 

Sulphur knife edge. Sulphur knife edge. 

Coal ...... ___ . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 0 9! CoaL ................................... 0 4~ 

Sulphur knife edge. Sulphur knife edge. 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 0 7~ Coal. ................................... 0 5~ 

Shale ... __ ........... _.. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . 0 0~ Bone .. ____ ... __ . : ... __ . ___ ...... _ .... _ _ 0 0~ 

Coal .· ................................... 1 1! Coal ............................... __ ... 0 5 

... Sulphur knife edge. Slate .. _ .... ___ .. _ .... _ ... ___ ........ __ . 0 0~ 

Coal ....... _________ . __ . __ . ---------·--- 0 4 Coal ............................ _ . . . . . . . . 2 2 

Shale ........................ __ .......... 0 1 Sulphur knife edge. 

Coal . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 Coal. .................. : ................ 0 3 

Slate .. __ ... _ ........ ____ . __ · ... __ .. ___ . . 0 

Coal ............ _ ............. _____ . __ . . 2 1 

Total .................. __ . . . . . . . . . . 6 3t Total ...... _ .............. _ ... , . . . 6 1 0~ 

Samples for ch.emioal analysis.-Two samples were collected in the mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the point where section A was 

measured and sample B at the point where section B was measured. At these 

working faces the loose coal was stripped off and a perpendicMlar cut made from 

roof to floor. This cut was about 2 inches wide and about 1 inch deep. All of 

the partings diRearded by the miner were carefully thrown out and only the parts 

of the bed furnishing coal for the market were included. In this way representative samples were obtained. These samples, which in their original bulk 
56 OPERATIONS OF THFJ COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

amounted to about 25 pounds per sample, were crushed and quartered down until 

they weighed about 5 pounds each. Each sample was then packed in an air-tight 

galvanized-iron cylinder and mailed to the chemical laboratory of the testing plant. 

Character of car sample.-The coal loaded for shipment to the testing plant 

was passed over a l-inch perforated screen. This kind of coal constitutes lump 

and nut in the market and is mixed and sold for railroad engine coal. The car was 

not loaded in the presence of the sa~pler, but was selected by him from a number 

standing already loaded on the mine siding. It was regarded as containing representative coal. The car was loaded September 13 and was received at the testing 

plant September 23, 1904. 

Equipment and ·use.-Mine No. 1 is reached by a shaft 140 feet deep. The 

coal is mined by hand by the room-and-pillar system, and hauling is done by mules. 

When the coal arrives at the tipple it is run over a l-inch perforated screen, and 

the slack is separated from the lump and nut. Mm•t of the lump and nut is sold 

to the various railroads entering East St. Louis for locomotive coal; while the 

slack finds a ready market at the large electric power houses in St. Louis. The 

daily output of this mine is approximately 1,500 tons. The coal company owns 

a line of railroad connecting its mine with the yards of East St. Louis, and by 

this line the coal can easily and cheaply be delivered to the bridge companies or 

to the eastern railroads which center at this point. 

lLLINors No. 2. 

Operator.-Western Anthracite Coal and Coke Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

j11ine.-St. Louis and O'Fallon (Nigger Hollow) mine No. 1, 5t miles west of 

south of O'Fallon, Ill. 

Sampler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Oharacte1· of car sample.-This sample consisted of a car of slack coal from 

the same mine that Illinois No. 1 was obtained. The slaek from this mine is all 

shipped to St. Louis for use in the large power houses of the transit ·company. 

It seemed possible that washing might greatly improve the quality of the slack, 

hence the car was shipped for a washing test. For description of the mine and 

the eoal bed, see page 55. This car was. shipped from the mine September 16, 

and it was received at the testing plant September 26, 1904:. 

Ir.uNors No. 3. 

Operator.-Southern Illinois Coal Mining and Washing Company, Chicago, Ill. 

jlfine.-Mine No. 3, located at Marion, Williamson County, Ill., on the Chicago 

and Eastern illinois Railroad. 

Sampler.-John W. Groves. 
FIELD WORK. 57 

Ooal bed.-The coal bed mined at Marion is known locally as the Carterville 

coal, and it probably corresponds to bed No. 7 of the State geological reports. 

The coal bed underlies the northern hal£ of Williamson County at depths ranging 

from 0 to 150 feet, and it varies in thickness from 4 to 9 feet. Two sections, 

shown in fig. 3, were measured in this mine: Section A was measured in the 

third southwest entry and section B was measured in the first north entry on 

the east side of the mine. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 3, Southern Illinois Coal Mining and Washing Corr):pany, Marion, fll. 

Section A. Section B. 

-------------------1-----------------· 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal.. ____________________________________ 0 4 Coal .. ------·-·------------------------- 5 0 

8hale. __ ............ _. _ ......... ____ ...... 0 1 Sulphur ......... ___ . __ . _____ .. _ ..... ____ 0 2 

CoaL _ ... _ ... ___ .. __ ..... __ . ____ . . . . . .. . . . 4 5 Shale ..... ______ . __ .. ____ ..... __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 0 1 ~ 

Shale .. ____ .... ___ . ______ .. __ .. __ ." .... __ .. 0 1 Coal ____________________________________ 1 10 

Coal ............ ___ ............ _ . . . . . . . . . 2 5 Total ___ . __ ........ -- __________ .. .. . 7 11 

Total ......... ___ .... _ ... _ .... ___ . . . 7 4 

Samples for chernical analysis.-Two samples were procured in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the point where section A was 

measured and sample B where section B was measured. The samples were 

obtained by making cuts from roo£ to floor and throwing out the partings 

discarded in mining the coal :for commercial use. These samples weighed about 

25 pounds each in their original bulk. They were crushed and quartered, 

however, until each was reduced to about 5 pounds of fine material, which was 

packed in air-tight galvanized-iron cylinders and mailed to the chemical laboratory 

at the testing plant. 

Character of em' sample.-A car of run-of-mine coal was loaded and shipped 

to the plant for testing purposes. The coal was reasonably free from impurities 

and representative in character. The coal was loaded on an open coal car which 

was shipped from the mine October 3 and was received at the testing plant 

October 23, 1904. 

Equipment and use.-This mine is _worked by the room and pillar doubleentry system. It is connected with the surface by a 90-foot shaft. The coal is 

hauled 'by mules. About 60 per cent is cut by electric machines and the rest by 

hand. With this equipment about 1,500 tons of coal are mined daily. About 

50 per cent of the product is sold for domestic use, while the rest goes for 

factory purposes and railroad coal. The coal is nearly all sold through Chicago 

'to the Northwest. 
58 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ILLINOIS N 0. 4. 

Operator.-Donk Brothers Coal and Coke Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

M1:ne.-Mine No. 3, located about 1 mile west of Troy, Madison County,_ Ill., 

on the St. Louis, Troy and Eastern Railroad, a private line connecting these mines 

with East St. Louis. 

SarnpleJ•.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-In Madison and St. Clair counties the principal coal is known as 

the Belleville bed. Although it is difficult to determine the exact stratigraphic 

position of this bed, it is generally correlated with coal No. 6 of the State reports. 

Two sections, shown in fig. 3, were measured in this mine. Section A was 

measured in room 15 off the fifth west entry on the north side of the shaft. 

Section B was measured in room 16 off the fifth east entry on the south side of 

the shaft. 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 3, Dank Brothers Coal_an~ Coke Company, Troy, Ill. 

Section A. Section.B. 

Ft. in. Ft. ·in. 

Bony coal ______ . ___ . _ . ____ . _________ . _ . . 0 4 Bony coal. _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 3 

Coal _____ . __ ..... _ . ___ . __ . _______ .. ___ . . 0 5z Coal _____________________ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 9 

Shale .... ___ ... ________ . ____ .. _____ . _____ 0 t Shale knife edge. 

Coal _ ..... _ . _ . __ .... _ .... _ ... __ .... _ .. _ . 3 5 Coal . _ .. _ . _ ... __ .. ______ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 0 

Shale. __ .... _ .. __ .. _ .......... _____ ._ .... 0 t Shale ____ . __ .. __ . ____ . ___ .. __ .. _. __ .. _._ 0 t 

Coal . _____ . ____ . _ .. ___ . _______ . ______ .. _ 1 3! Coal ___ .. ___ .. ___ . __ : _ . __ . _ . ______ . _ ... _ 1 3~ 

Total ................ -. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6t Total ..... ·_ ....... _ .. ___ ... ___ ... _ 5 4i 

Samples for chem·ical analysis.-Two samples for chemical analysis were 

taken in this mine. Sample A was obtained at the point where section A was 

measured and sample B was obtained at the point where section B was measured. 

To obtain these samples loose coal and powder smoke were removed from working faces of coal, and cuts were made from roof to floor, exylusive of the bony 

coal at the top of the bed and the lowest shale parting, three-fourths inch thick. 

The material resulting from these cuts amounted to 25 or 30 pounds per sample. 

These bulky samples were taken from. the mine and carefully pulverized and 

quartered down to about 5 pounds in weight and then packed and sealed in 

galvanized-iron cylinders and mailed to the testing plant. · 

Charactc'1' of em· 8ctmple.-At this mine the coal is screened over a 2-ineh 

perforated screen. That which passes over the screen is sold for steam and 

domestic use, and that which passes through is washed and separated into various 

grades of commercial coal. Since all of the slack is washed it would have been 
FIELD WORK. 59 

unjust to this plant to test run-of-mine coal, and therefore the car was loaded 

with coal over the 2-inch perforated screen. The coal was loaded in an ordinary 

open coal car, which was shipped from the mine October· 31 and was received at 

"the testing" plant N ovei:nber 3, 1904. . . 

Eq1-tipmerit._____.:.This 66mpany operates tlu;ee mines in the Belleville district. 

Mine No. 1 is located near Collinsville, mine No. 2 at Marysville, and mine No. 

-3 near Troy. The company owns the St: Louis, Troy and Eastern Railroad, by 

'which the mines are connected i·ith East St. Louis. 

Mine No. 1 is equipped with a washery to which the :,1lack coal is brought 

from the other mines and washed into four grades of coal, which find a ready 

·market. The fifth and finest grade is not salable, and the company contemplates 

the erection of a bank of coke ovens to utilize, if possible, this fine coal. 

At mine No. 3 the coal is reached by a shaft 273 feet deep. The coal is 

mined by hand and is delivered to the foot of the shaft by electric haulage, 

.. except in the side entries, where mules are used. 

The estimated capacity of mine No. 3 is 1,800 tons per day, and it is run 

almost to its capacity. 

ILLINOis No. 5. 

Operat(w.-Donk Brothers Coal and Coke Company, St. Louis, Mo . 

.Mine.-Mine No. 1, located near Collinsville, Madison County, Ill., on the 

St. Louis, Troy and Eastern Railroad. 

Sampler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-This mine is on the same bed as mine No. 3, described under 

Illinois No. 4. · The mine was not examined and consequently no section of the 

coal bed was obtained, nor were any samples procured for chemical analysis. 

Character of cw· sample.-This coal was tested only to determine the possibility of coking the finest grade of washed slack, which at present is waste material. 

The slaek from the three mines of this company is washed at the No. 1 

plant and separated into five grades of commercial coal. The smallest siJ>:e or 

grade is known as "No. 5 washed," and the particles of coal are all less than 

one-quarter inch in diameter. The sample for testing consisted of. this "No. 5 

washed coal." 

The washcry at this ·plant is rnn to .the full limit of its capacity, and the 

result is that some of the coal, espAcially the smaller grades, are not thoroughly 

washed, for a thin coating of mud is left on the coal, giving it the appearance 

of fine fragments of clay. 

The coal was loaded in an ordinary open coal car whi_ch was shipped from 

the .mine on October 31 and waf'l received at the testing plant November 17, 

1904. 
60 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ILLINOIS No. 6. 

O_perator.'-Clover Leaf Coal Company, Coffeen, Montgomery County, Ill. 

Mine.-Clover Leaf shaft No. 1, located at Coffeen, Montgomery ·County, 

Ill., on the Toledo, St. Louis and Western (Clover Leaf) Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.-The coal worked in this mine was designated by the Geological 

Survey of Illinois as coal bed No. 5, but is known locally as the Pana and also 

as the Springfield coal. In Montgomery County the coal varies in thickness from 

6 to 8 feet and lies at a depth ranging from 440 feet at Hillsboro to 684 feet 

at Litchfield. In Clover Leaf mine No. 1 the depth of the sh:Jft is 550 feet and 

the bed averages 7 feet 6 inches in thickness. Two sections, shown in fig. 3, 

were measured in this mine. Section A was measured at the face of room 21, 

off the sixth left entry, and section B was measured at the face of room 18, 

off the fourth right entry, some distance from section A. 

8ection8 of coal bed 'in Clover Leaf mine No. 1, Clover Leaf Coal Company, OJ.f!een, Ill. 

Section A. Section B. 

Pt. in. Ft. in. 

Slate ____ ... __ ... __ . ___ ................... 0 3 Slate ........... _ ........ _ .. __ ... __ .. ____ 0 1 

Coal _________ .... _ .. __ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 Coal. .............. __ .... _ ... _ . ____ . _ _ _ _ 6 3 

Blue (limestone?) ______ .. ___ . ____ . ____ ... _ 0 2 Blue (limestone?). ____________ .. _________ 0 3~ 

Coal _____ ... _ ......... _ .... ·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Coal .................... ______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 6 

Total. ____________ . ___ .. ________ .... 7 11 Total _____ .. ______________________ 8 1~ 

Samples for clunnical analysis.-Two samples were collected from this mine 

for chemical analysis, and they are designated sample A and sample B. The 

points from which these samples were taken are identical with the location of 

sections A and B. In obtaining the samples the method of procedure was as 

follows: 

A smooth face having been selected at a point in the mine in which tlie 

coal appeared to be normally developed, all loose and weathered coal was removed 

from a space 2 to 3 feet wide across the full thickness of the bed. A 

cut about 2 inches wide and 1 inch deep was then made across the face from 

roo£ to floor, including everything noted in the above sections except the draw 

slate above the coal and the parting near the bottom of the bed, which are 

thrown out by the miners, and therefore do not belong in the commercial 

product of the mine. About 25 pounds of material was obtained in this way for 

each sample. Th~se were pulverized and quartered down to 4 or 5 pounds and 
FIELD WORK. 61 

packed separately in galvanized-iron cans, which were scaled and sent to the 

laboratory for analysis. 

Character of oar sample.-The car of coal for testing was selected at random 

by the sampler from a number of loaded cars standing on the side track. This 

was done to facilitate the shipment of the car, as a broken switch point prevented the shifting of empty cars under the tipple. The car. selected was an 

ordinary gondola and contained run-of-mine coal, the principal grade shipped at 

this mine. The car was shipped from the mine November 18 and it was 

received at the testing plant December 2, 1904. 

· Eq~tipment and 'ttse.-Clover Leaf mine No. 1 has been in operation for 

sixteen years, and it is reported that sufficient coal remains on the property to 

warrant operating this mine for about two years more.. The company is sinking 

a new shaft near Coffeen and will install an equipment- with a larger capacity 

than that of mine No. 1. The coal in mine No. 1 is reached by a shaft 550 

feet deep. The mine is laid out on the room-and-pillar system. The coal is 

shot from the solid and hauled to the bottom of the shaft by mules. 

The capacity of the mine is rated at 450 tons a day and most of the product 

is used by the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad (Clover Leaf route), upon 

which the mine is located. The balance is distributed locally in Illinois and 

Indiana for domestic and factory u~>es. 

RESULTS OF ·r~JSTS. 

For steaming purposes the results show that the Illinois coals which were tested 

are about the average, the best results being obtained with the coal from vVilliamson 

County. In this connection it is well to remember that the figures are the results of 

one test only on each sample, and it is probable that in many cases the maximum 

efficiency was not obtained. 

Only one washing test was made, and that was on Illinois No. 2, a carload of 

slack from the O'Fallon mine. The result of this test is given on page 440, and 

the steam tests on the washed and on the unwashed coal give a practical demonstration of the improvement made by washing. 

The producer-gas test8 show that excellent results may be obtained from Illinois 

coal when used in a producer plant and gas engine. It seems probable also that 

much if not all o£ the slack coal could be utilized in this way and thus obviate the 

loHs of revenue that at present is experienced from the inability to market this coal 

at its real fuel value or from the expenditure necessary to briquette jt and make it a 

commercial fuel. 

The best result obtained in the steam plant was 3.39 pounds (seep. 872) of West 

Virginia dry coal per electrical horsepower hour developed at the switchboard, while 
62 OPERATIONS OE' THE CO.AL·TESTING PJ,ANT. 

in the producer plant and gas engine only 1.79 and 1.76 pounds, respectively, of 

Illinois coal were used to produce the same result. If these figures are verified in 

practice, and there seems to be no doubt that this is possible, Illinois coal used in 

such a plant will give much better results than the best West Virginia coal used in a 

steam plant. 

Briquetting tests, although not conclusive, seem to show that it is possible to 

briquette the coal on a commercial scale, and thus to produce good domestic fuel 

from the slack coal. Further tests are necessary to determine the range of binding 

material and the cost of production. 

Coking tests were made on Illinois No. 5, but with unsatisfactory results. The 

fine coal that was tried at the testing plant seemed to. be too thoroughly coated with 

a film of clay to allow the particles to cohere. It is reported that coke was once 

made by heating the ovens to a high temperature with other fuel, but this would 

probably render the process too expensive for ordinary use even if the waste coal of 

"No. 5 washed" could be coked by this process. 

INDIANA. 

Indiana is one of the great coal-producing States of the Union, standing sixth 

in the list in 1904, with a production of 10,934,379 short tons of coal. 

The coal-bearing territory of Indiana is a part of the eastern interior coal 

field, which includes almost all of Illinois south of the latitude of Chicago, the 

southweste-rn corner of Indiana, and about ten counties in western Kentucky. 

The central part of the basin is in Illinois, so the coal beds in Indiana dip gently 

to the west, and, as a rule, . the oldest and lowest coals are exposed along the 

eastern margin of the field. 

The Indiana field contains a number of coal beds, but they are variable in 

thickness and uncertain in occurrence. Those in the lower part of the geologic 

section are very irregular and are worked at only a few places along the eastern 

margin of the field. 

Of the beds higher in the series the Brazil block coal is perhaps the most 

noted, but the thinker and more persistent beds occur still higher. Coal No. 5 

(numbering from the base of the measures) is the most prominent and valuable 

bed in the southern part of the State in the Evansville region. It is extensively 

mined in 'Varrick County. The sample known as Indiana No. 2 is from a mine 

in this coal bed near Boonville. 

Farther. north coal No. () is more prominent, and the sample marked Indiana 

No. 1 is from a mine in this bed in the vicinity of Sullivan, Sullivan County, Ind. 
FIELD WORK. 63 

INDIANA No. 1. 

Operator.-.T. Wooley Coal Company, Evansville, Ind. 

1Jfine.-Mildred mine, Mildred, Sullivan County, Ind., on the Evansville and 

Terre Haute Railroad. 

Sa1rvpler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.-The bed worked at Mildred 1s known as coal No. 6. This coal 

underlies Sullivan County apparently as a continuous bed, averaging about 6 feet 

in thickness. From its outcrop east of Sullivan County it dips toward the west, 

being at a depth of from 130 to 140 feet in the vicinity of Mildred. 

The two sections shown in fig. 4 were obtained in the Mildred mine. Section 

A was measured at the face of room 4 off the southwest entry and section B 

was measured some distance east of section A at the face of room 5 off the 

southeast entry. 

Bectiom of coal bed in Mildred mine, J. lVooley Coal Company, Mildred, Ind. 

Section A. 

Ft. in. 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 

Shale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 z 

Coal ...... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 

Shale .................................... 0 1 

Coal ...... ______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 

Bony coaln .............................. 1 0 

Total. ................... , ......... 6 2! 

Section B. 

Ft. in. 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 

Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 z 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o 6z 

Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 i 

Coal .................. ___ ... _ . _______ .. _ 2 2 

Bony coal " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 t 

Total . . . . . . ..... ___ . _ . _. . . . . . . . . . 6 0 

a Not 1nined. 

Samples for clwmical analy8-ls.-Two samples were taken from this mine for 

chemical analysis, one from the point at which section A wa~:~ measured and the 

other from the point at which section B was measured. In .obtaining the samples 

for analysis the above-mentioned locations were selected after a general inspection 

of the mine, as most nearly representative of the coal. The face of each room 

was cleared of all loose and weathered coal, and cuts were made from roof to 

floor across the face, excluding the partings and bony coal shown in the sections. 

The material from these cuts, which amounted to about 30 pounds per sample, 

was then pulverized and quartered down to about 5 pounds, packed in air-tight 

galvanized-iron cans, and mailed to the chemical laboratory. 

Oltaracter of car sample.-The car shipped to the testing plant from this mine 

was of the ordinary gondola type and contained 15 tons of run-of-mine coal to 

be used in making steam tests and 15 tons of coal that had passed through -a 
64 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TJ<~STING PLANT. 

3-k-ineh screen to be used in making washing tests. The object of shipping the 

coal that passed through the screen was to determine by experiment if the quality 

of this grade could not be improved. The car was shipped from the mine on 

November 11 and it was received at the testing plant November 22, 1904. 

lfqwpment and 1tse.-The Mildred mine is new, having been in operation 

little more than a year. The J. Wooley Coal Company controls enough territory· 

adjacent to the present opening to last for eighteen or twenty years, and it 

intends to make this mine a large producer. The shaft is 139 feet deep and 

from its bottom a main entry runs due north and south. From this main entry 

side entries are turned off in the regular way, following the room-and-pillar method 

of mining. The .coal is all cut by compressed-air punching machines and one 

air· chain machine, which is giving excellent results. Mules are used to haul the 

coal to the foot of the shaft, and with this equipment it is expected that the 

output will be 600 tons a day. The coal is being used at present for 'domestic 

and steam purposes, but in what proportion it is difficult to determine, as the 

output during the. last year was small. 

INDIANA N<?. 2. 

Operator.-T. D. Scales Coal Company, Boonville, Warrick County, Ind . 

. M;tne.-Electric mine, located near Boon ville, Warrick County, Ind., on the 

Southern Railroad. 

Smnpler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.·-The seam mined at Boonville IS coal No. 5. It averages 6 feet 

thick in this region and is characterized by a roof of black sheety shale overlain 

by limestone. It is free from persistent partings, as shown in fig. 4 by two 

sections measured at widely separated points in the Electric mine. Section A 

was measured in room 4 off the north entry and section B was measured at the . 

face ·of room 8 off the south entry. 

Sections of coal bed in Electric mine, T. D. Scales Coal Company, Boonville, Ind. 

Section A. Section B. 

Pt. in. Pt. in. 

Coal. ..................... _,_ ...... _______ 7 0 Coal.. ____ ....................... __ .. _ .. _ 7 6 

--------------------------------~-------------------------------

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples of coal for chemical analysis 

were obtained from this mine at . the points where the above sections were 

measured. Sample A corresponds with section A and sample B with section B. 

The samples were obtained in the usual way-by making a cut across the face 

o£ the coal from roof to floor after having removed from the face all loose and 
F IELD WORK. 65 

INDIANA NO. 1 

A 8 

INDIANA NO. 2 

A 8 

INDIAN TERRITORY NO. 1 

COAL 

7 '-o" 

COAL 

7'-6" 

A 8 

COAL 

1'- 3" 

COAL 

1'- 7 " 

MOTHER 

COAL 4 " 

COAL 

1'-5" 

COAL 

f- 3'' 

INDIAN TERRITORY NO. 2 

A 8 

COAL " 

4'- 5112 

COAL 

'i -1 o" 

INDIAN TERRITORY NO. 3 INDIAN'TERRITORY NO. 4 

A 8 C A 8 C 

INCHES: 12 8. 0 3- FEET •~I--__ _J ____ _L ____ _ 

FIG. 4.- Sections of Indiana and Inftian Territory coal beds. 

13- No. 48-06- 5 
66 OPER.A'l'lONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

weathered coal. The samples, each consisting of from 25 to RO pounds of coal, 

were pulverized and quartered down until a quart sample was obtained from each. 

These were ;:;ealed in galvanized-iron cans and mailed to the chemical laboratory 

at the testing-plant. 

Character of car sample.-The car shipped from this mine was one of the 

hopper variety and contained run-of-mine coal of the same quality as that shipped 

for commercial purposes. , The amount of large coal in this car was approximately 60 ·per cent. By large coal is meant all sizes above the grade of slack. 

This coal wa~ quite free from slate and other impurities. The car was shipped 

from the mine on November 12 and ~as received at the testing plant November 

23, 1904. 

Equipment and use._:__The Electric mine is one of the important new operations that has come into prominence in the last year in the Boonville field. It 

derives its name from the fact that all the coal is cut by electric machines. The 

coal is mined by the room-and-pillar method and hauled by mules to the bottom 

of the shaft, 41 feet below the surface. The capacity of this mine is 650 tons a 

day and most of the output is used for railroad ~nd domestic consumption. Some 

-of the product finds its way to the large cities of the. Middle West. 

SPECIAL SAMPLES OF INDIANA COAL. 

Two samples were cut in the mine, of the Big Four Coal Company, at 

Boonville, Ind. The coal bed is the same as that from which Indiana No. 2 was 

obtained, and its thickness and character are about the same in the two mines. 

Sample ,1424 was taken from a point 35 yards from the working face in the main 

west entry and sample 1427 from room No. 9 off main west entt:y. These samples 

were taken by Mr. J. Shober Burrows on November 12, 1904. 

RESUL'rS OF TESTS. 

The steam tests on Indiana coal, although probably not developing the 

greatest efficie~cy, seem to show that the coal is about an average of those 

tested. The average of all the coals tested is 8.07 pounds as "equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F. per pound of dry coal," whereas 8.0.2 pounds were 

evaporated with Indiana No. 2 raw and 8.45 with Indiana No. 1 washed .. 

The washing operations on Indiana No. 1 show a marked improvement in 

both the chemical composition of the coal and in its steam-producing qualities. 

Undoubtedly washing could be carried on to advantage in this district. 

The briquetting tests show that these coals are easily briquetted, hut it is 

probable that under present conditions the· cost is prohibitive. 

The producer-gas tests on Indiana coals gave fairly good results. The sulphur 

in the coal is troublesome, but probably it can be successfully eliminated. The 

• 
FIELD WORK. 67 

gain m efficiency over the same coals used in the ~team plant is over 100 per 

cent, and over the best West Virginia coal used m the steam phnt is 80 per 

cent in one case and 110 per cent in the other. 

INDIAN TERRITORY. 

The coal production of Indian Territory .has grown from 120,947 short tons 

m 1880, when the first record was kept, to 3,046,539 short tons in 1904. It is 

now one of the important coal-producing States ·west of the Mississippi River, 

although its production in 1903 was only 1 per cent of the total product of the 

United States. 

The principal coal field in the Territory is the McAlester field, which lies in 

a series of basins in the southern part of the Territory. These form a westward 

prolongation of the basins described in the Arkansas report,. and ext.end southwestward from the Arkan~a~ State line· to Atoka. 

The samples marked Indian Territory Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 came from 

this field. 

In this field ther.c are two principal coal beds, separated by about 1,300 feet 

of strata. These are known in a general way as the McAlester and Hartshorne 

co a b. 

The Hartshorne coal occurs at the base of the co!!-1-bearing rocks and is 

represented by the sample called Indian Territory No. 2. This came from 

Hartshorne and may be regarded as the type coal. Samples Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6 

were. obtained at Edwards, Lehigh, and Coalgate, in other parts of the basin, 

from beds which occur at about the horizon of the McAlester bed. The local 

names in use are Lehigh, Atoka, etc. The horizon of these beds is about 1,300 

feet above the Hartshorne bed. 

The coal-bearing rocks of the McAlester field arc really connected with the 

Coal Measures of Kansas, but the intermediate area in the northern part of the 

Territory contains only a few thin beds and consequently little exploration has 

been done and the field. is not well known. The sample marked Indian Territory 

No. 1 came from Henryetta, which is located between Canadian River on the 

south and Arkansas River on the north in this intermediate zone. With the 

present knowledge respecting th_is part of the field it is impossible to correlate 

the Henryetta coal with any of the coal beds of the McAlester field. 

INDIAN TERRITORY No. 1. 

Operatar.-Whitehcad Coal Mining Company, Henryetta, Ind. T . 

.hiine.-Mine No. 1, located at Henryetta on the Frisco Railroad. 

Sample1•.-J. Shober Burrows. 
68 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Ooal bed.--The coal beds of the southern part of the Territory have notbeen traced into this part of the field nor have those of Kansas been tmccd 

this far south. As a result little is known about the stratigraphic position of 

this bed or its correlation with the coal beds of adjacent fields. 

The thickness and character of the bed in the Henryetta mine are shown in 

fig. 4 by two sections. Section A was measured at the face of the northeast 

entry; section H was measured at the face of the southeast entry. T!:lc sections 

are as follows: 

&ction.~ l(t' coal bed in mine No. 1, Whitehead Coal llfining Compnny, ITenryetta, Ind. 1'. 

---~-------~-~----------------------

section A. Section B. 

1-----------·----------

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

CoaL. __ . __ .•. ________ ._. __________ . ____ 1 3 Coal ............ _ . _ . __ ... _ ... _____ . _ • . . . . 1 7 

Mother coaL . _ . ____ . __________ ... __ . _ • . . 0 3~ Mother c'oa!.. .. _._ ............ _ .. _ ........ 0 4 

CoaL ___ . ____ . ______________ ._ .......... 1 5 Coal. .................................... 1 3 

Total. _ ... __ ...... _ .. _ .. .. .. . .. .. . 2 11 ~ Total .......... "---.---------------- 3 2 

The mother coal noted in the sections is characteristic of this bed. It consists of structureless, dull-black carbonaceous matter which resembles crushed 

charcoal and is almost pure carbon. 

Samples for c!Mmical analysis.__!l'wo samples for chemical analysis were 

taken from this mine, one from the point where section A was measured and 

one from the point where section B was measured. In obtaining these samples 

the face was first stripped of loose and weathered coal, then in this prepared 

space a section was cut from roof to floor yielding about 20 pounds of coal 

for each sample. These bulky samples were carefully crushed and quartered 

down, until the original bulk was represented by 4 or 5 pounds of material. 

These ultimate samples were sealed in air-tight cylinders and mai~ed to the 

chemical laboratory. 

0/tamcter of car sarnple.~ The car was first loaded with 50 per cent of lump 

eoal, which was carefully picked for slate and impurity, and on top of this 

50 per cent of slack eoal. The amount of slack which the mine yields is 

excessive, but it is due largely to the band of •mother coal which occurs about 

the middle of the bed and which breaks up into a fine powder. The mine 

being a new one at the time the sample was collected, nothing but entry coal 

was available, and consequently a great deal of slate and clay came from the 

mine with the coal. It is expected that when rooms arc worked the eommcrciai 

output will be very much improved. The coal was loaded in an ordinary 
FIELD WORK. 69 

gondola ear, whieh was shipped from the mine September -6 and was received 

at the testing· plant September 21, 1904. 

Equipment and use.-At the time the shipment was_ made this mine had 

been operated constantly for about four months. The room-and-pillar method 

of working is employed and entrance is by a shaft 98 feet deep. The coal 

is hauled to the foot of the shaft by mules and is all cut hy hand. Only 

75 tons a day was the output at the time the mine was visited, but as noted 

above, entries were being driven and much time was taken up hy dead work. 

The company owns a large acreage of coal at this point, and there is every 

reason to suppose that the mine will be a good producer. The product is 

shipped over the Frisco road to points in Texas, Oklahoma, and Indian Territofy, 

and some is used as 'engine coal by this system. 

INDIAN TERRITORY No. 2. 

Operator.-Rock Island Coal Company, Hartshorne, Ind. T. 

Jlfine.-Mine No. 8, located at Hartshorne, Ind. T., on the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf (Rock Island) Railroad. 

Sampler.-John Vv. Groves. 

Coal bed.-The coal being mined in No. 8 mine is called the Hartshorne bed, 

from this place. It is a clean coal of uniform thickness occurring about 250 feet 

below the surface at this point. Two sections of this coal bed are shown in fig. 

4. Section A was measured in room 14 off the main east entry and section 

H was measured in room 16 off the seventh west entry. The sections are ItS 

follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No 8, Rock Island Coal Company, Ilurtshorne, Ind. T. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal . _____ . ___ . ___ ...................... 4 5:\" Coal . _ ... _ •.•••••.. _ ... __ • __ • _____ ..• _... ::l 10 

Samples for clwmical analysis.-Two samples were cut in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the same place that section A was 

measured and sample B at the same place that section B was measured. These 

samples were procured in the usual manner by making a cut from roof to floor. 

The material obtained was crushed and quartered to _about 1 quart in size, and 

then the samples were packed in galvanized-iron cylinders, which were :sealed and 

mailed to the chemical laboratory at the testing plant. 

CJhctracter of car sample.-Run-of-mine coal was accepted for testing purposes. The car contained a considerable amount of shale, derived from the soft 
70 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·TESTINIJ PLANT. 

shaly clay floor, which crumbles into ~mall fragments. In mining, a large amount 

of thi~ soft clay floor is loaded into the mine cars ·with the coal. Ordinarily this 

pas:ses through the screens and is mixed with the finer grades of coal, but in the 

run-of-mine accepted for testing the clay remains and consequently the percentage 

of ash is materially increased. The coal for testing was loaded in a gondola car, 

which was shipped from the mine September 8 and received at the testing plant 

September 26, 1904. 

Eq~tipment and use.-The coal is reached by a shaft 250 feet deep, and is 

mined by the room-and-pillar system. It is hauled by rope and by mules. 

Mining is carried on without the usc of machines, most of the coal being shot off 

the solid. About 600 tons of coal a day are produced, all hut about 9 per cent 

going to the Rock Island system for engine coal. The remainder is sold for 

steam purposes and household use except about 8 per cent, which is consumed 

locally or made into coke. 

INDIAN TERRITORY No. 3. 

Operator.-D. Edwards & Son, Edwards, Ind. T . 

.Mine.-Mine No. 1, located at Edwards, on the Choctaw, Oklahoma and 

Gulf (Rock Island) Railroad. 

Coal bed.-It is difficult to trace the outcrop of this coal bed and therefore 

its position is not well known. It is supposed, however, to be the McAlester 

bed. The coal consi~t~ of one solid bench, free from binders or partings. It is 

overlain by about 3 inches of bony coal, which appears to he a characteristic 

feature in this mine. The character and thickness of the coal bed are shown in 

fig. 4 .by two sections. Section A was measured in the second west air course 

and section B was measured in the second east air course. The sections are as 

follows: 

Sections of coal bed in rn·ine No. 1, D. Edwards & Son, Edward.~, Tnd. T. 

Section A. Section B. 

------------------1----------------~--

l<Y. in. Ft. iu. 

Bonycoal _____________________ . __________ 0 3 · BonycoaL ............................... 0 3 

Coal . _ ........ __ ...................... _. 3 10! Coal ...... __ .... _ .... __ ... _ ..... _ ..... _. . 4 0 

Total ...... _ ... _._._ ...... _ .... __ .. 4 1~ Total .. _ .............. _ ....... _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

analysis. Sample A was obtained at the point where section A was measured· 

and sample B was obtained where section R was measured. These were obtained 

by making cuts from roof to floor, including all of the bed except the bony coal 

at the top. The samples thus obtained weighed about 25 or 30 pounds eaeh. 
• 

FIELD WORK. 71 

These were crushed and quartered down until quart samples were obtained, which 

were then sea;led in air-tight galvanized-iron cans and mruiled to the chemical 

laboratory of the testing plant. 

Ohar(tcter of CW' sample.-After inspection it was decided that run-of-mine 

coal represented the product of the mine better than any other grade, therefore 

for testing purposes the car was loaded with this coal. The car was shipped · 

from the mine on September 9 and received at the testing plant October 10, 1904. 

Equipment and 1tse.-Mine No. 1 is one of two drift mines operated by D. 

Edwards & Son at this point. The entrance on the outcrop follows the dip of 

the coal, which is about 25° for about 800 feet. Side entries are turned off 

along the strike and from these the rooms are driven to the rise. The coal is 

delivered to the side entries from the face of the rooms by sheet-iron chutes. 

The coal is mined in two ways-by being shot off the solid and by being sheared 

on the rib. Most of the product of the mine, including even the slack, is sold 

for steam making. --.. 

INDIAN TERRITORY No.4. 

0pe1'ator.-Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo. , 

.Mine.-Mine No. 5, one-half mile north of Lehigh, Incl. T., on Missouri, 

·Kansas and Texas Railway. 

Sarnpler.-John W. Groves. 

Coal bed.-The coal worked here is known locally as the Lehigh bed. It is 

believed by some to occupy a position a little higher in the section than the 

McAlester coal, which is one of the prominent beds of the southern Indian Territory eoal field. The outcrop of the strata is continuous be~ween this locality 

and McAlester, but on account of the disturbed condition of the rocks and the 

poornes:s of the exposures the coal beds have not been suecessfnlly traced. 

Lehigh and Coalgate are on the west side of the basin, and the coal dips generally to the east as low as 4°. Two sections of this _coal bed are shown in fig. 4. 

Section A was measured in the eighth south entry in No. 5 slope and section 

B was measured in the third north entry in the south slope. In detail these 

sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in Ko. 5 mine, Western Coal and Mining Company, Lehigh, Ind. T. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Fl. in. 

Bonycoal .. ___ ·.-·-----·-----------~----- 0 4 .BonycoaL •.. _ .•.... -----····-·----·-·--· 0 4 

Coal--····--·-·--·--·-·---·-··-·--------- 4 0 Coal .•. ·-··-····-·-···-·-·--·-·--··------ 410 

Total ........ -----·-------··-·----·- 4 4 Total •. ___ .. - __ - -- _ ... - _____ . __ .. _ _ _ 5 2 
• 

72 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Samples fo1' che~nical analysis.-Two samples were obtained III this mine for 

chemical analysis. . Sample A was obtained from the place where. section A was 

measured and sample B from thP place where section B was mea:-mred. The 

face of the coal was cleaned of weathered coal and powder stain, and a cut was 

made from roof to floor exclusive of the layer of bony coal at the top. These 

samples were crushed and quartered down until about 1 quart was obtained 

hom each. These were scaled in galvanized-iron cans and mailed to the chemical laboratory of the testing plant. 

Olwracte1' of car 8etmple.-For general use "this coal is screened over a l-inch 

diamond-bar screen. For this reason lump, or coal which passed over the 

screen, was accepted for testing purposes. The coal Wits loaded in an ordinary 

gondola car, which was shipped from the mine September 27 and was received 

at the testing plant November 1, 1H04. 

Equipment and use.-The coal bed is reached by a shaft 240 feet deep. The 

mine is worked on the. room-and-pillar system. Slopes are driven down the 

dips and inclines to the rise. Off of these the rooms are turned parallel to the 

strike. Rope haulage is installed on the slopes and planes; and mules are used 

elsewhere in the mine. The daily capacity is about 750 tons. Practically all of 

the coal mined is shipped to Texas, where it is used by se\·eral railroads for 

engine coal. INDIAN TERRITORY No. 5. 

Operator.-Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

<jJfine.-Mine No. 7, located at Lehigh, Ind. T., on Missouri, Kansas and 

Texas ·Railway. 

Sampler.-John W. Groves. 

Coal bed.-MeA1ester. (For sections see Indian Territory No. 4, p. 71.) 

Character Q( car sa;,nple. -One of the great problems in this field is the 

better utilization of the slack coal. In preparing coal for the market it is passed 

through a three-fourths inch perforated revolving screen. That which passes 

over is considered as lump coal and that which passes through is regarded as 

slack. This slack is again screei1ed through a one-half inch perforated screen 

and a grade of pea coal is saved. The slack passing through this screen is so 

dirty that it can not be marketed. 

In order to attempt the solution of this problem slack and pea coal was 

sent to the testing plant. It was loaded in an ordinary open coal car, which 

was shipped from the mine September 27 and was received at the testing plant 

November 4, 1904. 

Eq1tipment.-The plan and equipment of this mine is similar to that of mine 

No. 5, a description of which is given on page 71. Mine No. 7 is not quite 

so deep as mine No. 5, the coal in the former being reached at a depth of 109 feet. 
'· 

FIELD WORK. 73 

INDIAN TERRITORY No. 6. 

Operatm'.-Southwestern Development-Company, Parsons, Kans. 

_hf?:ne.--Located at Coalgate, Ind. T., on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas 

Railway. 

Sampter.-Shipped by owner. 

Coal bed.-This coal is from the McAlester bed. It is the same coal bed that 

is worked at Lehigh, and the sections given in fig. 4 and described on page 71 

arc applicable to this locality. 

Character of cr;tr sample.-This is in the same locality as the Lehigh mines, 

and the better utilization of waste slack is the most important ,problem of the day. 

Many have looked forwa1:d to the time when briquetting would be a commercial 

possibility and help to solve this problem. In order to have such tests made this 

car of slack was sent by the operator, and since it consisted of a wast~ product no 

supervision was needed. T~e car was shipped from the mine October 20 and 

received at the testing plant October 29, 1904. c 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

The steam tests show that the steam-producing qualities of Indian Territory 

coals are somewhat above the average of the coals tested. The average for the 

whole is 8.07 pounds of "equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F. per pound 

of dry coal," whereas these Territory coals show 8.64, 8.42, 8~17, and 7.53 pounds. 

Two tests were made with these coals in the producer-gas plant, one on the 

Henryetta coal and the othe~ on the Lehigh coal. It is probable that equally 

good results could have been obtained by using the other samples except those 

in which the sulphur was above 4 per cent. The calorific power of the gat; 

obtained from these coals (159.15 and 161.1 B. T. U. per cubic foot) is above the 

average of those tested. The tables on pages 1109, 1120 show that only 1.83 

and 1.43 pounds of dry coal were required to produce an electrical horsepower 

hour in the producei·-gas plant, whereas 4.04 and 4.64 pounds of the same coals 

were required to produce the same result in the steam plant (pages 504; 528)-a 

gain in efficiency of 121 and 224 per cent. The figures given on page 872 show 

that 3.B9 pounds of dry coal of the best West Virginia steam coal were required 

~o produce an electrical horsepower hour; therefore, Territory coal used in the 

producer and gas engine shows a gain in efficiency over the best West Virginia 

coal used in the steam plant of 85 and 137 per cent. 

Coking tests show that some of the Indian Territory coals will produce 

coke, not of a quality that can be used in an iron furnace, but good enough for 

lead smelting. Owing to the proximity of the Joplin district this property may 

be important. 

Considerable effort was made to briquette the slack coal from the Coalgate 
74 OPERATIONS OF' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

region. The slack was extremely dirty, and, as shown on pages 1420-1421, 1440-

1442, results v.;ere not altogether satisfactory, but it seems highly probable that 

commereia! briquettes could be made from the slack coal from this field at a cost 

which would make the enterprit>e successful. 

IOWA. 

Iowa stands ninth in the list of coal-producing States in the Union and second 

m the list of such States west of the Mississippi River. In 1904 the output was 

6,519,933 short tons. 

The coal field is triangular in shape, its base being on the Iowa-Missouri State 

. line and its apex, near Fort Dodge, in Webster County. In general the coalbearing rocks dip lightly to the southwest and extend entirely across the southwestern part of the State, but farther north they are concealed by Cretaceous 

sediment that has been laid down over them. 

The coal-bearing rocks are divided into two groups-Des Moines above and 

Missourian below. The latter contains most of the important coal beds of the 

State. The coal beds appear to be extremely irregular in thickness and occurrence 

and for this reason it has not been found possible to correlate them. They are 

generally known by local names. 

The coal tested came from the Missourian measures in Wapello, Marion, 

Polk, Appanoose, and Lucas counties. 

IowA No.1. 

Ope1'atol'.-Anchor Coal Company, Ottumwa, Iowa. . 

.Mine.-Mine No. 2, located at Laddsdalc, Wapello County, Iowa, on Chicago, 

Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. 

Sampler.-John W. Groves. 

Ooal bed.--:-In Wapello County the coal beds lie at no great depth below the surface. The middle bed in this mine is found at a depth of 58 feet, and what is 

called the third seam at a depth of 70 feet. The coal beds vary greatly in thickness 

. in this region, but in the majority of places in which ·they are now worked they 

range from 3 to 5! feet. 

Two sections were measured on each bed and the variations are shown in fig. 5. 

The detailed sections are as follows: 

Secri?ns of coal bed in mine No. 2, Anchor Coal Company, Laddsdale, Iowa . 

. - -~ . Third bed. ·------

-Se-c-tio_n_A_---,------S·e-c-ti-01-1-C-. ----~-, -- Section B. Section D. 

)liddle bed. 

Ft. in. Pt. in. I Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal------------- 2 11 Coal ____________ 3 10 I Coal ____________ 2 3 Coal - __ - ______ .. _ 4 5 
FIELD WORK. 75 

Samples for chemiicctl mwlysis.-Two samples for chemical analysis were obtained 

in this mine. Sample A is from the middle seam and sample B is from the third 

seam. These samples were taken at the points where sections A and B, noted above, 

were measured. The samples were obtained in the mma} mannei" by making cuts 

across the face of the coal from roof to floor, so as to obtain coal from all parts of 

the bed. The samples were then crushed and quartered down until about a quart 

of crushed coal remained of each sample. The samples were then packed in air-tight 

galvanized-iron cans and mailed to the laboratory at the testing plant. 

(}/icf;l'CtCte?' of em· sample.-Two grades of coal were loaded in the car for 

testing. In one end of the car was placed coal that had been passed oyer a 

1!--inch screen and in the opposite end of the car was· loaded the material that 

had passed through the same screen. These grades together were in the proper 

proportion to constitute run-of-mine coal. This coal is all from the middle bed. 

T~e lower bed is not developed sufficiently to furnish much coal. The coal was 

loaded in an open coal car, which was shipped on October 17 and was received 

at the testing plant November 1, 1904. 

Bqniprnent and 'U8e.-The shaft at mine No. 2 cuts two beds of coal, the 

upper bed at a depth of 58 feet and the lower bed at a depth of 70 feet. The 

mine is comparatively new and at present commercial operations are limited to 

the upper bed. Mining is done on the room-and~pillar system. The coal is 

shot off the solid and hauled to the foot of the shaft by mules. The output of 

the mine at the time the sample was taken was only 30 tons a day, but as the 

workings are extended this will naturally increase, and it is expected that the 

mine will produce about 300 tons a day ~n the near future. 

Most of the coal is taken by the railroads in the vicinity for engine coal, 

and the slack finds a market for steam purposes. 

IowA No. 2. 

Operi:ttor.-Mammoth Vein Coal Company, Hamilton, Iowa. 

Mine.~Mine No. 5, located in Liberty Township, Marion County, Iowa, on 

the Wabash Railroad. 

Sampler.-John \V. Groves. 

Coal bed.-There are at least six well-defined coal beds in Marion County, 

These arc nearly all well exposE;d in the bluffs of the Des Moines River. The 

coal beds of this county arc among the most extensive of central Iowa. The 

seam worked in No. 5 mine is known locally as the Big Vein. The thickness 

and character of the bed are shown graphically in fig. 5,- and also by detailed 

sections A and B. Section A was measured in the fifth west entry on the south 
76 OPERATIONS OF THE OOAL-TES'l'ING PLANT. 

side of the mine and section B was measured in the third west entry on the 

south side of the mine. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 5, .Mnmmoth Vein Conl Compnny, 1lfarion County, Iowa. 

--~-----------------,-----

S.eetion A. Seetion H. 

Fl. in. Ft. in. 

Coal .. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 11 Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 3 

Sulphur and shale ................... , ..... 0 1 Sulphur ................................. ~. 0 2 

Coal ............................... ~... . . 1 3 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 11 

Sulphur and shale ......................... 0 6 

Coal. ................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 

Total ............................... 7 3 Tota! ................................ 5 4 

Samples fo1' clwrn£cal analy8£s.-Two samples were cut in this mine for 

analysis. Sample A was obtained from the place where section A was measured and 

sample B from the place where section B was measured. These samples were 

obtained by making cuts from roof to floor, exclusive of the large partings, 

which are thrown out by the miner in loading the coal. These samples were 

. carefully crushed and quartered down to about quart size and mailed to the 

chemical laboratory at the testing plant in air-tight galvani7.cd-iron cans. 

OlwractCJ' of car sample.-The car for testing purposes was loaded with runof-mine coal. Many large sulphur balls are found in this coal, but these were 

mostly picked out in loading the coal. The coal was~ loaded in a gondola car, 

which was shipped from the mine c;>ctober 23 and received at the testing plant 

November 23, 1904. 

Equipment mui 1tse.~The coal is reached by a shaft at a depth of 45 feet. 

Where the coal is remo,~ed, the overlying strata cracks to the surface, giving 

considerable trouble from water during a wet season. The mine is worked 

on the room-and-pillar system, and the coal is hauled to the foot of the shaft by 

mules. The coal is mined by being shot off the solid. With the exception of 

th_e slack coal, which constitutes a small percentage, the entire production of the 

mine i:o, used by railroads for locomoti"e fuel, the slack being sold for steam 

purposes. The daily capacity of the mine is 1,100 tons of run-of-mine coal, and 

an average daily output of 825 ton:; is maintained. 

IowA No. 3. 

Operator.-Gibson Coal Mining Company, Des Moines, Iowa . 

. Llfine.--Mine No. 4, located near Altoona, Polk County, Iowa, on the Chicago, 

Rock Island and Pacific Railt"Oud. 

Sampler.-.J ohn W. Groves. 
A 

A 

Middle bed 

·0 

COAL 

2 '-'11 " 

YOWANO.~ 

B 

COAL 

2'-1t'' 

COAL 

1'- 3" 

COAL 

2 '-6" 

FIELD WORK. 

IOWANO.t 

Third bed 

B D 

COAL 

2'-3" 

COAL COAL 3'- ~o " 4 '-5'' 

TOWA.N0.4 

A B 

lloiCHES 12 

FIG. 5.-sections of Iowa coal beds. 

77 

::IOW.AN0.3 

A B 

COAL 

3L10" · 

COAL " 

.IOWA.NO. 5 

A B 

COAL 

7'- o" 
78 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLAN'l.'. 

Coal bed.-Polk County has long been one of the most important coal-proclueing counties in the State. In this county three seams of coal are recognized. 

They are commonly called "first," ''second," and "third" seams. These are the 

workable seams, and they have associated with them other beds that are not of_ 

workable thickness. Mine No. 4 is on the third seam. Two ~ections of this coal 

are shown graphically in fig. 5. Section A was mea~:>ured in the ninth north 

entry and section B was measured in the main west entry. These sections are as 

follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 4, Gibson Coal Jfininy Company, nenr Altoona, Iowa. 

Section A. Section B. 

----------.--C.~------------- ------

Ft. in. Ft.tn. 

Coal ......................... __ .. . . . . . . . . . 3 10 Coal ................................ ~. . . . 4 7 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were cut from working faces 

of the mine to furnish material for cherpical analysis. Sample A was obtained 

at the place where section A was measured and sample Bat the place where flection 

B was measured. - These samples included all parts of the bed, and were obtained 

in the usual way, by cutting channels from roof to floor. The. orig·inal bulk of 

the samples was reduced by crushing the pieces of coal to a uniform ~ize and 

quartering down to about one-eighth of the original. These final samples contained 

_about a quart and they were mailed in hermetically sealed galvanizedciron cans 

to the chemical laboratory. 

Character of car sample.-The coal _for testing was run into the car over a 

bar scree~ with five-eighths inch bars set H inches apart. This constitutes lump 

coal and was selected, as run-of-mine coal is not shipped and the smaller size~ 

of coal and slack contain an abnormal amount of sulp.hur. The coal was loaded 

in an open coal car, which was shipped from the mine October 25 and received 

at the testing plant November 12, 1904. 

~quipm~nt and 'U8e.-The mine is reached by a shaft 196 feet deep, from 

which the workings extend in all directions, following the room-and-piJ\ar method 

of mining. The entry coal is sheared from top to bottom, but in the rooms the 

coal is shot off the solid. _Mule haulage is used exclusively for delivering the 

coal to the foot of the shaft. Most of this coal goes to the towns al<?ng the 

route of the Chicago, Hock Island and Pacific Rai!'road- for domestic use; about 

25 per cent is used for railroad-engine supply, and the remainder is sold to 

manufacturers for steam purposes. The daily capacity of. the mine is 600 tons, 

and about 400 tons is the average daily output. 
• 

FIELD WORK •. 79 

IowA No. 4. 

Opemtors.-Centerville Block Coal ·company, Cente~·ville, Iowa; Scandinavian 

Coal Company, Centerville, Iowa; Anchor Coal Company, Centerville, Iowa. 

11£ine.>'. -These operators combined to send a car of coal from· their district, 

and decided upon the Centerville Block Coal Company's mine No. !:l to supply 

the coal. The Centerville Block Coal C?mpany operates 6 mines, the Scandinavian 

Coal Company 2 mines, ·and the Anchor Coal Company 3 mines, making a total 

of _11 mines for the district. Mine No. 3 of the Centerville Block Coal Company 

is located at Centerville, Appanoose County, Iowa, and is served by the Chicago, 

Burlington and Quiricy; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; Iowa Central; and 

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railways. 

Sampler.-.John W. Groves. 

Goal bed.-In the Appanoose County distriCt the coal bed which is being 

mined· has. a wide geographieal extent, covering nearly all of Appanoose County 

and parts of the adjoining counties of Iowa and Missouri. In the reports of .the 

Iowa Geological Survey this coal bed is called the Mystic coal. At Centerville 

it is found at a depth of 125 feet, rising gradually to the north and east. At 

the mine from which the sample was obtained the coal is reached at a depth of 

110 feet. Sections of the coal bed are shown graphically in fig. 5. Section A 

was measured in the first room off the sixth east entry, and section H in the 

first room off the sixth east entry off the main south entry. The sections 

are as follows: 

Section.~ of coal bed in m·ine No. 3, Centerville Block Coal Company, Centerville, Iowa. j 

Section A. Section B. 

R~ A~ 

Coal .. _ ... _ ............. _____ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 Coal ......................... _ ........ _ • • 1 7 

Fire clay ................................. 0 4 ·Fire clay ................................. 0 1 

Coal· ..................................... 0 11 Coal. .................................... 1 3 

Total ............................... 3 0 Total ............................... 2 11 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the place where section A was 

measured and sample B at the place where section B was measured. The samples 

were obtained by making a cut from roof to floor, including everything except 

the fire-clay parting. These samples were crushed and quartered· down to about 

one-eighth their original bulk and mailed to the chemical laboratory at the testing 

plant in sealed metal cylinders. 
80 Ol'ERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Character of car saanple.-The coal shipped for testing con::;isted of about 35 

tons of lump and· about 4 tons of fine coal. The lump coal was that which 

passed over a bar screen with H·-inch spaces, and the fine coal was that which 

passed through this screen. The slack, which was not included in the carload, 

was screened off through a five-eighths inch screen. The coal was loaded in a 

gondola car and shipped from the mine October 28 and was received at the 

testing plant November 14, 1904. 

Equ·ipment cmd 1t8e.-Mine -No. 3 has an average daily output of 300 tons 

of coal. The shaft is 111 feet deep and the mine is worked on the room-andpillar system. The coal is undercut, sheared on the sides, and wedged down. 

Where machines are used the coal is undercut by chain machines, and sheared 

on the sides with pick machines. About 35 per cent of the coal is cut by machine 

and the rest is mined by hand. The amount of coal mined by machine in the 

mines of the operators supplying the sample is 20 per cent of the total output. 

In mine No. 3 mule haulage and rope haulage are both used. 

The daily output of the three companies averages about 900 tons, about half 

of which goes for steam purposes, and half for domestic use. Seventy-five per 

cent of the coal used for steam purposes goes to railroads for engine coal, and 

25 per cent goes to manufacturers·. The coal is marketed in the vicinitj; of 

Centerville as well as in near-by territory in adjacent States. 

IowA No.5. 

Operator.-Inland Fuel Company, Chariton, Lucas County, Iowa . 

.M?:ne.-Inland No. 1, located in sees. 4, 5, 8, and 9, T. '72 N., R. 21 W., 

fifth principal m~ridian. At present the mine has no· railroad connection. 

Sarnpler.-John W. Groves. 

Goal bed.-Two general coal horizons have been recognized in Lucas County, 

one near the surface and the other about 250 feet below. The Inland Fuel 

Company is working on a coal bed at the lower horizon, and reaches the coal by 

a shaft 250 feet deep. 

The thickness of the coal bed, as determined by four measured sections, is 7 

feet 4 inches, 7 feet 9 inches, 7 fGet '7 inches, and 7 feet. Two of these sections 

are shown in fig. 5. The bed is irregular, being disturbed to some extent by 

horsebacks. The thick coal lies in local basins or swamps, and therefore does 

not extend for a great distance. The roof consists of bhck shale and the floor 

of ab~mt 3 inches of shale overlying sandy fire clay. 

Samples for cl~emical analysis.-Two samples were taken in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained in room 33, off the second north entry, 

and sample B was obtained in room 8, off the first east entry on the south 
FIELD WORK. 81 

side. They were obtained hy making cuts across elean faces of the coal bed, 

from roof to floor. The coal so obtained was pulverized and quartered down 

until two quart samples were obtained, which were placed in galvanized-iron 

cans, sealed air-tight, and mailed to the chemical laboratory for analysis. 

Olwmctm· of car sample.-The earlo~d ::;ample for testing purposes consisted 

of run-of-mine coal. As the mine has recently been opened it has no railroad 

connection; and the coal had to be hauled 6 miles in wagons. The rehandling 

probably produced eonsiderable slack, but since all coal was crushed at the plant 

before tests were made, this probably had little effect. The coal was loaded in 

a gondola car which was Hhipped from the mine October 31 and was received 

at the testing plant November 10, 1904. 

Eq1tipment.-The mine has been opened so recently that its equipment is 

not yet perfected. It is located 6 miles from the Chicago, Burlington and 

Quincy Railway, and is to be connected with that line by a spur. 

Considerable prospecting has been done in advance of development so as to 

insure a good body of coal. 'J'he indications are that in the near future this 

will develop into a large mmc. 

SPECIAL SA~IPLES 0~' IOWA COALS. 

Two samples for chemical analysis were cut in mine No. 6 of the Smoky 

Hollow Coal Company, Avery, Iowa.· This mine is operating in what is known 

as the third seam. The samples were obtained by making a cut from roof to 

·floor and the analyses are given on page 270 under sample numbers 1288 and 

1290. The sampling was done by Mr. John W. Groves on October 20, 1904. 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

The Iowa coals tested contain high percentages of moisture, ash, and sulphur. 

These constituents add little or nothing to the calorific value of a coal, and as a 

result the Iowa coals take Jow rank. This is shown on' pages 529-576, in the 

results of steam tests, where the equivalent evaporation from and at 212° is 

given as ranging from 7.02 to 7.50 pounds per pound of dry coal. 

No thorough experiments were made on washing Iowa coals, but small lots 

of each sample were washed preparatory to making a test of their coking 

qualities. In all cases the results showed a notable reduction of ash and of 

sulphur, and it seemed probable that washing could be done to advantage in 

many parts of the Iowa field. 

Coking tests were made on all samples of Iowa coals, but with indifferent 

success. In some cases no coke was produced; in others coke of fair quality 

13-No. 4!l-Oti-ti 
82 OPERA'l'lONS OF THE .OOAL·TESTING PLANT. 

was mad_e. In all cases the coke was high in sulphur, which; of course, would 

preclude its use in an iron furnace, but it might be used in other ways. 

No gas-producer tests were made durl.ng the regular work on Iowa coal, but 

later a run was made on the coal from Marion County. The test was not 

entirely satisfactory, as the quality of the gas varied greatly from time to time, 

but no clinkers formed in the producer,. and it is probable that better restilts 

could be obtained on a second trial of this coal. Its high percentage of sulphur 

was a detriment, but it is probable that this can be eliminated with more 

careful work. 

The figures on page 1130 show tha.t to produce 1 electrical hor,;epower hour 

with this coal in the producer required 1.73 pounds of- dry coal, whereas under 

the steam boiler (page 495) it required 4. 95 pounds to produce the same result, 

a gain in efficiency for the producer of 186 per cent. As this coal ran nearly 

17 per cent of ash in the car sample, the great advantage of using it in the 

producer plant will be apparent, and these results seem to open the way to the 

much better utilization of these low-grade Iowa coals. 

KANSAS. 

Kansas stands tenth in the list of coal-producing States, according to the 

report on the mineral resources of the United States for 1904. Its output in that 

year was 6,333,307 short tons. Coal mining is largely limited to four counties, of 

which Crawford and Cherokee, in the southeast corner of the State, are decidedly 

the largest producers .. Leavenworth and Osage counties are very much less important than the counties just mentioned, but they arlso produce considerable coal. 

There are two pri~cipal horizons from which coal ·is obtained. The most 

valuable of these occurs near the base of the coal-bearing rocks in what is usually 

known as the Cherokee shale. This bed of shale has a thickness of from 400 to 

500 feet, and the most important coal bed occurs near the middle of the formation. 

The coal is known as theW eir-Pittsburg or Cherokee, and it is extensively mined 

in the vicinity of Pittsburg, in Cherokee County. The samples obtained at West 

Mineral, Scammon, Fleming, and Yale are from this bed. 

In Leavenworth County the surface rocks belong to the upper part of the 

coal-bearing group, but coal beds in the Cherokee shale are reached by deep 

shafts. The sample from Atchison is probably from this horizon, as it required 

a shaft 1,150 feet in depth to reach the coal. 

The coal bed worked in Osage County shows in outcrop in the eastern part 

of the county, and hence it occurs at a higher horizon than the Cherokee shale. 

Coal beds are known still higher in the series, but generally the quality of 

the coal is not so good as the lower beds, and~ they are thin and irregular. For 

these reasons they have not bee';l extensively developed. 
FIELD WORK. 83 

KANSAs No. 1. 

Opemtm'.--Western Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo. 

_j}£ine.-lVIine No. 10, located at Fleming, Crawford County, Kans., on the 

:Missouri Pacific Railway. 

Sample1'8.-J ohn W. Groves and .J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal beds.-The only important coal beds in this vicinity are in the WeirPittsburg group. This group consists of two beds, known as the upper and lower 

beds. The coal being mined at Fleming is the lower Weir-Pittsburg. The out- · 

crops of these beds form an irregular line extending northeast and southwest by 

way of Stippleville, Scammon, Weir City, Pittsburg, and other cities to the 

northeast. The lower bed is the thicker and is the one most extensively worked. 

The thickness of this coal bed is shown in fig. 6 by two sections measured in 

this mme. 

Section.q of coal bed in rnine No. 10, We.1tern Coal and Mining Company, Fleming, Kan.•. 

Section A. Section B. 

- ----·------~------1 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal . __ . __ . _ . _ . ___ ... __ ...... _ .•. _ ... _ .. 3 5~ Coal _ . _ .. __ ... _ .... ___ . ____ ... _ .... _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 3-

-----·---------------------------------

Samples for c!Lemical ancdysis.-At two widely separated points in the mine 

sampies were collected for chemical analysis. These samples were obtained by 

making cuts across working faces from roof to floor. The material obtained 

in this way amounted to 25 pounds per sample. Each sample was crushed very 

fine and quartered down to about 1 quart, which was placed in a galvanized-iron 

cylinder and mailed to the chemical laboratory for analysis. 

Character of ca1' sample.-.:_-Thc coal selected for testing purposes was run-ofmine coal. It was of good appearance and very free from shale and sulphur. 

It consisted of a fairly large proportion of lump coal and only a little slack. The 

coal was loaded in an ordinary open coal car, which was shipped from the mine 

August 23 and received at the testing plant September 9, 1904. 

h(ptiprnent and use.-The ·western Coal and Mining Company operates a 

number of mines in this vicinity, all of which are very similar in equipment and 

method of working. The mine is reached by a shaft 102 feet deep, which contains 

two self-dumping cages. The mine is worked by the room-and-pillar method, and 

hauling is done by mules. About 2 feet of brushing is necessary along the . 

main entries, but this is not difficult, as the coal is overlain by a stratum of 

soft shale. The coal is rather tenacious in character, and is shot from the solid, 

according .to the practice followed in the entire region. It is used mostly for 

steam purposes, a large amount going to the Missouri Pacific_ Railway for engine 

coal. The output of this mine is about 350 tons a day. 
84 OPJ<~RA'l'ION'S OE' THE COAL-TESTING PLAN'f. 

KANSAS No. 2. 

Openrtm·.-Westem Coal and Mining Company, St. Louis, Mo . 

.Mtne.-Mine No. 11, loeuted at Yale, Crawford County, Kans., on· the 

Misiionri Pacifie Railway. 

Sampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Ooal bed.-Tbe coal worked here is the same bed from which sample Kansas 

No. 1 was obtained, namely, lower Weir-Pittsburg. This coal is developed 

about the same as at Fleming, but is somewhat different in character, containing 

two rather persistent bands of sulphurous shale, dividing the bed into three 

benehes of almost equal thickness. These are shown graphically in fig. 6 and 

also in the following sections, which were measured at points some distance apart 

in the mine: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 11, Western Coal and JJfining Company, Yale, Kans. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal ..................................... 0 4 

Sulphur ....... -----_ .. _ ..... ___ ......... 0 

Coal . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . 1 5 

Sulphur .............. _ .................. 0 

Coal ... _ .... _ ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 

Coal .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. • . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. 0 6 

t Sulphur.... ... .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . 0 

Coal. ................................... 1 2 

1' 2' 

} Sulphur ................................. 0 ~· 

Coal .................................... 1 4 

Total. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. 3 Ot Total .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 

8ample8 foJ' chemical ana1;ysi8.-Two samples for chemical analysis were 

obtained at widely separated points in this mine in· the usual way by naking a 

cut from roof to floor and excluding the partings where thick enough to be 

thrown out by the miner in ordinat-y work. Each sample amounted, roughly, to 

25 or 30 pounds. It was crushed and quartered down to a quart, which was 

sealed in an air-tight galvanized-iron can and mailed to the chemical laboratory 

at the testing plant. 

Oluu·acter of car b'ample.-This mine produces an abnormal amount of slack, 

and it was decided that lump and nut coal would more nearly represent the 

commercial product of the mine than would run-of-mine coal. · Lump and nut 

coal were therefore selected for testing purposes. The coal was loaded in an 

open coal car, which was shipped from the mine August 23 and received at the 

testing plant September .10, 1904. 

Eqttipment and tt8e.-Mine No. 11 is a typical mine of the region in point 

of equipment and arrangement. The coal is reached by a shaft 96 feet deep. 

The mine is worked by the room-and-pillar system, a main entry running east 
FIELD WORK. 85 

and west and sim:ilar entries paralleling this one on either side. These are 

connected by cross cuts at right angles to the main entries. From these cross 

entries the rooms ate turned off. :Most ,of the coal is used for steam purposes 

and finds a ready market, about 550 tons being mined daily. 

KANSAH No. 3. 

Opemtor.~Southern Coal and Mercantile Company, Scammon, Cherokee 

County, Kans. 

Jviine.~Mine No. 9, located one-fourth mile west of depot at Scammon, on 

Frisco Railroad. 

SampleP8.~Mttrius R. Campbell and .J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.-The Weir-Pittsburg lower bed is worked in the No. 9 mine. It 

lies from 80 to 100 feet below the surface at Scammon. The coal outcroP,s a 

short distance south of the mine, limiting the development in that direction. 

In some parts of this district the coal is very thin, but this is a local condition 

!!}Jd not of infrequent occurrence throughout the Cherokee County field. The 

coal is of good quality, but somewhat pyritiferous. The pyrite, however, occurs 

in lem;es and can be separated from the coal in mining. Two sections of this 

c~al are shown in fig. 6. Section A was measured at a working face 500 feet 

north of the shaft, and section B was measured at a working face 600, feet south 

of the shaft. At each place the coal bed measured 4 feet in thickness. 

Samples for· cl!em1:cal analys£s.--Two samples were obbtined in the mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the place where section A was 

measured, and sample B was obtained at the place where section B was measured. 

These samples were obtained by making a cut from roof to floor, after stripping 

off the loose and weathered coal. A bout 25 pounds of coal per sample 'vas 

obtained. These large samples were crushed to a uniform size, quartered down 

to about 1 quart each, and mailed in air-tight galvanized-iron cans to the chemical 

laboratory at the testing plant. 

Character' of car sample.-A box ear was loaded with run-of-mine coal for 

testing purposes. The mine had been idle for some time prior to the loading of 

the car, and for this rea,·on the coal was stained and probably not of so good 

quality as the mine will produce when working in fresh coal. The larger pieces 

of pyrite were carefully picked out, and the car was Healed for shipment to the 

testing plant. It was shipped August 29 and received ~at the testing plant 

September 4, 1904. 

Eq1tipment and use.~The mine is operated in precisely the same manner 

as the others in the Cherokee field~by mule haulage, the coal being shot off 

the solid. A large amount of the product is screened. The room-and-pillar 
86 OPERATIONS OF THE QOAL-TESTING PLANT. 

system of working is employed. About 250 to 300 tons arc produced here daily, 

the lump coal finding a market in the towns of the region and on the railroads, 

and the slack coal going to the Kausas City packing houses. 

KANSAs No. 4. 

Operator.-The Atchison Uo!ll Mining Company, Atchison, Kans. 

Mine.-Atchison mine, one-half mile below Atchison, Atchison County, Kam:., 

on the Missouri Pacific Railway. 

Sctmplm·.-Shipped by operator. 

Coal bed.-This is a new mine, opened very recently. The coal is reached 

by a shaft 1,150 feet deep, and it undoubtedly belongs in the Cherokee shale. 

According to Prof. Erasmus Haworth, State geologist, the coal bed has a thickness of from 3 feet 2 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. (See fig. 6.) 

Oh,a1'acter of caP sample.-Owing to a misunderstanding this sample was 

shipped to the testing plant by the operator, without the personal supervision 

of an agent of the testing plant. ' The representative character of the coal is 

vouched for by Professor Haworth. The car contained lump coal, and the analyses 

are of coal obtained from this car, as no mine sample.s were available. The coal 

to be tested was loaded in an open coal car, which was shipped from the mine 

on October 29 and received at the testing plant November 14, 1904. 

KANSAS No. 5. 

Operator.-Southwestern Development Company, Parsons, Kans. 

Mine.-Mine No. 11, located at West Mineral, Cherokee County, Kans., on 

Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway. 

Sarnpler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.-One of the Weir-Pittsburg coals is being worked at this point 

at a depth of 174 feet. The coal is very reg~lar, and is of uniform thickness 

throughout, but "horsebacks" are numerous, rendering some of it worthless. 

Two sections, shown in fig. 6, were carefully measured in this mine. Section A 

was measured in the main cast entry, at a point about 900 feet from the foot of 

the shaft, and section B was measured ·in the main west entry, about 540 feet 

from the foot of the shaft. 

Sectjons of conl bed in mine No. 11, Southwestern Development Company, West .hfineml, Kans. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

CoaL _______________________ . __________ -- 3 5~· Coal ____________________________________ . 3 5 

----·---·----- ____ '---.- --·--·-------------
I{ANSAS NO.1 

A 8 

COAL 

a·- 5Y," 

KANSAS N0.4 

A B 

COAL 

3 1-211 

li:ENTUCKY NO. 2 

A 

COAL 

1''- 8" 

COAL 

'-1 ( 

COAL 

2 '-4" 

B 

COAL 

' 3'-3" 

COAL 

3'- 6" 

COAL 

1' - 5" 

COAL 

1'- 2Y." 

COAL WITH 

LENSES OF 

SULPHUR 

2'-6 %" 

FIELD WORK. 

RANSAS NO. 2 

A B COAL 4" 

COAL 

1'-5" 

COAL 

f- 3" 

K ANSAS N0.5 

A B 

COAL 

3'-5%" 

RENTUCRY NO. 3 

A B 

COAL 

1'- 2" 

COAL 

1'-4" 

COAL 

1'-1 0" 

87 

RANSAS NO. 3 

A B 

COAL 6" 

COAL 

1'- 2" COAL 

" 

COAL COAL 

1'-4'' 4'-o" 

RENTUCKY NO. 1 

A B 

COAL 

3'·-5'' 

KENTUCRY NO. 4 

A B 

COAL 

4'-6" 

INCAES 12 8 FEET 

~~~----~----~--_J 

FIG. 6.- Sections of Ka nsas and Kentucky coal beds. 
88 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Sample.<~ for chemical analysis.-Two samples of this coal were taken from 

the mine for chemical analysis. The bed of coal being quite free from partings, 

all that was necessary to secure an average sample was to cut from some working 

face a complete section of coal from roof to floor. The samples were obtained 

at the same point that the sections were measured, sample A corresponding to 

section A, and sample B- to section R. About 25 pounds of coal were obtained 

from these cuts for each sample. This matcria.l was taken to the surface andcarefully crushed and quartered down to about 5 pounds per sample: These were 

mailed in air-tight galvanized-iron cans _to the chemical laboratory at the testing 

plant: 

Character of car sample.-Lump and nut, or engine coal, was the grade 

loaded for testing. This grade ·is composed of all that passes over a five-eighths 

in<;h perforated screen. Two men were employed to pick the slate from the 

car as the coal was loaded, and this practice is followed with all cars loaded 

for commercial purposes. The coal was loaded in an open coal car, which was 

shipped from the mine November 10 and received at the testing plant November 

25, 1904. RESULTS OF TESTS. 

The steam tests made on samples of Kansas coal received at the testing plant 

show that it is a fairly good coal for this purpose, running somewhat better than 

the_ coals from adjoining States, except those from Indian Territory, to which it 

is about equal. 

Most of the samples were tested for their coking quality, but the results 

were not satisfactory. Some coke was produced, but the tests can in no way 

be considered as indicating a coking coal. 

No sample from Kansas was tested in the gas producer during the regular 

season of work at the testing plant, but later a· run was made on coal from 

Cherokee County which was fairly satisfactory for about thirteen hours until it 

was interrupted by a short circuit in the rheostat. 

The figures on page 1139 show that 1.62 pounds of dry coal were required 

in the producer plant to generate 1 electrical horsepower hour, whereas under 

the steam boilers (page 608) 3.93 pounds were required to p.r:oduce the same 

result, a gain in efficiency for the producer of 143 per cent. 

KENTUCKY. 

According to Mineral Resources of the United States for 1904, Kentucky. 

stands seventh in the list of coal-producing States, its output in that year being 

7,566,482 short tons. . ~ 
FIELD WORK. 89 

This State includes parts of two of the great eGal fields of the United 

States-the Appalachian field on the east and the eastern interior field on the 

west. The importance of these two fields, so far as this State is concerned, is 

· about equal. In 1903 the coal production of western Kentucky was 4,379,060 

short tons and the production of the eastern field was 3, 158,972 short tons. 

The eastern coal field of Kentucky includes most of the central part' of the 

Appalachian field. It contains a number of coal beds of great importance. In 

the small space available it is impossible to give an adequate idea of the various 

coal beds and their relations. Only one sample of coal was received from this 

field. It came from a mine on Straight Creek in the vieinity of Pineville. On 

account of the great fault at the northwestern base of Pine Mountain, the 

position of this bed has not been well determined, but it is correlated by some 

with the ,Jellico coal, found farther southwest. 

A car was also loaded with Jellico coal, furnished by the Main .Tellico 

Mountain Coal Company, of Kensee, Ky., but while in transit the coal was 

appropriated by the railroad company, and hence failed to reach the testing 

plant. Mine samples of this coal were obtained, however, and their analyses 

can be found on page 270. 

The western district of Kentucky ib a part oJ the eastern interior coal field, 

which covers most of Illinois and· the southwestern part of Indiana. To the 

south it extends about halfway across the State of Kentucky. Three samples 

were received from this district, two coming from Earlington, Hopkins County, 

and one from ·wheatcroft, Webster County. There are two important co~l beds 

in this part of the State, known as coal No. 9 and coal No. 11. Both beds are 

worked at Earlington and a sample was sent from eaeh. At Wheatcroft only 

coal No. 11 is worked and the sample is from that bed. 

KENTUCKY No. 1. 

Opm•ator.-National Coal and Iron Company, Louiwille, Ky . 

.Mine.-Straight Creek No. 2, located at Straight Creek, Bell County, Ky., on 

the Loui"lville and Nashville Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

· Coal bed.-The coal worked in this mine is known locally as the Straight Creek 

bed. The geology of this part of Bell County is rather complicated, and the coal 

beds of the region have not been definitely correlated with any of the well-known 

beds of Kentucky or Tennessee. The Straight Creek bed shows in outcrop along 

this stream and is worked from a drift opening. Two sections, shown in fig. 6, were 
OPERATIONS OF 'IHJ<J COAL-TESTING PLAN'l'. 

measured in this mine. Section A wao; measured at the face of the main entry and 

section Bin room 76 off the main entry. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed i.n Straight Oreek mine No. 2, National Coal and Iron Company, Straight Cl·eek, Ky. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal (shaly)-------'--------------------- 0 4~ Clayey shale. 

Coal (clean) _____________________________ 3 1 Coal (clean).___________________________ 3 22 

Samples for cfLemZ:cal analysis.-Two samples for chemical analysis were taken 

in this mine, one at the point where section A was measured and one at the point 

where section B was measured. In obtaining these samples the. usual method was 

followed; the loose and weathered coal was first removed and then a cut was made 

across the face of the coal bed from roof to floor. The material thus obtained was 

crushed and quartered down according to the methods generally employed in such 

work until quart samples were obtained. These were placed in galvanized-iron 

cylinders, sealed air tight with screw top and tire tape, and mailed to the chemical 

laboratory for analysis. 

Character of car sample.-The car of coal for testing purposes was loaded with 

run-of-mine coal. The tipple is equipped with bar screens, and no provision is made 

for shipping run-of-mine-coal, consequently the coal as it came from the mine was 

dumped into a separate chute which was so high and steep that the coal was b~dly 

shattered in striking the trap at the bottom. 

On account of these conditions of loading, the car contained more fine coal than 

would be found in run-of-mine coal loaded by proper means. The coal was loaded 

in an ordinary open coal car, which was shipped from the mine October 25 and 

received at the testing plant November 23, 1904. 

Eq~tipment and ·use.-The National Coal and Iron Company operates two mines 

at Straight Creek. Mine No. 2 has an output of 600 tons a day and is operated on 

the room-and-pillar system. About 75 per cent of the coal is cut by air machines, 

and it is all hauled to the tipple hy mules. 

This coal is used for :1 variety of purposes, which, in the order of amounts 

consumed, may be classed as follows: (1) Domestic use; (2) coire making; (3) man- . 

ufacturing; (4) gas making; and (5) foi· engine coal by railroads. The principal distributing point;,; for this coal are Louisville, Ky., Indianapolis, Ind., and Chicago, IlL 
FIELD WORK. 91 

KENTUCKY No. 2. 

Opemtor.-St. Bernard Mining Company, Earlington, Hopkins County, Ky. 

Mine.-Mine No. 11, located at Earlington, Hopkins County, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. 

Samplet'.-,T. Shober Burrows. 

Ooctl bed.-The coal worked at this mine is that which is called in the State 

reports coal No. 11. It is one of the two important workable coals of this part 

of Kentucky, the other being bed No. 9. Bed No. 11 is much more irregular 

than No. 9, and at most of the mines it has a thickness of 6 feet or over. The 

bed is reported as always having a clay. parting from one-fourth inch to 2 or 3 

inches thick, and it is much disturbed by rolls, clay slips, etc. As a rule, it is 

not under deep cover, usually outcropping at the surface and extending to depths 

of less than 100 feet. 

Two sections of this coal which were measured in mine No. 11 are shown in 

fig. 6. _... Section A was measured in room 10, off the third west entry, and section 

B in room 15, off the fourth west entry. 

Sections of coal bed ·in mi.ne No. 11, St. Berna1'd Mining Company, Ea1'lington, Ky. 

Section A. 

Ft. in. 

CoaL.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 1 8 

Sulphur .................. · .............. 0 l 

CoaL .................... · ................ 2 llt 

Fire clay .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 0 3! 

Coal a . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 

Total ................... __ ....... _. 7 3! 

Section B. 

Ft. in. 

Coal ..................................... 1 5 

Sulphur .............................. _ .. 0 t 

Coal ........................ _ .. . .. . . .. .. 1 2! 

Fire clay .......................... _ .. _.. 0 2 

Coala ................................... 2 6~ 

Total ............................. · 5 4 

aThis bench of coal contains irregular streaks and knife blades of sulphur. 

Samples for chemical analysis.~ At each point where a section was measured 

a sample for chemical analysis was obtained in the following manner. The face. 

of the room having been cleared of all loose and weathered coal, a cut was made 

from roof to floor, including everything except the fire-clay parting. About 25 

pounds of material was obtained for each sample. This ma:terial, o~ving to the way 

it was cut, was representative of every part of the hed at that point. It was titken 

out of the mine, crushed and quartered down until a quart sample was obtained, 

which was sealed in air-tight galvanized-iron cans and mailed to the chemical 

laboratory for analysis. 
92 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Character of car sample.-The car of coal for te'lting purposes· was loaded 

with 75 per cent lump and nut coal (over seven-eighths inch screen) and 25 per 

cent pea and slack coal (through seven-eighths inch screen). In the ordinary 

working- of the mine these grades are produced in the proportion of 3 to 1; 

therefore the car as loaded really contained run-of-mine coal. The coal was 

screened at the mine only to facilitate its distribution at the plant for special 

tests requiring screened coal. The coal was loaded in a gondola car, ·which was 

shipped from the mine November 3 and received at the testing plant November 

6, 1904 . 

. Equipment and use.-Mine No. 11, of the St. Bernard Mining Company, is 

one of the oldest producers of the Hopkins County district. At the time the 

sample was shipped the entrance to this_ mine consisted of a shaft 60 feet deep, 

from the head of ~hich the loads were hauled by steam locomotive through a 

long tunnel to the tipple, some distance awajr. This involved considerable 

expense, as the inside trips bad to be broken· up, the loads sent up the shaft 

singly, and again made up into trips on the surface for hauling to the tipple. 

In anticipation of abandoning this shaft and the old method of handling the output 

of the mine, the company has run an entry in on the outcrop and has planned 

to install electric haulage, doing away with the double handling of the cars 

and the steam locomotives. The underground workings are laid out on the roomand-pillar system, and the coal is all cut· by air machines. 

The capacity of mine No. 11 is 1,000 tons of coal a day, the larger part 

of which is used by the Louisville. and Nashville Railroad for engine coal. 

The remainder goes to some of. the Southern cities for factory use, and the slack 

is utilized in the production of coke at the mine. 

In addition to the mine described above, the company operates a mine on 

the other coal bed at Barnsley, which is described under the sample called 

Kentucky No. 3. 

KENTUCKY No. 3. 

OperatM.-St. Bernard Mining Company, Earlington, Hopkins County, Ky . 

.Mine.-Barnsley mine, Barnsley, Hopkins County, Ky., on Louisville and 

Nashville Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Sbo~er Burrows. 

Coal bed.-Thc workable coal of western Kentucky is confined mainly to 

two beds, designated in the reports of the State Geological Survey as Nos. 9 and 

11. Of these No. 9 is the more persistent and furnishes by far the larger part 

of the output of this field. This bed has an average thickness of 5 feet, seldom 

varying more than 6 inches from the average. As a rule it is found at depths 

less than 200 feet. The Barnsley mine is working this coal from the outerop. 
FIELD WORK. 93 

The sections given below, and also shown in fig. 6, represent the character of 

the coal bed in this mine. · Section A was' measured at the face of the third west 

entry, and section B was measure~ in the newest break-through fNovember 2, 

1904) between the third and fourth north entries. 

Sections of coal bed in Bamsley mine, St. Bernard ],fining Company, Barnsley, Ky. 

Section A. Section B. 

n~. n~ 

CoaL ........... ---..................... 1 2 Coal .........•...... ------- __ ._._ ..• ----. 4 6 

Sulphur .. _. __ ........ __ .. ____ .. _ ....... Trace. 

CoaL----------------------------------- 1 4 

Sulphur ......... ___ ...... _ ... ___ ....... Trace. 

CoaL ....... __ .... __ .. _ ... __ ... · _. . . . . . . . 1 10 

Total ...... __ ............ __ . . . . . . . 4 4 Total ........... _ ............... __ . 4 6 

In section A the sulphur partings are very thin bands of iron pyrite. They 

are not persistent, and where present do not always occupy 'the same positions 

relatively, as shown in the above section. They vary greatly in thickness. 

Samples .fm· chmnical analysis.-At the points where sections A and B were 

measured samples for. analysis were taken in the following manner: The face of 

the coal was first stripped of all loose and powder-burned coal and, after a bright 

surface had been reached, a straight groove was cut from roof to floor, furnishing 

about 25 pounds of coal per sample. Each sample was pulverized and quartered 

down to about_ quart size and mailed to the chemical labo~·atory in an air-tight 

galvanized-iron can. 

' ' Ohamcter of car sample.--The car for testing purposes was loaded with 20 

tons of run-of-mine coal and ~0 tons of lump and nut (over a seven· eighths inch 

shaker screen). This was done because there has been considerable . discussion 

in this field as to the relative efficiencies of these grades of coal for steam purposes, and more especially for locomotive use. The cor.l was loaded in an open 

coal car, which was shipped from the mine November 16 and received at the 

tei;lting plant November 19, 1904. 

Equipment and use.-The Barnsley mine is another large producer of the 

St. Bernard Mining Company, having a daily capacity of 700 tons. As ·stated 

above, the opening is on the outcrop, and mules are used to haul the coal to the 

tipple. The mine is laid out on the double-entry system and the coal all mined 

by air-pick machines. The slack from this mine has been used for making coke, 

but most of the product is shipped to southern cities for domestic and factory 

consumption. 
94 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·TE8TING PLANT. 

KENTUCKY No. 4. 

Openttor.-Wheatcroft Coal and Mining Company, ·wheatcroft, Webster 

County, Ky. 

Jlfine.-Wheatcroft shaft mine, Wheatcroft, Webster County. · 

Samplm•.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.-The Wheatcroft shaft mine is on the No. 11 coal bed, which at 

this point lies from 40 to 60 feet below the surface. The bed is much broken 

up by partings of fire clay and sulphur, and has to be carefully mined to insure 

a fairly clean product. The two sections shown in fig. 6, and also given below, 

were measured in this mine. Section A was measured in room 8 off the west 

shaft entry and section B was measured at the face of the second west entry. 

Sections of coal bed in shaft mine, Wheatcroft Coal and llfining Company, Wheatcroft, Ky. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal ................................ .. : .. 0 11 Coal .................................... 1 0 

Fire clay...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 Fire clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 8 Coal ................................... _ 2 10 

Fireclay .................................. 0 2 Fire clay ................................ 0 1 

Coal ..................................... 0 8 Coal .... : ............................... 0 10 

Sulphur ................................... 0 1 Sulphur ................................ 0 ~ 

Coal ........................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 1 2 

TotaL .............................. 5 9 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ~ 

Samples for clwmicat analysis.-Two samples were taken from this mine for 

analysis, one from the place where section A w~s measured and the other from 

the place where section B was measured. In collecting these samples a cut was 

made directly across the face of the coal from roof to floor, exclusive of the 

partings discarded by the miner in loading the coal in the mine cars. In this 

way about 25 pounds of coal was obtained, which was crushed and quartered 

down until a sample of about 1 quart remained. This was packed in an air-tight 

·galvanized-iron can and mailed to the chemical labora_tory at the testing plant. 

Character of car sarnple.-The car shipped from this mine contained run-ofmine coal. After the car had been loaded it was decided not to ship it, as the 

coal was being carelessly mined and contained an abn9rmal quantity of iron pyrite 

and fire clay, as well as pieces of shale from the roof of the mine. In loading 

the second car the force of slate pickers was augmented and the car was loaded 

very slowly, to facilitate the removal of the excess of foreign matter over an 

amount that might reasonably be expected to be found in a coal having several 
FIELD WORK. 95 

partings. Both cars were loaded the same day under the personal supervision of 

the sampler. The coal was loaded in a gondola- car, which was shipped from the 

mine November 4 and received at the testing plant November 19, 1904. 

Eqtdpment and ttse.-The vVheatcroft mine is reached by a shaft 40 feet 

deep. The room-and-pillar method of mining is used, and electric haulage is 

installed. About 50 per cent of the coal is undercut by electric machines and 

the balance by hand. This mine has been in existence for aboi1t three years, 

and_ is modern in every detail. A small percentage of the coal is used by the 

Il.linois Central Railroad and the balance is shipped to southern towns and ports 

for steam purposes. 

SPECIAL SAMPLES OF KENTUCKY COALS. 

Two samples for chemical analysis were cut in the mines of the Main ,Jellico 

:Mountain Coal Company, at Kensee, Ky. Sample 1329 was taken in the new 

mine and 1330 in the old mine. They were obtained by making cuts from 

roof to floor in the usual manner, and the samples were sealed and sent to the 

chemical laboratory of the testing plant. The sampling was done by Mr. ,J. 

Shober Burrows on October 28, 1904. 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

Tests made on the samples received at the testing plant show that Kentuck:y 

coal, from both· eastern and weHtern fields, is above the average in point of steam 

production; but they also show that the coal from the easte~n field is in this 

respect several points ahead of that from the western field. 

Only one test was made with Kentucky coal in the producer-gas plant, and 

this coal was from the western field. The result is satisfactory, although the 

percentage of sulphur in the coals of western Kentucky is very near the limit 

with the purifying apparatus in use. It is probable, however, that in the future 

this defect will be removed and coals carrying almost any percentage of sulphur. 

can be u15ed. The results given on page 978 show clearly the enormous gain in 

efficiency in the use of this coal in the producer plant and gas engine over its 

use in the steam plant. As shown on page 672, 4.22 pounds of dry coal were 

required in the steam plant to produce one electrical horsepow,er hour, whereas 

in the producer-gas plant only 1. 91, pounds of the sai:ne dry coal were used in 

producing the same result. The gain in efficiency is 121 per cent. Not orily is 

there a gain in efficiency over the same coal when used in the steam plant, but 

there is also a great gain over some of the best steam coals of the country when 

used in this way. .For example, of the best steam coal tested 3.39 pounds of dry 

coal were required for the production of one electrical· horsepower hour, against 

1.91 pounds of dry Kentucky coal when used in the producer-gas plant. 
96 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·TE~'l'ING PLANT. 

Similar results could doubtless be obtained with the other samples of Kentucky coal, but in a general way the gTeatest gains in efficiency were made with 

relatively low-grade coals. 

Coking tests show that these coals will all produce good coke, but the 

samples from the western part of the State are high in sulphur, and the coke 

made from them can not be used in iron smelting. 

A few experiments seemed to indicate that it is possible to briquette all the 

Kentucky coals that were tested with a percentage of pitch so small that briquetting might be made commercially successful. The experiments made in briquetting 

coke breeze may be of particular interest to the coal operators of this State, 

because it shows a method of converting waste coke into a good substitute for 

anthracite coal, and while the tests were made with West Virginia coke there is 

no reason why coke made from Kentucky coal also may not give good results. 

~nssoum. 

The coal field of Missouri embraces an area of about 23,000 square miles in 

the northwestern auarte_r of the State, but much of this is unproductive at the 

present time. The total output of the State in 1904 was 4,168,308 short tons of 

coal. The productive territory may be divided into three important districts, 

which classed according to their production .are as follows: (1) Macon, Randolph, 

Adair, and Putnam counties; (2) Lafayette and Ray counties; and (3) Barton, 

Bates, and Vernon counties. 

The first-mentioned district occupies a zone about two counties wide extending 

no1·thward from Missouri River to the Iowa State line. In point of produetion 

It is the most important coal district in the State. In the testing work it was 

, represented by two samples~one from Bevier, Macon County, and the other 

from Mendota, Putnam County. 

The second district was not represented in the testing work. The third district 

was represented by only one sample, which came from Sprague, Bates Co~:mty, but 

the distriet is also represented by four samples from the Pittsburg, Kansas, field, 

from the same coal bed that is mined in Vern on and Barton counties. 

Besides the l1trge fields mentioned above there are many other points of 

development within the main coal field of the State as well as in small outliers in 

the central part of the State. Most of the isolated deposits are in the nature of 

pockets in the underlying limestone, and although they may contain very thick 

beds of- coal they are of little commercial value on account of their limited 

extent. The sample from near Barnett, Morgan County, was procured from a 

particularly thick pocket of this character. 
FIELD WORK. 97 

l\'hs~omn No. 1. 

Openrtm·.-New Home Coal Company, Spmgue, Mo. 

1rline.-New Home mine, New Horne, Bates County, on .a branch line of the 

St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad. 

Samplm·s.-,1. Shober Burrows and Marins R. Campbell. 

Coal bed.--'fhc coal bed mined at New Home is a local deposit of small 

extent, consisting approximately of GOO acres of workable coal. lt is generally 

supposed to be a~ the same horizon as the eoal that has heen mined for a number 

of years at Rich Hill, a few miles to the southeast. 

The coal is _very free from partings, as shown by two sections in fig. ·7. 

Section A was measured at the face or room 18 off the first east entry and 

section B was measured at the bottom of the slope in the. first east entry. 

Sections of coul bedh1. ?ll'ine of the New IIome Coal Company, New Home, 1lfo. 

Section A. Section B. 

Pt. in. Ft. in. 

Coal ............ __ ..................... . 3 1 · Coal ....... _ ..... _ ......... __ , . _ .. _ . . . . . . 3 8 

Sulphur ..... __ ....... _ ............... _ ... 0 0~ Sulphur .................................. 0 1 

Coal .................................... 1 3 Coal ............. _ .. _ . __ .............. __ . 1 6 

TotaL .. · ........................... 5 4~ Total ..... _ .. _. _ . _ ......... _ . , _ . . . . 5 3 

Samples for clwmical anc~lysis.---Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis in the customary manner, by stripping from a working- face 

the loose a.nd powder-burned coal and then cutting a section from roof to floor, 

exclusive of the partings thrown out by the miner. The material obtained in 

this manner a111ounted approximately to 25 or 30 pounds per sample. It was 

crushed and quartered down to 4 or 5 pounds to the ~,;ample and sent by mail to 

the laboratory in air-tight galvanized-iron cans. Sample A was obtained at the 

place where section A was measured and sample B was obtained at· the place 

where section B was measured. 

(Jlwmcter of car sample.-The car was loaded with run-of-mine coal for testing purposes. Owing ~o a drop of 20 feet from the apron of the screen to the 

car, the coal was badly broken, and, as a result, the car contained more than 

the usual amount of slack coal. The coal was loaded in an ordinary open coal 

car which was shipped from the mine oii August 31, and received at the testing 

plant September 14, 1\104. 

13-No.-48-06-7 
98 OPERATIONS OF THE COAJ,·TESTING PLANT • 

.Bq1tipment and ~t8e. ~The New Home mine is a new mine, which bas been in 

operation only little more than a year. The coal is reached by· a shaft 257 feet 

deep. The room-and-pillar method of mining is followed, with parallel entries 

running north and· south. The eoal in the north entry ·dips abruptly from the 

foot of the shaft at an angle of from 15° to 20°. This slope continues for about 

200 feet and then the coal runs level. A stationary engine is used to haul the 

cars up this incline to the shaft level. At other points in the mine the coal is 

·hauled by mules. There arc no machines used in mining the coal, as it is :;hot 

from the solid. A bad roof and considerable gas has been the cause of rather 

slow development in this mine, but an excellent system of ventilation has been 

installed and the mine is in good shape to produce from 250 to 300 tons of coal 

a day. This coal is sold mostly for steam purposes. A large percentage of the 

product is used J?y the Frisco Railroad, and some is shipped to Kansas City for 

the general trade. 

MissouRI No. 2. 

Operator.-Northwestern Coal and Mining Company, Kansas City, Mo . 

.Mine.-Mine No. 8, located 1 mile south of Bevier, Macon County, Mo., on 

the Chicago, Burlington. and Quincy Railway. 

Sampler.-John ,V, Groves. 

Coal bed.-The coal bed worked in mine No. 8 is the Bevier coal. This bed 

has the widest distribution of all the Missouri coals, and from it the greatest 

part of the State's tonnage is derived. The seam' spreads ·out over Macon, Linn, 

Chariton, Randolph, and parts of the adjoining counties, and varies in thickness 

from 4 to 6 feet. The three sections shown in fig. 7 were measured in this mine. 

Section A was measured in the first east entry on the north side, and section B 

was measured in the second west entry on the south side. The sections are as 

follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine No. 8, Northwestern Coal and .hfining Company, Be1Tier, Jlfo. 

Section A. Section R. 

Ft. in, Ft. in. 

CoaL .................................... 3 5 Coal ..................................... 4 5 

Shale .. • . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . 0 1 ~ Shale . _ ......... :. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . 0 3 

CoaL .................................... 1 0 Coal ..................................... 0 10 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6~ Total ... __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 

-------------------'-----~~·---------------
MISSOURI NO.~ 

A B 

COAL 

3'-1" 

COAL 

1'·-3" 

COAL 

3'-8" 

COAL. 

1'-6 

NEW MEXICO NO.1 

( Bla.ck lljjDite) 

c 

FIELD WORK. 

COAL 

1'-9" 

COAL 11" 

MISSOURI NO. 2 

A B 

COAL 

3'- 5" 

COAL. 

1'-0" 

NEW MEXICO NO.2 

(Blii'Ok lignite ) 

COAL 

4'-5" 

99 

NORTH 

DAKOTA 

N0.2 

(Brown lignite) 

COAL 10" 

~o.s>:; bed No.8 bed Otero bed Thatcher bed Crown l"ointl bed 

C A 

COAL 

4'-1" 

0 B-C .A 

COAL 

4'-0" 

\HCHES 12 t 8 FEET 

~·~~~-----L----~~--~· 

FIG- 7.-8ections of Missouri, New Mexico, and North Dakota coal beds. 

COAL 

3'-5" 

COAL 

l'-5° 
100 OPERATIONS OJ<' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples for cheniieal analysis were sent 

to the laboratory from this. mine. Sample A was obtained at the same place 

that section A was measured, and sample B frorn the place where section B was 

meast1ted. These saniples were obtained in the usual way by making a cut across 

a wo!"king face of emil, including all of the mate1;ial cut through' e~cept partings 

of st~fficient size to be separated by the miner in ·regular work . Each such cut . 

furi:li~.h-~d about 25 pounds of coal,. which was thEn~- crushed and quartered do\VQ 

to abbut quart size·. These samples were sealed. -in galvanized-iron cylinders 

and Inailcd to the chemical laboratory at the testi_ng: plant. 

_ O~amcter of ca1' .§ample.-Ru}~~of-mine coal ~as! loaded for testing purpoE?es, 

that)>~ing represerit,ative of the output of the mine. The coal-\.vas loaded in an 

open· ()oal car, which \vas shipped fi;om the mine October 10 and received at the 

testirig: plant OctoDc1~ 22, 1904. . ·_- .. 

;i.fu·ipmerit an_cl use.-Tbe coal 'is reached by a shaft 135 :feet deep. It is 

wod~~4 by the double-entry room-and-pillar system, with m1rl~ _l)aulage to the 

foot .·'Ot, the shaft. ~The coal is mined entirely by hand, being shot off the solid. 

The":~~pacity of the mine with the pre;;ent equipment is 1,000 tons, and an 

avha,ge daily output of 850 tons is maintained. The coal is used principally for 

steatrl ri:mking, the railroads using the largest amount of the output for locomotive 

coat' .About 20 per cent goes for cloinestic or household use, and the balance, 

including the slack, is sold to manufacturing plants. 

Mrssoum No. 3. ·.- '· 

: Q)erator.-Mend6ta Coal and Mining Company, )Vlendota, Mo ... 

Kine.-Mendotil,. Putnam Co!Jnty, Mo., on, the Chicago, ::Burlington .arid 

QuirieJ: Railway. . .. ·. . 

~.._';umpler.-J oh~ W. Groves. 

·:(jp_al bed.-This coal is largely known as t~e- Mendota bed. It is the same_, 

as thfi-; Mystic eoai,-, which is so·: extensively wodted across 'the' State line in · 

ApP_~p~ose County,-ibwa: Only ·fin? coal was seht from this _mine, and conse- ', 

quentl.Y the mine was not carefully examined . ~rl.~ no measufed' sed ions were~· 

obtained. As reported by the State lnine inspect~:n:;,the coal in· t,h~ mines of this ·· 

company avemges -~b,0ut 34 inches in thickness.,. Including a clay band 2 inches· . ' .. '· .......... ·: 

thick running throiig·h the center of the seam. ..- . 'c' .. 

Samples for ch~;1'tiical analysis.-No samples were taken in the mine for ~tbi:'i_{: 

purpose. The character of the coal is shown on page 237 by the chemic~t·: 

analysis of the coal from the car sample when it arrived at the testing phtnt. -~ 

0 haracter of car sample.-The coai :fi·om this mine is screened over bar 

screens having an aperture of 1t inches. . Between. 85 and 88- per cent of the 

product passes over this screen and is sold as lump coal; the remaining 12 to 15 
FIELD WORK. 101 

per cent is screened in revolving screens having l-inch and three-eighths-inch 

perforation:;. This give;; three grades, nut (2t per cent), pea (H per cent), and 

slack (5t per cent). 

The mine was not in operation at the time it was visited by Mr. Groves, 

but arrangements were made to obtain a car of slack for washing tests .. Accordingly (as stated in a letter), the car was loaded by the operator with about 33 tons 

of screenings which passed through the 1-.i--inch bar screen. The coal was shipped 

m an open car November 7 and ,\ras received at the testing plant November 

30, 1904. 

EqwjYrnent and 1t8e.-At the present time this company is operating three 

mines in the vicinity of Mendota, Putnam County, Mo., and two mines_ on the 

same coal bed in Appanoose County, Iowa. 

The screenings from these mines ·are generally used for steam purposes, 

going to packing ho;tses, _elevators, electric-light plants, mills, etc. Some ·is used 

for burning ballast. The slack is very dirty and can be greatly improved by 

washing, as is shown on pages 721-736. 

MissouRI No.4. 

Operatm·.-Morgan County Coal Company, St. Louis, Mo . 

..Ll1ine.-This mine is not yet developed. It is located in sec. 6, T. 42 N., 

R. 15 W., or about 10 miles southeast of Versailles, Morgan County, Mo. It has 

no railroad connection. 

_SampleP.-J ohn W. Groves. 

Coal bed.-The company is preparing to operate this mine on. one of the 

pockets of coal that are common in the central part of the State. The pocket 

is of unknown thickness, but is variously reported from 40 to 64: feet. The coal 

exposed at the present time is 14 feet thick, but the floor and roof are both in 

coal·, so it affords no indication of the total thickness. · It is probable that the 

· pocket is of small extent, covering only a few acres: 

Samples fm' chem-ical anal;ysis.-Two Sllmples were obtained from the left side 

of the pit for chemical analysis. The samples were pulverized and quartered 

down until each contained about 1 quart of coal, which was sealed in a galvanizediron can and sent to the chemical lrtboratory of the testing plant. 

O!wmcte1' r~f cap scunple.--The car was loaded with 16 tons of run-of-mine 

coal, the small size of the sample lJeing due to the fact that the mine has not yet 

railroad connection and the coal had to be hauled to the railroad, several miles 

distant. The coal contains considerable sulphur and also veint> of zinc ore.· The 

coal was loaded in a box ear, which was shipped from Bartlett November 18 

and received at the testing plant, November 22, 1904. 
102 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·'L'ESTING PLANT. 

Kquipment.~At the1 prcsent time a country bank only is being operated at 

'this place, but as soon as a spur is built from the Rock Island Railroad the coal 

company expects to begin operations with a steam shovel, first removing the cover 

of dirt about 20 feet deep and then attacking the coal deposit in the same way. 

SPECIAL SAMPLES OF ~IISSOURI COALS. 

Two samples for chemical analysis were taken in the Summit mine of the 

Western Coal and Mining Corn'pany at Lexington, Mo. The coal bed ha::; a thickne::;s of from 20 to 22 inches and is mined b,Y the long~wall system. The samples, 

numbered 1010 and 1011, were obtained by making cuts across the face of the coal. 

These samples were crushed and quartered down and sent to the laboratory in 

sealed cans. The sampling was done by Mr. ,J. Shober Burrows on Augt1st 17,1904. 

RESUI/l'S OF TESTS. 

The chemical tests made on samples of Missouri coals show that generally 

they contain heavy percentages of both ash and sulphur. The best coal in that 

respect is the one from Morgan County, which carries only about 5 per cent of 

ash. The sample marked Missouri No. 3 is particularly high in ash, but this 

was a car of slack sent for the express purpose of determining to what extent the ash 

and sulphur could be reduced by washing. The results given on pages 1464-1465 

show that the ash can be greatly reduced and the sulphur content lowered by 

washing. 

The steam tests given on pages 681-744 show that these coals arc not high-grade 

steam coals. The best sample in this respect is the coal from Morgan County, 

which runs above the average of all the coals of the State tested for steam-raising 

properties. With the other samples the results are not very high, but in two 

cases the steaming value of the coal was greatly increased. by washing. 

Only one sample ·from this State was tried in the produ9er-gas plant. It 

yielded fair results, but the test was interrupted at the end of 4.33 hours by 

trouble with the gas engine, and consequently the results can not be depended 

upon as conclusive. The high percentage of sulphur may give some trouble in 

the gas engine, but this does not seem to be serious, and it is probable that some 

way will be found of purifying the gas to a greater extent than can be done at 

the present time. 

The results obtained in the producer-gas plant show that 1.71 pounds of dry 

coal. so used produced as much power as 4:.93 pounds of the same coal burned 

under the steam boiler. Since the quantity of ash in a producer is of no material 

consequence unless clinkers are formed, it seems probable that dirty coals can be 

used in this way to great advantage. 
FIELD WORK. 103 

At present New Mexico does not stand very high in the list of coal-producing 

States, being No. 20 in the list for 1904, with an output of 1,452,325 short tons. 

There are a number of sonl'ewhat widely separated coal fields in New Mexico, one 

of which, the Gallup-Durango field, is of large geographic extent and contains an 

immense amount of coal. The next field of importance is the Raton field, which 

is the southward extension of the Las Animas field of Colorado. Besides the large 

fields the Territory contains ~· number of small fields, being mostly local synclines 

of the coal-bearing roeks or faulted block. 

Th~ Gallup-Durango field is extensive, although it is but little known except 

in the vicinity of Gallup and along the northern boundary, where mining has been 

undertaken along the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. The prineipa.l coal 

horizon occurs near the base of the Laramie .formation, which is the uppermost 

member of the Cretaceous system. At Durango, Colo., workable coal beds occur 

in lower formations of the Cretaceous, ·but they are not known south of this 

· margin of the field. 

The samples tested were obtained at Gallup, N. Mex. At this place there are 

two coal-bearing horizons separated by about 400 feet of sandstone, clay, and shale 

beds. The upper group of coal beds are exploited at the Weaver mine, north of 

Gallup, and at Clarkville, 4 miles west of Gallup. The lower group is mined 2 

miles east of Gallup. 

The upper group consists of at least five scams of workable thickness. In 

descending order these are known as Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. The coal beds are 

irregular in their occurrence, and at the Weaver mine, from which the sample 

called New Mexico No. 1 was obtained, a thick coal bed oc~urs a short distance 

below coal bed No. 3. This is regarded as an extra seam, and it is called coal 

bed No. 3t. 

The lower group of coal beds consists of three distinct beds, all of which 

are mined at the Otero mine, 2 miles east of Gallup, where the sample marked 

New Mexico· No. 2 was obtained. The uppermost bed is known as the Crown 

Point; the second bed, ·occurl'ing 11 feet lower in the series, is known as the 

Thatcher bed, and the lowest, occurring R8 feet below the Thatcher, is known as 

the Otero bed. 

NEw MBxico No. 1. 

Operator.-American "Fuel Company, Denver, Colo . 

.llfine.-Weaver mine, located in the SE. t of sec. 34, T. 16 N., R. 18 W., 

New Mexico principal ba::;e meridian. This mine is 3 miles north of Gallup, 
104 OPERATION~ OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

McKinley County, N. Mex., on a branch line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 

Fe Railroad. 

Sampler.-Marius R. Campbell. 

Goal beds.-Two coal beds are worked at the Weaver mme. The upper bed 

is known as No.. 3 and the lower as No. 3~. They are septirated by an interval 

of 5 feet 10 inches of hard sandstone. There are separate openings on the two 

beds; that on ~o. 3 is a drift mine going in on the outcrop of the coal; that on 

No. 3~ is a slope mine. Two sections shown in fig. 7 were measured in this 

mine. · Section A is a measured section of bed No. 3 at a distance of about 2,000 

feet in the mine. Section C is a measured section of bed No. 3t at a distance 

of about 600 feet in the mine. The sections are as follows: 

Section.1 of coal beds in vVeaver mine of {he American Fttel Company, near Gallup, N. J.fex. 

Section A. Section C. 

1---------------------------------- Ft. in·. Fl. in. 

Sandstone roof. Sandstone roof. 

Coal .. _______ . __ ......................... _ 4 1 Draw slate (sandy) ............. _ .... __ .. 1 6 

Fire-clay ~oor. Coal ................ _ ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 

Fire-clay floor. 

The beds so far as observed are absolutely freQ from partings or lenses of 

shale or sulphur, and the coal is clean so far as visible impurities are concerned. 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A-B was obtained from coal bed No. 3 at the point 

where section A was measured. The coal for this sample was obtained by making 

a cut from roof to floor of the coal bed. The sample was crushed and quartered 

down according to the usual method. When last divided one quarter was put in 

a galvanized-iron can and sent to the testing plant, marked sample A. The 

opposite quarter was sent in the ~ame way and marked sample B. Sample C-D 

was obtained from coal bed No. 3t at the point where section C was measured, 

600 feet from the mouth of the mine. The sample was obtained by making a 

cut from roof to floor. About 40 pounds of coal was obtained, which was 

pulverized and quartered down by throwing out opposite quarters, until the last 

time the quartering was done two samples of about 1 quart each remained. These 

were sealed in g-alvanized-iron tubes and mailed to the chemical laboratory. 

0/wracteJ' of caJ' sample.-The coal as it comes from the mine is usually 

screened over a half-inch screen. That which passes over the screen is sometimes 

abo screened over a 4-inch scl'een, the coal being thus separated into lump and 

engine coal. The fine coal passing through the half-inch screen is passed over a 
FIELD WORK. 105 

rocking screen and a pea coal is saved, which is used almost exclusively by the 

tlanta Fe Railroad for fuel fo'r stationary engines at the various pumping stations. 

The remainder, which is dust and small fragments of coal less than one-fourth inch 

in diameter, is lost, being blown out in gre~tt heaps of waste. 

The mine was visited before the testing plant was in operation, so the collector was unable to load a car for testing purposes. The coal, however, is so 

uniform in character that this supervision was considered unnecessary, and later a 

car was .loaded by the operator ·with one-half lump coal screened over a half-inch 

screen and one-half slack. The coal was shipped i.n a box car which left Gallup 

August 17 and was received at the testing plant October 3, 1904. 

Equipment and nse.-The Weaver mine is well equipped with modern appliances for mining, and has an output of about 1,500 tons daily. The coal is all 

mined by hand and the carR arc gat~wred into trips by mules. The trips are 

brought out of both mines by steam power. The roof is good in both mines, being 

composed of hard sandstone, bu_t in the mine on No. 3t the draw slate is taken 

down in the entries to prevent accidents. Little timbering is required, which is 

an important item in this dc,sert country. The mines are very dry anll water 

has to be pumped in to rrcvent dust explosions. 

Most of the lump coal of this mine goes to the Pacific coast and to intermediate points. The coal which passes over a half-inch screen and through a 

4-inch screen is known as engine coal, and p·:actically the entire output of this 

grade of coal is used on locomotives of the Santa Fe Railroad. 

The company is opening a new mine about 1 mile from the old mine. The 

only other mine on these beds is the Clark mine at Clarksville, 4 miles west of 

Gallup. Most of the output of this mine goes to .Jerome for usc in the plant 

of the U nitcd Verde copper mine. 

The only outlet to this field for the present Is the Santa Fe Railroad, which 

crosses the southern point of the field at Gallup. 

NEw :MExico No.2. 

Operator.-Calcdonian Coal Company, Gallup, N. Mex. 

_i}fine.-Otero mine, located in the NE. t of the NW. t of sec. 14, T. 15 N., 

R. 18 vV., ·New Mexico principal base meridian. It is about 3 miles east of 

Gallup, McKinley County, N. Mex., on the-north side of the Atehison, Topeka 

and Santa Fe Railroad, with which it is connected- by a short spur. 

Sampler.--Marius R. Campbell. 

Coal beds.-'l'hree coal beds are opened in this niine, Otero, Thatcher, and 

Crown Point, bnt active mining· is carried on only in the first two. The Ct'own 

Point bed is opened, but is held m ret~erve. The thickness of the beds is shown 
106 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

by sections in fig. 7. Section A represents the Crown Point bed, section B the 

Thatcher bed, and section D the Otero ·bed. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal beds 'in Otero mine of the Caledonian Coal Company, neaT Gallup, N. Jfex,_ 

--------~ ---~- -----------.----- ~c---~ ~-----

Section A. Section B. Section D. 

----' --------- ----

Ft, in, Pt in, Ft. in. 

Coal····----------- 3 5 Coal .......... _ . . . . . . . . . 4 0 Coal 1 2 

Bhale ..................... 0 8 Shale .................... 0 9 

Coal _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 

Samples for cl1.emical analysis.--:-Four samples were taken in this nnne for 

chemical analysis. In all cases the samples were obtained by making cuts from 

roof to floor, throwing out the shale partings shown in sections A and D. Each 

sample weighed about 20 pounds. These were crushed and quartered down to 

about 1 quart each and then mailed in air-tight galvanized-iron cans to the testing 

plant. Sample A was obtained from the Crown Point bed, but as this is not 

mined at present this analysis should not be compared with the analysis of 

the car sample. Samples B and C were obtained from the Thatcher bed and 

arc duplicate samples comp·osed of opposite quarters of the large sample. Sample 

D is from the Otero coal bed. All samples were obtained ·at the points where 

sections were measured. 

Ch.aracte:r of car sample.·-One of the great drawbacks in commercial mining 

in this field is the great amount of waste or fine coal, which can be seen in large 

heaps at all of the mines.. The principal hope in the district is that some 

product of briquetting will be produced that will be eheap en:ough to be used in 

this field. For experiments in this direction the car was loaded by the operator 

with slack coal obtained from the Thatcher and Otero seams. The coal was· 

shipped in a box ear on August 30 and was received at the testing plant 

September 26, 1904. 

Eqll'ipment.-The Otero mine is not operated on a large scale and the 

equipment is of a simple character. 

ble, and a large output could be 

warrant the equipment of the mine. 

The coal beds, however, are easily accessimaintained were there demand enoug-h to 

SPECIAL SAMPLE OF NEW MEXICO COAL'3. 

The Hagen coal field lies east of Algodon.es, a stati.on on the Santa :Fe 

Railroad about 27 miles north of Albuquerque. A branch line of the Santa .Fe 

Central_ is building into this field and probably its coal bed will soon be developed on a commercial scale. The Hagen mine is driven in on the Hopewell eoal 
FIELD WORK. 107 

bed at a dip of about 15°. A sample for chemical analysis (No. 1012) was obtained 

near the end of the main entry about 700 feet from the mouth of the mine, 

where the bed has a thickness of 4 feet 1 inch, without partings. The sampling 

wa~ done by Marius R. Campbell on August 1'7, 1904. 

HESCLTS OF TERTS. 

The results of tests on the New Mexico coals are not very satisfactory. At 

the time they were received at the testing plant no material which could be used 

as a binder had been- secured for briquetting tests and, although some of this 

coal was held until a binder was received, the time was too short to make 

satisfactory tests. The character of the coal from the \~T eaver and Otero mines 

is so nearly the same that results. obtained on one of these coals a_re applicable 

to the others also. As shown on pages 1:.1,22, 1446-1448, fairly f_mceessful briquettes 

were .made from this coal, but it is probable that the cost of shipping in the necessary binder would be prohibitive. 

At the time these samples were received it was not supposed that they could 

be used to advantage in the manufacture of producer gas, but later in the season 

the best results were obtained from lignite;; of even poorer quality than those 

from New Mexico. The results obtained in the producer would seem to indicate 

that the New Mexico lignite would make an admirable fuel and that it would 

probably produce results similar to those obtained from Colorado No. 1 or even 

Illinois No; 4. 

:For the production or power this method or utilizing lignites seems much 

more proinising than any scheme of briquetting that has yet been devised. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

The coal resources or North Dakota are extensive, both as to area covered 

by the coal-bearing rocks and in the number and thieknes;; of the coal beds. 

f'he coal, however, eonsists entirely or brown lignite, whieh earrie.s between 30 

and 40 per cent ·of moisture, and con;;equently is a low-grade steam ruel. It 

slacks badly upon exposure to the atmosphere, and this tact, together with· the 

large _amount of moisture, makes transportation, expensive, and consequently 

most of the coal is mined for local use. The output of the State in 1904 was 

266,128 short tons. 

Thin beds of lignite occur in the eastern part of the State, but workable 

· beds are limited largely to the western half, where they seem to occur in considerable 

nuinber and thickness. Little effort has been made to trace and correlate the 

variou;; co!tl beds, and it is generally supposed that the beds are local in their 

development and that no bed extend:; to- any great distance geographically. 
108 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·TESTING PLANT. 

The most important mining centers in the southern part of the State are 

Sims, New Salem, and Lehigh, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, in Morton and 

Stark counties; vVilton, on the "Soo Line," in McLean County, and a few places 

on the same line in Emmons County. 

The developments in the northern part of the State are frequently spoken 

of as in the Mouse River field, but it is probable that this is connected with the 

other field and is not a separate and distinct basin. The mines in this field are 

located at Minot, on the Great Northern Railroad, and at Burlington and 

Kenmare, on the "Soo Line." All of these localities are in Ward County. 

Small developments have also been undertaken in the vicinity of Williston, 

on the Great Northern Railroad, in Williams County. 

NoRTH DAKOTA No. 1. 

Operatm'.-Consolidated Coal Company, Lehigh, N.Dak. 

_i}Iine.-Lehigh, Stark County, on the N01·thern Pacific 

Sampler.~L. S. Storrs and Marins R. Campbell. 

Railroad. 

Coal bed.-The beds of coal in the North Dakota field 

and '.,lot continuous over areas of any considerable size. 

have not been correlated and named. 

are variable in thickness 

For that reason they 

Only one bed of 'Yorkable proportions is known in the vicinity of Lehigh, 

and this is reputed to range from 10 to 20 feet in thickness of clean coal, but 

not all of this is mined. At the points where S!tmples were taken only the lower 

part of the bed, having a thickness of 6 feet 4 inches, is- worked, but frequently 

an additional layer about 8 feet thick is taken down from the roof. 

Samples for chem-ical analysis.-Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was taken in the second south entry at- a place 

about 1,900 feet from the mouth of the mine and includes a thickness of 6 feet 

4 inches of coal. Sample B was taken in the first north ent,ry at a place about 

2,100 feet from the mouth of the mine and represents the sanie amount of coal 

as sample A. 

The samples were obtained by making perpendicular cuts across clean faees 

of the coal bed. The material so obtained was collected on an oilcloth blanket 

spread on the floor and weighed a~out 80 pounds per Rample. These were crushed 

to ab_out one-half inch in diameter and quartered down until a quart remained of 

~ach sample. The sat~ples were then sealed in galvanized-iron cans and mailed 

to the .chemical laboratory of the te:,;ting plant. 

Character of car sample.-In ordina1·y work the coal is loaded into mine cars 

with forks. This permits the fine coal to remain in the mine and also ob~iates 

the necessity of screens m the tipple. The ear of coal for testing purposes was 
FIELD WORK. 109 

loaded in the same manner, and hence it consist8, m reality, of screened coal. 

The coal was loaded in a box car which was shipped from the mine September 

1 '7 and was received at the tes~ing plant October 1 '7, 1904:. 

Equ'ipment and use.--'The Lehigh mine is driven in on the outcrop of the coal 

bed where it shows in the low bluffs of Heart River. The equipment of the 

mine is simple but efficient. The coal bed lies nettrly flat and mules can easily 

haul the coal from all parts of the mine to ~he tipple. The only other power 

required is a small electric plant, which is used to operate two mining· machines 

and a fan and to light the. main entries. 

In summer the demand for lignite is small and little mining is then done, 

but during the winter fuel is needed in that cold climate and the mine has then 

an output of about ·350 tons a day. The mine has been in operation about twelve 

years and supplies fuel for steam and domestic purposes to most of the North 

Dakota ti-rw·ns along the Northern Pacific Rnilroad. 

NoRTH DAKOTA No.2. 

Operatm'.-Cedar Coulee Coal Company, 'Villiston, N. Dak. 

il_Hne.-This mine is located in Cedar Coulee, 4 miles southeast of \~Tilliston, 

N. Dak.,"not far from the li:ne of the Great Northern Railroad. · 

Scmnplm·.~Sent' by o'wnet· at the request of Mr. Frederick H. Newell, chief 

of hydrographic branch of the United States Geological Survey, and sampled 

later by Ma1'ius R. Carnpbcli. 

Coal beds.-The coal bed~' of this field are lenticular in shape, and hence can 

not be traced for any great· distance and correlated with coal beds· known in 

other localities. The coa-l showing in Cedar Coulee is also visible in the bluff 

oii the ·e!tst side of Missouri River for a distance of 2 or 3 miles, but it is not 

of wor:ldble thickness across the river nor in the vicinity of '~Tilliston. 

· Tlhdignite iri Ce&l.r Cotilee has tt thickness ranging from \) to 12 feet, but it 

is difficult . to get a measurement of the entire bed, as only. the bottom part is 

mined. Generitlly a thickness of Gbr '7 feet is removed, the remainder being left 

to foi~m the 1~oof of the tiline;·: At the place where the sarpple for chemical 

analysis was obtained the p!trt' i11ined hils; a t:hicki1ess of 6 feet of clear coal. 

. Swi,,ple for cNemiccLl a?ialysis.-One' sample was obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis. The mine was not in operation at the time it was visited, 

hut the coa[ was fresh 'arid bard, and a sample wai:l taken about 150 feet from 

the niouth of the mine. This was optained hy making a cut from top to bottom 

of the face of coal, here 6 feet thick, and collecting- the material on an oilcloth 

blanket spread ol1 the floor. · 'J_'his sample weighed about 30 pounds; it was 

pulverized arid quartered down until about 1 quart l'emained. This was placed 

in a galvanized-iron tube and sealed and mailed to the testing plant. 
110 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

OltaJ'aater of car sample.-The lignite for testing was not loaded in the 

presence of an agent, of the testing plant, but it probably consisted of screened 

coal. It was loaded in a box car which was received at the testing plant 

November 2, 1904. 

Equipment and use.--At present the property upon which this mine is 

located is in litigation and consequently it is not being operated. There is little 

demand in this vieinity for fuel, except for household purposes, and this makes 

mining profitable only in the winter season. 

The mine is located ·on the face of the bluff overlooking Missouri River at 

the mouth of Cedar Coulee. It has no railroad cO'nnection, but a spur could 

easily be built from the Great Northern Railroad at a point about 2 miles east 

of Williston. 

The United States Reclamation Service is planning to utilize · this great 

deposit ·of low:grade fuel in pumping the river water onto the bottom lands in 

the vicinity of Williston. H this is done it will create a steady demand for this 

lignite, which in turn will hasten the devclopm~nt of the field. 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

How better to utilize the brown-lignite deposits of this country has been a 

question that has long attracted attention, but very little progress had been made 

toward its solution. The lignite disintegTates so badly that it can not be stored 

or shipped for any great distance, and in order to fit it for shipment many have 

been working along the line of briquetting, and with fair success so far as the 

manufacture of briquettes are concerned, but in every case the expenses of the 

operation and the cost of the binder have been prohibitive. 

When the first car of brown lignite was received at the testing. plant, 

experiments were made on the briquetting machines, but with little success. A 

test was attempted under a steam hoiler, but the equipment of the testing plant 

was not designed for this class of fuel and no satisfactory results were obtained. 

At this time it w~s not thought possible to usc such fuel successfully in the gas 

producer, but by the time tbe second carload had been received at the plant the 

opinion had gained ground that producer ga:;· could be made from this lignite, 

and so a trial run was made. The expectations were of so doubtful a nature in 

the mind of the superintendent of the produeer plant that the gas engine was 

run ~n a two-thirds load, as it was feared the product of gas would not be 

sufficient to enable the engine to operate at its full capacity. To the surprise of 

everyone the lignite worked well in the producer and the gas had a higher 

calorific value than that from any other coal used. Altogether the trial was 

highly satisfactory; it seemed to solve the question of the production of power 

in North Dakota and eastern Montana. 
FIELD WORK. 111 

The result. of t.he steam test was so unsatisfactory that there is nothing by 

which a direct comparison can be made of the efficiency of the fuel used in the 

producer-gas plant as compared with t.he efficiency developed in the steam plant.. 

Nevertheless a comparison of tbc results obtained on other coals under the steam 

boiler is instructive, The table on page 1199 shows that to produee one electrical 

horsepower. hour in the producer-gas plant required 2.29 pounds of dry North 

Dakota lignite, whereas to produce the same result in the steam plant required 

3.39 pounds of the best West Virginia coal. This means that North Dakota 

lignite, with the moisture eliminated, will do more work when used in a producergas plant than the best coal of the eountry will do in a steam plant: 

These results are startling, but they are full of promise to the owners of 

lignite deposits and to the u~:;ers of power in North Dakota, Montana, and 

Wyoming. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania stands easily first among the coal-producing States of the Union, 

its output in 1904 being 171,101:5,9'76 tons of eoal, of whieh 13,15G,709 tons is 

credited to the anthracite field and 97,952,267 tons to the bituminous field. 

The bituminous field lies in the westem part of the State and it is so well 

known that it needs no description. The coals are uniformly of high grade, but 

they v~try greatly, including the coking coal of Connelhwille, the almost equally 

famous Youghiogheny gas coals, and numerous grades of steam, domestic, and 

other coals. 

Only a few samples of Pennsylvania coal were received at the testing plant. 

This was largely due to the faet that the character of these eoals is well known 

and to the greater desire of those interested to have tests made on coals :from 

remote and less known regions of the Yv est. 

In order to test the machinery of the plant when it was first erected two 

cars of Pennsylvania coal were used. These had been sent. to St. Louis by the 

Pennsylvania Railroad Company for conducting locomotive tests in the Transportation Building. The re~mlts obtained with this coal·were so satisfactory that 

they have been included in the regular lists. 

The other sample tested consisted of a car of anthracite culm from Scranton 

in the northern anthracite field. 

PENNSYLVANIA No~. 1 .Dm 2. 

Opera~oP.-Berwind-White Coal ·Mining· Company, Philadelphia. 

Mine.-Eureka No. 31 mine, located at Windber, Somerset County, Pa., on ' 

the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
112 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. · 

Ooal bed.-The coal bed from which this coal was obtained Is not positively 

known, but it is thought to be bed "B" or Lower Kittanning. 

Character of cwr sample8.-Tbis coal was shipped by the operator for usc m 

the loeomotive tests· that the Pennsylvania Hailroacl Company condueted in the 

Transportation Building·. The cars were .loaded with lump coal, but the size 

of the screen is not known. 

PENNSYLVANIA N·o. 3. 

OpemtoJ·.-Pennsylvania Coal Company, Scranton, Pa. 

0/taracter of wr 8amplc.-This car was loaded with anthradte culm fo1: use 

111 briqnctting experiments. It may be aceepted as representing the _great culm 

heaps :for which the anthracite region is famous. 

SPECIAL SA)IPLES OF PENN~YLVANIA AND 01110 COALS. 

Special samples of Pennsylvania and Ohio coals were taken for chemical 

analysi::< from various bed;.;, as indicated in the l:lubjoined table. 

8pecinl .mmple8 of Pennsylvania and Oh-io coals taken for chem·ical analy8is. 

number. 

Coal bed. Mine or country 

bank. r~~l~~~; I 

--,-------1- -----

Town. County. 

Pittsburg......... ~IcLaiu's......... l\Ieadow Lands... Washington ...... 1\IcLain. 

Owner. 

1032 

1033 

1034 

1035 

1047 

1048 

1050 

1051 

1055 

1065 

10G7 

1069 

1070 

1072 

... do ............ Rlanche .......... Anderson .............. <lo............ Pittsburg-Buffalo Co. 

Russell........... HRckett ............... do .......... .. 

Nottingha"' ........... do ................. do ............ Pittsburg Coal Co. 

Colliery No. 1 .. .. Ellsworth ............. do ............ James\\'. Ellsworth & Co. 

Country bank .... Clinton ........... Allegheny ........ Eaton heirs. · 

Colliery No.2 .... Ellsworth ........ Washington ...... James W. Ellsworth & Co. 

... do ............ Country bunk .... London,S. II ........... do ............ l\Iatchett. 

.... do............ Manifold.......... Manifold .............. do ... · ........ . 

Natural outcrop .. MnrdocksYille .... Allegheny ....... . 

Country_bank .... Frankfort ........ Benver .......... . 

... do ................. do ..... , . .. .. . Warriors Point... Washington...... l\IcCausland. 

.... do ................. do............ Paris .................. do ............ Fulton. 

.... do ............ 1 ..... do ............ Frankfortb ...... .l. .... do.· ........... FrankOllum. 

1239 Washington ........... do ............ Ryerson Station .. Urcene ......... .. 

1574 Finley ................. do.~.......... Island Creek ..... Jefferson, Ohio .. . 

1575 Pittsburg ........... .' .. ,io : ...... ..... New Alexandria ... .' .. do ....... · ..... Davis Scott. 

1576 .... do ................. do ............ Georges Hun ........... do ............. Samuel Waugh. 

'1577 ... do ................................ Brilliant.. ............. do .......... .. 

1585 Waynesburg ...... Crabapple ....... Durbin ................ do ........... . 

1588 ..... do ............ Countrybank .... Zollarsville ....... ·washington ...... Horn. 

1589 ... do ................. do ................. do ................. do .. .. .. .. .. .. Do. 

1590 Pittsburg ......... Mine No. B ....... Midland ..... , ......... do ............ Pittsburg Coal Co. 

1591 .... do............ Country bank.... Sudum, S. H ........... do ............ Matchett. 

1592 Waynesburg ........... do Beallsville c ...... ..... do ........... . 

a On Bigger Creek. b 1 mile southeast of town: "2 miles south of town. 
FIELD WORK. 113 

Special .~amples of Pennsy~vani1L and Ohio coals tccken jm· chemiwl analysis-Continued. 

lAtho-~ ratory 

number. 

Total Page 

Coal bed. Sampler. Date. Sample includes- ~:~~t ~~~~~i: an7t~Y- bed. sis: 

lt in. Ft. i'iL 

1032 Pittsburg ......... E.G.ClappaudF.W.DeWull .......... Aug.27 All 'rorketl .. : .... 5 9 5 9 

1033 , ..... do ......... _. ....... do ................................... Aug. 29 }.lain bench .. _ ... 5 4 

1034 Redstone .............. do ....................................... do ... Full bed .......... 3 2 3 2 

1035 Pittsburg .............. do ....................................... do .. . Breast and bottom 5 1 

1047 ..... do ................. do ................................... Sept. 26 Main bench ..................... . 

1048 ..... do ............ W. T. Gris\Yold .......................... July 12 l<'ull bed.......... 2 5 2 

1050 ..... do ............ F. G. Clapp and F. W. De Wolf .......... Sept. 2 Main be"nch...... 5 5< ...... .. 

1051 ..... do ............ W.T.Griswolrl .......................... JuJ~- 11 Allworked ....... 4 11 ...... .. 

1055 ..... do ............ F. G. Clapp and F. W. De Wolf .......... Sept. 3 1\h1in bench...... 5 8 ....... . 

1065 Amesa ........... W.T.Griswold................... Sept. 9 Full bed .................. la2 0 

1067 Pittsburg .............. do .................... : .............. Sept. 10 .................................. .. 

~~~~ :::: :~~:::::::::::: :::: :~:::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :r::::~~::: . ~-~~~~e-~:::::::::: ! ~ ! ~ 

~~:~ -,~~~~~n~~~~-:::::: ·;;_·~~~;,;~; ~-~:~· ;;_·,~--~-~ ~~~;;::::::::: :!·~·::0 ~~ .. ~-~,~-~; ~:~~~~::::: .. ~ ... ~. --~ .. -~. 1574 Finley ............ W. T. Griswold ................................ , .. }'ullbed .......... 4 2 4 2 

~~~: -~~~~~:u_r~:::::: :: r :: :~~:: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: . ~,-~i;~~~ :::::.:::: --~- --~- --~---~- 1577 ..... do ................. do .................................. .- ............................................. . 

1585 Waynesburg .... _ ...... do ....................................... <).o ........ do............ 3 0 5 9 

1588 ..... do ................. do ................................... Oct. 15 Upper bench..... 1 5 0 

158~ ..... do ................. do ....................................... do .. . Lower bench..... 2 10 0 

1590 Pittsburg.' ........ W.T.Grlswold .................................... Fullbccl. ......... 4 6 

1591 ..... do ................. do ................................................. .rlo............ 4 10 4 10 

1592 Waynesburg ...... ~ F.G.Ciapp!tndF.W.'DeWoll .............. ~ ..... 1\Iainbench ..................... . 

o About. 

272 

2i2 

272 

272 

272 

272 

272 

273 

273 

273 

273 

273 

273 

273 

273 

272 

272 

272 

272 

273 

273 

273 

273 

272 

272 

Steam tests made on Pennsylvania Nos. 1 and 2 were highly satisfactory. It 

is an excellent fuel for steam raising. It was not tried in the producer-gas plant, 

but doubtless it would ,how. equally well in this use. 

The briquetting test" made with anthracite culm .(Pennsylvania No. 3), both 

when mixed with \Vest Virginia coking coal and when used alone, show that with 

not more than 7 per cent of hard pitch good briquettes can be made of this 

material and at a cost so low that the operation must be regarded as commercially 

possible .. TEXAS. 

Texas ranks low as a coal-producing State, the output in 1904 being 1,195,944 

short tons. This small production is not due to the size of the. fields, for they are 

very extensive, stretching aeross the State in an unbroken line of outcrop from 

its northeast corner to the Mexican border, but rather to the fad that most of 

the coal is brown lignite, and this has not eome into common Ui5e. 

13-No. 48-06--8 
114 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

. The coal fields of the State are three in number, consisting of a Carboniferous 

field in the northern-central part of the State, a Cretaceous field in the vicinity 

of Eagle Pass on the Mexican border, and the great Tertiary or brown lignite 

field that crosses the entire State in a northeast-southwest direction. 

The coals sent to St. Louis for testing purposes all came from the last-mentioned 

field, in the northern part of the State. The coal beds in this field are irregular 

in thickness and occurrence and can not be traced and correlated from district to 

district. The field contains an immense amount of fuel, and a better method for 

utilizing it may lead to great development of the field and the establishment of 

large industries: 

The samples came from Houston and Wood counties from mines in good 

"working order and capable of supplying a large amount of fuel. 

TExAs No. 1. 

Operator.-Houston County Coal and Manufaeturing Company, Crockett, Tex. 

Mine.-Located at Wootter's station, 11 miles south of Crockett, on the International and Cheat Northern Railroad. 

Bam.pler.-Mariul:l R. Campbell. 

Ooal bed.-The coal beds of this field are irregular and have not been 

specifically named; · -They qccur .interbedded with sand and clay and these soft 

beds weather down to a surface ·so smooth that co~ I outcl'Ops are obscured and 

actual tracing on the surface is impossible. 

The thickness of the bed of lignite is shown in fig. S by two sections which 

were carefully measured in this mine. Section A was taken in room i 7 off the 

third north entry 890 feet from the foot of the shaft, and section B was taken 

in the main entry 600 feet from the foot of the shaft. 

Sections of.coal bed ·in mine of the Houston (}ounty Coal and Nan-ujacturing Company, Wootter's 

stution, Texas. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal and clay roof. Coal and clay roof. " 

Coal ..................................... 5 0 Coal ............................ _ . . . . . . . . 5 8 

--------·-----------------------------

Samples fm' chemical analy8is.-Two samples were obtained in this mine for 

chemical analysis. they are marked sample A and sample. B, and they were 

taken where sections A and B were measured, respectively. 

The samples were obtained by making cuts from roo£ to floor across working 

faces of coal that previously had been cleaned of weathered coal and impurities, 

and the eoal so procured was pulverized and quartered down until t-ach sample 
FIELD WORK. 115 

consi8ted of about 1 quart of fine coal. This was placed in a galvanized-iron 

can, sealed air-tight, and mailed to the chemical laboratory for analysi:-J. 

The sulphur in this coal bed occurs in a peculiar manner. So far as the 

eye can detect it is 'present only in the nearly vertical joint planes, which occur 

at intervals of 4 or 5 feet. , This occurrence seems to show that the sulphur was 

deposited subsequent to the formation ·of the coal, and was probably carried 

to its place by circulating water. 

The samples for chemical analysis were cut between· these joint planes and 

hence they do not show quite so high a percentage of sulphur as the carload sample. 

Character of car sample.-The car sample sent to the testing plant was 

screened over a one-half inch bar screen. It was loaded in a box car, which was 

shipped October 8 and received at the testing plant October. 26, 1904. 

Equ1:pment and 1tse.-The coal is reached in this mine by a shaft 35 feet deep. 

The ordinary room-and-pillar system of mining is followed,· and the coal is 

delivered to the foot of the shaft by tail rope and mules. . 

The present daily capacity ifl about 300 tons. This is largely controlled 

by the demand for this class of fuel, and doubtles8 the capacity could be greatly 

increased if commercial conditions warranted. 

The lignite is used in near-by places for domestic purposes and by power 

plants, bnt the tendency to disintegrate under the influence of the weather makes 

long shipments and storage impossible. 

TExAs No.2. 

Operator.-Consmners Lignite Company, Dallas, Tex. This property bas 

changed hands since the sample was shipped . 

.Mine.--Mines Nos. 1 and 2, located at Hoyt, Wood County, Tex.; on the 

Missouri, Kansas and Texas and Texas Short-Line railroads. 

Sampler.-Mat·ius R. Campbell. 

Goal bed.-This coal bed has not been identified at any other point, and so 

has not been named. The coal occurs about 25 feet below the surface, and its 

thickness is shown· in fig. 8 by two sections which were measured in the mine. 

Section A was measured in the second south entry in n1ine No. 1, about 500 feet 

from the mouth of the mine, and section B was taken in the air course, near 

the foot of the air shaft in mine No. 3. The sections are as follow11: 

·sect-ions of coal bed in mine of the Consumers Lignite Company, Jfoyt, Tex. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. 

Carbonaceous shale roof. Carbonaceous shale roof. Ft. in. 

Lignite ............................ ~ :.. .. 8 3 Lignite ...... , ........... -.............. . 7 10 

()lay floor. Clay floor. 
116 OPERA'l'IONS OF THE COAL-TES'l'ING PLANT. 

Sample8 for chemical analyBi8.-Two samples were cut in these rnmes for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was cut in mine No. 1 at the point where section 

A. was measured. The sample was obtained by making a cut from roof to floor, 

collecting the fragments on an oilcloth sheet and pulverizing and quartering these 

down to quart size. The sample was then sealed in a galvanized-iron tube and 

mailed to the chemical laboratory of the testing plant. Sample B was obtained 

m a similar way from ,mine No. 3, at the point where section B was measured. 

It was sealed in the same manner and mailed at once to the testing plant. 

The lignite is free from partings of all kinds, and so the samples represent 

the entire face of the coal. 

Oharact~r of car 8ample.-The coal is loaded into mine cars with forks, and 

all that which the forks will not lift is regarded as slack and left in the mine. 

"\'Vhen the mine cars reach the tipple they are dumped directly into railroad cars 

without further screening. 

The lignite was ioaded in a box car, which was shipped from the mine on 

November 16 and reached the testing plant November 25, 1904. 

Equipment and 1t8e.-The coal in these mines is reached in both cases by 

slopes·. No. 3 is a new mine, but No. 1 has been in operation a number of 

years. No. 3 is worked by conviet labor. The coal in this mine is of about the 

same character as that previously described from Houston County, and t?e same 

difficulty has been experienced in its usc. · 

At one time, a number of years ago, a briquetting plant was established in 

the Roekdale district, near the central part of the State. Many expeeted that 

this would solve the question of the better utilization of these lignites, but the 

enterprise was not successful, and no further effort has been made to develop 

this nH:lthod of utilizing· the fuel. Every operator is hoping for something that 

will improve the quality of the coal or some arrangement for its better 

utilization. RESULTS OF TESTS. 

Briquetting tests were desired upon these lignites, and these ,were carried on 

to some extent at the testing plant, hut without success. 

The most important tests made, and these seem to solve the question of the 

method of utilizing lignite fo1 the production of power, were the producer-gas and 

gas-engine tests. The results are shown on pages 1201-1226. No tests . were 

made of this lignite under the boilers, but it is possible to compare the results 

obtained with this fuel used in the producer-gas plant and the results. obtained by 

using the best West Virginia coals under the steam boiler. As shown on pages 

1211 and 1224, it required 2.22 and 1.71 pounds of dry Texas lignite to produce one 
FIELD WORK. 117 

eleetrieal horsepower hour and 3.39 pounds of dry vVest Virginia coal (p. 872) 

to produce the same result. Thus the tests show that when used in the producer 

this lignite in a dry state will produce more power than the best \\'est Virginia 

steam coal under the boiler. This result is surprising, and its effect will surely 

be the appreciation of value of the lignite deposits and their more extended use 

in the development of new industries where they are abundant. 

WEST VIHGINJA. 

West Virginia 1s one of the great_ coal-producing StateR of the Union, being 

exceeded in point of production only by Pennsylvania and Illinois. In 1904 the 

output of coal in West. Virginia was 32,602,819 short tons. 

The coal-producing territory of the State includes a large part of the central 

Appalachian field. Many well-known workable seams of coal are included in this 

field, and correlations of the various beds have been fairly well established. 

Roughly the State may be divided into two great mining regions, one of 

which lies in the northern part of the State and the other in the southern part. 

The principal coal beds worked in the northern field arc the Pittsburg and Upper 

Freeport. In the southern field the coal-bearing measures are thicke,r and many 

more beds are present. The five principal group;,; of coal beds in ascending 

order are (1) Pocahontas, (2) New River, (3) Lower Kanawha, (4) Upper Kanawha, 

and (5) Pittsburg. 

The samples received at the testing plant represent the Pittsburg and Upper 

Freeport beds of the northern field, the Pocahontas and two associated beds in 

the Tug River field, the Quinnimont and Sewell beds of the New River field, and 

the Ansted and Powellton beds of the Lower Kanawha group. The Upper Kanawha group and Pittsburg coal of the southern field are not represented. 

\VEsT VIRGINIA No. 1. 

Operator.-Virginiaand Pittsburg Coal and Coke Company, New York City, 

N.Y. 

Mine.-Kingmont mine, on west bank of Valley River at Kingmont, Marion 

County, W.Va., on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

8ampler.-.T. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.-This is the well-known Pittsburg coal of the Fairmont district 

and as such needs little description. The coal shows the sanie characteristics that 

arc found at almost every point where this famous bed is normally developed. 

The secti9ns shown in fig. 8 were measured -in the Kingmont mine. Section A 
118 OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

wa~; measured in room 20 on the second right entry and section B was measured 

in room 14 on the fourth left entry. The sections are as follows: 

Section.~ of coal bed in Kingmont urine of the Vi1·ginia and Pittsbu1·g Coal and Coke Company, Kingmont, 

W Va. · · 

--------------------------------------------------------- Section A. Section B. 

---------·-------- -----------·~·-

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal-··------······--····------··-·--··- 1 lli Coal. ...•................. : ............. 2 4 

Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 t Shale ................................. _. 0 t 

Coal _ .. _ ....... _. _ ....... __ ...... __ . . . . . . 0 3~ Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. __ . . . . 0 3 

Shale ................................... Trace. Shale ....................... ~---····-··· 0 ! 

Coal .. _ ..... _ ......... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 Coal .... _ ........ : . ..... __ ...... __ ... _ . _ 0 3i 

.Shale __ ....•... __ ....... __ ........ _ ..... 0 ~ Shale ...... _ ....... : . . , ..... _ ... , .. __ ... 0 ~ 

Coal .. _ .. _ ......... _ .................... 4 8 Coal. ........................... _ ..... ___ 4 3 

Total. ....... _ ........ __ ....... __ .. 7 3! Total _. __ ....... _ ..... _. __ . . . . . . . . 7 2~ 

-· ------· -------------------

Samples for chernical analysis.--'l'wo samples for chemical analysis were 

obtained in this mine. Sample A was taken from the point where section A was 

measured and sample B from the point where section B was measu~ed. Each 

sample was obtained by making a cut from· roof, to tloor acro:-s a face that had 

been stripped of the loose and weathered coal. This material amounted to 30 or 

4o pounds and was crushed and thoroughly mixed, after which it was carefully 

quartered down to about 3 pounds, packed in a hermetically sealed galvanized-iron 

cylinder, and mailed to the chemical laboratory. Both samples were trea!ed in 

the same way. 

Olwr·actm· of car sample.--A box car was loaded for testing purposes with 

between 30 and 40 tons of run-of-mine coal. There was only a small percentage 

of slack in this coal, the tipple being well equipped with means for loading runof-mine coal and box cars, and, as a result, the coal was only slightly shattered 

in loading·. The principal impurity in this coal is iron pyrites in the form of 

knife blades. There is 80 small a percentage of this, however, that it is of no 

great importance. The car of coal for testing was shipped from the mine on 

September 13 and was ·received at the testing plant October 3, 1904. 

Equipmmr.t and use.--This is a large and well-planned mine. The drift mouth 

is some distance below the outcrop, but the coal is reached by a tunnel running 

up to the bed on a grude averaging 2t per cent. The underground workings 

an~ on the double-entry plan and the coal i~; undercut by band. A tail-rope 

haulage sysem is used from the end of the main haulage way to the tipple, 

which is located on the opposite side of the river and is connected to the mine 

entrance by a steel bridge. This tipple is equipped with sereens for classifying . ' 
FIELD WORK. 119 

the coal into "lump," "nut," and "slack" size. Any two of these grades eaii 

be loaded in a car at the same time without altering the screens. There are 50 

beehive ovens near the tipple, in which the slack i~> used in the production of a 

good grade of coke. The other uses to which this coal is put are steaming, gas 

making, household use, and foreign export. The daily capacity of the mine is 

1,500 tons. Philadelphia · i~> the principal distributing center for this coal, 

although a considerable quantity goes to the westem cities. The transportation 

facilities are excellent. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs past the tipple, 

the new Wabash right of way is near at band, and Valley River, directly under 

the bridge, affords slack-water connection with the Monongahela River. 

\VEsT VIRGINIA No 2. 

Operator.-Pitcairn Coal Company, Clarksburg, "T· Va . 

..LJ'line.--Pitcairn mine, Clarksburg, W. Va., on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Sampler.-.J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.-The bed of coal worked at this mine is the Pittsburg coal. This 

well-known bed needs littl~ description. The two sections of the coal bed shown 

in fig. 8 were measured in the Pitcairn mine. Section A was measured at the 

face of the third right entry and section B at the face of the fourth left entry .. 

The sections arc as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in Pitcairn mine of the Pitcairn Coal Company, Clarksbnrg, W Va. 

-------------------~----~---~--~-------

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. i11. 

Coal : . ............ __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Coal .................................... 2 

Shale .................................... 0 ~ Shale ............................... , .. 0 

Coal ................................... 6 0 Coal ...................... : ............ 6 1 

Total. ............................. 7 1{ Total ............................ 8 10 

The parting i~> extremely variable in its position, and is likely to occur at 

any point in the upper part of the bed. The coal in this mine has a maximum 

thickness of 8! feet and a minimum thickness of 7 feet. 

·. Samples foJ' chemical (tnalys'is.--At -each point where the above sections were 

measured a sample was taken for chemieal analysis. These samples were obtained 

by making cuts from roof to floor across faces of the coal that had been previously 

cleaned of loose coal and powder stains. The samples included all of the bed 

except the partings which the miner is supposed to throw out on loading the 
120 OPERATIO.NS OF THE COAL-TES'l'lNG PLANT. 

mine cars. The samples were then crushed and quartered down until quart 

samples were obtained; these were sealed in galvanized-iron cans and mailed to 

the chemical laboratory. 

Oluwacter of car sample.-'-At the time the mine was visited there was a shortage 

of coal cars, and as this shortage continued for several days the actual loading of 

t.he coal was intrusted to Mr. Sydney Britt, the manager of the Pitcairn Coal 

Company. Mr. Britt reported that run-of-mine cmtl of the snme grade as the 

commercial product was loaded in a box car for testing purposes. This car was 

shipped September 21 and received !tt the testing plant Octobe~ 2, 1904. 

Equipment and use.-The Pitcairn mine lies about one-half mile back from 

the tipple, and all coal is hauled by steam locomotives from the drift mouth to 

the tipple. The inside haulage at present is entirely by animals, but the company 

is contemplating the installation of a continuous haul from inside the mine to the 

tipple by electric locomotives. The coal is undercut by hand, and the room-andpillar system of working is followed. This mine produces about 400 tons of coal 

a day, and the entire output is devoted to the inte1·ests of the Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Company. The coal company expects, in the near future, to place some of its 

product on the open market. The only railroad at this mine is the Baltimore and 

Ohio. WEsT VIRGINIA No. 3. 

Operator.-~Vest Virginia Conl Company, Morgantown, W.Va. 

_Llfine.__:__Richard mine, on Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad, 4 miles southeast of Morgantown. 

· 8ampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.--::---The coal bed operated at this mine is the Upper Freeport. This bed 

IS broken up into se\'eral benches separated from each other by shale and fire clay. 

Following is a complete section of this bed, as reported in Vol. 11, West Virginia Geological Survey, page 417: 

Gray shale. 

Section of coal bed in Richaril mine. 

Ft. in. 

Blaek slate •: .... _ .... _ ...... _ .. _ .. _____ . _____ . _. _ . _. ___ . ___ . _ .. _ .. _ . __ ... _. _ ..... __ . _ .. _ 2 4 

Impure cannel coal._ ..... _ -- .... _.- ____________ . ___ .. ___ . ____________ .. __ . __ . _. _. _. __ .. _ 0 6 

Bony coal ----- __ --'- .. -····-- ----- __ -- __ -- ______ .......... __________________ . _ ....... __ _ 0 8 

Coal, "main bench" a ____ .• _ • ___________________ • _. ___ .. _. __ • _____ • _____________ • ___ • _ • _ 2 10 

"Little slate," gray ___ . _____ - __________ . ____________ . ____ .. __ . _________________________ _ 0 2 

Coal, "mining ply""- ____ ...... -·-- __ ------. _____ ------ ____ . __ ...... _______________ -···- 1 2 

"Big slate " (fire clay) ____ .. ____ . _ . ___ .. __ . _______________ .. ______ . __ . ________ . ______ .. . 4 0 

Coal "bottom" - _ .. -.. - --. _ --- ______ .· __ .. ____ . _____ .. _______ . _ ... __ . _ ... ___ . _ .. _ ....... _ 1 4 

Total. _ . _ . -. -.. - - --- -- -.. - -.. --- -- _ --.. -. -- ___ - _ - _ . _ - _ - ___ . _ .. -... -- - -. - -- . -. ---. - 10 8 

«Part worked. 
TEXAS NO,l A (Brown lignite) B .. 

COAL 

5'- o'' 

TEXAS N0.2 A (BrJJwnllgn1te) B 

COAL 

8''-3" 

COAL 

5'- 8'' 

COAL 

7'- ·10" 

FIELD WORK. 

WEST VIRGINIA NO.1 

A B 

COAL 

1'- 117." 

COAL 

4'- 8 " 

COAL 

2 '-4'' 

COALS " 

COAL s'4' 

COAL 

4'-3') 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. 4 

A B 

COAL 

1'-- 11'' 

COAL 

1'-o\'' 

COAL 4'1 

COAL 

1' - 6" 

COAL 

1'- 2'' 

COAL 

2'- 01."" 

COAL 

1'-1}{ 

COAL+" 

COAL 

1'-6" 

121 

WEST VIRGINIA NO.2 

A B 

COAL 

1'--1" 

COAL 

6'-o ~~' 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. 3 

A B 

COAL 

2 '-8.'1 

COAL 

'- 1 

COAL 

1'- o"coAL 

1'- 6Y.' 

f'NCHES 12 8 F.££1' 

~·~~-L-----L-----L----~· 

FIG. 8.- Sections of Texas and West Virginia coal beds. 
122 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The two sections shown in fig. 8 were measured by the sampler in this mine. 

Section A..was meaSJ_lred in the fourth right entry off the main entry, and section B 

was measured in the air way near the fourth left entry. These sections are as 

follows: 

Sectior1s of coal bed ·in Richard mine of the West Virginia. Coal Company, near l>forgantoum, TY. Va. 

------ --~ ---------------

_1 _______ section B. Seetion A. 

Ft. in. 

Bone. Ron e. Pt.in . . 

Coal._ .. _._._ ... __ . ___ ._ .. _._ .. · .. _ ... ____ 2 8 Coal ........ -.: ................. ~------·- 2 st - - . '-

Slate ... , .. _ ...... _ . __ ........ ___ ... _ . _ . _ 0 1 z Slate ........ ,------···----·······--······ 0 Jt 

Coal. __ : .. · ... _ .. _ ....... _ ......... ____ . _ . 1 o· Coal ___ ... ___ ... __ . ___ .. _ . _ . __ . _. _ .. __ . . . 1 6z 

' Total . ______ . _ . __ ........ _ .. _ ... _ . _ 8 9z Total ... _ .. ___ .. _ ..... __ .... _. ___ ... _ 4 4~ 

By. comparing these s~ctions w'ith . the complete sectiqn given above it will 

be seen that the two benches of eoal correspond to the ''main bench'' and 

"mining ply" of the complete section. 

Scnt'iples for chemical analysis.-Two samples for chemical analysis were taken 

from the Hichard mine, one from the, point where section A was measured, and 

one from the point where section B was mPasured. In taking the:-;e samples the 

face of- the coal wa:-; stripped of loose and weathered coal and a groove was cut 

about 2 inches broad and an inch deep entirely across the workable portion of 

the bed,· exclusive of the ''little slate" shown in the sections. This material was. 

crushed and quartered down until only sufficient remained of each sample to fill· 

a quart can. These cans were hen11etically :-;caled and mailed to the chemical 

laboratory. 

(}/utJ'acter of car sample.-A b~x ear was loaded with run-of-mine coal for 

testing purposes. This coal was soft and hrig·ht, b~t contained pieces of slatefrom the parting shown in the above,- sections, and pieces oL the. bone which is 

left to help support the roof. Run-of-mine was shipped, as it seemed most 

desirable to experiment with the product of the niine with a view to finding 

some· way of reducing the impurities associated with the coal, for the purpose. 

of impi·oving the coke made at tl:ie 1nine .. This· coke is very brittle and needs 

strengthening·. The· car was s?ipped from the mine on September 23 and was 

received at the testing plant October 5, 1904. 

Eq~ripment and ·use~-The Richard mine has been in operation for about two 

years. The coal is worked from the_ outcrop and the double-entry system of 

mining ~s followed. Most of the coal is cut by hand. Some . air-punching 

machines are in usc, however, and these cut about 7 _.per cent of _the daily output 

of the mine, which aver·agcs about 225 tons. In mining the coal it is undercut· 
FIELD WORK. 123 

just above the shale band, and then shot up from the bottom as well as down 

from the top. The haulage is by rope and mules. 

The West V~rginia . Coal Company has 150 coke ovens at this mine, and 

nearly half of the output goes into them for coking. Most of the remainder 

goes to the large cities of the East, but some is consumed by the loeomotives of 

the Morgantown and Kingwood Raih;oad. This railroad follows the course of 

Deckers Creek to Morgantown, where it connects with the Baltimore and Ohio 

Railroad as well as with slack-water transportation on the Monongahela River. 

\VEsT VIRGINIA No. 4. 

Opf!f'ator.-vVest Virginia Coal Company, Morgantown, W.Va. 

Mine.-!3retz mine, Bretz, Preston County, ,V. Va., 7 miles northwest of 

Kingwood, on Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad. 

Samplflf'.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.-At Bretz the Upper Freeport coal is being mined by the same company that operates the Richard mine, described under West Virginia No. 3. The 

coal here is practically of the same structure and the same 'quality as at the Richard 

mine, except that it seems to eontain less sulphur. The sections shown in'fig. 8 were 

meat>ured in the Bretz mine. Section A was tbeasured at the face of the first right 

room off' the main entry and section B at the face of the first left room off the main 

entry. The sections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in mine of the West Viryinia Coal Company, Rretz, W. Ya. 

Section A. Section B. 

---------·-------.-----·---

Sandstone. 

D~aw Elate ............................. . 

Coal. .................................. . 

Bone .................................. . 

Coal a ................................. . 

Shale a·._ .. __ .... _ ..... _._.~ ........... . 

Coal a·········-----------··-------·----

. Shale a .' _ ••••.••.••.••...•.....•........ 

CoaL .................................. . 

Shale ...................... ·.- ...... -.-.--

CoaL ... , ....... _ . _ ......... _ .. _ .. _ ... _ . 

Ft. ·in. 

0 6 

1 2 

0 R 

111 

0 2~ 

1 I 

~ 

0 I 

~ 

0 4 

0 8 

1 6 

Sandstone. 

Draw slate .......... , ................. . 

·coal .................................. . 

Bone ................. .' ...... -........ .. 

Coal b .. .............................. .. 

Shale b • ••••••••••••••.••••••.••• _ •• _ ••• 

Coal b •••••••••••••••••.• : •••.••.••••••• 

Shale b • •••••••••••• _ • _ • _ • __ •••••• _ • _ • _ • 

Coal .................................. . 

Shale .......... ---·"··············· ... . 

Coal ................... _ .............. _ 

Ft. in. 

0 6 

1 2 

0 R 

2 I 

'l 

0 2t 

1 1} 

0 ~ 

0 4 

0 8 

1 6 

Total ....... ' .... -- . - - ---- - -- ---- - R ~I Total ............................. 8 2~ 

a Part worked 3 feet 2t inches. b Part worked 4 feet lt inch .. 

The benches that are worked carry . very bright,· clean coal, somewhat soft 

and friable, but apparently the best part of the bed. 
124 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·'l'ESTING PLANT. 

Samples for chemical analysis.-Two samples were obtained in the mine for 

chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at the place where section A was 

measured and sample B at the place where section B was measured. The 

loose and weathered coal was removed from the face of the coal and a groove 

was cut from roof to floor directly across the face, exclusive of the shale 

partings shown in the seetions. The samples derived from these cuts weighed 

about 25 pounds each. Each lot was crushed and quartered down until about 

one quart remained. This was placed in a galvanized-iron can, sealed air-tight, 

and mailed. to the chemical laboratory. 

OlwracteJ' of CaJ' 8wnple.-At the Bretz mine a box car of run-of-mine coal 

was loaded for testing purposes. Owing· to the manner of loading, this coal 

was probably more shattered than the average run-of-mine when loaded into 

an open car .. This e:ir was shipped from the mine September 22 and received 

at the testing plant October 10, 1904. 

Equipment.-The Bretz mine is very similar to the Richard mine in equipment 

except that the coal is all cut by hand. A compressed-air plant was being 

installed at the time t.he visit was made, and the company has planned to cut 

all the coal with air punching machines. The mine entrance is on the outcrop 

and the coal is mined by the room-l{nd-pillar system. Hauling is done by mules. 

As the mine had been in operation but little more than a year and the machinery 

was not completely installed, it was impossible to foYm even an approximate 

estimate of the daily capacity, but it seems probable that when the mine is 

fully developed· it will beconie a large producer. 

\VE~T VIRGINIA No. 5. 

Operator.-Davis Colliery Company, Elkins, W. Va . 

.ffEne.-Coalton mine, Coalton, Randolpi: County, W. Va., on Coal and Coke 

Railroad. 

8ampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Oual bed.--The most prominent and best-developed coal in Raudolph County 

is tho Upper Freeport bed, or, as it is known locally, the Roaring Creek coal. 

This bed is being mined extensively hy the Davis Colliery Company at three 

mines, Junior, Harding, and Coalton. The Coalton mine is perhaps a fair example 

of the others. The sections given in fig. 9 were measured in the Coalton mine. 

Section A was measured at the face o£ the fifth right heading and sectron B at 

the face of the sixth left heading. The sections are as follows: 
FIELD WORK •. 125 

Sections of coal bed in Coalton mine of the Davis Colliery Company, Coalton, W. Va. 

Section A. Section B. 

.Ft. in. Ft. in . 

Bone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ . __________ - _ _ _ _ 0 4-6 Bone _____________ . __________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 4-6 

CoaL _____ . ____ . ___________________ - - - - 2 0 Coal _______________ · ___________ - - . - - - _ _ 1 6~ 

Shale _____ . ____________ - ___ ------------ 0 t Shale ________ - --- -- - ____________ - - _ _ _ 0 2} 

CoaL __________________________________ 3 4 Coal _____ . _______ - - - ____ -.- - - - - - - - - - - _ _ 3 3~ 

Shale _____ . ___ .. ________________ ------- 0 3~ Shale ____ . _____ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 2~ 

7 CoaL _________ -· __________________ --- __ 1 5 Coal _________________ . ________ - __ . - _ _ _ 1 

Total _________ . _____ -- --- - - - . ---- 7 Total __ ------ - _________ - - - . - - _ _ _ 7 3 

~-·-~~~~~~- -~~~~~~~--'---~~~~~'----~~~~~~~~~~~ 

In these sections all parts are mined except the bone at the top, giving about 

7 ·feet of available coal in section A and about 6 feet 9 inches of available coal 

in section B: Owing to the position of the partings in this coal, it is rather 

difficult to mine, but by bearing in ju.st above the lower shale and shooting the 

bottom eoal as well as the top it is possible to obtain the entire face of good 

coal. 

Samples for clwm·ical analysis.-Two samples for analysis were obtained in 

this mine. Sample A was .obtained at the place where section A was measured 

and sample B from the phee where section B was measured. The· points at 

which sections A and B were measured were cleared of all loose and weathered 

coal and a cut was made from roof to floor, which included all of the bed except 

the shale partings .. The material obtained from these sections weighed about 20 

pounds per sample. This was crushed and quartered down to 3 or 4 pounds per 

sample. and packed in air-tight galvanized-iron cylinders, which were immediately 

mailed to the chemical laboratory. 

C'lwmcter of car sample.-A box car was loaded for testing purposes with 

coal that had been run over a H-inch screen. This grade was accepted, as all 

coal is ;.:creened in this way before going to market. The car was shipped from 

the mine on September 27 and received at the testing plant October 7, 1904. 

Equipment w;d use.-The Coalton mine is well equipped with modern 

machinery and appliances. The underground workings are on the room-and-pillar 

plan. The coal is undercut by hand, just above the lower shale band, and shot 

down. It is also necessary to shoot the bottom coal. The coal is hauled to the 

drift mouth by electric motors. In order to get sufficient' tipple height above 

railroad grade, it was found necflssary to put the tipple floor some distance above 

the level of the mine entmnee. The drift mouth is· eonnected to the tipple by a 

short plane up whieh the loaded cars are drawn separately by an endless chain, 
126 OP:ERATIONS OF THE COAL-TEt;TING PLANT. 

which is geared to an electric motor and runs continuously. A Phillips crossover dump is used in connection with this chain, making the tipple almost 

automatic. This equipment has a daily capacity of 1,500 tons. The entire output 

of slack passes through ,the screens to a conveyor, which delivers it to a large 

steel bin· built over the railroad track. This slack is run through a revolving 

screen in the top of the bin, and a. large percentage of the slate and bone is 

eliminated. Under the bin are run electric lorries, which distribute the slack to 

two batteries of a hundred beehive coke ovens each. The coal from the steel 

bin also can be loaded into railroad cars through .chutes arranged over the railroad • 

track. The coal is shipped to the principal cities of the East for steam purposes. 

Almost all of the slack is converted into coke, which is sold in the open market. 

WEsT VIRGDIIA No. 6. 

Ope_rator.--'Phe New River Smokeless Coal Company, Rush Run, Fayette 

County, W. Va. 

Jlfine.-Rush Run, Fayette County, W. Wa., on Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 

Sampler.--.T. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.--The Quinnimont (Fire Creek) coal bed is worked at this mine. 

The coal is of remarkably fine quality, but it is exceedingly irregular in thickness 

. and many mines along New River have been forced to abanpon work on this 

account. In the Rush Run mine the coal bed varies greatly, ranging from· a few 

inches to 7 or 8 feet in thickness. The thicker part is represented in fig. 9 by 

two sections, which were measured in this mine. Section A was measured in room 

22 otf the ninth right entry, and section B was measured in room 10 off the tenth 

left entry. The sections of the coal bed are as follows: 

Sectivns of coal bed in Rush Run mine of the New River Smokeless Coal Company, Rush Run, W. Va. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. ·in. 

CoaL _ .......................... -. . . . . . . . . 5 0 Coal ......... : ....... __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 

Samples for chemical analysis.-At the two points where these sections were 

measured samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample A was obtained at 

the place where section A was measured and sample B from the place where section B was measured. A cut was made from roof to floor of tbe face selected 

:lcfter it had been prepared by stripping off the loose and, weathered coal. The 

rrutt~rial thus obtained was crushed and quartered down to samples about a 

quart in size and packed separately in air-tight galvanized-iron cylinders for 

shipment to the chemical laboratory. 
WEST VIRGINIA NO. 6 

A B 

COAL 

5'-6" 

WEST VIRGINJA.·NO. 5 

B A 

COAL 

1'-6Y.' 

COAL 

3'- 3Y.' 

COAL 

1'-7" 

COAL 

2'-0" 

COAL 

3'-4" 

COAL 

1'- 5" 

FIELD WORK. 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. 7 

A B 

COAL 

5'-2" 

COAL 

5'-2" 

WEST VIRGINIA N0.8 

A B 

127 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. 9 

A B 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. U 

A B 

COAL 

1'-4 · 

1'-

COAL 

1'-3}-." 

1'-1" 

WEST VIRGINIA NO. i2 

A 8 

COAL 

3'-4" COAL 

3'-7" 

WEST VIRGINIA NO • .10 

A B . 2." COAL 2" 

COAL 

2'-11 Jt;' 

COAL 

3'-9" 

lNCHE8 U 3 FE ET 

~~~-----L---- L---~ 

FIG. 9.- Sections of West Virginia coal beds. 

NoTE.-The thickness of the lowest bench in Section A, West Virginia No. 11, should be 2 feet lU inches. 
128 OPERATIONS OF THE OOAL·T.ESTING PLANT. 

0 haractm' of car sample.-Run-of-mine coal was loaded for testing purposes. 

More than 80 per cent of the coal shipped from this mine· is of that grade, 

although the tipple is equipped with a 3t-inch bar screen and a H-inch perforated· 

screen. This coal is chissed among· the smokclesH coals, and is knowneomii1ercially 

as the New Riv~r coaL The car was :;hipped from the mine October 3 and wa·s 

received at the testing plant October 22, 1904. . 

Eqtiiipment and use.-The Rush Run mine is located several hundred feet 

above railroad grade. From the drift mouth the loaded cars are, lowered to the 

tipple over a steep inclined plane 1,000 feet long. The descent. ~f the loaded 

cars brings an equal n{mlber of eiupty cars from the tipple to _th~ mine. The. . ' .· • . !· 

inside workings are laid off on the_ triple-entry SJ:Stcm. The ·inside haulage is 

by electric motors, and about 75 per cent of the coal is mined by .~ir machines. 

Some of the slack coar: is sold fo~· .steam purposes, but most of it is coked at 

the mine. The lumr) coal is used la~·gcly as a steani- boal whe~·e smo~e ordinances 

are in effect, as it bur)lS with little smoke. Some of it is exported and a SJ?all 

percentage used for: ciimef:tic purposes. The daily output of the mine is from 

800 to 1,000 tons, most of which finds its way to the large cities in the East 

and Middle West. 

WEST VIRGINIA N 0. 7. 

Operator.-The ~~w River Smokeless Coal Con1pany, Rush Run, W. Va . 

.LrfiJie.-Sun No. I, Sun, Fayette County, W, Ya., on the Chesapeake and 

Ohio· Rai !road. 

· SampZer.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Coal bed.-The coal mined at Sim· and at other points on Dunloop Creek is 

the Sewell scam. It occurs from 40 to 70 feet abo_ve the Raleig4 sandstone and 

from 320 to 370 feet above the Q1iinnimont coaL The great regularity in thickness ·.and quality of the Sewell coal and its wide· geographic distribi.1tion g-ive· it . . ' ' 

a greater value than the Quinnimont bed. The thiclinel:ls of th~ bed is shown in 

ng. 9 by two sections measured in this mine. Section A was measured at the 

face of the left main heading and section B at the face of the main entry of 

"the Straight." The sections are as follo\vs: 

Sections of coal bed 'in Snn No. 1 orine of the New River Smokeless Coal Company, Sun, FV. Va. 

Section A. Section B. 

ft~ R~ 

Coal _ .. ___ ..... __ ...... _ .-... __ .......... _ 5 2 Coal ... _ .... _ .. _ .. __ ... __ ..... ___ .. __ . . . . 5 2 
FIELD WORK. 129 

Samples for clwmical analysis.-Two samples were taken in the mine for 

analysis by making a cut from roof to floor, the face having first been prepared 

by removing the weathered coal and powder stains. These grooves were cut to 

such a depth and width that they yielded about 20 pounds of coal per sample. 

The samples were crushed and quartered down until about one-eighth of the 

original amount of the material remained, and these final samples were hermetically sealed in galvanized-iron cylinders and mailed to the chemical laboratory. 

OAaracter of car sample.-A car was loaded with run-of-mine coal for testing purposes under the same conditions that a car would have been loaded for 

the market. The tipple is equipped with 3t-ineh bar and H-inch perforated 

screens, but run-of-mine coal was decided upon as !llOre truly representing the 

output of the mine. The coal was loaded in an open coal car, which was shipped 

from the mine October 4 and was received at the testing plant November 4, 

;l904. 

Eqnipment and nse.-Sun No. 1 mine is one of a· number being worked on 

this creek. The coal is some distance below the surface and is reached by a 

shaft 160 feet deep. The mine is worked on the triple-entry system and is a 

large producer. The coal is minedc by being undercut by hand and shot off the 

face. The main haulage is electric, hut mules gather the cars from the rooms. 

The daily capacity of the mine is 1,500 tons, most of which is sold for steam 

pr~duction. Some of the slack is made into coke at th.e mine, and railroad, 

steamboat,. and household use consume small percentages of the output. 

\V~s'f VIRGINIA No. 8. 

Operator.-The Gauley Mountain Coal Company, Ansted, Fayette County, 

W.Va . 

.Mine.-Gaulcy Mountain mine, about 1 mile from Ansted, Fayette County; 

W. Va., on Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Shobe\ Burrows. 

Goal bed.-The Ansted se11m outcrops well up on Gauley Mountain and ,is 

slightly more than 4 feet in thickness at various points. There is 11 p11rting o.f 

shale above the middle of the bed, which varies greatly in thickness, but seldom 

exceeds 3 inches. This is the only persistent parting in the co11l, and is shown 

in sections given in fig. 9 and below, which were measured in this mine. Section 

A was measured in room 2'7, off the ninth entry, and section B was measured in 

room 15, off the fifteenth entry. The sections are as follows: 

13-No. 48-06-9 
130 OPERATIONS 01<' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Sections of coal bed ·in Ga·uley .Mountain mine of the Gauley Mountain· Coal Company, Ansted, W, Va. 

Section A. Section R. 

-----~-------------

Ft. -in. Pt. in. 

Coal------------------------------------ 1 2t Coal ............... ___ . _ .... _ . __ .. _ . _ _ _ _ 1 4! 

Shale __ .. __ .. _ ... _ ... ___ .......... _____ . 0 2} Shale .. _ ........... _. ___ ........ ___ ... _ . 0 1 

Coal . __ ...... _ ........................... 3 ~ Coal ................................... . 1 10 

Sulphur. ___ ._ .... ____ ...... ______ .... __ .Trace. 

Coal _ ... _ .. _ . __ . _ .. _ . ____ ... _ . __ . ___ ... _ 1 1 

TotaL .... _ : __ .. _ : ... _ ... ____ . __ . . . 4 5} Total ..... _ ... _______ . _ .-. ______ .. . . 4 4t 

Samples for chem·ical rtnalysis.-At the points where sections were measured 

samples were cut for analysis. 8ample A was obtained from the place where 

section A was measured and sample B from where section B was measured. In 

procuring the samples ·the face of the coal was cleaned of weathered coal and 

powder smoke. Then a cut was made across the face of the coal, including all 

of the bed except the ,shale partings, which are supposed to be thrown out by 

the miner in i·cgular work. The samples thus obtained were each crushed and 

quartered down until about a quart remained. This was scaled in a galvanizediron can and mailed to the chemical laboratory. 

Clutracter of car sample.--!-A car was loaded at this mine with run-of-mine 

coal coming from widely separated parts of the mine, and as such was representative of the Ansted coal. The coal was loaded in an open coal car, which was 

shipped from the mine October 5 and received at the testing plant November 4, 

1904. 

Equipment and use.-This mine is rather unique in its arrangement. The 

coal being worked u.t present lies in a long, narrow spur of Gauley Mountain, 

into which a number of drifts have been driven at right angles to the trend of 

the spur. These drift:; correspond to entries in the usual plan. The main 

haulway is in daylight and follows the outcrop of the coal. 

The coal is mined by hand and at the time of sampling was being hauled 

to the main road by mules. F_rom the point where the long trips are made up 

a rope took the cars through a tunnel of considerable length, running undei· a 

high ridge. At the farther end of the tunnel steam locomotives took up the 

trips and hauled them by way of a circuitous . tramroad down the mountain to 

the tipple at Ansted, 2 miles in all from the mine. Electric haulage was being 

installed at the time of the visit, and it was expected- that the new equipment 

would soon be ready to make one continuous haul from mine to tipple. 

At least 20 per cent of the output of the. mine i:,; used in the manufacture 

of coke; the remainder, with slight exc~ption, is used for railway fuel. The 
FIELD WORK. 131 

daily capacity of the nune IS 1,560 tons, and although the property was developed 

in 1878, the company has scarcely touched its main body of coal, a large acreage 

of which is still available. 

'VEST VIRGINIA No. 9. 

Operatm,.-Mount Carbon Coal Company (Limited), Powellton, Fayette County, 

W.Va. 

· .LVline.-Vulcan, 3 miles south of Powellton, on Powellton and Pocahontas 

Railroad, a short line connecting with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. 

Sarnple1'.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.-At this mine a coal called the Powellton seam is being mined; it is 

near the geologic position of the Ansted and the Coal Valley beds, but probably 

at a slightly different horizon. This is a very regular bed, and has the appearance 

of being an excellent gas coal. Two sections shown in fig. 9 were measured ii_t 

the Vulcan mine. Section A was measured in an en b-y ot1 the extreme north side 

of the mine and section B was measured on the extreme south side of the mine. 

The sections are as follows: 

Section.~ of coal bed in the Vulcan m·i.ne of the 1liou11t Carbon Coal Company (him:ited), Powellton, W.Va. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. I Ft. 'in. 

Bone .................................... . 0 .5 j Bone ................................... . 0 4 

Coal ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 I Coal .................................... . 

Shale .. -.--.- .... -.- ............. -- ..... -. 0 561 SClomalle. ·. ·. -_ ·. -. ·_ -. · __ · -_ ·_ .• - · ·_ ·. · __ ·· __ -·_--_: -_ -_ .· .- .----- ·_ ·. ·_._--_ ---- Coal. ..................................... 3 _ 

2 0 

0 4 

2 5 

Total ................ ·---· .......... 651 Total •............................. 5 1 

Samples for chem.iml analysis.-Two samples were taken in this mine for 

chemical analysis, sample A at the point where section A was measured and 

sample B at the point w_lHlre section B was measured. These samples were obtained 

in the customary manner by making a cut from roof to floor after the face had 

been cleared of the loose and weathered coal. The material thus obtained was 

crushed and quartered down to one-eighth in quantity for each sample, and these 

were packed in. air-tight galvanized-iron cylinders and mailed to the chemical 

laboratory at St. Louis. 

Ohamcter (~f' Cct1' sarnple.-Thc car loaded for testing purposes at the Vulcan 

mine contained run-of-ihine coal, clean and bright, containing the average amonnt 

of slack usually loaded at this mirre with this grade of coal. Some of the small 

pieces were highly colored and iridescent, or what is commonly called peacock 

coal. The coal was loaded in a gondola car which was shipped from the mine 

October .6 and received at the testing plant November 18, 1904. 
132 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING- PLANT. 

Eq1tipment and use.-The Mount Carbon Coal Compan}r (Limited),- operates two 

mines near Powellton. In the Vulcan mine, from which the sample was obtained, 

the coal is undercut both by hand and air-punching machines, and hauled to the 

tipple by· compressed-air locomotives. This method is soon to be abandoned, 

however, and electric haulage installed throughout the mine. This coal is used 

principally for making coke, about 200 ovens of the ordinary beehive type being 

kept almost continuously in blast. The coal is crushed very fine before coking 

and a high grade of coke is produced. The coal is also used for gas making and 

for steam purposes. The mine is about fifteen years old, and the- daily production 

of coal ranges from 400 to 900 tons. 

WEsT VIRGINIA No. 10. 

Operator.-Stuart M. Buck, Bramwell, vV. Va . 

.. Ll1ine.-Experimental drift, Mora, Mercer County, vY. Va., on the Norfolk 

and Western Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Goal bed.-The bed of coal from which this sample was taken is designated 

by Mr. Buck _the No. 6 coal bed. It is not being worked commercially at present 

in this region, but. as its appeamnce indicates a good grade of coal it· was 

thought desirable to test it for coking and steaming purposes. Accordingly a 

drift was driven from the outcrop to solid coal and several coking tests were 

made by the operator before a sample was shipped to the testing plant. The 

Sagamore Colliery Company has a number of coke oven:; and a complete mining 

equipment on the property. It has for some time been mining the Pocahontas 

coal, immediately below the bed from which the sample was taken, bulf operations were recently discontinued at this point. It is probable, however, that the 

company will open mines on the upper bed if the quality of the coal warrants 

it, although the coal is somewhat thinner than the Pocahontas bed. Two sections 

of coal shown in fig. 9 were measured in this experimental mine. Section A 

was measured at a point midway between the entrance and the face of the drift, 

and section B at the face of the drift. The sections are as follows: 

8ection.s of coal bed in the experimental rnine of Stuart J.f. Buck, J.forn, JV. Va. 

Section A. Section B. 

Ft. in. Ft. in. 

Coal , ............................................. __ ........... 0 2 Coal .................................................. 0 2 

Bone and sulphur ............................. 0 2 . Bone-and sulphur.. ........................ 0 2 

Coal . __ ....... __ ....... _ .. ___ ... _ · __ . ____ .... _ . , 2 11 ~ Coal ........... _ .... _ .. _ . _ . _ . _ . _ .. _ .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . 3 9 

Total .............................. _....... . . .. .. .. . 3 3~ Total _ .. _ ................. _ ................. _ .. 4 1 

------- --------------------------~ ----·-------
FIELD WORK. 133 

Sample8 fo1· chemical anal;y8i8.-Two samples were obtained from this mine 

for chemical analysis. Sample A was taken from the point where section A was 

measured, am). sample B from the point where section B was measured. They 

were procured in the usual manner, by making a cut directly across the face of 

the coal from roof to floor and throwing out the parting· of hone and sulphur. 

About 20 pourids of material was obtained for each sample, and this was quartered down to about 4 pounds. These ultimate samples were packed in air-tight 

galvanized-ir~n cylinders and mailed to the laboratory at the testing plant. 

Ohamcte1• of car smnple.--The coal to be tested was not loaded in the presence 

of the sampler, as, owing to the temporary character of the mine, adequate facilities for loading a car in a reasonable time were not at hand. From the drift 

mouth the coal was dumped into a steep chute about 300 feet long, constructed 

of rough boards and provided with three gates distributed at different distances 

along the length of the chute. By falling down this chute and striking the 

gates the coal was greatly shattered, and the great quantity of slack which was 

thus produced was ii1ereased. by dropping the coal from the end of the chute 

into a mine car. It was, then hauled to a tipple, where it was again dropped 

onto a five-eighths-inch screen, which removed some of the slack. The coal was 

loaded in an open coal car, which was shipped from the mine on October 10 

and received at the testing plant November 8, 1904. 

'.VEs'r VIRGINIA No. 11. 

Opemtor.-W. H. Coffman, Bluefield, W. Va. 

11line8.-Zenith ·Nos. 1 and 2, Zenith, McDowell County, W. Va., on the 

Norfolk and Western Railroad. 

Sample1·.-.J. Shober Burrows. 

Ooctl bed.-The coal mined at this point is the No .. 3 or Pocahontas bed. 

This is the most important . coal of the Pottsville series, and it is second in 

importance in the Appalachian field to the great Pittsburg seam. The extent 

of this deposit is not comparable to the area of the Pittsburg coal, but its 

excellent steaming qualities and low sulphur content have earned for it a place 

preeminent among the steam coals of the world. The Zenith mines are not 

located in the heart of the Pocahontas field, but the coal seems to be normally 

developed, although it is not so thick here as in the older parts of the field. 

Fig. 9 gives two sections from the Zenith mines. Section A is from mine No. 1 

and section B is from inine No. 2. The sections are as follows: 
134 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TES'L'ING PLANT. 

Sections of coal in ZenWt mines No.~. 1 and 2, of W H. Co.ffman, Zen'ith, H~ Va. 

I 

Section B. ___ ~------

--------------- ----

Section A. 

n~ n~. 

CoaL------------------------·---------- 1 3!- Clay "muek" (4,\-inehes). 

Bone ... --------------------------------- 0 lit CoaL ... ·----------------·---------------- l ! 

Coal. . _ ................ __ .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . 2 1 I ;j- Bone .................. ____ .... _ __ _ __ __ _ 0 3} 

Coal ... -.......... __ ....... __ ..... _____ . a 4 

Total. .................... -.... _ ... 4 4it j Total ............ , .. __ .. _ .... __ .. _ 4 7it 

Samples for clwrm:cal (tnalysis.-At the points where the above sections were 

measured samples were taken for analysis, sample A from the point where section 

A was measured and snmple B from the point wpere section B was measured. 

· The loose and powder-burned coal was removed, arid a trench about 2 inches 

wide and 1 inch deep was cut across the face from roof to floor, including 

everything except the pi:utings thrown out by the. miner in lo'ading his coal. 

About 20 pounds of material for each sample having been secured in this way, 

the samples were thoroughly mixed and quartered down to about 4 pounds. 

These ultimate samples were packed in air-tight galvanized-iron cans and mailed 

to the chemical laboratory at the testing plant. 

Oh,(tracter of car· swnple.-The car shipped to the testing plant was loaded 

with run-of-mine coal. This coal was carefully cleaned by three pickers, who 

worked under the direction of a eompetent inspector employed by the sales agents 

for the district. All coal mined in the Pocahontas field is subjected to this same 

rigid inspection, and the excellent quality of the coal is due in a larg·e measure 

to the care _with which the coal is picked. The car of coal was shipped from the 

mine on October 11 and received at the testing plant November 10, 1904. 

Eqzdpment and use.-The capacity of these mines is about 300 tons a day. 

This is for both mines, which are on the outcrop and have tramroads to the same 

tipple. Electric haulage has been installed, and the· coal is cut by nir machines 

just below the bone. The coal is then shot from the roof. These mines are 

new and rather small, but the company has a large aercage of coal and proposes 

to extend its operations. WEST VIRGINIA No. 12. 

Operatm'.-Big Sandy Coal and Coke Company, lVIltrytown, W. Va . 

.M?:ne.-Big Sandy mine, Big Sandy, McDowell County, W. Va., on the 

Noriolk and Western Railroad. 

Sampler.-J. Shober Burrows. 

Ooat bed.-'fhe coal mined at this point is known to the trade as Tug River 

coal and is called by the operator the No. 8 seam. It is a bright, clean bed of 

coal, without partings and with few sulphur bands. The be9, has been worked 
FIELD WORK. 135 

111 this immediate region for about five years, but little is known of its position 

with relation to the other well-known bed;; of West Virginia. Fig. H shows two 

sections of this coal measured in the Big Sandy mine. Section A was measured 

at the face of the third right entry, and section B was measured at the face of 

the fifth right entry. The sec~ions ~tre as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in ?wine of the Big Sandy Coal and Coke Company, Big Sandy, W. Yu. 

Section A. Scclion B. 

--------------------------·-----------

Pt. i-n. Pt. in. 

Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Coal ............... ·_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 

Sample8 fo'l' chmnical analy8i8.-At the same points where the above measurements were made, samples for chemical analysis wer:e taken. Sample A was 

taken where seetion A was measured and sample B from the point where section 

B wa;; measured. A cut was made across the face of the coal from roof to floor 

and the eoal so obtained wa;; crushed and quartered down until a quart sample 

of each was obtained. These samples were sealed in galvanized-iron cans and 

mailed to the chemical laboratory at the testing plant. 

Oluwacter uf em· sctmple.-As the Rampler arrived at the mirie too late in the 

day to load a car for testing purpo;;es, he aceepted a car !rom among a number 

standing loaded on the track. Thi::; car contained run-of-mine eoal of about the 

quality ordinarily shipped from the "mine. lt is interesting to note 'that when 

this coal is exposed to the weather for a short time it turns a dull olive-green. 

This does not :o;eem to affect the eomposition of the eoal, nor doe~ it seem to be 

an indieation of a high sulphur content, as the analysis given on page 260 of 

this report shows the sulphur to be less than 1 per cent. The eoal was loaded 

on an open coal car, whieh was shipped from the mine on Oetober 12 and 

received at the testing plant November 1, 1904. 

Eq1~1}J1nent and use.-The Big· Sandy Coal and Coke Com pan}; operates only 

one mine at this point, but it maintains a daily output of 500 tons and has a 

modern equipment. The underground workings are operated by the room-andpillar system with two entrances on the outcrop, one for the return of the empty 

cars and one out of which the loads are hauled. The method of mining the 

coal is rather unusual in this district, the coal being ri1ined out by hand below 

the roof n.nd shot up from the bottoin, instead of the undercutting method ordinarily employed. The mine is ~bout 300 feet vertically above the tipple, and 

for many years the coal was lowered over an inclined plane. 'Recently there 

has been installed a ,Teffery conveyor 4:00 feet long, which moves at the rate of 

1'70 feet per minute. This eonveyor carries the eoal from under the weighhouse just outside of the mine to the cars standing under the tipple, and its 
136 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

capacity is far in excess o£ any demand that is likely to be made upon it. Electric haulage is employed in the mine. 

Most o£ the coal mined here is sold £or steam purposes, but some is used 

m the produetion o£ by-product coke and £or railroad fuel. Nearly the entire 

output goes to tide water and the Middle West. 

SPECIAL SAMPLES OF WES'l' VIRGINIA COAL. 

Data concerning the special samples of vV est Virginia coals taken £or 

chemical analyses are given in the subjoined table: 

Laboratory 

number. 

Coal bed. 

Special sainples of West Virgin:ia coal taken for chenrical analysis. 

l\Iine or country bank. Town. County. Owner. 

1233 Wattsville........ Country bank a... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicholas.......... Packer, Harrison & O'Conner. 

1236 ..... do ................ :do.a ................................... do............ Do. 

1237 ......................... do. b .......... .................... Webster ....... :.. Hans Hoover. 

1362 Wattsville.· ............ do, c .......... .................... Nicholas .......... Hutchinson. 

1363 ..... do ............ ..... do.d ............... , ................... do ........... . 

1572 Rogers ................. do ............ Zalia ............. Hancock ........ . 

1578 ......................... do. e .......... Summersville .... ·Nicholas .......... Bnckus farm. 

1579 Summersville .......... do./ ............... do ................. do ............ J. E. Sims farm. 

1581 Summersville(?) ...... do., ................................... do ............ .John llfcRader farm. 

1582 ..... do ................. do. u .......... ......................... do .. .. .. .. .. .. C. H. Dunbar farm.· 

1583 Summersville .... Stripping h ........ Summersville ......... do ............ Neff farm. 

1584 Pittsburg ......... Cquntry bank i ... Colliers ........... Brooke ........... R. P. Pool. 

1586 ..... do ................. do. i .......... ..... do ................. do ............ Mury Patterson. 

1594 Finley ................. do .. . . . .. .. .. . Zalia . .. . .. .. .. .. . Hancock ........ . 

I.aboratory 

number. 

Coal bed. Sampler. Date. Sample includes- Thick-' t1n'k: Pngc ness. ness of of alla:- bed. ysis. 

-------1-------------------------------

Ft. 'in. Ft. in. 

1233 Wattsville........ George H. Ashley................... Oct. 4 Middle and bottom 12· 0 274 

benches. 

1236 ..... do ................. do ................................... do ... Upper bench......... 8 12 0 27'1 

1237 ......................... do ............................... Oct. Coal from dump...... .. .. .. .. 2 8 . 274 

1362 WattsviEe ........ W. C. Phalen ........................ Oct. 19 Entire bed............ ...... .. 8t 274 

13!i:l ..... do ................. do ............................... Oct. 24 Lower bench......... 311 4 9~ 274 

1572 Rogers ............ W. 1'. Griswold ................................ Full bed.............. 3 0 3 0 274 

1578 :.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . George H. Ashley................... Oct. 30 Coal from dump...... .. .. .. . . 4 3~ 274 

1579 Summersville .... W.C.Phalen ........................ Nov. 8 Lowerbench., ...... : 21H 4 2 274 

1581 Summersville(?) ...... do ............................... Nov. 2 ..... do................ 1 11 2 11 2H 

1582 ..... do ................. do ............................... Nov. . .... do................ 2 2 3 6l 274 

1583 Summersville .... George H. Ashley ................... Nov. 4 Entire bed ............ -------· 274 

1584 Pittsburg ......... W.T.Griswold ................................ Fullbed .............. 4 7 7 275 

1586 ..... do ......... , ....... do .. ,.............................................................................. 275 

1594 Finley ................. do............................... .. .. .. .. .. Full bed.............. 3 7 3 7 276 

a Near head of right fork of Muddlety Creek. Sample not quartered. b Two miles northwest of Cowan. Coal taken from various parts of dump. c Near Wood's field, east of Hookersvillc. Sample not quartered down. d Head of Rader Fork of Twentymile Creek. Sample not quartered down. e One mile south of summersville. One bushel of coal from dump. f Three-fourths mile from Summersville. Cut across face of lower bench. g On Fitzwater braneh of Peters Creek, west of Summersville. h Head of McKee Creek 1 mile west of Summersville. Excludes 2t-inch bone. i One mile south of stntion. 
FIELD WORK. 137 

RESULTS 0~' 'J'llSTS. 

The steam tests made at St. Louis show that all of the West Virginia coals 

are high-grade ~team coals-in fact they are decidedly in the lead in this respect 

of all coals tested. \Vest Virginia No. 6, or coal from the Qninnimont bed on 

New River, made the best showing of the coals tested. 

Ail of the coals from this State are coking coals, but notwithstanding this 

fact coking tests were made at St. Louis. In several cases these. tests were made 

in . connection with washing tests to see if the quality of coke could not be 

improved. The results are shown in the chapters headed "Coking tests" and 

'' Washing tests." 

In briquetting, the tests which have the most direct bearing on the fuel 

qt,Iestion of this State are those which produced briquettes from coke breeze with 

or without the addition of a small amount of raw coal. The briquettes made by 

both methods were hard and burned well, and doubtle:-;s would make a ·good 

substitute for anthracite coal. The result's obtained with New River coal and 

coke could without question be duplicated with any other coking coal of the 

State, ·and it seems .that this might open up an important industry which would 

utilize a waste product and produce a valuable fuel. 

Probably the most important tests were ·those made in the producer-gas plant, 

because these tests point to an entirely new method of utilizing fuels for the 

production of powet. Such tests were made of Pittsburg· and Upper Freeport 

coals ft:om the northern part of the State, of Sewell coal from' Dunloop Creek, 

of Ansted and Powellton coals from the Kanawha district, and of Pocahontas coal 

from Elkhorn Creek. 

The results given on pages 1236, 1246, 1256, 1267, 1289, 1302 show that for 

the production of one electrical horsepower hour in the producer-gas plant 

there were required 1.57, ·1.29, 1.46, 1. 78, 1.40, and 1.50 pounds of dry coal, 

respectively, while to produce the same result in the steam plant (pp. 824, 848, 

880, 888, 896, 920) it took 3.90, 3.62, 3.55, 3.63, 3.46, and 3.53 pounds of dry 

coal, respectively. These tests show gains in efficiency over the fuel used in the 

steam plant of 148, 181, 143, 104, 147, and 135 per cent, respectively. 

Such results indicate a revolution in the r.roduction of power, ~nd as soon 

as the apparatus is perfected, gas producers and gas engines are certainly destined 

to replace to a large extent the ordinary steam engine. 

WYO~IING. 

Wyoming is one of the important Rocky Mountain coal-producing States, 

ranking second to Colorado in this respect. In 1904 it stood eleventh in coal 

production, with an output of 5,178,556 short tons. 
138 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

·wyoming contains a number of coal fields that appear at present to be 

separate and independent. , The coal beds occur in rocks of Cretaceout,; age, and 

there are two widely separated horizons from which the coal is obtained. Most 

of 'the beds occur in the Laramie formation, the uppermost member of the 

Cretaceous system, but in the eastern part of the State. coal beds occur near the 

base of the system in the Lakota sandstone. 

Samples were sent to the testing plant from the Newcastle iield, in the 

northeastern part of the State, and from the Powder Hiver field, in the northern 

central part of the State. The sample from the Newcastle field was obtained 

from a bed in the Lakota sandstone and the sample from the Powder River field 

from a bed in the Laramie formation. 

WYomNG No. 1. 

Operator.-Wyoming- Coal .Mining Company, Monarch, Wyo. 

Jlflne.-Monarch mine, 9 miles northwest of Sheridan, Sheridan County, 

Wyo., on Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. 

Sampler.-Frank W. De Wolf. 

Goal bed.-The coal mined at Monarch lies in a :field which 1s said to 

extend 5 miles to the north and west, over 40 miles eastward, and to the 

southeast beyond Gillette a distance exceeding 80 miles. 

Geologica1ly the coal .occurs in the Laramie formation, about 500 feet above 

the Fox Hill sandstone. It is thought to be the fourth in a series of 25 beds. 

At Dietz, 4 miles southeast of Monarch, beds Nos. 9 and 10 are mined. The 

twenty-fifth coal bed outcrops at Gillette. The beds between Nos. 4 and 9 are 

said to exceed 14 feet in thickness, while those lying between Nos. 10 and 25 

are more than 12 feet thick. 

The coal is a shiny black lignite, free from partings, ranging from 2S to 

32 feet in thickness. Usually the upper 6 feet of coal are interbedded with 

t,;hale, leaving a workable thickness of from 22 to 26 feet. 

Samples for chmnical analysis.--Two samples for chemical analysis were 

obtained in this mine. These were cut from working· faces, at points about 

1,600 feet from the shaft. They were cut from the full height of the faces, 

furnishing coal from every part of the bed. These samples were crushed to a 

uniform. size, quartered down to about 1 quart in size, and mailed in air-tight 

galvanized:iron cylinders to the chemical laboratory. · 

Character of ca1' 8ample.-A box car was loaded with lump that had passed 

over a 5-inch screen. This coal disintegrates very rapidly, and on this aecount, 

in view of the long haul, it was thought best to load the largest size coal. 

The car was shipped from the mine on November 1 and was received at the 

testing plant November 19, 1904. 
FIELD WORK. 

Equipment and use.--The Monarch mine is on the outcrop, entrance being 

by a drift with a main haulage way extending more than 1,600 feet in a southwesterly direction. The coal is hauled out of the rooms by mules, and delivered 

to the rope in the main haulage way, which carries it to the tipple. The coal is 

cut by compressed-air pick machines and shot down. About 1,000 tons of coal 

are mined here daily. Approximately one-third of this is used by locomotive~:;, 

the remainder being· divided equally between manufacturing industries and household use. ~WYomNG No. 2. 

Opemtm'.-Cambria Fuel Company, Cambria, V{yo. 

Mine.-Antelope Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and Jumbo mines, all delivering coal to 

one tipple. These mines are located in sec. 29, T. 46 N., R. 61 \V., on a· branch 

line of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. 

Swnplm·.-Frank vV. De Wolf. 

Coal bed.-The coal bed worked in these 

stone near the base of the Cretaceous system. 

to this general locality. 

mines occurs m the Lakota sandIt is probably a local bed, limited 

The thickness and character of the coal bed are illustrated in fig. 10 by 

sections measured in different partH of the mines. Section A was measured in 

room 6 off the third northwest entry in Antelope No. 3 mine; section B, in 1;oom 

9 off the eighth northwest entry in ,Jumbo mine; section c, in room 7 northwest 

in Antelope No. 1 mine; and section D, in room 14 in Antelope No. 1 mine. T~e 

:,;ections are as follows: 

Sections of coal bed in Cambria m·ines of the Camqrict Fuel Compa.ny, Cambria, Wyo. 

Section A. Section B. Section C. Section D. 

Ft. In. Pt. In. Ft. ·in. Pt. -in. 

Sandstone Shale, black. Sandi'toue. Sandstone. 

Coal ~ -. ---------- 2 0 Coal (cannel'?)~ 0 2 Shale, black .... 0 4 Shale ----------- 0 3 

Coal, splint ....... 0 7 Coal ------------ 0 2 Clay ........... 1 5 Bone ............ 7 

Coal ------------- 0 6 Coal, splint .. : ... 0 7 Bone ---------- 0 :~ Coal, splint ..... _ 0 2~ 

Coal, splint ....... 0 2 Coal ------------ 0 10 Clay ........... 1 0 Clay ------------ 0 1 

Coal ------------- 1 10 Clay ---------.. -.. 0 11 Coal ........... 1 5 Coal __________ ... 2 9 

Coal, splint ....... 0 10 Coal -------- .... -.. 0 3 Sulphur ....... _ 0 0~ Fire clay. 

Coal -----· ------- 0 6 Coal, splint ... _ .. 0 5 Coal ........... 1 2t 

Coal, splint ....... 0 3 Coal ------------ 1 2~ Clay ........... 0 3 

Coal, splint ...... 0 3 Coal ........... 1 8~ 

Coal ------------ 0 4 Fire clay. 

Clay ------------ 0 2 

Coal ------------ 1 0 

Total .... -.. 6 8 Total. ..... 5 6 Total coal Total coal seam ... 4 7t seam .... 3 a 

4 
140 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Samples fm· chemical anal;ysis.- Two samples were taken m these mines 

for chemical analysis. The samples were obtained by making cuts from roof 

to floor, exclusive of such partings and binders as are commonly removed in 

nnmng. Sample A was made up from a sample cut at t~e point where section A 

was measured and one from the point where section C was measured. In 

making the cut at section C the sulphur and the clay partings were excluded from 

the sample . . The sulphur band is very troublesome in mining. Generally it 

appears as shown in the section, but locally it increases in thickness to 1 and 

WYOlUINGNO. 2 

D c 8 

tNCHES 12 8 FEE? 

FIG. 10.-Sections of Wyoming coal beds. · 

COAL 

6~8'' 

A 

2 inches, and carries large balls of sulphur. The sulphur was excluded from 

the sample for the reason that an effort is made to pick out the sulphur as 

the coal is loaded. The coal from the two cuts was crushed, carefully mixed, 

and quartered down to 1 quart. This was sealed air-tight in a galvanized-iron 

can and mailed to the testing plant. Sample B was obtained by making a 

similar cut in the Jumbo mine at the point where section B was measured. 

It included everything from roof to floor except the two clay partings. This 

sample was crushed, quartered down, and mailed to the testing plant in the 

same manner that sample A was treated. 
FIELD WORK. 141 

Character of Ca?' sample.-This coal is used largely as engine coal by the 

Burlington . and Missouri River Railroad. For this purpose ·it is crushed and 

screened over a !-inch screen. The .coal comes from the mine in large lumps 

and also as fine coal. It is crushed to make it of uniform size, and screened to 

remove the fine coal. About 30 per cent of the crushed coal passes through the 

t-inch screen. 

In order to have the commercial grade of coal for testing purposes, the car 

was loaded with engine coal; that is, run-of-mine crushed and screened over a 

t-inch screen. This was loaded in an open coal car. It was shipped from the 

mirie on November 3 and received at the testing plantNovember 14, 1904. 

Eq1tipment and ·use.-The coal bed outcrops at the surface and the mines are 

drift mines driven in on the outcrop. All of the mines are connected by tramroads with one tipple, and the coal is brought to this pla"ce for crushing and 

screening. 

The mines are WP.ll equipped with air mining machines, and the main hauling 

is done by air motors and by cable. The mine has three openings west of the 

tipple and two to the east, the entire length of workings being over 2 miles. 

The slack coal is generally coked at the mine, but the coke is so high in 

ash that it is difficult to market the product. The great problem in this field IS 

the better utilization of the slack eoal and the elimination of ash. 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

Steam tests on the samples of Wyoming coal show that it is a low-grade fuel, 

at least for this purpose. The results qbtained on the coal from Cambria are lower 

than those from the Sheridan lignite, but this is due in large measure to the heavy 

percentage. of ash that is carried by the Cambria coal. The recalculated analysis, 

in which the ash' is thrown out, shows that the Cambria coal is superior to the 

other. 

Some briquetting tests were made on these samples, but· they gave no p.romise 

of success in a commercial way. 

The best results were obtained hy using this coal in the producer-gas plant. 

The results given on page 1313 show that with Wyoming No. 2 it required 2.07 

pounds of dry coal to produce one electrical horsepower hour, whereas when used in 

the steam plant (p. 944) it required 5. 9 pounds of dry coal to produce the same result. 

It is probable that equally good or better results could have been obtained with 

Wyoming No. 1, since in general the quality of the gas improves as one descends 

in the scale of quality of coal, the best results being obtained from brown lignite. 

The results obtained bJ the use of lignite in the producer-gas plant are full 

of promise for this region, for they show that by this method of utilization these 

low-grade fuels may become as valuable as the best grades of West Virginia 

coal used in a steam plant. 
142 OPERATIONS OF 'IHE COAL-TESTING PLAN'l'. 

COMMERCIAL VALUE OF COAL-:~I~NE SM)IPLING. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Does mine sampling show the commercial value of a coal; and if so, how 

should it be done~ This question is often asked, but seldom answered. 

During the past summer, while engaged in ·securing coal for the Govemment 

coal-testing plant at St. Louis, the writer had n good opportunity to obtain 

information on this subject, and the results seem to 'furnish an answer to the 

questions propounded above. 

SAMPLING FOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY COAL-TESTING PLAN'T. 

In organizing the work of the testing plnnt, it was decided that coal in 

carload lots only would be accepted for testing, and it was further decided 

that this coal should be lo;tdcd under the immediate supervision of a representative of the plant, so as to be certain that the carload sample would be 

representative coal. . As an additional check on the work, two mine samples 

were to be collected from each mine visited, and these samples, as well as the 

sample from the car when it was received at the testing plant, were to be 

carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory, which was establfsbed in connection 

with the plant' and operated under the direction of Prof. N. W. Lord, of the 

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

MINE SAMPLING. 

Mine samples were colleeted with great care by the writer and his assistants, 

.Mr. .J. Shober Burrows, Mr .• John W. Groves, and .Mr. Fmnk vV. De \Volf. 

The dominant idea in the regulations which were adopted for mine sampling 

was that it should be done in such a manner that the ·sample would have the same 

composition as the commercial output of the mine. 

When sarnples were to be procured from a certain place the mine was 

examined to see the coal before it was mined-its benches, partings, roof, and 

floor, and any peculiarity that . might be present. The methods of mining- were 

observed, and also the efforts that were made in the mine and at the tipple to free 

the coal from its accompanying impurities. 

Two points were then selected for sampling in widely separated localities in 

the mine. The floor was carefully eleaned 11nd an oilcloth blanket spread to catch 

the coal and to ·prevent it from becoming mixed with fragments of shale or 

other dirt and to keep the sample from collecting an undue amount of moisture 

m places where the floor was wet. 

A eut was made about 3 inehes wide and 1 inch deep across the face of the 
FIELD WORK. 143 

eoal from roof to floor, including thin and irregular shale, clay, or sulphur 

partings such as the miners fail to separate from the coal, and excluding thiek 

partings or dirty coal that usually are thrown out by the miners. The object 

was to get as near a good grade of merchantable coal as possible with" the methods 

of mining and handling in vogue at the mine. 

The sample so obtained consisted of 25 or 30 pounds of coal, which was 

usuall.Y placed in a bag and taken to the surface, where it was crushed and 

quartered down.. Sometimes it was reduced at once to the desired degree of 

fineness (about one-half inch), but more frequently it was pulverized to threefourths inch. and divided into quarters. Then opposite quarters were taken and 

crushed again until it was reduced to about one-half inch. It was then quartered 

again until the resulting sample contained about one quart of fine coal. This was 

placed in a galvanized-iron ean provided with a screw top, which was screwed down 

tightly and the joint bound with tire tape, making the can air-tight. These 

sample cans were then mailed directly to the chemical laboratory, where the coal 

was immediately transferred, to glass jars, in which it was hermetically sealea. 

After the inspeetor procured the mine sampl~s, he went to the surface and 

observed the loading of a ear of coal for testing purposes. He permitted only 

such ht1nd picking as was commonly done on coal that was to be shipped for the 

market, and in every way possible provided for representative coal. The grade 

of coal selected usually depended upon local conditions, but the aim was to take 

only such coal as was regarded as typical and merchantable. 

In the case of a soft coal or lignite, liable to disintegrate under the influence 

of the weather, box cars were used wherever practicable, but the' great bulk of 

the bituminous coal was shipped in ordinary open coal ears. 

Most of the coal was shipped during the months of August., September, 

Oetobcr, and November, and during these months the weather was unusually 

dry in the vicinity of St. Louis. l!'or this reason it seems probable that the coal 

in transit was but little affected by min or snow~ and that ttny change in the 

amount of moisture in the coal was due to ordinary atmospheric eonditions that 

probably had a similar effect on the coar shipped in both open and box cars. 

CAR SAMPLING. 

When the carload of coal arrived at the testing plant and was unloaded, the 

coal was passed through rolls having· an apei·ture of H inches, reducing it to a 

uniform size. As the coal was being elevated by bucket conveyors, a man with 

.a small shovel took samples from the conveyor at regular intervals. By this 

method a sample of 200 or 300 pounds was obtained from each car, which was 

then taken to the chemical laboratory for analysis: 
, 

144 OPERATIONS OF 'l'HE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The original intention was to unload the car at once into a storage bin, but 

owing to a scarcity of bins this was not always practicable, and in a majority of 

cases the coal was unloaded a few tons at a time, only sufficient for some particular test. A sample was taken, however, of the coal used for each test, and 

the moisture, sulphur, and ash reported in the tables are the results of the analyses 

of the various samples so taken. 

At the laboratory both the mine and car samples were pulverized 1tnd 

quartered down by machinery until a convenient sample was obtained. Part of 

this was taken for analysis and the remainder was sealed in a glass jar for future 

reference. 

The sample to be analyzed was first air dried until it reached an almost 

constant weight, and the loss of moisture by this process was determined. The 

sample was then analyzed and its composition was recalculated on the basis of 

the coal as received. 

ANALYTICAL RESULTS. 

During the season 50 separate mines in 14 different States were visited and 

mine and car samples obtaineq. The table shows the analyses of these samples 

so far as moisture, sulphur, and ash arc concerned. The analyses of the two 

mine samples have been averaged, and the per cent of moisture, sulphur, and ash 

thus obtained is regarded as representing the impurities obtained in mine sampling. 

The analyses of the various car. samples have been averaged, and the result 1s 

taken as the amount of moisture, sulphur, and ash in the commercial product of 

the mine. 

Glass(fication of impurities in mine and car samples. 

-----.--~ ----- Percen t!tges of impurities. Averages. Excess in car samples. 

Excess in mine 

samples. 

Mois_l Sui- Ash. 1\!ois- Sui- Ash. Mois- Sui- Ash Mois- Sui- A h turc. phur. ture. phur. · ture. phur. · tnrc. phur. 8 · 

Remarks. 

--c-c----------- --~-- -----·- - -~----- -- --~--

(1) Alttlmma No.1: 

Mine sample A .... 1. 35 0.71 

Mine sampleR .... 1. 22 .71 

Car sample ........ 2. 34 . 72 

Steam sample ..... 2. n6 . 78 

Coke sample ....... 2.65 . 7G 

(2) Alabama No.2: 

Mine sample A .... 2.25 1. 09 

Mine sumple B .... 2.42 1.10 

Car sample ........ 3.36 1. 01 

Steam sample ..... 4.83 1.17 

Gas sample ........ 3. 76 .86 

Coke sample ....... 3.77 1. 43 

(3) Arkansas No. 1: 

Mine sample A .... . 75 1.15 

Mine .sample B._ .. 1. 02 1.10 

Cur sample ........ 3. 2! 1. 24 

Steam ~nmple ..... 1. 99 l. 21 

Cokesample ....... 2. 31 1.13 

13.63 }1. 28 . 12.81 

12.54 

13.92 } 2. 52 

13.88 

9.041}2.33 

11.13 

12.43 

f 3. 93 

13.54 

9. 50 

13.04 J 

6. 98 } .88 7.49 

n6I 

13.04 } 2 . .'il 

13.01 

0.71 13.22 

. 75 Ul_. 44 1. 24 0. 04 0. 22 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. Over l-inch screen. 

1. 09 10. 08 --- .. - - " -" .. -- ... ------ " " .. "-.. 

1.12 12.13 1. 60 . 03 2. 05 . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. Through 8-inch and 

1.12 7.23 ...... ------ ............. ! ...... -----

1.19 12.89 1.63 .07 5.66 -_-----1------ ..... 

over i-inch screen. Also washed slack. 

Over ll inch screen. 
FIELD WORK. 145 

Class{fication (d impurities in mine and car samples-Continued. 

Percentages of impurities. Averages. samples. samples. 

Mois-1 Sui---- Mois- Sul- I 

-----------[ ture.) phur. Ash._ ture. phur.) Ash. 

Excess in car Exc~ss in 1nine I ---·-------·---

Mois- Sui- A h )lois- Sui- \ 1 ture. phur. s · tnre. phur. ' 8 1. 

Remarks. 

( 4) Arkansas No.2: 

Mine sample A ... . 

Mine sample n .. . 

Car sample ...... . 

Stearn sample ... . 

Coke sample ..... . 

(5) Arkansas No.3: 

Mine smnple A .. . 

Mine sample B .. . Car sample ...... . 

Steam san1ple ... . 

(6) Arkansas N.o. o: 

Mine sample A ... 

Mine sample B ... 

Car sample ...... . 

Steam sample ... . 

(7) Colorado No.1: 

. 78 

.95 

2.23 

1. 07 

2.31 

1.60 

1. 63 

2.19 

1. 97 

1. 38 

1. 80 

2. 36 

2. 22 

Mine sample A ... 21.84 

Mine sample B ... 20.02 

Car sample ....... IR.68 

Stearn sample .... 1~. 78 

Gas sarnple ....... 20.24 

(8) Illinois No. I: 

Mine sample A ... 11.17 

Mine sample B ... 10.06 

Car sample ..... -. 9. 75 

Steam sample . . . . 9. 69 

Coke sample ...... 10.46 

(9) Illinois No.3: 

l\Iine sample A ... 7. 50 

Mine sample B ... 7. 34 

Car sam pie .. .. .. . 8. 50 

Steam sample .. .. 8. 51 

Coke sample ...... 8. 25 

Gas sample ....... 7. 62 

(10) Illinois No.~: 

2.50 

2.12 

1. 87 

1. 95 

1. n8 

.1.12 I 1. 46 

1. 28 

1. 29 

1. 52 

·1. 9•1 

1. 99 

2. ~9 

.46 

. 52 

.5r, 

.42 

. 60 

4. 22 

•1.04 

4.10 

4.40 

4. 14 

. 99 

2.04 

1.72 

1. 50 

1. 45 

1. 69 

Mine sample A ... 15.09 . 83 

1\Iine sample R ... 14. 42 1. 52 

Car sample ....... 12.91 1. 32 

Steam sample .... 13.47 I. 28 

Gas sample ....... 12.43 ; 1. 41 

(11) Illinois No.6: 

Mine sample A ... H. 89 3.61 

Mine sampleR ... 13.94 3. 79 

Car sample ....... 14.43 4.01 

Steam sample .... 13.19 3.48 

(12) Inditma No. I: 

Mine sumple A ... 1i. 50 . 96 

Mine sample B ... 13.25 1. 87 

Car sample ....... 

1

11.40 2.po 

Gas sttmple ....... 11.51 , 2. 61 

13-No. 48-06--10 

9.09 

6. 97 

9.20 

8.42 

10.55 

7. 91 

12.66 

11.63 

~.25 

6. 95 

7. 26 

12.08 

11.50 

3.48 

3.61 

5. 99 

5.37 

5.85 

10.32 

10.07 

13.20 

15.19 

15.95 

7.15 

7.53 

11.28 

11.55 

10.59 

~- 73 

7.42 

8.81 

11.64 

11.46 

9.22 

7.87 

10.91 

13.28 

14.88 

9.62 

9.16 

13.40 

10.08 

} 0.86 2.31 8.03 ...... ------ . ...... ...... ------ ..... Over 1~-inch screen. 

} 1.87 1. 80 9.39 1.01 1. 36 ------ 0.51 ..... Do. 

l I . 1.6111.4>1 10.28 

}2. 08 I. 28 10.44 Do. 

ll. 59 1. 73 7. 20 

l2. 29 2.19 11.~2 .70 0.46 4.62 ................. Halflnmpcoal,half 

shtck coal. 

}20. 93 

I - I .4913.0-1 .................................. .. 

}19. 57 5'J 5. 74 . 03 2. 20 1. 36 .. . .. . .. . .. Rnn·of-mine. 

}10.61 4.13 10.19 ........... . 

} 9.97 4.21 14.78 ...... .08 4.59 . 64 Over l-inch screen. 

} 7. 42 1.51 7.34 

18.22 1. 59 10.79 . 80 . 08 3. 45 ................. Run-of-mine. 

}14. 75 1.17 8.11 ............................... , ..... . 

}12. 94 1. 3•1 10. 77 .li 2. 66 1. 81 .. .. .. .. .. . Over 2-inch screen. 

}14.41 3. 70 9. 39 ·---- ------ --·-··· ------ ------ ···-- I 

}13. 81 3. 74 14.08 .04 4. 69 .60 ..... ! ..... Run-of-mine. 

Do. 

}12. 37 1.41 1 ~- 39 

}n. 45 2. 55111.74 ..... 1.14 2.35 .92 
146 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PJ ... ANT. 

Classification of impurities in mine and car samples-Continued. 

~~Percentagesof ---~---~-~ Excessincar ~Excess in mine I 

Averages. 1 impurities. samples. samples. . _I 

Mois· sui- \ h Mois-r sui- A h llfois- sui- \ h Mois-j sui- ·A h I Remarks. 

__________ 

1

_t_u_r_c. phnr. _._s_._ tnre. phur. _'_· ture. phur. ~ ture. phur. _s_.\ ____ _ 

(13) Indiana No. 2:. 

Mine sample A _ .. 10. 32 3. 51 8. 5.1 l llline sample B . . . 9. 28 4. 44 9. 34 9. 80 3. 97 8. 94 

Car sample....... 9. 62 4. 43 13.02 } 

Steam sample .... _ ~.11 4. 12 12.45 9.1514.29 11. 73 

Gas sample . . . . . . . 8. 72 4. 23 9. 73 

(14) Indian Ter. No.1: 1· 

.• ) 7.82 1.49 7.15 Mine sample A • • . 6. 77 1 3f 5. 68 } 

Mine sumple B .. . 8. 87 1. 62 8. 63 I 

Car s11mple .. .. .. . 7. 04 1. 92 10.01 1

7

· 

49 Steam Sllmple .. .. 7. 65 1. 80 12.09 

Gas sumple .. .. .. 5. 00 1. 43 8. ~1 

Coke sample ...... 10.29 1. 34 13.86 

(15) I.ndian Ter. No.2:· 

~line sample A ... 1. 30 1.58 7.65 } 1. 38 llline sample B ... I. 46 1. 38 6.40 

Car sample ....... 4.45 1. 52 11.00 

l. 62 111.12 

1.48 7.02 

i ' 

. ........... ···--·- ··-··- ..... : -··-·1 Run-of-mine 

...... 0.32 2.79 0.65 ...... ·····I Do. 

...... ! ...... ····-·· ····-· ...... 1 .... . 

.13 s. 97 . 33 .. _... .. .. . Over ljl-inch screen. 

Steam sample ..... 3. 71 1. 39 9. i7 } 3. 99 I. 46 10. 25 2. til .. .. .. 3. 23 .. .. .. 0. 02 ...... Run-of-mine. 

Coke sample ...... 3.82 1. ·17 9. 99 

(16) Indian Ter, No. 3: 

Mine sample A •.. 2. 93 3. 73 10.30 } 2.95 Mine sample B ... 2.97 3.05 8.38 3.39 9.34 

Car sample ....... i. 61 3. 63 11.14 

Steam sample ..... 4. 79 3. 93 10.33 } 4.52 

Coke sample ...... 4.16 3.JG 9. 75 

3. 57 10. 41 1. 57 . 18 1. 07 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Do. 

(17) Indian Ter. No. 4: 

·llline sample A ..• 5.29 3. 77 12.13 } 5.89 Mine sample B ... 6.50 =~- 67 9.31 3. 72 10.72 

Car sample ...... _ 6. 24 3. 96 13.21 } 6. 24 Steam sample .... 6. 24 3.86 12.99 3. 91 13.10 . 35 .19 2. 38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Over l-inch screen. 

(18) Iowa No. I: 

~fine s:trnple A ... 12.07 4. 99 12.33 }u.n l\Iine sample B ... 11.35 4. 72 10.51 4. 85 11.42 

Car sample ....... 8.21 5.03 16.00 } 8. 46 Steam sample _ ... 8. 69 6. 39 18.34 5. 71 17.17 . 86 5. 75 3. 25 .. .. .. .. .. . Over lHnch screei1. 

(19) Iowa No.2: 

Mjne sample A_ .. 15.50 5.19 9.19 }15. 57 :lline sttmple B .. _ 15.65 5.10 11.64 5.14 10.41 

Cur sample ....... 14.21 4.66 15.22 }14.54 Steam sample .... 14.88 4. 73 16.04 4.69 15.63 5.~22 1.03 . -15 . . . . . Rnri-of-mine. 

(20) Iowa No.3: 

Mine sample A ... 15.90 6. 76 12.37 }15~ 16 Mine sample B ... 14.42 5. 89 10.99 6.32 11.68 

Cnrsample ....... 13.88 6.15 14.01 }13.16 Steam sample .... 12.44 6. 07 15.65 6.11 14.83 3.15 2. 00 . 21 ... _. Over It-inch screen. 

(21) Iowu No.4: 

~line sample A ... 16.14 4. 76. 11.08 }16. 63 Mine SIJ.mple B ... 17.13 4.00 7.07 4.38 9.07 

Car sample ...... _ 14.08 4. 26 10.96 }13.76 Steam sample .... 13.48 5.04 15.15 4.65 13.05 .27 3.98 ~.87 .......... . Do. 

(22) Iowa No.5: 

lliine sample A ..• 18.59 3.10 7.15 }1s. 64 ;\fine sample B _ .. 18.69 2. 39 7. 73 2. 74 7. 44 

Car sample ... : ... 15.39 3.19 12" 63 }15. 70 Steam sample .... 16.01 3.09 13.40 3.14 13.01 .40 5.57 2.94 ........... Run-of-mine. 
FIELD WORK. 147 

Classification of impurities in mine and car samples-Continued. 

~-------.------·--,--------,--,~-----.--------...-------

Percentages of impurities. Average•. Excess in car samples. 

Excess in rnine 

samples. 

Remarks. 

Mois-i Sui- Ash ;\1ois· Sui· A 1 ~Iois·J Sui- . Ash. .Mois-1· Sui- Ash ture. 'phur. · ture. phur. s l. ture. phur. ture. phnr. · 

-----1-~,----------~----~----. 

(23) Kansas No.1: 1 

l\Iine sample A... 2. 91 3 79 9 55 } i . . 3.20 3.53 8.73 ...... , ..... . ~fine sample B ... 3. 50 3. 28 7. 92 1 

Car sample . . . . . . . 4. 99 4. 28 12.97 , 1

5

· 

95 Steam sample (1). 5. 90 3. 82 10.86 

Steam sample (2). 4. 80 4. 94 1~. 95 

Coke sample...... ~.10 4. 48 14.84 

(24) Kansas No.2: 

4. 38 13.15 2. 75 0. 85 4.42 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Run-of-mine. 

Mine sample A . . . 2. 44 5. 63 10. 60 I 

1\Iine sample B . . . 2. 36 5. 88 11.79 ( 2· 

40 5. 75 11.19 · · · · · · · · .. · · . -........ -............ . 

Car sumple . . . . . . . 4. 18 6. 27 17. 91 } 4

_ 

Coke 07 sample .....• 3. 96 5. 59 20. 04 5. 93 18.97 1. 67 .18 7. 78 ................. Lump and nut. 

(25) Kansas No.3: 

Mine sample A ... 22.·0541 45 .. 4277 195 .. 8175} 2.27 4.87 12.51 ......................... ······ .... . 1\Iine sample B .. ·. 

Car sample . . . . . . . 2. 50 5. 68 12.45 

Steam sample (1). 2. 03 5. 39 13.46 

Steam sample (2). 2. 25 4. 80 12.40 

Coke sample ...... 1. 75 5. 60 16.91 

(26) Kunsas No.5: 

:i\Iinc sample A... 5.11 4. 34 8. 90 

Mine sample B ..• 5. 79 3.84 12.55 

Car sample . . . . . . . 4.10 3. 77 10.54 

Steam stunple . . . . 4. 31 4. ·10 11.91 

(27) Kentucky No.1: 

} 5.45 

} 4.20 

:\line sample A... 2. 91 . 89 

:\line sample B ... 2. 81 . 84 

3.53 } 2.80 2.86 

Car sample . . . . . . . 3. 10 1. 22 

Steam sumple .... 2. 89 1.19 

Coke sample.... • . 2. 71 1. 23 

(28) Kentucky No.2: 

Mine sample A ... 8. 49 3. 53 

Mine sample B . . . 7. 80 •l. 20 

Cur sample ....... 7. 91 3. 02 

Steam sample . . . . 7. 76 3. 37 

(29) Kentucky No.3: 

Mine sample A... 9.10 2. 97 

Mine sample B . • . 7. 98 4. 03 

Car sample ....... 7. 92 3. 52 

Steam sample . . . . 7. 92 3. 91 

Gas sample . . . . . . . 7. 28 3. 86 

(30) Kentucky No.4: 

:i\line sample A... 4. 76 

Mine sample B . . . 4. 61 

3.21 

3.33 

4.39 

5. 91 

3. 90 

7.10 

10.22 

9.13 

8.58 

8.05 

9.30 

10.06 

9.92 

8.99 

} 2.90 

} 8.14 

}· 7.83 

}8,54 

} 7. 71 

7.01 } 4.68 7.40 

5.37 13.80 ..... . . 50 1. 29 0.14 .. . . . . . . . .. Run-of-mine . 

4. 09 10.72 

4.08 11.22 . 30 1. 25 0. 01 . • . . . Overt-inch screen. 

I .86 3.16 

. 04 .35 l..'i7 .. Run-of-mine. 

I 3.86 8.66 

3.49 8.85 

......................... 1 .......... . 

. . . . .. . . . . . . . 19 . 31 I . 37 Over f-inch screen. 

3.50 8.67 ................................... . 

3. 76 9. 66 . . . . . . . 26 .99 . 83 ........... {Run-of-mine and over ~-inch screen. 

3.27 7.20 

Cur sample ....... 5. 27 4. 54 14.18 } 

S.team sample . . . . 5. 89 3. 72 12. 72 5. 58 4.13 13.45 . 90 . 86 6. 25 . .. . . . . . . .. . • • • . . Rnn·of·mine. 

(31) lllissouri No. 1: 

'Mine sample A ... 4. 80 5. 35 14.17 

Mine sample B ... 4. 92 5. 34 14.52 

Canample....... 8. 33 5. 25 19.36 

Steam sample .... 7. 28 4. 37 17.20 

} 4. 86 

} 7. 80 

5. 34 14.34 

4. 81 18. 28 2. 94 3. 94 ...... . 53 ..... Do. 
148 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Classi,fication of impurities in mine and em· samples-Continued. 

Percentages of I Excess in car Excess in mine 

impurities. Averages. samples. samples. 

Mois-~ Sul-1 Ash· l\Iois-- Sui- A ·h Mois- Sui- A h .Mois·j Sul-(A : 

~---------I tur.e. phur. __ · ture'_ phnr. _ 8_· ture. phur. __ "_·_ ture. phur.

1

_s · 

(32) Missouri No.2: · 

M~ne sampleA ... l;.9704 33.8739 170 .. 6786 }13.82 3.81 9.22 ------ -----· ------· ------ ...... ! ..... Mme sample B ... 12. . · \ 

Car sample ______ . 11.50 5.16 16.861

11

. 

94 

1 

Steam sample (1). 13. 09,4. 92 16.70 4. si 16. 32 . ____ . 1. oo 7.10 1. 88 ____ .• ____ . Steam sample (2) . 11.57 4. 60 16. 90 

Gas sample ....... 11. 60 4. 56 14.84 

(33) l\Iissonri No.4: 

Mine sample A ... 13. 34 5. 06 

Mine sample B .•. 10.57 5. 00 

Car sample ....... 12. 67 5.12 

Steam sample . __ . 12.24 4. 98 

Coke sample .. ____ 12.04 5.14 

(34) New l\Iexico No. 1: 

l\Iine S>1Inple A ... 11. 77 

l\Iine sample B. __ 10.96. 

Car sum pic .. __ ... 12. 29 

Steam sample .... 11. 90 

(35) Texas No.1: 

l\Iine sample A •.. 33. 50 

l\Iinc sample B ... 32.58 

Car sample ....... 34.70 

Gas sample ....... 33. 50 

(36) Texas No.· 2: 

l\fine sample A ... 28.86 

Mine sample n ... 31.34 

Car sample ....... 33.71 

(37) West Virginia No.1: 

Mine sample A ... 1. 35 

liHue sample B ... 1.40 

Car sample ....... 1. 75 

Steam sample .... 1. 90 

Gas sample ....... 1:61 

Coke sample •..... 1. 93 

(38) West Virginia No.2: 

Mine sample A ... 1. 87 

l\Iine sample B ... 1. 98 

Car sample ....... 1. 95 

Steam sample .... 2. 01 

Cokcsample ..... :

1

1.73 

(39) West Virginia No.3: 

l\Iine sample A .. , 2. 21 

l\Iine sample B ... 2. 90 

Car sample ....... 2.29 

Steam sample .... 2.54 

Coke sample ...... 2.25 

(40) West Virginia No.4: 

Mine sample A ... 2. 26 

l\Iine sample B .•. 2. 26 

Car sample ....... 1.48 

Steam sample .... 2. 53 

Gussumple ....... 1. 99 

Coke sample .•••.. 2. 72 

.54 

. 52 

.63 

. 56 

.56 

.56 

.79 

.63 

.50 

. 57 

.53 

1. 31 

1. 59 

. 90 

. 98 

.87 

.88 

3. 75 

4. 20 

3.48 

2. i1 

3. 38 

.80 

. 75 

1. 06 

1. 38 

. 99 

1. 26 

.85 

• 90 

. 96 

. 79 

.86 

6. 91 }n. 95 6.15 

4.83 

5. 55 }12. 32 

5.27 

3. 26 }n. 36 4.01 

6. 99 }12. 09 8.68 

10.75 }33. 04 10.84 

11,20 }34.10 10.36 

7. 92 }so.w 8.50 

7. 28 33.71 

6.42 } 1. 37 6. 67 

6.)l4 

1'00 

7. 21 

6.14 

6. 60 

8.10 } 1. 92 9.08 

7.86 

} 1.90 9. 96 

8.22 

8.32 } 2.55 8.19 

10.23 

11.04 } 2.36 

9. 75 

8.58 } 2. 26 7, 74 

8. 39 I' '" 9. 99 

8.82 

10.50 

5.03 6.53 ...... __ , __ ...................... .. 

5. 08 5. 22 0. 37 .05 ................... 11.31 

.53 3. 63 ·····- ···--· ···-··· ...... ······ ..... 

.59 7.83 . 73 . 06 4. 20 ...... ...... . .... 

.56 10.79 ·····- ...... ······· ···--- ...... ..... 

.71 10.78 1. 06 .15 ······· ···-·· ...... .01 

.53 8.21 ····-- ······ ....... ...... ····-- ..... 

. 53 7.28 3.61 ······ ······· ...... ······ 93 

1. 45 6. 54 ...... ······ ------- ···-·· ...... ..... 

.91 6.57 .43 ------ .03 ...... 0.54 ····· 

3. 97 8.59 ·····- ---··· ....... ···--· ···--- ····· 

3.19 8.68 ------ ...... .09 .02 . 78 ···--

. 77 8.25 ...... ----·· ······· ...... ·----- ..... 

1.14 10.34 ------ .37 2. 09 .19 ------ ···-· 

1. 05 8.16 ------ -----· ······· -----· ······ ··---

.88 9.42 ·-·--- ··-··· 1.26 .08 . 17 

Remarks. 

Run-of-mine. 

Do. 

L~mp and nut. 

Run-of-mine. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do • 
l!'IELD WORK. ( 

Classification of impurities in mine nnd em· sample.~-Continued. 

~-~--~------------- ~-- --~-- --· ----~ ---.----'. 

Percentages of impurities. Averages. Excess h1 car samples. 

Excess in mine 

samples. 

-~- ~-~- Remarks. 

11ois- Sui- Ash. 11ois- Sui- Ash Mois- Sui- A h 1lois- Sui- Ash tnre. phur. turc. phur. · tnre. phur. s · lure. phur. · 

(41) WestVirginiaNo.5: 

:Mine sample A._. 2. 82 1. 00 

Mine sample B .. . 3. 08 1.13 

Car samp~e. -· -- .. 1. 45 . 98 

10.45 t 2.95 1. 06 10.36 

149 

StetLm sample .. .. 2. n 1. Ol 

Coke sample...... 2. 43 . 90 

~~: ~h}f 2. 00 .96 10.37 ·-·-...... -. 0. 01 0. 951 0.10 Over lHnch screen. 

(42) WestVirginiaNo.6: 

l\Iinc su.mple A_.. 2. 10 . 75 

1o.n i 

3

· 

55 't 2.19 Mine 5. 8sjl sample B _.- 2. 29 . 73 

Cur sample ...... - 1. 53 . 65 5.05 i Steam sample (1). 2.14 . 70 5.45 : 

Steam sample (2) . 2. 11 . 64 5.0~ II 1. 92 Coke sample (1) .. 1. 76 . 55 4.84 

Coke sample (2) -. 2. 27 . 88 5.40 : 

Coke sample (3)-. 1. 73 .64 5.58 ' 

(13) West Virginia No.7: I 

1Iine sample A . -., 2.12 . 90 

Mine sample B . -. 2. 48 1. 08 

3.55 I} I 2. 3o 4.15 I Cttr sample .... -.. 3. 94 

Steam sample . . . . 2. 68 

Coke sample ...... 3. 85 

(44) West Virginia No.8: 

:\line sample A_-. 1. 90 

Mine sample B ... 1.84 

Cur sample ....... 4.16 

Sten.m sample . . . . 5. 26 

Coke Sltmplc.-.- .. 3. 82 

(45) West Virginia No.9: 

;\line sample A... 1. i7 

:\line sample B... 1. 98 

Cur sample .... -.. "- 08 

Steam sample .. .. 3. 42 

Gtls sample....... 2. 66 

Coke sample...... 3. 81 

( 46) West VirginiaN o. 10: 

')line sample A ... 2. 63 

Mine sample B-.. 2. 93 

1.16 4.93 } 

1. oz s. s2 I 3. 49 

1.36 502! . . I 

::: !:~~ \f 1.87 

: ~~ :: ~ !} 4. 41 

.89 7.20 I 

I . H 2.94 I} 

:~~ ~T3~ :1 ::: 1. 00 5. I 

.83 ko7 i 

. 57 3.13 l . 48 . 3. 62 r 2

· 

78 

Carsample .. ,-- .. 1.751 .06 4.fJ8} Steam sample . . ... 1. 74 . 59 6.19 1. 70 

Coke sample ...... 1. 61 . 61 5. H7 

(47) WestVirginlaNo.ll: 

Mine sample A... 2. 21 

.Mine sample B ... 3. 0~ 

Car sample .... _.. 4. 07 

Steam sample .. .. 4. 8~ 

Cokesamplc.- .... 3.35 

(48) WestVirginia~o.12: 

l\!ine sample A . . . 1. 92 

l\Iine sample B . . . 3. 48 

Car sample .... _.. 1. 72 

§Iteam sample . . . . 1. 58 

Gas sample .. -.. -. 1. 43 

Cokesumple ... __ . 1.53 

I 

.44 

.50 

. 51 

. 47 

.47 

5

• ~ ll 2. 63 4. 57 

~~::~ } 4.09 

9. 9~ 

. 52 4. 39 

.73 3.90 

. 68 6. 87 

. 59 4. 83 

. 95 I 6. 45 

. 97 6.16 

} 2. 70 

11.06 

. 74 . 4. 71 . - .. - - . ----

.68 5.22 .... __ ...... .51 . 27 I . 06 .. . .. Run-of-mine. 

• . 99 3. 83 

I. 3G 6. 26 1. 19 0. 36 2. 41 Do. 

. 76 5.81 

.8<1 7.08 2.54 .08 1.27 .... _ .. -.. -· ... _. Do. 

.79 3.35 ................ -................. _. 

.85 6.59 1.62 .06 3.24 Do. 

.52 3.37 ............................... ! ... .. 

. 59 5. 38 .. .. .. . 07 2. 01 1. os ........ _.. Oveq-inch screen. 

.47 4. 91 

. 48. 10.52 1. 46 . 01 5. 61 .... _. . .. . .. .. .. . Run-of-mine . 

. 62 4.14 

.80 6.08 .18 1. 94 1.14 Do. 
150 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

· Classification of impurities in mine and car samples.....:.Cont.inued. 

--------,---------c----------7--'--·---~------ ~-------

Percentages of Averages. Excess in car Excess in mine 

impurities. samples. samples. 

Remarks. 

Mois- Sui- ' Ash Mois- I Sui- Ash Mois- Sui-~ Ash Mois-~1 Sui- Ash ture. phur. · ture. lphur. ' · turc. phnr. · ture. phur. · 

-(4_9_) ,-V-y-om-in_g_N_o-.-1-: -I-----------------~------ ---------

!~:~::::~::~:::~~:~ ::~ :::~ )21.72 o.56 4.14 ............ 

1 

....... -----·1------ ____ _ Car snmple ....... 22. 6~ . 59 4. 50 \ I 

Stcamsarnple .... 21.81 .63 6.02 [22.22 .61 5.26 O.oO O.Ofi 1.12 ------~1------ ----· 

(f>O) Wyoming No.2: 

Mine Rample A . . . 9. 23 4. 33 20.97 } 

Mine sample B ... 8.60 4.94 21.90 8·

91 4·

63 21. 43 ------------------------------- ..... 

Over 5-inch screen. 

Car sample....... 9. 44 3. 91 20.72 } 

S I 10. 27 3. 89 19. 74 1. 36 ------ ------- .. ---- 0. 74 l. 69 team samp e .. : 11.10 3. 87 18.77 Run-of-mine. 

-~--,--------

Total ................................... _ ...... __ .... 35.15 9. 93,'130. 94 26.54 4. 65 3. 94 

Number ............................ __ .. _ ........... 26 :l5 46 24 . 14 4 

Averages ........................................... _. 1.35 .28 i 2.85 1.11 .33 .98 

Total nsh in miiJe samples .................................... _ .......... _ .. _ .......... __ . __ .... _____ ... __ .... ____ ..... 418.36 

Total ash in car samples ............................................................................................... 545. 73 

CONCLUSIONS. 

MOISTURE. 

In the table given above the gains and losses in the amount of moisture in 

the coal are about equally balanced. In the entire lot of 50 samples 26 show a 

gain of moisture in the average of the -car analyses, and the average amount of 

gain expressed in per cent is 1. 39. In 24 cases there is an excess of moistui·e 

in the mine sample over the car sample, and the average per cent of excess is 

1.11. These figures arc so nearly the same that, considered as a whole, there was 

no perceptible gain or loss of moisture in transit or in the car samples over the 

mine samples. 

In analyzing these figures more closely, however, it is seen that four of the 

lignites show a _gain in moisture and one shows a loss. The lignites showing 

gain arc New Mexico No. 1, Texas No. 1, Texas No. 2, and ·wyoming No. 1. 

These were shipped in box cars, but despite this fact they show a perceptible 

gain in moisture, while Colorado No. 1, shipped in an open car, shows a loss of 

moisture. The average of moisture gain in the lignites, taken as a whole, is 0.91 

per cent. 
FIELD WORK. 151 

The greatest loss of moisture seemed to have occurred in the bituminous 

coal:; having an originally high moisture content. As shown in the following 

table, 19 samples of. this kind of coal have a moisture content m the mine s·amples of 5 per cent or over. These are as· follows: 

List of cottls containing more than 5 per cent of nwisture in the· average mine sample, exclwrive of lignites. 

Name of sainple. 

Average per cent of 

moisture inMine 

samples. 

Car 

samples. 

Excess inMine 

samples. 

Car 

samples. 

---------------------- ~--- -·----1----- ----

Illinois No. 1 ................. , ............. --- . ----- -. 

Illinois No. 3 ................. - ....... -.... ------ ------

Illinois No. 4 ........................ -- .... ---- -- ------

Illinois No.6 .................... -........... -------- .. 

Indiana No. L ........................................ . 

Indiana No. 2 ........... : ............................. . 

Indian Territory No. L ............................... .. 

Indian Territory No.4 ........... , ..................... . 

low a No. 1 ........................................... . 

Towa No.2 ................................... -....... . 

Iowa No.3 . _ ........................................ .. 

Iowa No.4 ........................................... . 

Iowa No.5. ___ ...... ------- ........... ------ ..... -----

Kansas No. 5 -.- ............................. ----- .... --

Kentucky No.2 ....................................... . 

Kentucky No.3 ..... · ................. ., __ .............. . 

Missouri No. 2 ........................ __ .............. . 

Missouri No. 4 _ ....... __ ................. _ ....... _ .. __ . 

Wyoming ~o. 2 ............................. --·---- ... . 

Total----··------.·---------····-··--·------····· 

10.61 

7.42 

14. 75 

14.41 

12.37 

9.80 

7.82 

5.89 

11. 71 

15.57 

15.16 

16.63 

18.64 

5.45 

8. 14 

8.54 

13.82 

11.95 

8.91 ~---

217.59 

9.97 

8.22 

12.94 

13.81 

11.45 

9. 15 

7.49 

6.24 

8.46 

14.54 

13.16 

13. 76 

15.70 

4. 20 

7.83 

7.71 

11.94 

12.32 

10.27 

199. 16 

Average excess of moisture in mine samples, 21.31-;- 15 = 1.42 per cent. 

Avcrage_excess of moisture in car samples, 2.88+4=0.72 per cent. 

0.64 ................. 

---------- 0.80 

1. 81 ................... 

. 60 ---------- .92 ---------- -65 ---------- . 33 ---------- ..................... -35 

3.25 ---------- 1. 03 ---------- .2. 00 ..................... 

2.87 .................. 

2.94 ·--------- 1. 25 ---------- . 31 ---·------ . 83 .................... 

1. 88 ----·----- ---------- .37 

................. 1. 36 

----- 21.31 2.88 

Coefficient of decrease from mine sample, 199.16+217.59 =0.915. Therefore, in sampling 

coals which run 5 per cent or over in the mine sample, the probable amount of moisture in the 

commercial sample can be obtained by multiplying by the coefficient 0.915. 
152 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Twenty-six samples of bituminous coal contain less than 5 per cent of moisture 

111 the mine samples, as follows: 

List of coals contnining less than 5 per cent of moisture in the w:erage mine sample. 

A vemgc per cent of 

moisture in- Excess inName of snmple. 1----...,----- -----c-----

Mine 1 Car 

samples. sall;lples. ~line 

samples. 

Car 

samples. 

------------------1-------1--------------1-------

Alabama No. 1 .. ____ . _____ ..... ----- .... __ .....•...... 1. 28 2.52 

Alabama No. 2. ___ ................................... . 2.33 3.93 

Arkansas No. 1 ......................•................ . 88 2.51 

Arkansas No. 2 ...................................... . . 86 1. 87 

Arkansas No. 3 ...................................... . 1. 61 2.08 

Arkansas No.5--------------------------------------- 1. 59 2.29 

Indian Territory No. 2 .. __ , ..... : .................... . 1.38 3.99 

Indian Territory No.3 ........... : ................... . 2.1:J5 4.52 

Kansas No.1----------------------------------------- 3.20 .1. 91) 

KansaH No. 2 ......................................... . 2.40 4. Oi 

Kansas No. 3 .... _ .......... __ ....... _ ............... . 2.2i 2. 13 

Kentucky No. l ...................................... . 2.86 2.90 

Kentucky No.4 ....... ----------------------------·--· 4.68 5.58 

Missouri No. 1., . _ ........... _ ....................... . 4.86 7.80 

West Virginia No. L ........ -----·--------·-·--------- 1. 37 1. 80 

West Virginia No.2 ....... ---------------------·------

West Virginia No.3 ........... ------------------------

\Vest Virginia No.4 ... --------------------------------

1. 92 

I 

1. 90 

2.55 2.36 

2.26 2.18 

West Virginia No.5 ....... --------·------------------ • 2.95 2.00 

West Virginia No.6 ........................... : ...... . 2.19 l. I:J2 

West Virginia No. i .................................. . 2.30 3.49 

West Virginia No. 8 . ................................. . 1. 87 4.41 

West Virginia No.9 ............ -----·--------··------- l. 87 3.49 

West Virginia No. 10 .. __ ........ : ...... .............. . 2.78 1. 70 

West Virginia No. ll ........... ----------------------- 2.G3 4.09 

West Virginia No. 12 ......... _________ ... ___ ....... __ _ 2. 70 1. 56 

----

Total------------·-----------------· ........... . 60.54 83.04 

Average excess of moisture in ear samples, 26.37-:- 18 = 1.47 per cent. 

Average excess of moisture in mine samples, 3.87-+- 8 = 0.48 per cent. 

---------- 1. 24 

---------- 1. 60 

·--------- ]. 63 

---------- 1.01 

---------- . 4i 

---------- . 70 

---------- 2.61 

---------- ]. 57 

---------· 2. 75 

' 

---------- 1. 6i I 

' 0.14 

' ----------

!---------- . 04 

---------- . 90 

I 

---------- 2.94 

I .43 --------· .02 ---------- .19 ----------

. 08 -----· ----

. 95 ---------- . 27 ----------

---------- 1. 19 

---------- 2.54 

··--- ------ 1. 62 

1. 08 ---------- ---------- 1. 46 

1.14 ----------

I 

3.87 26.37 

Coefficient of excess in car samples over the mine samples, 83.04-+- 60.54 = 1.37. Therefore, in 

sampling coals which run less than 5 per cent of moisture in the mine samples, the moisture in 

the commercial sample can be obtained with considerable probability by multiplying by the 

coefficient 1.37. 

Although the figures given above show in a general way that the amount 

of moisture in carload lot~ of coal is little different from that contained in mine 
FIELD WORK. 153 

saml)les, there are slight variations in certain classes of coals, as noted above, 

which may be summarized as follows: 

1. Lignites and lignitic coals are apt to show a greater percentage of moisture 

in the car than in the mine sample, hut the percentage of gain is small. 

2. Bituminous coals having a high moisture content (over 5 per cent) are apt 

to show less moisture in the car than in the mine sample, and the amount of loss 

is about 1 t per cent. 

3. Bituminous and semibituminous coals with a small moisture content (less 

than 5 per cent) generally· show a gain in moisture in the car sample, and the 

amount of gain is about H per cent. 

SULPHUR. 

The variation in the percentage of sulphur in the mine and car samples is 

not great. Thirty-five samples show more sulphur in the car than in the mine 

sample, and 14 cases show less. The average amount gained in the 35 samples 

is 0.2tl per cent, and the averag_e loss in 14 samples is 0.33 per cent. 

The general average of the sulphur in all analyses show:,; an inerease in the car 

sample above that contained in the mine sample. This inerease is therefore 

regarded as general and as due to more rigid exelusion of impurities in selecting 

the mine sample than the miners exercised in loading commercial coal. The 

coefficient of increase in the 50 samples at hand is 1.04. Therefore it is probable 

that in mine sampling for the purpose of determining the amount of sulphur in 

the commercial output of the mine i.t is necessary to multiply the amount in the 

mine sample by this coefficient of 1.04. When the per cent of sulphur is small, 

the amount to be added is insignificant and may be disregarded; but when the 

percentage is large, the increase is correspondingly great and should be taken 

into consideration. 

ASH. 

The greatest and most constant variation in the, two classes of samples is in 

the ash. This was found to be so different in the car sample from what it was in 

the mine .samples that allowance should be made for the difference in all careful 

sampling foi· commereial purposes. 

In the 50 analyses compared 46 show a greater amount of ash in the car 

sample and 4 show a smaller amount than in the mine sample. This is so nearly 

unanimous that it may be regarded as a general rule. The total ash in the mine 

samples, as shown in the t'1ble, is 418.36 per cent. Th~ total ash in the car 

samples is 545.3'7 per cent. 545.3'1 ...;- 418.36 = 1.3. If, therefore, the amount of 

ash in any given mine sample be multiplied by this coefficient, 1.3, the result 

will be approximately the amount of .ash that may be expected in the commercial 

output of the mine. 
154 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

As shown by the footings of the table, 46 samples show a gain of 130.94 per 

cent and 4 samples show a loss of 3. 94 per cent. The net result is thPorefore a 

gain of 130.94 - 3. 94 = 127 per cent. Since this is based on the analyses of 50 

samples, the average gain in each case is 127 + 50= 2.54 per cent. · 

Since many of the cars were loaded with run-of-mine coal, it seems possible that 

this grade of coal is responsible for the great increase in the percentage of ash. 

If a separation is made on this basis it is found that of the 50 samples 29 con!-list 

of run-of-mine coal. The 29 samples of run-of-mine coal show an excess of only 

2.31 per cent, or 0.23 per cent less than the average. Not only is the average 

excess of run-of-mine coal less than the general average for the whole, but also 

the 29 samples of run-of-mine coal include all of the -cases (4 in number) in which 

the ash in the mine ~ample exceeds the ash in the car samples. From these figures 

it is obvious that the great excess of ash in the car samples was not due to the fact 

that the samples consisted of run-of-mine coal. 

As might be expected, the personal element enters into the question of sampling 

to a considemble extent. In the present case A collected 23 samples, and the 

average per cent of ash in the car samples collected by him exceeds the average 

amount of ash in his mine samples by 2.4 per cent. B collected 16 samples, and 

the excess in his case amounts to 3.4(:) per cent. C collected 8 samples, and the 

excess is 1.66 per cent. D collected only 3 samples, but it is manifestly unsaJe 

to generalize from so small an amount. ·with regard to the samples collected 

by A, R, and C, however, the results are apparently reliabJe, and they show that 

B was probably much more careful in' excluding impurities from his mine samples 

than the others, and, consequently, the excess ash in his car samples is large. A 

attained about the happy medium, and his samples show an excess (2.4 per cent) 

only a little below the average excess (2.54 per cent) for the whole. C, on the 

other hand, has a much smaller excess, and in his mine sampling much more of 

the ii:npurities were included than in the samples of A and B, but even in this 

case there was an appreciable _excess in the car samples. 

As stated on a previous page, the rules and regulations adopted for mine 

sampling in this work aimed to procure samples that would correspond with t_he 

commercial product of the mine. The results just given show that this end 

was not attained, and furthermore, they show that a strong personal element 

necessarily comes in whin·e certain things are left to the judgment of the sampler. Such a system may be· fairly satisfactory where one man does all the 

.sampling, but this is seldom possible. In the light of the results obtained in 

this work, it seems to the writer that some arbitrary system that will eliminate 

the personal equation entirely is much better for general work, and therefore 

he would recommend the following method of mine sampling: 
, FIELD WORK. 155 

PROPOSED METHOD OF MINE SAMPLING. 

1. Select a fresh face of coal and clean it of all powder stains and other 

impurities. 

2. Cut a cbannel perpendicularly across the face of the coal from roof to 

floor, with the exceptions noted in 3, of such a size as to yield at least 5 pounds 

of coal per foot of thickness of coal bed-that is 5 pounds. for a bed 1 foot 

thick, 10 pounds for a bed 2 feet thick, 20 pounds for a bed 4 feet thick, and 

so on. 

3. All material encountered in such a cut should be included in the sample, 

except partings or binders over one-fourth inch in thickness, and except all 

lenses or concretions of sulphur or other impurities greater than 2 inches in 

maximum diameter and one-half inch in thickness. 

4. ?'he sample may be sent to the laboratory as it· is cut, or it may at once 

be quartered down to about a quart sample. If it is quartered down it should 

be pulverized to about three-eighths inch, and after it has been thoroughly mixed 

it should be divided into quarters, and opposite quartel's should be thrown away. 

The operation of mixing and quartering should be repeated until the desired 

sample is obtained. The operation of pulverizing and quartering should be done 

as rapidly as possible to prevent a serious change in the moisture content, and 

then the. sample should be sealed in either a glass ja1~ or screw-top can, bound 

with tire tape, and sent to the laboratory for analysis. 

5. The analysis of such a sample will' show the grade of coal that may be 

obtained by careful' mining and picking. In the great majority of cases the 

sulphur and ash in the commercial output of the mine will exceed the amount 

obtained from the sample, but this cau be approximated by multiplying by certain coefficients. The coefficients determined in the work of last year will not be 

strictly applicable, since the sampling. was not done under this system, but they 

are approximately correct and can be .used until more accurate coefficients are 

determined. When sufficient data is at hand it seems possible that specific'coefficients may be determined for certain fields-t.hat is to say, a coefficient may be 

fixed for the Appalachian field, another coefficient for the eastern interior field, 

etc., and finally coefficients may be determined for local subdivisions of the-larger 

fields, or for certain beds of coal within that field. 

6. All descriptions of samples should state definitely how the samples were 

procured, so that the reader may judge for himself the value of the results 

obtained, and where analyses are recalculated the coefficients of increase or 

decrease should be given, together with the authority for using this coefficient or 

the data from which .it has been determined. 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

By MAmus R. CAMPBELL. 

INTRODUCTION. 

NEED OF A SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION. 

The classes of coals recognized in this country at the present time are various. 

They depend largely upon physical characteristics rather than upon chemical 

composition, and consequently they can not be accurately defined. The divisions 

into anthracite, semianthracite, and semi bituminous are fairly· satisfactory; but 

the term bituminous embraces such a variety of coals that it is of little value, 

and the term lignite is so loosely applied that it has little or no place in a scientific 

classification. 

At present there IS no way of accurately defining the varwus classes of coal, 

because no adequate scheme of classification which applies to lignites as well as 

to bituminous coal and anthracite has been proposed. The object of this paper is 

to propose such a scheme. The data. upon which it is based were obtained during 

the past year by Prof. N. W. Lord, in charge of the chemical laboratory of the 

United States Geological Survey coal-testing plant at the Louisiana Purchase 

Exposition, St. Louis. 

CLASSIFICATIONS PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED. 

All of the classifications of coals that were proposed prior to 187'7 were based 

either on physical characteristics or on proximate analyses, including all of the 

impurities. These schemes are illogical and highly unsatisfactory, for the physical 

properties of a coal give little indication of its true composition; and impurities, 

such as ash and sulphur, are largely the results of accidents during the deposition 

of the coal and are not directly related to its fuel value. 

l'J<JNNSYLV ANIA CLASSIFICATION. 

The first serious attempt in this country to establish a scientific classification of 

coals was made by Persifor Frazer, jr., while engaged in work as assistant geologist 

on the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. The results of his investigations 

156 
CLASSII<'ICATION OF COALS. 157 

along this line were first presented to the Ame.rican Institute of Mining Engineers 

at their Wilkesbarre meeting in May, 1877. They were published in Volume VI 

of the Transactions of the Institute, and also appeared in Report MM of the 

Second Geological Survey, in 1879. This classification was based on fuel ratios, and 

fuel ratio was described as the quotient of the fixed carbon divided by the volatile 

combustible matter. .Fuel ratios were calculated for a great many Pennsylvania 

coals, and after a careful comparison with the coals themselves the following 

elassification was adopted: 

Classification of Pennsylvan'ia coals. 

Fuel ratios. 

Anthracite ............................................ --.-- ...... -- ... -- ............ -- 100 to 12. 

Semianthracite .................... .' ........................... ------.................. 12 to 8 

Sen1ibituminous ............................................ --.-- .... -....... --........ 8 to 5 

BituminouH .............................................. -•- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5 to 0 

This scheme worked very satisfactorily for the Pennsylvania coals, but the 

selection of the name semibituminous was unfortunate, since its application is 

directly at variance with the true meaning of the word. 

The great advantage of the scheme over those previously used 1s that it is 

based on certain definite constituents of the coal, and these constituents, in a 

geneml way, determine the fuel value of the coal; but when an attempt was made 

to apply this classification to the various coals of the United States' it was found 

to be inapplicable. 

It failed· in two particulars, (1) in groupi11g all of the coals with a fuel ratio 

of 5 or les:,; into one dass, and (2) in making no provision for lignite, which now 

has become the chief source of fuel in many parts of the ¥1' est. 

The failure to define ligi1ite is generally regarded as the more serious defect, 

but, in the opinion of the writer, this is no more serious than that of including 

in one great group all of the bituminous coals of the country. This plan places 

the low-grade coal:,; of Iowa and Missouri in the same class, and, inferentially, 

gives them much the same value as the New River and Kanawha River coals of 

West Virginia and the great Pittsburg bed of Pennsylvania. This is manifestly 

unjust, and it is enough to condemn the scheme without reference to the lignites, 

which have no place in the classification except with the bituminous coals. 

CLASSIFICATION OF LIGNITES. 

One of the characteristi? features of lignite i:,; the large percentage of moisture 

that it contains, and some geologists have proposed to use this fact as a basis of 

separation between it and low-grade bituminous _coal. Collier a proposed a moisture 

«Coal resources of the Yukon, Alaska: Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 218, 1903. 
158 OPEUA'.riONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

content. of 10 per cent as the basis of separation between bituminous coal and 

lignite. According to his scheme all coals having a percentage of moisture equal 

to or greater than 10 should be considered lignite, and all those having_ a percentage 

less than 10 should be considered bituminous. 

The results obtained at St. Louis during the past summer clearly show 

that this is not a safe basis for a scientific division into these two great classes 

of coal, for the reason that many of the well-recognized bituminous coals of 

the Mississippi Valley contain a greater amount of moisture than 10 per cent, 

and it would be manifestly incorrect to class them as lignite, or even lignitic · 

coal. 

The results above referred to show that 3 samples of Illinois coal, 2 samples 

of Indiana coal, 5 samples of Iowa coal, 2 samples of Missouri coal, and 1 

sample of Montana coal contain more than 10 per cent of moisture in the 

sample as received from the mines or fl'Om the carload after shipment to St. 

Louis. Moreover, three of the above-named samples showed more than 10 per 

cent of moisture after air drying until the weight of the sample had become 

fairly constant. On the other hand, samples of black lignite from New Mexico 

contain 9.13, 9.68, and 9.40 per cent. of moisture, the samples having been 

cut in the mine and at once sealed in air-tight cans before they were sent to 

the laboratory for analysis. These facts show conclusively that the moisture 

content is not a feature upon which a classification can· be based. 

DISCUSSION 01!' OTHER SCHEMES OF CLASSH'ICA'l'ION. I 

The analytical work done at the coal-testing laboratory at St. Louis affords 

an excellent opportunity for testing various schemes of classification. Proximate :tnd ultimate analyses were made of 56 samples of coal, representing the . 

classes of brown lignite, black lignite, low-grade bituminous, high-grade bituminous, 

semibituminous, and anthracite coal. 

FUEL RATIO. 

In order to test the possibility of . using the various constituents of the 

coal, as determined by both proximate and ultimate analyses, as a basis for a 

scheme of classification, a number of tables have ·been prepared. The first 

table shows the samples clasJ'lcd according to their fuel ratios (Pennsylvania 

system): 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

TABLE I.-Cla.~siftcation of coals accordi1ig to fttelmtios. 

Nttme of sample. Name of bed or field. 

Pennsylvania No.3 .............. · ........ Anthracite .................................. :. 

Arkansas No.5 .......................... Spadra bed ..... : ........................... .. 

Arkarlsas No.2 .......................... Huntington bed .............................. . 

West Virginia No. 11 .................... Pocahontas bed ............................. .. 

West Virginia No. 12.................... Pocahontas field ........................... c .•• 

\Vest Virginia No. 10 ......................... do ...................................... . 

Arkansas No.!. ......................... Huntington bed ............................. .. 

West Virginia No.7.................... New River field .............................. . 

Arkansas No.3 .......................... Huntington bed .............................. . 

West Virginia No. 6 ..................... New River field .............................. . 

West Virginia No.4 ..................... Upper"Freeport bed .......................... . 

West Virginia No. 9..... .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. Kauaw ha field .................... , .......... . 

West Virginia ~~o .. ) ..................... Upper Freeport bed ....... : ..... · ..... .. 

Pennsyh•ania No.4 ...................... Connellsville field ............................ . 

West Virginia No. 3. , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . Upper Freeport bed ......................... .. 

West Virginia No.8 ..................... Kanawha field .............................. .. 

Illinois No.3 ....................... , ... Marion County ................................ . 

Kansas No. 5 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . • . .. .. .. Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... .. 

Alabama No. 1 . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. Warrior field ................................. . 

Alabama No.2 ............................... do ...................................... . 

Kentucky No. L .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. Eastern field .................................. . 

Kansas No . .1 ........................... \Yeir-Pittsbnrg bed .......................... .. 

Kansas No. 2 ................................ do ...................................... . 

West Virginia No. L.................... Pittsburg bed ............................... .. 

Iowa No. L ............................. \Yapello County ..................... · ........ . 

Illinois No.6 ............................ l\fontgomery County ......................... . 

Indian Territory No.1. .................. Henryetta bed ............................... . 

Illinois No. 4 .............. · . ~-. . . . . . . . . . . Belleville field ........................ _ .... _ .. 

Iowa No.5 ................... : .......... Lucas County ......................... · ....... . 

Indian Territory No.2 ................... Hartshorne bed ................... · ........... . 

New Mexico No.1....................... Black lignite, Gallup field ................... .. 

Kentucky No.4 .......................... Western field ................................ . 

Indian Territory No.3 ................... McAlester bed ............................... . 

Kansas No.4 ............................ Atchiso)l field ................................ . 

Kentucky No.3 ......................... Western field ................................ . 

159 

Fuel 

ratio. 

10.22 

5. 75 

4.53 

4. 19 

4. 12 

4.04 

3.82 

3.58 

3.43 

3.34 

2.1() 

2. 12 

2.05 

2.03 

1. 93 

1. 83 

1. 72 

1. 70 

1. 67 

1. 5fj 

1. 56 

] .• ')1 

1. 49 

1. 49 

1. 47 

1. 45 

1. 40 

1. 37 

1. 36 

I. 34 

1. 33 

1. 29 

1. 28 

1. 27 

1. 27 

West Virginia No.2 ..... : ............... Pittsburg bed ......... ~....................... 1.25 

Indiana No.1. .......................... SullivanCounty............................... 1.22 

Kentucky ~ o. 2........... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. Western field .. .. .. • .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1. 19 

l\iontanaNo. !..: ....................... RedLodge.................................... 1..17 

Colorado No. L......................... Black lignite, Boulder field.................... 1. 16 

lndian Territory No.4 ................. ·.. McAlester bed .... ~........................... 1. 16 

:Missouri No. 1.. ................... ... .. Rich Hill field ............ ~................... 1.15 
160 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TABLE I.--c-Clasl!'ijicat·ion of coals according to fuel ratios-Continued. 

Name of sample. Name of bed or field. 

Indiana No.2. __________ ---- ___ ... _----- Warrick County .. _______ ------ _____ ----- _____ _ 

Iowa No. 2 _______________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ ·Marion County _______________________________ _ 

Missouri No. 2 ____ -. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Bevier field __________________________________ _ 

Iowa No.4 .. ____ ---- ______ ---------- ____ Appanoose County ____ -- _____________________ _ 

New Mexico No. 2 ______________ -. _____ .

1 Black lignite, Galin p field ____________________ _ 

Illinois No. 1 _ .. _--. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Belleville field ______ . ____________________ . ___ -~ 

North Dakota No. 2 ________ . _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Brown lignite, Williston field ____ . _______ • ____ _ 

W yorning No. L ________________ . ______ . Black lignite, Sheridan field ___________ . _______ _ 

Texas No. 2. ____ . __________ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Brown lignite, ·wood County _____ . ___________ _ 

Wyoming No. 2. __________ . ________ . ____ Cambria field _______________ . _______ . _______ ,_ 

Missouri No.4-----·-------------------- l\'forgan Co.unty -------------------------·------

Iowa No. 3 .. ______ , __ . _________ --. ____ . Polk County _______________________ .. _. ______ _ 

North Dakota No. 1 _______________ . _ _ _ _ _ Brown lignite, Lehigh field ___________ . ___ . ___ . 

Texas No. L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Brown lignite, Houston County ________ ~ ______ . 

Fuel 

ratio. 

1.14 

1. 13 

1. 13 

1.11 

1. 09 

1. 06 

1. 06 

1. 05 

]. 02 

1. 00 

.99 

. \l.'i 

.87 

. 68 

The table given above shows clearly that the figures denoting fuel ratios are 1_1ot 

satisfactory as a basis of classification. So far as the upper part of the column is 

conccmed it works perfectly, the anthracite being sharply differentiated from the 

semibituminous coals which follow; but in the lower part of the column there is 

great confusion and absolutely no indication of a line of separation between the 

bituminous coals and lignites. The conclusion, therefore, is inevitable that for any 

general scheme of classifimttion applicable to the various grades of coal in this 

country, fuel ratios are not adequate and must be discarded. 

FIXED CARBON. 

In thi:; connection it may be interesting to compare the percentages of fixed 

carbon, as shown by the proximate analyses. In Table II the ash is classed as-an 

impurity and the percentages arc obtained by regarding the moisture, volatile comhu:;tiblc matter, and fixed carbon of the analysis of the air-dried sample as 100 

per cent: TABLE II.-Cla.~s(ficnl'ion of coal.~ accord·ing to content of.fi.Ted carbon. 

Name of sample. N~tme of bed or field. 

Pennsy I vania No. 3 _______ . _ ... __ .... _ _ _ _ Anthracite. _ ..... ___________________ ... _. ___ .. 

Arkansas No. 5 ____ . _______________ . _ _ _ _ _ Spadra bed _ ........ _________________ . _ .. _. _ .. 

Ark'ansas No.3 ..... __ · __ . ____ ... _____ .... Huntington bed .. ___ -"-- _____________________ _ 

West Virginia No. 11----~ ............... , Pocahontas bed ...... ____________ .. ___ ...... .. 

West Virginia No. 12 ______ .... __________ Pocahontas field _____________ ------ .. __ . ____ __ 

Percentage of 

fixed car- bon. 

88.82 

83.95 

81.25 

80.00 

79.94 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

TABLE IT .-Classification of corr.l.l according to content of .fixed cur/Jon-Continued. 

-----------------------

Name of .san1ple. Name of bed or field. 

West Virginia No. 10. __ ................. Pocahontas field ................ · ............. . 

Arkansas No.1.......................... Huntington bed .............................. . 

West Virginia No.7 ................ ··: .. New River field ......................... _ .... . 

Arkai1sas No.3 .......................... Huntington bed ................ _ ............. . 

West Virginia No.6 ..................... New RiYer field .............................. . 

West Virginia No 4 ..................... Upper Freeport bed ................ --~ ....... . 

West Virginia No. 9 ..................... Kanawha field ............. _ ................ _. 

Pennsylvania No.4 ...................... Conncllsyille field ................ _ ....... _ ... . 

West Virginia No.5 ..................... Upper Freeport be<l. ........ _· __ .............. . 

\Vest Virginia No.3 ........... ·----- .......... do ...................................... . 

\Vest Virginia No. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kanawha field ........................... _ ... . 

Kansas No .. 5.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·weir-Pittsburg bed ............ _ ...... _ ...... . 

Alabama No.1. ___ ...... __ ......... _ .. __ Warrior field ...... _ ..... _ .. _ ..... ___ ...... _ .. _ 

Kentucky No. 1. ...................... _. Eastern field .......... _ ....... __ ... _ .. ____ .. _. 

Alabama No. 2 _- .................... _ . . . . Warrior field ...................... __ . _ .... _ .. 

West Virginia No. 1 ........... __ ........ Pittsburg bed .. _ .... _ ... _ ... _ ......... _._ .... . 

Uinois No.3 ............................ Marion County .............................. . 

Kansas No.2 ............................ Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... . 

Kansas No. L ......... __ ............ ____ ..... do ...................................... . 

Indian Territory No.2 ................... Hart~horne bed ............................. .. 

Indian Territory No. 1................... Henryetta bP.d .................. _ ........ _ ... . 

Iowa No.1. ............................. Wapello County ............. _ ............... . 

Illinois No.6 ............................ Montgomery County ........................ .. 

West Virgii1ia No.2 ..................... Pittsburg bed ................. _ .............. . 

Kentucky No.4 ......................... Western field ............................... .. 

Indian Territory No. 3................... McAlester bed ..................... __ . ______ .. 

Kan>as No. 4 ......................... _.. Atchison field ............................... . 

Kentucky No. 3 ................. _....... Western field ................................ . 

Iowa No. 5.. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . Lucas County................... .. ........... . 

'Mis~ouri No.1 .......................... Rich Hill field ............................... . 

Kentucky No.2 ......................... Western field ................................ . 

Indian Territory No.4................... McAlester bed .............................. .. 

New Mexico No.1....................... Black lignite, Gallup field ................... .. 

Illinois No.4 ••• : ........................ Belleville field ............... _ ............... . 

Indiana No. 1. ...................... _... Sullivan Cou{lty ...... _ ..................... .. 

Indiana No. 2. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. W ar_rick County .......... __ ................. . 

Montana No.1 .......................... Red Lodge .................................. . 

Wyoming No. 2 ... __ ...... __ ..... ___ .... Cambria field ................ _ ............ _ .. . 

Illinois No. 1. .......... __ ............ __ . Belleville field .............................. .. 

Missouri No. 2 ...... __ .. _ ... _ ....... _... Bevier field .................... _ ............. . 

Missouri No. 4 ...... _................... l\1organ County ..... _ ..... __ , ................ . 

13-No. 48-06-11 · 

161 

Percentage of 

fixed car- bon. 

79.61 

78. 1\l 

77.56 

76. 71 

76.42 

67.57 

67.24 

67.05 

66.77 

65. 14 

63.61 

61.62 

fll. 49 

59.73 

59. 15 

59. 13 

59.00 

58.28 

57.58 

56. 15 

55.84 

55. 72 

55.fl6 

54.83 

54.7H 

53.90 

53.56 

52.35 

51.50 

51. 21 

51.06 

50.6H 

50.49 

"50. 26 

49.51 

4H.44 

. 48.47 

48."11 

47.61 

47.19 

. 46.97 
162 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TABLE II.-Cluss'ijication of coals accor-cl,ing to content of jb;ed carbon-Continued. 

Name of sample. Nam~ of bed or field. 

( 

New Mexico No.2 ...................... Black lignite, Gallup field .................... . 

Iowa No.4 ............................. Appanoose County ..... , ..................... . 

Iowa No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marion County ............................... . 

Iowa No. 3 ............................. Polk County ....•............................. 

Colorado No. L......................... Black lignite, Boulder field ................... . 

Texas No.2 ............................. Brown lignite, Wood County·········-········ 

North Dakota No. 2 ..................... Brown lignite, "Williston field ................. . 

Wyoming No. L ........................ Black lignite, Sheridan field .................. . 

North Dakota No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brown lignite, Lehigh field ................... . 

Texas No. 1................... . . . . . . . . . . Brown lignite, Houston County ............... . 

[Percent- age of 

fixed car- bon. 

46.83 

46.57 

46.56 

46.16 

45.!:16 

44.47 

42.33 

41.55 

38.30 

34.06 

Since the carbon of coal is its most pr~dominant element, a classification 

ha8ed on the fixed carbon naturally agree.s very closely with the fnel ratios where 

the volatile combustible matter is small; hence in the upper part of the column 

the arrangement is fairly satisfactory, but in the lower part, although low-grade 

hitumi no us coals occur near the bottom of the series, two of the lignites occnr 

considerably above them, and consequently the classification is not sati::lfactory. 

CALORIFIC VALUE. 

The tables just given show that the data supplied by proximate analyses can 

not be used in a seientitic classifieation of coals. The only other simple method 

is by means of calorific value;; determined in !L calorimeter. At the laboratory of 

the testing plant these were determined in a Mahler bomb calorimeter. They 

have been recalculated on a basis of pure coni-that' is, by excluding the, ash as 

so much inert matter-and the results are given in Table lli: 

~l'ADLE III.-Classification of coals w:mrding to calorific value. 

Name of sample. Name of bed or field. B. T. !J.a __________ , ______ , 

West Virginia No. 10................... Pocahontas field ........ ' .................... . 

\Vest Virginia No. 12· ...............•........ do ...................................... . 

West Virginia No. 11 ................... Pocahontas bed .............................. . 

West Virginia No. 6 ........•........... New River field ............................. . 

\Vest ,Virginia No. 7 ................... · ...... do ...................................... . 

Pennsylvania No. 4..................... Connellsville field ........................... . 

Arkansas No. 3 ......................... Huntington bed ............................. . 

West Virginia No. 4 .................... Upper Frec'port bed ......................... . 

West Virginia No. 9 .................... Kanawha field ............................... . 

aBritish thermnl unit!'<. 

15,927 

15,833 

15, 786 

15, 743 

15,647 

15,506 

15,482 

15,440 

15,417 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 163 

TABLE III.-Classificat,ion of coals according to calorific value-Continued. 

---------------------------------.----------------------------------------~------

Name ol sample. Name of bed or field. 

Arkansas No. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntington bed ............................. . 

West VirginiaNo. 5 .................... Upper Freeport bed-----·····--·-············ 

Arkansas No.!. ........................ Huntington bed ............................. . 

West Virginia No.3 .................... Upper Freeport bed ........................•. 

West Virginia No.8 .................... Kanawha field ............................... . 

Arkansas No.5 ......................... Spadra bed ................................... . 

West Virginia No.1. .................. Pittsburg bed ................................ . 

West Virginia No. 2 ............... ---~ ....... do ...................... _ ..... __ ........ . 

Kentucky ·No. 1 ....................... Eastern field ................................. . 

Pennsylvania No. 3 ..................... Anthracite .............................. __ ... . 

Alabama No. ·1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrior field ............. __ ....... ____ .. _ .. _. 

Kansas No.5 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... . 

Indian Territory No. 2 .... -.......... ·. . . . Hartshorne bed .............................. . 

Kansas No.2 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed····-··-·····------------.--· 

Kentucky No.4 ..................... : .. "'estern field ................................. . 

Kansas ~o. !. .......................... Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... . 

Missouri No.4 ................ -......... Morgan County .............................. . 

Alabama No. 2 ........ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·warrior field ... _ ....... _ . _ ... _ . _ ... ___ . _ .. _ . _ 

Kansas No. 4.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atchison field ............ _ .... _ . _ ........ ___ . 

Indian Territory No. 1.................. Henryetta bed .................. _ ............ . 

Indian Territory No.3 .................. McAlester bed ............................... . 

·Missouri No. 1.......................... Rich Hill field •..... __ .... _ .. ______ .. _ .. ___ .. . 

Kentucky No.2 ...•..................... Western field ................................ . 

Kentucky No. 0 .....•••.•..•••.......•..••. do···········--·----.-----------··--~------

Illinois No.3 ........................... Marion County ......... .' ................... . 

Iowa No. 1......................... . . . . Wapelio County . _ ....... __ .. _ . _ ... _. __ . _ .. _ .. 

Iowa No.2 ............................. Marion County., ............................ , 

Iowa No. 3 ............................. Polk County ................................. . 

Indiana No. 2 .......................... Warrick County ..... -.·-._ ......... __ ........ . 

Wyoming No.2 ................ , ....... Cambria field ................................ . 

Illinois No. 1........................... Belleville field ... ·._ .... _ .. __ ._._ .. __ . ____ .... . I 

Indiana No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sullivan County .... , .... _ ..... _ .. ____ . _. __ .. _ 

Indian Territory No.4 .................. McAlester bed ..•................... : ........ . 

Illinois No. 6 ................... •....... Montgomery County ........ _ ....... _. ___ .... _. 

Iowa No.5 .... ------------·-------·--·- Lucas County ..•............................. 

Iowa No. 4 ............................. Appanoose. County ........................... . 

Missouri No.2 ........................... Bevier field ........ : ....... · ................•. 

New Mexico No.2 ...................... Black lignite, Gallup field ................ · ... . 

Illinois No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belleville field .. _ ........... _ . _ . _ . _ .. _ ..... __ .. 

New Mexico No. 1...................... Black lignite, Gallup field ... _. ___ ...... ___ ... . 

Montana No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . Red Lodge ..•..••.. _ ..... _. _ ... _ ... ________ .. 

B T. U. 

15,399 

15,396 

15,393 

15,325 

Vi, 277 

l5,270 

15, 129 

15,048 

14, 984 

14,906 

14,833 

14,795 

14,624 

14,535 

14,394 

14,2SO 

14,276 

14,232 

14,120 

11,076 

14,054 

13,997 

13,83() 

13, 702 

13,689 

13,646 

13,471_ 

13,443 

13,340 

13,331 

13,268 

13,232 

13,151 

13,0!:15 

12, 711 

12,683 

12,638 

12,629 

12,469 

12,309 

12,139 
164 OPERATTONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TARLE III.-Cla8s1ficatiort of coals accord·ing to calorific value-Continued. 

---------- ---,--

Name of sample. Name of bed or field. B. T. TJ. __________ , ______ , _______ ---- ----------

Colorado No. L-------·----------------- Black lignite, Boulder field-------------------

North Dakota No.1 .................... Brown lignite, Lehigh field---~---------------

Texas No. 1 __ ... __ . __ .... _. _ .. __ " .. _. _. Brown lignite, Houston County ... _ .. _ .. __ .... I 

11,525 

11,465 

10,990 

Texas No. 2 ........ _ .. ____ .. _______ .. __ Brown lignite, Wood County ...... ____ .... ____ 10,881 

Wyoming No. 1 .. _ .... __ ...... __ _ __ __ __ Black lignite, Sheridan field ____ .. __ ...... __ __ 10, 876 

North Dakota No. 2 _~ .. __ --~ ... --I Brown lignite, Williston field ........ ___ .. ~ 10, 174 

The results shown by the table are fairly satiHfactory, so far as the lower 

part of the scale is concerned. The lignites are more nearly grouped than in 

any of the preceding tables, but there is still some uneertainty about the dividing 

line between them and the bituminous coals. The scheme of elassifieation fails 

in the upper ·part, as many of the bituminous coals are of higher calorific value 

than the best grades of anthracite .. 

HYDROGEN. 

As the results obtained by proximate analyses and the determination of 

calorific values afford no basis for classification, the only recourse is to the 

elements shown in an ultimate analysis. Heretofore ultimate analyses have 

iwt been regarded as important and lew have been made. All coals, however, 

that were tested at St. Louis during the past season were analyzed in this m:wner, 

and the results affol'd a fairly satisfactory mass of evidence upon which· to base 

conclusions. In every ease the analysis of the air-dried sample is used, and the 

percentages are recalculated on the basis of excluding ash and sulphur. The 

classification baRed on percentages of hydrogen is as follows: 

TAm~>J IV.-Cla~s\ficatiun of coal8 according to content of hydrogen. 

Name of sample. Name of bed or field. Perccntuge of 

hydrogen. 

------------------·------

Pennsylvania No.8 ...................... Anthracite ................................... -I 3. 39 

Arkansas No. 5 ....... __ ................ Spadra bed ..................... --.- .. ------.. 4. 36 

\Vest Virginia No. 11 .. -~---------· ------ Pocahontas bed ......... ---------- ...... -----'- 4.58 

Arkansas No. 2 _ .... _. ____ ... __ .. _ .. __ .. Huntington bed ......... __ ................ .. .. 4. 65 

Arkansas No.1------------------------- ..... do--------------------------------------- 4.66 

West Virginia No. 7 .. ___ ................ New River field ..................... --........ 4. 67 

Arkansas No.3 ..................... : ... Huntington bed............................... 4.68 

WeRt Virginia No. 12 ........ __ ......... _ Pocahontas field .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4. 72 

West Virginia No. 10 ................ : ... __ ... do . .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 4. 83 

West Virginia No. 6 .. ____ ............... New River field ....... __ ...................... 4. 99 
CJ ... ASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

TABLE IV:-Cla.s.sijication of coals according to content of hydrogen-Continued. 

Name of sample. N arne of bed or ficlfl. 

165 

Percentage of 

hydrogen. 

------------ ~------ ----

West Virginia No.4 .. _ .................. Upper Freeport bed ......................... .. 5.35 

\.YestVirginia~o. 5 .......................... do···---~---··· ........................ . 5.38 

West Virginia No. 9 ..................... Kanawha field ............................... . 5.46 

Alabama No. 2 .......................... Warrior field ................. ,. _ ........... ~ .. 5.54 

Pennsylvania No. 4 .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. Connellsville field ........................... .. 5.54 

West Virginia No.3 ..................... Upper Freeport bed .. __ ..... __ ........... _ .. .. 5.54 

Kentucky No.4 ......................... Western field ............................... .. 5.62 

West Virginia No. 8 .................. : .. Kanawha field .............. _ ............... .. 5.62 

West Virginia No.1 ..................... Pittsburg bed ................................ . 5.67 

Illinois No. 3 .... , .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . Marion County .... _ ......................... . 5.68 

Kentucky No.1 ......................... Eastern field ................................ .. 5.68 

Indian Territory No. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. McAlester bed ............ ~ ........... _ ..... .. 5. 70 

Alabama No.1 ......................... .' Warriorfield ................................. . 5. 73 

Indian Territory No. 2 .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . Hartshorne bed ........................ _ ..... . 5.74 

West Virginia No. 2..................... l'ittslmrg bed .... _ ............... _ ......... _ .. 5. i5 

Kansas No.5 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... .. 5.81 

Indian Territory No. 1 .................. Henryetta bed ............................... . 5.86 

Indian Territory ·No. 4 ......... ~- . . . . . . . . McAlester bed . _. . ........ _ .............. _ .. . 5.86 

IowaNo.l ............................. WapelloCounty .............................. . 5.88 

Texas No.2 ............................ Brown lignite, Wood County ................. . 5.90 

Kansas No.1 ........................... Weir-l'itt~burg bed ............ .' ............ .. 5.95 

Illinois No. 6 .............. _............ Montgomery County ................... : .. _ .. . 6.04 

Montana No.1 ................ : ........ Red Lodge .................................. . 6.04 

North Dakota No. 2 ...................... Brown lignite, Williston field ................ . 6.05 

Kansas No.2 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed ......................... .. 6.06 

North Dakota No. l. .................... Brown lignite, Lehigh field ................. .. 6.08 

Kentucky No. 3. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . Western . field ... _ .................... _ ...... . 6.12 

Kentucky No, 2 .............................. do ...................................... . 6. 13 

Illinois No.4 ........................... Belleville field .............................. .. 6.14 

Wyoming No. 2 .·.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. Cambria field ... , ............................ . 6.17 

Colorado No. l . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Black lignite, Boulder field ................. .. 6.18 

Illinois No. 1........................... Belleville field .... _ ......................... .. 6.21 

New Mexico No. 1. ..................... Black lignite, Gallup field ................... .. _6. 21 

Indiana No.1 .... _. ... _ ............... : .. Sullivan Co11nty ............................ .. 6.22 

Towa No. 2............................. Marion County .............................. . 6.22 

Indiana No.2' ....................... ,., .. Warrick County ............................ .. 6.24 

Missouri No.1 .......................... Rich Hill field ...................... : ....... . 6.26 

Iowa No. 4............................. Appanoose County ........... ~ ............... .. 6.32 

Iowa No.3 ............... ······-~······· Polk County ... ." ............................ _. 6.35 

New Mexico No.2 ..... -................. Black lignite, Gallup field .................. ~ .. . 6.35 

.I 

.. ..._ 
166 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TABLE IV.-Clas.~ificat,ion of coals according to content of hydrogen-Continued. 

Name of sample Name of bed or field. 

Percentage of 

hydrogen. 

Kansas No.4 ....•...................... Atchison field ............ ~................... 6.37 

Missouri No.2 .......................... Bevier field................................... 6. 41 

Iowa No. 5............................. Lucas County................................. 6. 44 

Wyoming No. L........................ Black lignite, Sheridan field................... G. 44 

Missouri No. 4.......... . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . Morgan County................... .. .. . .. .. .. . G. 46 

Texas No. 1 .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. Brown lignite, Houston County_............... 6. 62 

The results are fairly satisfactory as regards the highly carbonized coals, but 

e\'en in this part of the column the difference between Pennsylvania anthracite 

and the semi bituminous eoals of Arkansas and West Virginia is not very well, 

marked. The greatest difficulty, however, in using hydrogen as a basis for 

elassiHcation is in the lower grades of bituminous toals and lignites. As shown 

in the table, lignites are very regularly distributed throughout a range of from 

5.90 per cent to 6.62 per cent, the last iri the table. It is manifest that the 

percentage of hydmgen is of no use for purposes of classification. 

CARBON. 

Classification according to carbon cont~nt Js much better, as is shown by 

Table V. 

TABLE V.-Classification of coeds according to content of car/Jon. 

- ~~~~ ---- ~- -----.--

Nume of sample. · Name of bed or field. 

Pennsylvania No.3 ..................... Anthracite ... · .................................. . 

West ,rirginiaNo.lO .................... Pocahontasficld ............................ .. 

vVest Virginia No. 12 ......................... do ...................................... . 

Arkansas No.2 ......................... Huntington bed ............................... l 

Arkansas No. 5 . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . Spadra bed .................................. . 

West Virginia No. 11 .................... Pocahontas bed .............................. . 

West Virginia No. 6 ..................... New River field .. _ .......................... .. 

Arkansas No. 1 .. _...................... Huntington bed ............................. .. 

West Virginia No. 7 ..................... New River field ................... _ .......... . 

Arkansas No.3 ......................... Huntington bed .............................. . 

Pennsylvania No.4 ..................... Connellsville field ........................... .. 

West ,Virginia No. 4 ..................... Opper Freeport bed ......................... .. 

vVestVirginiaNo. 5 .......................... do ...................................... . 

"\Vest Virginia No. 3 .................. _ ........ do .................. __ ..... _ ............ . 

West Virginia No. 8 ..................... Kanawha field ....................... _ ..... .. 

vVest Virginia No.9 .......................... do ...................... _ ... ,._._ ....... . 

Percentage of, 

carbon. 

90.73 

90.63 

90.55 

90.18 

90.11 

89.95 

88. 72 

88. 16 

87.95 

87.89 

87.10 

86.26 

85.97 

85.95 

85.86 

85.86 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

TABLE V.-Classijication of coals accord:ing to content of carbon-Continued. 

Name of sample. Name of b~d or field. 

West Virginia No. L .................... Pittsburg bed ................................ . 

Kansas No.5 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed ........................... . 

West Virginia No. 2 ..................... Pittsburg bed ................................ . 

Kansas No. 2 .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . Weir-Pittsburg bed ..... -...................... . 

Alabama No. 1...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrior field ................................ . 

Kentucky No. 1......................... Eastern field ..................... _ .......... .. 

Kansas No. l..... .... . .. ... .. ... . .... . . Weir-Pittsburg bed .. __ ....................... . 

Kentucky No. 4 ........... , ............. Western field ............................... .. 

Kansas No. 4 .................... _ ...... Atchison field .............................. .. 

Indian Territory No. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . Hartshorne bed .............................. . 

Missouri No.4 .......................... Morgan County ............. : ................ . 

Missouri No. i ................... _...... Bich Hill field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .· _ ... . 

Indian Territory No. 3 ................. _. McAlester bed ............................... . 

Alabama No. 2........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . Warrior field .. _ ........ _ ................... _ . 

Indian Territory No.1 .................. Henryetta bed ............................... . 

Iowa No.1 ............................. Wapello County---~--------------------·----· 

Iowa No.3 ............................. Polk County ................................. . 

Kentucky No. 2......................... Western field ............................... .. 

Illinois No. 3 ........................... Marion County ............................... . 

Iowa No.2 .................................. do ...................................... . 

Kentucky No. 3 ......................... 'Vestern field ............................... .. 

Indiana No.2 ........................... Warrick County ............................ .. 

Indian Territory No.4 ................... McAlester bed .................... _ .......... . 

Illinois No. 1 ...... .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belleville field ............. _ ..•............... 

Wyoming No.~--------···-------------- Cambria field ................................ . 

Illinois No. 6 .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Montgomery County ......................... . 

Indiana No. 1. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sullivan Conn ty .. _ ................... _ .. _ ... . 

Iowa No. 4 .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. A ppanoose County ........................ __ .. 

Missouri No. 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bevier field ................. _ ................ . 

Iowa No. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lucas County .......... _ .... · ................. _ 

New Mexico No. 2 . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Black lignite, Gallup field , ................... . 

Illinois No. 4 .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. Belleville field .............................. .. 

New Mexico No.1 ...................... Black lignite, Gallup field .................... .. 

Montana No.1. .......................... RedLodge ................................... . 

Colorado No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black lignite, Boulder field .. _ ......... _ ...... . 

Texas No. 2...... . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . Brown lignite, Wood County ................. . 

Texas No. 1............................. Brown lignite, Houston County ............... . 

Wyoming No. 1 . .. .. . .. • .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Black lignite, Sheridan field .................. . 

North Dakota No. 1 ............. ~....... Brown lignite, Lehigh field .................. .. 

North Dakota No. 2..................... Brown lignite, Williston field ................. _ 

167 

Percentuge of 

carbon. 

84.45 

84.25 

84.01 

83.81 

83.29 

83.03 

82.68 

82.38 

82.27 

82.07 

8l. 22 

80.99 

80.17 

80.10 

79.69 

78.96 

78.08 

77.85 

77.67 

77.59 

77.52 

76.89 

76.55 

75.59 

75.15 

74.86 

74.39 

72.86 

72.68 

72.14 

71.35 

. 71. 18 

69. 74 

69.41 

65.71 

64.05 

61.90 

61.7G 

61.4:3 

59.5-1-
168 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

In a general way thiR classification is satisfactor_y, the coals showing a fairly 

regular decrease in amount of carbon from. Pennsylvania anthracite at the top 

to brown lignite of North Dakota at the bottom, but the degree of separation 

between the anthracite and the semibituminou:,; coals is not marked and seemingly 

not so great as the real difference between tho:,;e coals would seem to demand. 

When the table is examined in detail many point:,; seem objectionable; for instan(;e, 

Arkansas No. 5 is a semibituminous coal which, according to the old scheme, 

should certainly follow the anthracite in the I ist, but instead it occurs in· fourth 

place below it. West Virginia No. 11 (Pocahontas) should be in second place 

below the anthracite, but it occurs in the fifth place. Also the lignites are not 

easily distinguished from some of the bituminous coals, and in fact some of the 

lignites occur above Illinois No. 4, which is a well-recognized bituminous coal. 

CARBON-HYDROGEN RATIO. 

The schemes of classification so far given take 1tccount of all the fuel clements 

of the coal or all the elemept:,; upon which a classification can log·ically be ba:,;cd. 

Tho percentage of carbon forms the most stttisfaetory basis of elassification 

so far tried, but carbon is only one of the important fuel elements of coal. 

Hydrogen is almost equally valuable, yet, as has been shown in a previous table, 

this, taken alone, does not afford a satisfactory basis. 

The increase in the value of coal from the grade of brown lignite to that of 

anthracite involves both carbon and hydrogen; it depend:,; upon an increase (or 

at least no diminution) in the amount of the former and a direct loss of the 

latter. For this reason the ideal cla:,;sification should take account of both 

elements. 

Since the percentage· of hydrogen decreases as the percentage of carbon 

increases the two elements should not be combined by addition or by multiplication, for both of· these processes would tend to equalize the results, and this is 

undesirable for purposes of classification. Snbtraetion or division, therefore, 

must be u:,;ed to express the desired relation. The latter seems to be the most 

satisfactory~ and therefore a table has been prepared showing these quotients or 

ratios. 
CLASSIFICATION OF COALS. 

TABLB VI.-Classification of coals according to carbon-hydrogen ratios. 

Nume of sample. N arne of bed or district. 

G1·oup.~ A, B, and C. 

169 

Carbonhydrogen 

ratio. 

Pennsylvania No.3 ................ ______ Anthracite: ............. _ .. ___ ... --.--- ___ ..... 26.7 

Group D. 

Group E. 

Arkan~as No.5 .................. _....... Spadra bed .. ___ ...... _ .......... _ .......... _. 20. 7 

Group F. 

West Virginia No.ll .......... _ .......... Pocahontas bed ....... ____ .................... 19.6 

Arkansas No.2. __ ............ ····'·· ...... Huntington bed .. _____ .................. __ .... HJ. 3 

West Virginia ·No. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PocahontaH field .................... __ .. . . . . . . 19. 2 

Arkansas No. L ......................... Huntington bed ........................... ____ 18.9 

Arkansas No.3 .................. _ ............ do .......... _. __ ........ _ ........ ____ .... 18.8 

West Virginia No.7 ..... ------ .......... New River field............................... 18.8 

West VirginiaNo.10 .................... Pocahontas field--------------'··············· 18.7 

West Virginia No.6 ........ ___ .......... New River field ................ ____ ........... 17.8 

Group G. 

West Virginia No.4·······-'------------ UpperFreeportbed............................. 16.1 

'\Y PSt Virginia No.5 .. _ ....................... do ......... _ ........................... _. 15.9 

Pennsy hania. No. 4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connellsville field .................... _. . . . . . . . 15. 7 

\Vest Virginia No.9 ..................... Kanawha field................................ 15.7 

West Virgi1iia No. R ......... ------ ...... Upper Freeport bed .................. ___ ...... 15.5 

West Virginia No.8----------········--· Kanawha field................................ 15.R 

West Virginia No.1 .........••.......... Pittsburg bed ................ ·................. 14.7 

Kentueky No. 1 .............. _.. . . . .. . . . Eastern field .. _ ....... _____ ................ _.. 14. 6 

Kentucky No.4 ......................... Western field................................. 14.6 

Alabama No.1 .......................... '\Varriorfield..................... .... . . .. . .. .. 14.5 

Alabama No.2--- .................... ___ ..... do . . . . .. ... . . . . . .... . . ..... ... . . .. . . . .... 14.5 

Kansas Ko. 5 .............. · .. .. : ..... .... Weir-Pittsburg bed............................ 14.5 

West Virginia No.2 ..................... Pittsbnrgbed ................................. 14.4 

Group H. 

lndian Territory No.2 .................. Hartshorne bed ........ , ..................... 14.3 

Indian Territory No. 3 _ ............ _.... McAlester bed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14. 1 

Kansas No.1 ........................... Weir-Pittsburg bed .......................... .. 

Kansas No. 2 ................................ do ....................................... . 

Illinois No. 3 . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . Marion County .............................. . 

Indian Territory No.1 .................. Henryetta bed ............................... . 

Iowa No. 1 ............................. Wapello County ............................. . 

Indian Territory No. 4 . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . McAlester bed ............................... . 

Kansas No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atchison field .............. -- ... -............ -~ 

.:\iissouri No.1 .......................... Rieh Hill field ......... : .................... .. 

13.9 

13.8 

13. 7 

13.6 

13.4 

13.1 

12.9 

12.9 
170 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TABLE VI.-Classification of coals according to carbon-hydrogen ratios-Continued. 

.Name of ·sample. Name of bed or district. 

Group II-Continued. 

Carbonhydrogen ratio. 

Kentucky No. 2. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . • . Western field ........ : .. .......... _ .. __ .. __ _ __ 12. 7 

Kentucky No. 3 ............................... do, ............................... __ ...... 12. 6 

Missouri No. 4 .. __ ................ ___ ... Morgan County ...... __ ....... _.,. __ ._________ 12. 6 

Group L 

Iowa No.2----------------------------- Marion County------------------------------ 12.4 

Illinois No. 6 ..• __ ..•........ _ ... _. • . . • • Montgomery County ...... _ ......... ____ ... _.. 12. 3 

Indiana No. 2 .. __ .... ____ .... ______ . __ . . Warrick County .......... __ .. _. ____ .... __ .... 12. 3 

Iowa No. 3 __ ....................... ___ . Polk County .................... _. __ ._ ..... ___ 12. 3 

Illinois No. 1 ....... __ ............. ____ . Belleville field ... __ ...... . . __ ....... ____ . _·... 12. 2 

Wyoming No. 2 ...... __ . _ ........ __ . __ .. Cambria field . _ ..... __ .... _. _ .. _________ .. __ .. 12. 2 

Indiana No. 1. ____ .. __ .... ______ ......... Sullivan County .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . ll. 9 

Illinois No. 4 .................... __ ..... Belleville field .......................... __ .... 11. 6 

IowaN o. 4 __ .......... ____ ...... __ . __ .. Appanoose County .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. 11. 5 

Montana No. 1. __ ... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . Red Lodge ............ -- .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 11. 5 

Missouri No. 2 .. __ .. ______ .. __ ....... __ . Bevier field................................... 11. 3 

Iowa No. 5 .. _____ ... __ . _. __ . . . . . . . . .. . . Lucas County .......................... __ . . . .. 11. 2 

Group J. 

New Mexico No. 1 ___ ... ___ . __ ....... ___ Black lignite, Gallup field __ .....•. ___ ·_ ....... ·i 

New Mexico No. 2 ........................... ,do ..................................... . 

TexaH No. 2 ......... _.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brown lignite, vVood County .............. _ .. . 

Colorado No. 1. __ .. __ ... __ .. __ .. ___ ..... Black lignite, Boulder field ........ ______ ... __ 

II. 2 \ 

11.2 

10.9 

10.6 

North Dakota No. 1 ____ .... ,. __ .. __ ..... Brown lignite, Lehigh field .... __ ....... __ .____ 10. 1 

North Dakota ~o. 2 ... ~ .. __ .... :.. .. .. .. Brown lignite, Williston field .. -- ............ __ 9. 8 

Wyoming No. 1 ______ ........ ______ .. . .. Black lignite, Sheridan field . __ ...... __ __ __ __ __ 9. 6 

Texas No. 1. ..... __________ .......... __ . Brown lignite, Houston County. ____ ... ________ 9. 4 

Group K. 

Peat ....................... ·--.-- .... -- .. -.... -- .... ---- .... : .... ----.--....... c........ 9. 1 

In considering schemes of classification it must be remembered that our 

present knowledge of the chemical composition of coal is very imperfect, and 

that any scheme which may be proposed depends to a certain extent on unknown 

or little-understood factors. For this reason any scheme must be regarded as 

provisional. 

The points of greatest weakness arc our ignorance of the character of the 

volatile combustible matter and also of the form or nature of what is usually 

called moisture. A few experiments made at St. Louis seem to indicate that 

something- more than moisture frequently passes off of coal at ordinary tempera-
CLASSIFIOAriON OF COALS. 171 

tures, and hence the moisture, as shown in the analyses, probably includes some 

of the lighter hydrogen compounds. Also it is doubtful whether we should 

regard water as a nonfuel element, for· in many cases it is diss.ociated and its 

hydrogen becomes available for fuel purposes. 

Many of these questions arc to be investigated at St. Louis during the present 

year, and it i:,; hoped that some additionaL light may be thrown upon them. It is 

possible that the tests and experiments made there may necessitate some changes 

in the figures given in the accompanying tables, but it is probable that the net 

result will be a slight modification only, and will not directly contravene the 

conclusions herein reached. 

So far as the writer is acquainted with the character and fuel value of the 

coals tested the classification just given seems to be almost ideal. It is not only 

correct in a general way, but in detail it seems to fit almost every case. True, 

the separation between bituminous coal and. lignite is not sharp and distinct, but 

it is highly probable that there is no sharp distinction between these two classes, 

and that the facts are best represe~ted by a ·merging of values, as shown in the 

table. The writer therefore takes this opportunity of proposing provisionally 

the carbon-hydrogen ratio as the basis of a new scientific classification of coals 

which is applicable to all, from the highest class of anthraeite to the lowest grade 

of brown lignite and peat. 

POSSIBLE EXCEPTIONS. 

The evidence upon which this elassification is based is not sufficient for its 

final acceptance. It is quite possible that it may fail in some cases, but it is put 

forward at this time in a tentative way to invite discussion and investigation. 

The coals so far examined are of diverse character and include most of the various 

k,inds known in this country. Owing to the low percentage of fixed carbon and 

the relatively high percentage of volatile combustible matter in cannel coal, the 

ratio between the total carbon and the hydrogen may possibly be so low that, 

according to this scheme, it will fall below its .normal position. This, however, 

is purely theoretical, and it can be decided only by actual trial when the ultimate . 

analysis of a typical cannel coal .is available~ 

DIVISION INTO GROUPS. 

Assuming that the arrangement is correct, the next step is a division into 

groups which will have sufficient practical value to be adopted. Considering 

values in a broad way there are opportunities and demands for a greater nlimber 

of classes than are recognized at the present time. For instance, there sho"uld 

be two dasses of anthracite coal instead of the one in u;;e to-day, and these fall 
172 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

below graphite, which necessarily is the highest group in the series. The classes 

of semianthracite and semibituminous are probably good and should be retained, 

but not with the same names nor the same definitions. The great group of 

bituminous coals should be divided into at least four elasses, which should 

separate the I ow-grade fuels of the Mississippi Valley from the high-class coals 

of the Appalachian region. Not enough is known about the lignites to say whether 

it will be possible to separate them into classes. Chemically they are closely 

related, but physically they are divisible into two groups, black and brown lignite; 

yet the scheme herein proposed does not recognize this difference. The lowest 

group is that including peat, and this seems to be clearly separated from the lowest 

grade of brown lignite. 

The writer is not prepared to propose names for these groups; in fact, for 

preliminary discussion it seems best to designate them arbitrarily by the letters 

of the alphabet, as group A, group B, etc. 

rroposed grottps of coal and allied substances. 

Carbon-hydrogen ratios. 

Group· A: Graphite ........ _ ................................................ _ ... oo to (?) 

Group B}Anthraeite{------ .. -- ........ -- ·-- .. ·-- ·-- .. ·-- .. · .................... (?) to 30 (?) 

Group C ........................................... _ ............... 30 ('?) to 26 (?) 

Group D: Semianthraeite ....................................................... 26 (?) to .23 (?) 

Group E: Semi bituminous .................................... _ ................. 23 (?) to 20 

Group F) ~--........................................ .. .......... 20 to 17 

Group G ........................ _.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 17 to 14.4 

Group H Bituminous ----- ...... --- .. --- ..... -- .. ---- ... -.... -- ..... -------- .. 14.4 -to 12.5 

Group I . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . ........... 12.5 to 11.2 

Group J: Lignite .............................................................. 11.2 to 9.3 (?) 

Group K: Peat ................................................................ 9.3 (?) to (?) 

Group L: WooJ (eellulose) .................................................... 7.2 

Croups A, B, 0, JJ, ctnd E.-As little wmk was done at the testing plant 

on anthracite coal, and as all the analyses made by the Second Geological Survey 

of Pennsylvania were proximate analyses, little material is available for determining 

the limits of these g-roups, and the tig·ures given must be regarded as provisional 

only and subject to change when a greater number of ultimate analyses have been 

made. 

GnJUp15]f~ 0, II, and I.-These groups embrace what generally arc considered 

bituminous coals. Group F includes Pocahontas coal, the high-grade Arkansas 

coals west of the Spadra district, and New River coals. Group G includes Upper 

Freeport and Pittsburg coals of northern West Virginia, Kanawha Valley coals, 

high-grade Kentucky coals, and }dabama coals. (-troup H includes all Iridian T~rritory coals, all Kansas coals, hig-h-grade Illinois, Iowa, and .Missouri eoals, and 
CLASSII<'ICAT10N OF COALS. 173 

seL·ond-grade Kentucky coals. Group I includes the great majority of Iowa, Illinois, 

and Missouri coals, Indiana coals, and some bituminous coals from vVyqming 

and Montana. 

Groups J, 11~ and L.-Group .T includes all of the lignites, both black and 

brown, that were tested. Group K is limited to peat, and it is based entirely 

. upon one analysis obtained from outside sources, and group L is wood, the lowest 

group in the series. 

RlTISUUE. 

The results obtainecl in this investigation lllHj' be summed up as follows: 

1. Fuel ratios, or any of the components of coal as determined by a proximate 

analysis, are worthless for purposes of classification except for highly carbonized. 

fuel, such as anthracite, semianthracite, and semibituminous coal. 

2. Calorific values are equally unsuited, but in this case the failure is particularly well marked in the upper part of the coal column. 

3. Of the elements shown by an ultimate analysis, earhon is the only one 

at all satisfactory, and this fails in detail. 

4. Carbon-hydrogen ratios form ·a satisfac.tory basis for classification. This 

scheme applies· perfectly to all samples of fuel tested at St. Louis during the 

past year, and these include repre:-;cntatives of all classes, except cannel coal and 

some. dasses of anthracite and semianthracite coal. 

5. Twelve classes of coals and allied compounds are suggested, as shown in 

the table on page 172. 
WORK OF THE 01-IEMIOAL LABORATORY. 

By N. w. LORD. 

INTRODUC'riON. 

The chemical laboratory of the fuel-testing plant was designed for making 

analyses of all the fuel tested. It was also charged with such other analytical 

work, with the exception of the gas analysis, as was required in connection with 

the tests. As the time for planning the work and equipping the laboratory was 

very limited, and as the amount of the routine work to be done in the short 

time assigned to the tests was very great, it was impossible to undertake any 

systematic investigation of methods of analysis. Such tests and experimen~s as 

the time permitted were carried on in connection with the regulm' work and will 

be discussed in this report. 

The laboratory was under the immediate charg·c and supervision of Prof. E. E. 

Somermeicr, assistant professor of metallurgy at the Ohio State University; his 

assistants were Mr. F. M. Stanton, Mr. ,John Crawford, jr., and Mr. G. A. Burrell. 

The collecting of the samples at the testing plant was attended to largely by Mr. 

F. A. Bryan. 

The laboratory occupied a space of 24 by 30 feet in the metal pavilion 

southwest of the mines and metallurgy building·. Of the space assigned to the 

work 224 square feet were occupied as a sampling room, 120 square feet as a. 

calorimeter room, and the remainder (376 square feet) as an analytical laboratory. 

SA~IPT""ING. 

APPARATUS USED. 

The equipment for sampling at the laboratory was a "chipmunk" jaw crusher 

and a Calkins automatic sampler, furnished by the F. W. Braun Company, of Los 

Angeles, Cal.; a pair of 10-inch cr~shing rolls, and a bucking plate· and muller. 

The machinery was operated by a 2-horsepower direct-current motor, furnished 

by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, of Pittsburg. 

Samples up to 1 kilogram were weighed on a Harvard trip scale, larger 

samples (up to 20 kilograms). on a No. 80 Troemner solution scale. 

174 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 175 

The jaw crusher would take material from H to 2 inches in size and reduce · 

it to about one-fourth inch, at a rate of about 200 to 300 pounds per hour. The 

crnshinv· rolls reduced the material from about one-fourth to one-twentieth of an n 

inch at the rate of from 100 to 200 pounds per hour. The final grinding was done 

on the bucking plate. 

In addition to the above, the laboratory was equipped with the necessary 

trays, sieves, spatulas, brushes, etc., for handling the samples. 

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES. 

MINE SAJ\1PLES. 

Samples came from the mines to the laboratory by mail in sealed galvanizediron cans holding about 3 pounds. This represented a much larger sample, carefully taken at the mine and reduced by breaking down, mixing, and quartering 

as described on page 33 in the report on the field yvork. 

SAl\iPLES FROM THE TESTING PLANT (CAR SAJ\U'LES) .. 

As the coal was . unloaded directly into a crusher the sample was taken 

from the buckets of the conveyor which elevated the crushed coal. This crusher 

reduced the coal to about H-inch size. A small shovelful of the coal was taken 

at intervals of several minutes from the bucket of the conveyor as the car was 

unloaded. This sample, weighing from 200 to 600 pounds, was then either sent 

through the ~-inch crusher and again sampled at the ·conveyor, or, as was more 

mmally the case, broken down by band. Samples from the boiler and gas-producer 

plants were taken by putting aside several shovelfuls every time a charge was 

weighed, just previous to use under the boilers or in the producer. In sampling 

the "refuse" from the boilers, special care was taken to break up all lumps of 

clinker. 

In the coking plant the oven charge was from 4 to 7 tons, and the sample of 

coal for analysis was usually obtained from the truck just before the load was 

emptied into the oven. Small shovelfuls were taken from various parts of the 

load and mixed. The samples of cok~ sent to the laboratory consisted of 2 to 5 

representative segments, including butts, and weighed from 20 to 30 pounds. 

Other samples were taken in the same general way, and in all cases an effort 

was made to procure samples that should represent the average composition of the 

material tested. 

The scheme for taking car samples, as originally outlined, contemplated the 

complete unloading of the car into bins before the coal was distributed to the 

different tests. The sample taken under these circumstances would represent the 

average of the entire carload. Owing to the limited storage capacity and the 
176 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

conditiont> of the work it was not possible to carry out this plan, and the car 

was frequently unloaded, portiont> at a time, as the coal was needed in the test~. 

The car sample obtained under. these conditions did not always represent the 

entire car, and in a few cases where the car sample was analyzed before the 

entire car waR unloaded and it was possible to take an additional sample of the 

remainder, such sample was taken and analyzed for moisture, ash, and sulphur. 

In· the tables these results are given in conneetion with the regular car sample. 

A record wa<s kept of the amount of coal sampled in obtaining the car sample, 

and this is given in the table of results. 

REDUCTION OF THE SAMPLES. 

'fhe large sample, obtained as described, was emptied upon a platform or 

floor and thoroughly mixed. The large lumps were broken to egg size or smaller, 

. and the sample was then divided by "quartering." Two diagomtlly opposite 

quarters were rejeeted, and the. remainder was mixed and gone over again with a 

hammer to break down still further the larger pieces and again quartered. Thit:l 

process was repeated until a sample averaging about 50 pounds was obtained, 

which was taken to the laboratory. The laboratory sample contained no lumps 

over about 1 inch in diameter. During the reduction an effort was made to 

break down any visible lumps of slate or pyrites to one-half inch or smaller and 

thus insure their better distribution. This work was always done promptly, and 

the final sample watl put into a closely covered can to prevent moisture changes. 

The cans used for holding and carrying the samples to the laboratory were ordinary 6-gallon garbage pails and were provided with .a closely fitting and overlapping cover. This form of can was required not only to preyent moisture 

changes, but also to prevent water from accidentally getting into the sample, 

either in the washery building or when the sample was sent to the laboratory in rainy w~ather. This method of ,sampling ,was agreed to by those in 

charge of the different .departments, and each department agreed to assume the full 

responsibility for the proper taking, preliminary preparation, care', and identification of the samples it sent to the laboratory. The chemical department assumed 

responsibility only for the sample as it was received in the can. The various 

departments could, of course, modify the process as the exigencies of the work 

might necessitate. In practically all cases, however, the car samples were taken 

under the supervision of the chemical· department, and the man doing the work 

reported regularly to the laboratory for instructions. 

The work of marking and identifying the ear samples was done by those in 

charge of the unloading, the chemical department not being responsible for it. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 177 

HANDLING OF THE SAMPLES IN THE LABORATORY. 

MINE SAMPLES. 

To each sample as it was received was given a serial number, and the 

label was ·copied in duplicate in the labora.tm·y record books. As soon as 

opened, the sample, when necessary, was run through the ja·w crusher set fine, 

and ar}y lumps were thus broken up. The sample was then weighed and spread 

upon shallow galvanized-iron trays, 22 by 26 inches in size, to air dry. The 

time at which the weighing was done, tts well as the temperature and humidity 

of the air, was recorded. Air drying was continued for from twenty-four to 

ninety-six hours, or until the loss between two successive weighings, made twelve 

to twenty-four hours apart, became small, usually less than 1 per cent. Temperature and humidity readings ·were taken at the time of each weighing. The · 

air-dried sample was then well mixed and divided, by quartering, into two parts. 

One part was put into a glass jar, labeled, scaled, and set aside as a reserve 

sample. . The other portion was run through the crushing rolls; the product, 

which had now a fineness of less than one-twentieth of an inch, was thoroughly 

mixed and divided by quartering until it was reduced to about 2 ounces. This 

was then rubbed on the bucking plate till it passed a 60-mesh sieve, and then it 

was .put into a bottle, which was securely closed with a rubber stopper. This 

conRtituted the ar1alytical sample. The earlier samples, if apparently dry, were 

sampled down direct. without air drying. The moisture content of an apparently 

dry sample was in some cases considerable, and it was soon found to be more . 

satisfactory to air dry all samples previous to the final sampling, and all later 

samples were so treated. 

TESTING-PLANT SAMPLES. 

These, as stated, were brought to the laboratory in closed metal pails. Each 

sample was accompanied by a descriptive card, made out in duplicate· and signed 

by the man in charge of the department from which the sample came. To each 

sample was at once given a serial number, which was entered upori each portion 

of the descriptive card; the return portion of this. card was signed and sent hack 

to the department sending the sample, and the other half of the card was placed 

on file as a part of the htboratory records. The sample, amounting to 50 pounds 

or more, was put through the jaw crusher, then divided by quartering until it 

was reduced to an amount varying from 2 to 10 pounds, which was then air 

dried, and the sampling was continued in the same way as with the mine samples. 

'Vhen the sample from the testing plant contained no' visible lumps of slate and 

13-No. 48-06-12 
178 OPEHATIONS OF TH~ COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

pyrites and was free from lumps of coal of 'any considerable size, it was mixed 

and divided, and only a half, or in especially clean samples only a quarter, was 

run through the jaw crusher. In many eases samples from the washery were too 

wet to run through the crusher and were quartered down at onee to 10 or 15 

pounds and then air dried and sampled. 

Samples of ash from the boiler ~ests always came to the laboratory dry and 

were sampled direct without further drying. Coke samples were bro.ken to 

egg size, well mixed, and quartered. One portion was reserved for the tests for 

apparent speeific gravity; another quarter was then put through the cru:,;her and 

sampled as usual. The crushed coke samples ~ere air dried only in case they 

were wet. 

ANALYTICAL WORK. 

DETERMINATIONS AND RECORDS. 

To reduce the danger of loss from fire or other ttccident, all records· in the 

laboratory were made. in duplicate; one set was kept in the laboratory and the 

other filed at the general office of the testing plant in the Mines and Metallurg·y 

building. 

The weighing in the analytical work was done on a No. 2 Troemne1· balance; 

the weights used were tested as to their adjustment every two or three weeks. 

To guard against errors in counting and reeording weig·hts, not only were the 

weights u:,;ed recounted and abo the fractional weights remaining unused in the 

box, but the amount of the latter, plus the unused portion of the beam scale, was 

entered in the record above and to the right of the weight, found as follows: 

. 4 2 1 4 

W mght = 16.5 7 8 6 

As the sum of the numbers must be 1 gram, it was easy, on checking over the 

work, to discover any error of counting or recording, and where sueh was found, 

the result was rejected and the work repeated. The probability of two errors 

'~balancing" was small and the system was found very satisfactory. 

The determinations when praeticable were run in sets of six. To avoid 

crossing of samples in "weighing out," the crucibles were numbered in series 

and the samples and crucibles set in numerical order. After the set was weighed 

out the record was checked by a second person, who compared it with the 

arrangement of t,he sttmples and crucibles. The record was then marked 

"checked" and signed with the initials of the observer. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 179 

All the beakers, flasks, and crucibles used in the routine work were serially 

numbered, and confusion of numbers was guarded against by systematically 

comparing these numbers when a transfer was made from one vessel to another. 

The calorific value was determined in duplicate upon each car sample. A 

dctcnninatio~1 was also made upon one of the two mine samples corresponding to 

each carload, upon a sample from each lot of briquettes used in steam tests, and 

upon each sample of coal from· the producer-gas tests. The calorific value of 

the steam-test sample was usually derived from the values obtained on the car 

sample by correcting for .differences m moisture, ash, and sulphur as shown by 

the proximate analysis. 

An ultimate analysis was made in duplicate on each car sample and on a 

sample from each lot of briquettes used in the steam tests. 

The proximate analysis and the determination of sulphur was made upon 

practically every sample that came into the laboratory. The work was done in 

duplicate on all car samples, and frequently upon the others. 

Nitrogen was determined in duplicate upon each car sample. Single determinations were made upon many mine samples, and a determination was made 

upon a sample from each lot of briquettes used in the steam tests. 

Determinations of the real and apparent specific gravity were made upon all 

coke samples. 

Phosphorus was determined in all coke samples. 

Laboratory coking tests were made upon many of the mine samples. 

Sulphur in the ash was determined upon a number of samples of coke used in 

the foundry tests. 

METHODS EMPLOYED. 

DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE. 

This was made in the Mahler bomb calorin1eter; which was installed in a 

special room set apart for that work. The oxygen used was furnished by A. 

Hawkridge, Hoboken, N. J. It was ·tested for hydrocarbon impurities by passing 

3 liters through a combustion train over hot copper oxide. No perceptible 

increase was noted in the weights of the absorption appamtus for water or 

carbon dioxide. This indicated freedom from more than traces of such impurities. The thermometers used were <;alib1;ated by Professor Boyd, of the Ohio 

State University, and were found to be correct in graduation to within errors of 

less. than 0.002° U. 
180 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The water equivalent of the apparatus was obtained by three 1i1ethods. 

Closely agreeing determinations upon resublimcd naphthalene gave an average of 

556 calories for the water equivalent of the calorimeter, 9,692 beipg used as the 

ettlorific value of naphthalene. Determinations of thl;'l water equiralent were also 

made by adding definite amount;,; of warm water to definite amounts of •water in 

the calorimeter. The average of twelve trials gave 559 calorie:,; as the water 

equivalent of the calorimeter. Calculation of the water equivalent frmn the 

weights and specific heat;,; of the different. parts of the calorimeter gave 57B 

calories. This value can be only approximately correct, as the weight of the 

enamel lining of the bomb could only be estimated. The water equivalent 

obtained by calculation from the weight of the parts is too high, as a considerable 

portion of the appamtus is not immersed in water. As a re:::;ult of these figures, 

560 calories were taken as the water equivalent in the earlier determinations. 

Later, with different cylinders of oxygen, tho calorific valu_es obtained for naphthalene, this value being used· for the water equivalent, were a little too high. 

On this account 550 calories were taken as the value of the water equivalent 

when this oxygen was used. A pressure of 18 atmospheres· of oxygen was used 

in the bomb, except in ~>orne duplicate determinations, in which 25 atmospheres 

were used. As these gave practically identical results, the lower pressure was 

deemed sufficient. Two thousand four hundred and twenty-five grams of water 

were used in the bucket of the c1Llorimetor. The number of calorie;,; con·esponding to one degree increase in temperature was 2,425+550=2,975. 

The water was measured, not weighed. A large measuring· flask was calibrated for delivery by weighing at a definite temperature. A table was then 

prepared, giving, for different temperatures, tho number of cubic centimeters of 

w:tter to be added to that measured in the flask in order to make 2,425 grams. 

In all cases the time of draining the flask was the same. As an error of 1 cc. in 

the measurement would involve only a difference ·of 2 or 3 calories the method 

was deemed satisfactory. 

The iron-wire fuse· ~sed to start, the combustion was ignited by a current 

from six cells of a dry battery connected in series. 

The thermometer in the calorimeter was read through the telescope of a 

simple cathetomcter placed about 5 feet from the instrument. This appara.tu:,; 

was designed and built for the laboratory by Prof. H. C. Lord, of the Ohio 

State University. The sliding carriage carrying the telescope was provided with 

a counterbalancing· weight, and eould be moved up and down the vertical rod 

smoothly ·and easily in following the mercury in the thermometer. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 PL. Ill 

CALORIM ETER AND READING TELESCOPE. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 181 

Samples for calorimeter determinations were thoroughly mixed on paper and 

about 2 gmms were taken from various parts. . This amount was put into an 

iron mold and pressed into a small briquette by means of a plunger and a screw 

press. The amount of pressure used depended upon the nature of t!1e coal. 

Coal of the Pocahontas type required rnueh less pressure than coal high in 

volatile matter. The pressure used was just sufficient to make a briquette firm 

enough to hold together. More pressure than this was avoided, as too great 

hardness in a briquette frequently resulted in incomplete combustion of the 

sample. 

The briquette made in this manner was then broken into a number of pieces 

and approximately 1 gram weighed out in the platinum com bust ion tray of the 

calorimeter, the exact weight. being recorded. Pressing the coal into briquettes 

prevents loss from the fine sample blowing out of the tray. The breaking up of 

the briquette into smaller pieces aids in securing complete combustion. Fewer 

failures from unburned coal resulted from working· in this way than when the 

briquette was weighed entire. 

To secnre satisfactory results with reference to temperature changes during 

a det~rmination, it was necessary to vary the temperature of the water used 

in the inner bucket of the calorimeter to correspond with variations of the 

temperature of the. room and of the temperature of the water in the outer jacket 

of the calorimeter. An efl'ort was always made to have the temperature of the 

water in the outer jacket within !t few degrees of the room temperature. The 

water to be used in the inner bucket ot' the calorimeter was then cooled till the 

temperature was about 2° below that of the water in the outer jacket. Care 

wai-l taken that this temperature was not too near the dew·point, and in damp 

weather the water in the outer jacket had to be kept on this account at a 

tempcratnre several degrees above that of the room. By working under these 

temperature conditions, the greatest rate of change occurred before combustion, 

and the rate of change in temperature after the combustion period was small. 

The larger the rate of change, the larger the possible error. The effects of the 

large rate before the combustion period is, after the first minute of the combustion period, very small. The small rate after the eorhbustion period is carried 

back and opcmtes through an interval of several minutes; hence the desirability 

of having the larger rate before the combustion, rather than after it, is evident. 

The calculations used and the corrections applied a1;c most easily explained 

by reference to a typical determination, as given below: 
182 OPERATIONS. 01!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

United States Geolog·ical Survey coal-testing laboratory, World's Jihir, St. I,ou:is, J.fo. 

Sample No. 12.9'7. Date, 11-'7-04. 

Jacket 1vater = 20° 

Time. Wet and dry bulb8 = 16-23° 

Headings: 

24 

25 

2'7 

28 

29 

30 

31 

3,'!! 

33 

34 

18. 4:i2] . 18.460 

.

18. 466 Rate of ga:in =.0065 

18.4'72 

18. 4'78 -f. 0065}+. 0026 

19.1 +.0040} 

+· 0006 

20. 5 -. 001'7} -. 0029 

21.080 -. 0042 

}-. 0042 

21. 088 -. 0042} 

21.080 --.0042 -. 0042 

21· 

071' Sarn= --. 0081 

21.0'7,'!! 

,'!!1. OG6 Hate of loss =.004,'!! 

2_1.06,'!! 

21 .. 058 

Tray-1 coa1=9.54G·'ou55 

Tray =8. 545464011 

Coal = 1. 0045 gms. 

21.080 

18.4'78 

,'!!.602 

.0081 

2.6101 

W. E.= 29'75 for 1° 

5950 

1785 

29.8 

0.0 

0.3 

7'765.1 

50.1 

36 21.055 7'715.0 

Correction for excess weight of swl1ple lctken = 34. 2 

Wire fuse= 12.1 mg. 

Wire fuse, unburned=S.5 mg. 

'7680.8 

Calorific value = 7 681 

Wire fuse, burncd=8.6 mg. (1 mg.=1.7 cal.)=14.G cal. 

Niter=8.5 (1 cc.=2.65 ca1.)=22.5 cal. 

Sulphur in coal=l.OO% (.01 gm.=l3 cal.)=1S.O eal. 

Total correction= 50.1 cal. 

Thermometer used, No. 8598. Position, 5.5 em. 

Room temp. beginning= 23°; end= 23°+. 

Atm. oxy. used= .17.5. Valve, tight. 

Water added at 18° = 9. '7 cc. 

(Signed) 

Checked by J. W. G. 

E. E.S. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 183 

As is shown, the recmds include the following point>;: Room temperature at the 

beginning and end of the determination; humidity of the atmosphere (wet and dry 

bulb readings); tempemture of the water in the outer jacket of the calorimeter; 

pressure in atmospheres of the oxygen in the "~?omb; condition of the valve of the 

bomb, 'vhether tight, o.r if not, the extent of the leak; position of the thermometer 

in the mtlorimeter during a determination-that is, the distance of the lower end of 

the bulb of the thermometer above the bottom of the .calorimeter bucket, 4 to 5 em. 

being taken as the standard distance. In making a determinati<;>n no rigid rule was 

followed with reference to the combustion period. It is our opinion that better and 

more concordant 1Wmlts -may be obtained by allowing· for the variations incident to 

the individual determinations. In beginning a determination ·minute readings were 

taken until a regular rate of change had been established. This usually required only 

five or six readings, but occasionally seven or eight. vVhen the initial rate was established, the combustion was begun at the time of the next minute reading by throwing 

the battery of dry eells into circuit with the calorimeter. During the first minute 

after ignition half-minute readings were tttken, after which minute readings were 

taken until a final rate of change had been established. This usually required about 

. ten readings, but occasionally as many as fifteen were taken. The temperature taken 

for the beginning of the combustion was the reading taken at the time of the burning 

of the wire fuse. For the end of the combustion period the first temperature reading was taken, which fell well within the established final rate. The cori·ec~ions 

applied to the combustion period were obtained by taking into account that the 

changes in the rate of gain or loss in temperature are proportional to the chtwges in 

temperature. From this proportion the rate of gain or loss at the beginning and 

end of each interval of time was found. In the typical determination given, these 

vttlues ar~ placed opposite each temperature reading which falls within the combustion period. The temperature readings at the beginning and end of the combustion 

period are indicated by check marks. The temperature correction for each interval 

during the combustion period is obtained by adding the rates at the beginning and 

end of the interval and dividing the algebraic sum by 2 for the minute intervals 

and by 4 for the half-minute intervals. The :;um of these corrections, added to the 

difference between the readings at the beginning' and end of the combustion period, 

is the true temperature change due to the combustion. This multiplied by the 

water equivalent of the calorir_n.eter system gives the total calories of heat produced 

by the combustion. Other corrections necessary are those for the combustion of the 

wire fuse, for the formation of nitric acid, and for the combustion of the sulphur 

to sulphuric acid instead of sulphur dioxide. 
184 OPERATIONS OF THE. COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A definite length of iron wire corresponding to a weight of 12.1 milligrams 

was used as the fuse to start the combustion of the sample. The unburned portion was measured and the corresponding weight subtracted from the weight of 

fuse used. This remainder multiplied hy 1.7 gives the correction in calories. 

In order to make the correction for aqueous nitric acid and sulphuric acid, 

the washings from the bomb were titrated with the standnrd ammonia used in 

the determination of nitrogen. One cubic centimeter was equivalent to 0.0025 

gram of nitrogen as. nitric acid, and as the heat of formation of aqueous nitric 

acid is 1,058 enlories per gram of nitrogen, each cubic centimeter stood' for a 

correction of 2. 65 calories. 

Ae part of the acidity was due to sulphuric acid formed by the combustion 

of sulphur, a further correction was necessary. The sulphur in the coal is considered as burning to sulphur dioxide in ordinary combustion; but in the bomb 

it burns to aqueous sulphuric acid, the heat of formation of which is 4,450 

calories, while that of sulphur dioxide is only 2,250' per gmm of sulphur. For 

each gram of sulphur present the heat developed in the born b is in excess by 2,230 

calories, which is 22.3 for each per cent of sulphur present in the coal. 

One cubic centimeter of the ammonia is equivalent to 0.00286 gram of sulphur as sulphuric acid, or to 0. 286 X 22.3 = 6. 38 calories. It is evident that after 

multiplying the number of cuhic cei1_timeters used in the titration by the heat 

factor for nitric acid (2.65) it is necessary to make a further correetion of 6.38-

2.65 = 3.'73 for each cubic centimeter used in titrating sulphuric instead of nitric 

acid. This is a correction of -if:i-h = 13 units for each 0.01 gram of sulphur in 

the coal. The correction was accordingly made by multiplying the ammonia by 

2.65 and adding 13 units for each 0.01 gram of sulphur in the coal. 

. ULTIMATE ANALYSIS. 

APPARATUS AND OPEHATJONS. 

Ultimate analys~s were made in a 25-burner Bunsen combustion furnace. 

The purifying train through which the air and oxygen were passed before they 

entered the combustion tube was ai·ranged in duplicate, one part for air, the 

other for oxygeri. The purifying reagents, arranged in the order named, were 

sulphuric acid, potassium hydroxide, soda lime, and granular caloium chloride. 

'!'he combustion tuhes used were about 1 meter long and about 18 mm. internal 

diameter. The tube extended beyond each end of the furnace for a distance of 

about 10 em., the ends of the tube being protected from the heat of the furnace 

by closely fitting circular shields of a::>bestos. The rear end of the tube (the end 

next to the purifying train) was closed with a rubber stopper. ThiH end of the 

tube being thus kept cool, as well us by the passage of eool air and oxygen, 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 185 

there was no danger that volatile products would be given off by the rubber. 

The other end of the tube was closed by a well-rolled cork of specially selected 

quality, the danger from overheating at this end of the tube being too great to 

permit of the use of the more convenient rubber stopper. The rear end of the 

tube for a distance of 25 em. inside the furnace was left empty; the next 35 em. 

were filled with a loose layer of wire copper oxide, with a plug of acid-washed 

and ignited asbestos at either end to hold the oxide in place. The copper oxide 

was followed by a layer about_ 10 em. in length of coarse fused lead eh.romate, 

to stop sulphur products, this being held in place by a final plug of asbestos. 

The absorption train was as follows: The water was absorbed in a 6-inch 

Marchand U tube, filled with gra1~ular calciun~ chloride; the carbon dioxide was 

absorhed by potassium hydroxide in an ordinary Liebig bulb, to whieh was 

attached a 3-inch U tube, containing soda lime and calcium chloride, the bulb 

and U tube being weighed up together. This was followed by a final guard tube 

filled with calcium chloride and soda lime. The gases formed during combustion 

were drawn through the train by suction, a Marriott bottle being used to secure 

a constant suction head. The oxygen used was kept over water and was supplied 

under small pre~snre. The supply of oxygen and the aspiration. during a combustion were so regulated as to keep. the difference in pressure between the 

inside and outside of the tube very small, the pressure inward being slightly 

greater. This reduced the danger of leaks to a minimum, and, if by chance 

any slight leakage did occur, it was inward rather than outward and the effect 

upon the determination was small. 

Before weighing out the portion for determination the sample was well mixed 

on paper and about 2 grams, from various parts, placed in an agate mortar. 

This was rubbed a few times with the pestle for the purpose of more complete 

mixing. Two-tenths of a gram was then rapidly weighed into a weighed platinum 

boat, and immediately transferred to the com~ustion tube. Before beginning the 

determination the train was tested to prove that the absorption apparatus did not 

change in weight on aspirating air. The mixing and weighing out of the sample 

was done as quickly as possible in order to guar.d against moisture changes, and 

required from two and a half to three minutes from the time of beginning till 

the sample was in the combustion tube. t3arnples high in moisture lost, by experitr:ent, as much as 1 per cent of moisture, when spread out in a thin layer and 

exposed to the air of the laboratory for ten minutes. The method u:;;ed is 

therefore not entirely satisfactory, but in our opinion no better one has as yet 

been worked out. This liability to moisture losses is of especial importance with 

reference to the ultimate analysis and the determination of the calorific value, 

the effects upon the determination of ash, sulphur, and nitrogen, being relatively 

much less important. 
186 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

· That part of the process relating to the actual combustion of the sample IS 

as follows: The platinum boat containing the sample was inserted into the rear 

end of the tube and pushed nearly or quite up to the asbestos plug holding the 

copper oxide in place. The part of the tube containing the boat was kept cool 

till a considerable portion of the copper oxide (20 to 25 em.) was at a bright-red 

heat and the lead chromate heated to a barely visible red. The burners back of 

and un~er the boat were then turned on very gradually and t.he volatile products 

slowly driven. off, n slow rate of aspiration (1 or 2 bubbles a second) being kept 

up :tnd care being taken not to drive off the products so rapidly as to cause any 

back pressnre. The driving off of the volatile products requires the closest 

attention and the raising of the heat must be very gradual, otherwise results are 

apt to run low, probably from failure to secure complete combustion. The 

volatile products having been driven off, oxygen was turned on and allowed to 

pass over the sample heated to dull redness. The ignition is characterized by 

considerable glowing and the oxygen must be pas,;;ed rather slowly or else paiised 

over mixed with a considerable quantity of air. Too rapid con1 bustion may 

cause fusion of the ash and the retention of unburned coal. The ash after a 

determination was always ·examined for evidences of fusion or the presence of 

unburned carbon. Oxygen was passed through the train for several minutes 

after the last evidences of combustion had disappeared, or till it began to bubble 

freely through the potash bulbs. About 1,200 cc. of air were then aspirated 

through the train before weighiilg up. 

After the completion of the combustion, the burners under the rear end of 

the furnace were gradually tun1ed down and out. Those under the front, end of 

the copper oxide were, however, left partially turned on, and this pm·tion of the 

copper oxide was thus kept hot. This diminished the time required for. preliminary heating during the next combustion. 

NITROGEN. 

Nitrogen was determined by the regular Kjeldahl method. One gram of 

the sample was weighed out as. usual and digested with BO cc. of concentrated 

sulphuric acid -and about 0.65 gram ~f metallic mercury. The digestion was 

contiimed for about three-quarters of an hour after the oxidation was apparently 

complete, the total time being about three hours; 

The mercury was measured into the flask through a glass stopcock partially 

filled with plaster of Paris, so that every time the cock was turned around it 

delivered a drop of mercury. This, when once correctly gauged, was found to 

give practically constant amounts and was very satisfactory. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABOHATORY. 187 

As sulphur determinations were being made in the laboratory, every effort 

was made to prevent the fumes from the digestion flasks getting into the air. 

The work was done in a special hood, and the necks of the flasks were inserted 

into a long cylinder of lead through the openings in the side. The lead ·cylinder 

was about 4 inches in diameter and 20 inches long, and similar to the apparatus nsed in the Department of Agriculture. There was a drainpipe in the lower 

part for the escape of the condensed acid. The cylinder was connected with a 

large water aspirator of special design, which sucked out the fumes and carried 

them down into a drain and out of the building. The aspirator was made of 

lead and was arranged to aspirate a large volume of air at a small " head" 

and with but little water. It consisted of a "step-down" arrangement by which 

a jet of water first drew air into a small tube. as in the ordinary aspirator, 

and this acted as the jet in a second larger tube in which the mixed stream of 

air and water moved a large volume of air. The suction was sufficient to draw 

the air into the lead cylinder around the necks .of the flask rapidly. The acid 

fumes were absorbed by the water, and practically none escaped even into the 

hood. The aspirator was connected to the cylinder by a three-fourths inch lead 

pipe. 

The ammonia from the distillation was absorbed in 10 cc. of standard sulphuric acid of which. 1 cc. was equivalent to 0.005 gram of nitrogen. The 

residual acid was titrated with standard ammonia of just half the strength of 

the acid (1 cc. = 0. 0025 N). 

The acid was measured from an overflow pipette. The burette used for the 

ammonia was graduated from the top down in cubic centimeters and from the 

bottom up in percentages of nitrogen. Both readings were recorded and when 

the results were checke~ up the percentage caleulated from the cubic centimeter 

i:eading had to agree· with the percentage read diTectly. This gave a complete 

check on the burette reading and the recording. As 20 cc. of the ammonia is 

equivalent to 10 cc. of the acid, the percentage readings started with zero at the 

20 ec. mark and were 5 per cent at the top or zero of the cc. scale. Obviously 

20 minus the reading m cubic centimeters and divided by 4 must ·give the 

percentage. 

SULPHUR. 

J1fetlwds of determination.-The Eschka method was used on all regular 

samples. Many determinations of sulphur were made also on the washings from 

the Mahler calorimeter. The comparison of the results by the two methods is 

shown in the tabulated results on page 277. 
188 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The routine of work by the Eschka method was as follows: 

The determinations were made in sets of six, arid as a check upon reagents 

·and method of work a blank determination was run with every third set. The 

burning was done in 30 cc. platinum crucibles. In nearly all cases the amount 

of sample used was 1 gram; in a few of the determinations upon coke the 

duplicate determinations were made upon one-half gram of sample. 

The sample in eycry case was well mixed on paper before weighing. The 

weighed sample was well mixed in the crucible with about H grams of the 

"Eschka mixture," and about one-half gram was then spread on top as a 

cover. The burning was done over alcohol lamps. At the beginning the flame 

was kept very low until the volatile combustible was burned out. This required 

from fifteen to thirty m,inutes. The heat was then increased and the mixture was 

stirred occasionally with a platinum wire. The heating was continued uPtil all 

traces of unburned carbon bad disappeared. In many of the determinations the 

final burning was done in the gasoline muffle furnace. Practically all of the coke 

samples were finished in this way, as ·the complete burning of cokes over an 

alcohol lamp is very difficult. 

The mixture in the crucible was then transferred to a numbered beaker and 

digested with 75 cc. of water for thirty minutes. The solution was then filtered, 

the residue washed twice ~ith hot water by decantation and then washed on 

the filter, small portions of water being used for each washing till the filtrate 

amounted to 200 cc. Bromine water in excess was then added and the solution was 

made slightly acid with hydrochloric acid. The amounts of these reagents 

usually added were 4 cc. of water saturated with bromine and 3 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 

The solution was heated to boiling and the sulphu!· was precipitated with 

20 cc. of a bot 5 per cent solution of barium chloride, slowly added from a 

pipette during constant stirring. The precipitate was allowed to stand at a 

temperature a little below boiling for two hours or longer before filtering. 

The filtrate from the barium sulphate was tested for acidity by means of 

litmus paper, and for excess of barium chloriclc by adding a few drops of 

dilute sulphuric acid to a few cubic centimeters of the filtrate in a test tube. 

The preliminary washing of the precipitate was done with hot water containing 

1 cc. of hydrochloric acid per liter. The final washings were made with hot 

water alone and the washing was continued until the washings no longer reacted 

for chlorine when tested with silver nitrate. 

The precipitate was ignited in a porcelain crucible. Th~ filter and precipitate were placed in the crucible, precipitate uppermost, and the filter was 

folded only enough to prevent loss by spattering. A low heat was used until 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 189 

the paper was entirely "smoked off." The heat was then raised sufficiently 

to bring the precipitate to dull redness, and the heating continued for a few 

moments, or until the carbon was burned out. The crucible and precipitate 

were then cooled and weighed. 

Sulphur 'tn coke ash.-This determination was made upon only a few samples, 

the determination not being included in the original outline of the laboratory 

work. Two grams of sample were burned to ash; the ash was treated with 5 

. cc. of concentrated nitric acid and about one-half gram of potassium chlorate 

and then evaporated nearly to dryness. Fifteen cubic centimeters of concentrated 

hydrochloric acid were added and the solution was digested for fifteen minutes . 

. The solution was then evaporated to hard dryness. The residue was. moistened 

with 2 . ec. of strong hydrochloric acid, 75 cc. of water were added and the 

whole was digested for fifteen minutes. The solution was then filtered, the 

residue washed with hot water, and the sulphur determined in the filtrate by 

precipitation as barium sulphate. 

PllOSPHORUS. 

Pho..,phorus was detormined only in the coke. For a determination 6,.52 

grams of coke were taken and hurned to ash over a Bunsen burneT or in the 

muffie furnace. The ash was fused with sodium carbonate, plus 0. 2 gram of 

sodium nitrate; more nitrate than this attacked the platinum crucible. The fused 

mass was then dissolved in water, acidified, and the solution wat-> evaporated to 

dryness. After taking. up in hydrochloric acid the phosphorus was determined 

by weighing the yellow precipitate of phospho-dodecamolybdate of ammonium, 

obtained in the usual way. The determinations were run in sets of four to six, 

and as a eheck upon the purity of the yellow precipitate the phosphorus in the 

combined precipitates from e:1ch set was determined by the magnesia method. In 

no case was much impurity found. Tabulated results showing the agreement 

between the two methods are given on pttge 279. 

PROXIl\IATE ANALYSIS. 

MOISTURE AND ASH. 

The sample was mixed on paper, as described before, and 1 gram was 

weighed into a porcelain crucible. The erueible containing the sample was put 

in a double-walled air bath and dried for one hour, the bath being kept as near 

105° 0. as the variable nature of the gas pressure permitted. The usual range 

was from 103° to 108°. 

Determinations were made in which the .oven temperature ran up to 120° for rt 

sbot-t time, but these when duplicated gave practically the same results as at 105°. 

· It was therefore assumed that the minor variations made no appreciable difference. 
190 OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The samples were run in sets of six. At the end of the time the crucibles 

were covered and placed one at a time in desiccators containing caleium chloride 

and allowed to cool. 

The crucible was weighed as rapidly as possible, the weight being taken to 

the nearest half millig-ram, and also the erucible weighed whhout the cover. 

The drying oven was about 10 by 10 by 12 inche;; inside measurement, and 

was ventilated by a small opening in the top. 

The ash was determined in the ;;arne portion. The erucible was heated until 

all the combustible matter was removed, and the crucible and remaining ash were 

weighed. 

The burning was sometimes done over ~ Bunsen burner, but in most cases in 

a· small gasoline muffie furnace. This fumace, with . tank, burner, pump, etc., 

was furnished by F. W. Braun & Co., ·of Los Angeles, Cal. It was found very 

satisfactory, requiring little attention. 

The temperature was kept very low at the beginning of the hurning and 

until all the volatile· matter was expelled. It was then raised to low redness 

and so kept till the carbon was apparently removed, the burning being hastened by stirring the contents occasionally with a platinum wire. The crucibles 

were then weighed and re'tumed to the furnace. The ash was always burned 

until the weight became constant or until the change after twenty or thirty 

minutes' burning was less than about half a milligram. In using the muffie care 

was always taken not to let it become so hot as to eause any fusion of the 

ash, as a temperature sufficient for fusion of many ashes could be obtained 

without difficulty. 

YOLATII,g CO)IBUSTIBLE }fATTER. 

The method used was that recommended by the committee on coals of the 

American Chemical Society. One gram of the Rarnple weighed as before was 

heated in a covered platinum crucible for seven minutes over the full tlame of 

a Bunsen burner. The crucibles had a eapaeity of 30 cc. and were .Rupplied 

with wcll-~tting lids. Tqe crucibles were supported on platinum triangles, and 

the distance from the bottom of the erucible to the top of the BunFJen burner 

was about '7 em. The free-burning Bunsen burner gave a tlame 16 ·to 20 em. 

high. To prevent air currents from interfering with the determination, a 

cylindrical chimney of asbestos about 15 em. long by '7 em. in diameter was 

used to inclose the burner flame, t,he 'platinum triangle upon which the crucible 

rested being located 3 em. below the top of the chimney. This arrangement 

gave a uniform heat, and tho temperature attained was such that the lid of the 

crucible was readily heated to a visible red. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 191 

SPECIFIC G l~A VITY. 

Spem"jic gmvity of coke.-Detcrrninations were made of both the specific 

gravity of the coke substance and the apparent specific gravity of the lump coke. 

The determination of the apparent specific gravity was made by measuring the 

volume of water, in cubic centin1cters, .displaced by a given number of gTams 

of coke. The apparatus used cont-listed of a 500 cc. glass jar closed with ·a t-lCrew 

cap and rubber gasket. In the middle of the screw cap an opening 0.6 em. in 

diameter was m::tde and the cap so sprung as to bring this opening at the highest 

point when the cap was in place on the jar and the jar set in a vertical posjtion. 

A scratch upon the side of the jar and cap served as a guide to enable the cap to 

be screwed on always to the same position. In making a determination the jar 

was filled with water to a level across the· opening in the cap. By means of a 

50 cc. pipette 150 cc. of water were then drawn out. The cap was then taken off, 

two or three pieces of coke previously dried and weighed were droppe<l into the 

jar, and the cap was again screwed on. ·Water was then added from a burette 

t,ill the opening in the cap was filled jut-lt as at first. The number of cubic 

centimeters of water added from the burette .·subtracted from the 150 cc. taken 

out represented the volume of water displaced by the coke; this result divided 

by the weight of the coke in grams gave the apparent specific' gravity. Care 

. was taken during· the operation to displace by gentle shaking any large air bubbles 

adhering to the surface of the coke. Three determinations were made upon each 

coke tested, and the average· of the three results was taken. The-combined weight 

of the several pieces used for each test was usually about 100 grams. Where 

the results obtained were very irregular, five or six determinations were made 

and the results averaged. 

Spem'fic gravity of the coke substance.-Tbc method used is in brief as follows: 

3.5 grams of the previously dried and finely pulverized sample were placed in 

a 50 cc. specific gravity flask. The flask was filled about two-fifths full of water, 

attached to an a~pirator, and gently boiled on a water bath under a partial 

vacuum for two and one-half to three hours. The flask was then detached, 

cooled, filled with water, and weighed. The temperature of the water in the 

flask was taken as soon as the flask was weighed. For each bottle used a table 

was constructed, ·showing its weight in grams when filled with water at diffm·ent 

temperatures. From the weights so obtained the specific gravity of the coke 

powde1: was calculated in the usual way. For this work grams of water were 

considered equal to cubic cp,ntimeters. 
192 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

DISCUSSION OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 

Such experiments as were made in the time at our disposal to test the general 

accuracy of the results obtained by the foregoing methods are described in detail 

on page 27 5 et seq. 

It will appear from these details that so far as the analytical processes 

themselves are concerned the results may be considered as within the errors 

liable to arise from variations in the sample. This general conclusion is also 

supported by the comparatively close agreement of the numerous duplicate 

determinations that were made in the course of the work. The most unsatisfactory 

part of the analytimd scheme is that involving the determination of moisture. 

The problem presPnted in this determination is twofold. It involves, first, the 

determination of the moisture· in the actual sample analyzed in the laboratory, 

and, second, the ascertainment of the percentage of moisture in the fuel in the 

condition in which it is used for th~ various tests-such as the boiler test, gas 

test, etc. 

The method of air drying was expected to bring these two results together, 

so that the final ground sample could be prepared from the air-dried sample I . 

without important change in moisture.~ It is obvious from the results shown in 

the experimental work on moisture that this was only partially successful, though 

it is believed that the tabulated figures for the composition of the fuel will 

represent the truth much more exactly than if the coal had been sampled without 

air drying. 

A considerable source of error in the analytical work is undoubtedly the 

extreme liability of the laboratory sample .in the pulverized condition to change 

in moisture content during the weighing out of the portions used for the different 

determinations. Direct experiments have shown that the average time of exposure 

of the sample during the operation of weighing out was about three minutes 

and that this would in some eases be sufficient for marked losses in moisture. 

In all cases the sample was mixed on paper before weighing; this was 

deemed-necessary in order to secure a representative portion for the analysis, 

particularly in the ease of coals high in ash and sulphur, in which there is 

great tendency for the material to separate in the sample bottle. Subsequent 

experiments have shown that this mixing on paper is not necessary for the 

portion used in the determination of moisture, but as it was very essential that 

the determination of moisture should correspond with the other analytical 

determinations, it was considered best to treat the sample in the same way in all 

cases, so that any loss of moisture during the weighing out would affect equally 

portions used for the determination of the calorimetric value, for the ultimate 

analysis, and for the determination of moisture. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 193 

The effect of this procedure is to make all the a~1alytical results, including 

the moisture determination, represent the coal in a uniform condition and to 

throw back upon the condition of the sample as received all errors due to loss 

of moisture during weighing; thus all the results arc strictly comparable. 

In respect to the determination of moisture itself, it is obvious from the 

experiments given later on, cspeciaUy the very interesting· results given by 

Doctor Hillebrand, that the figure obtained for .moisture can not be considered 

as representing all the water in the coal. What is considered as moisture is 

simply the loss of weight which the coal undergoes by treating it in a certain 

specified way. lf the conditions of drying are changed the moisture figure will 

also change. 

All of the results obtained in the laboratory were made under conditions as 

nearly uniform as possible, and arc therefore strictly comparable with each 

other. In the great majority of cases duplicate determinations; on the same coal 

gave closely concordant results. 

ANALYTICAL RESULTS. ,·,·-

METHODS OF STATEMENT. 

In the tables which follow are given all the res.ults reported from the laboratory in connection with the different tests, as well as the analyse~ 'ina<f~ 'o<f1 the 

car samples and mine samples. · ' .·· · t,·ri·b 

A complete series of results upon any lot of coal tested wo~1ld qowprise 

analyses of the mine sample.;, the ear sample, the sample from the steam test, 

the sample from the producer-g·as test, the sample from the coke tes~ . ~nd the 

coke from the test, the samples from the washery' and the sample 'of the. briquettes mad13..from the·· coal. The· complete series of tests was applied to only a 

few coals,, ::llqr. ·:'!nany of the coals were adapted to only a portion of the tests. 

In some· casC$:•;m,ore ·than one samnle was sent under one head, as, for instance, 

where more than one coke test was made on the same coal. 

Many of the washery samples were taken from washed: coal sent to the ovens 

or. the boilc1's, and the results of analyses of these have lJeen reprinted. under 

both heads for the sake of uniformity and for convenience in comparing 1;esults. 

The actual analysis was made, of course, upon the air-dried sample, and these 

results are given in the tables: The results on the sample as received were calculated by correcting the analysis for the loss of water in air drying, and these 

corrected results are given with the others. The actual calculation consisted in 

multiplying the results of the analysis by the fraction that the air-dried coal 

formed of the original coal and then adding to the figure for moisture so obtained 

13-No. 48-06--13 
194 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

the percentage loss on air drying.. In the ultimate analyses the figures so obtained 

for oxygen and hydrogen were increased by amounts equivalent to the oxygen 

and hydrogen represented by the loss on air drying when considered as water. 

The ultimate analyses and the de~erminations of the calorific value of the 

samples from the steam and producer-gas tests are usually derived from the 

results of the determinations on the car samples of the same coal by taking into 

account the differeilces in the ash, moisture, and sulphur in the samples as shown 

by the proximate analyses . 

. It was assumed, after deducting the hydrogen and oxygen combined as the 

moisture in the different portions of the same coal, that the ratio between the carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen remaining was constant. The calculation was 

as follows: Let the sum of the moisture, ash, a'nd sulphur in the car sample on 

which the ultimate analysis was made. be S and the same for the boiler test 

100 S' sample be S'; let K-100

=

8 ; let the carbon, nitr_?gen, hydrogen, oxygen, and 

moisture in the car sample be C, N, H, 0, and M, and in the other C', N', H', 

0', and M', respectively; then 

C'=KC, N'=KN, H'=K (H-1/9 M)+1/9 M' 

O'=K (0-8/9 M)+819 M' . ' 

On the :following two samples :from the steam tests the ultimate analysis was 

made directly. The agreement between the two methods is shown as :follows: 

i Hydrogen determined, 4. 77; derived, 4. 84. 

Sainple 1061 ____ .. _ C d . d . d arbon etermmed, 68.94; enve , 68.85. . 

Sample 1 7 j Hydrogen determined, 4.82; derived, 4.94. 1 5 ------~Carbon determined, 70.00; derived, 70.19. 

In deriving the heating value o:f the steam-test and producer-gas samples 

:from the determinations on the car sample the heating value of sulphur in coal 

was taken as 2,250 calories and the heating value of other combustible matter in 

the two samples was assumed to be the same. 

The formula is as follows: 

Cal. V' = K (Cal. V- 22.5 X per cent sulphur)+ 22.5 per cent sulphur in second 

sample. Cal. V' is the derived calorific value and Cal. V. the calorific value of 

the car sample. The sulphur in the parenthesis is the sulphur in the car sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 195 

In the calculation of the calorific value from the ultimate analysis Dulong's 

formula was used, (lS follows: 8080 carbon+ 344:60 (hydrogen -1/8 oxygen)+ 2250 

sulphur. Results were changed from calories to British thermal units by multiplying the value in calories by nine-fifths. 

The agreement b~tween the derived and the determined calorific values is 

shown· by r~sults upon the producer-gas samples, in most of which both methods 

were used. These are given in the tabulated list of results. 

The agreement between the determined calorific value and the value as calculated from the ultimate analysis by Dulong's formula is shown by the results 

upon the car samples given in .the tabulated list of results. The results upon 

special samples and the special determinations made in addition· to the routine 

laboratory work are given after the tabulated list of results upon the regular 

samples. 

REGULAU SAMPLES. 

In the following tables, showing the results of the work on the regular samples, the analyses are grouped together under the State number designating· the 

kind of coal, and the groups arc arranged in alphabetical order of the States. 
196 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

Chemical analyse.~ of Alabama No. 1 coal. 

[LUmp and nut coal from mine No. 8. Received from Ivy Coalttnd Coke Company, Horsecrcck, Ala.] 

Sample Sam- of coal 

pie from 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke 

test 

Sample 

Coke from Sar:;re Samp!e 

}..fine Mine sam- wash- washed· of bnsample sample 

No.1. No.2. 

Car 

sample.a 

from coke 

boiler test ple cry test, coal, que~tes, 

washed coarse, screened bOJler 

coal. c scri~~ed, and te~l.~o. 

washed. coarse. 

test No.8, No.l7.b coal un- washed. 

No.3, 

coal 

washed. 

~;;:;~~~~~~~;~~-~:~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~: ... ~~~~- ---~~~~- :~:: ~~::I :~:: :~:: ---~~~~- -----~~~-~----~~~~- :~:: Anuly~is of air-dried sample: . I 

Proximate-

·Moisture ......... per cent .. ............... . 1. 55 

Volatilematter ...... do .................. .. 32.10 

Fixed Cftrhon _ ....... do.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. 71 

Ash .................. do . .' ....... .' .......... 12.6-1 

1.48 

31.34 

53.11 

14.07 

1. 57 

31.13 

53.26 

14.04 

2. 79 

31.86 

0.33 

. 72 

54.07 82.63 

11.28 16.32 

1. 55 ! 1. 87 

14.66 10.36 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

UltimateHydrogen ............. do ........ .. 

~~;:or;e~: ::::::: :::::~~: ::: : ::~:: :: ·:::::::j ~~~~~~::::::::::::: :~::::: ::::::::I:::::::: : ::::::: :: :·: : :::: : ::: : ~::: :: : ::::: :::: : : : ::: :::: : ::::I .79 . 77 . 91 .69 . 70 

1. 45 

33.40 

51.58 

13.57 

100.00 

4.80 

7L59 

1. 40 

7. 69 

. 95 

Ash .................. do ........ .. 

1. 96 

72.16 

L66 

7.8f> 

.73 

12.64 

100.00 

. 90 1 

.......................... ------------------ ......... 1~ 

' 100.00 

!= 

Cal~rific value deter- {calories_ .................. 7,199 ........ ......... ......... ........ .......... ......... 7,172 

mmed ................. B.T. [! .................. 12,958 ..................................................... 12,909 

Calorific value ealculttted{calories.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 7, 218 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 7,130 

frOII\Uitimateanalysis. B. T. U . .l ................ 12,992 ........ ......... ......... ........ .......... ......... 12,834 

Phosphorus in coke ... :.. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 047 ........................... . 

Analysis corrected to sample us received: 

ProximateMoisture ......... per cent. . 

Volatile matter ...... do .... 

Fixed carbon ........ do.: .. 

Ash .................. do .. .. 

1. 22 

31.53 

54.44 

12.81 

1. 35 

31.67 

53.35 

13.63 

2.34 

31.84 

53.28. 

12.54 

2. 56 2.65 4.64 

31.00 30.79 31.25 

52.52 52.68 53.05 

13.92 13.88 11.06 

100.00 100.00 '100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 . . ====---===== UltimateHydrogen ............ do .................. .. 

Carbon ............... do .................. .. 

Nitrogen ............. do .................. .. 

Oxygen .............. do .................. .. 

........ .......... 

........ .......... ......... ........ .......... ·····-··· 

········ ..... .... ......... 

Sulphur .............. do.... . 71 . 71 

li.01 

71.58 

1. 65 

8. 50 

. 72 

12.54 

.78 . 76 .89 .......................... . 

Ash .................. do ................... . 

Cnloritic vnlne deter- !calories.. ........ 7, 217 

mined ................. R. T. U .......... 12,991 

100.00 

7;142 e7,003 

12,856 d2,605 

a ){epresents 20 tons of coal. b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1158: Combustible, 26.20 per cent; ash, 73.80 per cent. c Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.92; apparent specific gravity of coke, 0.95; percentage uf porosity, 51. 

dRefuse from boiler test of briquettes, laboratory No. 1193: Combustible, 18.80 per cent; ash, 81.20 per cent. e Derived from determinations on carload sample. 

2.63 

33.00 

50.96 

13.41 

100.00 

4.87 

70.73 

1.38 

8. 67 

. 94. 

13.41 

100.00 

7,086 

12,755 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 197 

-Chem-ical analyses of Alabam(t No. 2 coal. 

[Lump, nut., and pea coai from mine No.5.- Received from Galloway Coal Company, Carbon Hill, Ala.] 

------------------·------.-------------------

Mine 

sample 

No. l. 

!\fine Car 

sample samplc.n No.2. 

Laboratory sample number .. _ .............. : ................ :.. 10751 1076 

Loss of moisture on air drying ........... _ ........... per cent .. .... _ ............... . 

Analysis of 11ir-dried sample: 

Proximate-

~~~1i=~~:e,;;~~~~~::::::::::: ::::::.::::::::::: ::~~-~~~~~:: ::::::::::1:::::::::: 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ...................... .. 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

1225 

0.80 

2.58 

33.15 

51.74 

12.53 

100.00 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 16./J 

1141 

2. 60 

2.29 

33.86 

49.95 

13,90 

100,00 

Hample 

from 

gas-producer 

test 

No.2. 

1216 

0.50 

3.28 

33.62 

53.-55 

9.55. 

100.00 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke 

test 

No.7. 

1136 

1.50 

2.30 

33.10 

51.36 

13.24 

100.00 

Ultimllte-

~~~~~0:-~-~:::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~::::: ::::::::::I:::::::::: 6:: ~: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

E~~~~rn:::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: :~~::: ::::::::::: J:::::: ::: ~:~~ . -.: :~:;~: i:::::: _:~~: :::::: ~-:~~ Ash .................... ; ......................... do .... \ .......... 1 .......... _ 12.53 :.:_:_:_:_:_:_:·J:_:_:_:_:.=: ·.:_:_:_:_:_:_:_ 

' _100. 00 100, 00-1100, 0~ 100.00 

C 1 'fi 1 d t . d {calories...................... 6,916 .......... 7, 183 .......... aor1 cvane eermme .......................... B.T. u .. ' .................... 12,449 .......... 

112

,

929 · 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. {~~l:;i~: ~:::::: :: :::::: ::~ _ ~:~:: :::::::::: ::::::.:: .. ::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: ----~ ----- --- ---

Proximate-

~Ioisturc .................................. .' .. per cent.. 2. 25 I 2. 42 3. 36 4.83 

3'L9S 

48.65 

13.54 

3. 76 

33.45 

;;3_ 29 

:~~:-~:~·:~~:~~~: 9. 50 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~:::: :~ ::: ~: i ~~:~~ ~~::: I ,- ----'-----------------

:t 77 

32.60 

00,59 

13,04 

100.00 i 100.00 I 100.00 100. oo 100.00 100. oo 

Ultimate~ == --~~ :=:____-= = = ::__-= =-----=-

Hydrogen ........................................ do ... . 

Carbon ........................................... do .. .. 

Nitrogen ......................................... do .. .. 

Oxygen .................................. .- ....... do ... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do ... . 1.09 L 10 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

. . !calories .. Calonfie value (!etermmed ........................ .. B. T. U .. 

7, 2961! 

13,133 

-----------------------'---'--

7,053 

12,6951 

4. 84 

68.69 

1.54 

11.49 

1.01 

]2.·13 

100.00 

6,861 

12,350 

1.17 

6,639 

11,950 

.86 

ci,147 

c12, 865 

a Represents 27 tons of coal. _ • bRefnse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1143: ComhuHti,ble, 15.10 per cent: ash, 84.90 per cent. c Calorific value derived from the determinations on the cttrload, sample: 7_,088 calories; 12,758 B. T. U. 

1. 43 
198 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Arkansas No. 1 coal. 

[Lump and nut coal from mine No.3. Received from Central Coal and Coke Company, Huntingtoi1, Ark.] 

---.---'--------------------------------------

Mlne 

sample 

No.1. 

J\Iine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam· ple.a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 9.b 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.5. 

Sample 

of bri· 

quettcs, 

boiler 

test No. 

14.e 

---------------------------· 

Laboratory sample number ................................... . 1045 1046 

_Loss of moisture on air drying .. _ .................... per cent. . ................... . 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate1114 

2.10 

Moisture ......................................... do...... ....... .......... 1.17 

Volatile matter .................................. do.... . . . .. . .. . . . .... .. . . . 17.83 

Fixed carbon .................................... do.... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 68.12 

Ash .............................................. do........................ 12.88 

UltimateHydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon .............................. .' ............ do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do ....................... . 

Ash ........ ." ..................................... do ....................... . 

100.00 

4.00 

75.68 

1. 47 

4. 70 

1. 27 

12.88 

100.00 

1105 

1.00 

1. 00 

18.80 

67.03 

13.17 

100.00 

1107 1135 

1. 00 ......... . 

1.32 

18.28 

67.26 

13.14 

100.00 

1. 22 1.14 .•........ 

Calorific value determined .................. ········{~~l~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: ~:!~~ 1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

Galoriflc value ~alcnlated from ultimate analysis .. ·{calories.· · · · · · · · · ·· : ··· ·· · · ·· 7• 319 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·-- · · · · B; T. U.. .......... .......••. 13,174 ............................. . 

Analysis corrected to snmple tts received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent.. 1.02 0. 75 

Voltttile matter .................................. do ... . 17.88 18.50 

Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . • . ..................... do ... . 73.61 73.77 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 7.49 6. 98 

-------- 100.00 1oo:oo 

---- ---- UltimttteHydrogeu ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ............•............................ do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do .............. _. ........ . 

Sulphur ......................................... do ....................... . 

Ash ...............................•.............. do.. . . 1.10 1.15 

I . . 1 d t 1 d {calories .. Ca or1tic va ue e erm ne ...................... · .... .. B. T. U,. 

-------c----------------· a Represents 38 tons of coal. 

8,019 

14,434 

3. 24 

17.46 

66.69 

12.61 

----

100.00 

----

4.10 

74.09 

1. 44 

6.47 

1.24 

12.61 

100.00 

1. 99 2. 31 

18.61 18.10 

66.36 66.58 

13.04 13.01 ------.--

100.00 100.00 

-------

1. 21 1.13 

0.94 

21.21 

67.65 

10.20 ----

100.00 

;;--== 

3.97 

79.02 

1. 57 

3.51 

1.73 

10.20 

100.00 

7,615 

13,707 

b Refuse from boiler test, htbomtory No. 1106: Combustible, 18.08 per cent; ash, 81.92 per cent. cRefuse from boiler test of briquettes, laboratory No. 1134: Combustible, 23.02 per cent; ash, 76.98 per cent. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of Arkansas No. 2 coal. 

[Lump coal from mine No .. 12. Received from Central Coal and Coke Company, Bonanza, Ark.] 

Mine 

sample 

No.L 

Mine Car sam- sample ple.a ·No.2. 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 

8.1> 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test. 

199 

Sample 

of.bri-· 

quettes, 

boiler 

test No. 

ll.c 

-----~-----·-------- -----~--------- --~ 

Laboratory sample number ................................... . 1049 1053 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent ..................... . 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate1160 

l. 50 

1100 

0.40 

1102 

1.50 

1112 

4.00 

Moisture ......................................... do.... .......... .......... .74 .67 .82 .92 

Volatile matter .................................. do........................ 16.26 16.93 17.68 23.43 

Fixed ·carbon .................................... <lo.... . .. . . .. . . . • . . .. . . .. . 73.66 73.95 70.79 62.81 

Ash .............................................. do.... . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . 9. 34 8. 45 10. 71 12.84 

UltimateHydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ....................................... _ ... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do ....................... . 

Ash ............................................... do ....................... . 

. . d {calories ..................... . Calonfic·value determme ......................... · B. T. u .................... .. 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis •. -{~~l;~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent .. 0.95 0. 78 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. .. 18.70 16.60 

Fixed carbon ..................................... do .. .. 73.38 73.53 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 6.97 9.09 

-------- 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- --------

Hydrogen ......................................... do ...................... .. 

Carhon ........................................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 2.12 2. 50 

Ash .............................................. do ...................... .. 

. 1 d . d {calories .. Calorific va ue etermme ........................ .. B. T. U .. 

7,993 

14,387 

100.00 J-100.00 ~ 100.00 

4.13 ········-- . 80.03 ···---···· ·········· 

1.40 ······---- ·········· 3.20 ·········· ······---- 1.90 1.96 1.60 

9:34 ·-·-······ ·········· 

100.00 

7, 756 ······-··· ·····-···· 13,961 ·········· .......... 

7, 794 ·······--- ········-· 14,029 ·········· .......... 

2.23 1.07 2.31 

16.02 16.86 17.41 

72.55 73.65 69.73 

9.20 8.42 10.55 

-------- --~--

100.00 100.00 100.00 

-------------

4.24 

78.83 

1.38 

4.48 

1.87 

9.20 

1. 95 1. 58 

100.00 

7,639 d7,829 

13, 750 d 14, 092 

4.12 

75.96 

l. 52 

4.18 

l. 38 

12.84 

100.00 

7,474 

13,453 

7,409 

13,336 

4,88 

22.49 

60.30 

12.33 

----

100.00 

----

4.40 

72.92 

1. 46 

7.57 

1. 32 

12.33 

100.00 

----· 7,175 

12,915 

a Represents one-half of a carload of coal. b Refuse from bo!ler test, labo_ratory No. 1101: Combustible, 31.87 per cent; ash, 68.13 per cent. .cRefuse !rom b01ler test of_bnquettes, labomtory No. 1113: Combustible, 10.55 per cent; ash, 89.45 per cent. t!Denved from determmatwns on carload sample. 
200 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING _PLANT. 

Chemical analyus of Arkansas No. 3 coal. 

[Lump and slack coal from mine No. 18. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Jenny Lind, Ark.] 

~---------------~-----~- ---- -~ ~---

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam- ple.a 

Sample 

frotn 

boiler 

test No. 29. b 

Coke 

sample, 

coke 

from briquettes. 

Sample 

of bri· 

quettcs, 

boiler 

test No. 35. c 

~~--------'------------1- ·-------------------

Luboratory sumple number ................................... . 

LoRR of moisture on air drying ... _ ................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ......................................... do .. .. 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. :. 

~'ixcd carbon .................................... do .. .. 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

Ultimate1115 

0.80 

. 81 

17.54 

73.68 

7. 97 

----

100.00 

1118 

0.80 

.84 

16.81 

69.59 

12.76 

----

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbou ........................................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ............. ·• ............................ do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 1. 43 1. 47 

Ash ................................. , ............ do ....................... . 

. . . {calories .. CalorifiC value determmcd ......................... . R. T. U .. 

7, 931 

14,275 

1296 

1. 40 

.80 

19,75 

67.65 

11.80 

----· 

100.00 

4.07 

76.37 

1. 55 

4. 91 

1.30 

11.80 

100.00 

7,586 

13,655 

12M I 1299 I 

1:10 ......... . 

.88 

16.22 

73.55 

9. 35 

100.00 

1.30 ......... . 

1293 

1. 60 

1. 02 

17.63 

63.05 

18.30 

100.00 

s. 53 

71.72 

1. 40 

3. 62 

1.43 

18.30 

100.00 

6,977 

12, 5ii9 

Calorific val~e calculated from ultimate >malysis ... {;l;ic~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: ~:i~~ :::::::::: :::::::::: ~: ::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: =--"'=====-~=-~!== 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... per cent.. 1. 60 1. 63 2.19 1. 97 1. 05 2. 60 

Volatile matter .................................. do.... 17.40 16.68 1V. 47 16.04 2. 80 17.35 

Fixed carbon .................................... do.... 73.09 6V.03 66.71 72.H 72.73 62.04 

Ash .............................................. do .... 1 7.91 12.66 11.63 9.2.5 23.42 18.01 

-1oo.oo . 1oo.oo 10o.OiJ -1oo.oo 1 1oo.oo lOD.Oo 

Ulti:;~:geu ........................................ do ........... : .. ~ ........ ~ 4.~7 ....... ]~ ........ ~ 3.65 

Carbon ............................. · .............. do ...................... .. 75.31 .......... f ........ .. 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ........................................... do.... 1.42 1.46 

Ash .......................... : .................... do ...................... .. 

· 1 . {calories .. Calonfic va ue clctermmed ........................ .. B. T. U .. 

"Represents 11 tons of coaL 

7,868 

14,162 

1.53 .......... ~ ........ .. 

6.08 

1. 28 

11.63 

100.00 

7,480 

13,464 

I 

1. 29 1. 52 

<17,7061 ........ .. 

d13,871 ........ .. 

70. :i7 

1.38 

4. 98 

1.41 

18.01 

100.00 

6,865 

12,357 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1255: Combustible, 42.19 per cent; ash. 57.81 per cent. c Refuse from. the boiler test of the briquette, laboratory· No. 1292: Combustible, 14.27 per cent; ash, 85.73 per cent. <1 Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. • 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 201 

Chemical analysex of A1'kan.sn8 No. 4 coal. 

[Slack coal from several Arkanslls mines. Received from Western Coal and ~lining Company, St. Louis, Mo.) 

Laborator~· sample number .........•.....•.......................................................... 

Loss of moisture on air drying .... · ......................................................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate-

~Ioisture ................ ........................................... _ ................... do ... . 

Volatile matter .............•............................... ·.· ...........•............. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ........................................................................... <lo ... . 

Ash ...............................................................................•.... do ... . 

UltimateI Sample of Sample of briquettes, briquettes, boiler test boiler test· No. 40. a No. 42. b 

1320 

2.10 

1335 

0.10 

1.79 :J.OS 

14.36 18.62 

73.52 66.10 

10. s:l 1 12. 20 

-----~-----

100. oo 1 1oo. oo ----

Hydrogen ....................................................•...•..................... do .... 

~~!;!~~:·:·: :::::: :·:::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::: :~::::: 1 

3. 64 

79.43 

l. 40 

3.52 

4.15 

75.91 

1.28 

4. 76 

Sulphur ..........................................................................•..... do.... 1. 68 1. 70 

Ash .....................................•.............. , .........•.•................... do.... ::~~~ 

, . . {cotlories. . 7, 6121 7, 487 CalorifiC value determmed ··········································'················· :·· B. T. U.. 13, 402 13,

477 

7,5581 

13,604 

· {calories .. Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis ......................•.....•........... B , . . 1. u .. 

Analy,is correeted to sample as received: 

Proximate7,397 

13,315 

--~=--~ 

Moisture .. : .......................••..................................•....•....... per cent.. 3. 85 3.18 

Volatile matter ....................................................................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon .............................. , ........................................... do .. .. 

Ash.' ................................................................................... do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen ........................ · ....................................................... do ... . 

Carbon ................................................................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen ........................... __ ........ _ .......................................... do ... . 

Oxygen ................................................................................ do ... . 

Sulphnr ....................................... : ........................................ do ... . 

Ash .................................................................................... do ... . 

· 1 d · . {calories .. Calonfic Yll ue etermmed .............................................................. .. B. T. U .. 

14.06 18.60 

71.98 

10.11 

-----

100.00 

3.80 

77.76 

1. 37 

5. 31 

1. 65 

10.11 

100.00 

----- 7,152 

13,414 

66.03 

12.19 

---- 100.00 

4.15 

75.83 

1. 2~ 

4.'85 

1. 70 

12.19 

100.00 

-=---.._---:=:::::=::.. 

7,480 

13,464 

-------------·---------------.-------- ---~ 

a'Rcfnse from the boiler test of the briquettes, laboratory No. 1319: Combustible .. 46.40 per cent.: ash, 53.60 per cent. b Refuse from the boiler test of the briquettes, laboratory Nq. 1334: Combustible, o9.35 per cent; ash,40.65 per cent. 
202 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Arkansas No. 5 coal. 

[Lump and slack coal from mine No.4. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Coalhill, Ark]. 

-~-------- ---~--------,-----

Laboratory sample number ................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying .................................... per cent .. 

Mine sam- Mine sam- ple No.1. pie No.2. 

1130 1131 

0. 70 1. 30 

Awt!ysis of llir-dried sample: 1~====1,==== 

Proximate-

-Moisture ..................................................... do .. .. .68 .51 

Volatile matter ............................................... do .. .. 14.87 15.19 

Fixed carbon ................................................. do .. .. 77.45 76.94 

Ash ........................................................... do .. .. 7.00 7. 36 

100.00 100.00 

Car sam- fr::,~~ler ple.a test No. 4l.b 

1331 1328 

1.10 1. 00 

1,28 1. 23 

1~.82 12.67 

73. (;9 74.42 

12.21 11.68 

100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- '====''======== 

Hydrogen ..................................................... do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................................ do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ...................................................... do ........................... . 

Oxygen ....................................................... do ........................... . 

3. 74 

77.29 

1.39 

3.36 

Sulphur ....................................................... do.... 1. 53 1. 97 2. 01 2. 41 

Ash .......................................................... do .......................... .. 12.21 ! ........... . 

C 1 "fi 1 d t · •d {calories .. a or1 c va uc e erruuw ·················.·······-·········· B.T.U ... 

8,017 ............ . 

14,431 .......... .. 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis ...... ------{~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

100.00 

7,448 

13,406 

7,435 

13,381 ---~~-~~- -~---

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximatl.'-

Moisture .................................................. per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............................................... do .. .. 

lilixed carbon ···········------·~····---·--·-·········--·······dO ... . 

Ash ......................... : .................................. do .. . 

1.38 

14.76 

76.91 

6. 95 

100.00 

1.80 

15.00 

75.94 

7.~6 

100.00 

2.36 

12.68 

72.88 

12.08 

100.00 

Ultimate- ---- ======"====~ 

Hydrogen ..................................................... do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................................ do ......... : ................ .. 

Nitrogen ..................................................... do .......................... .. 

Oxygen ....................................................... do ........... _ ............... .. 

Sulphur ....................................................... do.... 1. 52 1. 94 

Ash ........................................................... do .......................... .. 

C I ifi 1 d t · d {calories .. u or c va ue e ermn1e ................................... . · B.T.U ... 

·7, 961 

14,330 

--------'----'-~--'--

3.82 

76.44 

1. 37 

4.30 

1. 99 

12.08 

100.00 

7,366 

13,269 

a Represents 38 tons of coal. ~Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1327: Combustible, 42.05 per cent; ash, 57.95 per cent. <Derived from the determinations on the carlond sample. 

2.22 

12.54 

73.68 

11.56 

' 100.00 

=-----====== 

············ 

····-····-·· 

............. 

............. 

2:39 

·-·········· 

<7,397 

c]3,315 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 203 

Chemical analyses of Arkansas No. 6 coal. 

[Slack coal from mine No. 18. Received from Western Coal and 1\lining Company, Jenny Lind, Ark. 

Sample of Sample of 

coal from ~oal from Coke 

Car sam- coke test coke test sample 

ple.a c~~i ~~d No. 58, f~~d ~~tl bri- w~~~!m. quettcs.b quettes. 

Saniple 

from 

washery Samplcof 

test, un- washed 

washed, coal. car sample. 

-'--------------------·1--~-----~---------------

Laboratory sample number .......... _ ......... _ .............. . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .................................. _ ...... do ... . 

Vqlatile matter ............ ~ .................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ....... ~ ............................ do ... . 

Ash ........... ~ .................................. do ... . 

UltimateSulphur ................................... _ ...... do .. .. 

1542 

3.00 

.82 

14.32 

70.62 

14.24 

100.00 

----

1.30 

1518 

3. 70 

0 92 

17.91 

66.59 

14.58 

----

100.00 

~--~-

1. 73 

1538 

17.30 

1. 20 

15.66 

75.63 

7.51 

----

100.00 

-----

1.49 

Phosphorus in coke ..... _ ..................... , .............................................. . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..... , .... ~ ........... ~ .............. per cent. . 3.80 4.59 18.29 

Volatile matter ...... _ ... ~ ....................... do ... . 13.89 17.25 12.95 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ... . 68.50 64.12 62.54 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 13.81 14.04 6.22 

------------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- ------------

Sulphur .......................................... do .. .. 1. 26 1. 68 1. 22 

a Represents 12 tons of coal. 

1535 

2.80 

1. 30 

2.85 

78.84 

17.01 

----

100.00 

----

1.46 

.05 

4.06 

2. 77 

76.63 

16.54 

----

100.00 

----

1.43 

1542 

3.00 

.82 

1543 

17.10 

1.54 

14.24 8.26 

1. 30 1. 64 

3. 80 18.38 

13.81 6. 85 

1. 26 1.36 

bSpecific gravity of the coke substance, 1.88; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.88; percentage of porosity, 0.53. 
204 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTI-NG PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Colorado No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine black Jlgnite from Simpson mine. Received from Northern Coal and Coke Company, Lafayette, Colo.] 

----------------------------------------------~-----~------------~-----------

l\Jinc 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

Hample 

No.2. 

' 

. :Car sam- f~E, e f~~~~;~~-

pie. n . ond por- test test 

tion) · b No. 75. c No. 15. 

Car sam-~' pie (sec- boiler producer 

Labomtorysamplenuuber ..................................... l~ ~ -~~~ ~~~ Lossofmoisturconairdrying ....................... pcrcent..I~~-~D__ _-_ 9.20 ---"'~--7--~ Analysis of air-dried sample: ------------,--------------

ProximateMoisture ......................................... do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ......................... : .......... do .... '1 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate15.77 

&'\.18 

44.29 

3. 76 

100.00 

18.58 

35.42 

42.38 

3.62 

100.00 

Hydrogen ............................... _ ........ do ....................... . 

Carbon, .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ..... , ................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do .... 1 .................. .. 

Sulphur ............... · ............................ do.... . 54 . 48 

Ash .... · .......................................... do ....................... . 

. {calories .. Calorific value determmed ........................ .. B. T. U .. 

5,918 ........ .. 

10,©2 ......... . 

CRiorific value calculated from ultimate 11nalysis •. -{~~~;~i~s:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ................. · ................... do .... I 

Ash .............................................. do .... ! 

Ultimate20.02 

33.81 

42.56 

3. 61 

100.00 

21.84 

34.00 

40.68 

3.18 

100.00 

Hydrogen .................. ,, ....... ~ .......... do ...................... .. 

Cnrbon ........................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ........................................ .r!o ...................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

8nlphnr .......................................... <lo.... .52 .46 

Ash .............................................. do ...................... .. 

Calorific value determmer...... .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. · . . . " {calories .. 

R. T. TJ .. 

5,6871----------

10,237 ......... . 

13.49 

37.11 

43.03 

6.37 

100.00 

i\. 75 

61.13 

1.22 

24.95 

. 58 

6. 37 

100.00 

5, 995 

10,791 

11.60 

6.31 

. 57 

15.20 

37.90 

41.22 

5.68 

100.00 

. 44 

13.49 

34.99 

45.17 

6.35 

100.00 

.65 

5, 885 

10, o93 

5,Rii9 ............................. . 

10,546 .................... [ ........ .. 

18.68 

34.88 

40.45 

5.99 

100.00 

6.07 

57.46 

1.15 

28.78 

. 55 

5. 99 

100.00 

19.73 

5. 73 

.52 

~.635 ........ .. 

10,143 ......... . 

19.78 

a5.85 

39.00 

5. 37 

100.00 

.42 

5, 605 

10,089 

20.24 

32.26 

41.65 

5.85 

100.00 

.60 

ri.'i,42G 

<19, 767 

a Represents 20 tons of coaL b Represents 15 tons of coaL c Refuse from the boiler test No. 75, laboratory No. 1540: Combustible, 62.9·1 per cent; ash, 37.06 per cent. d Calorific value derived from determination on the carload sample: 5,524 calories; 9,943 B. 1'. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEl\'IICAL LABORATORY. 205 

Chem·ical analy.~es of Illinois coal. 

[Samples taken from a carload of coal furnished by the Consolidated Coal Company, St. Louis, Mo., from its mine at Bush, 

Williamson County, Ill. This coal was used in heating the holler settings and getting the pl!tnt into operation.] 

Sample 

from boiler test (Aug. 

22, 23, 190·1). 

Sample 

from boiler test. a 

-----------·-----

Laboratory sample number .............................................. ~ ......................... .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ............................................................................ per cent .. 

Volatile matter ........................................................................ do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .......................................................................... do .. .. 

Ash .................................................................................... do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen ' .............................................................................. do ... . 

Carbon ................................................................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen ......... .-..................................................................... do .. :. 

Oxygen ................................................................................ do .. .. 

Snlphur ............................................... .' ................................ do ... . 

Ash .................................................................... · ............... do ... . 

Calorific· value determtned ............................................................... . . {calories .. 

. B. '1'. IJ .. 

1016 1021 

==~==o= 

5. 48 

36.22 

47.70 

10.60 

100.00 

5.17 

67.30 

1. 24 

11.99 

3. 70 

10.60 

5. 25 

36.00 

47.30 

11.45 

100.00 

3.00 

100.00 ........... . 

6,812 

12,262 

b6, 805 

h12, 249 

---'----- -------- a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1022 (August 22-26, 1904): Combustible, 25.02 per cent; ash, 74.98 per cent. b Derived from the determinations on sample No. 1016. 
206 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Illino-i8 No. 1 coal, 

[Lump and nut coal from mine No. 1. Received from Western Anthracite Coal and Coke Company, O'Fallon, IlL] 

Laboratory sample number ................................... .. 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

Mine Ham- Mine sum- Car 

ple No. l. ple No.2. sample.a 

1095 

4.40 

1096 

3.20 

1261 

3. 70 

Snmple I Sample of 

from - coa 1 from 

boiler test coke te't 

No, 1~- b No, 10, -

1168 

3. 00 

1162 

2.50 

r========r========r====~=r'==~=====--==== 

Annlysis of 11ir-dried sample: 

Proximate1\'Iciisture ........... __ .............. __ ............ . (10 ... . 

Volatile matter ................................... do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ................... ___ .. ____ ...... _ .. do .. .. 

Ash ... , ........................................... do .. .. 

Ultimate7.08 

41.12 

41.00 

10.80 

100.00 

7.09 

41.66 

40.85 

10.40 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ..... _ .................... .. 

Carbon ........................................... do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ........................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do .......................... .. 

Sulphur .............................. _. ........... do.... 4. 41 4.17 

Ash ............................................... do .......................... .. 

a on c va ue e ermme .......................... . 

6.28 

38.92 

41.08 

l3.n 

100.00 

5.09 

62.01 

l. 07 

13.86 

4. 25 

13.72 

100.00 

6.89 ~.16 

38.05 37.04 

39.40 98.44 

15.66 16.36 ---------- 100.00 100.00 

-=::-=-:::::; 

::::::::::::1:::::::::::: 4.54 4.25 

C

. 1 'fi. 1 d t · d {calories.. 6, 521 .. .. .. .. .... 6, 360 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{:~l~~i~:: ::::: ~~:~~~: :::::::::::: ~~:~~~ ::::::::::: :j::: ::::::::: [===[c===[====-------=~~ 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter ................................... do .. .. 

Fixed'curbon ...................... , ..... ; ........ do .. .. 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

Ultimate11.17 

39.31 

39.20 

10.32 

100.00 

10.06 

40.33 

39.54 

10.07 

100.00 

Hydrogen ......................... : .............. do .......................... .. 

Carbon ........................................... do .......................... .. 

Nitrogen ......................................... do .......................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do .......................... .. 

9. 75 

37.48 

39.57 

1R.20 

100.00 

5.31 

59.72 

1. 03 

9.69 

36.91 

38.21 

15.19 

100.00 

10.46 

36.11 

37.48 

15.95 

100.00 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 4.22 4.04 

16.64 

4.10 

13.20 

4. 40 4.14 

Ash ............................................... do ......... .-................. . 

C alorttc 'fi va 1 ue d e t ermine · d {calories .. .......................... . 

B. T. U .. 

6,235 

11,223 

100.00 

6,125 

11,025 

c 5, 947 

c 10,705 

a Represents 15 tons of coal. b Refuse from boiler test No. 18, laboratory No. 1167: Combustible, 18.22 per cent; ash, 81.78 per cent. c Derived from the determinations on carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 207 

Chem·ical nnalyses of Ilhnois No. 2 coal. 

[Slack coal from mine No.1. Received from Western Anthracite Coal and Coke Company, O'Fallon, Ill.] 

--..,.------;-----,----·---

Sample Sample from of coni 

Car snm- boiler test !rom coke 

ple.a No.19, testNo.9, 

washed wnshed 

coal. b coal. 

Coke 

sample, 

washed 

conl.c 

Sample 

from 

washery 

\~~t~~~'.1-

car sam~ 

pie. 

Sample 

Sample from 

of washed wash cry slack test, recoal. f~~ ~';;,f slack. 

--------------1------------------------

Laboratory sample number ......................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............. per cent .. 

Ana IyRis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ............................... do ... . 

Volatile matter ........................ do ... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ... . 

Ash ................................... :do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen ..•.......•.................. do ... . 

Carbon ................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ... . 

Oxygen ............................... do ... . 

Sulphur . ." .....•........................ do ... . 

Ash .................................... do ... . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximnteMoisturc .......................... per cent.. 

Volatile matter ........................ do ... . 

Fixed carbon ....•..................... do ... . 

Ash ................................... do ... . 

1152 

7. 10 

5.31 

34.29 

36.24 

24.16 

-----

100.00 

-----

4 . .?7 

54.06 

. 78 

12.13 

4.30 

24.16 

100.00 

5,471 

9,848 

5,516 

9, 929 

12.03 

31.86 

33.67 

22.41 

100.00 

-----

.1178 

5.00 

5. 74 

39.76 

43.92 

10.58 

-----

100.00 

---

3.54 

10.45 

37.77 

41.72 

10.06 ------

100.00 

----

1159 

10.10 

7. 91 

39.79 

42.08 

10.22 

----

100.00 

-----

1211 

3. 37 ......... . 

17.20 ). 57 

35.77 2.83 

37.84 75.42 

9.19 20.18 ---

100.00 100.00 

---------

115~ 

7.10 

5.31 

24.16 

4.30 

12.03 

22.14 

1156 

12.40 

7.61 

10.75 

3.82 

19.07 

9.42 

1155 

12.50 

3. 99 

60.66 

10.35 

15.99 

53.08 

Ultimnte-

::::~ Oxygen ................................ !: do.... ,!E 17.58 ........................................................... - •·---··-•• -•-••••··- !•••-••••-• . 

Sulphur ............................... do.... 4. 00 3. 36 3. 00 2. 75 4. 00 3. 35 9. 06 

·Phosphorus ................ .' ........... do.................................. .03 ............................. . 

Ash ....•............................... do.... 22.44 ........................................................... . 

100.00 

C~lorif!cvalucdetermined ·············--{~~~~~~:: . ::~~: d:~:~~~ ::::::::::1::::::::::[::::::::::[:::::::::: ::::::~::: o Repres{lnts 14 tons of coal. · bRefuse from boiler test No. 19, laborntory No 1177: Combustible, 19.57 per cent washed coal; ash, 80.43 per cent washed 

coni. . · cSpecilic gravity of the coke substance; 1.87; apparent specif!cgrnvity of the coke, 0.90; percentage of porosity, 0.52. 

dDerived from determinations on carload snmple. 
20~ OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TBSTING PLANT •. 

Chem·ical analyses of Illinois No. 3 coal. 

(Run-of-mine coal from mine No. 3. Received from Southern Jllinois Coal J\lining and Washing Company, Marion, Ill.] 

----·-------- -------------------

·--------------

Laboratory sample number .... : ... 

Loss of 1noisturc on air drying, per cent ............................. . 

Analysis of uir-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ......... per cent ... 

Volatile mutter ...... do ... . 

.l<'ixed carbon ........ do ... . 

Ash .................. do .. .. 

UltimateMine 

sample 

No.1. 

-·-

1170 

1.50 

6.09 

32.16 

5i. 49 

7. 26 

100.00 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

---

1171 

]. 80 

5.63 

34.92 

51.78 

7.67 ---

100.00 

Hydrogen ........... do .................. .. 

Carbon ................ do .... · .............. .. 

Nitrogen ............. do ................... . 

Oxygcn .............. do .................. · .. 

Sulphur .............. do.... 1.00 2.08 

Ash .................. do ...... ; ........... .. 

Cal~rific value deter- {calories.. 6, 986 

mmed ................. B. T.·u .. 12,565 

Car 

sampie. a 

-·--

1318 

2. 70 

5. 96 

30.29 

li2.16 

11.59 

---

100.00 

1. 92 

67.30 

1.43 

12.99 

1. 77 

11.59 

100.00 

6, 724 

12, 103 

Sampie 

from 

boiler 

test 

No.38.b 

---

1310 

1. 70 

6. 92 

31.73 

49.61 

11.74 

---

100.00 

1. .53 

Sampie 

from 

gusproducer 

test. 

No.6. 

----

1340 

1. 50 

6. 21 

31.34 

52.57 

9.88 

---

100.00 

1. 72 

6, 794 

12,229 

Sample Sample Sample of coal Sample Coke from of from of coal sam- wash cry washed coke from test coke. ple, test, un- coni, 

No. 28, test wash en washed front 

washed No. 29. eoal.c car coke 

coal. sample. oven~. 

------- - ----

1326 1337 1343 1318 1326 

2. 70 1. 70 5. 20 2. 70 2.70 

7.01 6. 67 . 96 5. 96 7.01 

32.94 30.73 .44 ···-·--·-- ····----- 54.03 51.82 87.08 .......... ····-···- 6. 02 10.78 '11. 52 11.59 6.02 

----------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 

1.45 1. 47 1.19 1. 77 l. 45 

calorificvalnecalculatedr"lories.. ........ ........ 6,615 ........ -------- ............................................. . 

:~.::::~r~:::::;:;,~;~~~~::~~-~~~:1:::::::: :::::::: -~~--~0~. ~:::::: :::::::: ::::::::r::::::: ----:~~~- :::::_::::: ~::::::: received: 

ProxhnnteMoisture ......... per cent .. 7.50 7.34 

Volatile matter ...... do .... 31.68 34.29 

Fixed carbon ........ do .... .'i3.67 50.84 

Ash .................. do .... 7.15 7.53 

------ 100.00 100.00 

------ UltimateHydrogen . .' .......... do .................. .. 

Carbon ............... do ................... . 

Nitrogen ............. do .................. .. 

Oxygen .............. do ................... . 

Sulphur .............. do.... . 99 2. 04 

Ash ............... , .. do .................. .. 

"Repre,cnts 40 tons of coal. 

8.50 

29.47 

50. 7fl 

11.28 

---

100.00 

---

.'i.09 

65.48 

1. 39 

15.04 

1. 72 

11.28 

100.00 

8.51 

31.19 

48.75 

11.55 

100.00 

--

1.50 

7. 62 9. 52 8.25 6.11 8.50 9. 52 

30.87 32.05 30.22 .4~ ... · ....... ......... 

51.78 52.57 50.94 82.25 ····-····· ······--- 9. 73 5.86 10.59 10.92 il. 28 5. 06 

-----------

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

-------------

1. 69 1. 41 1. 45 1.13 1. 72 1. 41 

I 

I 

e6, 692' :- ........ - ... - ..... -.--;- .. --- · · · ·--- ·- ·-- · · ·: 

e!2,04ti 1 ............................................ . 

bRefuse from boiler test No. 38, labomtory No. 1309: Combustible, 33.73 per cent: ash, 66.27 per cent. cSpecific gravity of the coke subst~tnce, 1.84; apparent specific gmvity of the coke, 0.82; percentage of porosity, 0.55. d Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. <C11lorific vulue derived from determinations on the cttrload sample: 6,744 calories; 12,139.1:1. T. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 209. 

Chemical analyses of lllinoi8 No. 4 coal. 

[Lump coal from mine No.3. ReeeiYed from Donk Brothers Coal and Coke Company, Troy, Ill.] 

.-------.----.--.--------

Sample Sample Sample Mine Mine Car sam- from from from~ 

sample >ample ple.a boiler boiler gas-pro- No.1. No.Q. test No. test No. ducertest 48.b 50.c No.9. 

---------------c-----------· -------------

Laboratory sun1ple number ................................. _ .. 

Lo~s of rnoistnre on air drying . ...................... per cen L. 

Ann lysis of nir-dried sample: 

Proximate1341 

3.20 

1342 

3.00 

1417 

1. 70 

1385 

1.40 

1395 

0.40 

140.'i 

2.70 

Moisture ......................................... do.... 12.28 11.77 11.40 12.24 12.23 10.00 

Volatilem11tter .................................. do.... 32.02 33.18 32.45 3;1.96 32.57 33.55 

Fixed carbon ...... : ............................. do.... 48.03 45.97 44.30 42.18 43.80 46.97 

Ash .............................................. rlo.... 7.67 9.08 11.85 11.62: 11.40 9.48 

-----------1-------

Ultirnate100.00 100.00 100. oo 100.00 I 100. oo 100.00 

~=-= = =--=--:. ~=-------.~ 

Hydrogen ........................................ rlo ........... ,.. .......... 5.33 .......... li .................. .. 

Carbon .......................................... do........................ 6

1

1._";:, :·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· .. :::·.·.·.:·.·.·. :::::·.·.·.·_·_ Nitroge11 ........................ ................ . do ... : ..... _ ............. _ 

Oxvgen do 18. 5~ ! Sul~lmr:: :::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::do::) .... ·--~~ ...... ~: ;; . 1. 34 .... -~:~~'I" ... ~:~~ l .... -~: ~~ 

Ash .............................................. do ................ ,........ 11.85 .................... , ......... . 

1oo.'oo I . . , {cttlnries .. 1 6, 400 6, 10:; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 6, 416 Calonfic Yulue determmed........ .......... ........ 1 

1

. B. T._ u .. 1 

11,520 10,991 .......... .......... 11,549 

Calorific value calculated from ultil!late analysis ... {~~ ;~ ~: :1:::::::::. :::::::::: ~~: ~:~ :::::::::: :::::::: :J::::: :::: 

Analysis corrected to sample ns received: ~=~,'==j=i= J-lroximute- 1 1 

1\Ioisture ..................................... percent.. 15.09 14.421 12.91 13.47/ 12.58 U.43 

Volatile matter .................................. do.... 31.00 32.18 31.90 33.48 32.44 32. 6:; 

Fixed carbon .................................... do.... 46.49 .44. o9 i 43.55 41.59 I' 43.63 .· 45.70 

Ash .................................... , ......... do .... l 7.42 8.81) 11.64 11.46 11.3:\ · 9.22 1--'------------------- 100.00 I 100.00 100.00 ' 100.00 I 100.00 I· 100.00 

Ulti:;~~~en ........................................ do .... ~ ...... J ......... - 5.13 .......... / ................ .' .. . 

Carbon ........................................... do.... .......... ........... 60.74 .......... [ ................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do.... .......... .......... 1.15 .......... [ .................. .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Snlphur .......................................... do.... .83 1.52 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

Calorific value determined._ ........................ · {

calories .. 

B. 'I'. U .. 

a Represents 22 tons of coal. 

6,195 

11,151 

19.72 

1. 32 

11.64 

100.00 

1. 2R 1. 36 

6, 002 <15, 973 "6, 050 

10,804 r! 10,751 "10, 890 

b Refuse from boiler test No. 48, laboratory No. 1386: Combustible, 16.61 per cent; ash, 83.39 per cent. c Ref~'"c from the boiler te~t No. 50, laboratory No. 1396: Combustible, 19.56 per cent; ash, 80.44 per cent. d Denved from the determmutions on the carload sample. 

eCaloritic value dcriverl from determinations on the carload sample: 6,231 c11lories; 11,216 B.'l'. U. 

13-No. 48-06--14 

1.41 

eu, 243 

ell, 237 
210 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Illinois No. 5 coal. 

[Washed'slack coal from mine No.1. Received from Donk llrothers Coal11nd Coke Company, Collinsville, Ill.] 

---- Sample Sample Sample of coal of coal of coal Rample Sample 

Car sam- from from from from of 

ple.a coke test coke test coke test washery washed 

No. 45, No. 59, No. 60, test, re- coa.l, car washed washed washed washed. sample. coal. coal. coal. 

------------------------------------

Laboratory sample number ................................... ·. 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried S!tmple: 

Proximate--

Moisttire ............... ......................... . do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. .. 

1556 

12.50 

Fixed carbon .......... _ ..... _ ................... do: ... . 

5.16 

34.98 

40.67 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 19.19 

UltimateHydrogen ......................... . .. .. do .... 

Carbon ....... : .................................. do .. .. 

Sulphur ......................................... do .. .. 

Ash .............................................. do.-... 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined .......................... B. T. U .. 

An11lysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate1\foisture ..................................... per cent._ 

Volatile matter ................................. :do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .................................... do .. .. 

-Ash ............................................. :do . .' .. 

UltimateHydrogen ........................................ do ... . 

Carhon ........................................... d~--·· 

Sulphur .............................. , ........... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined ....................... --- B. T. U .. 

100.00 

4.69 

58.02 

3. 76 

19.19 

5, 917 

10,651 

17.02 

30.60 

35.59 

16.79 

---

100.00 

----

5. 50 

50.77 

3. 29 

16.79 

fi, 177 

9,319 

1454 

9.10 

9. 63 

34.82 

36.23 

19.32 

100.00 

3.58 

17.86 

31.65 

32.93 

17.56 

---

100.00 

----

3.25 

a Represents 18 tons of coal. 

1546 

19.10 

7.48 

35.47 

45.71 

11.34 

100.00 

3.36 

25.15 

. 28.68 

36.99 

9.18 

----

100.00 

----

2. 71 

1554 

7.30 

7.87 

33.18 

39.36 

19.59 

100.00 

3. 71 

14.60 

30.76 

36.48 

18.16 

----

100.00 

----

3.44 

1559 

23.50 

1556 

12.50 

6.48 5.16 

10.83 19.19 

3.29 3. 76 

28.46 17.02 

7. 28 16.79 

2. 52 3.29 
· WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY, 211 

Chemical analyses of Illinois No. 6 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from shaft No. 1. Received from Clover Leaf Coal Company, Coffeen, Ill.] 

Laboratory sample number ................................... .. 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent.. 

An11Iysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .......................................... do .. .. 

Volatile matter ............. _ .............. _ ...... do ... _ 

Fixed carbon ..................................... do .. .. 

Ash ............................................... do .. .. 

UltimateMine sn1n- Mine sam- ple No.1. pie No.2. 

1449 

5.60 

9.84 

36.86 

44.96 

8.34 

100.00 

1450 

4.00 

10.35 

35.35 

42.94 

11.36 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ................. _ ....................... do ........................... . 

Oxygen ... _ ...... _ ................................ do .................... : .. ... .. 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 3. 82 3. 95 

Ash ........................................ : ..... do .......................... .. 

. {calories.. 6, 483 Calorific value determined .......................... B. T. u.. 11 ,

669 ~~~:~::~:::~ 

Calorific value calculated fro~ ultimate analysis ... {~~ ~~~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ... _ ........ _ ....•........ _._ ......... per cent .. 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ................................... ,do.: .. 

Ash ............................................... do ... .. 

Ultimate14.89 

34.80 

42.44 

7.87 

100.00 

13.94 

33.93 

41.22 

10.91 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do .......................... .. 

Carbon ................................... : ....... do .......................... .. 

Nitrogen ......................................... do .. • ........................ .. 

Oxygen ............. _ .... _ ............. _ .......... do ....................... · .... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do .. ,. 3.61 3.79 

Ash ............................................... do .......................... .. 

. . {calories .. Calor1fic value determmcd _ ....................... .. B. T. U .. 

6,120 

11,016 

Car sam- ple. a 

15f>7 

9.80 

5.13 

32.68 

47.46 

14.73 

100.00 

4.88 

60.51 

1. 23 

14.20 

4.45 

14.73 

100.00 

6,199 

11,158 

6,059 

10,91)6 

14.13 

29.48 

42.81 

13.28 

100.00 

5.49 

54. f>9 

1.11 

21.52 

4.01 

13.28 

100.00 

5,591 

10,064 

Sample 

from 

boiler test No. 73.b 

1533 

5.80 

7.84 

34.31 

42.06 

15.79 

100.00 

Sample 

from wash- cry test, 

unwashed. 

1569 

10.00 

6.18 

13.30 

3. 70 4. OS 

13.19 

32.31 

39.62 

14.88 

100.00 

15 .. 56 

11.97 

3.48 3.67 

c5,593 

c10, 067 

"Represents 17 tons of coal. . b Ref!Jse from the boiler te~t No. 73, laboratory No. 1532: Combustible, 15.84 per cent; ash, 84.16 per cent. c Denved from the determmations on the carload sample. . 
212 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemicql analyses of Indiana No. 1 coal. 

(Run-of-mine coal from ~fildred mine. Received from J. Wooley Coal Company, Mildred, Ind.) 

-----------;----,---,---,---c----.-----~~---.---

Sam- Sam- Sam- Sample Sample pie Sam- pie pie of coal Coke fro1n pie. of bri-

:Mine Mine Cur from from fron1 sample wnshery San1- from qucttes, 

sample sample sam- boiler gas· coke from test, un- pie of wash- boiler 

No.1. No.2. pie. a test pro- test washed \Vashed, washed erv test No. 68, ducer No. 51, coal.c car coal. test, Nu. 71, 

washed test washed 

''oal.b No.14. washed sample. refuse. coal.rf coal. 

----------------------------

Laboratory smnple number ..... 1410 1412 1507 1498 1512 1497 

Los~; of moisture on air drying, 

1511 1507 15021 .1501 1521 

percent ....................... 8. 70 5.60 3.00 8.40 4.80 6.00 

------- ~-- ------ --~-

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

~w LOO ~w~ aw ~w ===: .:-::______----= =:......=:::: =--= :-- -= 

Proximate-

~foisture ...... per cent .. 4. 98 6. 25 8. 66 

Volatile rnatter ... do .... 39.22 37.10 34.86 

Fixed carbon.: ... do .... 45.76 46.46 42.67 

Ash ............... do .... 10.04 10.19 13.81 

8. 95 7.05 

38.40 37.85 

44.11 44.51 

8.54 10.59 

11.20 

38.70 

42.61 

7. 49 

1.16 

1. 24 

84.41 

13.19 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

UltimateHydrogen ........ do ................... . 5.20 

Carbon ........... do.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62. 20 

Nitrogen ......... do.... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 1. 22 

Oxygen .......... do .................... 14.99 

Sulphur .......... do.... 2. 05 1. 02 2. 58 2.38 2. 74 2.16 1. 77 

Ash ............... do .................... 13.81 

. 100.00 

I 

8.66 10.261 7.24 

13.81 7. 72 34.54 

2.58 2.40 6.18 

7.8{) 

40.49 

45.14 

6. 51 

100.00 

5. 39 

69.82 

1. 36 

H.Sl 

2.11 . 

6. ::>1 

100.00 

Calorific vnlue deter- {calories.. 6, 9i2 ........ 6, 336 6, 731 .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6, 980 

mined ............. B. T. U .. 12,442 ........ 11,405 12,116 ........ ........ ......... ........ ........ 12,56-l 

c·~~f!~~'d vh~:,';_ ;,~t {calories.. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. 6, 231 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6, 908 

n11tte analysis ...... B. T. U .................. 11,216 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12, 43•1 

Phosphorus in coke ............................................... ·............. .016 ................................ .. 

Arui)ysis corrected to sample as receivecl: 

Proximatenioi,ture ..... per cent .. 13.25 11.50 11.40 16.59 11.51· 16.53 5. 71 11. 40 16.72 14. 85 11. 74 

Volatile rnatter ... do .... 35.81 35.02 33.81 35.17 36.04 36.38 1.18 

~'ixed carbon ..... do .... 11.78 43.86 41.39 40.41 42.37 40.05 80.52 

Ash ............... do .... 9.16 9. 62 13.40 7.83 10.08 7.04 12.59 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Ultimate-

. Hydrogen ........ do .................. .. 5. 37 

Carbon ........... do .................... 60.34 

Nitrogen ......... do.... .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 1.18 

Oxygen ........... do .................... 17.21 

Sulphur .......... do.... 1. 87 . 96 2. 50 2.18 2. 61 2. 03 l. 69 

Ash ............... do .................... ' 13.40 

100.00 

Calorific value deter- {calories.. 6, 311 ........ 6,145 e 6, 200 16,408 

mined ............. B. T. U .. 11,360 ........ 11,061 e11,160 (11,534 

------ _c_ _ _c_ __ 

a Represents 30 tons of coal. 

13.40 7.16 31. 71 

2.50 2.23 5. 68 

38.79 

43.23 

6.24 

100.00 

5.6:J 

66.88 

l. 30 

17. 9::? 

2, 03 

6. 2~ 

100.00 

6, 687 

12,037 

b Refuse from boiler te,t, laboratory No. 1499: Combustible, 20.35 per cent; ash, 79.65 per cent. cSpecific gr.tvity of the coke substance, 1.86; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.92; percentage of porosity, 0.51. <l Refuse from the boiler test of the briquettes, laboratory No. 1525: Cornlmstible, 20.41 per cent; ash, 79.59 per cent. e Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. · f Cnlorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 6,409 calories; 11,536 H. T. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABO.RATOltY. 213 

Chemical analy8es of Ind.·iamt No. 2· coal. 

(Run-of-mine coal from Electric mine. Received from T. D. Scales Company, Boonville, Ind.] 

--------------,-----

- - ~ample I Sample Mine sam- Mine sam- ple No.1. plc No.2. 

Cn.r san1- from boiler from gas- pie. a test No. 05.b pro(~ucer test No. 13. 

---------------------'---~ -------~---------

Laboratory s11mple number. ................................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-drier! sample: 

Proximate-

~Ioistnre .... _ ............................... _ ..... do ... . 

Volatile matter ................................... do ... . 

Fixer! carbon ..................................... do ... . 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

142f> 

2.80 

6. 67 

40.53 

43.19 

9.61 

1426 

3.10 

7.4il 

39.30 

44.43 

8.82 

1495 

3.60 

6. 24 

37.49 

42.76 

13.fi1 

1487 

2.00 

7. 2:) 

38.82 

41.22 

12.71 

149() 

2. GO 

=======-=-=----= 

G. 29 

40.66 

43.06 

9. 99 

---------1-----1---

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- -----~·----- ==~=,1==--o==cl==== 

Hydrogen ...... __ ·---_ ............. -- .. _____ ..... do .......................... .. 

Carbon ............................ -·· ............ do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ........................... . 

Oxygen ... ; ........................ ~ .............. do ........................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 4.57 3.62 

Ash .............................................. ·.flo ........................... . 

{

ealoric8 .. Calorific v11lue determined ......................... . · B. T. U .. 

6, 744 ........... . 

12,139 .......... .. 

5.11 

62.97 

1.25 

1~.56 ............ ! ........... . 

4. 60 4. 20 ·1. 34 

13.51 

100.00 -----

.6,410 

11,538 

ti, 743 

12, 137 

Calor;t1c v><lue cnlculatcfl from ultimnte analyRis .. -{~~l~~i~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: ~: :~~ :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

39.60 

Analysis corrected to ""mplc 11s received: 1=-= == ==-------==--=~ Proxi~u.te-

~:l:~~~:e~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~e~-~~,:~::1 s::~~ ~:~~ 3::~~ s::~~ 8. 72 

Fixed carbon ..................................... do.... 41.98 43.05 41.22 40.'10 41. 9f> 

Ash ............................................... do.... 9. 34 1 8. 55 13.02 12.45 , 9. 73 

--100. oo ~--10o-:GO - 100. oo- -----;:Qo:OO ~- -----wD. oo 

Ultimate- ====-l~='===lc==== ===='======== 

Hydrogen ....................................... :do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ........................... . 

5.:-l:> ............ ) ••...•.••••• 

60.70 ............ 1 •••••••••••• 

Nitrogen ........................... .............. do.... . ... .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .... 1. 20 ........... . 1 • ••••••••••• 

~~~~~~~:~-::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: --.----~: ~-~- -------~: ~~- 1:: ~: -------~:;;·I·.---- .. -~:;; Ash ............................................... do.... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 13.02 ......... · ... , .......... . 

----

. . d {eltlories.. 6, 5:\5 ............ ~ :~~:; c 6, 2891 <16, 568 Calonfic value rletermHte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I --~_: __ ---·--~~----· B.~ __ 1_1_, 7~-~--1~ "11,3~~~2 

"Represents 39 tons of coal. · · I> Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1485: Combustible, 17.24 per cent; ash, 82.76 per cent. c Deriver! from the determinations on the c~trload sample. 

dCa.lorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 6,541 cnlorics; 11,774 B. T·. U. 
214 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Ind-ian Territory No. 1 coal. 

[Lump and slack coal from mine No. 1. Received from Whitehead Coal and Mining Company, Henryetta, Ind. T.J 

Mine 

sample 

,No.1. 

Mine Car 

sample sample.a No.~. 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test. 

Sample Sample 

from gas- 0frg';;;1 

producer coke test 

No.10.b test. No. 6_ 

-----------------------1--------------------- Laboratory sample number . _ ........ _ ...... _ ........ _ ........ 

I.oss of moisture•on airdryjng.: ................ _ ... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .......... _._ .......... -.......... : .... -.do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon .................................... do .. .. 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

Ultimate1059 

5.00 

4.07 

36.65 

50.20 

9.08 

100.00 

1060 

3.10 

3. 79 

37.41 

52.94 

5. 86 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon .............................. , ............ do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ....... _ ...... _ .... _ ......... ~.: ......... do ........ _ ............. .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ..................... .. 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 1.71 1.40 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

{

calor;cs .. Calorific value determined ............ -- ...... ·- .. -- B. T. u .. 7, 073 

12,731 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{~~ ~~~;::: :::: :::~:: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter_ ..... -........................... do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ...................... , ............. do .. .. 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

Ultimate8.87 

34.82 

47.68 

8. 6:~ 

100.00 

6. 77 

36.25 

51.30 

5. 68 

100.00 

Hydrogen ................. _. ...................... do .............. _ ....... .. 

Carbon ........................................... do .............. _ ....... .. 

Nitrogen ..... _ ............... : ..... _ ...... _. ...... do ............... _ ........ . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 1.62 1.36 

Ash .............................................. do ...................... .. 

{

calories .. Calorific value dctermine<1.- .... -- .. ------- ·-------- B T .. u .. 

6, 720 

12,096 

1138 

3.30 

3.87 

35.-73 

50.05 

10.35 

100.00 

5.14 

69.85 

1.29 

1110 

3.80 

4.00 

35.30 

48.13 

12.57 

100.00 

11G3 

1.20 

3.85 

;;a. 95 

50.59 

8. 61 

100.00 

1132 

7.10 

3. 44 

33.86 

47.78 

14.92 

100.00 

11.38 , ............................. . 

1.99 1.87 1.45 1.45 

10.35 ............................ .. 

100.00 

7, 011 

12,620 

6, 971 

12,548 

7.04 

34.55 

48.40 

lO.Ol 

100.00 

5.34 

67.55 

1.25 

13.93 

1. t"12 

10.01 

100.00 

7.65 

33.96 

46.30 

12.09. 

100.00 

1.80 

7,250 ........ .. 

13,050 ........ .. 

5.00 

36.51 

49.98 

8.51 

100.00 

1.43 

10.29 

31.46 

44.39 

13.86 

100.00 

1.34 

6, 779 c 6, 584 d7, 162 ........ .. 

12,202 c 11,851 <112, 89'2 .. ---- .. .. 

----------------'------'-------'-------'-----------'--- ------~-

a Represents 40 tons of coal. b Hefuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1111: Combustible, 32.23 per cent; ash, 67.77 per cent. c Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. a calorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 7,104 calories; 12,787 B. T. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY, 

Chemical analyses of Indian Territory No. 2 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from mine No.8. Received from Rock Island Coal Company, Hartshorne, Ind. T.J 

Mine 

sample 

No. 1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car 

sample. a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No. 20. b 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No. 11. 

215 

Sample· 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.12. 

washed 

coaL 

------------------1-----------------------

Laboratory sample number ................................... . 1071 1073 

Loss of moisture 011 air drying ....................... per cent .................. ----

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate- 1 

Moisture __ .................... ----- .............. do .................... ----

Volatile matter ............................ _ ..... do .......... : ........... .. 

Fixed carbon .................................... do .............. ------- .. .. 

Ash._ .. __ .... _ .. _ ...... _._ ....................... do ....... _ ............ _ .. . 

UltimateHydrogen ..... _ ... ___ ........ _._ ....... _ ......... do .................. ___ .. . 

Carbon ...... _ ..... -- ............................. do ....... _ .............. _. 

Nitrogen ...... _._ .. _ .. _ ......... _ ................ do ................. __ . _ .. . 

Oxygen ................ -- ........................ do ..... _ .. _ ............. .. 

Sulphur ........... __ .............. _ .............. do ..... __ ............. _ .. . 

Ash ......... _ ..... · ............................... do ................... : .. .. 

. 1 d . d {calories ..................... . Culorificvaue eterm1ne --·--·····················B. T. U .. .......... -----·-··· 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -l~~l;i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .... -............................... per" cent .. 1.46 1.30 

Volatile matter .................... ----------- .... do ... . 39.04 38.90 

Fixed carbon ............... _ ........ __ .......... do ... . 53.10 52.15 

Ash ..................... ----- .................... do ... . 6.40 7.65 

--------

100.00 100.00 

Ultim»teHydrogen ........................................ do ....... · .... _ ...... _. __ .. 

Carbon ..... _._ ......................... _ ......... do ...... _. __ ... _ ....... _ .. 

Nitrogen_ ......... --· ......................... __ .do ........ _ .......... _ .. _ .. 

Oxygen ............................ -- .......... _.do ..... _____ ............ .. 

Sulphur ...................... :·------------------do.... 1.38 1.58 

1184 

2.80 

1. 70 

37.19 

49.79 

11.32 

100.00 

5.00 

71.49 

1. 72 

8. 91 

1. 56 

11.32 

100.00 

7,206 

12,969 

7,152 

12,874 

4.45 

36.15 

48.40 

n.oo· ----

100.00 

5.17 

69.49 

1.67 

11.15 

1.52 

1181 

2.00 

1.-75 

36.95 

51.33 

9.97 

100.00 

1. 42 

3. 71 

36.21 

50.31 

9. 77 ----

100.00 

1.39 

1169 

2. 20 

LG6 

38.29 

49.84 

10.21 

100.00 

1.50 

3.82 

37.45 

48.74 

9.99 ----

100.00 

1.47 

1179 

2.90 

1.58 

39:32 

52.58 

6.52 

100.00 

1.47 

4.45 

38.18 

51.04 

6.33 ----

100.00 

1.13 

"Phosphorus in coke .............................. do ..... __ . ___ .... _ ..... _ .... __ ...... _______ .. _ ..... _. _ .. _____ .... . 

Ash ............ -------- ............... ---- ....... do .................. _..... 11. oo .... _ ......... _ ... __ 

1 .. · d . d {calories .. Ca onfic value etermtne .......... _ .............. . B.T.U .. 

7,800 

14,040 

100.00 

7,004 

12,607 

c7, 176 

c12, 917 

a Represents 20 tons of coal. · bRefuse from the boil_er test, laboratory No. 1182: Combustible, 20.96 per cent; ash, 79.04 per cent. • Derived from the deteTminations on the carload sample. 
216 . OPEHATIONS OF THE. COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses· of indian Territory No. 2 coal-Continued. 

(Run-of-mine coal from mine No 8. Received from Rock Island Coal Compnny, Hartshorne, Ind. T.] 

Sample Sample from Sample Sample wushcry Coke from frmn Coke test, of sample, washery washery sample, wnshed test, 

washed coarse, coal, nn- te~t, fine- coal. e screciicd, coarse washed coarse, screened un- cou.l. coal.d refuse 

washed wushe<l coal. 

coal. enul. 

I 

Laboratorysamplenumber .................................... -1219 ~-.1180 ~~2 ~-;~~2~ Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. ~ :_-_~: .. -~_:_:.:_:_:_:_:_:_:_I__ .'i. 70 :_-_:_- ·_.:_:_:_:_: __ 19.40 

Analysis of air dried sample: ----------- - -------,-· ----

ProxiinuteMoisture ......................................... do.............. 0.91 1.51 

Volatile mntter .................................. do ................................ .. 

Fixed carbon ........... __ ............... _ ....... rlo ................................ .. 

Asll .............................................. <tO ............. . 9. 95 

Ultimate2. 60 

1. 85 

80.25 

15.30 

lOU. 00 

44.06 6. 00 

Hydrogen .......................... _ ............. do ................... .' .......................................... .. 

Carbon ........................................... do .............................................................. .. 

Nitroge11 .. ..................................... .. do .... ........................................................... . 

Oxygen ...................... _ ................... do ............................................................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... .......... 1.59 1.96 1.58 5.56 1.18 

Ash .............................................. do .............................................. · ................ .. 

Calorific value determined ......................... {~"~~-~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: 

Calorific value calculuted from uitirnate ~nalysis .. -~~~l~~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :-::::::::: :::::::::: 

Phosphorus in coke .. . .. . . .... . .... .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 05 .................. .. 

Anal):Ris corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate-

-Moisture ..... __ .............................. per cent .. 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

Ultimnte0.96 

2. 59 

85.3~ 

11.12 

lOU. 00 

8.15 

1. 74 

75.68 

14.43 

100.00 

21.13 

~~ Sulphur .......................................... - lL••••••••••••••••••••••••·•·••• rlo.... 1.75 .......... .......... 1.50 t••••·•-•••• .......... .95 

Pllosphornsineokc .............................. do.... 0.048 ................................................. . 

Ash .............................................. do .............................................................. .. 

Calorific value determined .......................... f~~l~~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

---'----- --------

dSpecific gmvity of the coke snbstnncc, 1.88; appnrent specific gravity of tl1c coke, 0.89; percentage of porosity, 53. eSpecific gravity of the coke su!Jstance, 1.82; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.89; percentage of porosity, 51. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 217 

Chemical analyses of Indi£m .Territory No. 3 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from mine No. 1. Received from D. Edwards & Son, Edwards, Ind. T.] 

Sample Sttmple Sample Sample Sample of coal fron1 Mine of ~line Cur sam- from of coal from washery washed sllmple surnple ple.a boiler from coke test test, un- coal from No.1. No.2. test coke test No.22, washed coke No. 32.b No. 21. washed car coal. sample. ovenR. 

-----:-- ------------;----------------

Laboratory surnple numb~r .............. . 1079 1080 

Loss of moisture on uir drying .. per cent .. ............. _ ..... . 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proxiilllllte-

~loisture .................... do ....................... . 

Vohttile matter ............. flo ....................... . 

Fixed carbon ............... do ..................... · ... 

Ash ......................... do ....................... . 

Ultimate127-1 

1. 20 

3. 45 

37.45 

47.R2 

11.28 

100.00 

Hydrogen ................... fio .... ......... : .......... 4.85 

1276 

1.10 

3. 73 

37.72 

<18.11 

10.44 

100.00 

1266 

1. 20 

3.00 

37.10 

50.03 

9.87 

100.00 

1272 

2.40 

3, 61 

38.99 

49.73 

7. 67 

100.00 

127-1 

1. 20 

3.45 

1272 

2.40 

3. 61 

11.28 7.67 

Carbon ...................... do ............... ,........ 68.18 ........................................ : ......... . 

Nitrogen .................... fio.... .......... .......... 1.50 ........................................ , ........ .. 

~:,l~~e,:~: ::::::::::::::::: :::~::::: :::::::::::::::::::: ~~::~ .... ~-·;;r--· ~:;~· ..... ~_;;· ..... ~:~;r .... ~:;; 

Ash ......................... do .... • .................... [ __ -~-~-::-:~ .... . ..... .... .. ...................... ["" ...... . 

{

calories...................... 6,927 ................................................. . 

Calorirtcva.lnedetermined ..... B.T. U ... !.......... .......... 12,469 .......... ····-····· ········-· ................... . 

Calorific value calculaied from{calories.J......... .......... 6,811 ................................................ .. 

A,::;~~i;:;~~~~~:s~~-~~~~~~-,:~ :~:;v:~--~~----- .... ~ ........ _12,258 , ......... _r----.. --~ .......... 1 ......... ~1- ... -... ~ 

Volatile matter ............. do.... 40.43 3~·~= 37.00 3t.30 J 36.66 38.05 .................. .. 

::\Ioist~re ................ per cent .. · 2. 97 . 2. 93

1 

4. 61 ~- 79 [ 4.16 5. 93 4. til 5. 93 

Fixerlcarbon ............... do .... 48.22 ·lt.to 47.25. 47.58 1 49.43 48.53 ................... . 

0'<'::.~ Oo ,;~ _,::1_,~: ,:;i ,:: ... ~: H.U '" 

~y~rogen ................... ~o .............. ~--------· ~::~ ................................................. . 

~;~; <•••• HF I ,; }/ g ;,p ,,. >~ ·· }i >~ . {calories .. Cnlorific value rletermmed ..... H. '1'. U ... 

"Represents 25 tons of coal. 

6, 995 

12,591 

100.00 

6,844 

12,319 

(" 6,877 

c 12,379 

___ c.___ ____________ --~-

I> l:tefusc from boiler test, laboratory No. 1277: Combustible, 22.40 per cent; 11sh, 77.60 per cent. c Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
218 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Indinn TerritOMJ No. 4 coal. 

[Lump coal from mine No.5. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Lehigh, Ina. T.] 

Laboratory sample number ............... : .................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

Mine sam- Mine sam- ple No. 1. pie No.2. 

1150 1151 

1. 60 1.90 

C Car sam- Sample ar sam- pie (second from boiler 

ple.a portion).a test No. 52.b 

1470 

1.40 

1603 

5.00 

1403 

1. 40 

Analysis of air-dried sample: l=====l,====ol=====l~====l===== 

J?roximateMoisture ......................................... do .. .. 3. 75 4.69 

Volatile nuLtter ................................... do ... . 38.15 39.76 

Fixed carbon.~-- ................................. do .. .. 45.77 46.06 

Ash ............................................... do .. .. 12.33 9.49 

100.00 100.00 

=---=-- UltimateHydrogen ........................................ do ........................... . 

Carbon ................................... _ ........ do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do .......................... .. 

Oxygen ........................................... do ........................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 3.83 3.74 

-"sh . .' ........................................... ,do .......................... .. 

{

calories .. ....... .' ... . Calorific value determined............................ U B.T ............... . 

6,.706 

12,071 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{~~~-r~~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

4. 91 

37.79 

43.90 

13.40 

100.00 

4.84 

63.21 

1.38 

13.15 

4'. 02 

13.40 

100.00 

6,327 

11,389 

6,300 

11,340 

3.53 4. 91 

37.37 35.94 

45.87 ' 45.98 

13.23 13.17 

100.00 100.00 

3. 99 3. 91 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: ====I•==== ~-~=== =~~=J==~= 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... percent .. 

Volatile matter ................................... do .. .. 

J<'ixed carbon ..................................... do .. .. 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

5.29 

37.54 

45.0< 

12.13 

100.00 

6 . .')0 

39.01 

45.18 

9.31 

100.00 

6.24 

37.26 

43.29 

13.21 

100.00 

8.35 

35.50 

43.58 

12.57 

100.00 

6.24 

35.44 

45.33 

12.99 

100.00 

Ultimate- ---==--- =c---=---=-~==1·====-=== =~==I•==~= 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ......... , .................. . 

Carbon ............................ _ ............... do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... (10 ... -. ....................... . 

Oxygen ........................................... do .......................... .. 

4.93 

62.34 

1. 36 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 3.77 3·.67 

14.20 

3.96 

13.21 

3. 79 3. 56 

Ash ............................................... do .......................... .. 

. d {calories ..•.........•. Calorific value determme ........................ .. B. T. U .... c ......... . 

- "Represents 5 tons of coal. . 

6,579 

11,842 

100.00 

6,238 

11, 2'28 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1404: Combustible, 15.91 per cent; ash, M.06 per cent. • Derived from the determinations on the eM load sample. 

c 6, 264 

c 11,275 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 219 

Chemica,l analyses of Indian Territory No. 5 coal. 

[Slack and pea coal mixed, mine No. 7. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Lehigh, Ind. T.] 

Car sam- ple.a 

Sample 

of coal 

from coke test No.48, 

washed 

coal. 

Sample 

fromwashery test, 

unwashed 

car sample. 

--------------------------1-----1-----1------

Laboratory sample number_ ................................... . 1481 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 2.70 

1476 

12.80 

1481 

2.70 

Sample of 

washed 

coal. 

1492 

12.30 

Sample 

from the 

washeD' 

test, 

refuse. 

1482 

14.70 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 1=====1,====,1===== =====]]===== 

ProximateMoisture .......................................... do ... . 

Volatile matter ................................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ........•............................ do ... . 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

Ultimate~ 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ... . 

Nitrogen .......................................... do ... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do ... . 

Ash ............•.................................. do ... . 

5. 74 

3( 46 

37.05 

25.75 -----

100.00 

4.18 

52.39 

1.22 

12.40 

4. 06 

25.75 

100.00 

. . {calories.. 5, 201 Calorificvaluedetermmed .......................... B. T. U.. 9

,

362 

4. 76 5. 74 4.30 5.87 

38.19 

47.72 

9.33 25.75 8. 80 49.23 ----- 100.00 

3.32 4.06 3.20 5.90 

{

calories.. 5, 231 

Calorific value calculated fromultimnteanalysis ... fl. T. U.. 9, 416 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: l====l 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... per c·eut .. 

Volatile matter ................................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ..................................... do ... . 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen ....................................... do ... . 

Cnrbon ..........................•................ do ... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do ... . 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

8.29 

30.61 

36.05 

25.05 

100.00 

4.37 

50.98 

1.19 

14.46 

3.95 

25.05 

100.00 

16.95 

33.30 

41.61 

8.14 

100.00 

2. 90 

8.29 

25.05 

3. 95 

16.51 19.71 

7.72 

2.81 5.03 

\...1)1. on c va ue e erm1ne ......................... . "·I "fi 1 d t - d {calories .. 5,061 ................................................ . 

. B. T. U •. 9,110 ............................................... . 

u Represents 20 ton' of coal. 
220 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Che1m"r:al analyHes of Indian Territory No. 6 coal. 

[Slnck coal from Coalgate mine. Received from Southwestern Development Company, Coalgate, Ind. T.] . . ~--------- ------------------------------------------

Laboratory sample number ...................................................................................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying .... _ .............. ·.· ..................................................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateCar smn- plc.a 

1596 

s. i'O 

1-Ioisturc ............................................................................................ do.... 4. 69 

Volutilematter ..................................................................................... do.... 32.41 

. Fixed carbon ....................................................................................... do.... 42.91 

Ash ......................................... , ....................................................... do.... 19.99 

. 100.00 

UltimateSulphur ............................................................................................ do.... 3. 32 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... , ..................................................... do ... . 

Volatile matter ..................................................................... : ............... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ............. · .......................................................................... do ... . 

Ash .................................................................................... , ............ do ... . 

Ultimate8.03 

31.28 

11.40 

19.29 

100.00 

Sulphur .......................................... , ................................................. do.... 3.20 

-~~~-----'------- ------~ --- -~--

a Represents first 4 tons taken from car. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 221 

Chem1'cal analyses of Iowa No. 1 coal. 

[Lump and fine coal from mine "'o. 2. Received from Anchor Coal Company, Laddsdale, Iowa.] 

Laborato.ry smnple number ........ . 

Lo~s of moisture on uir drying .. per cen.t.. 

Analysis of air-dried ~~mple: 

ProximateMoisture .................... do ... . 

Volatile Tnatter ............. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ............... do .. .. 

Ash ......................... do ... . 

UltimateMine 

sample 

No. l. 

1270 

7. 90 

3. 74 

41.96 

42.89 

11.41 

----

100.00 

---

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

12il 

8.00 

4.43 

40.52 

41.65 

13.40 

----

100.00 

-----

Hydrogen ................... do ....................... . 

Carbon ...................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen .................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ..................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 5.12 5.42 

Ash ......................... do .. .. 

· {calories.. 6, 843 CuJorille value determined ..... ll. T. U.. 12,317 

Calo~ific value cal_culated from {calories .................... .. 

ultimate analys1s ............. B. T. u .................... .. 

Sam pi'' Sample of Sample 

Sa1nple fr~ 1 

Car sam- from k pie. boiler test co e ~est 

Coke 

sample, 

washed 

coal.b 

from 

wushery 

test, un- washed 

eu.r samwashed 

coal, 

from 

coke 

1347 

3. 20 

5. 21 

31.76 

46;51 

16.52 --- --

100.00 

-----

4.61 

61.80 

0 97 

10.90 

5.20 

16.52 

100.00 

6,329 

11,392 

. 6,230 

11,2H 

No. 45.a ~~~~~~;d 

1357 

2.30 

6.54 

33.86 

40.83 

18.77 

----

100.00 

----

coal. 

1356 

4. 30 

8.92 

37.53 

42.84 

10.71 

----

lOU. 00 

13il 

8. 60 

2.11 

1. 79 

77.01 

19.09 

100.00 

--· ---:;-= 

ple. 

1347 

3. 20 

5. 21 

. ......... 

·········· 16.52 

oven~. 

8. 92 

·-·······-

······-··· 

10.71 

::::::::::::::::::: .::::::::::::::::::r:::::::: ..... ~.- ~- ..... ~_.~;- ..... ~.-;~- ..... ; . .-;~.I ...... ~.-~; 

·-------·- .......... ·········· ·······---~------·---

---.-······ ----······ .......... ·.·-······· ......... . 

PhosphornR in coke ....................................................................... .. .0~1 ................... . 

Analysis eorrected to snmple as receiverl: =~,~=~=~==. 

Proxirnn.teMoistnrc .' ............... per cent .. 11.35 12.07 

Volatile matter ............. do .. .. 38.6-1 37.28 

Fixed carbon ............... do .. .. 39.49 38.32 

.,\sh ·····--· ..... rlo ... . 10.51 12.33 --.------

100.00 lOU. 00 

Ultimate-· ------

Hydrogen ................... do ...................... .. 

Carbon .... , ................. do ....................... . 

Nitrogcn ...... , ............. do ....................... . 

Oxygen ..................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .............. _ ....... do .... I 4. 72 4. 99 

Ash ......................... do ...................... .. 

6,303 ! ......... . 

11,345 : ........ .. 

· . {calories .. Calor1fic value determined ..... · B. T. u .. 

1 

8. 24 

30.74 

45.02 

lG.OO 

----

100.00 

----

4.81 

59.82 

-~ 

13.40 

5.03 

16.00 

100.00 

8.69 12.R4 i 10.53 8. 24 12.84 

33.08 35.91 i 1. 63 

39.89 41. oo I 70.39 

18.34 10.25 17.45 16.00 10.25 ------ ---·---- 100.00 100.00 100.00 

---------

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r:::::::: 

:::>~~: :::::~:~~: :::::~:~~r:::~:~~: ·:::::~:~~ I 

6,1261 <5,805 

11, 027 c 10, 449 

"Refnse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1358: Combustible, 13.12 per cent: ash, 86.88 per cent. !>Specific gravity of the coke snhRt:uwe, 1.87; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.93; pen•entage of porosity, 51 per cent. c Derived from the determinations on the cllrload sample. 
222 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Iowa No. 2 coal. , 

[Run-of-mine coni from mine No. 6. Received from Mammoth Vein Coal Company, Hamilton, Iowa.] 

Mine Mine 

sample sample 

No.1. No.2. 

Car 

sample.a 

Car sample 

(second 

JlOrtwn).b 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 67.c 

Sample 

Sample of coal 

from gas- from 

producer coke test test No. 49, No. 22. washed 

coni. 

Snmple I Sample from of 

wa•hcry washed 

test, un- coal from 

washed coke 

ca~f:.m· ovens. 

Laboratorysamplennmber ........ -~~~~~~~~~--1~7~-~ Loss of moisture on air drying, per cent ...... , ....... --................. 9. 30 9. 50 10.40 15.50 10.40 14.90 10.10 10.40 10.10 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate7. 00 6. 63 4. 25 1. 76 5. 00 2. 10 9. 73 i 4. 2.1 

40.65 40.82 37.02 39. 09 39.45 36. 92 39.42 , ........ .. 

Moisture ............ per cent .. 

Volatile matter ......... do .. .. 

9. 73 

Fixed carbon ........... do.... 39.52 42.40 41.74 42.04 37.65 36.66 39.41 [ .................. .. 

Ash ..................... do.... 12.83 10.15 16.99 17.11 17.90 24.32 11.44 [ 16.99 11.44 

100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo 100. oo · 100. oo 100. oo 1 

'""~§:·· :: ·•··•••• ······••• .::: •••••••••· ••••• •• •••••••·•· I ......... :~: :~ ::::: ~-: ~~: :::: :~: ~~- ::::: ~: ~~: ::::: ~: ~~:1::::: ~: ~~- :::: >: ~~ Oxygen ................. do .................. .. 

Sulphur ................ do.... 5. 49 5. 74 

Ash ..................... du .................. .. 

Calorific lue determi cd {calories.. 6•

302 ........ 5'

212 

' va n · B. 1'. U.. 11, 344 .. .. .. .. 11, 182 

Calorific value calculated {calories.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,183 

from ultimate analysis ... B. 1'. u .................. 11,129 

=--======~===:==-= 

Analysis corrected to sample as re· ceived: 

ProximateMoisture ............ per cent .. 

Volatile matter ......... do .. .. 

Fi.;<ed carbon ........... do .. .. 

Ash ..................... do ... . 

15.65 15.50 14.21 

36.87 36.94 33.171 

35.84 38. 37 37.40 

11. 64 9. 19 15. 22 

--------·-

16.99 

33.03 

35.52 

14.46 

14.88 

35.35 

33.73 

16.04 

16.69 

31.42 

31.19 

20.70 

18.85 14.21 18.85 

35.44 ' ................... . 

35.43 ............ , ...... . 

10. 28 15. 22 10. 28 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- =-----===~~=~ 

Hydrogen .............. do .................. .. 

Carbon ................. do ................... . 

Nitrogen ................ do .................. .. 

Oxygen ................. do .................. .. 

Sulphur ................ do.... 5.10 !>:19 

Ash ..................... do ................... . 

5.50 

54.08 

1. 31 

19.23 

4. 66 

15. 22 

100.00 

5.15 4. 73 5.50 3. 93 4.66 ~- 93 

. {calories.. 5, 716 5, 566 Calorilic vnluc determmed. 

B. T. U .. 10,289 -....... 10,019 .......... 

d 5,436 

d9, 785 .......... --·-······ .......... """""1"""""1"''""" ·········· ·········· 

a Represents 10 tons of coal. b Represents 6 tons of coal. 

cRefuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1491: Combustible, 18.07 per cent; asb, 81.93 per cent. <I Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 223 

Chernical analyses of Iowa No. 3 coal. 

fLump coal from mine No.4. Received from Gibson Coal Mining Company, Altoona, Iowa.] 

Sample Sample 

Sample of coal Coke from Sample of 

Mine Mine Car sam- from from sample, washery washed 

sample sample ple.a boiler coke test washed test, un- coal from 

No.1. No.2. test No. 35, eoal.c washed coke No. 49.b washed car sam- ovens. coal. pie. 

---------------------------- Laboratory sample number .............. . 1312 1313 1434 1392 1389 1399 . 1431 1389 

Loss of moisture on air drying .. per cci1t .. 9.60 11.00 9. 80 1. 50 G. 90 4.00 9.80 6.90 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .................... do ... . 5.33 5.51 4. 52 11.11 10.67 1.80 4. 52 10.67 

Volntilc matter ............. do .. .. 41.82 42.04 40.96 36.69 42.18 1. 95 

Fixed cnrbon ............... do .. .. 40.69 38.55 38.99 36.31 38.53 78.64 

Ash ......................... do .. .. 12.16 13.90 15.53 15.89 8.62 17.61 15.53 8.62 ------------------------

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- ----=i= ------------

Hydrogen ................... do., .................... .. 

Carbon ...................... do ............ , ......... .. 

Nitrogen ............. __ ..... do .................... __ .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 6.52 7.59 

Ash ......................... do ...................... .. 

· {calories .. Cnlorific value determined ..... B. 'l'. U .. 

6,539 

11,770 

Calo~itic value ca)culated from{calories .................... .. 

ultimate analysis ............. B. T. u ..................... . 

4. 93 

60.62 

. 93 

11.16 

6. 83 

15.b3 

100.00 

6,309 

11,356 

6, 271 

11,288 

6.16 4.88 4. 76 6.83 1.88 

Phosphorus in coke ....................................................................... .. .018 .................. .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: = = =====-'---= . = 

ProximateMoisture ................ per cent .. 14.42 15.90 

. Volntile matter ............. do .... 37.81 37.42 

Fixed carbon ............... do .... 36.78 34.31 

Asl;l ......................... do .... 10.99 12.37 

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ................... do ...................... .. 

Carbon ...................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen .................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... flo ...................... .. 

Sulphur ...................... do.... 5. 89 6. 76 

Ash ......................... flo ...................... .. 

I . 1 . {calories .. Ca OflfiC va UC dctertntned ..... B.'l'. U .. 

a Represents 12 tons of coal. 

5,911 

10,649 

13.88 12.44 16.83 5. 73 13.88 16.83 

36.94 36.14 39.27 1. 87 .......... ······-··· 35.17 35.77 35,87 75.49 ------··-- ····------ 14.01 15.65 8.03 16.91 14.01 8.03 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

~::~ ................... ~,----··--· .......... 1 ........ .. 

. ......... -----·····,·······-·· ··········,--·-······ 

.81 ! 

18. 80 :::::::::: ::::::::::!:::::::::: :::::::: :>:::::::::: 

6.15 

14.01 

100.00 

5,691 

10,244 

6. 07 

d5, 679 

d 10,222 

4.55 4.57 6.15 4.55 

bRefu~~ from boiler test, laboratory No. 1393: Combustible,_2_7.11 per cent; ash, 72.89 per cent. cSpeCJfie gmv1ty of the col!'e substance, 1.88; npparent spemflc gravity of the coke, 0.81; percentage of porosity, 57. d 1Jer1 ved from the dete rmmat10ns on the carload sample. 
224 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Iowa No. 4 coal. 

[Lump coal from mine No.3. Received from Centerville Block Coal Company, !icnterville, Iowtt.] 

----

Mine l\1ine 

sample sample No.1. No.2. 

Laboratory sample number .......... . 

T..~oss of moisture on air drying, per cent ................ -------------·-·· 9.40 8.60 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate-

:1\Ioisture ........ _ ... per cent .. 8. 53 8. 25 

Volatile matter ......... do.' ... 39.12 38.23 

Fixed carbon ........... do ... . 44.55 41.40 

Ash ..................... do ... . 7.80 12.12 ------

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen .............. do .................. .. 

Carbon ................. do ........... : ....... . 

·Nitrogen ............... do .................. .. 

Oxyge11 .... _ ............ do .... ............... . 

Sulphur ................ do.... 4.42 5.21 

Ash .......... • ........... do .................. .. 

Car 

sumple.a 

4. 50 

10.03 

37.27 

41.22 

II. 48 ---

100.00 

5. 31 

61. 2;\ 

. 94 

16.56 

4.46 

11.48 

100.00 

6, 237 

Sample 

frmn 

boiler 

test No. 47.b 

~.00 

11.71 

34.79 

38.04 

15.46 

----

100.00 

5.14 

Sample Sample of coul Coke fron1 from washery coke test sainp1c, test, un- No. 34, washed wu~hcd 

washed coal.c ear sam- coal. pie. 

3 60 n.oo 4.50 

14.81 2.30 10.03 

38.99 2.60 .......... 

38.79 82.14 ---------- 7.41 12.96 11.48 

--------

100.00 100. DO 

3. 70 3.33 4.46 

Sample of washed 

coni, 

from 

coke 

ovens. 

3.60 

14.81 

········-· 

.......... 

7. 41 

3. 70 

Sample 

of bri- qnettes, 

boiler 

test ~o. 

66.ri 

:1.90 

9. 7~ 

37. 9S 

39.38 

12.92 

• 100.00 

5.4:! 

62. i:"l2 

. 78 

14.;11 

4.05 

12.92 

100.00 

{

calories.. 6, 703 

Calorific value determined. B. T. U .. 12,065 11,227 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... l1,32fi 

Calorific· value calculated{c'Llories .. ·....... .. . .. .. . 6,165 .. .. . .. .. . . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 6, 394 

from ultimHtc analysis ... B. T. u.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,097 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ll, 509 

Phosphorus in coke................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 013 ............................ .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as rc· eeived: 

ProximateMoisture ........... per cent ... 17.13 

Volatilematter ......... do .... 35.H 

16.14 

34.94 

14.08 

35.59 

13.48 

34.09 

17.88 

37.59 

13.05 

2.32 

14.08 17.38 

Fixer! carbon ........... do .... 40.36 37.84 39.37 37.28 37.39 73.10 

Ash ..................... rlo .... ~~~_l:<J-~ ~ __ 7_.14_ ~ 10.96 7.14-

100.00 100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ..... , ........ do .................. .. 

Carbon ................. do ................. .. 

Nitrogen ............... do .................. .. 

O:x:ygen ................. do ................... . 

Sulphur ................ do.... 4. 00 4. 76 

Ash ..................... do .................. .. 

58.49 

. 90 

19.82 

4. 26 

10.96 

100.00 

{

calories.. 6, 073 Calorific value determined. B. T. U .. 10,

931 

;;, 9.'\7 

.... 10, ns 

100.00 100.00 100.00 

:::::::::::::::::::r::::::::::--:::::.:::::::::: ~M am ~~ 4.m am 

e5, 613 

e10, 103 

u Rcprcscn ts 31 tons of coal. · 

13.24 

36.50 

37.85 

12.41 

100.00 

5.6-! 

60.08 

. 75 

17. 22 

3. 90 

12.41 

100.00 

{\04i 

10,885 

bRefuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1381: Combustible, 19.25 per cent; ash, 80.75 per cent. c Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.82; upparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.81; percentage of porosity. 55. dRefuse from the boiler teet of the briquettes, laboratory No. 1486: Combustible, 23.82 per cent; ash, 76.18 per cent. cDerived from the de.terminutions on the carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 225 

Chemical analyses of Iowa No. 5 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from mine No.1. Received from Inland Fuel Company, Chariton, Iowa.] 

---r-;----

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

1\!ine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sample. a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 55. b 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No. 40, 

washed 

coal. 

Sample 

from 

washery 

test, un- washed car sample. 

Sa~te 

washed 

coal 

from 

coke 

ovens. 

----------------1---------------------

Laboratory sample number ......................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent.. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ................•... ." ......... do ... . 

Volatile matter ..•.............•....... do ... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ... . 

Ash ..............•...................•. do ... . 

Ultimate1332 

9.40 

10.25 

35.10 

46.12 

8.53 

----

100.00 

1333 

1.10 

12.37 

36.98 

42.95 

7. 70 

----

~ 

100.00 

=========-

Hydrogen •.•...................•...•.. do ..•..................... 

Carbon ....................••.•.•...... do ..•..................... 

Nitrogen .............................. do ..•........•............ 

Oxygen ............................... do .......•............•. ·' 

Sulphur .•...........•..•.............. do.... 2.64 !l-34 

Ash ...•.•...............•. .' ....••••.... do .......•........•....... 

. . {calories .. Calortflcvaluedetermmed .•...........•. B. T. U .• 6,442 

11,596 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate {calories .. --- ...... - ------ ... . 

analysis .•................•...•.. -.--- ... B. T. U ....•.....•........... 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .......................... percent .. 

Volatile matter .. : ..................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ... . 

Ash .................................... do ... . 

Ultimate18.69 

31.80 

41.78 

7. 73 

100.00 

18.59 

34.3~ 

39.90 

7.15 

100.00 

Hydrogen ............................. do ...................... .. 

Carbon ... : ............ · ................ do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ............................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ............................... do.... 2.39 3.10 

Ash .................................... do ....................... . 

0 . 1 . {calories .. !llortfic va uc determmed ............. .. B, T. U .. 

[;,836 

10,505 

1433 

6.80 

9.22 

32.71 

44.52 

13.55 

----

100.00 

1423 

3.80 

12.69 

33.01 

40.37 

13.93 

100.00 

==-====== 

5.35 

59.89 

1.22 

16.57 

3.42 

13. "'' 

100.00 

6,105 

10,989 

6,045 

10,881 

1[;.39 

30.49 

41.49 

12.63 

100.00 

5. 74 

55.81 

1.14 

21.49 

3.19 

12.63 

100.00 

5,690 

10,242 

3.21 

16.01 

31.76 

38.83 

13.40 

100.00 

3.09 

0 5, 583 

Cl0,049 

1419 

6. 70 

13.45 

33.30 

44.75 

8.50 

----

100.00 

-----

2.44 

19.25 

31.07 

41.75 

7.93 

100.00 

2.28 

1433 

6.80 

1419 

6. 70 

9. 22 13.45 

13.55 8.50 

3.42 2.44 

15.39 19.25 

12.63 7. 93 

3.19 2. 28 

a Represents 7 tons of coal. b Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1422: Combustible 15.28 per cent; ash, 84.72 per cent. o Derived from the determinatious.on the carload sample. ' 

13-No. 48-06-15 
226 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Kansas No. 1 coal. 

[Coal from mine No. 10. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Fleming, Kans.] 

Mine Mine 

sample sample 

No. l. No.2. 

Laboratory sample number ......................•............. 1018 1020 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent ....... :. _ ........... . 

Car sam- ple.a 

1097 

1. 30 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No. 6.b 

1092 

PO 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No.7.< 

1099 

1. 00 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke 

test. 

1094 

4. 50 

Analysis of air-dried sample: ==.~--====~--~--

ProximateMoisture ......................................... do ....................... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do .....•.. , .............. . 

Fixed carbon .•.................................. do.' ...................... . 

Ash ...... .' ..............•........................ do ............. · .......... . 

Ultimate~ 

Hydrogen .....................•.. _, ...........•.. do .......•................ 

Carbon .•.....................................••.. do ............•..•........ 

Nitrogen ..............•................•......•.. do .......•................ 

Oxygen ......................................•... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ..............•.................•......... do ..•..................... 

Ash .............................................. do ............. · .......... . 

· {calorict: .. ........ _ .......... . Calorific value determined ...... -.....•.. -.. ··.····- B. T. U .... _ ... _ .... ·_ ..... _ .. 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate ~nalysis .. -{:.';~its:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... per cent.. 2. 91 3.50 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 35.81 35.75 

Fixed carbon .................................... do .. .. 51.73 52.83 

·Ash .............................................. do ... . 9.55 7.92 ~--- ---- 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate3. 74 

33.11 

50.01 

13.14 

100.00 

4.91 

68.22 

1.09 

8.30 

4.34 

13.14 

100.00 

6,891 

12,404 

6,940 

12,492 

4. 99 

32.68 

49.36 

12.97 

----

100.00 

3.68 

34.57 

50.63 

11.12 

100.00 

3. 91 

5.90 

33.78 

49.46 

10.86 

----

100.00 

3.84 

33.01 

49.06 

14.09 

HlQ.OO 

4.99 

4.80 

32.68 

48.57 

13.95 

----

100.00 

3. 77 

32.73 

47.98 

15.52 

100.00 

4. 69 

8.10 

31.26 

45.82 

14.82 

----

100.00 

Hydrogen ..................... , .......... , ....... do ...................... .. 

Carbon .................... .' .................. : ... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ................................. ·: ...... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ...................... : ................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 3.79 3.28 iEI•••••••••••••••••••· 

Ash .......................... : ................... do ....................... . 

. . 1 d t . d {calories .. Calonfic va ue c ermme ......................... . B.T. U .. 

7,193 

12,947 

4. 28 3. 82 4. 94 4. 48 

12.97 

100.00 

6, 801 d6, 956 

12, 242 d 12, 521 

d6, 714 

d12,085 

a Represents 22 tons of coal. . b Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1093: Combustible, 38.30 per cent; ash, 61.70 per cent. c Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1098: Combustil)le, 1~.45 per cent; ash, 80.55 per cent. d Derived,from the dete=inations on the carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 227 

Chemical analyses of Kan.ms No. 2 coal. 

[Lump, nut, and slack coal from mine No. 11. Received from Western Coal and Mining Company, Yale, Kans.] 

~line 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam- ple.a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No. 13, 

Wll.'•;hed 

coal.b 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.2. 

S11mplc 

from 

washery 

test, un- washed car sample. 

Sample of 

washed 

coal 

from 

boiler 

test. 

----------,--------------------------------------

Laboratory sample number.......................... 1017 1019 1 1122 1123 1087 1122 1123 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent ................. -----1 2.00 3.60 1.60 2.00 3.60 

AJlalysis of air-dried sample: - =====1=--==-=--= = = ~ 

Pro~~=~:~:~~~;~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::: ::::::::::1 3~:~~ 3~::~ 3~:!~ 2.23 2.30 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ....................... . 

Ash .................................... do ....................... . 

47.63 

18.27 

53.14 

8.96 

46.28 

20.37 18.27 8. 96 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do .... ········-- ......... . 

Carbon ................................ do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ... · ................ · ........... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ... _ .. _._ .. : ... _ ................ do ............ -. _ .. __ . __ .. 

Sulphur .... _ .. _ ..... _ ......... __ ... _ .. do ....................... . 

Ash ....... : ............................ do ............... _____ ... . 

Calorific value determined .... _ ........ _ ·{calories.- · · · ·--.- ... -.-.- ... . 

B. T. U ............ -··----··· 

c~~~~~i~~~~-~ -~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~~- ~-~~~~~~~- {t;i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

100.00 

4. 56 

63.14 

. 94 

6.69 

6.40 

18.27 

100.00 

6, 600 

11,880 

6,528 

11,750 

100.00 100.00 

3. 91 5.68 6.40 3.91 

------------~ ------------ Analysis corrected to sample as received: -----.-------------------------

ProximateMoisture .......................... per cent .. 2. 4<1 2. 36 

Volatile matter. .. _ ..... _ ...... _ ....... do .. .. 35.16 34.62 

Fixed carbon .. _._ ........ __ : ... _ ... _ .. do ... . 51.80 51.23 

Ash .................................... do ... . 10.60 11.79 

---------

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ........ _ .. _ ....... _._ .... __ .do ..................... __ . 

Carbon: ............................... do ........... _ ...... _. _ .. . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ....................... . 

Oxygen .............................. ,.do ....................... . 

Sulphur ............................... do.... 5.63 5.88 

Ash .................................... do .............. -------··· 

Calo rific va ue etermme ....... _ ....... . 1 d . d {calories._ 

. B.T. U .. 

a Represents two-thirds of carload of coal. 

7,246 

13,043 

4.18 

31.23 

46.68 

17.91 ---·-

100.00 

4. 69 

61.88 

.92 8.33 

6. 27 

17.91 

100.00 

6,468 

11,642 

5.82 

34.32 

. 51. ~2 

8.64 ----

100.00 

3. 77 

c7,310 

013,158 

3. 96 4.18 

30.46 ·······--- 45.54 .......... 20.04 17.91 

----

100.00 

5.59 6. 27 

b Refuse from the boiler test, l!tboratory No. 1124: Combustible· 30.62 per cent· ash 69 ss per cent c Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. ' ' ' · • 

5.82 

. ~ .... --- . 

··-······· 

8. 64 

3. 77 
228 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Kansas No. 3 coal. 

[Rurt-of-mine coal from mine No. 9. Received from Southern Coal and Mercantile Company, Scammon, Kans.] 

!\line 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Bample Sample Sample Car from of coal from 

sample.a boiler test from coke boiler test No. 3.b test. No. 4.c 

--------------------- ---------------

Laboratory sample number ........•........................... 1036 1037 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent .. 2.01 I 2.54 

Volatile matter ••................................ do ... . 35.99 35.31 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ... . 46.85 52.28 

Ash .....................••....................... do ... . 15.15 9.87 

-------- 100.00 100.00 

------- UltimateHydrogen ..............................•......... do ....................... . 

Carbon .......•........... _ ...... -- ............... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen_._ ...................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ••.......................................• do.... 5. 27 4. 47 

Ash ..............••.•............................ do ••...................... 

C l aor1 'fi eva lue dete t'ned {calories .... -- .. -.. - . rm ......................... . 

B. T. U ........... . 

7,411 

13,340 

1086 

2.50 I 

33.80 

51.25 

12.45 ----

100.00 

----

4.91 

69.07 

]. 20 

6. 69 

5.68 

12.45 

100.00 

1061 

2.03 

33.52 

50.99 

13.46 ----

100.00 

----

5.39 

7,166 d 7, 082 

12, 900 d 12, 748 

1074 

1. 75 

32.95 

48.39 

16.91 

----

100.00 

---

.5.60 

a Represents 7 tons of coal. b Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1062: Combustible, 20.60 per cent; ash, 79.40 per cent. c Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1081: Combustible, 32.51 per cent; ash, 67.49 per cent. dDetermined in bomb calorimeter. 1 e Derived from the determinations on the carload sample and sample from boiler test No.3. 

1082 

2.25 

34.30 

51.05 

12.40 

----

100.00 

----

4.80 

e 7,172 

e 12,910 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 229 

Chemical analyses of Kansas No. 4 coal. 

[Lump coal. Received from Atchison Coal Mining Company, Atchison, Kans.] 

Laboratory sample number ........ _ .... _ .. _ ... _ ......... _ ................ .. 

Loss of moisture on air drying .................................... per cent .. 

Crtr sam- plc.a 

1473 

3.50 

Sample ~~:D~~~~ Coke sum-

~~~fN~~~1~~ coke test ple.c 

1440 

0. 90 

No.43. 

1443 

2.20 

1455 

Analysis of air-dried sttmple: l=====i====~i=====i====== 

ProximtLte-

~!oisture ...................................................... tlo.... 3.57 

Volatilematter ............................................... do.... 37.00 

Fixed carbon .................... _ ............................ do.... 46.80 

Ash ........................................................... do.... 12.63 

UltimateHydrogen ..................................................... do .. .. 

Carbon ........................................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen ...................................................... do .. .. 

Oxygen ....................................................... do ... . 

Sulphur ....................................................... do ... . 

Ash ........................................................... do .. .. 

. {calories .. Calorific value determmed ....... -- ...... -- .......... ---- --·-- ·-- B. T. u .. 

1 d f 1 . Jealories .. calorific value ealcu ate rom u ttmate analysis ................ \B. T. U .. 

100.00 

5.04 

65.02 

1.07 

7.91 

8.33 

12.63 

100.00 

6,854 

12,337 

6,839 

12,310 

4.65 4.53 ------------ 36.65 37.82 ············ 43.99 44.43 ·----------· 14.71 13.22 ···········-

100.00 100.00 

8.54 7.35 ........... . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: l=====l======i===== I===== 

ProximateMoisture .................................................. per cent.. 6. 95 

Volatile matter ............................................... do.... 35.70 

Fixedcarbon ................................................. do.... 45.16 

Ash .................. : ....................................... do.... 12.19 

UltimateHydrogen ..................................................... do ... . 

Carbon ........................................................ do ... . 

Nitroge11 . ................................................... .. do ... . 

Oxygen ....................................................... do .. .. 

Sulphur ....................................................... do ... . 

100.00 

5. 25 

62.74 

1.04 

10.74 

8.04 

5. 51 6. 63 0.52 

36.32 36.99 1. 68 

43.59 43.45 79.82 

14.58 12.93 17.98 

100.00 100.00 100.00 

8.46 7.19 6.15 

Phosphorus in coke ........................................... do.... ... ...... ... . .. ... . ..... . .... ... .... .015 

Ash ........................................................... do.... 12.19 ................................... _ 

· 1 d · d {calories .. Calonfic va ue etermme ..................................... .. B. T. U .. 

100.00 

6,614 

11,905 

d6, 507 

dll, 713 

a Represents 10 tons of coal. ' b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1139: Combustible, 21.33 per cent; ash, 78.67 per cent. c Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.92; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.97; percentage of porosity, 50. d Derived from tbe determinations on the carload sample. 
230 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLAN·.r. 

Chemical analyses of Kanms No. 5 coal. 

[Lump and nut coal from mine No. 11. Received from Southwestern Development Company. West Mineral, Kans.] 

----- ----- -----~ ~~---- ---,---- ---- ---~-- ---,-----

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam- ple.a 

Car sam- ple (sec~ 

ond por- tion), b 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 72. c 

Sample 

from gas- producer test 

No. 24. 

---------~------ -------,--------------------- ---~ 

160~ 

3.30 

Analysis of air-clrierl Sfltnple: 

Laboratory sample numl>er...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 1413 1567 16051 1524 

Loss of moisture on air drying ...•................... per cent.. . 3. 20 I 4. 30 2. 30 3. 70 1. 90 

===-=--·--J=~~ 

ProximateMoisture ......................................... do ... . 

Volatile matter ......... __ ..... __ ................ do ... . 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ... . 

Ash .....................•........................ do ... . 

Ultimate1. 97 

33.68 

55.16 

9. 20 

100.00 

1. 56 

33.79 

51.54 

13.11 

100.00 

32.40 

54.97 

10.79 

100.00 

. 9:1 1 

33.16 

.54.16 

11.75 

100. 0~ 

2.45 

33.05 

52.3,5 

12.15 

100.00 

1. 09 

33.06 

54.22 

1l. 63 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 4. 96 ......... ·I· .............•..... 

Carbon ... ·- .......... __ .......................... do ............... --- ..... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... d.o ........ ·.- ............. . 

Oxygen ...................... __ .................. do ....................... . 

Snlphur ............. _ ............................. do.... 4,48 4.01 

Ash ...................... ·········~-· ....... : .... do ....................... . 

. . . {calories .. Culorlfl.c value determined ......................... . B. T. U .. 

7,418 

13,31\2 

Cttlorific value calculated from ultimate analysis ... {~~l;,i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate71.90 

1. 09 

7. 40 

3.86 

10.79 

100.00 

7,333 

13,199 

7,288 

13,118 

3. 53 4.49 3.10 

Moisture.-............................•....... per cent.. 5.11 5. 79 4.10 4. 60 4. 31 4. 35 

Volatllemtttter .................................. do.... 32.60 32.34 31.65 31.94 32.42 31.97 

Fixed carbon .................................... do.... 53.39 49.32 53.71 52.15 51.36 52.43 

Ash ....•................•........................ do.... 

10

:::_1 

1

:::: ~:::~ ~~:~ ~~::~ ~:; 

ml:S~· :: 1< ~= ·•··••·••· .•.••.•••.• Oxygen .......................................... do .............. 1.......... 9.28 ............................. . 

Sulphur ........................................... do.... 4.34 3.84 3.77 3.40 4.40 3.00 

Ash __ .......... ·,·· ........ __ ..................... do ............... _........ 10.54 ....... _ ..................... . 

. . {calories .. Calonfic value determmed ......................... . B. '1'. U .. 

a Represents 7 tons of coal. b Represcn ts 30 tons of coal. 

7,181 i" ... -.. -.. 

12,926 ~·-········ 

100.00 

7,164 d6, 986 

12, 895 ... -."'. . . d 12, 575 

c Refuse from the boiler test, labomtory No. 1526: Comtmstible, 26.02 per cent; ash, 73.98 per cent. dDerived from the determinations on the carload sample. -

<17, 131 

d12, 836 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 231 

Chemical analyses of Kentucky No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from Straight Creek mine No.2. Received from National Coal and Iron Company, Straight Creek, Ky.] 

-------- ~----~---~ ----··-

. Car sari:t-l Sample Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

.Mme. Car sam- pic fr?m sample pie. a (second b01ler 

No. 2· portion).b N~.e~- c 

Sample 

of coal Coke 

co~~'fest sample. d 

No. 44. 

------------------------------- -----· 

Laboratory sample number.· ........................ . 1321 

1. 00 

1322 

0.90 

1474 

1. 20 

1522 

1. 20 

1444 

1. 20 

1448 -

0.70 

1458 

I .. os~ of tnoi~ture on air dl-ying ...... .... .. per cent .. 1.00 

= =------=-= ==-.:.--= =-==::::=..:; = =-=::::::::=:.=. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ............. _ ........ _ ... _ ... do .. _. 1. 93 l. 93 1. 92 1. 77 1. 71 2.02 .51 

Volatile matter ........................ do ... . 36.37 37.42 36.56 36.08 36.04 37.48 .84 

Fixed carbon .................... _ ..... do ... . 58.13 57.83 57.08 56.31 56.27 56.57 93.25 

Ash ................................... do ... . 3.57 2. 82 4.44 5.84 5.98 3.93 5.40 

------------· ---------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- =====,== 

Hydrogen ...........•................. do .... ··········'·········· 5.36 ....................................... . 

Carbon ................................ do........................ 78.31 ....................................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do........................ 1.85 ........•............................... 

Oxygen ..................... , .......... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ....................... _ ....... do.... . 90 . 85 

Ash .................................... do ....................... . 

8.80 

1. 24 

4.44 

loo. oo 

1. 21 1. 20 1. 24 .87 

C 1 "fi 1 d . d {calories.. 8,037 7,955 .......... ·······--- ................... . 

a on c va ue etermme ...... -..... . . . . B. T. U.. l4, 467 !4, 319 __ .............................•... _ .. _. 

c~~~\~;;~~-~~~ -~~~~~~-~~-t~-~ -~~~~. ~-~~~~~~~{~~~;~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 1::~~~ :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Phosphorus in coke ... _ ..................•........ _ ......... _ ......... _ ... '··...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .036 

Analydis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ................ _ .......... per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............... _._ .....• do._ .. 

Fixed carbon ... · ........ _ .............. do ... . 

Ash ..................................... do ... . 

Ultimllte2.91 

36.01 

57.55 

3.53 

100.00 

2.81 

37.08 

57.31 

2.80 

100.00 

Hydrogen ....................•........ do ....................... . 

Carbon ................................ do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ..•.•............... 1 ••• 

Oxygen .......................... _ ..... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ............................... do.... .89 .84 

Ash .................................... do ....................... . 

C a on c va ue eterm1ncd .... _ .......... . 1 "fi 1 d . {calories .. 

. B. T. U .. 

a Represents 23 tons of coal. b Represents 12 tons of coal. 

7,957 

14,322 

3.10 

36.12 

56.39 

4.39 

100.00 

5.43 

77.37 

1.83 

9.76 

1.22 

4.39 

100.00 

7,860 

2.95 

35.65 

55.63 

5. 77 

100.00 

1. 20 

2.89 

35.61 

55.59 

5.91 

100.00 

1.19 

c 1, 749 

14,148 ·-········ •13,948 

2. 71 

37.22 

56.17 

3.90 

100.00 

1. 23 

1.50 

.83 

92.32 

5.35 

100.00 

.86 

o Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1445: Combustible, 35.80 per cent; ash, 64.20 per cent . . dSp_ecific gravity of the coke substance, 1.83; apparent specific grttvity of the coke, 0.92; percentage of porosity, 50. [Air-dned sample.] • Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
232 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Kentucky No. 2 coal. 

[Lump, nut, pea, and slack coal from mine No. 11. Received from St. Bernard Mining Company, Earlington, Ky.J 

Car Car Sample Sample Sample 

~fine Mine sample sample from of coal of brisample sample (coarse (linepor- boiler from quettes, 

No.1. No.2. portion tion of test coke test boiler of car- car- No. f>7.c No. 42. teot load)." load).b No. 76.d 

------------~~------ -------------------------

Laboratory sample number ......................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent .. 

Analysis of 11ir-dried sample: 

l 1roximateMoistnre ............................... do ... . 

Volatile matter ........................ do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .......................... do .. .. 

Ash ............ , ............. _ ......... do ... . 

1365 

2.90 

5. 76 

39.19 

47.74 

7.31 

1366 

2.60 

5.34 

38.61 

45.56 

10.49 

.1461 

2. 70 

5.36 

38.99 

46.27 

9.38 

1469 

4.20 

5.50 

34.80 

41.24 

18.46 

14361" 

1. 40 

6.45 

38.45 

46.40 

8. 70 

1438 

2. 90 

5. 93 

33.42 

42.36 

18.29 

1544 

3. 30 

3. 94 

38.33 

45.83 

11.90 

------.--------------------- 100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do ...................... .. 

Carbon ......................... _ ..... . (lo .... ...... __ ... ·.- ...... _ 

Nitrogen ............................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ................................ do ....................... . 

Sulphur ............................... do.... 3.63 4.31 

Ash ........................ : ........... do ....................... . 

100.00 

5.33 

67.64 

1. 25 

12.68 

3.72 

9. 38 

100.00 

100.00 100.00 

4. 67 3.42 

100.00 

4.16 

100.00 

4. 76 

67.23 

1.23 

11.04 

3.84 

11.90 

100.00 

.tl d . d {calories.. 7,063 6,966 .............................. ) 6,824 

B. T. U.. 12,713 12,539 .......... .......... ......... 12,_283 CaJon cvalue etermmc .......... ...... I 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate {calories .. -........ - -.. -...... 6, 840 -........ - ................... - 6, 683 

analysis ............... , .............. _ ... B. T. u.. .......... .......... 12 312 12,029 

Ana~~~~~:::~~c~.t~ :~~~:~ -~~ ~~~-e-i~~~: .per cent.. 3

8

8·. o495 3

7

7·. 86°0- 3

7

7'. 994' •••• 3.,3 •..• ,3.4°3-77·.-9'"1 .... --382 •... 4

005.. 3"7'·. 1

0

1

7 

Voltttile matter ........................ do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .......................... do.... 46.36 44.38 45.02 39.51 45. 7fi - 41. 13 44.31 

Ash .................. _'_ ................ do ... . 7.10 10.22 9.13 17.68 8.58 17.76 11.51 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ulti~;!:~cn .. -.. --- .... -- ........ -- .. -.. do .. -- ---------- ..... ---.. 655 .. 4881 ·_ ·_ ·•·. -.-.--.-_ ·_·_ ·. ·_·_ ·_ -- -_ .. ---. --~~-- ·_ -.-- --~--- -_ --~- 4. 96 Carbon ................................ do ....................... : 65.01 

Nitrogen .............................. do........................ 1.22 .......... .......... .......... 1.19 

~:~~~~;::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::: ::~::::: -----~.-;~- -----~-- ;~- 1:: :~ -. -_ -_ -_ --~ .. _-~_; __ - _-_-_-_-_-a_- :_3_-7_-_-r_- _-_·_-_-~- ._- 04_-_--_ 

1

:: ~~ Ash .................................... do.... .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 9.13 11.51 

fi . d {calories .. Calor! c value determme ............. .. B. 1'. U .. 

6,858 

12,344 

100.00 

I 

12,200 .......... <12,337 ......... . 

6, 778 .. . .. .. . .. e 6,8541 ......... . 

--------------------------~--~------C----~~-----~--- a Represcn ts 20 tons of coal. b Represents 5 tons of coal. c Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1435: Combustible, 20.63 per cent; ash, 79.37 per cent. <I Refuse from boiler test of the briquettes, laboratory No. 1545: Combustible, 16.55 per cent; ash, 83.45 per cent. e Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 

100.00 

6,599 

11,878 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABOBATORY. 233 

Chemical analyses of Kentucky No. 3 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from Barnsley mine. Received from St. Bernard Mining Company, Earlington, Ky.] 

• 

Laboratory sample number ........ . 

Loss of moisture on nJr drying, per cent .............................. . 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate-

:Moisture .......... per cent._ 

Volatile matter ....... do ... . 

.Fixed carbon ......... do •... 

Ash ...............•... do .... 

UltimttteMine Mine sample sample No.1. No.2. 

1361 '1367 

3.30 2.20 

6.00 5.91 

37.45 38.39 

48.23 46.19 

8.32 9. 51 

--- --~ 

100.00 100.00 

~-- ---~ 

Hydrogen ............. do ................... . 

Cttrbon ................ do .................. .. 

Nitrogen ....... , ...... do ................... . 

Oxygen ............... do .................. .. 

Car 

sample.a 

1506 

2.20 

5.85 

36.90 

46.96 

10.29 

·--~ 

100.00 

--~ 

Car sam- Sample s{:g!f]e 

ple of fr?m gas-proscreened b~~~r ducer 

coal.b No.64.c N~~~~-

1505 1477 1480 

1. 60 1.50 1.10 

6.34 6.51 6.25 

37.61 37.89 39.00 

48.00 45.53 45.66 

8.05 10.07 9.09 

---~ --- --~· 

100.00 100.00 100.00 

---~ ------

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke 

test 

No. 47, wushed 

coal. 

1466 

4.30 

6.49 

39.01 

46.77 

7. 73 ---

100.00 

---

Sample Sample 

Coke from of sample washcrv washed · · coal, from test, un- sample washed washed from coal. <l car coke sample. ovens. 

1484 1506 1466 

2. 20 4.30 

5.85 6, 49 

. ....... --······· ········· ········ ......... -········ 10.29 7.73 

Sulphur ............... do.... 3. 07 4.12 

5. 27 

66.75 

1. 43 

12.66 

3. 60 

10.29 

2.99 3.72 2.61 ....... . 3.60 2.61 

Ash ................... do ................... . 

100.00 

calorific value deter· {calories.. . . .. . . . . 6, 797 6, 829 

mmed .................. B. 1'. U .. . . . . . .. . 12,235 12,292 

Calorific value calculated {calories ...... -:.. . . . .. . . . 6, 746 

from ultimttte analysis. B. '1'. u .................. 12,143 

A~~~~~~~d;orrected to sample as 

ProximateMoisture .......... per cent.. 9.10 7.98 7.92 

Volatile matter ....... do .... 36.21 37.55 36.09 

Fixed carbon ......... do .... 46.64 45.17 45.93 

,~\.ah ..•..•••••••••••••. do .... 8.05 9. 30 10.06 

7.84 7. 92 

37.01 37.32 

47.23 44,84 

7.92 9~ 92 

6,898 

12,416 

7, 28 

38.57 

<15.16 

8. 99 

10.51 .14 7.92 10.51 

37.33 .56 

44.76 86.31 

7.40 12.99 10.06 7. 40 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

UltimttteHydrogen ............. do ................... . 

Carbon ............... -.do ................... . 

Nitrogen· .............. do .................. .. 

Oxygen ............... do ................... . 

Sulphur ............... do.... 2. 97 4. 03 

5.39 

65.29 

1. 40 

14,34 

3.52 2. 94 3. 91 3.68 2.51 

Phosphorus ........... do .............................................................. . 

Sulphur in the ash .... do.... ........ .... .... 10.06 .................................. . 

100.00 

Calorific value deter- {calories .......... 6,647 6.679 •6,668 !6,824 

mined . · .... · · ..... · .. · · B. T. U .. . . . . .. . . 11,965 12,022 .......... <12, 002 f12, 283 

a Represents 12 tons of coal. b Represents 17 tons of coal. 

2.16 3.52 2.51 

.0094 ................. . 

.084 ................ .. 

c Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1478: Combustible, 19.82 per cent; ash, 80.18 per cent. riSpccific grttvity of the coke substance, 1.81; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.80; percentage of porosity, 56. e Derived from the determinations on the carlottd sample . .(Calorific value derived {rom determintttions on the cttrload sumple: 6,814 calories; 12,265 B, 1'. U. 
234 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Kentucky .No. 4 coal. 

(Run-of-mine coal. Recc,ived from Whentcroft Coal and Mining Company, Whentcrofl, Ky.] 

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

Laboratory sample number ............... . 1382 

Loss of moisture on air drying .. per cent.. 2.60 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ....... _ .... _ ....... do ... . 2.06 

Volatile matter ............. do ... . 39.19 

Fixed carbon._ ..... :_ ...... do ... . 51.15 

Ash ......................... do ... . 7.60 ---

100.00' 

--- Ultimatel\Iine 

sample 

No.2. 

1384 

2.00 

2. 82 

40.53 

49.50 

7.15 ----

100.00 

---

Hydrogen ................... do .............. 1 •• - •• ----. 

Carbon ...................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ................ -.... do.... 3. 42 3. 28 

Ash ......................... do ....................... . 

. {calories .. Calorific vnlue determmed .. : .. n. T. U _ .. 7.336 

13,205 

Calorific value calculated from{calorics .................... .. 

ultimate analysis ............. n. T. u ...................... . 

Cur sam- ple.a 

1539 

2.80 

2. ii4 

36.08 

46.79 

14.59 ----

100.00 

-----

4.53 

66.50 

1. 28 

8. 43 

4. 67 

14.59 

100.00 

6,830 

12,294 

6,677 

12,019 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No. 62.b 

1462 

3.30 

2. 68 

36 .. 87 

47.30 

13.15 -----

100.00 

-----

3.85 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.46, 

washed 

coni. 

1459 

3.10 

3.Hi 

40.32 

50.26 

6. 24 ----

100.00 

---

2.85 

Coke 

sample 

from 

washed 

coal,c 

1475 

. 52 

.73 

86.40 

12.35 

-----

100.00 

---

2. 37 

Sample 

from 

wash cry test, un- Wltshed 

cur sampie. 

1539 

2.80 

2.54 

14.59 

4. 67 

Sample 

of 

washed 

coal 

from 

coke 

ovens. 

14W 

3.10 

3.18 

6.24 

2.85 

Phosphorus in coke ...................................... _ ................................. . .0~5 ................... . 

Sulphur in the ash .............. per cent ................................................... . .014 .................. .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximntcllfoisture ................ per cent .. 4.61 4. 76 

Volatile matter ............. do .... 38.17 39.72 

Fixed carbon ............... do .... 49.82 48.51 

Ash ......................... do .... 7.40 7. P1 

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogeu ................... do ....................... . 

Carbon ...................... do ....... • ................ . 

Nitrogen .................... do· ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 3. 33 3. 21 

Ash ......................... do ............... : ...... .. 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined ..... B. T. U ... 7,145 

12, i?l\1 

5.~7 

35.07 

45.48 

14.18 

100.00 

4.71 

64.65 

1. 24 

10.68 

4.54 

14.18 

100.00 

6,639 

11,950 

5.89 6.18 5. 27 6.18 

35.65 39.07 

45.74 48.70 

12.72 6.05 14.18 6. 05 

100.00 100.00 

:::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::r:::::::::: :::::::::: 

3. 72 

d6, 764 

d]2, 175 

2. 76 ........ .. 4.M 2. 76 

-----------~---'-----~------------------'----

a Represents 23 tons of coal. 

bRcfuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1463: Combustible, 24.65 per cent; ash, 75.35 per cent. c Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.84: apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.93; percentage of porosity, 49. d Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 235 

Chemical analyses of Missouri No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from New Home mine No.1. Received from New Home Coal Company, Sprague, Mo.) 

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

1\Iine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car 

sample. 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No.12.a 

Sample. I Sample from boil- from Sample of er test wash cry washed 

No 15 test, coal, 

waShed coarse course 

coal. b ~~:s\1~~: coal. 

Sample 

of briquettes, 

boiler 

test No. 23.c 

Laboratory sample number............... -~~ ~~ ~ ~~~---:;;-- 1206 

Lossofmoistureonairdrying .. perccnL .· ......... :--------· 5.00 3.2~ 3.90 _4.71J_ 4~40_ 2.90 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .................... do ....................... ~ 

Volatile matter. ............ do ..... · ................. .. 

Fixed carbon _____________ ,_do ....................... .. 

Ash ......................... do ...................... .. 

UltimateHydrogen ................... do ....................... . 

Carbon ...................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen ........... · ......... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ..................... do ....................... . 

Ash ------~ .................. do ...................... .. 

Calorific value determinc:L ... -{calories .................... .. B. T. U .................... .. 

Calorific value calculated from{calories ............ ---- .. -- .. ultimate analysis ............. B. T. u .. __ ................ .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ................ per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ............... do .. .. 

Ash ......................... do ... . 

Ultimate4.80 

38.10 

42.93 

14.17 

100.00 

4.92 

38.28 

42.28 

14.52 

100.00 

Hydrogen ................... do ......... ; .............. . 

Carbon ............ : ......... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 5.35 5.34 

Ash ........ , ................ do ....................... . 

Calorific value dctermined ..... {~~l~!~:: :::::::::: 6,653 

11,975 

3.50 

35.35 

40.77 

20.3S 

100.00 

4.6•! 

60.00 

.99 

8.46 

5.53 

20.38 

100.00 

6,191 

11,144 

6,206 

11,171 

8.33 

33.58 

38.73 

19.36 

100.00 

4. 97 

57.00 

. 94 

12.48 

5.25 

19.36 

100.00 

5,381 

10,586 

4.22 

36.03 

41.99 

17.76 

100.00 

4.51 

7. 28 

34.88 

40.64 

17.20 

100.00 

4. 37 

d6,237 

d 11,227 

4.20 

38.30 

46.00 

11.50 

100. oo 

3.73 

7.93 

36.81 

44.21 

,11.05 

100.00 

3.58 

d6, 736 

d12, 125 

3. 61 4. 38 

21.03 13.50 

6.43 3.67 

8.14 8. 59 

20.04 12.91 

6.17 3.51 

3.58 

38.72 

43.10 

14.60 

100.00 

4.86 

66.07 

1.12 

8. 66 

4.69 

14.60 

100.00 

6, 790 

12,220 

6,748 

12,146 

6.38 

37.60 

41.85 

14.17 

100.00 

5.04 

64.15 

1.09 

10.99 

4.56 

14.17 

100.00 

6,593 

11,867 

a Refuse from boiler. test, laboratory No. 1120: Combustible, 19.85 per cent; ash, 80.15 per cent. bRefuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1139: Combustible, 13.53 per cent; ash, 86.47 per cent. cRefuse from the boiler test of the briquettes, laboratory No. 1207: Combustible, 16.19 per cent; ash, 83.81 per cent. «Derived from the determinations on the carload s~mple. . · 
236 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Missouri No.· 2 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal from mine No.8. Received from Northwestern Coal and !\fining Company, B.evicr, lifo.] 

!\fine Mine sample sample 

No.1. No.2. 

Car 

sample." 

Sam- Sample Safrmomple pie from fr'?m boiler gas-prob~~~~r test <\~~ir No. 37. b No. 44· c No. 70. 

Sample 

of c&al 

from 

coke 

test 

No. 26, washed 

coal. 

Coke 

sample 

from 

"'ashed 

coal. <I 

Sample 

from 

washery 

test, un- washed 

ear sample. 

Sa~fle 

washed 

coal 

from 

coke 

ovens. 

---------------------------------------

Laboratory sample number......... 1226 1227 

Loss of moisture on air drying, per cent .. __ ... _________________ ....... 6. 20 5.00 

Analysis of air-drie<l. sample: 

ProximateMoisture __ ........ per cent .. 9.10 8.31 

Volatile matter ....... do ... . 41.07 3S.47 

Fixed carbon ......... do ... . 41.53 42.00 

Ash ________ .. ________ .do .. .. 8.30 11.22 ------

100.00 100.00 

Ultimate~ 

Hydrogen .............. do .... ----------------

Carbon .. __ ....... ____ <l.o .... ---- .......... .. 

Nitrogen ____ .. __ . __ ... do .. __ -- ............ .. 

Oxygen .. __ ........... do. __ . ---- .......... --

Sulphur .. __ ........... do .. __ 4. 04 4. 03 

Ash ..... ____ ..... __ ... do .... ------ ........ --

Calorific value deter- {calories.. 6, 62.o 

mined-- .. -- ............ B. T. u.. 11,925 

Calorific value calculated {calories .. -------- ----- ... from ultimate analysis. B. T. u .... ______ .. ____ __ 

1348 

2. 60 

9.14 

34.53 

39.02 

17.31 

---

100.00 

4. 96 

56.25 

. 99 

15.19 

5.30 

17.31 

100.00 

5,806 

10,451 

5, 719 

10,294 

1305 I 1346 

3. 60 2.10 

9.85 9.67 

34.10 32.43 

38.72 40.64 

17.33 17.26 

--· ----

100.00 100.00 

5.10 •1. 71 

1360 

2.80 

9.05 

36.30 

39.38 

15.27 

---

100.00 

4.69 

6,004 

10,807 

1304 1325 1348 1304 

3.40 1. 30 2.60 3.40 

11.12 2.18 9.14 11.12 

36:78 1.82 ·········· ········· 44.07 81.34 ········-· ......... 8.03 14.66 17.31 8.03 ---· 

100.00 100.00 

3.37 2.82 5.30 3.37 

Phosphorus in coke ... __________ ...... -- ........ __ .......................................... . .02 ---------- ---------

==---::-=~===-== =======: = = Analysis corrected to sample as re- ceived: 

ProximateMoisture. __ ....... per cent .. 14.74 12.90 11.50 13.09 11.57 11.60 14.14 3.45 

Volatile matter ... __ .. do .... 38 .. 'i3 36.54 33.63 32.88 31.75 35.28 35.53 1. 80 

Fixed carbon ......... do .... 38.95 39.90 38.01 37.33 39.78 38.28 42.57 80.27 

Ash .. __ .. ____ ......... do .. __ 7. 78 10.66 16.86 16.70 16.90 14.84 7. 76 14.4~ 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

=-====.====::;:::::::.=== UltimateHydroken ............. do ................... . 

Carbon ................ do .. __ .......... ____ .. 

Nitrogen ____ .... ____ .. do .. __ ...... __ ...... __ 

Oxygen ............... do .................. .. 

Sulphur ............... do.... 3.79 3.83 

Ash ..... · .. ____ ........ do .................. .. 

5.1'<! 

54.79 

.96 

17.11 

5.16 

16.86 

100.00 

4.92 4.60 4.56 

Calorific value deter- )calories .. 6,214 5,655 •5.551 e~,681 !5,836 

mined----------- .. --- --(B. T. U __ 11,185 ...... __ 10, 179 e 9, 992 •10, 226 !10, 505 

a Represe,ts 32 tons of coal. 

3. 26 2. 79 

11.50 14.14 

16.86 7. 76 

5.16 3.26 

b Refuse from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1306: Combustible, 20.20 per cent; ash, 79.80 per cent. c Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1345: Combustible, 19.83 per cent; ash, 80.17 per cent. d Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.86; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 0.90; percentage of porosity, 52. 

e Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. !Calorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 5,349 calories; 10,5'.18 B. T. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of Jlfissouri No. 3 coal. 

[Slack coal. Received from Mendota Coal and Mining Company, Mendota, Mo.] 

Laboratory sample number .........•................ 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximttteMoisture ·----············---·--···----do ... . 

Voltttile mutter .. __ .. ____ .............. do ... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do .. .. 

Ash .................................... do .•.. 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do .. .. 

Carbon ................................ do .. .. 

Nitrogen .............................. do ... . 

Oxygen ................................ do .. .. 

Sulphur ............................... do .. .. 

Ash .................................... do ... . 

Car 

samplc.a 

1549 

10.80 

----

5.51 

32.08 

39.11 

23.30 

100.00 

4.52 

54.79 

.92 

12.34 

4.13 

23.30 

100.00 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No. 78.b 

----

1553 

12.10 

----

7.11 

29.89 

34.22 

28.78 

---

100.00 

4.40 

Sample Sample 

from of coal Sample 

boiler from from test coke test washery 

No.77, No. 56, test, un- washed washed washed. 

coal.c coal. 

------------

1551 1528 1531 

11.90 12.30 4.60 

-----------

10.07 13.51 10.24 

35.39 37.74 

44.98 40.49 

9. 56 8.26 29.76 

------- 100.00 100.00 

3.25 3.12 1.51 

237 

Sa:;'fle Sam>-lc 

from 

washed washery 

test, coal. refuse. 

-------- 1529 1530 

11.20 17.30 

--------

14.30 7.35 

8. 55 44.38 

3.26 4. 77 

. . {calories .. Calonfic value determmed ............... B. T. U .. . 5,506' .......................................................... .. 

Ca~~~\~~i~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~- _ ~~~~. ~-~~~~~~~ {;~~~~:: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .......................... Per cent .. 

Volatile matter ........................ do .. .. 

Fixed carbon .......................... do .. .. 

Ash .................................... do .. .. 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do .. .. 

Carbon ................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do .. .. 

Oxygen ................................ do ... . 

Sulphur ............................... do ... . 

Ash .................................... do ... . 

C I 'fi 1 1 •. d {calories .. a ort c va ue < eterm1ne .............. _. B.T.U ... 

a Represents 7 tons of coal. 

9,911 .......................................................... .. 

5,547 .......................................................... .. 

9,985 .......................................................... .. 

15.71 

28.62 

34.89 

20.78 

----

100.00 

----

5.23 

48.87 

.82 

20.61 

3.69 

20.78 

100.00 

4, 911 

8,840 

18.63 

26.18 

29.98 

25.21 ----

100.00 

----

3.85 

d4,310 

<17,758 

20.78 

31.18 

39.61 

8.43 ----

100.00 

---

2.88 

<15,546 

d 9, 983 

24.15 14.37 23.90 23.38 

33.10 

35.51 

7.24 28.39 7.59 36.70 

----

100.00 

----

2.74 4.30 2.89 3. 94 

bRe!use from the boiler test, laboratory No. 1552: Combustible, 16.08 per cent; ash, 83.92 per cent. cRefuse from the boiler test, laboratorv No. 1550: Combustible, 27.54 per cent; ash, 72.46 per cent. <l Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
238 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of .Missouri No. 4 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal. Received from Morgan County Coal Company, Barnett, Mo.) 

---------- --_____ " ____________ _ 

:\fine 

sample 

No. I. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Sample Sample 

Car sam- from of coal Coke 

pie, a boiler test co~~~st sample. c 

L>tboratory sample number .... _ ...... : ....................... . 

J,oss of moisture on nir drying ....................... per cent .. 

Analysi" of air-dried sampll': 

ProximateMoisture ...... ~ ..................... _ ............ do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon . ~ ... ~- .................. _ ........... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate1446 

7.40 

6.42 

40.7B 

45.39 

7.46 

---

100.00 

----

1447 

6.00 

4. 86 

43.74 

44.86 

6.54 

---

100.00 

-----

Hydrogen ................... : ............ , ....... do ...................... .. 

Carbon ...... " ..................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 5.46 5.32 

Ash .............................................. do ..................... . 

. {calories .. Calorific value determmed .......................... B. T. U ... · 6,962 

12,5~2 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{~~-r~~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

1516 

7. 70 

5.39 

44.91 

44.47 

5.23 

----

100.00 

----

5. 77 

72.45 

. 75 

10.25 

f>. 55 

5. 23 

100.00 

7,516 

13,529 

7, 526 

!3, 547 

No. 70. b No. 54_ 

1520 

7. 90 

4. 71 

43.51 

45.73 

6.02 

-----

100.00 

----" 

5.41 

l51B 

6.50 

5. 92 

41.23 

44.22 

5. 63 

---

100.00 

---

5. 49 

1519 

1. 40 

1.13 

1.12 

86.79 

10.~6 _" ___ 

100.00 

----

4. 67 

Phosphorus in coke ...................................................... · .. : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . 018 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proxim:ttellfoisture ..................................... per cent.. 13.34 10.57 

Volatile matter ....... ; .......................... do.... 37.72 41.11 

Fixed carbon .................................... do,... 42.03 42.17 

Ash .............................................. do.... 6.91 6.15 

---- 100.00 100.00 

UltimatcHydrogen ........................................ do ...................... .. 

Carbon ........................................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen~.~._._ .... _ .................. _ .......... do .... ... __ .............. . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 5.06 5.00 

Ash .............................................. do ...................... .. 

'fi 1 . 1 Jcalorics .. CaJon c va ue determmcc .......................... .. 1 B.T. U ... 

a Represents 10 tons of coal. 

6,447 

11,605 

12.67 

41.45 

41.05 

4.83 

---~ 

100.00 

6.18 

66.87 

.69 

16.31 

5.12 

4.8~ 

100.00 

6, 937 

12,487 

12.24 

40.10 

42.11 

5.55 

---~ 

100.00 

4. 98 

d6, 922 

d12,460 

12.04 2. 51 

41.35 1.11 

41.34 85.57 

5. 27 10.81 

---- ---~ 

100.00 100.00 

5,14 4.60 

h Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1527: Combustible, 26.17 per cent; ash, 73.83 per cent. cSpeeific gmvity of the coke substance, 1.83; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 1.15; percentage of porosity, 37. d Derived from the determinations on the carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 239 

Chemical analyses of Jfontanct No. 1 coal. 

[Black lignite, washed nut. Received from Northwestern Improvement Co., Red Lodge, Mont.] 

Sample Car sam- from gas- ple.u producer 

test No. 5. 

Laboratory san1ple number ................. : . ...................................................... . 1298 1300 

L<>SS of moisture on air drying .............. .... c. ......... ·............... : ........... ..... per cent .. 2.20 1. 90 

Analysis of air-dried "ample: 

Proximatellloisture ............................................................................• · .. do ... . 9.05 9.68 

Volatile matter ........................................................................ do ... . 36.70 35.22 

Fixed carbon .......................................................................... do .. .. 43.03 44.15 

Ash .................................................................................... do .. .. .11. 22. 10.95 

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ............................................ .- ................................. do._. .. 5.25 ·----·------ Carbon ................................................................................. do ... . 60.41 ········-··· 

Nitrogen ....... _ ....................................................................... do .. .. 1. 36 ·----------- Oxygen ....................................... _. ........................................ do .. .. 20.00 ------------ Sulphur ................................................................................ do ... . 1. 76 1. 75 

Ash ...................................................................................... do .. .. . . 11.22 --···-------

100.00 

5,987 6,017 

10,777 10,831 {

ca1ories .. Calorific value determined........ . .. .. .. .. • .. • .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . · 

B. T. U .. 

5,868 ------·--··· 10,562 ········-··· 

. . {calories .. ·calorific value calculated from ultimate analysllj ...................................... : .. B.T. U .. 

Analysis eorrected to sample as received: -----

ProximateMoisture ....................................................................... , ... per cent .. 11.05 11.40 

Volatile matter ........................................................................ do .. .. 35.90 34.55 

Fixed carbon .......................................................................... do, .. . 42.08 43.31 

Ash .................................................................................... do ... . 10.97 10.74 ----~ ---- 100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ...................................................................... ' ........ do .. __ 5.37 ............ 

Carbon ................................................................................ do .. .. 59.08 -----······· Nitrogen ............................................................................... do .. .. 1. 33 ............ 

Oxygen ............................................................................... .do .. .. 21.52 -----······· Sulphur ............................. . : .. .............................................. do .. .. 1.73 1. 72 

Ash .................................................................................... do .. .. 10.97 -·----·------

100.00 

----- 5,855 b5, 903 

10,539 blO, 625 

. ) . {calories .. Calorific value determmcd ............................................................... . B. T. U .. 

-~~--~----------- ---- -· 

a Represents 21 tons of coal. · oCalorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 5,847 calories; 10,525 B. T. U. 
240 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of New JJfexico No. 1 coal. 

(Lump and slack coal. Received from American Fuel Company mines near Gallup, N. Mex.] 

-~~ ---------------. 

Mine 

sample ·A. 

Mine 

sample B. 

Mine 

sample c. 

Mine 

sample D. 

Car sam- Car sam- Sample 

I N leN !rom P e o. P 2 b o. boiler test l.n ' No. '27.c 

----------·-----1-------.--------------

Laboratory sample number ........................ .. 1023 1024 10l5 1026 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent ......................................... . 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProxlmateMoisture ............................... do ........................................... . 

Volatile matter ........................ do ........................................... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do .......................................... .. 

Ash ................................... do .......................................... .. 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do ........................................... . 

Carbon ................................ do .......................................... .. 

Nitrogen .................. , ........... do .......................................... .. 

Oxygcn ................................ do ........................................... . 

Sulphur ....... _. ....................... do ........................................... . 

Asll .................................... do ................................ .. 

Calorific value determined .............. ·{calories.· · · · · ...................... · ......... · · ·· . B.T.U .......................................... . 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate[calories ........................................ .. 

analysis ................................ ·[B. T. U ......................................... .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................... · ...... per cent .. 11.38 12.17 10.92 11.00 

Volatile matter ........................ do ... . 42.02 41.68 42.63 42.63 

Fixed carbon .......................... do .. .. 43.13 43.09 42.35 42.44 

Asll ..................................... do ... . 3.47 3.06 4.10 3.93 

---------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

---.----- Ultimate- ---- ---

Hydrogen ............................. do .......................................... .. 

Carbon ................................ do ........................................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do .......................................... .. 

Oxygen ................................ do .......................................... .. 

Sulphur ............................... do.... . 55 . 53 . 48 . 55 

Ash .................................... dq ........................................... . 

, 1 "ft 1 d t . d {calories ............................... . Ca on eva ue e ermme ................ B. T. U ................................ . 6,603 

11,885 

1278 

1.60 

10.86 

35.14 

46.90 

7.10 

100.00 

5. 73 

64.34 

1. 05 

21.14 

.64 

7.10 

100.00 

6,353 

11,435 

6,277 

11,299 

12.29 

34.58 

46.14 

6. 9g 

----

100.00 

----

5.82 

63.31 

I. 03 

2'2.22 

.63 

6. 99 

100.00 

1278A 

6.40 

8.17 

1232 

0. 70 

11.28 

38.12 

41.87 

8. 73 

100.00 

.56 

9.86 .......... 

14.05 11.90 

37.85 

41.57 

8. 68 

100.00 

.56 

9.23 .......... 

6,251 ................... . 

11,2.')2 ................. .. 

·-------~---- -------------------

a Represents 15 tons of coal. b Represents 11 tons of coal. . cRefusc from boiler test, laboratory No. 1231: Combustible, 42.98 per cent; ash, 67.02 per cent. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of New Me1;ico No. f8 coal. 

[Slack coal from Otero mine, 2 miles from Gallup, N. l\lex. ReceiYed from Caledonia Coal Company.] 

1\Iine 

sample 

No.1. 

~-Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Mine 

sample c. 

1\line 

sample D. 

Car 

sample. a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 26. b 

.241 

Satnplc 

of briquettes, 

boiler 

test No. 30. o 

------------------------------------------

Laborn~ory samp~e number._ ..... __ ................ . 1028 1029 1038 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............ per cent .. ....................................... . 

Analysis of air,dried sllmple: 

ProximateMoisture .......•...................... do .............. --------· ................... . 

Volatile matter ........................ do .......... , ............. .- .................. . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ........................................... . 

Ash .................................... do ........................................... . 

UltimateHydrogen ............................. do ........... _ ................................ . 

Carbon ................................ do ........................................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ....................................... _ .... . 

Oxygen ................................ do ........................................... . 

Sulphur ................................ do ........................................... . 

Ash .................................... do ................................ : .......... . 

Calorific value determined ···············{calories ......................... : ............... . B. T. U ......................................... . 

Calorific_vahte calculated from ultimate {calories ...................... --· ....... · ........ . 

IUHtlysts ...... --:··-- ................. ··· B. T. U ......................................... . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .......................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter ........................ do ... . 

Fixed carbon .......................... do ... . 

Ash ............................... : .... do ... . 

Ultimate9.13 

40.77 

40.23 

9.87 

9.68 

41.42 

40.82 

8.08 

9.40 

40.05 

37.87 

12.68 

10.80 

40.35 

42.77 

6.08 

Hydrogen ............................. do ........................................... . 

Carbon ................................ do ........................................... . 

Nitrogen .............................. do ........................................... . 

Oxygen ............................... do ........................................... . 

Snlphur ............................... do.... 1. 27 1. 55 . 84 1. 06 

Ash ......... : .......................... do ........................................... ·. 

6,4571··--······ ......... . 

11,623 ................... . 

--~----~----~-

C 1 "fi 1 · {calories ........... . a on c va ne determined .............. . B. T. U ........... . 

a Represents 20 tons of coal. 

1307 

2.90 

8.13 

34.82 

37.83 

19.22 

100.00 

5.05 

56.71 

.98 

16.74 

1.30 

19.22 

100.00 

5,668 

10,202 

5,631 

10,136 

10.79 

33.82 

36.73 

18.66 

5.22 

55.07 

.95 

18.84 

1. 26 

18.66 

100.00 

5,504 

1229 

1. 20 

8.83 

57.76 

36.54 

16.87 

100.00 

1.14 

··········' 

9.92 

37.30 

36.11 

16.67 

1.13 

9,907 ......... . 

bRefuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1228: Combustible. 25.39 per cent; ash, 74.61 per cent. c-Refuse from boiler test of briquettes, laboratory No. 1264: Combustible, 28.79 per cent; ash, 71.21 per cent. 

13-No. 48-06-16 

1263 

1.00 

5.81 

37.94 

39.47 

16.78 

100.00 

5.28 

6'2.86 

.RO 

12.66 

1.62 

16.78 

100.00' 

6,404 

11,527 

6,391 

11,504 

6. 75 

37.56 

39.08 

16.61 

5.34 

62.23 

. 79 

13.43 

1. 60 

16.61 

100.00 

6,340 

11,412 
242 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of North Dakota No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine brown lignite. Received from L. S. Storrs.] 

Sample 

Car from 

sample. boiler test No. 33. a 

Laboratory sample number .............................. __ ................ . 1279 1281 

Loss of moisture on air drying .... , .... _ .......... ·- .............. per cent.. 23.60 22.10 

Mine 

sample 

No.Lb 

1971 

35.60 

:Mine 

sample 

No.2.b 

1972 

32.90 

.Analysis of air dried sample: =====1=====1==== ==== ProximateMoisture ................... ·-- __ ............... __ ............. do.... 15.42 

Volatile matter .... -............................ -...... ." ...... do.... 38.73 

];'ixed carbon ···············-·································do.... 33.61 

Ash .............. ·-- ....... -.............. · ..............•..... do.... 12.24 

UltimateHydrogen .......... _ ..... ·- ................... _ ............... do ... . 

Carbon .......................... -.- ..... ·- ........... _ ........ do ... . 

Nitrogen ....... _,. ___ .. ,_ .................. _ .................. do .. _. 

Oxygen ................. _ ............................ ______ ,,do .. .. 

Sulphur •..... _ ... _ ........................... _ ............•••.. do ... . 

Ash ·······················-·····---····,c···············-·····do ... . 

' {calories_. Calorific value determined .................... -............. · .... · B. T. u .. 

. · . . {calories .. Calonfic value calculated from ultimate analyslS ... : ............ B. T. U .. 

100.00 

5.22 

52.66 

.71 

27.15 

2.02 

12.24 [--~-

100.00 

5,034 

9,061 

4,931 

8,876 

17.64 10.03 13.48 

36.11 38.12 40.60 

32.60 39.95 36.21 

13.65 11.90 9. 71 

100.00 100.00 100.00 

2.15 1. 76 1.45 

5,312 .......... .. 

9,562 ,,. ___ ,,, 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: =====\=====\====~\===== 

ProximateMoisture.···-······· ...................................... per cent.. 35.38 

Volatile matter ... __ ._ ...................... _ ................. do.... 29.59 

Fixed carbon ................... _ .......... _ ........... _ .. __ .,do.... 25.68 

Ash ............. _ ... _ .... ., .................. -................. do.... 9.35 

UltimateHydrogen ............................... · ........ -····-········do ... . 

Carbon. _____ ................................................ _.do ... . 

Nitrogen .......... -.- ..... ·-- ..... -........... _.- ............. do ... . 

Oxygen .. _ ...................... ,_. ______ ................... _.do .. .. 

Sulphur .......... _._._ .. ·- .................................... do ... . 

Ash·····-···--·······.···-· ... ······--········ .......... ··-·-·do ... . 

• Jcalories .. 

100.00 

6. 61 

40.23 

.54 

41.72 

1.55 

9.35 

100.00 

=-::;"= 

3,846 

35.84 

28.13 

25.40 

10.63 

100.00 

1. 68 

Calorific value determined ...................... _ ............ ""lB. T. u .. 6,923 .... , .... _, 

42.06 

24.55 

2.>;, 73 

7.66 

100.00 

1.13 

3,421 

6,158 

a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1282: Combustible, 41.87 per cent; ash, 58.13 per cent. bSamples obtained by Mr. M. R. Campbell during the field season of 1905. 

42.81 

26.84 

23.93 

6.42 

100.00 

.96 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 243 

Chemical analyses of North Dakota No. 2 coal. 

[Brown lignite. Received from Cedar Coulee Coal Company, Williston, N.Dak.) 

-------------------- ---------------------------,------.------~------

Mine sam- Car 

pie ·No. I. sample. 

Sample 

from gasproducer 

test No.lO. 

----~--------------. ------------+----1----1----

Laboratory sample number ............................................................. . 

Lo"" of moisture on air drying ..............................................•• per cent .. 

1730 

33.10 

1416 

24.10 

1430 

27.90 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 1=====1,====,1===== 

ProximateMoisture ..................................................................• do.... 12.01 

Volatile matter ............................. · .............•................. do.... 40.62 

Fixed carbon .............................................................. do.... 39.36 

Ash ........................................................................ do.... 8. 01 

100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ................................................................. do ................ . 

Carbon ..................................................................... do ............... . 

Nitrogen .................................................................. do ........ : . ..... . 

Oxygen .................................................................... do. . . . . .......... . 

Sulphur······"···· ........................................ , ............... do.... 1.08 

Ash ........................................................................ do .... ···'········ 

. · {calories .. 5,385 Calorific value determined •.................................................. . · _ B. T .. U.. 9,693 

f . . {calones ............. . Calorific value calculated rom ultimate analysis ........................... . B. T. U ............ . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ............................................................... per cent .. 41.13 

Volatile matter ..........................................................•. do •... 27.17 

Fixed carbon .............................................................. do ... . 26.34 

Ash ........................................................................ do ... . 5.36 

100.00 

UltimateHydrogen _____ ..........•..................... · ............................ do ............... . 

Carbon ................................. c •••••••••••••••••••• _ •••••••••• .' ••• do .............. ,. 

Nitrogen, ................................................................. do ............... . 

Oxygen .................................................................... do ............... . 

Sulphur ................................................................... do.... . . 72 

Ash ........................................................................ do ............... . 

Calorific value determined •.................................................. {~~~~~~: :· 

a Derived from the determinations on carload sample. 

3,603 

6,485 

16.70 

37.10 

39.49 

6. 71 

100.00 

5.61 

55.16 

. 91 

30.98 

.63 

6. 71 

100.00 

5,273 

9,491 

5,071 

9,128 

36.78 

28.16 

29.97 

5.09 

100.00 

6.93 

41.87 

.69 

44.94 

.48 

5.09 

100.00 

4,002 

7,204 

· bCalorilic value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 3,701 calories; 6,662 B. T. U. 

16.17 

38.53 

36.48 

8.82 

100.00 

···-········ 

-----------· 

····-······· 

-----······· 1. 29 

··········-· 

5,242 

9,436 

............ 

···········-

39.56 

27.78 

26.30 

6. 36 

100.00 

··--------·· 

···--······· 

·-·········· 

-----······· .93 

------·····-

b3, 779 

b6,802 
244 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analy8es of Pennsylvania No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Eureka mine No. 31, Berwind-White Coal Mining Company, Windber, Pa.] 

Laboratory sample number. ____ --- ... _ ...... ____ ... __ ... ___ . ________ -...... ___ ._ .. _ ... __ .. __ . __ ._ .. _--· _____ .... . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateSample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No.1. (l 

1039 

Moisture_.---· .. ____ ..... --·--.··--_ ........ ___ --·-·- ..... -.··---.--- ...... _----- ... ·-----· __ .. per cent.. 1.10 

Volatile matter _______ -........... ______ -.... ---· ...... -------·· ....... -·-·--- .... _---.----- ........ do.... 15.80 

Fixed carbon _ .. ______ .. _. __ - ___ .-. _---:- .... ----- _.,.._- --- ... --·.-----.-. _. ____ -- .. -... -.. ___ .~ .. _ .. do.___ 75.69 

Ash . ·---·. ---·- _ ----- ... ___ ... __ ···-- ·---·· ·-·--· ·-··--- --.--- ..... -- ...... __ .. ----- _ ---· __ ·-- ...... do.... 7. 41 

UltimateHydrogen. ___ . __ -- .. -.-- .. -... ;_ .. -.. -- .... -.. ------ .. -.-- .. -... --.- .. -: ... -.. --- ..... -... __ . __ .- .. do ... . 

Carbon ..... ·-·-_.·---. __ .·---_· ____ .. -·----- .... -........ __ .. -------·- ...... --· ..... -------··--· .... do ... . 

Nitrogen ... __ . _____ .. _ .. -.... ____ . __ --. _ .. __ . _____ . __ ... _-- __ -.. __ ---.... _- . _ ... __ -- --. -..... __ . _ .. do ... . 

Oxygen ......... ··-- ... ___ .. ··-- ..... ·: ____ ............ ___ -----··--- ....... ----·.- ..... ·--- ......... do ... . 

Sulphur .. -~-· ................................................. ------- .............................. do ... . 

Ash _______ .... __ .... __ ... ___ -___ ... ___ .. ---- _- .. -- ..•.... _ -- __ -. --- ....... _. ---- .. ---. _. _. ____ ... _.do. __ . 

Calorific value determined_ .. ___ ._ ... _-.-- ___ . ____ . ___________ .-_--- ... _____ ._. ___ .. ___ .. _____ . ___ ... _ .. {~~l;i~:: 

---·-------------.---- a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1044: Combustible, 47 per cent; ash, 5:3 per cent. 

Chemical analyses of Pennsylvania No. 2 coal. 

100.00 

4.20 

81.9& 

1.36 

3.56 

1. 49 

7.41 

100.00 

s.o~<; 

14,499 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Eureka mine No. 31, Berwind-White Coal Mining Company, Windber, Pa.] 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test 

No.2. a 

Laboratory s11mple number .. --.--.- .. - __ -------.- ... -... _----.- ..... -.- .. ------ .. --.--.-----.-- ... _ .. __ --........ 1057 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .. ____ .. ___ . _. ___ -.... ___ -... --- ... ----: ... -... -... ---- ........... _-- ... ---- .. _--._ ... _per cent.. 0. 59 

Volntile matter ....... ---·._·----.------------···--·-----.-----.----------_-.·-·-_-----···--- ...... do.... 16.61 

Fixed cnrbon _ ... __ ... ___ --- _ .... -- ... --------- ....... -- .. ---- -· .. -- ...... _-- ... -- ... ___ -- ......... do. __ . 76.76 

Ash ___ ... _ -----------. ··--· __ ·-·- --· --· ------ ···-- _ ......... ----------- ··--·. ··---- ...... ------ .... do ... _ 6.04 

UltimnteHydrogen ____ .. _ .... _--._-_· __ .--.- .... -- .. --.--- .... __ .. ___ --- .. -- .... _ .. __ -- .. -... _ .. __ -- ......... do._.-

Carbon .. -···- ____ ---··-- -·--- ·-·----- ....... ··---. ··-·-. ··--· ------. ·--- .. _ ··--- ·-·- .. ··--· _____ .do ... . 

Nitrogen_ ...... _ ..... -- .. -.- ___ -.-- .. _-:._------. __ ..... ___ -- ............ __ -- ......... __ ........... do. __ -

Oxygen .. ___ . _ .. ___ . _- --.-- .... _ ---- __ ---- .... --. _ ...... ___ .... ____ -- ... _ ... _ .. _____ ... _ .. _ ... _. __ .do._ .. 

Sulphur _____ .... _ ... _ .. __ ---_.-- ___ -.. --_.--------- .... ___ -- .. -- ... --. ____ ---- ........ _-- .... _.--.do. __ -

AHh __ ••.•••.•••. ___ ---· ••••. ----------· .••••••••• ··---··········-----······. ··--· ·--·· ••••••••••••. do .... 

· . {calories __ 

Calorific value determined ... ------·-----··--------·-- ... -·-----··---·.--··----·-·----·····-----·· .... B. T. u .. 

a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1058: Combustible, 48.56 per cent; ash, 51.44 per cent. 

100.00 

4. 28 

83. 9•1 

I. 27 

3. 56 

. 91 

6.04 

100.00 

8,196 

14,753 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 245 

'Chemical analyses of Pennsylvania. No. 3 coctl. 

[Anthracite culm. Received from Pennsylvania Coal Company, Scranton, Pa.] 

Sample of 

Car sample. briquettes, 

boiler test No. 36-.a 

-------------------------------------------------------------l--------1--------

Labomtory sample number ....................................... ----- .................. ------- .... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying .. _._ ......... _ ........................... _ ........ _._ ....... per cent.. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .............................................................. __ ............... do ... . 

Volatile matter.----- ....... ----- ....... ---- ............................ ____ ._. ____ .... do ... . 

l<'ixed carbon ............ -----, ............. ---- ........ ----- ............. -------- .. _ .. do ... . 

Ash ............................................... --- ........................... : ...... do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen .............................................................................. do ... . 

Carbon ....................................................................... _ .. _ ...... do ... . 

Nitrogen .............•.. -------------- ..................... ------ ___ _-_ ................. do ... . 

Oxygen ........................................................................ _ ....... do ... . 

Sulphur ........................ _ ................................................... _ .... do ... . 

Ash ...............................................................••................... do .•.. 

Calorific value determined .................. __ .. __ ...... ___ ... __ ... _. _____ ...•......... _ --{calories.-

B.:r. u .. 

C a 1 ontc ·1· va I ue • ca · I 1 t d f cu a e rom u It' 1ma t 1 e ana ys1s......................................... · {calories.- . B. '1'. U .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ........................................................................... per cent.. 

Volatile matter ................... --------------- ...................................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon .............................................................. _ ... __ .. __ .. do ... . 

Ash .......... -.- ....................................... ---- .......•............•........ do ... . 

UltimateHydrogen ..................................•....................................... _ ... do ... . 

Carbon ................................................................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen ............................................................................... do .. __ 

Oxygen .............................•.............................................. __ ... do ...• 

Sulphnr .................... _ ................................................. _ .......... do ... . 

Ash .................................................................................. :.do .. .. 

0 I 'fi 1 d t · d {calories \,a on c vu ue e ermttie ................................. -------. ..... .. . ... ....... ..... -· 

, B. '1'. U .. 

1245 

3.40 

2. 08 

7. 27 

74.32 

16.33 

100.00 

2.81 

75.21 

.80 

4.08 

. 77 

16.33 

100.00 

6, 929 

12,472 

6,886 

12, 395 

-------·--

5.41 

7.02 

71.79 

15.78 

100.00 

3.10 

72.65 

. 77 

6.96 

. 74 

15.78 

100.00 

6,693 

12,047 

1294 

0.10 

2.90 

27.65 

55.06 

14.39 

100.00 

4.61 

71.93 

1. 05 

6.89 

1.13 

14.39 

100.00 

=-=== 7,170 

12,906 

7,129 

12,832 

3.00 

27.62 

55.00 

14.38 

100.00 

4.62 

71.86 

1.05 

6.96 

1.13 

14.38 

100.00 

7,163 

12,893 

a Briquettes made with mixture of Pennsylvania anthracite culm and West Virginia No.1 bituminous Refuse from boiler test of briquette, laboratory No. 1295: Combustible, 36.12 per cent; ash, 63.88 per cent. · 
246 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Texas No. 1 coal. 

[Brown lignite. Received from Houston County Coal and Manufacturing Company, 11 miles south of Crockett, •rex.] 

Mine ---M-ine -----~-Sample Car from gus- sample sample sample.« producer 

No. 1· No. 2· testNo.11. 

----------··------------------1-----1--· 

Laboratory sample number ............................................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying--._- ............................ . .per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate-

!lloisture ...................................................... do .. .. 

Volatile matter ............................................... do .. .. 

J<'ixefl carbon ................................................. do ... . 

Ash ........................................................... do .. .. 

119fi 

14.40 

21.25 

43.25 

22.85 

12.65 

100.00 

1196 

16. :io 

20.55 

47.20 

19.41 

12.84 

100.00 

1456 

24.60 

13.40 

42.75 

29.00 

14.85 

100.00 

1460 

20.00 

16.88 

40.42 

29.75 

12.95 

100.00 

====1=====-= =-~ =-=---= Ultimate-

~:r~:'r7.m::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::~~:::: 1:::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

Nitrogen ................................. -..................... do .... ! ............ l ........... . 

~:~::~::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :E:: :I:::::::::~~: ::::::::: ~~: 

{

calories ............. . Calorific value fletermined ....................................... B , u . . T . ............ .. 

4, 741 

8,534 

Caloriiic value calculated from ultimate analysis ................ {~~~~~~~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample us received: 

ProximateMoisture .................................................. per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............................................... do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ................................................. do .. .. 

Ash .................................. , ........................ do .. .. 

32.58 

37.02 

19.56 

10.84 

33.50 

39.50 

16.25 

10.75 

5.57 

fi2.06 

.95 

25.53 

1.04 

14.85 

100.00 

5,199 

9,358 

5,046 

9,083 

34.70 

32.23 

21.87 

11.20 

. 79 

5, 046 

. 9,083 

33.50 

32.34 

23.80 

10.36 

1----11------------- 100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ..................................................... do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................................ do ........................... . 

Nitrogen ...................................................... do ........................... :. 

Oxygen ........................................................ do ........................... .. 

Snlphur ....................................................... do.... .56 .56 

Ash ........................................................... do ........................... . 

Calorific value determined ...................................... -{~~l:;i~:: :::::::::::: 3,968 

7,112 

100.00 

6. 93 

39.25 

. 72 

41.11 

. 79 

11.20 

100.00 

3, 920 

7,056 

a Represents 21 tons of coal. 

bCalorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 4,076 calorie"; 7,337 B. T. U. 

100.00 

·········-·· 

............ 

·········-·· 

............ 

.63 

b4, 03i 

b 7, 267 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of Texas No. 2 coal. 

[Brown lignite. Received fro" Consumers' Lignite Company, Hoyt, Tex.] 

1\Hne sam- lliine sam- ple No.1. pie No.2. 

247 

Sample 

Car from gas- sample. a prodncer 

test No.18. 

------------------------------------1----

Laboratory sample number .... 1241 

I..oS!o of moisture on air drying .................................... per cent .. 5.80 

1243 1610 

5.90 25.80 

1597 

25.80 

Analysis of air-dried sample: l======ic=~~==l=====l===== 

ProximateMoisture ................................. , .................... do ... . 24.48 

Volatile matter ............................................... do ... . 38.17 

Fixed carbon ................................................. do ... . 28.94 

Ash ....................................... : ................... do ... . 8.41 

100.00 

Ultimate27.04 

43.76 

20.17 

9.03 

100.00 

11.02 

41.79 

36.84 

10.35 

100.00 

10.66 

39.42 

40.11 

9.in 

100. ()() 

Hydrogen ................................................ , .... do.... .. ..... ..... . ...... .. ... . ........ ... 5. 28 

Carbon ........................................................ do.... .. ... . . .. ... . ...... ..... . ... .. ...... 57.31 

Nitrogen ...................................................... do .......................... ·.. . . . .. . . . .. . . 1. 06 

Oxygen ....................................................... do.... . .. .... .. ... ....... ..... ....... ..... 25.83 

Sulphur ....................................................... ilo._.__ .5.'l .61 .75 .71 

Ash ........................................................... do........................................ 9.81 

. . . {calories .. Calonfic value determmed ...................................... . B. T. U .. 

4,716 ............ . 

8,489 . ----- ............ -- .. .. 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis ............... {~~l~i~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

100.00 

5,502 

9, 904 

5,352 

9,634 

Phosphorus in coke ......................................................................................................... .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ......................... _. ........................ per cent .. 

Vollttile matter ............................................... do .. .. 

~'ixed carbon ................................................. do .. .. 

Ash ........................................................... do .. .. 

IDtimate28.86 

35.96 

27.26 

7.92 

100.00 

31.34 

41.18 

18.98 

8.50 

100.00 

33.98 

31.01 

27.33· 

7. 68 

100.00 

33.71 

29.25 

29.76 

7. 28 

100.00 

Hydrogcn .................................................... do.... .. .......... ............ ...... ...... 6. 79 

Carbon ........................................................ ilo ............ ,... ............ ............ 42.52 

Nitrogen ............................ : ......................... do.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. . . 79 

Oxygen ....................................................... do.... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . 42.09 

Sulphur ...................................... : ................ do.... .50 .57 .56 .53 

Ash ..................... : ..................................... do........................................ 7.28 

Ca 1 on eva ue eterm ne ................................... : .. .. 'fi 1 d 1 d · {calories .. 

. B.T. U .. 

---·--------- a Represents 15 tons of coal. 

4,442 

7, 996 

100.00 

4,082 

7~348 
248 OPERATIONS ·OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 1 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Virginia and Pittsburg Coal Company, Kingmont, W.Va.] 

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

I 

Sample Sample Sample ___ ---s-a:;e· 

Mine from from of coal Coke of brisample Car sam- boiler gas-pro- from sample, quettes, No. 2. pie. a test ducer coke test boiler 

No. 24.b Nt0es.t3

_ ·test No.14.c test No. No. 14. 36,d 

Laboratory sample number .............. . 

Loss of moisture on !tir drying .. per cent.. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoistUre ___ ...... -------- ... do ... . 

Volatile matter ............. do ... . 

.Fixed carbon ............... do ... . 

Ash ......................... do .. .. 

1088 

0.40 

1.00 

36.80 

55.50 

6. 70 

1089 

0.40 

.95 

37.50 

55.10 

6.45 

1213 

0.40 

1. 3.5 

36.92 

55.36 

6. 37 

1215 

0.50 

1. 41 

34.79 

56 . .'i5 

7. 25 

1267 

0.10 

,1.51 

36.89 

55.45 

6.15 

1205 1248 

0.70 .......... 

1. 24 0.40 

36.76 1. 95 

55.35 87.47 

6. 65 .18 

1294 

0.10 

2.90 

27.65 

55.06 

14.39 

-100. 00 100. 00 .

1

- 100. 00 -100. 00 - 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 ---wo: 00 

Ultimate- ======--~=== 

~:r~~:_e_n:::::::::: :::::::: :~~:::: :::::::::: ::::::::::I 7~: !~ ::::::::::I::::::::: -1::::::::::\:::::::::: 7~: :~ Nitrogen .................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Snlphur ..................... do.... 1.60 1.32 

Ash ........................ do ...................... .. 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined ..... B T· .. u .. 

7,845 ........ .. 

14,121 ........ .. 

1. 55 

7. 61 

. 90 

6.37 

100.00 

7,869 

14,164 

.99 

7, 776 

13, 197 

. 87 

7,878 

14. 180 

.89 .71 

1. 05 

6.89 

1.13 

14.39 

100.00 

7,170 

12,906 

Calorific value calculated from {calories ...... · .. -.. .. .. .. .. .. 7, 832 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. 7, 129 

ultimate analysis ............. B. T. U.. .......... .......... 14,098 .......... ........... .......... .......... 12,832 

Phosphorus in coke ................................................................................. ·.. . 029 ........ .. 

An11Jysiscorrected to samplens received: =====~=~~= 

ProximateMoisture ................ per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............ do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ............... do ... . 

Ash ......................... do .. .. 

Ultimate1.40 

36.65 

55.28 

6.67 

100.00 

1. 35 

37.35 

54.88 

6. 42 

100.00 

Hydrogen ................... do ....................... . 

Carbon ...................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .................... do ...................... .. 

Oxygen ..................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur.: ................... do.... 1.69 1.31 

Ash ......................... do ...................... .. 

. {calories .. Calorific value determmed..... T B. . u .. 

a Represents 30 tons of coal. 

7,813 

14,063 

1. 75 

36.77 

55.14 

6.34 

100.00 

5.28 

78.00 

1.54 

7.94 

.90 

6.34 

100.00 

7,837 

14,107 

1. 90 

34.64 

56.25 

7. 21 

100.00 

. 98 

7, 738 

13,928 

1. 61 

36. 8[> 

55.40 

6.14 

100.00 

.87 

e 7, 870 

e 14,166 

1. 93 

36. flO 

54.97 

6.60 

100. 00 100. 00 

.88 ........ .. 

3.00 

27.62 

li5.00 

14.38 

100.00 

4. 62 

71.86 

1.05 

6. 96 

1.13 

14.38 

100.00 

7,163 

12,893 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1214: Combustible, 28.99 per cent; ash, 71.01 per cent. cSpecific gravity of the coke substance, 1.84; appnrent specific gravity of the coke, 0.86; percentage of porosity, 53. dBriquettes from Pennsylvanin anthracite culm mixed with West Virginia No.1 bituminous coal. Refuse from boiler test of briquettes, laboratory No. 1295: Combustible, 36.12 per cent; ash, 63.88 per cent. <Calorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 7,869 calories; 14,164 B. T. U. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 249 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 2 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous coal. Received from Pitcairn mine, Pitcairn Coal Company, Clarksburg, W. Va.] 

Laboratory sttmple number ......... 

Los~ of moisture on nir drying, per cent .....................•...•..... 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximatcM oisture ... __ ..... per cent. . 

Volatile matter_ ...... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ......... do ... . 

Ash ................... do ... . 

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

1103 

0. 90 

1.09 

40.91 

48.84 

9.16 

Mine Car 

sample sam- No.2. pie. a 

------

1104 1308 

0.80 0.50 

1. 08 . 1. 46 

40.62 40.14 

50.13 50.50 

8.17 7. 90 

Sample 

Sample of coal Sample of COlli from Coke 

from from coke sam- boiler coke test pie, test test No.16, test No.25.b No.15.c No.15. wa•hed 

coal. 

------------

1222 1218 1217 1246 

0. 20 0.30 ~-50 

1.81 1. 43 1. 52 0.42 

48. 90 51. 00 00. 47 83. 95 

9.98 8.25 7.2~- 14.95 

39. 31 \ 39. 32 40. 78 . 68 

-1-oo-.-oo- -1-oo-.-oo- -1o_o:oo -1oo. oo · 1oo. oo 1oo. oo 1oo. oo 

UltimateHydrogen ............. do ................... . 

Carbon ... _ ............ do ................... . 

Nitrogen ... -.......... do ....... -........... . 

Oxygen ............... do ................... . 

Sulphur .. _ ............ do.... 4. 2-1 3. 78 

Ash ................... do ................... . 

Calorific value deter- {calories.. 7, 549 

mined ........•......... B. T. U .. 13,588 

5.09 

74.44 

1. 37 

7. 70 

3. 50 

7. 90 

100.00 

7, 700 

13,860 

2. 71 3. 39 2. 91 3.40 

Coke 

sample, 

test 

No.l6, 

from 

wash eel 

coal.d 

---

1247 

0.59 

1.31 

86.70 

11.40 

100.00 

2.24 

Sample 

from sa~rie 

washery washed 

test, un- coal 

washed from car coke 

sample. ovens. 

------

1308 1217 

0.00 2.50 

1.46 1.52 

7.90 7.23 

3. 50 2. 91 

Calorific value calcnlated{calories .. -······· ........ 7,517 .................................................... -----···· 

from ultimate analysis. B. T. U .................. 13,531 ---···-- .................................................... . 

Phosphorusincoke.................. .•...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... .0'13 .017 .................. . 

-=-=======~~==-----=-=---=-= 

Analysis corrected to sttmple as received: 

ProximateMoisture ____ -,- ____ per cent.-

Volatile matter ....... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ......... do ... . 

Ash ................... do ... . 

1. 98 

40.54 

48.40 

9.08 

1.87 

40.30 

49.73 

8.10 

1. 95 2.01 

"39.94 39.23 

50.25 48.80 

7.86 9.96 

1. 73 

39.20 

50.85 

8.22 

3.98 

39.76 

49.21 

7.05 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

======----======: 

UltimateHydrogen ............. do .... -------- ....... . 

Carbon._ .. _._ ... __ .... do ................. -.. 

Nitrogen .............. do .................. .. 

Oxygen __ ............. do ............... -... . 

Sulphur ............... do.... 4.20 3.75 

Ash ................... do ............ -----··· 

5.13 

74.07 

1.36 

8.10 

3.48 

7.86 

100.00 

2. 71 3.38 2.84 ........ ---------

·1. 95 3. 98 

7.86 7.05 

3.48 2.84 

c~~;~~L ~~~-~:---~~-t~~~- {~~;~i~:: 1;:::~ ........ 1;:~:~ (::::::: :::::::. ~:::::::: :::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::: a Represents 11 tons of coal. b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1221: Qombustible, 30.94 per cent; ash, 69.06 per cent. cSpecific gravity of the coke substttnce, 1.94; apparent specific gravity of the coke, 1.01; percentage of porosity, 48. <I Specific gravity of the coke substance, 1.~9; apparent specific gravity of tbe coke, 1.14; percentage of porosity, 40. 
250 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 3 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from West Virginia Coal Qompany, Richard, W.Va.] 

Sample Sample Coke Coke Car Sample of coal of coal sample sample Sample Mine Mine sample from from from from un- from from Sa'::te sarnplt: sample repre- boiler coke coke washed washed washery sents test No. test washed No.1. No.2. entire test 17, un- No.18, coal coal test, un~ coal. car. No. 28.a washed washed test test washed. 

coal. coal. No. 17. b No.lS.c 

------------1------------------------------

Laboratory s•tmple number......... 1108 1109 

Loss of moisture on air drying, per cent .............................. . 1.50 0.80 

Amtlysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ......... _ per cent .. 1. 42 1. 42 

Volatile matter ....... do ... . 29.08 29.68 

Fixed carbon ......... do .. _. 61.19 60.51 

Ash ................... do ... . 8.31 8.39 

------ 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- ------

Hydrogen ............. do .................. .. 

Carbon ................ do .................. .. 

~~;;!~~:::::::: ::::: :~::::: ::::::::I:::::::: 

Sulphur ............... do.... . 77 .81 

Ash ................... do .................. .. 

Calorific value deter- {calories.. 7, 863 

mined .... -.. · ........... B. T. U .. 14,153 

Calorific value calculated{calories .... · ............ .. 

from ultimate 1tnalysis. B. T. u ................ .. 

1252 

1.30 

1.00 

30.25 

58.38 

10.37 

---

100.00 

---

4.91 

76.12 

1. 44 

6.09 

1. 07 

10.37 

100.00 

7, 631 

13,736 

7, ~05 

13, ~89 

1250 1230 1249 1254 1259 

1.40 0.90 3.00 

1.16 1. 36 1.14 0. 22 0.38 

30.74 30.88 30.46 . .83 .S7 

56.90 57.92 59.11 80.81 84.48 

11.20 9.84 9.29 18.14 14.27 ------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

--------------------

1.38 1. 00 1. 22 .93 1.19 

Phosphorus in coke ........................... , ......... · ............................ .. .065 .079 

Analysis corrected . to sample as received; 

ProximateMoisture ..... _ .... per cent .. 

Volatile matter ....... do ... . 

Fixed carbon .. _ ...... do .. .. 

Ash ........... _._ .. ___ do ... . 

Ultimate2.90 2.21 

28.64 29.44 

60.27 60.03 

8.19 8.32 

-------

100.00 100.00 

Hydrogen ............. do .................. .. 

Carbon ................ do .................. .. 

Nitrogen .............. do .................. .. 

Oxygen ..... _ ......... do ................... . 

Snlphur ............... do.... .75 .80 

Ash ................... do ................... . 

2. 29 

29.86 

57.62 

10.23 

---

100.00 

4. 99 

75.13 

1.42 

7.17 

1. 06 

10.23 

100.00 

2.54 

30.31 

56.11 

11.04 

---

100.00 

1. 36 

2.25 4.11 

30.60 29.54 

57.40 57.34 

9. 7G 9.01 

------- 100.00 100.00 

• 99 1.18 ............... .. 

12.';2 1249 

1.00 1.14 

......... ......... 

········· ·····---- 10.37 9.29 

1. 07 1. 22 

2. 29 4.11 

10.23 9.01 

1.06 1.18 

c~~~~L~~~~~ ... ~~-t~~·:.{~~~,~~i~s:: 1::~:~ ......... 1~:~:~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::: ::::·::::: ...... , .. a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1251: Combustible, 23.83 per cent: ush, 76.17 per cent. b Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.95; apparent specific gravity of coke. 1.06; percentage of porosity 46. vSpecific gravity of coke substance, 1.94; 11pparent specific gravity of coke, 0.98; percentage of porosity; 50. 
WORK OJ!' THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 251 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 4 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from West Virginia Coal Company, Bretz, W.Va.] 

Sample Sample of colt! Sample Coke Coke Sam

0

tple 

Sample from from fr~:l s~~f~e sample s~::;:c washfed Mine Mine sample sample No.1. No.2. 

Car 

sample. a 

fr?m gus- coke coke un- from wash- bmler pro- test test . washed washed cry test coal test ducer No.19, No 20 coal coal, un: • from 

No. 31. b test Wl~~~d washed test' N~e~~ d washed. c~k~ No. 4. c~al. coal. No.19.c . . v n .. 

------ ---- ·--------------------

Labomtory sample number ..... 1116 1117 1262 1268 1280 1253 1260 1265 1273 1262 1260 

Loss of moisture on air drying, per cent ....................... 1.10 1. 20 0.50 l. 30 0. 90 1. 90 2.30 ····-··· ·····-·· 0.50 2.30 

Analysis of air-dried sample: I 

ProxitnateMoisture ...... per cent .. 1.17 1. 07 0 98 1. 24 1.10 .841 1. 20 .62 .20 .98 1.20 

Volatile matter ... do .... 29.03 28.88 28.72 28.01 29.15 28.16 28.60 1.43 1.15 

Fixed carbon ..... do .... 61.97 61.37 61.87 60.63 60.85 60.30 62.49 86.10 85.42 

Ash ............... do .... 7.83 8.68 8.4~ 10.12 8.90 10.70 7. 71 11.85 13.23 8.43 7. 71 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

Ultimate- ======-= ::::::::====::= ===== ==-.:: _-_-_ --

Hydrogen-........ do ................... . 

Carbon ........... do .................. .. 

Nitrogen ......... do ................... . 

Oxygen .......... do ............... : .. .. 

Sulphur .......... do.... .86 1.28 

Ash ............... do ................... . 

Calorific value deter- {calories.. 7, 863. 

mined .... -- .... ---- B. T. U.. 14, 153 

4.85 

78.21 

1. 50 

6.11 

.90 

8.43 

100.00 

7,855 

14,139 

Ia ted from ultimate . Calorific value calcu- }calories.. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 7, 750 

mutlysis ............ B. T. U .... ------ 13,950 

0 97 .80 

7,802 

14,044 

.88 0 79 

Phosphorus in coke .................................................................... . 

.82 .69 

.0&1 0 019 

====== ===--- = === = =..:...=::::-==:::= ======= = 

A~alysis corrected to sample as received: 

.ProximateMoisture ...... per cent .. 2.26 2.26 1.48 2.53 1. 99 2. 72 3.47 

Volatile matte~ ... do .... 28.71 28.53 28.58 27.64 28.89 27.62 27.95 

Fixed carbon ..... do .... 61.29 60.63 61.55 59.84 60.30 59.16 61.05 

Ash ............... do .... 7. 74 8. 58 8.39 9.99 8.8~ 10.50 7.53 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- ====-=======-======= 

Hydrogen ........ do .................. .. 

Carbon ........... do .................. .. 

Nitrogen ......... do .................. .. 

Oxygen .......... do .................. .. 

Sulphur .......... do.... . 85 1. 26 

Ash .. _ ............ do ........... : ...... .. 

a Represents 2.5 tons of co>tl. 

4.89 

77.82 

1. 48 

6.52 

.90 

8.39 

100.00 

0 96 0 79 .86 .77 .............. .. 

.90 

1.48 

8.39 

0 90 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1269: Combustible, 28.24 per cent; ash, 71.76 per cent. c Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.84; apparent specific gravity of coke, 1.00: percentage of porosity, 47. d Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.94, apparent specific gravity of coke, 0.90: percentuge of porosity, 54. eCalorific value dedved from determinations on the carload sample: 7,743 calories; 13,937 B. 'l'. U. 

0 79 

3.47 

7.53 

. 77 
252 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT: 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 5 coal. 

[Lump and nut bituminous coal. Received from Davis Colliery Company, Coalton, W.Va.] 

Sample Sample 

Sample of coal of coal ~line Mine Car sam- from from from sample snmple ple.a boiler coke test coke test No.1. No.2. test No.23,un- No.24, No.34.b washed washed coal. coal. 

~-----~-------------~~-11-~-----~----- ·----· 

Laboratory sample number.··--- ............................. . 

Loss of moi!'lturc on air drying .......... _ ............ per ecnt .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximate1foistnre ............... __ .............. _. _ ....... do ... . 

Volatile matter_ ........... _ ..................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon................ . ................. do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate1144 

1.80 

1. 04 

30.16 

.58.16 

10.64 --·-

100.00 

~----

1147 

2.30 

.80 

29.45 

59.24 

10.51 

----

100.00 

----

Hydrogen ........................................ do ...................... .. 

C11rbon ........................................... do ...................... .. 

Nitrogen .......... _ ........................ _ .. do ....................... . 

Oxygen ....................... : .................. do ........................ . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 1.02 1.15 

Ash .............................................. do: .................. : .. .. 

1297 

0.80 

.65 

29.20 

59.97 

10.18 

1284 

1. 30 

.82 

29.33 

59.44 

10.41 -------- 100.00 

----

4. 78 

76.36 

1. 48 

6. 21 

. 99 

100.00 

----

1.02 

1283 

1. 60 

.84 

28.76 

59.51 

10.89 -----

JOO. 00 

---

. 91 

1287 

3.40 

1. 49 

29.11 

58.76 

10.64 ----

100.00 

-----

.94 

10.-18 ............................ .. 

100.00 

1 . . . {cnlories.. 7,623 .......... ~ 7,682 ............................ .. Ca or1fic vnluc determmed .................... -.... · B. _T. U.. 13,

721 .... ____ .. 13,

828 .................. .. 

Calorific value calculated from ultimateanalysis ... {calories ............. :......... '7, 572 ,, ................. .' ........ .. 

B. '1'. U.. .......... .......... 13,630 ............................ .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate1foisture ..................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter ................................ · .. do .. .. 

l<'ixed carbon .................................... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate2. 82 

29.62 

57.11 

10.45 

100.00 

3.08 

28.77 

57.88 

10.27 

100.00 

Hydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon ...... : ........ _ .. _ ......... _ .............. do ....................... . 

Nitrogen .................. _ ...................... do ......... _ ......... _ .... . 

Oxygen ........................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... 1.00 1.13 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

·fi 1 . . d {caloric, .. Calor! c va ue determme ........................ .. B.'!'. U .. 

n Represents 27 tons of coal. 

7, 486 

13,475 

1.45 

28.97 

59.48 

10.10 

100.00 

4.83 

75.75 

1. 47 

6. 87 

. 98 

10.10 

100.00 

7, 621 

2.11 

28.95 

58.66 

10.28 

100.00 

1.01 

2.43 

28.30. 

58.55 

10.72 

100.00 

. 90 

4.84 

28.12 

56.76 

10.28 

100.00 

. 91 

13,718 ....................... _ ...... . 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1285: Combustible, 25.01 per cent; ash, 74.99 per cent. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 253 

Chemiqal analyses of West Virginja 1Vo. 5 coal-Continued. 

[Lump and nut bituminous coal. Received from Davis Collier)• Company, Coalton, W.Va.] 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.25, 

washed 

coal. 

Coke 

~~:~~: 23, Ull· 

washed 

coal. a 

Coke 

sample, 

test No. 24.b 

Coke 

sample, 

test No. 25.c 

Sample 

from Sampleof washcry washed 

test, un · coal. 

washed. 

----------- --------~-------

Laboratory sample number ................................... . 

·Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent .. 

1301 

18.60 

1302 1303 1317 

2.10 ................... . 

1297 

0.80 --------_ -=-=--------=-= = ----

1301 

18.60 

Analysis of air-dried sample: ·----- ----·-

ProximateMoisture· ......................................... do.... 1.10 . 51 0.42 0.27 .65 1.10 

Volatile matter .................................. do.... 29.20 1.14 . 43 . 78 ·········· ------·--- Fixed carbon .. ." ................................. do.... 59.65 78.81 84.34 82 97 ------···· ··-······· Ash ....................... " ...................... do.... 10.05 1 19.54 14.81 15.98 10.18 10.05 

mu~~; -: : --- lL ~oo~ 'oo~ 'oooo 'oooo····:····· ········:: 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... . 96 . 79 . 83 . 82 . 99 . 96 

Ash .............................................. do .............................................................. .. 

Calorific value determined .......................... {~~l;~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::: 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis ... {~~l;~~:: :::::::::: ;:::: ::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Phosphorus in coke ................................. :.. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 067 . 086 . 087 .................. .. 

Sulphurinash ................................................. .......... .053 .08 .036 ................... . 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoiHture ..................................... per cent .. 19.50 2.60 1. 45 19.50 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 23.76 1.12 

Fixed carbon .................................... do •... 48.55 7i.14 

Ash ............................. · ................. do ... . 8.19 19.14 10.10 8.19 

100.00 

UltimateHydrogen .................. , ..................... do ................................. . 

Carbon ........................................... do ............................................................... . 

Nitrogen .......................................... do ................................................ : ... : ......... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ............................................................... . 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... .79 .77 .......... .......... .98 .79 

Ash .............................................. do ............................................................... . 

calorific value deter~ined ................... : ...... {~~l;~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::r:::::::: :::::::::: :~:::::::: 

aSpec!~c grav!tY of coke substance, 1.90; apparent spec!fic grav!ty of coke, 1.16; percentage of porosity, 39. bSpec~fic grav~ty of coke substance, 1.89; apparent spemfic gravity of coke, 1.08; percentage of porosity, 44. oSpemfic grav1ty of coke substance, 1.89; apparent specific gravity of coke, 1.04; percentage of porosity, 46. 
254 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Ohern·ical analyses of West Virginia No. 6 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal. Received from New River Smokeless Coal Company, Rush Run, W. Va.] 

Mine llfine 

sample sample 

Car 

sample.a 

Sample Sample Snmple 8

frrgg;e f~J:1e of coal of coal /r~:l Coke Coke Coke 

boiler boiler from from coke sample, sample, sample, 

A. B. test N 0 test N 0 coke coke test N 0 test No. test No. test No. 

39_b · 43_ · tesJ

7

No. tesJ

0

No. 33, fine 27.c 30.d 33.e 

· · coal. 

---------- ~~~-------~-- ---------------~ 

Laboratory sample number..... 1176 1175 1390 1314 1338 1316 1344 1373 1336 1370 1379 

Los~ of moisture on nir rlrying, 

percent...................... ~1.60 1. 50 o. 90 1.20 1.10 0.90 1. 30 0.90 1.10 

- ( ==::-:::-:========::::::::::======== Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ..... per cent._ .51 .80 .64 .95 1.02 .87 .98 .84 1. 75 

Volatile matter .. do .... 23.04 23.00 21. 7<! 22.65 21.68 21.68 2'2.32 21.31 .2.20 

Fixed carbon ..... do .... 72.85 70.23 72.53 70.88 72.22 72.57 71.23 72.22 90.8~ 

Ash .............. do .... 3.60 5. 97 5.09 5.52 5.0R 4.R8 5.47 5. 63 5.21 

100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 

UltimateHydrogen ........ do .................. .. 

Carbon ........... do .................. .. 

4. 70 

83.62 

1.00 

1.85 

89.60 

7.55 

100.00 

Nitrogen _ ........ do .................. .. 1. 70· ................................................................ . 

Oxygen ........... do .................. .. 

Sulphur .......... do.... . 76 . 74 

Ash., ............. do .... , ............. .. 

Calorific value deter- {calories.- 8, 413 

mined ............. B. T. U .. 15,143 

lated from ultimate .... · .. · ...... .. Calorific value calcu-}calories .. 

1mttlysis ............ B. T. U ................ .. 

4.23 

.66 

5.09 

100.00 

8,501 

14,942 

8,208 

14,774 

.71 . 65 .56 .89 . 64 

Phosphorus in coke ........................................................................... .. 

Sulphur in ash ................................................................................ .. 

.70 ........ 

. 008 . 007 

.049 ........ 

.70 

.006 

.076 

=:-:-----:=~=====::====:::::===== 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture. __ ... per cent .. 2.10 2.29 1.53 2.14 2.11 1. 76 2.27 1. 75 2.83 .36 1.89 

Volatile matter ... do.' .... 22.67 22.65 21.54 22.38 21.44 21.48 22.03 21.12 2.17 1.34 1. 83 

Fixed carbon ..... do .... 71.68 69.18 71.88 70.03 71.42 71.92 70.30 71.55 89.84 93.04 88.80 

Ash ............... do .... 3.55 5.88 5.05 5.45 5.03 4.84 5.40 5.58 5.16 5.26 7.48 

100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 -100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

mu;rt~ Oxygen .......... ::················ do.................... ~E 4.99 ................................................................ ~·······::: ······:·······:···1 ~ .••.• :~ . 

Sulphur .......... do ..... 75 .73 .&<; .70 .64 .55 .88 .63 .69 .76 .69 

Ash ............... do.... ........ ........ 5.05 ............................................................... .. 

100.00 

Calorific value deter-fcalories .. 8,'278 8,226 ................................................................ . 

mined .............. [B. T. u .. 14,900 ........ 14,807 ............................................................... .. 

a Represents 31 tons of coal. b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1315: Combustible, 40.32 per cent; ash, 59.68 per cent. c Specific gravity of coke substance, 1. 77; apparent specific gravity of coke, 0. 79; percentage of porosity, 55. d Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.83; apparent specific grnvity of coke, 0.84; percentage of porosity, 54. e Specific gravity of coke substance, 1. 79; apparent specific gravity of coke, 0. 74; percentage of porosity, 59. d Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1339: Combustible, 43.02 per cent; ash, 56.98 per cent. · 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 7 coal. 

[Run-of-mine coal. Received from New River Smok;eless Coal Company, Sun, W.Va.] 

l\line 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam- Car sam- ple. a ple.b 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 51. c 

Sample 

from gas- producer test 

No. 23. 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke test No.7. 

255 

Coke 

sample, test 

No. 7.d 

------------------------------------

Laboratory sample number ............... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying .. per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoi:sture ................ ... do ... . 

Volatile matter ............. do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ............... do .. .. 

Ash ......................... do .. .. 

Ultimate-. 

1197 

1. 70 

.80 

21.65 

73.33 

4. 22 

100.00 

---~ 

1198 

1.50 

.63 

22.07 

73.70 

3.60 

---~ 

100.00 

---

Hydrogen .......... _: ........ do .... : ......... ........ .. 

_Carbon ...................... do.. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... 

Nitrogen .................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen ..................... do ....................... . 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 1.10 . 91 

Ash ......................... do ....................... . 

{

calories.. .. .. . .. .. . 8, 412 Calorific value determined ..... B. T. U.. ..... ..... 15,

142 

Calo~fic value cal_culated from {calories .................... .. 

nlttmateanalysts ............. B. T. u ... , ................ .. 

1595 

3.20 

.76 

20.54 

73.61 

. 5.09 

---~ 

100.00 

-~---

4.38 

82.41 

1.05 

5. 87 

1.20 

5.09 

100.00 

8,254 

14,857 

7,942 

14,296 

1609 

2.30 

.28 

20.69 

69.87 

9.16 

---~ 

100.00 

---~ 

1401 

1.80 

. 90 

20.60 

69.52 

8.98 --~-

100.00 

----

1607 

2. 70 

.30 

21.78 

71.06 

6.86 

----

100.00 

---~ 

1398 1414 

2. 70 ......... . 

1.1R 

21.12 

72.54 

5.16 ---~ 

100.00 

---

............................... 1---------- .......... 

1.16 1.55 . 95 1.39 ......... . 

Phosphorus in coke ............................................................................................ .. 0.0061 

Sulphurinash .................................................................................................. . .035 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ................ per cent .. 2.48 2.12 3.94 2.57 2.68 2.99 3.85 .67 

Volatile matter ............. do .... 21.28 21.74 19.88 20.22 20.23 21.19 20.55 1. 23 

Fixed carbon ............... do .... 72.09 72.59 71.25 68.27 68.27 69.15 70.58 90.40 

Ash ......................... do .... 4.15 3. 5,'; 4.93 8.94 8.82 6.67 5.02 7. 70 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 

UltimateHydrogen ................... do ....................... . 

Cnrbon ...................... do .. · .................... .. 

Nitrogen ... c ................ do ....................... . 

Oxygen ..................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur ..................... do.... 1. 08 . 90 

Ash ......................... do ...................... .. 

4.60 

79.78 

1.01 

8 .• ';2 

1.16 

4.93 

100.00 

1.13 1.52 .92 1. 36 1. 03 

c_"_l_o_ri_fi_c_va_l-ue_d_e_te_rm_in~e-d_._ .. _--_-_{~_a_·lo_;_.i_~_:_:,_:_::_:_:_: :_:_:.--': __ !_:_:_~:_,____:_:_:0_...!..1:_:_::_:_: :_:_:: :::::::::: ·:: ::::::: :::::::: :~: ::::::::: 

a Represents 10 tons of coal. b Represents 5 tons of coal. - c Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1402: Combustible, 34.60 per cent· ash 65 40 per cent , d Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.80; apparent specific gravity of coke, 0.00; percentage of porosity, 56. 

·.\ . 
256 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 8 coal. 

(Run-of-mine coal. Received from Gauley Mountain Coal Company, Ansted, W. Va.] 

Mine 

sample 

No.1. 

Mine 

sample 

No.2. 

Car sam- ple.a 

Sample Sample I Coke 

~~7{~-, . of coal sample 

test No. co~~fest test No: 53.b No. 38. ss.c 

I~aborator~ sample n~mbe~. ... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . .. . 12571--;5; ~ ~~--14~6 ---14~~ Loss of mmstnre on a1r drymg ...................... per cent.. 0. 60 0. 60 2. 60 4. 20 2. 10 2. 50 

Analysis of air-dried sllmple: = = = -=1=-== = ProximateMoisture ...................................... -.. do.. . . 1. 31 1. 25 1. 60 1.10 1. 15 . 30 

Volatile mutter .......... _ ....................... do.... 33.54 33.20 32.12 32.55 32.65 . 55 

Fixedcarbon ................................... do.... 60.25 58.75 58.92 59.18 58.80 84.47 

Ash .............................................. do .... 4.90 6.80 7.36 7.17 7.40 14.68 

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ...... , ................................. do ....................... . 

Carbon: .......................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ....................................... :.do ...................... .. 

Oxygen .......................................... do ...................... .. 

Sulphur .......................................... do.... .64 .89 

Ash .............................................. do ...................... .. 

. . {calories .. Calonfic value determmed ......................... . B. T. U .. 

8,057 

14,539 

Calorille value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{~~l:.i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

100.00 

5.16 

78.75 

1.38 

6.43 

9'' 

7.36 

100.00 

7,836 

14,15.1 

7,884 

14,091 

100.00 

. 77 

100.00 100.00 

.91 . 79 

Phosphorus in coke .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 0116 

Analysis corrected to sample 11s receiYed: 

ProximateMoisture .................................... :per cent.. 

Volatile matter ................. · ................. do .. .. 

Fixed·carbon ...... -.............................. do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

1. 90 

33.34 

59.89 

4.87 

1.84 

33.00 

58.40 

6. 76 

4.16 

3i.zs 

57.39 

7.17 

5. 26 3. 82 2. 79 

31.19 31.77 • 53 

56. 681 57.21 82. 37 

6. 87 7. 20 14.31 

-1o-o.-oo- --1-oo-. oo -1-oo-.-oo- 1oo. oo I - 100. oo 100. oo I 

Ultimate- ~====1=== 

Hydrogen ........................................ do .............. ----~~~~-~ 5.32 ........ ~ .................... . 

Carbon ..... _ .... ---~· ................... ~--- ..... flu ....................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ............. ~ ......... . 

Sulphur.~ .. ~ ..................................... do.... . 64 . 89 

Ash .......................... ' .................... do ....................... . 

. . d {calories .. Calonfic value determme ......................... . B. T. U .. 

8,029 

14,452 

76.70 

1.34 

8.57 

. 90 

7.17 

100.00 

7,659 

13,786 

I .......... 1 ................... . 

. 74 

d7,599 

d 13,678 

.89 . 77 

--------'--------:--'------- '---~----- -------

a Represents 35 t()ns of coal. . · b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory sample No. 1409: Combustible, 23.64 per cent; ash, 76.36 per, cent. c Specific gravity of coke substance, 1.92; apparent specific gravity of coke, 1.01; percentage of porosity, 47. d Derived from determinations on carload sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 257 

Chemical analyses of West Yirginia No. 9 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous coal. Received from Vulcan mine, Mount Ctubon Coal CO)llpany, Powellton, W.Va .. ] 

I Sample Sample Sample 

Sample from .of "oal of coal Coke Coke Sample Samlllinc Mine Car I from gas-pro- from from sample sample from pie of 

sample sample sam- boiler d~ccr coke test coke test ' lest ' washcry Wllshed 

No.1. No.2. ple.a "test test No. 50, test No. 50_c No. 5S.d test,nn- coal. 

. · '· washed. washed . /No.69.b No 1" un- No.53, washed. 

-----------1~-~~-~-- ~-~~-~---- --~·---~~-~-----

Laboratory sample number..... 1208 1209 1561 1508 1598 1489 1510 1503 · 1517 1561 1510 

Loss of moisture on air drying, 

per cent .. __ . ____________ ...... 1. 00 0. 60 3.10 1. 70 2.10 2.80 4.00 3.10 •1.00 

======-=========~===-----:: 

.Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture ___ ... per cent._ . 99 1.18 1.01 1. 75 .57 1.04 1.82 1.01 1. 82 

Volatile matter._ .do .. _. 34.76 32.72 29.53 31.65 32.68 31.98 33.48 

l<'ixed carbon ..... do. ___ 60.45 63.14 62.67 60.50 60.90 58.68 60.01 

Ash, .. -- ___ .... _ .. do ... _ 3.80 2. 96 G. 79 6.10 5.85 8,30 4.69 6. 79 4. 69 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Ultimate- ===== = = =------=: == =====--- =---== 

~~~~~~~:'.: :: :::::~:: ::: :::::: :J:: ::::: 

Nitrogen _________ do .... --··---'1····-·--

0xygen .......... do .... ·----- _________ _ 

5.04 

79.35 

1. 63 

.80 .94 

Sulphur .......... do.... .86 .75 

6. 39 

.80 

6.79 

.83 1. 02 .85 .94 ........ --··---- --------· -------- Ash._ ... __ .. ___ ... do. _________ .... _ ..... 

100.00 

Calorific value deter-{calories:. 8,271 -------- 7,984 8,056 ......... --·-·--- ---·-··- --··---- ................ . 

:::::::: -~~:~~~- :::::::::/::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::·:::: 

mined .............. B. T. U .. 14,888 ........ 14,371 

c~~~31r~~l\ll~Itl~;i~}calories ..... ----- -- --- --: 7' 890 

analysis ............ B. T. U .................. 14,202 

Phosphorus in coke .. ___ .. -.... - .. - ____ ...... __ .... __ ... _. __ .. ______ .... __ ... _. _ . _. _. _ _ _ . 0094 . 012 .... _ .... _ .. ____ _ 

Analysis corrected to sample=====~=~=== 

as received: 

ProximateMoisture. __ ... per cent._ 1.98 1. 77 4.08 3.42 2.66 3.81 5.74 .29 .27 4.08 5. 74 

Volatile matter ... do ... . 34.41 32.53 28.61 31.11 32.00 31.08 32.14 2.41 .62 --------- ···----- Fixed carbon. __ .·.do ... . 

Ash ............... do ... . 

59.85 62.76 60.731 59.47 59.61 57.04 57.61 88.15 91.73 --·------ ----···· 3.76 2. 94 6.58 6.00 5. 73 8.07 4.51 9.15 7:38 6.58 4.51 ------------ ------------ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Ultimate- = ===== = ==:--::--------= ~ =--===-= = == Hydrogen __ ...... do ..... _ .. ___ .... ____ _ 5.23 

Carbon ........... do ............ -------- 76.89 

Nitrogen ., ....... do .... ··-------------- 1.58 

Oxygen . _ ..... _ .. do ..... · .... _ .. _ ... ___ . 

SnlphuL ......... do____ .85 .74 

8.95 

. 77 

6.58 

.82 1.00 .83-------- .82 .77 .77 .90 

Ash ...... ______ ... do .......... _. .. .............. --------- .'90 ................ -----·-·- --------

100.00 

Calorific value detcr-{calories .. 8,188 ........ 7,736 -------- <7,886 ................. 

1 

__ , ______ ···--·-- __ __ 

· mined .............. B. T. U .. 14,738 ----·--}3,925 1 .... : ... 

1

<14,195 1 ........ T.. ... ........ . .. l ....... . 

a-Represents 30 tons of coal. 

bRefuse from boiler test, laboratory No.1509: Combustible, 23.68 per cent; ash, 67.32 per cent. c Specific gmvity of coke subRtance, 1.84; apparent specific gravity of coke, 1.18; percentage of porosity,36. 

dSpecific gravity of _coke substance, 1._87; !'PParent spcciJic gravity of coke, 1.03; percentage of porosity, 45. 

•Calortflc value denvcd from determmatwns on the carload sample: 7,921 calories; 14,258 B. T. U. 

13-No. 48-06-17 
258 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 10 coal. 

[Lump and run-of-mine coal. Received from Stuart M. Buck, Mora, W.Va.] 

Mine Sample Sample Mine Coke Car from Of COIL] sample, sample sample boiler from No.1. No.2. !'lamp! e. a test coke test test 

No. 54. b No.39. No.39. o 

----·----------------·---~ ---------- ~ --,----------

L11boratory sample number ................................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying ...................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Proximatel\Ioisture. _ ... _ ................................ __ .do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ................... _ ........... __ .... do ... . 

Ash ................................ _ ............. do ... . 

Ultimate1240 

2.40 

.55 

18.55 

77.19 

3.71 

----

100. 00 

----

1244 

2.30 

. 34 

19.96 

76.50 

3. 20 

----

100.00 

----

Hydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ............................. , ........... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ....................... . 

Sulphnr .......................................... do.... .49 .58 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

. {calories .. Calorific value determmed ......................... . B. T. U .. 

8,495 

15,291 

Cal.orilic v&luc calculated from ultimate analysis ... {~~I~i~:: :::::::::: ::::: :::: 

1471 

1.10 

.65 

18.80 

75.92 

4.63 

----

100.00 

----

4.58 

85.91 

1.07 

3.24 

.57 

4.fi3 

100.00 

8,439 

15,190 

8,391 

15,104 

1420 

1. 20 

.55 

18.45 

74.74 

6.26 ----

100.00 

----· 

1415 

0. 90 

.73 

18.'52 

75.33 

5.42 

----

100.00 

----

1428 

3.10 

.60 

.55 

90.34 

8.51 ----

"100. 00 

----

:::::::::r:::::::::::::::::: .60 .62 . 58 

Phosphorus in coke .............•......................... ." ............... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 007 

Sulphur in ash . . . . . . . . ...•.. .. . . . . .. . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ......... . .. . . . . . . . . 072 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ..................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter .................................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon .................................... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate2. 94 

18.10 

75.34 

3.62 

100.00 

2.63 

19.50 

74.74 

3.13 

100.00 

llydrogen ........................................ do ....................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ....................... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ....................... . 

Oxygen .............. _. ........................... do ....................... . 

Sulphnr .......................................... do.... .48 .57 

Ash .............................................. do ....................... . 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined ....... ----.- .... -----.·-- B . T. U .. 

a Represents 10 tons of coal. 

8,291 

14,924 

1. 75 

18.59 

75.08 

4.58 

100.00 

4. 65 

84.97 

1. 06 

4.18 

. 56 

4.58 

100.00 

8,316 

15,023 

1. 74 

18.23 

73.84 

6.19 

100.00 

.59 

1. 62 

18.36 

74.65 

5.37 

100.00 

. 61 

b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1421: Combustible, 41.90 per cent; ash, 58.10 per cent. c Specific gravity of coke substauce,l.89; apparent specific gravity of coke,_0.99; percentage of porosity, 48. 

3. 68 

.53 

87.54 

8.25 

100.00 

.56 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 259 

Chemical analyses of We8t Virginia No. 11 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous coal. Received from mines Nos. land 2, W. H. Coffman, Zenith, W.Va.] 

l\line sam- Mine sam- ple No. I. pie No.~-

Cur 

snrnple. u 

Sample 

from 

boiler test No. 56.b 

Sample of 

coal from 

coke test No. 41. 

-------------1--

Laboratory sample number ...... _ .... _ .... _ ................... . 

Loss of moisture on air drying . _ -............ _ ...... per eent .. 

1234 

I. 50 

1235 

2.60 

1172 

3.30 

1432 

4. 20 

1129 

4.70 

Annlysis of air-dried sample: -----=1~~~= ~~==1<==~= =---=-====::. 

ProximateMoisture .......... _ ........ _. _ .. _ ..... _ _ __ .. _ .. do .. ·.· 7? I .16 

Volatile matter _ ..... _. ___ ..... ___ . _____ ......... do ... . 18.56 18.74 

Fixed carbon.. ____ .. _.do ... _ 75.•10 76.11 

Ash .......... ____ .______ _ __ ·--_ .. __ ... do ... . 5. 32 4.69 

.80 

16.90 

70.80 

11.50 

. 68 

17.02 

71. ~6 

10.94 

.68 

16.72 

72.15 

10.45 

--------------1-------- 100.00 100.00 

Ulti~i~:~~~~ -:::::::::::::::::::::::: .. - .. --- ... :::: :~::: :: ::.::::::: J:: :·:::::::: 

Nitrogen ........ ··-·-····----··--·---- ..... do ................... -........ . 

Oxygen .................. __ ..... _ ........... _ .. _ .. rlo ............. _ ............. . 

Sulphur ............ _.................... _ ..... do.... .45 .51 

Ash ........... _ .... ____ .................... ___ .... do .......................... .. 

l . 1 . 1 {calories .. Ca on fie va uc dcterm1nec ................ _ ..... _ .. . R. T. U .. 

8,343 

15,017 

Calorific value calculated from ultimate analysis .. -{~~;~i~s:: :::: ·.::::::: :::::::::::: 

100.00 

4.03 

79.12 

1.04 

~- 78 

.53 

11.50 

100.00 

7, 761 

13,970 

7,631 

13,736 

100.00 100.00 

. 49 .49 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: ==~-~ ----=---_- ==~=,1==== ---

ProximateMoisture ........... _____ ._ __. __ ... per cent.. 

Volatile matter ... _ _ .. _ ........... __ ..... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ....... __ ..... _ .......... _ ........... do ... . 

Ash .............. _ .. _ ................... _ ......... do .. .. 

Ultimate2. 21 

18.28 

74.26 

5. 25 

. 100.00 

Hydrogen .. _. ... , ................. : ............... do ........... . 

Carbon .. _ ........... _ .. _ .................... _ ..... do ............. _ ... __ 

3.05 

18.26 

74.12 

4.57 

100.00 

_Nitrogen ......................................... do ................ ··--···----' 

Oxygen ...... _ .. _ .. _ .................. , ... _ ...... rlo ...... _ .................... . 

Sulphur -----------·----·-·----:···--··--·--·-·-'···do.... .44 .50 

Ash ............................. · .......... _. ___ ... do ........................... . 

I . . . {calories .. Ca onlte value determmed .................. _ .. -.. .. B.T. U .. 

8,218 

14,792 

4.07 

16.34 

68.47 

11.12 

100.00 

•1. 27 

76.51 

1.00 

6. 59 

. f>1 

11.12 

100.00 

7,f>05 

13,509 

----------------- -------~--------'---- ---'------

I 

1. 85 I 5. 35 

t6. s1 I 15. 94 

68.36 68.76 

10. 481-------='-----9--9_5_ 

100. 00 100. 00 

a Represents 10 tons of co11l. b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1431: Combustible, 26.13 per cent; ash, 73.87 per cent. 
260 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of West Virginia No. 12 coal. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Big Sandy Cmtl and Coke Company, Big Sandy, W. Va. • 

------------------------ -----~-

.1\fine 

flample 

No. 1. 

:Mine 

sample 

No.2.· 

Cur 

sample.a 

Sample 

from 

boiler 

test No. 46.11 

Sample 

from 

gas-producer 

test 

No.8. 

Sample 

of coal 

from 

coke 

test 

No. 32, un- washed. 

Laboratory '"mple number _____ .... _______ ... ___ ._ .. ____ ----. 12381 1242 1364 1374 1387 1372 

Loss of moisture on !Lir drying ___ ... _ ... __ ..... _____ .per cent.. ~ 1. 60 ~ 2. 90 1.10_

1 

0. 80 0.~0- _ 0. 70 

Analysis of ILir-dried sample: 

Proximate1\Ioisture .. ____ ... ___ ..... ~ .......... _____ ....... Co ... . 

Volatile mtLtter _ .. _ .... ---· ......... _ ---·-.·-- .... do ... . 

.l<'ixed carbon------_ ...... ------- ...... ----- _____ do ... . 

Ash __ ... ----- ................... _____ ............ do .. .. 

.32 

19.68 

75.54 

4.46 

. 60 

19.45 

75.93 

4.02 

. 62 

18.05 

74.38 

6. 95 

.79 

18.41 

7fi.94 

4.86 

.93 

19.02 

73.57 

6;48 

.84 

18.36 

74.60 

6. 20 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 . 100. co 

UltimateHydrogen .......... __ .---------._ .. ------ ........ do .... __ ........ ____ .... .. 

Carbon ........ ---------------------- ............ do .... ---------- ......... . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ...... _ ........ ------·---

Oxygen ... ______ ... ---- ..... __ ............ _ ...... do ...... ______ ... ____ . ---.-

Sulphur .......................................... do.... .53 .75 

Ash ............. -------------------------...... do .... ----------·---------

Calonfic Yalue dctermmed _ ----- _ ..... _____ . ____ .... . . {calories .. 

. B. T. U .. 

8,427 

1fi,l69 

8,428 

15,170 

·calorific value cnlculated from ultimate a~alysis .. -{~~~~~i~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate-

.1\Ioisturc .... _. ----- ..... ------- ..... : .... __ .. per cent.. 1. 92 3. 48 

Volatile matter .................. _ ............... do ... . 19.36 18.89 

Fixed carbon-- .... -.. _______ -- .......... ____ .. : .do .. __ 71.33 73.73 

Ash ... -----------.---------- __________ ........... do ... . 4.39 3. 90 

------ 100.00 100.00 

------- UltimateHydrogen............ . ................ do .... ---------- ... -----~ 

r;~:: : HE ;1 : ~~ 

4.36 

83.63 

1. 34 

3.03 

. 69 

6. 95 

100.00 

8,185 

14,733 

8,144 

14,659 

1. 72 

17.85 

73.56 

6.87 ----

100.00 

----

4.43 

> 82.71 

1.33 

3. 98 

.% 

6.87 

1 1oo. oo 

8,095 

.60 

1. 58 

18.26 

75.33 

4.83 

----

100.00 

-----

.ii9 

.95 

8,160 

14,688 

1.43 

18.93 

73.19 

6.4fi ---

100.00 

---

. 95 

c 8, 119 ,ca 1 orlficvalue e ermine ···-·--·····-··-··---·-··· . rl t . d {calories._ 

· B. T. u __ 8,292 

14,926 

8,1841 

14, 731 14,751 -.. -- .. --- c 14, 614 

a Represents 40 tons of coal. b Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1375: Combustible, 45.43 per cent; ash, 54.57 per cent. c Calorific value derived from determinations on the carload sample: 8,135 calories; 14,643 B. T. U. 

. 93 

1. 53 

18.23 

74.08 

6.16 

----

100.00 

----

. 97 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analy.ses of West Virginia No. 12 coal-Continued. 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Big Sandy Coal and Coke Company, Big Sandy, W.Va.] 

Sample 

frmn 

coke 

test 

No. 36, 

washed. 

Coke 

sample, test No. 32.a 

Coke 

sample, test 

No. 36. h 

S•tmple 

frotn 

washery 

test, 

un- washed. 

sar:;re 

washed 

coal. 

261 

Sample 

of briquettes, 

boiler 

test No. 59.c 

--------------'------1------------------

Laboratory sample number ..... _ ............................ .. 

Loss of moisture on air drying. _ ................... per cent .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture __ ..... __ ................................ do ... . 

Volatile matter .................................. do .. .. 

Fixed carbon ................ , ................... do ... . 

Ash .............................................. do ... . 

Ultimate1394 1388 

7.10 .......... 

1. 36 

19.59 

73.78 

5. 27 

100,00 

1407 

4.20 

1.00 

.75 

90.37 

7.88 

100.00 

1364 

1.10 

. 62 

..... 

. . . . -.-- ~. 

6. 95 

1394 

7.10 

1. 36 

·········· 

.......... 

5.27 

1441 

0.40 

1. 93 

21.12 

67.73 

6.22 

100.00 

Hydrogen................................ do.... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. 5. 06 

Carbon ........................................... do.... .. . .. .. .. . . .. .... .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .. 83.18 

Nitrogen .................. : ...................... do.... . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . 1. 33 

Oxygen................................. . ..... do...................................................... 3.36 

Sulphnr .......................................... do .... 1.19 1.05 , .69 1.19 .8.'; 

Ash .................. · ............................ do.... . .... .. .. . .. .. .. .... . .. .. .. .. . .. .... . . .. . .. .. .. .. . 6. 22 

Calorific value determined ...... ____ . __ .. ______ .. __ . {~~l:;i•~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

100.00 

8,300 

14,940 

Calorific v>tlue calculated from ultimate analysis --{calories .. · · .... ---- .. ---- .... -- ·------ · · -------- · ·-------- · 8• 339 

B. T. U.. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 15,010 

Phosphorus in coke .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . 0. 0077 . 01 ............... __ ............ . 

Sulphur in ash ............................................................ .. .14 ............................ .. 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture .................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter . . . . ........................... do ... . 

Fixed carbon ........ _ ....................... , ... 1l1L .. . 

Ash .............................................. do .. .. 

~Jltimate8.36 .35 

18.20 '85 

68.54 89.37 

4, 90 9. 43 

100, 00 100. 00 

1. 72 8. 36 

6. 87 4. 90 

Hydrogen ........................................ do .............. -----·'--· ............................ .. 

~~;~::;; :::::::::::::: ·::::: :::::::::::::::::: :::~::::: :::::::::: ::::::::::1_ ::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

Oxygen ......... '............ .. ........ do .................................................... .. 

Sulphur............ . ........................... do:... 1.11 . 83 . 68 1. 11 

Ash .............................................. do .................................................... .. 

fc I · • 

Calorific value determined .. ----------·---····· .. · "lB~ ';'~:: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 

aSpec!fic grav!ty of coke substance, 1.95; llpparent specific gruvity of coke, 0.90; percentage of porosity, 54. 

bSpeCific gravitY. of coke substance, 1.88;- apparent specific gravity of coke, 0.91; percentage of porosity, 52. 

•Refuse from bmler test, Inboratory No. 1442: Combustible, 32.77 per cent; ash, 67.23 per cent. 

2.32 

24.02 

67.46 

6.20 

100.00 

5.08 

82.85 

1. 32 

3. 71 

.84 

6. 20 

8, 267 

14,881 
262 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of Wyoming No. 1 coal. 

[Black lignite. Received from Wyoming Coal and Mining Company.] 

Mine sam- Mine sam- Car sample Ca~samplc fr~!mJ'di1er ple No.1. ple No.2. No.1. a No.2. b test No. 63_

0 

Laboratory sample number ..............................•.•.... 

Loss of moisture on air drying ....................... per cent.. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

ProximateMoisture .......................................... do ... . 

Volatile matter... . ............................. do ... . 

Fixed carbon ..................................... do ... . 

Ash ................. : ............................. do ... . 

1368 

5.00 

17.89 

37.81 

40.75 

3. 55 

1369· 

4. 50 

li. 74 

38.91 

38.21 

5.14 

1479 

6.00 

17.69 

:17.96 

39.56" 

4. 79 

1606 

13.70 

9. 42 

40.63 

44.75 

5. 20 

------------1----

100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen ........................................ do ........................... . 

Carbon ........................................... do ........... -................ . 

Nitrogen ......................................... do ........................... . 

Oxygen .......................................... do ........................... . 

Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... do.... . 63 . 55 

Ash ............................................... do ........................... . 

{

calories .. Calorific value determined ......................... . B.T. U ... 

5,728 ....... : ... . 

10,310 ........... . 

Calorific vn1uc calculated from ultimate analysis .... {~~~~~~:: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

100.00 

6.09 

58.41 

1. 09 

28.99 

.63 

4. 79 

100.00 

5, 753 

10,355 

5,582 

10,018 

100.00 

. 55 

H67 

3. 90 

18.64 

42.21 

32.89 

6. 26 

100.00 

.65 

1===1~==----== ===i==-== 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

ProximateMoisture ...................................... per cent .. 

Volatile matter.. . ....................... do .. .. 

Fixed curbon ... _. _ ...................... do .... 

Ash ............................................... do ... . 

22.00 

35.92 

38.71 

3. 37 

21.44 

37.16 

36.49 

4. 91 

22.6~ 

35.68 

37.19 

4. 50 

--------~1----1 

• 100.00 100.00 

UltinHtlcHydrogen ..... . ............................. do .......................... .. 

Carbor1.... . .................... ............. do .... ....................... . 

Nitrogen .................................... -..... do ........................... . 

Oxygen ................... -- ..................... do .......................... .. 

Sulphur ......................................... do.... . 60 . 53 

.~\sh ............................................... du .... ....................... . 

100.00 

6. 39 

54.91 

1. 02 

32.59 

. 59 

4.50 

100.00 

5,408 

21.83 21.81 

35.06 40.56 

38.62 31.61 

4.49 6.02 

100.00 100.00 

.48 .63 

{

culories .. Calorific value detenninecl ........... · · · · ·. · ·-- · .. · · B. T. U .. . 5,442 

9, 796 9,734 .... · .................. .. 

"Represents .'i tons of coal. b Reprc,ents 17 tons of coal. c Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1468: Combustible, 59.8lper cent; ash, 40.19 per cent. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY •. 263 

Chemical analyses of Wyoming• No.2 coal._ 

[Run-of-mine bituminous. Received from Antelope mines 1 and 2. Cambria Fuel Company, Cambria, Wyo.] 

·Mine sam- ple No.1. 

. Sample Sample Mme sam- from boiler from gaspie No. 2· test No. 61.a t~~f'f,~:'i~. 

------··· ---------1---- 1---~ 

Laboratory sample number ................................................ . 1376 1377 1152 

Loss of moisture on air drying ............. , ...................... per cent .. 4.70 3.80 3.00 

Analysis of air-dried sample: =====1=====1,== c-"= 

ProxiTnateMoistnre ....................................................... do ... . 4.09 5. 64 8. 35 

Volatile matter ............................................... do ... . 38.96 37.51 36.65 

Fixed carbon ............... , .................................. do ... . 33.97 35.05 35.65 

Ash ........................................................... do ... . 22.98 21.80 19.35 ·---

100.00 100.00 100.00 

UltimateHydrogen .................................................... do ............................ 1 ••••••..•... 

~~§~::············•• iL·•·····.,,L

1 

,,.

1 

Ash ........................................................... do ....................................... . 

. . {calories.. 5, 660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Calorific value determmed ......................... ·············· B. '1'. U .. 10,

188 ....................... 1 

""""'" '"' "' '"""'""' <rom "'" "'"" '"""" . . • . . . . . . . . . . ( ~~·;~~· ••••••••.• ~ • • • • • • •••• f . . .... J 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

Proximate: 

Moisture .................................................. per cent .. 

Volatile matter ............................................... do ... . 

_Fixed carbon ................................................ do .. ·· .. 

Ash ........................................................... do ... . 

8. 60 

3j.13 

32.37 

21.90 

100.00 

9.23 

36.08 

33.72 

20.97 

100.00 

11.10 

35.55 

34.58 

18.77 

100.00 

-

15il 

6. 90 

2. 73 

37.61 

37.40 

22.26 

100.00 

4. 54 

55.29 

.80 

12.94 

4.17 

22.26 

100.00 

5, 758 

10,364 

5,567 

10,021 

9.44 

35.02 

34.82 

20.72 

100.00 

Ultimate- 1==~-=--~~~-= 

~:r~:~~-~:: ::::: :· ···::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .. ::: :~~:::: ::::::::: ::J: :::::::::: :::::::::::: 5~:~~ Nitrogen........... . ........................... .-... do ................ 1. ....... .. .. . .. ... . . . . . . . 74 

E~~:~••••·••••···••··•·••••······••••·••···· E ;~!••••• ;;; •·•·•·•,~~---:-~:-~_I 100.00 

C a 1 or1 c va uc c e ermine ............. .......... ............ .... ·· · ···· ······1 'fi 1 1 t . d {calories.. .5, 394 .. .. . . . .. .. 1 5, 361 

, . . . B._T_._u_._-,__ __ 9_,7_09__._._·--········ --------~~--~~---9,650 

a Refuse from boiler test, laboratory No. 1451: Combustible, 13.86 per cent; ash, 86.14 per cent. 
264 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES. 

SAMPLES FROM TESTING PI,ANT. 

Analyses were made of a number of samples from the testing plant which are 

not included in the list as classified by States. The results, with the records accompanying the samples, are as follows: 

Chem·ical analyses of sam:plesjrom about 1,500 ponnds of ligr!'ite recei-ved at the testing plant .from Wilton, 

N.Dak. 

Sample taken just after 

crushing. Laboratory 

llUinlmr, 1174. 

Sample taken after pass- ing through drier. Laboratory number, 1190. 

Air-dried I Sample as Air-dried Sample as sample. received. sample. received. 

----1 

Loss on air drying ............. _ ..................... -.. 8. 20 3. 50 

Proximate analysis: 

~foisture ... _ ............ ____ ... _ ...... _ .... _ ..... . 

Volatile combustible _ .... _. _. _ .. ___ .. _ ... _. __ . _. __ . 

Fixed carbon . ~ ............. _ ..... _ .............. . 

Ash.-------··········--·----------·---------------

Sulphur _ . ___ ......... _ ... _____ .... _ ....... ___ ..... . 

22.70 

44.30 

26. 79 

6.21 

100.00 

.83 

29.04 

40.67 

24.59 

5.70 

100.00 

. 76 

13.55 

41.35 

36.31 

8.49 

100.00 

1. 42 

16.58 

39.90 

35.33 

8.19 

100.00 

1. 37 

Chemical analyses of samples of Texas lignite ,qhipped to testing plant in sacks. 

Bottom and top. Labo- Bottom. Laboratorv 

ratory number, 1172. number, 1173. · 

Loss on air drying .... .' .................. __ .... __ . __ .. . 

Air-dried Sample as Air-dried I Sttmple-:- sample. received. sample.- . received. 

·---1 

a4. 80 n3. 60 

Proximate analysis: 

l\ioisture ............ --- . -- -- ..... ---.. -.... -.... - 20.99 24. 78 22.48 25.27 

Volatile combustible ........ _ ...... _. ____ ....... _ .. 37.96 36.14 31. 3. 30.23 

Fixed carbon ..................................... . 20.73 19.73 26.73 25.77 

Ash 20. 32' 19.35 ~9.43 18. 73 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ................. __ ... _ , .... ___ .... _ .... _ . _ .69 . 66 .56 .54 

a Samples not nearly air dry at test on reserve portion of No. 1173 six months later gave a further air-drying loes of 

12.90 per cent. The volatile combustible matter was determined on this portion and corrected to original sample. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 265 

Chemical analyses of samples of Texas lignite shipped to testing plant in sacks-Continued. 

--------------

· Ultimate analysis: 

Hydrogen .. _ ...... _ .. __ . __ .. _. _ . ·- ................ ___ ................... . 

Carbon ........... _ . _ ... _ . _ . _ ... _. _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _. _ ... ___ . _ ... _. ________ _ 

Nitrogen ................................................. ·_ ............. . 

Oxygen ....... _. __ .. _________ ,. _____ . _____ . _____ . ______________________ _ 

Sulp~nr ......... _: ___ . _____ . ___ .. ___ . _. ____ . ______ . _____ . __ .. __ .. ____ . 

Ash----------------- -------------------·-···---------------------

Chemical analyses of samples of coke. 

Laboratory number, 1173. 

Air-dried Sample as sample. r~ccivcd. 

5.42 5.68 

42.36 40.88 

.78 .75 

31.45 33.52 

.56 .54 

19.4:3 18.7:-l -----

100.00 100.00 

Standard Stand•ud 

Connells- Connellsville 72-hour villc48-hour 

coke. Lab- coke. Laboratory oratory number, number, 

116). 1166. 

--~--------------------------------------------------.-------

Proximate analysis:a 

i\'l.oisturc .......... _ .... _____ . ________________________________________ _ 0.23 0.19 

Volatile com bnetible .... __ ....... __ .. __ ... __ ... ____ .. ____ .. ____ . __ , .. __ 1. 32 .51 

Fixed carbon ................... _ ..... _ ... _ . __ . __ . ___ . _ . _ . _ . _ . ___ ... __ _ 88.18 89.60 

Ash .............. ·------------·---------·--·-·-------------------------- 10.27 9. 70 ------- ----- 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur .. _ .... , _. _ ... _ ... _. _ ..... _. _. _. _____ _' _____ . ___ . ___ ..... _____ . _ . 81 . 63 

Phosphorus ............. __ .... ___ . _ . _. ___ ... __ . _ .. _ ... ___ ............. . .017 .009 

Specific gravity of. the coke substance .... __ ... ______ . __ ... ____ .. __ ..... __ .. .. 1. 90 1. 90 

Apparent specific gravity of the coke ... _ ..... _._ ... _ ... _. __ ........ _ ....... . 1.00 1. 00 

Percentage of porosity ............. _ ..... _ .. __ ... _ . __ . ___ .. _. _ ... _. _ .. __ ..•. 47 . 47 

-------------------- ----_________________ ......_:_ _____ __._ ______ _ a Analysis of sample as received. 
266 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL·-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of foundry samples of coke. 

----- --~--------------------------------~-

''G."= 

Gauley 

Mountain. 

Laborntory 

number, 

1493. 

"M 8"- Mil~a;,k-;;e Solvay. 

Laboratory 

number, 

1494. 

"C"-

Connellsville. 

Laboratory 

number, 

1500. 

----- --------·-----------·--·------- ---------------

Proximate analysis: a 

Moisture ___ ----- _-.-----.-------.--------------------------- 0._75 0.27 

:Volatile corn busti b I e ___________ ~ _______ . __________ . _______ . __ -35. . 48 

Fixed carbon __ . _ . _____ - ___ . _.. -. - _ - - _ - ____ - - - -·- _- -. - _- __ -- - - - 86.38 89.63 

Ash ...... ----------------------------'---------------------· 12.52 9.62 

100.00 100.00 

Sulphur .... _ ... _.- _______ .-.-.--- .. ______ -----_·_._--.--_- __ -- . 70 . 79. 

Phosphorus _. __________ ... ___ ... _ . ________ . _ .. ___ . __ . ___ . __ . . 012 . 025 

Sulphur in the ash .. ______ ..... ____ .... _ .. ____ .. ____ :. __ . ___ _ .04 .12 

Specific gravity of the coke substance ___ , ... __ .. _. _. ______ . ___ .. __ 1. 91 1. 89 

Apparent specific gravity of the coke ______ .... __________________ __ 1. 03 1. 02 

Percentage of porosity 46 46 

"Analyses of samples as received. 

Chemical analysPS of pitches and asphalts. a 

Laboratory sample numberll25.1> 1161. c 1311. d 

Moisture _ . _____ - _ .. _. -- ---- _ - . ___ 0.33 0.47 1.14 

Volatile combustion -------------- 59.07 47.93 49.66 

Fixed carbon __ . - _-- .. - . - _-- -.... - :39.44 50.79 47.88 

Ash ----·------------------------ 1.16 . 81 1. 32 ----

100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ... ___ ... _. ___ .. _. __ .. __ -- . 88 " .62 . 70 

Hydrogen .. _. _____ ._ .. ___ .. _ .... - 4.56 4.17 3.97 

Carbon -------------------------- 90.34 91.30 90.89 

:Nitrogen_._ .. _ .. _ .... _._._ .. __ . __ . 99 -· 85 1. 05 

Oxygen ____ .... ____ ..... __ - - - .... 2.07 2.25 2.07 

Calories ... __ .... - .. __ ...... -.- .. , 8,820 ---·------ 8,782 

B. T. u------------- .. · .. ---.--.-- 15,876 ---- .. ----- 15,808 

--------------

"For description of pitches sec report on briquetting tests. b Hard pitch, Barrett Manufacturmg Company (Pitch X). c Cincinnati stiff pitch (Pitch A). d Pitch, Barrett Manufacturing Company (Pitch B). 

ePitch C. 

!Pitch G. 

oPitcb F. 

1391. e 1453./ 

0.88 0.60 

62. 75 52.53 

35.84 45.62 

.53 1. 25 ----- 100.00 100.00 

. 57 " .70 

4.72 4.06 

91.16 90.82 

1. 16 1. 01 

1. 85 2. 16 

8, 937 .................... 

16,087 ~ ~ ~ -. ~ ----

h Determined by Eschka method, which usually gives low results for sulphur in pitch. 

0. 18 

-32 

88.75 

10. 75 

100.00 

. 87 

. 018 

. 033 

1. 92 

. 99 

48 

1457.!1 

0.57 

52.98 

45.31 

1. 14 

100.00 

" . 80 

4.i6 

91.50 

1. 00 

1. 40 

--------.-

~- -. -- . ---
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. • 267 

Chem-ical analyses of pitches and a.~plwlts-Continned. 

Laboratory sample n~mber-

-------.-- ---~- -------,-----,-----------

---------

Moisture _____ -- -- -- ___ - - - __ --- __ _ 

Volatile combustion ______________ _ 

Fixed ear bon ___ , ________________ _ 

Ash ______ --""--------------------

Sulphur _________________________ _ 

Hydrogen ______________ - - __ - - ___ _ 

Carbon __________________________ _ 

Nitrogen _________ ---- ______ ------

Oxygen _________________________ _ 

1464. a 

1. 02 

54.11 

44.04 

.83 

100.00 

f 0 66 

4.22 

91.30 

1. 00 

1.99 

d Asphalt, Casper, Wyo. 

146~. b 

1.45 

54.05 

4:3.91 

.59 

100.00 

.r 0 56 

1555. c 

-------

1. 04 

61.44 

36. 72 

0 80 

100. 00· 

;t562.rl 1563. e 

0.48 0.00 

78.77 80.75 

20. 75 .-. ~;I _-}~-;25 

0 00. f.' 1\ . ,· .00 

100.00 100.00 

4. 28 i ------ ·-----~----- .. ------ ·--------.---' 

91. 57. ---.--.---- . ----- . ----- .. ---- . --- .. 

1.10 

1. 90 

a Piteh E. 

b Pitch D. c Pitch H. e Asphalt, Gulf Refining Company. f Determined by Eschka method, which usually gives low results for sulphur in pitch. I 

SAMJ'LES RECEIVED FROM THB ~'IELD. 

Analyses were made of a number of mine samples which were sent to the 

chemical laboratory by field agents of the Survey, but which had no othei· connection with the work of the fuel-testing plant. For identification and description 

of these samples the reader is referred to the chapter on Field Work, page 31-155. 

These analyses are given in the following tables: 

Chemical analyses of coal.~ .from Alabama. a 

Lnbomtory sample number-

----------------~ ~~-1-1-48_. _,_1_14_9_.- --~-1-64_. -J-1-1-86_·._ 

Loss of moisture on air drying _______________ 0 _ 6.80 1. 70 2.80 2.20 2.80 1. 50 

1======11====~1===== Analysis of air-dried sample: 

·Moisture ____________________ . ____________ 

1

1 

Volatile matter __________________________ _ 

1. 10 0 95 0 59 .73 1. 04 .47 

26.45 26.95 26.51 24.62 31.06 32.03 

Fixed carbon. _____ . _____________________ _ 62 ... 08 60.66 62.97 54.41 57.61 61.89 

Ash-----------·-------------·----------- 10.37 11.44 9.93 20.24 10.29 5.61 -------

100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur _____________________________________ _ .96 0 99 .96 .72 1. 53 1.12 

7,800 ---------------- 8,101 

14,040 --------.------- 14,582 

Calorific value determined __________ {calories-- ---- ---- ---- ----

B.T.U ---·---------------

-~--_-_-====I==== I,=== ====i==== 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 40, for identification. 
268 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chem-ical analyses of coals from Alabama-Continued. 

Laboratory sample number1145. 1146. 1148. 

----------------------------

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

lVIoisture .. __ ............ -.. - -·- . _ -. -.. --- . 

Volatile matter __ .. ____ . ____ - -- . __ . - ___ -- _ 

Fixed carbon ......... -_-- ..... _ ..... __ -_. 

Ash-------------------------------------

Sulphur. ______ . _____ . ______ . ____ ... __________ · 

2.88 

25.98 

60.96 

10. 18 

2.63 

26.49 

59.63 

11.25 

100. 00 100. 00 

. 94 .97 

n I 'f] . I d t · d {calories .... ____________ __ va on 1e va ue e erm1ne ______ -- __ . 

B. T. U __ -------- --------

3.37 

25.77 

61.21 

9.65 

100.00 

. !14 

7,582 

13,648 

1149. 1164. 

2.91 3.81 

24.08. 30. 19 

53.21 55.9!J 

19.80 10.01 

100.00 100.00 

.70 1.4!1 

-------- -------- -------- .. -- ... ----

Laboratory sample numberLoss of moisture on air drying ... _ .. __ ..... _ .. 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Moisture .. _ ........ __ . _____ , ......... _ .. 

. Volatile matter ..... ___ ... __ - __ . ____ . _ ... 

Fixed carbon ... __ . __ ... _____ . _ .. _____ .. _ 

· Ash . ______ . ____ .. -- .. -- - -.... : ___ . - - -. --

Sulphur ................. --.--.......... --.--

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

.i\f oisture ____ -- ... _ . -. __ - -.... __ . -- .. __ . _ 

Volatile matter ___ -- - - - - --- .. -- -- -- -- - ---

Fixed ear bon ... _ . ___ . _ .. _. __ . ___ .. ___ . __ 

Ash-------------------------------------

1187. 

-----

3.40 

.47 

31.88 

61.80 

5.85 

100.00 

. 80 

3.85 

30.80 

59. 70 

5.65 

1188. 

. 1. 50 

.71 

24.!19 

61.44 

12.86 

100.00 

.55 

2.20 

24.62 

60.51 

12,67 

1189. 1210. 

3.70 1. 30 

. 7!1 1. 06 

23.16 32. 79 

49.83 58.92 

26.22 7:23 -- ---

100.00 100.00 

1. 37 1. 39 

4.46 2:35 

22.30 32.36 

47.98 58. 15 

25.26 7.14 

1186. 

1. 96 

31.55 

60.96 

5.53 

100 .. 00 

1.11 

7,980 

14,634 

1593. 

0.80 

1. 29 

34.96 

52.10 

11.65 

100.00 

1. 58 

2.08 

34.68 

51.68 

11.56 -·------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur _ .. _ .. ___ . _________ . ________ . __ . ____ _ . 78 . 54 l. :~2 1. 37 1. 57 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses o.f coals .from Arkan.ms. a 

[Analyses made on samples as received.] 

Laboratory sample number-

- -c------c-~--~-.--~---c1030. G;l. 1 1040. 1 1042. . 1 1052. 

------------1 

Moisture 

Volatile combustible ....... _. 

Fixe(l carbon .............. _. 

Ash-------------------------. 

0.95 

17.91 

71.52 

9.62 

I 

0.80 

1 i. 20 

74.35 

7.65 

0.85 

14.45 

76.41 

8.29 

• I 

0. 84 I 0. 97 

16.46 19. 68 

75. 32 . 69. 62 

7. 38 9. 73 

----------1----:----

100.00 

Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2. 07 

Calorific value de-{calories_.- 7, 831 

terrnined ....... B. T. U __ 14,096 

100. 00 1100. 00 

1. 64 1 2. 05 

I 

100.00 100. 00 

1. 91 1.11 

R,136 7,790 

14,645 '14,022 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 49, for identification. 

Chemical analyses of coals .from. Indiana. a 

1054. 

1. 00 

16.90 

71.80 

10.30 

---

100.00 

. 60 

1066. 

0.80 

17.80 

72.71 

8.69 ---

100.00 

1.\15 

7,934 

14,281 

Laboratory ~ample number1424. 1427. 

269 

1068. 

0.90 

18.35 

71.65 

9. 10 

100.00 

1. 7-! 

I---------,----

Air-dried 

sample. Sample as rPcei\Ted. 

--------~ -------~-- ----~- -----1~----

Air-dried I Sample as sample. received. 

Loss on air drying ........................... _ ........ . 

Moisture ......... _ ...................... __ . ______ .. ___ _ 

Volatile corn bustiblc ........ : .. _ ..... , ................ _ 

Fixed carbon ........................................ . 

Ash .. _ ................. -- -- . -- .. -- · . · · · · · . · · · · · · · · · · · 

Sulphur ........... __ .................... ____ ........ .. 

3.60 

7.06 

40.64 

43.53 

8.77 

LOO. 00 

3.64 

10.41 

3\1. 1R 

'41. 96 

8.45 

100.00 

3.51 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 66, for identification. · 

3.50 

6.07 9.36 

39.73 38.34 

44.32 42.77 

\1.88 9.53 

100.00 100.00 

3.66 3.53 

Calorific value of sample No. 1424 determined in the bomb calorimeter on the air-dried- sample: 

Calories, 6,811; B. T. U., 12,260. 

Calorific value corrected to the sample as received: Calories, 6,566; B. T. U., 11,819. 
270 OP.lilRATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chem·ical analyses of coals from Iown .. a 

Laboratory sample number1288. 1290. 

Air-dried Sample as· Air-dried I Sample as 

--------------------- _s_a_m_p_l_e._ 1_re_c_el_·v-ed_._ sam~~ received._ 

Loss on air <lrying ..... _ ......... _..................... 6. 60 10. 40 

Moi~ture _ .............. _ .. _ ........... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 81 

Volatile combustible .. _ .......... -................ ·...... 43. 49 

Fixed carbon ............ _ ........... ___ .............. _ 40. 65 

Ash ........ __ ............ ·. _ ............ _ ........ _ _ _. 10. 05 

12.03 

40.62 

37.97 

9.38 

6.07 

41.18 

42.28 

10.47 

15.84 

36.90 

37.88 

9.38 ------------ ----·1-----

Sulphur ............ _ .................. _._ ............ . 

100.00 

5. 41 

100.00 

5.04 

a See chapter on Field Work, pnge 81, for identification. 

100.00 

5.22 

100.00 

4.68 

Calorific value of sample No. 1290 determined in the bomb calorimeter on the air-dried· sample: 

Calories, 6,730; B. T. U., 12,114. 

Calorific value corrected to the sample as received: Calories, 6,0::!0; B. T. U., 10,8.54. 

Chemical analyses ofcoalsjrom Kentncky." 

Laboratory sample number1329. 1330. 

Loss on air dr)~ing .............. _ ... _ ....... _.. _. _ ..... . 

----------

Air-dried I ~ . .: ..... Air-dried I Sample as sample. received. sample. received. 

I 

2.60 2.40 

2\ioi~tnre ............. _ ..... _ ................ _ . _ ...... . 2.48 5.02 3.19 5.51 

Volatile comhuHtibJe· ............... ____ .. __ . _ ......... . 37.04 36.08 36.11 ::!5.24 

Fixed carbon ......................................... . 55.93 54.47 58.09 56.70 

Ash····················--·-·························· 4.55 4.43 2.61 2.55 

Sulphur ................. _ ....... ____ ................. . 

100.'00 100.00 

I· 

100.00 100.00 

. 94 . 92 . 92 . 90 

a See eh>tptcr on Field Work, page 95, for identification. 

Calorific val~e of sample No. 1:~29 <letermined in the bomb calorimeter on the air-drie<l sample: 

CalorieH, 7, 762; R. T. U., 13,972. 

Calorific value correded to the sa~11ple as received: Calories, 7,560; B. T. U., 13,608 ... 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 

Chemical analyses of coals from ]fissouri. a 

[Anaiyses made of samples as reccivecL] 

--------------------------------

Moisture ______________________________ . ___ . ________ -. - - . - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - -

Volatile combustible _____ . _______________ .. ____________ - _------------ .. ----

Fixed carbon _____________________ . _ . _ . ___________ . _ - - -. - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - -

Ash _ •. _______________________ . _________________________________ . ___ -. ____ _ 

Sulphur __________ . ___________________________________ . __________ . ________ _ 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 102, for identification. 

< '271 

Laboratory "ample num- ber1010. 1011. 

-----

11 .27 11.08 

33.44 35.85 

41.49 39. 77 

13.80 13.30 ----

100.00 100.00 

2.48 2.86 

Calorific value of sample No. 1011 determined in the bomb calorimeter on sample as received: 

Calories, 6,087; B. T. U., 10,957. 

-Chemical analyses of coals from New Mexico." 

[Analyses made of samples as received.] 

Laboratory sRmple number1012. 1013. 1056. 

----------

Moisture ___ . _____ . ______ - - - - - __ . - .. - - - - - - - -.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 7.81 9.68 6.55 

Volatile combustible .. _____ -·--·- _______________________________ _ 44.72 42.32 25.75 

Fixed carbon _ .. ___ . _____ .. ____________________________________ . _ 41.80 41.36 44.28 

Ash._ ... _________ ._ .. _ .. __ . ____________________ , _________ . ____ __ 5.67 6.64 23.42 -----

100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur _________ ... __ ~ .. __ ....... ___ ._._ ... __ .. _____ .. ____ . ___ __ .69 . 66 .45 

a See chapter on Field Work, pages 106-107, for identification of sample 1012. No. 1013 is from Sloan mine, 8 miles east 

of Algodones. No. 1056 is from Brooks's mine, east of Albuquerque. 
272 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chenl'ical analyse.~ of coalsf1·om Ohio. a 

Laboratory sample number1------c------------------

1574. 1575. 1576. 1577. 

--·--·-

Loss of moisture on air drying ......................... . 1. 90 2.80 3.80 2.90 --=-=-.:.= 

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Moisture ... · ............................... _______ .

Volatile matter_ 1 ................................... 

1 

Fixe<l carbon ........ _ .................... _ .... _ .. . . Ash----------·-··--------------------- -----····· 

2.03 2.46 2.86 2.44 

37. 17 35.69 35.84 35.91 

53.26 52.13 52.35 50.63 

7.54 9. 72 8.95 11.02 

Sulphur I .............................................. 1 ===I 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: I 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

3.70 2.45 2.62 3.16 

Moisture .......................................... I 3.89 5.19 6.55 5.27 

Volatile matter ................................... . 36.46 34.69 34.48 34.87 

Fixed carbon ..................................... . 52.25 50.67 50.36 49. 16 

Ash ........................ ····················-· 7.40 9.45 8.61 10.70 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ......................... _ ............. _ ...... . 3.63 2.38 2.52 3.07 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 112-113, for identification. 

Chemical analyses of coals from Penn.~ylvania. a 

Laborn.tory sample number1032. 1033. 1034. 1035. 1047. 1048. 1050. 

--- ---

Moisture ------------ ·----·---------- 1. 90 1. 70 1. 46 1. 72 1. 22 3.35 1. 05 

Volatile matter ....................... 36.20 37.20 35.56 :~6. 98 36.28 35.55 36.65 

Fixed carbon .................. , ..... 53:70 55.83 53.39 56.55 56.24 47.55 57.25 

Ash ......................... ········ 8.20 5.27 9.59 4. 75 6.26 13.55 5.05 

1---1-------------------

100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 

Sulphur ............................ , 1. 52 1. 13 

Calorific value determined. {calories·· ---- · · · · 7, 964 

B. T. U: ......... 14,335 

2.05 1.15 

a See chapter on Field Work, page 112-113, for identification. 

.84 

7,915 

14,247 

1. 41 . 91 
WORK 01<' THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 273 

Chemical analyses of coal.~ from Pennsylvan-ia-Continued. 

Laboratory sample number-

··--~ 

1oo1. 1055. 1065. 1067. 1069. 1070. 1072. 

·---- --~ 

---

Moisture ··-------------------------- 2.48 1. 37 2.15 2.51 2.95 1. 95 1.54 

Volatile matter_ ...................... , 38. 74 37.10 39.15 35.49 35. 75 39.05 38.21 

Fixed carbon .................. · ....... 49.18 53.84 52.65 50.15 48.65 47.30 48.57 

Ash .•............................... I 9.60 7.69 6.05 11.85 12.65 11.70 11.68 -------------------- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ............................. 1. 85 1. 61 3.64 3.24 3.29 3.87 4.12 

Calorific value determined. -ralories. · 7,318 -------- -------- ..•...•. 1 ..•..... -------- ·-------

B.T.U .. 13,172 -------- -------- ········\·-······· ....... ·!· ..... --

Laboratory sample ntnnher1239. 1585. 1588. 1589. 1590. 1591. 1592. 

---------------------

Loss of moisture on air drying ......... 0.50 1. 20 1. 70 1. 30 1.60 1. 20 1.40 

------ --

Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Moisture -----------·------------- 1. 73 1.61 1.22 .98 2.06 1. 87 1.18 

Volatile matter .................. 36.97 36.49 32.23 32.82 34.79 38. 78 33.62 

Fixed carbon .................... 47.20 48.93 46.55 47.75 51.95 52.85 48.01 

Ash ............................. 14.10 12:97 

I 

20.00 18.45 11.20 6.50 17.19 

100. 00 100.00 

I 

ioo.oo 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ..................... ·.! ...... 3.81 3.51 4.51 2.93 . 1. 93 1. 78 3.27 --- Analysis corrected to sample - as re- ceived: 

Moisture 2.22 2. 79 2.90 2.27 3.63 3.05 2.56 

Volatile ~~~;t~~-:::::::::::::::::: I 36.79 36.05 31.68 32.39 34.23 38.32 33. 15 

Fixed carbon .................... 46.96 48.35 45. 76 47.13 51.12 52.21 47.34 

Ash ................... ·----- ·--- 14.03 12.81 19.66 18.21 11.02 6.42 16.95 ---

I 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

Sulphur ················ .............. 1 3. 79 3.47 4.43 2.89 ' 1. 90 1.76 . 3. 22 

---- ·----

13-~o. 48-06--18 
274 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Chemical analyses of coals from 1Yest Virginia. a 

LosH of moisture on air drying ................ _ 

AnalysiH of air-dried sample: 

.Moisture ................... __ ........... . 

Volatile matter ...... _ .. _ ......... __ ._ .. _. 

Fixed carbon ......... _ -.. ___ .... _ ..... _ .. _ 

Ash--------····· ....................... . 

Sulphur ....................... -----------

Analysis corrected to sample as recei ved: 

Moisture ...................... -----------

Volatile matter ................ -----------

.Fixed carbon .................. -----------

Ash ,.. __________ , _______________ -----------

Sulphur ................................. . 

I . .rttboratory sample number1233. 1236. 1237. I 1a62. I 1363. 1572. 

-----------

0.90 0.60 1. 30 1. 00 1.10 4.00 -~ = 

1. 39 1. 68 . 99 1. 30 1. 75 2.56 

31. 48 1 33.87 34.661 32.25 3::!.90 I 35.29 

49.47' 55.98 57.37 51.83 53.92 51.82 

17.66 8.47 6.98 14.62 10.43 10.33 ------------

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 

. 69 1. 06 3.18 1. 21 . 65 5. 25 ------- ---=---= 

2.28 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.83 6.46 

31.20 33.67 I 34.21 31.93 33.53 33.88 I 

: 49.02 55.64 56.61 51.31 53.32 49.74 

17.50 8.42 6.90 14.47 10.32 9.92 ----1---- - ---------- ---

100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 

. 68 1. 06 3.14 l. 20 . 64 

100.00 

5.04 

============= =~,-------'=c--=-~====1 ==='==--=~ 

Laboratory sample numberI . 15i8. 1579. 1580. I 1ii8L ~ 1582. 1583. 

------------------1---1----- ----1--------

Loss of moisture on air drying ................ . 0.80 5.00 1. oo 1. 40 1 2. so 3. 40 

AnalyHiH of air-drie<l sample: • ===cl====l==~ i= ~ 

Moisture ....... _ ·_ .................. _ . . . . . 1. 52 2. 00 1. 92 1. 01 1. 24 2. 11 

Volatile matter .......................... . 

Fixed carbon ............................ . 

Ash .................................... . 

'Sulphur ....... : .............. ----·------- Analysis corrected to Hample as rece ivecl: 

·Moisture ..................... ------------

Volatile matter ............... ------------ Fixer! ear bon ................. ------------ Ash _______________ .. _________ ------------

Sulphur .................. _ ... ------------

:31.18 

57.99 

9.31 

100.00 

1. 28 

2.:n 

30.93 

57.52 

9.24 

--

100.00 

1. 27 

I 

I 

so.15 37. 3s 33.49 I :12.36 29. 14 

59.57 52.49 : 60.34 61.67 62. 21 I 

8.28 8.21 5. 16 4. 73 6.48 

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.0 0 

. 75 2. 71 .53 . 74 .6 9 -------------

6.90 2.90 2.40 3.51 5.4 4 

28.64 37.01 33.02 31.62 28. 1 5 

56.59 51.96 59.49 60.25 60.1 5 

7.87 8. 13 5.09 4.62 6.2 6 ---------

100.00 100.09 100.00 I 100.00 100.0 0 

.71 2.69 . 52 I . 72 .6 7 

--

a See chapter on Field Work, page 136, for identification. 
WORK OF 1'HE CHEMICA!, LABORATORY. 275 

Chem-ical analyses of coals from West Yi1·gin:ia-Cont.inueo. 

Laboratory r-:amplc number-

--------------~------

1584. 158(i. 1594. 

--------------------------------------1------- --- -- -------

Loss of moiHt.urc on air dry in~ __ ...... ·- ... _ ..... _ ...... _ ... _ .. __ .. 

~ 

2.80 2.90 2.90 

==----= Analysis of air-dried sample: 

Moisture ............................................ -..... ~. 2.33 1. 88 1. 29 

Volatile matter ................ · ............................. . 33.97 37.52 37.86 

Fixed carbon ............................................... . 51.93 52.65 51.40 

Ash ............. _ ..... _ ..... _ ... _ ............ ______________ . 11. 77 7.95 9.45 

100.00 100.00 .100.00 

Sulphur .. ___ . ______ .. __________ . _. ________________________ · 2.82 2.92 5.25 

Analysis corrected to sample as received: 

iVf oisture ........ _ ................... _ ... _ ....... _ .... __ . _ .. . 5.06 4./a 4. 1,) 

Volatile matter ..... _ ....... _ ..... ~ .......... _ ....... __ .. __ .. 33.02 36.43 36. 76 

Fixed carbon ............ _ ................. _. _. _ ... _ ........ . 50.48 51. 12 49. 9l 

Ash---------------····---------- ................ _. __________ _ 11.44 7. 72 9. 18 -----

Sulphur _ ... ___ . _ .. _ .. _____________ . _. ____ . ____ . ___ .. _. _____ _ 

100.00 100.00 I 100.00 

2.74 2.84 5.10 

EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND OTHER SPECIAL WORK. 

SULPHUR RETAINED IN RESIDUES l<'R01\l WATER EXTRACTION IN ESCHKA METHOD. 

The residues from a number of determinations, as well as from sev.eral blanks 

on the reagents, were dissolved in a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, the solution 

was filtered, and the filtrate was examined for sulphur with .barium chloride. The 

precipitates obtained were small and when ig-nited were always gray in color, but 

were in all cases weighable. A number were tested for silica by treating tlu~m 

with hydrofluoric acid. The resultant loss in weight was only a few tenths 0f a 

n{illigram, ;,;bowing that the precipitates treated were not due to silica. The 

amount of precipitate obtained did not appear to bear any particular relation to 

the percentage of sulphur in the coal, and in some cases waf.l no larger than that 

from the residue when using the reagents alone. The results obtained from the 

residues of the blanks were as follows: 
276 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Weight of the Per cent of sulphur esti- precipitate in mated as from grams. 1 gram of coal. 

-

0.0015 0.021 

0 0015 0 021 

0 0013 0 018 

:0011 0 015 

I 0 002± .033 

0 0014 .019 

--

(( 0 0015 a.021 

-

· aAverage. 

The following table gives the results obtained on the samples tested. The 

percentage of sulphur remaining in the residue as given in the'. table is that 

obtained by deducting the average from the reagents (0.021) from the total 'amount 

equivalent to the precipitate of barium sulphate. 

A mount of sulphuj· retn·ined in residues from water e:rtraction by Eschlw method. 

Sample number. 

1010 ~ ~ .......... -. --- -----

1011 ----------------------

1016 ---------------- ------

1017 ----------------------

1018 ---- ---- ------ -------· 

1020 ------------------ ----

1023 ---- ------------------

1021 ---- ------------------

1025 ------------ ---- ------

1028 ---· ------ -------- ----

1029 .. --- ... -------- ------

-------

Per cent of 

l'mlphur 

found in 

sample. 

2.48 

2.86 

3.70 

5.63 

3. 79 

3.28 

.55 

3.00 

.48 

]. 55 

.84 

Per cent of I 

sulphur : remaining 

. in the residue. 

0.031 

0 034 

0 023 

0 045 

. 044 

0 045 

. 040 

0 035 

0 009 

0 057 

0 025 

. 045 

0 033 

I 

I 

Sample number. 

1032 ...................... 

1030 ...................... 

1033 ...... ----------------

1042 ...... ---·------------ 1043 ...................... 

1045 ................... -·· 

1086 .... - . ---------------- 1087 ..... - ----------------

1090 ...... --- ............. 

1095 .... -- -------- -------- 1097 ...... ----------------

1126 ...... ----------------

Per eent of 

sulphur 

fonnd in 

sample. 

l. 52 

2.07 

1. f3 

1. 91 

5.34 

1. 10 

5.68 

5.68 

4.85 

4.41 

4.34 

5.53 

Per cent of 

sulphur 

remaining in the re~;idue. 

0.041 

.000 

. 002 

.000 

. 041 

0 020 

. 047 

0 081 

.035 

0 031 

0 051 

. 041 

~-

--~ 

CO~IPARIBON OF SULPHUR OBTAINED IN WASHINGS FROM MAHLER BOMB CALOIWUE'.fER 

WI'l'll IUJSULTS BY E8CHKA :METHOD. 

The calorimeter bomb was washed out eight to twelve times, about 25 cc. 

of water being used for each washing. This amount of washing was found to 

be necessary in order to obtain all the sulphur. 

The washings were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and the sulphu1· was precipitated and .weighed as barium sulphate. The following table gives the results 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 277 

by the two methods. Duplicate determinations by the Eschka method were made 

npon most of the samples in the list.· vVith the samples of pitch the resnlts 

from the calorimeter are highet· than by the Eschka method, probably hecause 

it wa,s alm~st impossible to completely burn these samples by the Eschka, method 

on account of the fusing of the mass. The results on the air-dried samples are 

given in the following table: 

Compctrison of sttlphur obtained in 11x1shings from Mahla bomb cnlo1·imeter 1vith results by Eschkn method. 

);umber. 

lOll 

1016 

1021 

102G 

1028 

1030 

1037 

1039 

1042 

1043 

1045 

1047 

1051 

1052 

1!)57 

105~ 

1061 

1066 

lOil 

1075 

1076 

1078 

1080 

~~-----~~~- -------- ~---'---

Sulphur I 

by Mah-~ ler c~tlorilneter. 

Name of coal. 

Sulphur 

by Eschk>t 

method. 

Number. Name of coal. 

Sulphur Sulphur 

by by l\I>th- Esch ka ler calo- Inethod. riineter. I 

-------------~l'er cent.-I-P-el-. c_e_n_t_-

1

l 

-.. { 

2. 88 l\Iissouri coal........ 2

_ 85 2. 82 , 1088 West Virginia No.1 ....... . 

Per cent. 

1. 60 

4.38 

4.H 

4.32 

4.36 

Per cent. 

1. 65 

1. 63 

Illinois coal . . . . . . . . . . ... { 

.... do ......................... { 

New Mexico No.1. ............ . 

New ·MexieoNo. 2 ............. . 

Arkansas coal .................. { 

Pennsylvania coal . . . . . . . . . .. { 

Kansas 1-.~o. 3 ............. . 

Pennsyl vnnia cmtl ............. . 

Arknnsas coal .......... _ ...... . 

Mis,ouri K o. 1 ........... · ....... { 

Arkansas No. 1 ........... . 

Pennsylvania coal ........ . 

.... do .................. _ .. 

Arkttnsas coal ........... . 

Pennsylvn,nia coal ....... . 

Indian Territory No. 1 .... 

Kansas No.3 ................. .. 

Arkansas coal. ................. . 

Indian Territory No. :2 •••.•..••• 

Alabama No. 2 .......... 

.do .......................... { 

Alabama No.1 ................ . 

Indian Territory No.3 .... ·.· .•. 

3. 52?} 

3. 70 

2.93 

3.00 

,2.89 

.flfl 

1. 55 

2.00 

2.13 

1.12 

1.13 

4.47 

1. 49 

1. 91 

5. 31 

5. 29 

5. 42 

1.10 

.84 

1.84 

1.11 

.92 

1.71 

5.41 

1. 95 

1.38 

1.09 

1.11 

1.09 

.il 

3.73 

3. 61 

3.04 

.55 

1. 55 

2.14 

1.14 

4.43 

1. 56 

1. 97 

1095 

1097 

1105 

1108 

1112 

1114 

1115 

1116 

illinois Nos. 1 and~ ............ { 

Kansas No.1 ................... { 

'Vest Virginia No.2 .. _. _ .... _ .. 

Arkans"' Ko. 1 ............... .. 

West Virginia No.3 ...... . 

Briquette, Arkansas coal._._ .. . 

Arkansas No.1 ................. ~ 

Arkansas coal .. _ ............ _ .. 

West Virginia No.4 .. , ...... 

4. 24 

1. 22 

. 77 

1.37 

1. 27 

1. 27 

]. 43 

.86 

5. 25 

1.15 

1122 Kan~ns No.2 ..... .- ...... __ ... _ ·l 6. 

G. 34 

4G ! .85 

1. 93 

1. 96 

1. 22 

.n 

1. 591 1. 77 

5. 47 

5.30 

1. 99 1.41 

11~5 l'itch .......................... . 

. 112() ~li~sonri No. 1 ... ___ ... _ ... __ ... { 

1130 Arkansa~ coal ............... . 

1135 Briquette, Arkanf:as eoal ... . 

Indhlll Territory No.1 ......... } 

\Vest Virgii1ia No. 5 ............ I 

1138 

1144 

.61 

5.51 

5. 54 

1. 53 

1.70 

1. 96 

2. 01 

1. 02 

l.O.S ]151 Indian Territory N"o. 4 .. 1 3.7'1 

1

' 15 1152 Tllinoi' No.2............... 4· 

32 

1.14 4.28 

{ 

{ 

{ 

4. 42 

4.20 

4.2[> 

4.38 

4.18 

1.2~ 

.82 

1. 39 

1. 33 

1. 33 

1. 47 

1. 48 

.87 

G. 38 

6.50 

6.39 

6.40 

.89 

.SS 

5.41 

0.60 

5.68 

1. 5\1 

1.63 

L7\l 

1. 9& 

L93 

1.13 

3.67 

·1.19 

1. 18 '{ 1. 95 

::~. 1Hi0 ArkanSt":\n.~ ........... , ..... ![ ~:~~! ~:~~ 

3. 551 1163 Jnrlian Territory )io. L........ 1. 45 ' 1. 42 

3. 59 . 1170 1 IIi no is :'I o. 3 ..... _............. 1. 00 ; 1. 00 

{ 

5.66 "b5.37: .

1 .77 1086 K>msas No.3................... 5

_ 69 aG.l4 1176 \Ye't Virginia No. G............ . 76 it . 

76 

a Only 100 cc. of water used for washing the first; the seeond was run direc~~y afterwanls) using _200 cc. of water f<..\r 

washing. 

bAverage=5.75. 
278 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Comparison of sulphnr obtained in washings from 1lfaltler bomb calorimeter with results lly Eschka methodContinued . 

. ~--- ---·----------

Sulphur 

J<:s~hka method. 

I 

Sulphur I· 

by Mah· I NnmSulphur Sulphur Number. Nnme of coal. ler calo- ber. Name of coal. by byMah· Eschka Jer calo- rimeter. method. rimcter. 

Per ccut. Per ceut. 

1184 Indian Territory No.2 ........ { 

.1186 Ala bam a coal ................. . 

1194 / Briquette, Alabama No. l ...... { 

1196 rrexns No.1 ................... , { 

1201 Ala hum a .No. 1 ....... . 

12131 West Virginiu No.1 .. . 

1215 ..... do ................. . 

.... j 

.... { 

1225 Alabama No.2 ................. { 

1226 Missouri No.2 ................. . 

1234 West Virginia No. 11 .......... . 

1452 Pcnnsylvania(nnthracitc) No.3 

1252 West Virginia No 3 ..... 

1261 Illinois No.1 ........... . 

1262 West Virginia No.4 ............ { 

1270 Iowa No.1 .......... ,. .... . 

1274 Indian Territory No. 3 ........ { 

1278 New Mexico No. L ............. { 

1293 Briquette, ArkanS>>H co11l ...... . 

1279 North Dakota No. 1 ............ { 

1294 Briquette, Pennsylvania No.3 .. 

1296 Arkansas coal. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . { 

1297 West Virginia No. 5 ............ { 

1298 Montana :So. 1 •.••.•.•....•••• { 

1307 New Mexico No.2 .............. { 

1308 \Vest Virgina No.2 ............ ~ { 

1311 Pitch .................. : . ...... . 

1318 Illinois No. il ................... { 

1320 Briquette, Arkansas coaL ..... . 

1331 Arkansns coal .................. { 

1335 Briquette, ArkanSJts coal. ..... . 

1341 Illinois No. 4 .................. . 

!.5G 1.;\4 

1. 56 I 1. 54 

1.12 1.01 

. 96 It .91 I . {;,) l . 6i f 

'72 } 

. 74 

.91 

.88 

. 99 

1. 03 

1. 00 

4. 00 

. 4~ 

. 77 

1. 08 

.1. 06 

4.25 

4. 30 

.89 

.90 

5.12 

3.68 

3. 65 

. 62 

. 66 

1. 43 

2.02 

1. 97 

1.13 

1.33 

1.28 

.99 

1. 01 

1. 76 

l. 77 

1.29 

.1. 30 

,3.47 

3.53 

. 51 

1.81 

1.72 

1.68 

2.05 

1. 98 

1. 70 

.86 

1.11 

.'67 

. 77 

.89 

1.01 

1. 08 

1. 08 

4.20 

.53 

.u 

1. 06 

1. 08 

5. 06 

3.64 

.67 

1. 46 

2.01 

1.21 

1. 29 

1. 03 

1. 72 

1.81 

3. 48 

.70 

1. 76 

1. 87 

1. 96 

1.71 

. 85 

I 

,-- ,, 

I ,~, J>er cent. Per cent. 

1348 

13M 

1391 

HW 

1417 

1430 

Iowu No.1. .................... { 

lr 

""[ Missouri No.2 ... _. 

'Vest Virginia No. 12 ...... .... { 

West Virginia No.6 .... , ....... { 

Pitch ..................... . 

North Dakota No.~ . 

Illinois Xo. 4 ......... 

North Dakota No.2 .. 

' .. { 

...... { 

:: ~~ Jt 5. 30 

.'i. 27 

5.32 

. 67 

.71 

. 67 

. 6iJ 

.48 

.56 

. 65 

1. 34 

1.'16 

1.38 

f 

} 

f 

---1 ::~~~ . 37 

3. 52 

H33 Iowa coal. ................. . 

1434 ..... do ......................... { 

1437 ..... do .......................... { 

6.86 } 

6. 80 

4.48 f 4. 43 

1441 West Virginia No. 12, briquette. . 85 

1456 Texas No. L.................... 1. 04 

1461 Kentucky No.3 ................ { 

1470 Indian Territory No. 4 ......... { 

1471 West Virgini11 No. 10 ........... { 

1472 West Virgini11 No. 11 ........... { 

1473 Kansas No. ,1 ................... { 

1471 Kentucky No.1 ............... . 

1479 Wyoming No. L .............. .. 

1481 Indian Territory No.5 ......... . 

1488 Briquette, Iowa coal ..... .. 

1495 Indiana No.3.............. .. { 

1506 Kentucky No.1 ............ : ... { 

1515 West Virginia No.8 ........... . 

1516 Missouri No.4 .................. { 

1521 Indiana No. 1, briquette .. .. .. 

1523 Colorado No. 1 ................ _ { 

3.87 } 

3. 63 

4.02 

4.03 

.55 

. 59 

. 53 

.53 

8.42 

8.27 

1. 25 

.64 

4.15 

4.11 

4.52 

4. 62 

3. 66 

3. 52 

. 92 

5.49 

5.44 

2.11 

.55 

.57 

} 

} 

} 

} 

5.21 

5. 23 

.71 

.65 

.57 

.63 

.63 

1. 27 

1. 29 

3. 22 

6.70 

4.45 

.84 

• 91 

3.67 

3. 96 

.53 

. 53 

8.42 

1.24 

. 63 

4.06 

4.05 

4.64 

3.60 

.90 

5.62 

2.04 

.GO 

---------- -~-~ --·-'--------"--------' ------------------ -
WORK Olf THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 279 

COMPARISON OF Rl<:SULTS OBTAINED FOR PHOSPHORUS IN COKE BY DIRECT WEIGHING 

OJ<' THE YELLOW PHECIPITATE WITH CONTROL TESTS BY THE MAGNJ<JSIA 

METHOD. 

After the yellow precipitate obtained in the determination of the phospho1:~s 

was weighed, several of the precipitates were combined and dissolved in ammonia, 

and the phosphorus was then determined in the solution by precipitation with 

"magnesia mixture." From the weight of the Mg2P 20 7 obtained and the ani.ount 

of the coke represented by the several precipitates dissolved, the percentage of 

phosphorus in the combined sample was calculated and compared with the average 

of the several determinations represented by the individual yellow precipitates. 

As 6.52 grams were taken for eaeh determination the ~:ffect of combining five 

in this was to giyc a magnesia determination upon 32.6 grams of coke. 

The yellow precipitates from the determinations on samples Nos. 1211, 1212, 

1219, 1219, 1220, 1246, 1246, 1247, and 1248 were conibined and the phosphorus was 

determined by the magnesia method. The results by the two methods were as follows: 

.Average by weighing yellow precipitate, 0.034 per cent. 

Average by weighing as Mg2P20 7, 0.031 per cent. 

On samples Nos. 1336, 1343, 1370, 1343, and 1371 the results were: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0206 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg;r.q71 0.0209 per cent. 

On samples Nos. 1379, 1388, 139~, 1388, and 1400: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0105 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg2P20 7 , 0.0104 per cent. 

On samples Nos. 1407, 1414, 1418, 1414, and 1428: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0081 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg2PP71 0.0061 per cent. 

On samples Nos. 1455, 1458, 1475, 1458, and 1484: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.022 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg2P20 1, 0.017IJer cent. 

On samples Nos. 1493, 1493, 1494, 1494, and 1503: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0169 per cent. 

Weighing a.~ Mg2P20 1, 0.0169 per cent. 

On samples Nos. 1500, 1511, 11500, 1514, 1517, and 1519: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0172 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg2P20 7 , 0.016 per cent. 

On samples Nos: 1514, 1517, 1535, 1535, 1547, and 1547: 

Weighing yellow precipitate, 0.0292 per cent. 

Weighing as Mg,P20 7 , 0.026 per cent. 
280 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

COMPARISON OF NITROGEN IN THE MINE SAMPLJ<;S AND CAR SAi.\IPLES. 

In' the table which follows the results on the car samples are the averages of 

duplicates. The results on the mine samples were not duplicated·. The agreement 

of the results on the mine and the car samples is fairly satisfactory with most of 

the coals. In some cases, where considerable difference appears, the samples were 

widely different in moisture, ash, and sulphur. It is, however, probable that the 

larger differences are to be attributed to actual variations in the coals. 

Comparison of nitrogen in m-ine samples and car smnples. 

Car snmple. )line sample. 

State and number. 

Sample Per cent ni- Sample Per cent ni- number. trogcn. number. trogen. 

---------- --------------- -------

Alabama, No. 1 .. -........ - _ ... ___ .. ____ .. _ ........... . 1201 1.66 1077 ]. 43 

Alabama, No. 2 .. ____ .... _ ... __ ... __ ... _ . 1225 ]. 55 1075 1.64 

Arkansas, No.1 ............... : ...................... . 1114 1. 47 1045 1. 71 

Arkansas, No. 2 _ .. _______ ...... ___ ........ ____ . __ . _ . _ . 1160 1. 40 1049 1. 71 

Arkansas._._ ... _ ... _ ............... _ ............ -.... . 1331 1. 39 1130 1.41 

Do .... ___ .............. _ .. _ .................... .. 1296 1. 55 1115 1. 40 

Colorado, No.1. _____________ ......................... . 1523 1. 22 1383 1. 23 

Illinois, No. 1 .. :. _ .......... _ ........ _ .............. _. 1261 1. 07 1095 . 92 

Illinois, No. 2 ... _ ......... ·. _ ......................... . 1152 '78 1095 . 92 

lllinois, No. 3 .... _ ................................... . 1318 1. 43 1170 1. 4::! 

Illinois, No. ·4 ... __ .... ______ ...... _ .... __ .. _ ...... _ ... 1470 1. 88 1151 1. 31 

Indiana, No. 1. ____ .. __ .. _______ .. __ ... _ ............. _. 1-507 1. 22 1412 1. 26 

Indian Territory, No, 1 .. __ .. _ ....................... .. 1138 1. 29 1059 1.44 

Indian Territory, No. 2 .. __ ............... _. _ .. _. _. _ .. _ 1184 1. 72 1071 1. 70 

Indian Territory, No. R_ ............ · ........ _ ......... .. 1274 1. 50 1079 1. 39 

Indian Territory, No.4 ... _ ........... _. __ .... _ .... __ ... 1470 1. 38 1151 1. 31 

Indian Territory, No.5 ........ ___ .. __ .. _. ______ .. _._ .. _ 1481 1. 22 1151 1. 31 

Iowa, No.1--------------------'------------------------ 1.347 . 97 1270 1. 02 

Iowa .......• _ ........................... -- ....... --.-. 1570 1. 46 1289 1.16 

Kansas, No. 1 ..... _ ...... ___ .. __ .. ____________ .... __ __ 1097 1. 09 1018 1. 09 

l(ansas, No. 2 ~. _ .. :. ... _________ . ___ . __________ . ___ . __ .. 1122 . 94 . 1017 1. 21 

'Missouri, No. 1 ... _ .. _. __ . _. _ .. ____ . __ . _ _ _ _ . _ . _______ _ 1126 . !)9 1041 1. 16 

New Mexico, No. 1 _. __ .. _. __ . __ . __ ·. ____ . _______ ... __ .. 1278 l. 05 10~3 1.14 

New Mexico, No.2------- ... ____ .. _ ... __ ... _ .. : ___ .... 1807 . !)8 1028 1. 00 

Texas, .No.2 .. ___ . ___ . __ ._. __ .. ____ . ___ .. _____ . __ ._. __ ._ 1597 1. 06 1241 .85 

West Virginia, No. L .. __ .... __ .... __ ...... _ .... _ .... .. 1213 1. 55 '1088 1.44 

West Virginia, No, 2 ...... __ ...... __ .. __ .... __ ...... .. 1308 1. 37 1103 1. 29 

West Virginia, No, .3 ...... __ .............. __ . _ . .' .. _ ... .. 12.52 ]. 44 1108 1. 36 

West Virginia, NiJ. 4 .................................. . 1262 1. 50 1116 1. 31 

West Virginia, No . . 5 ............... _ ... __ ....... _ .. _ .. . 1297 1. 48 1114 1. 29 

West Virginia. No. 7 __ ..... __ ..... ____ .. __ .. _ ........ .. 1.~95 1.05 1198 1. 50 

Wyoming, No. 2. _ .... __ .. _ .... _ ... ____ .. _ ... _ .. _ .... .. 1571 . 80 1376 .68 

---------------- ---
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LARORA'rORY. 281 

EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON SA;\U'J.lXG. 

The preparation from the coal tested of a laboratory sample which would 

. properly represent the average composition riot only of the carload but of the 

several portions used in the various tests was recognized from the start as a 

very difficult problem. 

It was originally planned to take the car sample by means of an automat_ie 

sampler and on a much larger scale than was possible by hand sampling. The 

working conditions of the plant, however,. precluded the carrying out of tliis idea. 

The original plan was to deflect about 5 per cent of the coal from the conveyors 

into a special bin, which would give a sample of about 2 tons from a 40-ton 

car. This was then to be recrushed and passed through the same sampler, which 

would deflect 5 per cent the second ·time. This final 200 pounds was then to be 

hand sampled as before. 

This plan required that the whole car be unloaded at one time, and as this 

could not be done in most cases, recourse to the method of sali1pling. described 

in this I;eport was necessary. 

In order to compare the general results obtained by ~ampling the following 

table 1s given. It shows the results for moisture, ash, and sulphur on , all those 

coals on which three or more large samples were taken at the plant. In all 

cases the results given are those for the sample as received and include the airdrying loss .. 

Table of resu.lts on coals of which three or more samples were taken at the testing plcmt. 

------

l\Iine samples. Testing-plant samples. Average 

of plant 

A. B. Car. Steam. Coke. Gas. samples. 

Ah;bama No.1 and nut,): (ear sample from zo·tons lurnp 

~Ioisturc ................................... _. 1. 22 1. 35 2. 34 2. ;,6 2. 6G 2.f>2 

Ash ------························ ·---·-······ 12. S1 13.63 12 .. )4 13.92 13.88 13.45 

Sulphur ............. _ .................. _ ..... .il .71 .n . 78 . 76 . 75 

Alabama No.2 (ear sttmple 

nut, and pea coal): irom 27 tons lump, 

l\!oisture .............. _ ...................... 2. 25 2. 42 3.36 4.R3 3. 77 3. 76 3. 93 

Ash ···················-······----··········-· 9.04 11.13 12.4& 13.54 13.04 9. ;;o 12.13 

Sulphur ...................................... ! I. 09 1.10 I. 01 1.17 1. 43 . 86 1..12 

Arkansas No. 1 (car snmple from 38 tons lump and nut): 

'r oisture ..................................... I. 02 . 7f> 3. 24 I. 99 2. 31 2.51 

Ash··········-········-··············-·····-· 7. 49 6.48 12.61 13.0\ 13.01 12.89 

Sulphur ...................................... 1.10 1.15 1. 24. 1.21 1.13 ....... 1 1.19 

Arknnsas No.2 (car sample from 15 tons lump and nut): 

~Ioistnre .. ···············-········-········· . g:, . 78 2. 23 1. 07 2. 31 ·······j I. 87 

Ash -------------················-········ G. 97 9.09 9.20 8. 42 10. 5;; ······· 9.39 

Sulphur ................................ _. 2.12 2. ;,o 1.87 1. 95 1. 58 .... ___ ! I. 80 
282 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT.' 

Table of results on coal.~ of which three or more samples were taken at the ie8ting plant-Continued. 

!I~ inc sampl:.J-----T,e_s_ti_n_g_-r_J_an_t ...,sa_m_p_Je_··s_. -~--

A. B. Cur. Steam. Coke. Gus. 

Colomdo No. l (car sample from 20 tons lump and nut): 

Moisture ............................... . 

Ash .................................... . 

Sulphur ................. __ -'· ......... · .. . 

Illinois No: 1 (car sample from 15 tons Jump and nut): 

Moisture .......................... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ................. , .................... : 

Illinois No.3 (car sample, 40 tons, run of mine): 1 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

Illinois No.4 (car samplefrom 22 tons lump coal): 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ........................................ . 

Sulphur ........................ _._ .. _ ....... . 

Indiana. No.2 (car sample, 30 tons, run of Inine): 

l\f oisture .................................... . 

Ash .................................. . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

Indian Territory No.1 (car smnplc from 40 tons lump nnd slack): 

Moisture_ ................................... . 

Ash............... . ................ . 

Sulphur ... _ .... _ ........ _ ................... . 

Indinn Territory No.2 (car sample from 20 tons run of mine): 

20.02 

3. 61 

.52 

11.17 

10. ~2 

4. ~~ 

7. 50 

7.15 

. 99 

15.09 

7.42 

. 83 

9.28 

9.34 

4.44 

8.87 

8.63 

1. 62 

21.84 

3.48 

.'16 

10.06 

10.07 

4.04 

7.3'1 

7.53 

2.04 

14.4~ 

8.81 

1.52 

10.32 

8.fi5 

3.51 

6. 77 

5.68 

1. 36 

Moisture .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . I. 46 1.30 

7.65 

1. 58 

Ash . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 40 

Sulphur...................................... 1. 38 

Indian Territory No.3 (car sample fi·om 25 tons run of mine): 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash·'····--·--······················ 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

Indian Territory No.4 (car samples, 5 tons cuch, 

lump coal): 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ..... · ................................... . 

Sulphur .. -- ................... _ .. , ...... -... . 

Iowa No.2 (cur samples, 10 tons and 6 tons, run of mine): 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

Kansas No.1 (car sample, 22 tons): 

Moisture ............... -............ ---------

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ...... __ ... ___ ..... --- ......... -.. -... . 

Kansas No.3 (car sample, 7 tons, run of mine): 

Moi~-;tnrc .................................... . 

Ash ........................................ . 

Sulphur .......... _ ..... __ ....... -.- ....... -.. 

2.97 2.93 

8. 38 10.30 

3. 05 3. 73 

.).29 

12.13 

3. 77 

15.65 

11.64 

ii.10 

2. 91 

9.55 

3.79 

2.01 

15.15 

5.27 

6.50 

9.31 

3.67 

15.50 

9.19 

5.19 

3.50 

7. 92 

3. 28 

2.54 

9.87 

4.47 

18.86 

5. 99 

.55 

9. 75 

13.20 

4.10 

8. 50 1 

11.28 

l.i2 

12.91 

11.64 

1. 32 

9.62 

13.02 

4. 43 

7.04 

10.01 

1. 92 

4.45 

11.00 

1. 52 

4.61 

11.14 

3.63 

6. 24- 8. 35 

13.21-12.57 

3. 96- 3. 79 

14.21-16.99 

15.22-14.46 

4. 66- 5.15 

4. 99 

12. 97· 

4. 28 

2.50 

12.45 

5.68 

19.78 

5.37 

4'' 

9.69 

15.19 

•1.40 

8.51 

11.55 

1. 50 

13.47-12.58 

11.46-11.35 

1. 28- l. 36 

9.11 

12.45 

4.12 

7. 65 

12.09 

1. 80 

3. 71 

9. 77 

1. 39 

4. 79 

10.33 

3.93 

6.24 

12.99 

3.86 

14.88 

16.04 

4. 73 

5. 90- 4.80 

10.86-13.95 

3. 82- 4. 94 

2. 03- 2. 25 

13. 46-12. 40 

5. 39- 4.80 

10.46 

15.95 

4.14 

8.25 

10.59 

1:45 

10.29 

13.86 

1. 34 

3.82 

9.99 

1. 47 

4.16 

9. 75 

3.16 

8.10 

11.82 

4.48 

1. 75 

16.91 

5.60 

I 20. 2<1 I 5.85 

• GO 

7.62 

9.73 

1. 69 

12.43 

9. :!~ 

1. 41 

8. 72 

9. 73 

4. 23 

5.00 

8.51 

1. 43 

9.00 

16.36 

4.12 

16.69 

20.70 

5.50 

Average 

of plant 

samples. 

19.63 

5. 74 

.52 

9. 97 

14.78 

4. 21 

8.22 

10.79 

1. 59 

12 85 

10. 9~ 

1. 34 

9.15 

. 11. 73 

4. 26 

7.49 

11.12 

1. 62 

3. 99 

10.25 

1. 46 

4.52 

10.41 

3. 57 

7.46 

13.78 

3. 93 

15.69 

16. GO 

5.01 

5.95 

13.15 

4. 38 

2.13 

13.80 

5. 37 
WORK 0]' THE CHF.MlCAL LABORA'fORY. 283 

Table of r-e.~ults on coeds of tvldch three or more samples were taken at the testing plant-Continued. 

Mine samples. 

A. B. 

Kansas No.4 (cur stuni}les, 10 ton~, lump coal): 

:1\Ioistnre .................................... - - . -- ---- . --- - -. -

Ash .......................................................... ! 

Sulphur ......... : ................................... . 

Kanstts No.5 (car samples, 7 and 30 tons, lump and nut): 1 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur. .................................... . 

Kentucky No. 1 (car samples, 23 and 12 tons, run of mine): 

:1\Ioisturc .................................... . 

1\sh ......................................... . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

.Missouri No.2 (car sample, 32 tons, run of mine): 

Moisture .................................... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

:Missouri No·4 (car, sample, 10 tons, run of mine, 

small car): 

~Ioisture ......................... ........... . 

Ash ........................................ .. 

Sulphur .................................... .. 

Texas No. !lignite (car sample frorn21 tons): 

:i\1oisture -------------··----·----------- ...... . 

Ash ........................................ .. 

Sulphur. ................................... .. 

\Vest Virginia No. 1 (cnr samples frOin 30 tons run of mine): 

Moisture ............................ : ...... .. 

Ash ........................................ .. 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

West Virginia No. 2 (cnr sample from 11 tons run of mine): 

Moisture ............. . 

A"h ................ . ................. .. 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

West Virginia No. 3 (car sample from entire cnr run of mine): 

}foisturc........... . .................. . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ..................................... . 

West Virginia No. 4 (car sample from 2.5 tons mn of mine): 

l\Ioisturc ............................. _ ...... . 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur ...............•...................... 

West Virginia No. 5 (car sample from 20 tons lump and nut): 

Moisture ................................... .. 

Ash ......................................... . 

Sulphur .................................... .. 

West Virginia No. 6 (car sample from 31 tons run of mi~e): 

Moisture ............ _ ......... _ ............. . 

~~~~p~·,;;::::::::::::::::::::.---:::::::::::::: I 

5.11 

8. 90 

"4.34 

2. 91 

3. 53 

. 89 

14. 7<1 

"7. 78 

3. 79 

13.34 

6. 91 

5. 06 

32.58 

10.84 

. 56 

1.40 

6.67 

1.5\J 

1. 98 

9. 08 

4. 20 

2. 90 

8.19 

. 75 

2. 26 

7. 74 

. 85 

2.82 

10.45 

1. 00 

2.29 

5.88 

. 73 

5. 7!;} 

12.55 

3.M 

2. 81 

2. 80 

.84 

n9o 

10.66 

3. 83 

10.57 

6.15 

5.00 

33.50 

10.75 

•• '>G 

1. 35 

6. 42 

1. 31 

1. 87 

8.10 

3. 75 

2. 21 

8.32 

. 80 

2.26 

8.58 

1. 26 

3.08 

10.37 

1.13 

2.10 

3. 55 

. 75 

Testing-plant samples. 

Car. 

ti.95 

12.19 

8.0~ 

4.10- 4. 60 

10. 54-11. 31 

3. 77- 3. 40 

3.10- 2. 95 

4. 39- 5. 77 

1. 22- 1. 20 

11.50 

16.86 

5.16 

12.67 

4.83 

5.12. 

34.70 

11.20 

. 79 

1. 75 

6.34 

. 90 

.1. 95 

7.86 

3. 48 

2. 29 

10.23 

l. 06 

1. 48 

8.39 

. 90 

1.45 

10.10 

. 98 

I 

I 

:· 5~ I .a.Oo 

.65 

Steam. 

5.51 

14.58 

8.46 

4. 31 

11.91 

4.40 

2.89 

5. 91· 

1.19 

13.09-11.57 

16.70-16.90 

4. 92- 4. GO 

12.24 

5.55 

'1.98 

············-· 

····---------· 

·············· 

1. 90 

7. 21 

. 98 

2.01 

9.96 

2. i1 

2.54 

11.04 

1. 36 

2. 58 

9. 99 

. 96 

2.11 

10.28 

1. 01 

2.14-2.11 

5. 4:>-5. 03 

. 70- .64 

Cuke. 

6. 63 

12. 93, 

7.19 

············ 

............ 

2. 71 

3. 90 

1. 23 

\ .... 

12.04 

5. 27 

5.14 

............ 

............ 

............ 

1. 93 

6. 60 

. 88 

1.73 

8. 22 

3. 38 

2. 25 

9. 75 

. 99 

2. 72 

10.50 

.86 

2.43 

10.72 

. 90 

1. 76-2.27 

4. 84-5.40 

.55- .88 

Gas. 

........ 

........ 

··-····· 

4. 35 

11.25 

3.00 

11.60 

14.84 

4.1\6 

33.50 

10.36 

. 63 

1. 61 

6.14 

.87 

1. 99 

8.83 

. 79 

I ........ [ 

Avemge 

of plant 

samples. 

6. 36 

13.23 

7. 90 

4. 34 

11.25 

3.64 

11.94 

16.32 

4.81 

12.32 

5. 22 

5.08 

34.10 

10.78 

.71 

1. 80 

6.57 

• 91 

1. 90 

8.68 

3.19 

2.36 

10.34 

1.11 

2.18 

9. 43 

. o3 

2.00 

10.37 

. 96 

1. 96 

5.15 I 

. 68 
284 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

11tble of resultB on coal8 r!f 1nhich th1·ee or 1/iol'e wmples 1rere taken at the tesl'ing plant-Continued. 

. l\line san1ples. Testing-plant Sltmples . Avernge 

A. H. Car. Steam. Coke. Gas. 

of plant 

samples. 

West Virginia No.7 (first car sample taken ~ 10 tons; second sample from 5 tons of remainder 

I 

of car two months later, run of mine): 

I 

)loistnre .................. ········---------- 2.48 2.12 3. 9cJ-2. 57 2.68 3. 85 2. 99 3. 21 

ARh .............. 4.15 I 3. 55 4. 93-8.94 8.52 5. 02 6. 67 6. 88 

Sulphur .................. l. OS .90 1.16-1.13 1. ,'\2 1. 36 . 92 1. 22 

West Virginia No. run of Inine): 8 (ear SHll1ple from 35 tons 

~Ioistnre ............................. _ ....... 1. 90 1.84 4.16 5.2G 3.82 4. 41 

.1\Rll .... ~ •....•.....•...............•......... 4.87 6. 76 7.17 6.87 I 7.20 7.08 

Sulphur ...................................... • G4 .89 . 90 . 74 . 89 . 84 

\Vest Virginia No. 9 (car sample frmn 30 tom.; 

run of mine): 

)!oisture ..................................... 1. 98 l.ii 4.08 3. 42 3.81 2. 66 3.49 

Ash ········------------------------·---······ 3. 76 2. 94 6. 58 6.00 8. 07 5. 73 6.59 

Sulphur ...................................... .85 . 74 . 77 .8~ '83 1. 00 .81 

\Vest Virginia No.10 (car san1ple from 10 to us 

I 

lump and nut): 

}tf oistnre _ ... ~ ..... __ ................. _ ....... ~- 94 ~.63 1. 75 1. 74 1. 6~ 1. 70 

.Ash .......................................... R. 62 3.13 4.fi8 6.19 5.37 5.38 

Sulphur ............... , .. ." ................... .48 .57 ,56 .59 .61 .59 

\Yest Virginia No. 11 (car sample from 10 tons run of mine): 

J\Ioisturc _ ............. _ ....... _ .............. :2.21 3.05 4.07 4. 85 5.35 4. 76 

Ash .......................................... 5.25 4. 57 11.12 10.48 9. 9.5 10.52 

Sulphur ...................................... . 44 .50 .51 . 47 . 47 .4R 

West Virginia No. 1~ (car sample frorn 40 tons run of Inine): 

~Ioisture .................... ··-············· 1. 92 3.48 1. 72 1. 58 l.ii3 1.43 l. 57 

Ash ···-····-········· ··············· 4. 39 3. 90 

I 6:87 4.83 6.16 6. 45 6.08 

Sulphur ............ ----------- . 52 .73 .68 .. 'i9 . 97 . 95 .80 

It was intended that the car sample should represent the average of the whole 

car, while the other samples stood for different portions of it. These would average 

about 5 tons each. In tiome cases the car sample was taken on only a part of the car. 

The larg·e variation in the different samples in a few cases shows the irregularity in 

the coal in the car. The numerical av<~mgc of itll the testing~plant samples is given 

also. It of course averages the samples from the large amount with those from the 

smltller portions, and therefore does not stand for much, but in many cases it agrees 

fairly well with the car sample. As an illustration, "\<Vest Virginia No. 5 shows an 

average percentage of ash of 10.R7 and an extreme variation from this average of 

only 0.35 per cent. On the other hand, certain samples, such as Kam;as Ni>. 3, show 

considerable variation; in this case as high as 3 per cent from the average in one 

sample. It will be noted that the car sample is here a relatively small amount of 

coal, not much more than was taken for the steam and coke tests. It will be found 

that in most of those samples where con~idcrable variation i~ shown that sulphur 

and ash are high and that the ash is prese11t in the form of irrcg-nlarly distributed 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 285 

Hlate and the pyrite in balls and seams. This leads to concentration of the heayier 

portions at the bottom of the car and makes any system of sampling which does not 

involve the handling of the whole carload unsatisfactory. This is shown further in 

the case of Kansas ~o. 5, where two samples were taken from the car, the first during 

the unloading of 7 tons and the second during the unloading of 30 tons. The average 

ash is 11.25; the ash in the larger carload sample, 11.31; in the small car sample, 10.54. 

An experiment was made to test the character of the sampling on the carload of 

Indian Territory No. 3, a coal rather high in slate and pyrite. Duplicate samples 

were made at the Bame time and by the .regular method. ·These samples, about 400 

pounds each, nunibered 1274 and 1274A, were separately reduced to the laboratory \ 

sample. The results are as follows: 

Results of testo~ r!f duplicate smnples of Indian Territory No. 3 coal. 

1274A. 

I 

1274. 

--:- --~ 

Moisture '----- - -- - - . --'I R. 45 'a. 55 

Ash ___________ . ______ .. 11. 28 11. 88 

Sulphur ___ .. ___ .-~ _____ ·~l __ s_._6 __ '__ 3. 51 

The agreement on this sample is fairly satisfactory, a difference of 0. GO per cent 

in ash with 11.50 per cent present being about as good as can be expected on high 

ash and sulphur coals. 

Missouri No. 2 appeared to be very irregular in the distribution of slate and 

pyrites, which were present in lumps of considerable size. On this coal a series of 

duplicate samples were made in the following way: Two 400-pound samples were 

taken by the regular method, in the same way and at the same time, as the car was 

unloaded. Each 400-pouncl sample was then broken up, mixed, and divided by 

"quartering" till a 50-pound sample was obtained. The I'emainder from each hu·g·e 

sample was again mixed and quartered to a second 50-pound sample. The four 

large samples thus obtained were then sent to the laboratory. 

The 50-pound sampleH obtained from the first large sample are numbered 1 and 

2; tho~e from the second, 3 and 4. 

Sample No. 1 was thoroughly mixed and then quartered. One q1~arter was run 

through the jaw crusher, which reduced it to about one-fourth inch. This portion 

was then mixed aud further divided by quartering to about 6 pounds. This was then 

air dried and sampled in the usual way. All of the remainders thrown aside in 

obtaining this 6-pound sample were then mixed together, quartered, and one quarter 

was run through the crusher. This in turn was mixed and divided by quartering to 

about 6 pounds, this 6-ponnd portion being also air dried and sampled in the usual 

way. The first 6-pound sample was numbered 1348; the second, 1349. 
286 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Sample No. 2 was treated in the same way as the sample from bucket No. l, 

except that one-half of the entire sample was put through the jaw crusher, instead 

of one-quarter. In obtaining· the second 6-pound sample, one-half of all the remainders was likewise put through the crusher. These two samples were numbered 1350 

and 13:51. 

Sample No. 3 was treated in exactly the same way as that in bucket ·No. 2. 

The two samples obtained from bucket No. 3 were numbered 1352 and 1353. 

Sample No. 4. All of this sample was run through the crusher. This was then 

mixed and divided down to about 6 pon?ds. All of the remainders were again 

mixed together and then again divided down to about 6 pounds. These two samples 

were numbered 1354 and 1355. 

The relation of these samples is sho~n below: 

( [Laboratory sample No. 1. ::148. · . [Bucket No. 1 50 lbs.) __ , 

tT.,aboratorv sample No. 1349. 

1

.400-pound sample____ • . ( !Laboratory sample No. 1350. Bucket No. 2 50 lbs.) __ . . . , lLaboratory sample No. 1351. 

.:\lJssoun No. 2 coaL___ T b 1 

{ 

,a oratory samp e No. 1352. 

!

Bucket No.3 (50 lbs.) .. Laboratory sample No. 1353. 

400-pound sample____ . · . ( {Laboratorv sample No. 1354. Bucket No. 4 50 lbs.) _ _ • Laboratory sample No. 1355. 

The analytical results were as follows: 

Analyses <!l Jfissouri 1Vo. 2 coal. 

Laboratory sample number13•18. 1349. 1350. 1~51. 1352. 135~. 

---------- -----

Loss on air <lrying ___ . ____ ... _ 2.56 1. 37 1. 80 L 92 3.21 3.36 

.:\Ioisture --------,----.-------- 11.46 11. 31 11. 47 11. ;)7 11. 10 10.54 

Ash------ ___________________ 16.R6 17.04 15.72 15.8fJ 14 .. ')7 14.97 

Sulphur ____ . ___ . ________ . ___ 5. 16 5.17 4.75 4. 71 5.09 .'i.G9 

1354. 

2.24 

11.56 

1.5. 41 

4.92 

1. 67 

12.00 

13. 76 

4.8S 

It will be noted that there is considerable difference in the aii'-dr_ying loss, 

probably due to the fact that the portions were spread out to different thicknesses during the air dr,ring. The results reduced to the samples as received, 

however, agree fairly well. The bottle containing the fine sample, No. 1353, was 

found to be cracked, whieh may aecount for its low percentage of moisture. 

The average of the results for the eight samples is: .Moisture, 11.35; ash, 

15.53; :;mlphnr, 5.03. 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 287 

The average of the results for the first four samples is: .Moisture, 11.40; ash, 

16.38; sulphur, 4.95. 

The average of the results for the second four samples is: Moisture, 11.30; 

ash, 14.68; sulphur, 5.14. 

The averages of the results for the different pain; of samples are: 

Average 1·esults of analy.~es of J1Iissouri No. 2 coal . 

.l<'irst pair. Seco•ul pair. Third J!Hir.l Pourth puir. 

Moisture ......................... _ ........ _. _ ... _ .... . 

Ash .......... · .................... · ................... . 

Sulphur. ................................ __ ._ ........ _·.· 

--- ----~--------- ----

11.42 

1.5. 80 

-!.73 

11.38 

16.H5 

5.16 I 

-'----

10.82 ' 

H.'n I 

- "'l I D.·"· I 

11.78 

14.58 

· 4. HO 

Samples No. 1354 and No. 1355 were the only ones whi<\h were entirely put 

through the crusher. The variation in ash shows that the effort 'to remix the 

50-pound Rample by means of a 14-inch spatula was not vm-y succm;sful. 

The foregoing results show that with coals which run high in ash and sulphur 

and which contain irregularly distributed lumps of slate and pyrite, hand sampling gives only approximate results. 

The particular coal used in this test was selected because it was considered 

a typical example of a difficult coal to sample, and it is highly probable that in 

most of the fuels tested much closer results would hayc been obtained. 

In order to locate the most defective part of the process comparison may be 

made between the different groups. 

It will be seen that. the average of the first four parts, which r'~presents the 

_first of the two sample:; drawn from the car, differs widely in ash from the 

average of the second four. This shows that the method of tak;ing the sample 

from the car is faulty. The differences between the average:; of the Lwo pairs 

from each large sample are not nearly so great, showing that the hand reduction, 

while not very satisfaetory, is still not responsible for. the major variations. The 

agreement between the individual samples in the pairs reduced in the lahomtory 

is, with the exception of the last pair, fairly satisfactory. The last pair was the 

only one in which the whole sample was put through the crusher, and the variation is probably due to the insufficient remixing of the large amount of material. 

This would not occur in the ordinary method. 
-288 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

EXl'l<JlUl\U~l'\TS. ON THE l\IOISTURJ<~ IN COAL. 

IJA'l"A ON AIR T>RYIXG. 

The method in usc for the determination of moisture bas been described. H 

soon became evident that the result,s left much to be desired, that different coals 

varied gTcatly in the rate and the amount of loss on air drying·, and that for the 

same eoal this rate and amount are dependent upon many conditions. Among these 

arc the fineness of the· sample, the amount of coal spread on a given area, the· temperature and the humidity of the air, and the length. of air drying. A record was 

kept of the results obtained upon a number of samples, together with a record of 

these various conditions. The results are g·iven in the following table. 

The first division of the table gives the original weight of the sample before air 

drying at one-fourth inch size, the number of hours dried, the percentage of loss in 

weight, and the temperature and humidity of the air at the beginning and end of the 

period of air drying. 

The second division of the table gives the result of a series of cxperiments.of a 

portion of the air-dried sample which had been crushed through the rolls to 20-mesh 

si7-e. This second drying was conducted in 9-ineh pans on which the coal was 

spread. The samples were weighed at intervals of approximately six, twenty-four, 

forty-eight, and seventy-two hours. The t11ble gives the loss of weight between 

each set of weighings and the total percentag·e of loss shown by the last weighing. 

The humidity gives the percentage of saturation of the air as shown by observation 

of the wet and dry bulb thermometer taken in the laboratory at the time of the 

weighing. ~otable variations in the fineness of the sample or of the time of drying 

are recorded in the table as side notes. For the sake of compai:ison, the determination of moisture in a (lnplicate portion of the 20-mesh sample, sampled without 

further air drying after reduction from the one-fourth inch, is added. This lattei· 

t-arnple was gJ"Ound to 60 mesh for the laboratory sample in the ordinary way. 
...... 

t 

9 

"'" I 

-T ...... 

eo 

Coarse sample, t-inch, dried on 22 

by 26 inch trays. 

Initial. I Final. 

Data on air drying. 

20-mesh sample taken after the air drying at t-inch, dried on 9-inch pans (see 

Remarks). 

At timer of first weighmg. 

Dried for 6 hours. Dried for 24 hours. Dried for 48 hours. Dried for 72 hours. 

I 

.,_ 'Q) 

't)C. 

<::s 

·~ ~ 

~~ 

;;a "'" 

~6 :::=:-l 

~ . . ~ ~ . .s g ~ .soD 2l I .s 2l ~ I .sen g ! .s gj I ~=1 §.so ..o -~ . Q.) <D oo .~ ~ oS :.~ lli ~-5 c.J ~·= eli ::;.s ~ ~~~ S Ql '0 ""' 1-o oo <l) ;... 1-< r.n..:=:: 1-< ""~ 1-< u..;,.C 1-o oo..C <l) "t) 0 0 

§ _: ·C ~ ~ ~ i· : :: ~ i- B ~ =·~ ~ b =·~ ~ i· =·~ B i· =·~ ~ 'd ~~ 0.) d '0 ~ ;a ~ ;a ~ = iD ;a ~ :a ~ ;-; SJ :a c ~ ~ :a ;: :=: ~ ;a :: ~ ~ f~~ 

Remarks. 

~ e r.n -. ....... o.. ..... Q.) :: c. .,...; A ·- Q.l ~ o.. ...... Q).;...;. o.. ....... ::,) ~ o.. ...... C)...,:. I :::: :; oo 

~ ·o;, :::; s- s s s " ·:;;, = s s s " "' ~ s 

1 

" '" s s '"' "' s s " "' o: ti·- "' ~ ·c 0 I C.l = w ~ ~ 'i:: s; :::::: Ill :::::: 23~ 5 ::l ~..s Q) P ~~ Q) P ~..$ o ·s-a~ 

__'!}____ __ o __ ~ ..:::_ _:_ ..:::_ ~ _:_ _o_l_::_ _:__ <-< _:__ _.:_ ..:::_ _:__ _~'< __ ..:::_~-"'--..:::__:_I_"' __ --'""-- ~1-----------

oc. oc. oc. oc. oc. oc . . oc. 1010a .. ··-------- ----1---- .................. 91.3 .... (b) .... (C) 1.86 .... '(c) 0.11 ................ 20 741 2.411 4.38 

lOlla ...................................... 219.5 .... (b) .... (c) .50 .... (c) 1.58 ................ 20 1 74 2.32 4.40 

1012a ...................................... 193.1 25 55 25 54 1.09 21 46 - .10 23 76 --,-0.10 .... ----·-------- .89 

1012<! .. ---------- .... ----'---- ........ ------ 96.0 25 55 25 54 1.04 21 46 - .73 23 76 - .10 ---------------- .21 

1013a .. ---------- ---- ____ ! ____ ........ ------ 204.9 25 55 25 54 .73 21 46 .00 23 76 .00 ---- ---- -------- . 73 

1013a .. ---------- .... ----~---- .............. 90.6 25 55 25 54 2.:n 21 46 -·.55 23 76 - .n ____ .... ........ 1.54 

1016a .. ---------- .... ----,---- _ _. __ ----,------ 146.6 20 68 ---- ---- ------ 24 67 .13 ---------------- .... ---- -------- .13 

1017a .................... , .................. 88.3 30 64 24 70 1.13 20 67 - .34 27 40 1.03 19 76 -.57 1.25 

1018a .. -- .. ---- ...... -- .. -- .. -- .... -- .. ---- 88.1 30 64 24 70 1. 00 20 67 - .45 27 46 1. 25 19 76 - . 68 1. 12 

1019a ...... -- .... ,- .. - -- .. -- .. ~-- .......... -- 98.0 30 64 24 70 . 84 20 67 - . 21 27 46 ]. 05 19 76 . 63 1. 05 

1020a ........... .' .... ____ .. __ .... , .... __ .. __ 109.1 30 64 24 70 [1. 00 20 67 - . 37 27 46 l. 00 19 76 - . 45 L 18 

102Ia .......... -- .... ,-- ........ --~--.. . .. .. . 42.8 21 70 27 45 2.10 18 75 -L 00 .......... ------ .......... -- .. -- 1.10 

102.~"-- ---------- ----'---- ---- ---- ____ , ______ 66.1 26 50 ---- ---- ------ 18 77 2.12 27 51 2.12 22 77 -2.12 2.12 

1024a .... -------- ---- -- -1-- .............. __ 68.6 26 50 __ ...... __ .... 18 77 1. 86 27 51 2. 28 22 77 -2.14 2. QO 

1025a-- -------------- ---- --------1---- ------ 77.4 26150 -------------- 18 77 2.15 27 51 2.25 22 77 --1.90 2.50 

1026a .. ---------- -- .. ---- ---- ~--- .... ------ 79. 2 26 50 ---- ---- ------ 18 77 2. 00 27 51 2. 25 22 77 -2.25 2. 00 

1027a .. ---------- ........ ---- .... ----;------ 157.1 26 66 29 631 .96 22 76 .06 24 I 82 - .32 .... ----1-------- .70 

1028a ... __________ ---- .... ---- ---- ____ , ______ 168.2 26' 66' 29 63 i 1.65 22 76 .35 24 82 - .06 ---- ------------ 1.94 

1029a ................ ____ ........ ____ ...... 142.3 25 67129 1 63 2.11 22 76 .64 24 82 .08 ________ ........ 2.67 

1030<! ............ ---· ---- .... --·· ---- ------ 217.5 26 72 31 155 1.05 24182 .23 31 66 .14 ---- ---- -------- .96 

1031a ............................ ---- ...... 217.8 26 72 31 55 · .83 24 82 .18 31 66 .05 .... .... ........ .70 

1034a ............ ' .......................... 189.9 25 80 I ____ .......... 26, 68 .74 27 74 .09 25 63 .09 I .74 

a Coarse sample, not air dried. bRainy. 

11.27 

11.08 

7.81 

9.68 

5. 48 

2. 44 

2. 91 

2.36 

3.50 

5. 25 

11.38 

12.17 

10-mesh sample; time, 4 hours. 

Do. 

Time, 3-k hou~. 

10-mesh sample; time, 3 hours. 

Time, 2 hours. 

Time of last two, 30and 46hours. 

Third and fourth weights ut 19 and 27 hours. 

10.921 Do. · 

11.00 . Third and fourth weights at 18 and 26 hours. 

9.13 

9.68 

9.40 

. 95 

. 80 

1.46 I 

cDamp. 

10-mesh sample. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

~ 0 

t:r.:l 

::-1 

0 

"'l 

Ill '"' 

t.;j 

0 

Ill 

t"l 

~ H 

0 

tp.. 

t-< 

t-< 

tp.. 

til 

0 

;d 

> 

c '"' 

t:r.:l 

.:1 

t:.:l 

00 

~ 
Coarse sample, -:-~inch, dried on 22 

by 26 inch trays. 

Initial. I Final. 

Data on air drying-Continued. 

20-mesh sample taken after the air drying at Hnch, dried on 9-inch pans (see 

Remarks). 

At time 

of first I Dried for 6 weigh- hours. 

ing. 

Dried for 24 

hours. 

Dried for 48 

hours. 

Dried for 72 

hours. 

~ ~M 

·~ .00 

M -.ID 

j 

" " 

~ " 

"' "" 3 

0 

E-< 

~m 

~00 

-~ 

M -.W -.W 104~" .. 

1 

...................... 

1 

.... 

1

.... ..... 190.8 

104oa ............................ '··· ..... 193.0 

~~1: 105tla.J ............. : ,/II 

1 ....... J ....... , ...... :~i 113.3 

67[·· .. [··--' ...... 127 67 ........ 1 ...... 25163 

M .w &~ 

M .ID .~ 

................ 1 "VI 71 

···r "v I 71 

···r "v I 71 

···I"' 70 

.1 63 

.1 63 

63 ! 20 66 

... · 23 71 

a Coarse sample, not air dried. 

~~ 'l:l"" .,s 

..... ~ 

0~ 0 oc 

"'"' 

~s 

~~ 'l:l-. 

Q)o~ I Remarks. " "' '§.§; 

Qt::~ 

~oo 'l:l""-

~~~ ~ d~ 

............ 

~-~~ ;.,. 

;::;: 0 """' 

2. 01 110-mesh sample. 

2.54 60-m~sh sample. 

. 85 HI-mesh sample. 

60-mesh sample. 

4. 921HI-mesh ~mple. 

1.02 

. 7[; Do. 

t;:) 

-:c 

0 

~ 

~ ..... 

0 

'Z 

UJ 

0 

"'J 

H 

~ 

~ 

a 

~ H . 

~ 

UJ 

H 

...... 

z 

Q 

~ z 

~ 
I, Coarse sample, t-inch, dried on 22 by 26 inch trays. 

Data on a-ir dry-ing-Continued, 

20-mesh sample taken after the air drying at t-inch, dried on 9-inch pans (see 

Remarks). . '" ,_ 

Initial. I Final. I 

"'"' ::~S 

• I I ·;! At time :1 ~ 

of first Dried for 6 Dried for 24 I Dried lor 48 I Dried for 72 ;:: _s weigh- hours. hours. hours. hours. . _ "'-

ing, "''" 

~ ·j· ~ - . 

~-~ Q 1-1 

~ ' 00 ~ --II a) ~ t1S. -~.§ ~ 12?- -~.§ a5 -~.§ 

~-I Q) !~--~~ :::: ~ '0 J-.1 ~ oo <l> $-I ,_.. w- ~ a:;- ;.., oo- ~ oo-

"' " .:!l I' E I ,:, E I ,:, .Q " E I >. E ,:, I""-~ IE ,:, I .8-~ 3 >. s:.;:o E ,:, .S-~ -

; 1:, ~ """ 1 ~ ~ ~ 0,. j ..-! ;g 0,. ~ ''"'" ~ j ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ •.-1 ; ~ ~ ;g 

.,..... 

~; V..,_;, j ~ ~ :a 

.,..... c; c.>_...., ~ 0,. ;a .,..... ~ 0)_..., ~ ~ 0,. ;a ,,..... a~ 0)..,;. "' ·so " a s a s " ·r, a s s s " "' ~ s 1 "~ 8 s "~ 8 s ""' ~ ·o:: I 0 "' I ::: "' I "' ~ I "t:: '" "' "' "' t~ "I " I 01~ " ::: 01~ " "' s;.:! --------~-----

rn 0 :Il IE-< ti: E-< ~ I ;:, 0 E-- ::: E-- ti: il-< I£:-< ~ il-< E-< ti: il-< E-< ti: ;:, ----------------- oo.l oc. oc, oc. oc. oc. oo. 

1160 ... 11,228.0 24 21 55 231 71 1.50 I 279.6 23 70 25168 0.21 123 79 -0,351 .... , .......................... .. 

1:84 ... 2,097.0 48 17 46 27 ~ 12.80 127.6 27 49 -~-- .......... 25 ~8 1.57 ---- ............ ---- ---- --------

1201. .. 1,067.0 48 26 47 23 17 .80 ,271.5 23 78 "9 63 .44118 12 - .321 .... ---- ........ ---- .......... .. 

1213 ... 2,853.0 24 18 72 18 63 .40 404.2 18 62 22146 .30 19 53 -- .05 ----~---- ....................... . 

1225 ... 1,299.0 24 19 54 12 78 .80 366.6 12 78 18 56 .41 20 50 - .27 ............................... . 

1~45 ... ~,094.0 48 ~0 50 1~ 6313.40 176.6 17 6~ ····!···· ------~---·1···· ........ 119 61 1.47 .............. .. 1252 ... 1 .~.846.0 48 20 50 11 163 1.30 145.8 17 62 -·-· ................. ··-····· 19161 .21 ............... . 

1261... 670. 2 24 17 43 14 70 3. 70 219. 0 14 71 .... -... .. .. .. 19 34 2. 27 ..... -.. . . . .. . . . 19 34 2. 15 

1262 ... 1 3,668.0 24 24 49119 61 .50 395.3 19 60 23148 .481 ......... 05j--··l ........................... . 

1274 ... 1 4.290.0 24 17 43 14 69 1.20 421.9 14 71 .... ··--~----- 19,34 .80 ................ 19 34 .69 

1278... 4, 671. o. 24 14 68 1 19 34 1. 60 453.6 19 34 ...................... _....... 19 34 s. 50 ............... . 

1296 ... 1 719.4 24 20 44 13 49 1.40 228.7 13 491·--·j·--· ...... 119 49 .46 ----~---- ...................... .. 

1297.. . 2, 750. 0 24 14 45 13 49 . 80 328. 8 13 49 ...... --1-- .. . 19149 . 39 ............................... . 

"'=' ..... ..d' • 1 Q) Q rF.I 

..9 &~ ~-= §.So ~ s ~ .~rt::co 

~ I il 8-B ~ p.. ee~ -a:~-

3 I i~e 

~~"'"I 

-0.141 0.74 

1.57 1. 70 

.12 1. 55 

.25 1.35 

.14 2.58 

1. 47 2.08 

. 21 1.00 

4.42 6.28 

. 53 .98 

1. 49 3.45 

.3.50 10.86 

.46 .80 

.39 .65 

1.10 8.13 

'10 1. 46 

1318... :1,016,0 48 24 42 18 64 2.10 345.9 18 64 .............. 15 61 ,55 13 58 .49 .............. .. ].04 5. 96 

Remarks. 

1807... :56.3 ~4 1~ 49 19 49 2.90 272.4 19 491 .... ----~------ 24 42 1.10 ............................... . 

1308 ... 1. 112.2 24 13 49 19 49 -~0 278.2 19 49 .... , .... ! ...... / ... ·:-- ........ 181641 .10 .... 1 .......... .. 

1331... 4,192.0 24 15 61 13 58 1.10 263.9 13 58 .............. 21 38 .37 ................ 15 52 .00 

1347 ... 2:165.0 24 21 46 19 57 3.20 200.7 19 57j--·· ... 1 ...... 1 .................... -·--1--·--··- 14160 4.53 

1348... 3, 741.0 24 21 46 19 57 2. 60 450. 9 18 64 .. .. .. .. .. . - ... ·'·... . • . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. 15 52 4. 65 

1364 ... 2. 706.0 .48 17 55 17 5511.10 195.3!17 55 ____ .... -··-·- .... 

1 

.... ________ 14160 I -20 ----1··-· --·-·---

.37 1. 281 Time oflast weighing, 172 hours 

4.53 5. 21 Time of last weighing,120 pours 

4. 65 9.14 Do. 

.20 .62 

1416... 3, 592.0 170 12 67 29 43 24.10 165.8 25 431 ...... "" -.... I ................................ 19 49 1. 93 

1433 ... 12,110.0 24 16 54 14 60' 6.80 251.3 14 60 ........ , ...................... 25 43 4.58 12 67 .31 

1434... 720.4 72 16 54 25 50 [9.80 242.5 19 57 ........ , ..... 25 43 1.23 ........ ---·-·-- 14 50 1.73 

1437 ... 1,405.0124 17 46 19 41 I 4.50 309.1119 I 57 • ........ 1 ...... 25143 2.68 ... .1. .. .1. ...... 114150 4.79 

. 1. 93 16.70 Time of last wei~hing, 98 hours. 

4. 89 9.22 Do. 

2.96 4.52 Time of last weighing, 144 ho11rs 

7.47 10.03 Time of last weighing, 176 hours 

~ 

0 

~ 

1'1 

~ ...., 

~ 

r::J 

0' 

Ill 

i:':l 

~ H 

a 

~ 

t-1 

t-1 

~ 0 

~ 

~ 

1-'l 

0 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 
Coarse sample. Hnch, dried on 22 by 26 inch tra.ys. 

Initial. Final. 

Data on air drying-Continued. 

•Q) 

20-mesh sample taken after the air drying s.t f-inch, dried on 9-inch pans (see I ,§-a Remarks). ~ S 

·=g5 

Attime o oo 

of first Dried for 6 Dried for 24 Dried for 48 Dried for 72 :g S I I I U.c 

w~igh- hours. hours. , hours. hours. ::: 6 

~- __::___ I. ;;~ I 1 I 3 8 I 8 I 8 ili .:'L"' ,_; I ..0 I I ' ..0 I " ,, " ,, " oil I " oil .s !=I 0 s ..0 "' .C ~ . ' . .c !:d:J • I • -~ tll '= ~ . -~ 71 ~ ~ • -ooO • -~ <T.~I: ~ 1::-~o Cll"t::(.O 

E ·- · ~ ~ .:£ .,..... C) ell oo·;: C) w·~ C> oo·;:::: V ' oo·;::: ::: -+-> c 0 ill "0 ..., ;.... w ::..;. ~ '"" oo- ;..., rf.'..-. '"" r:n- '"" oo- ill Q ,... ~ C) ::::: • :: c > ::: . ::l . 0 e.c ::: . 0 !:d:J :::::: 0 bii ::: • 0 OJJ C) r:: o..-- ::: ,.; ·- +=> ~. .o.;> ;...-. - ; ...., • ;...-. +=> I ~ ......... @ ....,. ;...-, ........ :::-' """"" :... ,.......@ ....., :..-. .......a3 .... ro 2 ~ ~ ~ ;g ~ ~ ~ c: ~ ;a ~ ;a ~~ ~ ;a ~~ ~ ~ =~ ~ ~ =~ ~ ~~~ 

E- ·.-, ;; S S E S " ·.-, E S "' S ""' s S ""' 8 8 "" d' S "~ -;; .~::::" ~ ·c o C,) ::= .:u ::: ~ ·;::: v :::: ~ = 1 ~$ C,) = ~~ C) ::= ~~ @ ::::5 @..:::::: 0 o a..~ 

Remarks. 

~ I " "' - -~ 0. -~ "' " I 0. -~ o.l·~ "~ 0. -~ "'~ I 0. -~ "'~ - -- '"~ ..::; "oc 

rn 0 ~E-<;I:E-<~ o., 0 .,:z;E-<~~ E-~ P. E-<~~!l, E-<:Z: ;o., E-< ::S I --------~--~--------------------------------

00. oc. oc. oc. oc. oc. 0 I 

1456 ... 1,258.0 [72,19 49115 36 24.60 211.-5 15 36 .............................. 8168 1.25 15 4311.15 2.40113.40 Weightsat168and246hours. 

1461. .. 2,783.0 48 19 49 1

15 36 2.70 336.8 15 36 ........ 

1 

.......... 

1 

............ , 8 63

1

1 l.26 15 43 .72 1.98 5.361

1 

Do. 

1470... 721.4 43 , 10 65 15 43 1.40 243.3 15 43 ...................... _ .... .. . 8163 . 21 8 50 I . 20 . 41 I 4. 91 We~ghts at 96 and 120 hours. 

1471... i21. 5 48 10 65 15 43 1.10 273.5 15 43 ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 63 - . 07 8 63 . 43 . 36 . 651 We>ghts at 96 and 175 hours. 

1472 ... ,

1 698.0 48 10 65 15 43 3.80 244.8 15 43 ....... -: .......... ----~-------- 8 63 .12 15 43 .16 .281 .80 Weightsat96and173 hours. 

1473... 705.9 48 10 65 15 43 3.50 222.8 15 43 .............................. 8 63! .94 15 43, .27 1.21 3.57 Weightsat96and 172 homs. 

1474... 689.7 48 1 10 65 15[43 1.20 249.8 15[43 .... 1 .... , ...... 1 .... 1 ............ 8 63[- .12 8 50 I .12 .00 I 1.92

1 

Weightsat96and120 hours. 

1479 ... 11,831.0 72 10 6-5 14 60 G.oo 276.7 15 '43 ----~---- .......... 

1 

............ 8 63 I 1.33 1.5 43 · .40 1.73117.69 Weightsat72and144hours. 

1495 ... 2,874.0 48 12 48 8 63 3.60 394.8' 8 63 ........ , ...................... 15 43 .89 11 46 1.92 2.81 · 6.24 Weightsat72and480hours. 

150~---~ 2.0~3.0 48 13 581 81 ~5 ~.2o 188.~ s 50 ........ ' ...... ---·1---·1----·--· 15143! _.32 n 461 1.85 2.1: 5.85 1 Lostwe~htat468hours. 1501 ... 3,6o0.0 48 13 58 8 o5 3.00 178.o 8 50 .... 1 

.............. 

1 

............ 15 43

1 

3.18 9 64 1.24 4.42 8.66 Lostwmghtat4~hours. 

1515... 2, 209.0 48 11 ' 5~ 10 53 2. :o 331.9 10 [ b3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . [ .......... --~--.. .. .. .. .. 9 64 , . 30 . ~0 1. 60 J"ost weight at 380 hours. 

1516 ... 1,880.0 48 11 5o 10 53 7.10 269.6 10 ',.53 .............................................. 9 64 4.56 4.oti 5.39 Do. 

1523 ... a3,512.0_ 48 10 53 9 64 6.00 330.6, 9164 .................. , ................ 

1 

............ 11, 4t\ .78 .78 13.49 J..ostweightat31~hours. 

1539... a 686. 5 72 9 64 2 69 2. 80 248. 1 2 69 ........ _ .................. _ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 '71. . tiO . 60 2. 54 J,ost weight at 240 hours. 

1542 ... a 3, 857.0 72 6 60 2 69 3. 00 366. 6 5 71 .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 53 - .10 - . 10 1 

• 82 [I"ost weight at 212 hours. 

1557 ... a5,399.0 144 1 83 8 63 9.80 154.7 8 63 .............................. 9164 . 2.58 .... .... ........ 2.58 5.13 

1558. · .. a 4, 667. 0 48 1 83 3 70 2.10 325.5 3170 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 461 . 24 . 24 . 67 

1-561... a 3, 705. 0 24 3 70 3 70 3. 10 282. 1 3 70 .................................. 1

1

.. .. . .. .. . .. 9 64 . 24 . 24 1. 01 

1567 ... u3, 134.0 96 3 70 8 63 2.30 328.9 8 63 ................ --1---- ........ 9 (i4 .82 .... .... ........ . 82 1.84 

1570 ... a3,896.0 91l 3 70 8! 63 10.40 136.6 3\70 

1 

........ f ...... ----~---- --------1---- ............ 1 \J li4l 1.24 1.24\ 4.2.'i I Lostweightat1441lours. 

a Dried by warming over combustion furnace for about two hours. Sample warm to hand. 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 0 

'Z 

Ul 

0 

~ 

t-':3 

l:I4 

t;j 

0 

t-':3 

~ t;j 

Ul 

t-':3 

~ 0 

~ 'Z 

-~ 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 293 

The following facts are established by, these records: That the loss by air drying 

is greater the finer the Rample is reduced, the 20-mesh portion in nearly all cases 

showing a considerable additional loss over the quarter-inch mesh. This loss 

might,. however, have occurred with the coarser sample had sufficient time been 

given. A comparison with the temperature and humidity records showR that a 

sample aiL' dry for one set of conditions is not so for a different set; this is clearly 

shown in samples 1012, 1013, 1021, 1030, 1031, 1056, and 1160, in which a. decided 

increase in the humidity of the air during the pro<~etss resulted in a marked gain 

of weight, indicated by the minus sign in the table. 

The fact that the apparentl,y nearly air-dry sample "i1~ the coarse condition will 

suffer a further rapid and considerable loss of moi::;ture on being ground to fine 

powder makes evident the importance of proper precautions in the preparation 

of the final sample. In the work at the testing laboratory this final grinding was 

done tts rapidly as possible, the time averaging about six minutes, and the samples 

were tran:-~ferred immediately to bottles securely closed with rubber stoppers. 

Though the final grinding required only a very few minutes; it is evident that 

some moisture was lost in the preparation of the sample. Where the final grindi'ng 

is done in an open mortar instead of with rolls and on a bucking plate the time 

required would be greater and the moisture lost proportionately larger, especially 

where the air is dry and warm. An experiment made in the laboratory at Columbus, 

Ohio, shows this well. 

A sample of Hocking coal was air dried twenty-two hours with a loss of 8.4-5 

per cent. It was then crushed, ground, and sifted through a 60-mesh sieve. The 

total time required tb prepare the fine sample was about twenty-five minutes and the 

whole of the work was done in an open hand mortar. A second portion of the same 

sample, after air drying, was immediately ti·ansferred to a ball mill and ground in a. 

closed jar to fine. powder which was at once transferred to a glass jar and sealed. 

Moisture determinations were made in the two samples; the mortar sample showed 

·3.85 per cent. The ball-mill sample showed 4.62 per cent, or a loss of 0. 77 per cent 

due to the open gt·inding of the sample. 

Of c9urse it is highly improbable that the rapid preparation of the testingplant samples invoived any such loss as thi:-~. 
, 

294 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

As a continuation of· thi:l foregoing experiment 10 grams of the .60-mesh 

sample were spread out on a large watch glass and allowed to air dry in the 

laboratory and the weight recorded at short intervals. The air of the laboratory 

was warm and dry. 

LoBs of moisture in a.1:r drying. 

I Time exposed.\ Loss of weight. I 

llrs. min. Per cent. 

0 10 0.246 

0 24 0.358 

0 39 0.561 

0 54 0.686 

0 68 0. 701 

3 54 1.296 

4 39 1. 411 

5 49 1. 441 

22 59 1. 796 

69 59 1. 2:36 

The gain during}he last period (0.560 per cent) was due to a change_ in the 

weather to damp,.a_nd rainy conditions. 

It may be noted, finally; as a practical result hom the fore.going observations, 

that the method, frequently used, of taking a sample coal from the mine or car 

and sending it to a laboratory in an ordinary box or bag will not enable the 

chemist to tell anything about the moisture originally present in the coal. 

DE'r~mMINATION 0~' MOISTURE IN 'l'IHJ LABORATORY SAMPLE. 

The air bath in whic.h the samples were dried was of <~mi.rse filled with the 

moist air of the laboratory, and the work was done during a part of the year in 

which the absolute amount of moisture in the air was large. lt was highly 

probable that di·ying under other conditions would give different results. A 

number of samples were sent to Doctor Hillebrand, in Washington, who at a later 

date made a series of determinations of moisture, both in the toluene bath and in 

vacuo ·over sulphuric acid. The samples were dried in vacuo for forty-eight hours, 

and in some cases for seven days. 

The following table gives the results obtained by Doctor Hillebrand m comparison with those obtained at the fuel-testing laboratory at St. Louis. 
WORK OF 'fHE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 295 

Moi.sture in laboratory smnples as detr.rmined at fuel-testing laboralO?"!J at St. Louis, (!nd as determined 

by Dr. W. J?. Hillebrand at Washington, D. C . 

Doctor Hillebmnd. 

--·--·--- -~ 

San1ple number. Fuel-testing In vacuo Sample num!Jer. laboratory. Air oven ttt over snl~ 

105°. fo~~~'h~~~~-

1114----------. 1. 17 1. 46 1. 51 1433- ·---------

1122----------- 2.23 3.14 3.42 1434-----------

1126- ·-·------- 3.50 4.64 4.87 1437- .... --···· 

1138----- ···- .. 3.87 4.90 5. 10 

1456 - ... - - - . - - . 1152- -··.- ·-- .. 5.31 6.68 6.86 

1160 ...•....... . 74 1.16 1.20 1461 ..... -- .... 

1184 ··········- 1. 70 2.29 2.49 

I 

1469 ........•.. 

1201.- ·····~··· 1. 55 2.56 2.80 1470c .......... 

1213 .... -- ..... 1. 35 1. 70 1. 95 1471 ........... 

1225 .. -.. ··-··· 2.58 3. 61 3.90 1472.-- ..... -.-

1241) ..... -.- ... 2.08 3. 12 3.25 1473 ...... -- ... 

1252 ....... -- -· 1. 00 1. 33 1. 51 1474. ··-···.-.. 

1261 --- ..... --- 6.28 7.63 7.87 

1479 ·---····-·- 1262 .... ---- ... . 98 1.45 1. 61 

1274-.- ....... - 3.45 3.96 4.34 1481 --·· -·-. ---1 

1278--.-- .. ---. 10.86 11.93 12.15 1495 ..... --.- .. 

i279a _ ......... 15.42 15.20 15.56 1506.-----.----

1296 ----- --. --- . 80 1. 1-5 1.14 1507 .... -.. ---. 

1297.-.-.---... . 65 1.34 1. 47 1515 ........... 

1298-- .. ------- 9.05 9.96 10.63 1516- --·- .. -··-

1307 - -- - -- .. -.. 8.13 8.39 8.80 

I 

1523 ........... 

1308 ........... 1. 46 1. 67 l. 74 1539 ........... 

1318----------- 5.96 6.87 7.37 1542-----------

1331 ........... 1. 28 1. 61 1. 64 1549 ........... 

1347 , __________ 5.21 6.36 6.65 1557 -- .. -.. -- .. 

1347 ........... 5.21 6.36 6.65 1558 ........... 

{ 10. 38 } 1561 .. -· ... -.-. 1348- .......... 9.14 11.00 (t 10.51 1567-----------

1364 -- --- .... -- .64 .96 1. 01 1570 ........... . 17. 71 { 16.94 1595 ........... 1416 .. -- .... -.. 16. 70 ({ 16.86 b 17.99 

{ 13.19 13.57 

1417 ----------· 11.40 (t 13.16 b 13. 64 

.. 

Fuel-testing 

lauoratory. 

-----

9.22 

4.52 

10.03 

13.40 

5.36 

5.50 

4.91 

.65 

. 80 

3.57 

1. 92 

17.69 

6.25 

6.24 

5.85 

8.66 

1. 61 

5.39 

13.49 

2.54 

. 82 

5.07 

5. 13 

. 67 

1. 01 

1.84 

4.25 

.76 

Doctor Hillebrand. 

Air oven at 105°. 

----

11.84 

5.71 

11.33 

13.13 

5. 77 

5.76 

I 4.63 

. 77 

.86 

3.65 

2.31 

17.85 

6.31 

6.57 

6.24 

9.00 

1. 61 

6.00 

13.75 

2.58 

. 95 

7.10 

6.24 

1. 23 

1. 74 

.2.51 

5.03 

1. 22 

I 

In vacuo over sulrchnric acid or48 hours 

{ 

{ 

12.1 

5.9 

7 

5 

4 

6 

8 

7 

0 

5 

9 

0 

5 

6 

5 

8 

1 

5 

9 

2 

1 

5 

0 

1 

5 

9 

5 

3 

2 

9 

11.6 

13.8 

,, 13.9 

6. 1 

6.1 

5.2 

. 9. 

1.1 

4. 4. 

2.5 

18.4 

b 18. 5 .. 

6.4 

6.9 

6.5 

9.3 

1.7 

6. 1 

14.5 

2.8 

1. 0 

7. 4 

6.5 

1.4 

1.9 

2. 7 

5.81l 

1.5 6 

a Only 1 crucible in hath at a time. In all other determinations 3 crilcibles were in the bath at a time. 

bln vacuo over sulphuric acid for 7 days. c Stopper out of !Jottle when mailing cnse opened by Doctor Hill~brand. 
2\:16 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PI~ANT. 

A comparison of results in the foregoing table show::; not only that in most all 

cases there was a very decided increase in the amount of moisture when the sample 

was dried in vacuo over sulphuric aeid, but also that the results obtained by Doetor 

Hillebrand in an air oven at 105° were in most cases in excess and somet,imes 

very considerably in excess of those yielded by the same samples in St. L()uis, the 

difference amounting in several instances to over 1 per cent. 

It is hardly probable that such differences as arc shown can be the result of 

errors in manipulation. In nll cases the results in the testing laboratory were the 

average of duplicates and in some cases of several determinations, usually quite 

concordant. As an example, in sample 12tH the result reported 6.28 is the avr,rage 

of four determinations, as follows: 6.21, f:l.24, f:l.32, and f:l.33. On the same sample 

the percentage of moistm•e as found by Doetor Hillebrand some time later was 7. 63 

in the toluene bath and 7.87 in vacuo over sulphuric aeid. 

The explanation of these differences, in our opinion, is to be sought fot: among 

the following C!Hises: 

In the first place, the samples sent..to Doctor HillebranJ were bottled immediately after grinding and were not opened until the determination was made. 

l am informed by Doctor 1-Ii~lebmnd that the samples used in his determination 

were weig-hed directly from , the bottles, without pouring· out and mixing the 

contents. In our work it was the custom to pour out the sample, mix it rapidly, 

and then weigh out the portion for analysis from different part:,;. This was done, 

as has already been explained, to secure uniformity in the treatment of all the 

I)ortions weighed out for the different determinations. There would very likely 

be a resultant loss of moisture in this process, which might cause our results to 

run low. However, a comparison of the differences with the record showing 

appt·oximately the number of times that the testing-plant sample had been opened 

and handled previous to the determination of the moisture does. not. show any 

relation between the moisture differences and the extent to which the sample was 

' exposed. Duplicate determinations made on -the san1e samples at the beginning 

of the sei·ies of determinations and after several portions had been weighed out 

showed practically identical results. 

In the second place, there might be marked differences in the moisture in 

the air bath during the drying, owing to the widely different humidity conditions 

in the t,wo laboratories and possibly in the kind of air baths used. This makes it 

of interest to test the effect of drying coal in air containing various amounts of 

moisture. 

The following experiments on some of the samples were made in the metallurgical laboratory at Colwuhus, Ohio. A special air bath was designed, in which 

small Erlenmeyer flasks could be maintained at a temperatut·c of 105°, and air 
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 297 

which previously had been passed through any desired liquid was passed through 

them. Samples of coal were weighed in these flasks and flask and coal were 

weighed together, and, after drying, reweighed and the loss determined. As the 

flasks were closed all the time the influence of thn aii' of the laboratory was 

eliminated. 

The following results may be noted: Sample No. 154B, dried for one hour in 

air saturated with moisture by passing through wa~er a·t 30° C., showed a loss of 

weig·ht of 5.69 per cent. The. loss was constant on redrying under same conditions. 

The same coal dried forty minutes in air passed through coneentrated sulphuric aeid 

;;howed a loss in weight ot 6.27 per cent. The temperature in botl~ c;tses was 105°. 

The Harne sample was re.turned to bath and heated thirty minute;,; more in air 

which had passed through water at 30° C. The gain in weight was 0.49 per cent. 

This experiment shows that coal dried in air dehydrated in sulphuric. aeid will rapidl.r 

absorb moisture from air saturated at 30° an~ heated to a temperature of 105° C. 

Further tests are given in the following table. In all cases the sample was 

dried to eoristant weight, first in air passed through sulphuric acid. It was then 

retumed to the bath, the temperature being raised to 100°-105°, and air which had 

passed through water at the degree indicated was pa8sed over the coal. 

Experiments ·ir, drying coaL 

Number of sample. 

1556. 1558. 155i. 

Loss with sulphurie acid._ .... _____ .. ____ ....... ___ , ____________ . ___ _ 0.0415 0.0100 0. 1025 

Gain in weight, water at 15° _ .. _. ___ . ______ . ______ . _________ • ___ ··; __ . . 0035 . 0020 . 0062 

------

Loss with sulphuric acid . _ ~. __ . _ .. __ . _ ... __________________________ _ .0420 .0095 . 1025 

Gain with water at 20° .. _ .. ______ . _____________ . ___________________ _ .0055 .0060 . 0085 

------------~c_----7--

1529. 1534. 1569. 

Dried in air saturated at 20°; loss __ . _. _. _. __ . __ . ___ . ______ . __ . ______ _ 14.05 1. 35 6.00 

~Further dried with acid; loss ... ___ . ___ . _ .... ______ . ___________ . _. __ _ .45 .15 . 55 

Further dried in air saturated at 20°; gain ....... _. _. _____ . _____ . _. __ ., . 60 ~ -------- .50 

I 

From the above experiments it is evider{t that there may be marked differences in the figure obtained from moisture where the air in the oven differs in 

moisture contents, even if the tempera.ture is always 105°, but it hardly seems 

probable that differences as large as those found could be accounted for in this 

way. It is, however, desirable that any method for the deter~:nination of moisture should eliminate this cause of variation by drying· the r.ir in which the 

sample is heated. 
298 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

The third possible cause for variation is alteration in the moisture eontcnts- of 

the eoal itself. '.fbe bottle containing the sample was closed by rubber stoppers, 

and it is difficult to see bow it could have received moisture from outside, nor is it 

probable that h could have gained moisture in this way, though loss of moisture 

might be expected. Any change in moisture must therefore have come from internal changes in the composition of the sample itself. A single experiment made on 

tt sampie of coal ground to 60 mesh and sealed in a glass far indicated the possibility 

of such change. The results are as follows: 

The moisture w:;ts determined in air dried by sulphuric acid. 

:Moisture in sample immediately after preparation, 4. 93 per cent; duplicate, 4.98 

per cent.. 

MoistUJ·e in same sample after· standing closely sealed for ten days, 5.24, 

0. 22, 5. 28. 

Moisture in same sample after standing one month, 5.35, 5.51, 5.41. 

Further experiments on this matte1· are highly desirable and will be un-lertaken 

in connection with the work of the laboratory. 

LABORATORY TESTS FOR COKING I'ROPgRTH;s. 

Many of the mine samples were tested in the laboratory in ord~r to determine the- cementing property of the coal. The tests were made as follows: One 

part of the finely g-round sample was thoroughly mixed with two parts of ground 

silica in a small mortar. A portion of the mixture was put into a small rec- · 

tangnlar platinum box, one-quarter of an inch wide, one-quarter of an inch deep, 

and 2 inches long. The box was provided with a clm;ely fitting platinurr" cover. 

Afte1· the box was filled with the mixture, it was struck off even 'vith a spatula 

and the cover was fitted on·. The box .was then heated over the flame of a Bunsen 

bnmer until the volatile inatter was completely expelled and then, after partial cooling, dropped into a beaker of water. The box was then opened and the contents 

wme examined. The co~1dition of the material varied according to the cbameter of 

the coal, ranging from a loose powder without any adhesion up to firm bars of coke. 

Bars which were firm enough to permit removal from the box entire were further 

tested for their breaking strength by supporting the ends npon two metal pegs, H 

inches· apart, and suspending a small copper bucket from the middle of the bar. 

Shot ws.s then poured into the bucket until the bar broke. The weight of the bucket 

and shot was taken as the strength of the bar. 

According t<;> the results of the above test, the coals were graded as follows: 

Result L No adhesion, only loose powder remaining after test. 

Result 2. Slight adhesion, but no bar produced. 

Hesult 3. A bar produced, but not firm enough to stand rcmOI'al from box. 

Result 4. Well-formed bar, hut broke under weight of·empty bucket. 

Result 5. 'fhe bar stood a weight of-- grams before breaking. 
WORK OF 'l'HE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 299 

Where the bar was firm enough to be tested by the weight, the individual results 

did not always agre~ very closely, so the average of several was generally taken. 

The following table gives a comparison between the results of tests at the coke 

ovens and the grading of the mine samples by the foregoing test: 

Comparison of the results of laboratory coking tests with the results of tests made at the coke ovens at the 

testing plant: 

Name of the coo.l. 

Result of 

laboratory 

test on mine 

sample 

(grade). 

Result of coking tests on the coal in the coke ovens. 

--------------------1-----------------·--------------------·-------------------

Alaba.ma No.1 .. __ .----· 

Alabama No.2 _________ _ 

Arkansas No. L ... __ ... . 

Arkansas No.2 .. _ .... _ .. 

Illinois No.1._ ..... _ ..•. 

Illinois No. 2 _ .. _ . _ ..... _ 

Illinois No.3 .. ~---···-·· 

Indian Territory No. l.. _ 

Indian· Territory No.2 .. . 

Indian Territory No.3 .. . 

Tndian Territory No.5 .. . 

Iowa No. L ..... -····-·· 

Kansas No. l. _ .... __ .... 

Kansas No.2 ..... _ .. _._. 

Kansas No.2 ...... ____ .• 

Missouri No.2._ ........ . 

West Virginia No.1 .... . 

West Virginia No. 2 . _ .. . 

West Virginia No.3_._._ 

West Virginia No.4 .... . 

West Virginia No.5 .... . 

West Virginia No.6 ... __ 

:West Virginia No.7 .... . 

West Virginia No.8 .... . 

West Virginia No. 9 ... __ 

West Virginia No.lO. _ .. 

West Virginia No. 11 .... 

West Virginia No. 12., _. 

3 

3 

a313 

4 

2 

2 

2 

4 

:~ 

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

a 300 

. a 370 

a390 

3 

ct450 

ct290 

a300 

·. 

Coke from raw coal light and spongy. 

No coke produced. 

Do .. 

Do. 

Small coke and ash. 

Hard and soft coke, mixed, obtained from washed coal. 

No coke from raw coal; coke from washed coal, very brittle. 

No coke obtained. 

Coke from raw coal soft; coke from washed coal hard. 

No coke obtained. 

Some small coke, light and soft and fritted together. 

Brittle coke obtained from washed coal. 

No coke produced. 

Do. 

Small portion of the charge coked. 

Brittle coke obtained from washed coal. 

Coke obtained, fair. 

Coke obtained, of good quality. 

Coke obtained, gray. 

Coke obtained, good quality. 

Do. 

Coke obtained, gray and light. 

Coke obtained, good quality . 

Coke obtained, hard and of good color. 

Coke obtained, fair quality. 

Coke obtained, good coke. 

No coke obtained. 

Coke obtained, fair quality. 

« Grnms. 

In classifying the coals according· to the foregoing test, those graued 1 and 2 

were nailed noncoking; those graded 3, probably coking; and those gTaded 4 and 5, 

coking coals. 
300 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

lt \vill be seen from the table that tests at the ovens gave results which did 

not always correspond to the predictions made from the grading of the mine 

sample. Tn many of the cases there was fair agreement, hut there are thrqe or 

four marked failures to agree. In some cases this may have been due to the 

fact that the coal was washed before going to the oven. The results on the 

mine samples of Illinois No. 3 and Iowa No. 1 indicate that they are noncoking 

coals. A brittle coke was obtained from these coals after washing·, but a test of 

Illinois No. 3 unwashed resulted in a failure to produce coke in the oven. 

On the other hand, while the laboratory test, would indicate that Arkansas 

Nos .. 1 and 2, Indian Territory No. 1, and West Virginia No. 11 are coking 

coals, the tests in the oven did not resplt in the production of coke. 

[For index to report see end of Part III.] 

0 
Professional Paper No. 48 Series { A,. Economic Geology, 62 

E, Ohemislry and Physics, 47 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED " t:;TATES GEOLOGICAL S£.!R.VEY 

CHARLES D. WALC01'T, DIBECTOR 

REPORT 

ON THJ<: OPERATIONS OF THE 

COA.L-TESTING PLANT OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGJCAL SURVEY 

.\T THE 

· LOUISIANA PURUHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, ~0., 1904 

PART H.-Boiler Tests 

EDWARD W. PARKER, .JOSEPH A. HOLMES, :MARIUS R. CA:\IPBELL 

Co!IIMI'M'EE IN CHARGE 

WASHINGTON 

GOVJo)lt!VlHJO::VT PH.INTINII OFI''ICE 

1906 "' 

60~'81 

Professional Paper No. 48 S · {A, Economic Geology, 62 enes E, Chemistry and Physics, 4 7 

DEPARTl\fENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED 8TATES Gl<:OLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

REPORT 

ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE 

COA_L-TESTING ·PLANT OF .THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

AT THE 

LOUISIANA PURUHASE EXPOSITION, S'r. LOUIS, ::VIO., 1904: 

1~ AR'l' H.-Boiler 'l'ests 

EDWARD W. PARKER, .TOSEPH A. HOLMES, :MARIUS R. CAMPBELL 

Co~Dl!TTE~~ IN CHARGE 

WASHINGTON 

GOVJo;I{N:VIEX'I' PRT-N'J'IN<~- OFFICE 

1906 
/ 

I 

NOTE. 

ThiH report consists of three parts, namely: 

Part l. Field work, clas;lificat.ioll of coals, chemical work (pp. 1-::lOO). 

Partir. Boiler tests (pp. 301-979). 

Part Til. Producer-gas, coking, briquetting, and washing tests (pp. 981-1473). 

Part I contains also a general table of contents, a list of illustrations, and an introduction. An 

index to the report appears at the end of Part III. 

II 
BOILER TESTS. 

By L. P. Bu~:oKENRIDGE. 

OB.JI'_;c·r, NUUBER, AND CONDITIONS OF TES'l'S. 

It was desired to determine the fuel value of the coals when burned under a 

Heine water-tnhe boiler with plain grates, hand fired, and to note the aetion of 

the coals on the gTate, the amount of clinkers formed, the ammint of free ash 

falling through the grates, and the labor i·equired to handle the fire successfully. 

Steaming- tests were therefore made under two 210-horsepower Heine water-tube 

hoilers. The totnl number of tests made was 78. A small number of the tests 

were not satisfactory, owing either to accident or to special qnnlities of the coals, 

but fully 70 trials are regarde'd as satisfactory and complete in all details. 

For scientific purposes it is not desirable to nutke steaming tests of coals 

when only one trial can be had with each coal. The conditions under which the 

trial& here reported were, of necessity, conducted made it impossible to make 

more than· one test with each coal. It was essential that coals from a consid. 

erable number of States should be tested. The work could not be so ananged 

that all coals from the same locality could be tested successively. Coal from 

'Vest Virginia was tested one day and lignite from North Dakota the next. 

It frequently happened that a coal was tested for steaming purposes bcfOJ"(\ 

an analysis of a sample could be made and the results furnished to the boiler 

division. 

In anticipation of these conditions, it was decided that the most satisfactory 

method of stoking would be hand firing. For the same reasons plain grates seemed 

best adapted to the various kinds and sizes of coals submitted for· test. 

An effort was made to have all the coals fired somewhat uniform as to size, 

but this was not always possible when the coal tended to crumble easily during 

the processes of unloading and conveying. The usual sizes were small lump and 

egg mixed with varying amounts of slack. 

301 
302 OPERATIONS OF THR COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Better results could, perhaps, on further trial, have been obtained with some 

of the coals, but it is nevertheless believed that the observations made and reported 

are t<ufficiently complete to enable those familiar with tests of this nature to gain 

valuable knowledge from a study of the results. 

OBSEHVERS AND ASSISTANTS. 

The work of the boiler division was carried on by the following corps: 

.Director: L. P. Breckenridge, profesHor of mechanical ~ngineering at the University of Illinoi;J. 

~lssistant director, in direct eharge of all the trials: D. T. Randall, assistant p.rofessor of steam 

. engineering at the University of Illinois. 

Three boiler-room observers: H. Kreisinger; J. J. Harman, replaved by H. W. Weeks, September 1; H. R. Dirks, replaced by R. H. Post, September 1. 

Two computers: R. W. Rutt; R. H. Kuss, replaced by C. H. Green, September 1. 

One chemist for flue gases: C. H. McClure. 

All of the above observers are graduates of the University of Illinois, and were 

chosen for their respective places. on accot1nt of the writer's pers~nal knowledge of 

their fitness for the work to be performed. 

The considerable experience of Professor Randall in co~mection with powerplant work, and particularly in relation to the economical burning of fuels, is 

sufficient g·uaranty for the care with which the tests have been conducted. 

One fireman-Henry Arens, a reliable and trustworthy man, who had been 

employed by the Koken Iron Works, of St. Louis-fired for nearly all the tests. 

A few extra tests were fired by \Villiam Cameron, who was employed as fireman for 

the auxiliary plants which were supplied with steam from the horizontal retum 

tubular boiler. 

DESCRIPTION . OF 'l'HE PLANT. 

GENERAL EQUIPMENT. 

A building- was erected to be used as a boiler and engine room. This building had a floor area 94 by 54 feet and was inexpensive in construction, having a 

wooden framework covered with sheet-steel siding and a composition roof. 

The boiler room was 54 by about 43 feet in floor area. It was equipped 

with two Heine watet·-tube boilers of 210 horsepower each, and one Frost horizontal tubular boiler of 100-horsepower capacity, each having separate stacks and 

independent brick settings. The plant comprised also a Stilwell-Bierce feedwater heater, a boiler feed pump, and a complete outfit for boiler testing, which 

will be deseribed later. (See fig. 11.) 

The Heine boilers were used for the test.s and as a rule only one was under 

steam at a time. The steam from these boilers was furnished to au Allis-Chalmers 

Corliss engine, 22 by 42 inches in size, run noncondensing and driving a Bullock 

generator of 200-kilowatt. capacity, having a voltage of 240 when run at 550 revo-
BOILER TESTS. 303 

lutions per minute. The current was distributed at the switch board to the motors 

of the briquette mitehincs and other portions of the testing plant, and to the mine 

railroad. The remaining current was absorbed by a water rheostat located just 

outside the engine room and regulated by the switch-board attendant to give the 

required load to the engine . 

. The horizontal tubular boiler f~rnished steam to the washery engine and to 

several exhibits, a valve in the steam header being closed to separate . the steam 

from that generated in the Heine boilers. This was done after a few tests had 

0 

HEIN~ SArrTY i!>OILtR 

RATtO AT 210. H.P. 

PLANT NO.I 

0 

HEIN[ SAFE.TY E>OILER 

RATED AT 2/0 H.P 

PLANT NO.;;l. 

~ 

~TilWf:LL-BI~RCf. & 

3MITN-VAU:.f CO. 

FE<O WATER HEAT'/'f"!..------~ 

~ STILWELL-fliERCE li 

SMITH • VAIL~ CO. 

STEAM PUMP 

(7"X4i'X!O~ 

WATE:R · Wf.IGHING rjFOIT FR05T FIRE:-TUOC OOIL<R 

R.ATE.D AT 100 H.P. 

PLANT N0.3 

L------li!IJ QO . ~o:::::.,_____j 

D COAL·WEIGH/NG D SCALf PLATI"'ORM 

./ '-... 

FrG. 11.-Plun of boiler room1 showing location of boilers and equipment. 

been run and the load had proved too variable to handle easily on the test boiler. 

Owing to the variation in the motor and railway loads, it was found difficult to 

hold a steady steam pressure on the test boiler even after the water rheostat was 

in operation, which was not until September 25. Later, in Noven~ber, a 3-inch 

pipe was connected to the header and provided with two valves, one of which 

was used to regulate the flow of steam into the atmosphere. This valve being 

nuder the control of the fireman it was possible to keep a much more uniform 

pressure than had been done by the switch~board attendant. 
304 OPERATTONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

BOILER PLANT. 

Boz:ler8.-The two boilers used were exactly alike m construction, settings, 

:-:tacks, ete., and the :following applies to both: 

Dimensions of .Heine ·twia-tube boilCI's used -in coal-te.1ting plant. 

Length of drum ... ~ .................... _- .................................... feet .. 

Inside diameter of drum ........... _· ....................................... iw~hes .. 

Number of tubes ................................. ________ , __ · __ . __ ................. . 

Internal rliameter of tubes .................................. _ .............. incheH .. 

Outside diameter of tubes ................. · ..... · .................. _ ....... _ .. do ... . 

Length of tubes exposed ..................................................... feet. . 

Width of furnace ........................................................... do ... . 

Length of furnace ........................................................... (lo ... . 

lVIean height of furnace ....................... _._ .......................... inches .. 

Kind of grate bars ...................................... _ .. , ...................... . 

Dimension of airspaces .......................... · .... ______ . _________ ...... inches .. 

Ratio of grate area to air spaces . ______ , __ . ____________ .. _______________ . __________ _ 

Area of grate surface ___________________________ . ________ . ______ ... ____ ~quare feet._ 

Ash pit below grate surface ______________________ ... __________ . ___________ .inches .. 

Height of ~tack above the grate ______________________ .. ____________________ ... feet._ 

Diameter of stack _ ... __________________ . ______________________________ .. __ inches __ 

A rea of f. tack. __________ . ___ ...... ______________ .. _______ . __________ square inches._ 

Are>t of draft passage OYer bridge walL .. _ ..... __ -.- _____ . ____ . ___________ . ___ .do. __ _ 

Area at lower entrance to tubes. _____ . __________ . __ .... ___ .. _: ______ ._. _____ .do ___ _ 

Sectional area between tubes _______ . _ .. _____ .. _ ... ___ . ____ . ___ ...... _____ . __ do ___ _ 

Area leaying tubes ______________________________ ._._ ......... _. __ ... _ .... __ .do __ __ 

\Vater-heating surface in tubes ____________________________ .. __ .. ______ .square feet.. 

\Vater-heating surface water legs .. __ .. ____ .. __________________________ ... ___ .do .... 

·water-heating surface shelL _________________ . __ . _____________________ .. __ .. do ___ . 

Total water-heating surface .. _. ____ ........ ______ ... _. ______________________ .rlo .. __ 

Total water space ________ .. ________ . __________ ... ___ . __________________ cubic feet._ 

Steam space_. ________________ ---------_.: ..... __ -.- ___________ ._. ___________ .do. __ . 

Ratio of heating to grate ~urface __________________________ . __ . ____ . __________ .. ___ .. 

Ratio of smallest draft area to grate area .. _______________________________ ... __ .. ___ . 

'21yf 

42 

116 

3.26 

3. ,') 

lit 

6. 16 

6.5S 

26 

Plain. 

0.5by17.5 

40 to 17 

40.55 

25 

113.25 

37.5 

1,104 

888 

1,010 

1, 612 

640 

1,897 

91 

43 

2, o:n 

287 

73 

50. 1: 1 

1: 9.1 

·when the water stood at 3 i1~ches in the gage gla.ss, boiler No. 1 contained 

16,850 pounds and boiler No. 2 contained 16,'775 pounds of water at 75° F. 

Each inch of water, as shown by the glass, was equal to 340 pounds. This 

figure was determined by calibrating the boilers with cold water at about 75° F., 

and noting the height of w~ter in the gage glass as the water was drawn from 

the blow-off rtnd weighed. 

The boilers were provided with mud drums and deflecting plates, as shown on 

fig. 12. 

J!7zl'1'11ace8.--The furnaces were made of fire-brick walls and the lower row of 

tubes of the 'boiler was covered with special tile. This tile prevented the contact of the hot gases with the iron surfaces until they bad reached the rear of 

'the combustion chamber. The boiler walls were 20 inches thick, with a 2-ineh 

an· space. The bridge wall was built to within 11 inches of the tile covering 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 PL. IV 

A. VI EW IN FRONT OF HEINE BOILERS, SHOWING COAL-WEIGHING APPARATUS. 

B. ARRANGEMENT OF TANKS FOR WEIGHING FEED WATER. 
the lower row of ·tubes. 

A combustion arch was 

located about 2 feet .back 

from the bridge wall fo1· 

the purpose of aiding i1i 

the com hustion of the 

gases. These walls burned 

and melted down gradually; but it was not thought 

ad vi::;able, on account of 

the short time remaining 

for tests, to rebuild them. 

The lower row of tiles 

extended to within 30 

inches of the rear water ::! 

leg, except during a few ~ " .I 

tests at first, when the dis- t1 g 

tance was 42 inches. 1'he ~ 

8, 

upper row of tiles was of 8 

? the ordinary type used by 3 

;J 

" 

~ !:; 

the Heine Company and 

extended to within 18 

inches· of the front water ~ 

leg, except during: a few " 

§; 

tests, ilfter which both the ~ 

passag·es were reduced in 

order to cause the gat-'es to 

reach the tube surface not 

in the direct line of the 

openings. The chan&'es i1~ 

dimensions will be notell 

on the data she.ets. 

In order that the temperatures and pressures 

at each important passage 

might be obtained, several 

2-inch pipes 24 inches long, 

provided with caps, were 

set in the side walls when 

they were being laid by the 

BOILER TESTS. 

i 

.' 

... 

~-- c 

m 

" ~ 

305 

I 
306 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

mason. They were located as shown on fig. 15. By removing the cap from the 

pipes, an instrument could easily be inserted into the gas passage. 

After the boilers were completely bricked in, careful measurements were taken 

of all areas of passages and other dimensions, and the results are given in the above 

table and the accompanying drawings. 

The grates were plain single bars, as shown on fig. 15. They were one-half inch 

wide and constructed to give an air space of one-half inch. .The grate surface was 

74 inches wide by 66 inches long, giving an area of 40.55 square feet. 

So much trouble was experienced from clinker sticking to the grate bars during 

the first six tests that it was decided to put pipes in the ash pit and admit steam 

under the grates. This was done in preference to using water in the pit, as it was 

desired to keep the ash dry. As live steam could be piped much more easily than 

exhaust steam, liye steam was used. It has not been charged to the economy of the 

coals in any ease, because some other method could have been used which would not 

be counted an expense. The use of the steam greatly reduced the difficulty arising 

from sulphur in the coal. The pipes are shown on fig. 18. 

The boilers were also equipped with a Hughes smoke preventer (sec fig. 16), 

consisting of a set of three steam jets .above the fire doors and four damperlike doors below the grates, to admit air after firing coal. Both air and steam 

were cut off automatically, closing slowly, and adjusted as to time by the fireman. The automatic attachment was actuated by a chain driven by the hinge of 

the left-hand fire door. The steam jets were not used during any of the tests, 

but the damper doors for admission of air were used in all cases in accordance 

with the judgment of the man in charge of the fires. The same effect might 

have been obtained by leaving the fire doors open slightly for about two minutes, more or less. During· the tests some smoke was made, as will be seen by 

referring to the- tables of results. 

Staclcs.-The stacks were of sheet steel, 37.5 inches in diameter, and extended 

113.25 feet above the grates. They. rested on suitable hoods directly on the 

rear walls of the boiler.~, giving direct draft connections. . A hole was made in the 

base of each stack to insert a pipe for draft measurement, and higher up, as 

shown by drawings, was an opening for the flue thermometer. A damper was· 

placed at the top of the hood. Wires were run from the dampers over suitable 

pulleys to the front wall of the building, within ·easy reach of the man in charge 

of the fires. The stacks were properly f~stened by guy wires. These stacks 

were high enough· to give the draft necessary for soft coal of nut size, but not 

for slack or lignite, as will be seen from an inspection of the results. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 Pl. V 

A. CALORIMETER CONNECTION TO STEAM MAIN. 

B. EAMES DIFFERENTIAL DRAFT GAGES AND ORSAT APPARATUS. 
BOILER TESTS. 307 

Steam, pipe.-'l'he steam pipes from the boiler to the header are shown in 

fig. 17. These pipes were covered with a good sectional covering. The steam pipe 

to the Corliss engine was covere.d and a separator was placed above the throttle 

valve. Steam was taken from 'the boiler through a tee and a short section of 6-inch 

vertical pipe, in which was placed the calorimeter nipple. All steam pipes were 

inclined away from the boilers. (See Pl. V, A.) 

!njectm's.-'l'he injectors first installed were 2-inch Pemberthy, but after making 

a few trials they were changed to the H-inch size of the same make, which were 

FIG. 13.-Dimensions and details for setting boilers. 

more easily reg~ulated to suit the capacity of the boiler. Each injector was supplied 

with steam from the boiler into which it discharged. The 2-inch steam pipes were 

led from the tops of the vertical pipes out of the boilers. The injectors were placed 

directly over the 'feed tank and were suspended by iron hangers. The 2-inch discharge pipes connected directly with the boilers into which they discharged, except 

for a pump connection on each.. This pump connection was provided with two 

valves, and between the valves was a short length of pipe with flanges. At the 

beginning of each test the valves were closed, and the leng-th of pipe was remoYcll 
.· 

308 OPERATIONS O.F .THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

to prevent a possible losH of water not accounted for. All pipes leading to and from 

the injectors were covered with sectional covering to prevent loss by radiation. The 

blow-off pipes were also arranged with short pieces of pipe, which were easily 

removed at the beginning of the tests. Any water ~hich leaked by the valves was 

caught and returned to the feed tanks. 

6[CTION Of ORIDGE WA~~ 

FLOOR L11'4f 

. VIEW OF fRONT WALL 

COMBUSTION CHAMBE-R WALL 

.OP~C!Al iiLE AND FIRf. 6RICK CON5TftUC'110k 

r- 12' I I r·-; 

~~ 

r 

·s;.· TILE. FOR .J.;OWE.R ROW 01"' TUOES 

.COMBUSTION CHAMO~R 

WALL ORICK. 

(F) 

FIG. 14.-Dctnils of spceial feature:-~ of boiler setting. 

Weiglting scales.-The weighing scales were furnished by Fairbanks, Morse 

& Co. They consisted of two platform scales of 1,000 pounds capacity, for weighing water, and two large seales, with platforms set flush with the brick floor of the 

boiler room, for weighing coal and ash. By using a tank of water and a standard 

50-pound test weig·ht the scales were calibrated and found correct. They were 

frequently checked by means of the test weight during the period of the tests. 
BOILER TESTS. 309 

lV£ttm·-weigAing tanks.-The tanks for weighing water were constructed according to sketches furnished by the writer. (See Pl. IV, B, and figs. U and 15.) They 

were provided with Handy gate valves on the 2-inch outlets, and water was admitted 

through a ~-inch pipe, also fitted with the same type of valves. On account of the 

supply pipe being under a pressure of about '70 pounds, the gate valves worked too 

hard to he satisfactory. The time required to fill and empty one of the weighing 

(C) 

DETAILS OF-

~lOt; ~\..t::VATIOM or BOILEP\ ~E:TTING .9HOWI!"G 

~:SITION$ OF PIP'f!S LC'ADII'I'G 11'\TO Cti ... M!:I~RS 

O~WHIC,.. TC::M~PA'A.TIJ"t:'.!ll AND OR""'T 

,(D) 

--------

/ 

------- / ' ' 1 

OETAIL5 OF 

W'ATffl WEIGHING TAI1K:J, 

FIG. 15.-Details of grate bars, boiler setting, feed-water tank. and water-weighing tanks. 

tanks was about three minutes: To getthe capacity of the boiler it was necessary to 

empty a tank only once in six minutes; Only one weighing tank was used for each 

boiler. Both tanks were adjusted to hold 634 pounds of water at 60° F. Owing 

to the neck of the tank being a little less than 6 inches in diameter, an~' variation 

in t,he height of water above the edge of the .overflow was less than the rang·e of 

the scales, one-sixteenth of an i~1ch being but 1 ounce in weight. The weighing· 
310 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

tanks were placed on scales located on a platform about 4 feet above the floor, and 

thfl water was discharged directly into the feed tanks, which were 4 feet in diameter 

by 4 feet high. These tankl'l were provided with floats, which indicated at all times 

the number of inches of water in the tanks. By c:tlibration it was. found that eaeh 

inch of water was equal to 5H pounds. There was also provided a tank about 24 

inches in diameter by 30 .inches high, for use in. calibrating boilers and for similar 

uses. This tank was provided with a H-inch outlet pipe with gl~be valve. All 

the above tanks wm:e made of galvanized iron. 

Charging car.-The coal-charging car (see Pl. IV, A) was built entirely of steel, 

and the box ·was 30 by 54 by 13 inches. One side was hinged and arranged to 

lower, for the convenience of the fireman. This car when loaded with iOO pounds . . . of coal was nearly full. 

Sampling cans.-Four sample cans were· provided for keeping samples of the 

coal and ash. They were about 18 inches in diameter by 30 inches high and 

were made of galvanil"ed iron. They were closed by tight-fitting covers. 

Apparatus for analyzing .fine gases.-The gas-analysis apparatm; consisted 

of two saniplers for obtaining the gas, four leveling bottles, and two sets of 

Orsat apparatus with the necessary pipes, aspirators, etc. (See Pl. V, B.) To 

insure a uniform sample of the gas, a sampler was constructed for each boiler 

and installed before the brickwork was finished. This is shown on fig. _20. 

Each consisted of _a thin box of galvanized iron of the same width and length as 

the inside dimensions of the brick smoke fine at the base of the stack hood. 

From this box 85 pipes, one-fourth inch in diameter and 5 feet long, cut from 

standard gas pipe and having both ends square, led to the flue and were so placed 

as to give one opening for each 40 square inches of fine area. As shown in the 

sketch,- these pipes were not soldered to the box where they passed throrigh it, 

but the box was provided with a lip forming a small trough, through whieh the 

pipes passed. These pipes fitted snugly into the holes and the troug·h was filled 

around the pipes with plaster of Paris. As an added precaution against possible 

leakage of air, a j,hin layer of pitch was run over the plaster. The chemist in 

charge assured himself that the apparatus was free from leaks. From the bottom 

of the sample box four one-fourth inch pipes led to a 3-inch cube of galv.anized 

iron, which served to further mix the gasc::;, and from this· cupe a short oneeighth inch pipe made connections with a one-eighth inch bent pipe leading to·the 

aspirator. The aspirator was supplied with water under pressm:e to cause a 

suction in the gas sampler. This apparatus was essentially the same as is recommended by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. A glass tee was 

placed in the suction pipe ncar the aspirator, and samples of "the passing gas were 

drawn from this tee into a bottle by allo.wing the brine solution with which it 
BOILER TESTS. 311 

was filled to fi<_>w into another bottle at a lower level. The flow was controlled 

by pinchcocks on the tnbing. Samples were also taken from a one-half inch 

pipe 7 feet long, which extended across the flue at right angles to the pipes of 

the sampler. This pipe was plugged at the end and was perforated by onesixteenth inch holes 6 inches apart on one side of the pipe. These holes were 

0 Q 

"'II [ l .. > 

0 

E i m • .. ·s: ... 

·---

11.0 

.s:: c 0 • 0 0 ·- .., ... 

0 

~ .~ c0 0.. 

~ !<. • 0 

.~o 

"-

:'.! 0 0 Q ) 

:;:: 0 

~ ~ 

• 0 > ... 

,. 

PIG. 16.-Hughes automatic smoke preventer. 

placed away from. the cmrrent to prevent soot from tilling them. Analyses made 

from gas obtained through this pipe compared favor~bly, bnt are not reported. 

It seemed advisable to take a few samples of gas by this method, because ·in 

many cases it is impossible, or at least difficult, to install . the apparatus 

recommended·. 
312 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

PJ'essure gage.-The pressure gage used was a standard Crosby test gage 

graduated to single pounds on a 6-inch dial. A Crosby gag·e-testing outfit was. 

provided and the test gage was calibrated frequently. It was always practicn:lly 

eorreet. 

C~lo1'£meters.-The ealorirneters used were Cat·penter\; t,hrottling and separating. Oil' nearly all the tests the separating· calorimeter was used. (See Pl. V, A.) 

In case it was desired to examine the regular one, or when two tests were to be mn 

at the same time, the throttling calorinieter was used. The separating ealori111eter 

with its connections uncovered is shown on fig. 1!1. This in.strnment was provided .. with a gage to determine the flow of steam. Thi~> discharge was carefully calibrated; and while it ~>howed a slight error, it would not affeet the results more 

than 0.003 per cent, and no eorrection Wlis made except for ehang·es in the calibration of the gage,· which was tested frequently and the results redw;ed to true 

pres:;ures. by the aid of a calibration enrve on cross-section paper. 

Tl1.ermometers.-A number of chemical thermometers and three flue thermornete'r~> were furnished by Hohman & Maurer, ·of Rochester, N. Y. These were 

compared with the standard thermometer at \Vashington University and all but 

one were found to be correct. The only· test which could be provided for the 

tl ue thermometers was a. eornparison at about the boiling point of water. When 

new they were found to agree, but one of the thermometers, after having been 

in u::;e about one month, was found to be in error 10°, and was adjusted accordingly. 

Draft gages.-The draft gages were furnished by the Appliance Manufacturing Company, Chicago, and were im improved type of Eames differential-draft 

gage, using a 300° test kerosene oil instead of water, in order to overcome the 

influenee of capillarity of the. tube. These gages· were graduated to onehundredth of an inch of water. They· were compared with a standard U tube 

containing water under the same suction and were found correet. 

STEAM PLANT. 

The steam g·enerated during the trials was largely used by a 250-horsepower 

Allis-Chalmers simple Corliss engine. This· engine wa~> belted to a 200 kilowatt 

Bullock direct-current generator. The current ::;upplied was used to drive the 

various motors used about the plant and to furnish power to the "Mining Guleh" 

railway, as well as for a small number of lights. 

The load on the engine proved to be so variable that it was found neces:;;ary 

to install a water rheo::;tat -for controlling the load. Even with· this arrangement 

there was ·sometimes diffieulty in carrying a ste~tdy load on the engirie. The 

most satisfactory arrangement for eontrolling the steaming rate of the. boiler 

under test was the use of a globe valve discharging steam directly into the 

· atmosphere and under the control of the expert in charge of the tests. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 PL. VI 

A. TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY-HORSEPOWER ALLIS-CHALMERS CORLISS ENGINE. 

B. TWO HUNDRED KILOWATT BULLOCK DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR. 
BOILER TESTS. 313 

Tests were made to determine the steam consumed by the engine per hOl'sepower developed, as well as to determine the electrical horsepower delivered to 

the switchboard for each indicated horsepower developed in the engine cylinder . .. The steam e?lgine.-The steam engine (see Pl. VI, A) used in these trials was 

.loaned by the Allis-Chalmers Company, of Milwaukee, vVis. It was a simple 

engine with unjacketed cylinder and it ran noncondensing. The following are 

the leading dimensions: 

Dimensions of engine. 

Diameter of cy Iinder. .............................. _ ................................ inches.. 22 

Stroke .......................................... , ........... , ........................ do .... 42 

Speed ...... _ ..... _ ........................ : ......................... revolutions per minute.. 80 

Diameter of fly wheel ................................................................. feet .. 16 

Face of fly wheel ............... , ........................... ~ ...................... inehes .. 30 

.Kated horsepower at 80 pounds steam pressure and one-fourth cut-off ......................... 250 

Results of enqine tests.-In order to determine the amount of steam used 

by the engine for the production of one indicated horsepower, several tests were 

run, in which all the steam generated by the boiler was used by the engine. 

The results of these triaJs showed the water rate of the engine to be always 

between 23 and 24 pounds of steam per indicated horsepower per hour. An 

engine test run on November 1, 1904, in connection with boiler test No. 4:3, 

gave the following results: 

Results of engine tests made November 1, 1904. 

Date of trial, November 1, 1904. 

Average steam pressure (gage) ............... _ ................................... pounds.. 83. 6 

Average revolutions per minute ....................................... _.............. . .. . 79. 26 

Average indica!ed horsepower .................................. _ .. _ .......... _... . . . . . . . . 252 

Average electrical horsepower ................ _ .......... _ .... _ .. -.--._ ................ _ ... 204 

Dry steam used per indicated horsepower per hour •••.•.•....................... pounds.. 23. 6 

Dry steam used per electrical horsepower per hour ................................ do.... 29. 4 

Dry coal used per indicated horsepower per hour .................................. do.... 2. 74 

Dry coal used per electrical horsepower per hour. ............ _ .................. _ .. do.... 3. 39 

Efficiency of engine and dynamo ...................•................•.•........ per cent.. 81 

ELECTRICAL GENERATOR. 

The generator (see Pl. VI, B), which was driven by the Corliss steam engine, 

was a six-pole, direct-curren~ Bullock machine of 240 volts and of 200-kilowatt 

capacity. It gave excellent service throughout the tests, frequently running • 

under a severe overload. 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-2 
• 

314 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

WATER RHEOSTAT. 

The water rheostat (see Pl. VII) was constmcted in order to control the load 

on. the steam engine so that the bo~lers might operate under a nearly constant 

load. lt con·sisted of a wooden tank about R feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2.5 feet" 

deep. It was lined on two sides and the bottom with No. 22 sheet iron. 

Within this tank was a sheet of steel one-eighth inch thick and 28 inches by 

96 inches, bolted to a wooden frame, which was arranged to turn about an axis 

at the end of the tank so that any surface desired could be lowered into the 

tank. The tank was nearly filled with salt water, and the metal sheets were 

' 

fLU[-GAS 5AMPL[R 

FIG. 17.-Boiler setting, showing arrangement of piping, tanks, etc. 

suitably connected to the terminals of the generator. A rope leading from the 

free end of the swinging plate OV~.?r pulleys to a convenient point near the switch 

board enabled the attendant to control the current generated. A signal bell from 

the boiler room enabled the expert in charge to ask for any desired change of 

Joad. 

Thit> rheostJtt gave good satisfaction and frequently carried a load of 100 to 

150 horsepower for several hours. The salt water 'Yas allowed to boil away under 

heavy loads, a small stream of water renewing the. loss. A rheostat of similar 

dimensions was used to control the load on the gas-engine generator. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 PL. VII 

WATER RHEOSTATS. 
BOILER TE8TS. 315 

1\IE'I'HOD 01'' CONDUC'riNG THT<J TESTS. 

The fires wen; started early in the morning from a banked fire, and the pressu1·e 

was maintained at the usual working rate.. The steam engine was rim under load 

for at least forty-five minutes before starting the tests. \Vhen the furnace walls 

were well heated and other conditions were favo.rable, the tire was allowed to burn 

t..INED ON TWO SIDES "AND BOTTOM 

VVITH NO. 22 .'5H.tET IRON 

(A) 

~-- -- - -t t--- --- - . I' I 

I 

II 

I 

II 

u 

WATER RHEOSTAT 

PLACED 4" BELOW 

\"Pif'E 

) 

)

.. = HOLE5 IN PIPING STAGGERED 0 

4 INCHES APART 

(B) 

SECTION 

0-~ OF PIPE 

ARRANGEMENT OF 5TEAM PIPING UNDER GRATE 

(C) 

1.!) uJ 

z .J 

J 1-

~ b ~ tO 

> 

. . 

~ 

A 

GAS. COLLECTOR 

TO THI:i '&..OW[.ft OOT,-LE. 

-

Fm. 18.-Details of rheostat, steam jets under grate, and flue-gas collector. 

low and was raked clean and level. At this time a signal was given to begin the 

test. The thickness ·of the tire on the grate was determined by measurement on a 

tire hook at several points and the average recorded. No particular time was set for 

starting, but the tests were begun as soon after 7.30 a. m. as the conditions were 

favorable. The height of water in the gage glass, height of water in the feed ta.nk, 
316 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

the steam pressure, and other observations were taken when the signal was given to 

begin. The injector was not in operation during the starting or closing of the tests. 

The tests were run as nearly ten hqurs as was consistent with correct results. 

About thirty minutes before the end of the ten-h0ur period the fire was eleaned, and 

it was then burned to the same depth on the grate as at the start. When, in the 

opinion of the observer in charge, this condition was reached, a signal was given to 

take the final observation for the test . 

• \ 

I , 

I 

THERMOMETfR 

fA i 

eMs~ nte'ftftortr•rf" ov~ 

I'LACCD Ht fj.Kf't•j: T£"1! "" ..-er:ofBI 

CAL. OR lt1ET(R COI''It1ECTIOM 

FIG~ 

F'LAT~ PO" 

(Ci 

;,cHAEfl'ER ~ouo·~Neo~:"• 

::ICI"At"t,-.TI"G CAI-OAII1f!T"e'R 

1----- ,. ----io" 7~· I 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~·~~~~-~- ' 

~0 ~if'""9LII!~ Ofi'II.Lf'D 11£LICA~Y ,,. 5" Lr."GTH 

, ...... ~ 

fiRA~:) CALORIM(T[R MfPPLf.. 

FIG. 19.-Detaile of thermometer cup, calorimeter, and calorimeter sampling nipple. 

It was thought that by using care in obtaining the same condition in the fire, 

less error would be introduced than if an attempt were made to get the water level 

and the steam pressure the same as at the beginning and ·then estimating the 

difference in the depth of the fire. With a hand-fired furnace it is difficult to close 

a test with the same depth of fire, water level, and steam pressure, when the same 

load on the engine is maintained as at the start. As an error in 1 pound of coal is 
BOlLER TESTS. 317 

equivalent to an error of about '7 pounds of water, and as it is possible to calibrate 

the boilers to within a small percentage of error, the method adopted was decided 

upon. 

Before starting the series of tests the boil~rs were calibrated and recorda were 

made on the steam pressure and water-level gages during the rise and fall of 

pressure between 0 and 100 pounds per square inch. These results gave a basis for 

correction for differences of water level and steam pressure in case they were not 

the same at the close as at the start. An attempt was made in all cases to close 

the test with the same load, the same condition of fire, and as nearly as possible 

the same water level and steam pressure. This was not accomplished in many 

cases, especially during the period hefor~ the rl)eostat was completed. 

60" 

114·-

PUIN ~I"OioJJNG t0~1T~ON~ Of' FLLJ~·G.A!I ~llMPl.~R 

.1'1-ACir<C, Or' 8::1-,fn·<CH l"lpr;~- 60" L.OMG 

Tvef.~ Of' WP.OUGT IP'tON • 5A.,.I.to OrF .5Q.UAf'![ A"f BCTM P'IO:Io 

11.1'10 5f'ACE0 ON!; /HCti· (;~1'1Tf:R TO C!"I''\U.R. 

UC:TI0/'1 TI"I'ROI.JGH Tf'I'OUGi-\'OP 1UJf.·l:,AS ~AI'\P_LC.~ 

Mf:Jt'IOO Of" 511!:/o.LING' 0PU'11ftGI) ; 

.-."ou,_.D lu~t5 '·tn"f.t"1~G -6~i"'~L~A:. 

ee· 

(o,ALV.o\N!Lf:D rL.U(·"GA~ ~AMPlf.R 

MAOf-:.0_. (1!0 JiroN 

I"LAC.&!:i HAP'tKUl'"A•ountT :to-r . .ev~. 

O[.T'AU .. 01' ~OL.T~ TO P'.R~V£:.NT 

COL.L.Af"ti~ ·or '4AM~LLft • 

FIG. 20.-Details of standard (A. S.M. E.) flue-gas sampler. 

When the clinker was unusually bad the pressure often fell at the end of the 

test. This difficulty was due in a measure to the fact that a new coal was tested each 

day, and in many cases but little information regarding it could be obtained. 

The coal was weighed in a charging car, in portions of '700 pounds. The 

coal and car were .weighed after each time of firing until the car was empty. 

This gave a record of coal fired each time. When the car was empty a signal 

was given and the height of water in the boiler and in the feed tank was observed 
318 OPERATIONS OF TilE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

and recorded. Mr. Kreisinger wis in charge of the observations relating to the 

coal used and the furnace conditions. 

Samples of coal were taken from the charging car each time it was loaded, 

the samples being placed in a can with a tight cover. These samples were turned 

over to the chemical laboratory oilce each day for analysis. 

vVhen the fires were cleaned no water was put on the ash and clinker, which 

were allowed to cool before being weighed. The weight of refuse drawn from 

the door when cleaning was taken separately and recorded as "clinker and ash." 

The ash which fell through the grate bars wa's weighed at convenient times a·nd 

recorded as "free ash." A sample of each was taken in proportion to its weight, 

usually about 5 per cent of the total, and this was also turned over to the chemical 

laboratory for analysis. 

The water was weighed in the weighing tank once each morning to make 

sure tiutt it held the usual amount. The succeeding observations were taken by 

measurement and recorded as the same weight. The weight of water in each 

tank increased as the weather became cooler and was recorded as 634t pounds for 

a nu,qlJer of tests during November and December . 

.J:L·. R. H. Post and Mr. H. W. Weeks weighed and recorded the amount of 

wa~er 1scd on alternate weeks. The feed-water temperature was obtained by the 

use of a calibrated thermometer suspended at the middle of the feed tank .. 

The general observations of temperatures, pressu.res, calorimeter readings, 

etc., \Yere ta.ken by an observer, alternating with the work of weighing· water, 

each week. These observations were taken once in twenty minutes. The height 

of water in the feed tank and in the boiler-gage glass was recorded at the same 

time. All log sheets were made in duplicate by the use of carbon paper, and one 

copy was sent to the University of Illinois for safe-keeping, to avoid possible loss 

by fire or .otherwise. 

It was planned to take temperatures in the furnace, and a Le Chatelier electrical pyrometer was loaned for the purpose by Charles Engelhard, of New York .. 

On using this instrument, which was fumished with .a gas-pipe covering to protect 

the porcelain tube, it was found that the steel tube would fuse under the high 

temperatures and on cooling would adhere to and crack the porcelain tube. The 

real cause of the breakage was not discovered until two tubes had failed, and as 

an unprotected tube would be very liable to get broken, it was decided to take no 

further observations during this series of tests. The Pennsylvania Hailroad locomotive-testing foree in the transportation building also experienced great difficulty 

in keeping unprotected tubes ft:om breaking, and they continued to use the instruments with the wires exposed. 

The fine gas was sampled for one hour from the start of the _,test, arid an 
BOILER TESTS. 319 

analysis was then made, and so on for each successive hour. This analysis is 

assumed to represent the· average for the hour. The leveling bottles used for 

gathering the gas held a solution of salt heine instead of fresh water, as fresh 

water absorbs a large portion of the 002 in the gas and also gives it up in case 

the gas is low in 002 • An Orsat apparatus was used, being well suited to the 

conditions, and was considered sufficiently accurate for the purpose. It is probable that the chemical apparatus is more accurate than the usual method of 

obtaining a sample of the gas. Not much trouble was experienced, .ex.cept in a 

few cases, when cold drafts of air caused· difficulty in obtaining reliable results 

on account of the contraction of the gases. This w,as caused by unavoidable 

opening of doors. The soot occasionally clogged. the pipes in the sampling apparatus, and it was necessary to provide openings in the sample boxes for blowing 

· out the accumulations. The chemist for flue gases was also in charge of the 

Rmoke observations. The smoke observations were taken for a period of ten 

minutes during each hour. Ringelmann smoke .charts were used as- standards. 

The boilers were cleaned once a week during the first month of the tests, 

but this was. found to be l!nnece~sary, and later they were cleaned but once in 

two weeks, and at no time were they dirty or in bad condition. They were blown 

off each evening, and the outsides of the tubes were cleaned with the ·steam"jet 

blowers. The condition of the boiler being tested was at all times such as to 

be equally favorable to coals being tested. 

ME'l'HOD OE' CALCUT ... A'l'ING UESUT ... TS. 

All totals for the observations were found by the aid of a Burroughs adding 

machine, which printed the figures for checking with the original. The calculations involving multiplication and division were made·with a Burkhart computing 

machine that was furnished hy the Keuffel & Esser Company. The use of these 

machines enabled the two computers, Mr. Rutt and Mr. Green, to separatelycalculate and check a boiler.· test in about six hours. In all this work the code 

for boiler testing as published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

was followed in all particulars. It will be noted that the efficiency of the boiler 

is ~xpressed in two v~tlues, one of which is based on combustible as shown by 

the actual weight of the ash determined by weighing, but does not include such 

ash as is carried over the bridge wall, etc., and the other is based on the chemical analysis, which is assumed to be the true value. In both cases correction 

was made for combustible in the ash. It was desired to make tests on the same 

boiler on consecutive days and it was not practicable to recover the ash carried 

over the bi·idge wall and into the flues. The heat balance is based upon the 

chemical results. 
320 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

RESULTS OF TESTS. 

FORMS OF REPORTS. 

The results of the coal tests in the boiler plant which are herewith submitted· 

are reported in accordance with the form recommended by the American Society 

of Mechanical Engmeers. These trials were made under the most favorable 

conditions for securing accurate observations. The instruments used were carefully standardized and calibrated. The chemical work was performed under 

peculiarly fortunate conditions, so that the results are comparable. The computations have been double checked and much of the numerical work has been 

meehanically performed by calculating machines, thus insurin~ accuracy. 

It has been deemed desirable to submit the important items of the original 

data and observations from which the calculations have been made. This will 

enable anyone desiring to make further calculations to have access to the entire 

information available in connection with the tests. 

GRAPHIC LOG CHARTS. 

A graphic <~hart is submitted for each test made. Many engineers prefer to 

examine the progress of a test by the study of these charts. By this means any 

errors of records may be easily located. 

The scales which belong to the several curves drawn may, it is hoped, be 

easily located at the left-hand edge of each plate. The feed-water consumption 

and the coal-consumption lines have been drawn heavier than the other lines on 

account of their importance. 

The nature of the information given by the different curves Is printed on 

each of them. Times at which the fires were "cleaned" or "sliced" are indicated near the bottom of the charts. The tempei·ature of the feed water is 

indicated at the right-hand edge of the charts. It was nearly constant during 

each trial and is not plotted. 
BOILER TESTS. 321 

'!'EST No. 17.-Regular and special observations on test of Alabama No. 1 coal, September 30, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gnge. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.03 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Flue Water In J:tood, 

Out- Boiler gases, Stenm sel!arated 1 in~hes side. room. base of discharge. !" 10 of 

stack. mmutes. water. 

In fur- nace, 

in 

water. 

Flue gases. 

o,. co. 

-------1---------·- ----1 

inches I of 

--------

7.43 ------------

8----------. ·-.. 

8.20 -------------

8.40 .......... .. 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ··-········· 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 -·---·--······ 

10.20 .......... . 

·10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............ .. 

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 -------··-----

12.20 -----------

12.40 -- .. -.. -.. -

'1 ............. .. 

1.20 ------------

1.40 -.--- .. -.. -. 

2 .............. . 

2.20 -------- .. .. 

2.40 ............ . 

3----------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------

4 ............. .. 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 ........... . 

5---------------

5.20 -----·-----· 

5.15 ------------

Pounds. ° F. o .F. op_ Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per cf. ]>e•· ct. 

97 ................. -........... -... -......... ·- ..... --•.............. 

82 

81 

97 

84 

82 

83 

87 

88 

83 

78 

72 

89 

89 

78 

96 

78 

85 

80 

87 

85 

80 

77 

78 

86 

83 

99 

79 

93 

90 

74 

74 

74 

75 

75 

75 

76 

76 

76 

76 

77 

79 

80 

80 

80 

78 

77 

7Fl 

78 

79 

79 

78 

78 

78 

7H 

74 

73 

72 

77 

iS 

79 

80 

81 

81 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

84 

84 

84 

I 

84 

83 

83 

84 

84 

85 

86 

86 

86 

84 

84 

81 

82 

80 

79 

625 

665 

665 

640 

615 

615 

635 

630 

647 

632 

604 

655 

650 

652 

645 

635 

623 

653 

658 

625 

665 

670 

640 

660 

635 

724 

580 

641 

685 

4.2 0.017 

4. 00 . 016 

4. 24 . 012 

4. 07 . 03 

4. 20 . 03 

4. 07 . 014 

·····---1---·-·-· I 

3. 96 . 016 

4.41 .010 

4.18 .008 

0.34 

.42 

. 37 

.36 

.36 

.35 

.35 

.35 

. 38 

.43 

.53 

. 28 

. 35 

. 31 

. 27 

. 31 

.30 

.40 

. 31 

. 29 

.55 

.33 

.-33 

.33 

.35 

.49 

. 25 

.41 

.40 

0.16 

. 18 

.17 

.19 

.19 

. 20 

. 15 

.20 

. 22 

.32 

. 32 

. 07 

.19 

7.4 12.9 ...... 

9. 2 10.6 ...... 

8. 6 10. 6 .. -- .. 

8. 8 11.1 ...... 

.14 7.4 12.0------

.12 

.17 ------ ........... .. 

:~~ --~--~- --~~--~_[:::::: .13 

.16 

. 27 

. 13 

.15 

. 16 

.17 

.21 

.16 

. 23 

.20 

8.4 11.6 ...... 

8.0 12.0 ·-·-·· 

8.3 10.9 ...... 

8. 3 11.2 ------

99 .......................................... ·----- ............. ------ 1~-- -------------------------------

Total ____ _ 

Average .. 

2, 640 2, 14512, 394 18, 669 

85. 1 76. 5 82. 5 643 

37.33 

4.15 

. 238 10.50 5. 31 83.0 114. 3 

. 026 . 36 . 183 8. 3 11. 43 
322 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 17.-Regular and special observations on test of Alabama No.1 coal, September SO, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. v -

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

--

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.43 __________ . -[ 48i It 1------------ ------------1------------ ------------

8.15.- -.------- -·------ 86i 3 700 700 2,524 2,524 

9.04 ______ ------- ·---- 42t H 700 1, 400 4,809 7,333 

9.57 __ . ________ -------- 40~ 3 700 2,100 5, 733 13,066 

10.46.---.------------ 36 4t 700 2,800 4,810 17,876 

11.33 ... --------------- 40 H 700 3,500 . 3, 568 21,444 

12 .. 21.. _________ ------ 38 5 700 4,200 . 5, 014 26,458 

1.12.----.------------ 35~ 2t 700 4,900 6, 011 32,469 

2.07.----------------- 40 3if 700 5,600 5,089 37,558 

3 -------------------- 35~ 3i 700 6, :{00 5,425 42,983 

3.35 ______ ------ ·----- 421 2i 700 I 7,000 3, 758 46,741 

4.15 .. ---------------- 38i 2~ 700 7, 700 4,659 51,400 

4.54 ______________ ---- 35i 2i 700 8,400 4,527 55,927 

Close, 5.45 ___ . ________ 43 2ll 8 256 8,656 4,842 60,769 

··-

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Obsen·ation. Time. Observution. 

----- ------· 

6.------ Fire started. 2.28--- Cleaning fire. 

6.40---- Boiler under full load. 2.45--- Fire eleaned, 4 inches thic:k. 

7.43---- Test started; dean fire, 3 inches thick. ,3.23--- Fire sliced, 8 inehes thick. 

9.------ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.57--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

11.07--- Cleaning fire. 5.20--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

11.22 --- Fire cleaned, 5 inehes thick. 5.25--- Cleaning fire. 

12.!W ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.32--- Fire cleaned. 

1.06---- Do. 5.45.-- Test elosed; fire 3 inches thick. 

104 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stemn test of A labuma No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONR OJ<' BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 17. 

Made b_v boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, J,ouisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

323 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Alabama No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, band fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of Ftarting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 30, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .... : .................................................. hours .. 

DIMENSIO~S AND PROPORTIO~S. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Vl'idth of grate ........................................................... feet .. 

::1.2 Length of grate ............................ : ...... : ..................... do .•.. 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ........................ _ ........ do._ .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.). Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney aboyc grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................................................... _ ... _ ..... _. 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to.outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............. , ............................ _ ... __ .. _ .. __ .. _ ... . 

. . . . "d {inches .. 7.4 Diameter o.l tubes ( outside-msi e) .................................. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ......................... _ ... _ .. _ .. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............................... __ ._. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer _____________ . ____________________ . __ . ___________ rnches of mercury .. 

. ....•.... pounds .. 

Steam pressure by gage per square inch .............................. . {

·-do .... 

.. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace .......... _ ............ _ ... _ .... _ ................ do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ashpit .................. _ .. ____ ..... _. _____ ..... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.03 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

1i:87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.7 

14.57 

85.1 

a 99.67 

.36 

.18 

0 

.. 
324 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ....................................................... degrees.. 76.5 

16. Of fireroom ............................................................. do .. .. 

17. Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ..................................... :.do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............. , .....................•......... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... " 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................................ do .. .. 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEl,. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 70 per cent; slack, 30 per cent; clean and bright. 

82.5 

327.3 

77.2 

153 

643 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ..................... , : .. ......................... do.... 8, 656 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ............................................... .. 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... ponn(ls .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

2.56 

8,434 

1,375 

64 

30. 

31. 

Total combustible consumed ......................................... . . {pounds.. 7, 059 

· .. ·do .... a 6, 869 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal............. .. .. .. • .. . • .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . 16. 3 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. eombustii].le. 

32. Fixed carbon . .. . . . • .. .. . .. • . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . 52. 52 '62.88 

33. Volatile matter.... . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 31. 00 37.12 

34. Moisture ............................................................ .. 

35. Ash ................................................................. .. 

2.56 

13.92 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately det<:Jrmined .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 78 ........... .. 

lJI .. Til\IATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ..................... , ................................... .. 72.02 84.03 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...................................................... .. 4. 78 5.58 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... .. 6.45 7.52 

40. Nitrogen (N) .. ; .................................................... .. 1. 66 1. 94 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... .. 0 80 0 93 

42. Ash ................................................................ .. 14.29 

100.00 100.00 

4:3. Moisture in sample of coal as received . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2. 56 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent .• 

45. Earthy matter .........•.......•............................•........... do .... 

FUF.L PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ...................................... ~ .... pounds .• 

47. · {·.do .... Combustible consumed per hour .............................. · ....... . · .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Comlmstible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ....... __ .-{-- do.··· . .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE 01<' FUEL. 

325 

26.20 

73.80 

840.8 

703.7 

(t 684.8 

20. 72 

.346 

a.337 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 12, 937 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 15, 094 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 12, 967 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15, 129 

.. QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............ , ................................. .. .62 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... .. None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam = unity) ............ ! .................... per cent .. 99.52 

WATER, 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .. ---~ .................. .. : ........... pounds .• 60,769 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 71, 5i3 

59. 

60. 

61. 

Water actually evaporated, correeted for quality of steam ................. do ... . 

Factor of evaporation .................................................. __ .... . 

Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° •........•. pounds .. 

WATER l'ER HOUR. 

60,477 

1. 1768 

71,169 

62. 'Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .............. pounds.. 6, 030 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................ do.... 7, 096 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ........................................................... · ... pounds.. 3. 49 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................................... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................. " .. . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ........................... .. 

a Calculated from l'hemistry of ash. 

205.7 

210 

97.95 
326 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOl\HC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under aetual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-':- item 25) ........ · ......................... _ .............. pound~ .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ....... ····~;· .............................................. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of <lry coal. (Iten161 +-item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

E~~~:~!e:~ :~::~r;~~~- . ~r_o_r~. -~r:<~. ~-t· ·2·1·2·

0

' . •• ~~~. ~)~-~r:~. ~~. ~~:~ ~J~~ti~l-e~ . {: .. :~~:::: --

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficie~cy o~- t~e boiler (heat absorbed by the b<'>iler per pot~nd of com- { per cent.. 

bustrble drvllled by the heat value of 1 pound of combustrble) .......... do ... . 

7:3. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

7.02 

8.22 

8.44 

10.08 

(t 10.36 

64.49 

"66. 28 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .......... , per. cent.. 63. 01 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

~Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

)fETHODS OF FIRING. 

SO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................ . 

81. Average thickness of .fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor-

$1.00 

$0. 071 

$0.061 

40 

. 0123 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ............................ · ........... · .............. minutes.. 6 

S3. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... : 60 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANAT,YSTS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ....•...•....................................... per cent., 

Oxygen (0) ................•.•.......................................... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen apd hydrocarbons ... -.•..... -......... -- ...................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ..........•.............•.•................. do, ... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.3 

11.43 

80.27 
BOlLER TESTS. 327 

r:~~~~~~~:~~L~~~~~~·T~~~s I FURNAcE AND FL.UE TEMPERATURES (DEGREES F"AHR.) 

0 20 40 ·' 60 so 100 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2&00 

WATER CONSUMPTION IN THOUSAND POUNDS I STtAM-~J 5MOKE IF'LUE.-GASJORAFTI ANO 

5 10 I~ 20 25 30 '35 40 45 50 . 55 PRESSURE CHART o/o C.Oz lj'oMOISTI)!l 

COAL CONSUMPTION IN THOUSAND POUNDS l C.AUGE NUMBER 

z 4 6 a 10 •z 14 16 1B -co ~2. !ao 90 100. 1 z 3 4 s I 2 4 & a I z q r,_·(i. 
328 OPEBATIONS OF THE COAL-'fESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THF. HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................• 15, 094 

B. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................•............... 10,005 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =per eent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T--212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=t!~t of the flue gases) ............................... . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212 -t)+ 966 + 0.48 ( T-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

40 

654 

pomid of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 380 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible . COd-COX 100 X10,150 ...•..................... 

6. L?ss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois· 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ............•................................•......•... 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.35 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.14 pounds. 

0 

1,015 

Percent. 

66.28 

.27 

4.34 

22.42 

0 

6.69 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 329 

TEST No. 21.-Regular and -3pecial observations on test of Alabama No. 1 coal (large briquettes),. October 6, 

1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 8.25 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue g11ses. 

Time. 

7.~9 ....................... 

8 ---------------

8.20 ----.... ----.. - 8.40 ...................... 

9 .............................. 

9.20 ......................... 

9.40 ....................... 

10 ----·-··------· 10.20 .. -- .... -.. ---- 10.40 ---------·- 11 ---·--·-·----- 11.20 ----------- 11.40 ·---------- 12 ------------·- 12.20 ·----,-----1 

12.40 I 

----------- 1 --------------

1.20 ------·----

1.40 ------------1 

2 ---------------

2.20 -----------· 2.40 ------------ 3 ---·----------

3.20 ----------- 3.40 -----------· 3.54 ------------

Steam· 

pressure 

gage. 

Pounds. 

90 

87 

90 

87 

87 

88 

83 

87 

88 

89 

91 

91 

81 

87 

90 

88 

93 

93 

85 

80 

92 

92 

87 

90 

83 

89 

---~----~--~=- -----Watc~ In ~ood, I~a~n.,~- --· 

Out- Boiler gases, Steam sep~tratcd . Jn in COo ... side.. room. base of discharge. in 10 m~~es inches 02· 

stack. minutes. water. w;'Zer. 

co. 

------- ----------- oF. oF. oF. Pounds. Pottnds. Per ct. ·Per ct. Per ct. 

.......... ........... ------· -------- -----·-- 0.61 0.11 ........... ............. --- ...... 

54 57 573 -------- ................ .62 .16 ------ ·------- .......... 

56 58 586 4.53 0.027 .62 . 21 ------ ------- ------ 57 59 551 -------- -------- .43 .18 6.3 13.7 0.0 

58 61 565 .. -- .... -- .. -------- .61 .20 ·------ ............ 

58 62 526 4.20 . 019 .17 . 07 ------ ------- ------ 58 63 545 -------- .45 . 19 10.0 9.4 .0 

58 64 /)48 ----·--· .... --~. - . 4.5 . 21 ------ ......... ------ 60 64 555 4. 71 . 052 . 63 . 32 ------ ......... ------ 60 65 550 -------- -----·-- .52 .26 9.4· 10.6 .2 

60 66 555 ·------- -------- . 61 . ~:3 ------ ------- ------ 61 67 539 4. :~o .048 . 32 .10 ------ ------- ------ 61 67 575 -·------ --·----· . 58 . 19 8.:3 11. 8 ., . ,, 

62 67 550 -------- -------- .31 . 10 ------ ------- ------

62 68 495 4.24 .0~9 .09 . 05 ------ -----·- ---·--

63 68 540 -----·-- -------- .40 . 17 8.4 11. 7 . 2 

63 68 5:33 -------- -------- .30 .15 ------ ------- ------ 63 68 550 --~- --. - -------· ............. ------ ------ -----·- ------ 61 68 550 4.24 .044 .53 . 22 9.6 10.4 .1 

61 69 570 -------- -------- . 59 . 28 ------ --·---- ------ 61 68 575 4.66 . 046 . 37 .23 .......... .......... ------ 62 69 519 -------- ----·--- . 39 .23 7.3 13.0 .0 

61 69 548 -------· ----·--- . 61 . 27 ------ ............ ------ 60 68 536 4.05 .034 .32 .02 ........... ------- ------ 60 67 530 -------- -------- .40 .16 7.9 12 .. 6 .o ... - ..... ------ ------- -------· -------- ............ ............ ............ ----... - .. ......... ---·1-----c ------- --- ---~ --- ~--~-- ~ --

Total----~ 2,288 1,440 1,570 13,164 

Average . _ 88 60 65. 4 548 

1:3-No. 48, pt 2-06--3 

:34.93 . 309 10.93 4. 43 67. 2 93. 2 

4. 37 . 0386 . 46 '. 177 8. 3 11. 7 

.8 

.1 
330 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 21.-Regular and special observations on test of Alabama No. 1 coal (large briquettes), October 6, 

1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

. -

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Tilne. --------------

In tank. In gage glass. Dnriug period. Total. During period. To !ttl. 

-- ------ ------------ Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Po/fnds. l'onnds. 

Start, 7.39 .. __ ....... -I 44~ 2~ ------------ .. -.. ------ ~ ~ - ------------ -·---------· 8.09 ----------------- 31~ 4! 700 700 2,112 2,112 

8.56 .. -- .... ----.......... --- 34 3~ 700 1,400 4,548 6,660 

9.47 ---------------·- 37i 3 700 2,100 5,656 12,316 

10.37 .... -.. ---- .. -.... --- .. 27! 51 700 2,800 4,834 17,150 

11.31 .. -- ...... ----- ...... -- 29~ 4t 700 3,500 5,368 22,518 

12.18 ---------------- 32 5 700 4,200 4,667 27,185 

1.18 ----------------- 41~ 5 700 4,900 5, 779 32,964 

2.10 --- .... -- .. ------...... 41~ 3~ 700 5,600 5,587 38,551 

3.o::l -----------·----- 38 3~ 700 6,300 4,645. 43,196 

Close, 3.54 ... _ .. _ .... _ 22~ 2~ 221 6,521 4,382 47,578 

-------------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. i Obflervation. Time. Observation. 

---- -----------· 

6.45 .... Boiler under a load. 11.02-- Cleaning fire. 

7.15 .... Fire eleaned. 11.13-- Fire eleaned, 5 inches thick. 

7.39---- Test started, clean fire 2 inches thick. 11.20-. Fire raked, 8 inehes thick. 

8.16-- .. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 12.05-. .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

8.38---- .Fire raked, 10 inehes thiek. 12.41 .. Do. 

9.06---- .Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 1.15--- Do. 

9.40---- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 2.18--- Do. 

10.03 ... Do. 3.19 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.18 .. ' Do. 3.30--- Fire eleaned, 4 inches thick. 

10.44-.- Do. 3.54 ... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

10.58 ... Do. 

---------------------"'------"·---------------------

102 firings during test. Ash white and light in weight. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Alabama No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 21. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

331 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Alabama No. 1 briquettes. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, Octobe~ 6, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _ ...•...... _ .................... _ ......... __ ... __ .... ___ hours._· 8. 25 

DIMENSIO~S AXD PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .........•....•................... _ .......... _ ........ square feet .. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate .. _ ... _ ... _ ...... ___ ........ _. __ .. _._ .. ___ . __ .... _________ .. feet._ 

3. 2 Length of grate ..... _ . __ ................. _ ... _ ..... _. _. _ ....... ___ . _.-._ .. do._._ 

4. Height of furnace ................ _ .......... _ ...... _ .. _ ....... _. __ ._._.inches._ 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate. __ .... : ______ . __ ...... ____ .. _ .... do.___ . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ........ __ . ______ ... _______ per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney-----. __ .. --------------- ____ .. __ ------ ___ ......... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate _ ....................... _ .... __ .... _ .... _ ... feet._ 

6. 3 Length of fine connecting to chimney .... __ ..... __ .. ___ .. ___ . __ . ______ . __ .do ___ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft .. __ .. _ ......... _ .......... _ ... _ .. __ . ___ .... _ .. _. ____ .. ____ . _____ _ 

7. \V ater-heating surface ... _ ........... _ ............. _. __ ... __ .: ... __ .square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell._ .. _ ........ _ ............................... __ .inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ____ . _____ ....... ______ ... _____ .feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ............... : . .............. __ ... _ .... ______ . _ .. ___________ _ 

. ( . . "d ) {inches __ 7.4 Dmmeter of tubes outs1de-ms1 e .. _ ...... _ .... _ ... ___ . __ .. __ . ____ .. _ _ .do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes, exposed .. _._._ ................. _ ..... _. ___ ...... _ .... __ .. feet._ 

8. Superheating surface . _ .............. _. _ ........... _____ ............ square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ... f. ... __ ..... _ .... ________ ....... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .... _. ____ ._ .. __ ..... ______ ... ______ _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometer . ________________ ... _______ .. _________ .. _______ fnches of mercury __ 

.. _ ... ____ pounds .. 

S b . h {··do .... 11. 1 team pressure y gage per square me .. ___ ..... _ .. _______ ....... __ .. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler. ____ . __ ... _ .• _. ____ .. inches of water __ 

13. Force of draft in furnace .. ____ ....... ______ ... ___ .... ___ .... _ ... _ ... ___ .do .... 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ..... _____ .~ ........ __ .... ___ . __ . _____ .... do .. _. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 . 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.86 

14.66 

88 

(( 102.66 

.46 

. 18 

0 
332 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS 0.1!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVI<~RAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air .................................. _ ............. _ ...... degrees .. 

Of fireroorn .................... _ ................... _ ...... _ ............. do ... . 

Of steam .......... : .................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water in tank . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . • . ...... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer .... _ .......... · ......................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler ................................. :_ ......... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........ : ~ ... .............. : ........ , __ do.· .. . 

22. 1 Of furnace ................. _ ...... _ ...... _ .................. .' ............ do ...• 

23. Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

60 

65.4 

329.5 

71 

167 

548 

24. Weight of wood ~sed in lighting fire. ___ . _______ .- _ .. _ ......... _ ....... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired....................... . .. "-- ...... _. __ J ____ ..... do.... 6, 521 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal ..... _ .... _ ... _ . __ .... __ .. __ . __ .. ___ .... _. _ ... _. . 2. 63 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .. _ .. _ ... _____ ...... _ ... _ ........ ___ .pounds.. 6, 34:) 

28. Total ash and refuse ............... : .... __ . ___ . __ ..... _ . _ . _ .......... _ .. do_. . . 847 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Ash, white and light; clinker ..... ___ ........ per cent.. 58 

30. , . . {pounds._ 5, 502 Total combushble consumed··--······--------------- ............... . . do .... a5,316 

31. 'Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL __ .................................. ____ 13.3 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXDIATE Al\'ALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ........ : .................. _ ....... _ ....•. _ ..... · ... _ 

Volatile matter .............. _ ................................... . 

.Moisture ............. · ....................................... __ ...... . 

Ash ..................••....•.•••...••••...•••••..•••..•......••..••.. 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............ __ ._ ..... __ . ____ ............ ___ .. . 

ULTil\IATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL, 

37. Carbon (C) ......................................................... .. 

38. Hydrogen (H) .................................................. _ ... . 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) ....................................................... .. 

41. Sulphur (S) : .......................................... · .............. . 

42. Ash ........................... -- ..................................... . 

Per cent of coal. 

50.96 

33.00 

2.63 

1.'~. 41 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

60.69 

39.31 

100.00 

.94 ........... .. 

72.65 84.25 

.4.71 5.46 

6.49 7.52 

1. 42 1. 64 

.-96 1.13 

13.77 

100.00 100.00 

48. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............... --................. ' 2. 63 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ........ _ ................. _ .........••..........••.•••••••••. per cenC. 

45. Earthy matter.: ........ _______ ......................................... do .. .. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ................................... .. {

-.do .... 

.. do .. .. 

48. Dry. coal per square foot of grate surfaee per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. 

' { .. <lo .. .. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour. ........ . .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE UP FUEL. 

333 

18.80 

81.20 

769.5 

666.9 

<~644. 4 

18.97 

. 328 

". 317 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . ___ . _ ...... 13, 102 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..... _, __ 15, 194 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . _ ......... _ ......... _. 13, 025 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......•........ __ . _ 15, 105 

QUALITY OF STEAl\1. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .................. -........................ , .... _ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam = unity) ................................ per cent .. 

'VATER. 

. Ri5 

None. 

99.32 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds. . 4 7, 578 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .................. _. _ ....... do. ___ 56,332 

59. ·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do._ .. 47, 254 

60. Faetor of evaporation ... _ ............................... _ ............ _. _: . .. . .. 1. 184 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds._ 55,·949 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ..... _ .. : ...... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .... ____ : ......... ______ do ... . 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,728 

6, 7R2 

surface .................. : .............................. , ..... · ...... pounds.. :3.34 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (341 pounds of water evaporated per hour into <lrv steam 

from and at-212° =.1 horsepower) ... __ .. : .................... __ .... _ ........ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .. : ................ _ ............................. _ .. _ 

67. · Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ........................... .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of a.sh. 

196.6 

210 

93.62 
334 

68. 

69. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE .COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECO~OMIC RESULTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 +item 25) ....... : ........................................ pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) .............................................................. : .. pounds .. 

Equivalent ~~aporation from .and at 212° per ponnd of combustible.{ .. do ... . 

(Item 6l~rtem 30) ................................................ , .. do ... . 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........•... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (a~sumed) .... 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ....... __ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~10KE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. .. 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

1\IETIIODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................ .. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.29 

8.58 

8.81 

10.17' 

a 10.52 

64.64 

a 66.86 

64.93 

$1.00 

$0.068 

$0.058 

20 

. 088 

Alternate. 

10 

mal condition .......................... ~ ........................... minutes.. 5 

83. Average intervals betwe,en times of leveling or breaking up, twice during test ..... 

ANALYSTS 0>' THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02) ................................................ per cent .. 

85 .. Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ............................. , .................... do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do .. .. 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.3 

11. 7 

.1 

79.9 
BOILER TESTS. 335 

OUTSIOE., BOILER~ROOM, AND I FURNACE A!\10 fLUE TE.MPtRATURES (DEGREES F'"AHR.) FEEO•WATER T'EMPE:RATURES 

0 20 40 60 eo 100 600 •OOO 1400 18.00 2200 2&00 

, WATER CONSUMPTION IN THOUSA!\10 POUN05 J STEAM·~~ ~MOK& l<LUO· GAS,bF"FT, AND 10 ,, 20 25 30 35 40 45 so 55 PRf:S~u~t <;:HART ':/.:> C0 2 ,J'oMOISTU_R~ 

COAL CONSUMPTION IN THOUSAND POUNDS -~~ C.AUC.E NUMBER 

z 4 6 8 \0 12 14 16 IB 20 " eo go 100 ·, 2 3 4 s r 2 4 o a . I z 4 6 8 ... 

I lr ' ~:x \ 

'\ 

~ ,\ 

1\ I I 

\ 1/ s 

J \\ t 1\ \ \ 0 

~ 

" \ I I '\ 

\ "' i=l: ! 1Q [\ 1 f'\ 

U! 

. , 7 ~~- ... \ . _.., 0 Al r U> ,.., ('I c -i - = 1 I~ ~ ~/ , . ' f'l 

:: 

0 

~~ l~ 7 :z \ .~ -: f \t; !§ i\ -l 

0 0 r ,.., 1> fl i3 ('\ c.\ 1 -~ :I () 7""~~ 

\Q 1\~ )~ 3 0 d- -1 

\"'! " ' t5 \\ \ "J> ~ z 0 OJ 3 

<:I ~ Q (> ., 1 "' \~ "\] , • ·~ l:b c c lJ\ ?l " ::0 !~ N ~ r 2 - i-l. r ,._ r - ~+---~ 0 

~ (J) 

r (}> )> :z 

,:;{ 0 c (JI §- 3 .f.< ;lJ 1"'1 

' :r -l \0 I"' 

" "' "' / "' l 

~~~ i T )> 

"' [7 -1 ?J c ?; II "' 1 ~ \ ~ .l 

I . ~ T l . \ I (II \ \- v )' 

I"" 

• !; "' I 1\ l I!; 1\ "' t _, ., !" !"' \ '\ 3 .. .1> 0 

"' I 

' ~ "' !':; ~ ~ ;ll I 
336 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF 'fHE HRA'riNG VALUJ<.; OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U •. ___ . _. ___ .... _: __ . _ ......... 15, 194 

R.T.U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................. _ ............... 10, 159 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per-cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100 X [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T- 212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) .. ·.· ..... _ ..................... . 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212-t) + 966 +0.48 ( 1'- 212)]. _ 

LosH due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases =weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X0.24 X (1'-t) ...........•.......•............. 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

C02+COX 100 ·-X10,150 ···-···················· 

Loss due to uncon~umed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccow1ted for. (Some of these losses· 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ........................ _ ...............•••.•.•••.•.••.• 

REl\fARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.21 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3. 96 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

40 

626 

2,884 

102 

1,383 

Per cent. 

rt66. 86 

. 26 

4.12 

18.98 

.67 

9.11 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 337 

TEsT No. 16.-Regular and special observations on test of Alabama No. 2 coal, September 29, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.0~ hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

I 

In hood, In fur- i Flue Water in n'!-ce, 1 

sirle. room. base of discharge. !n 10 m;f cs inches 2· 2· • 

stack. mtnutes. water. w~tfer. 

Out- Boiler gases, Steam sepamted . h . m CO 0 I CO 

-------~I-P,-o_u_n_d•-.. -l--o-F.-. 1--:;-~ Pounds.- Pounds.----- --~l'er ct Per ct. I Per ct. 

7.37 

8---------------

8.20 --------: __ , 

8.40 ------------

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 -------- _·_--

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40-----------

11 --------------

11.20-----------

11.40 _____ : ____ _ 

12---------'----

12.20 ----- ----- -

12.40 -----------

1 ---------------

1.20 -----------. 

1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40------- ·----

3 ---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 - - - - - - - - - - - -

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 - ------ -----

5 ---------------

5.20 ------------

5.38 ------------

87 ----.- -- .. --

79 79 79 

92 

85 

86 

100 

88 

86 

77 

73 

87 

84 

89 

90 1 

78 

83 

75 

88 

96 

90 

85 

89 

80 

90 

83 

83 

95 

105 

94 

80 

79 

81 

81 

83 

83 

83 

S5 

85 

85 

88 

89 

89 

89 

89 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

89 

88 

89 

87 

S7 

86 

86 

85 

84 

80 

82 

84 

86 

86 

86 

87 

87 

88 

89 

90 

90 

90 

90 

92 

92 

93 

93 

93 

93 

93 

93 

92 

92 

92 

92 

91 

90 

585 

610 

626 

652 

690 

655 

635 

4. 49 0. 023 

4. 8 . 021 

657 3. 65 . 020 

660 

665 

620 4.18 .021 

650 

625 

662 

650 

615 

64.5 

630 

3.57 .01 

4. 35 . 016 

640. -- --·-- -- ---. --- -

681 

665 

700 

650 

660 

590 

648 

635 

648 

630 

4. •18 . 025 

4. 48 . 02 

4.40 .012 

0.47 

.41 

.35 

.48 

.52 

.45. 

.46 

. 41 

.45 

. 40 

. 39 

.43 

. 44 

.40 

. 38 

. 42 

. 29 

. 21 

. 27 

. 35 

. 29 

.44 

. 32 

. 31 

. 33 

. 36 

. 25 

. 45 

. 49 

0.17 

.16 

.17 

.18 

. 21 

.20 

.23 

.15 

.19 

. 17 

. 20 

. 21 

. 23 

. 17 

.19 

. 17 

. 10 

. 09 

.10 

.1:> 

.12 

.16 

.13 

. 13 

. 18 

. 19 

. 15 

. 24 

. 25 

7.9 11.6 ------

9. 2 10. 2 -- -- --

8. 6 1 L 4 ____ .. 

8.7 11.1 ------

8. 7 11.5 ------

8.2 ·12.0 ------

7.6 12.7 ------

7. 1 12. 5 -- ..•• 

90 --. --- -- ---- ----.- - -------•.. -.---- ----.-- ------ 8. 4 11. 7 --.- •• ------------1----1-----------------

Total _ . _. _ 2, 687 2, 499 2, 585 18, 679 38. 4 . 168 11. 58 5. 16 81. 80 116. 9 

Average • . 86.6 86. 2 89. 1 644 4. 27 . 0186 . 386 .172 8. 2 11.7 ----·· 
338 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

TEsT No. 16.-Regular and special observations on test of Alabama No.2 coal, September 29, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

1 

8 tart, 7.:n ...... ...... 

8 

8 

9 

10 

10 

1 

12 

1 

1 

--------------------

.36 ................. ! 

.16 ----------------· .06 --------·------- .46 ---------------- 1.30 ---------------- .20 ---·------------ .06 ---------------·- .55 ----------------- 2 .51 ____________ .. ____ 

.32 ----------------- .18 ----------------- .15 -----------------

3 

4 

5 

·c lose, .5.38 ............ 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage ghtss. 

-------

Inches. Inches. 

44~ 1f. 

31~ 5} . 

39! 2~ 

39~ 3~ 

33~ 3i 

35 4~ 

33 3 

31~ 3~ 

40~ 4 

37i 2t 

41 3! 

38 3! 

32~ 2£ 

34 3~ 

41z 3! 

·------

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water f~d to boiler. 

During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pottnds. 

...... --...... ---- ·----------- -----------· ------------ 700 700 803 803 

I 700 1,400 4,861 5,664 

700 2,100 4,159 9, 823 

700 2,800 6,060 15,883 

700 3,500 4,632 20,515 

700 4,200 5,084 25,599 

700 4,900 5,618 31,217 

700 5,600 4,365 ·35, 582 

700 6,300 5,041 40,623 

700 7,000 5, 796 46,419 

700 7,700 4,157 50,576 

700 8,400 4,938 55,514 

700 9,100 5,988 61,502 

98 9,198 2,195 63,697 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---------------------------------c~----~-----------------------

- Time. -1----------0-b-se_r_va_t_io_n_. ~------II-T-i_m_e_. -!------- __ o_b_se_·r_'·_a_t_io_n_. --------

6. . . . . . . .Fire started. 

6.40.... Boiler under full load. 

7.37.... Test started, fire 2 inches thick.· 

8.52.... Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 

10.22... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

11.10... Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 

12.03... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

1 06 firings d nring test. 

12.50.. Cleaning fire. 

1.04 .. . 

3.10 .. . 

3.55 .. . 

Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Do. 

1 5.2_4... Cleaning fire. 

5.35... Fire cleaned. 

5.38... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

• 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Alabama No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 16. 

Made by boiler division, United Smtes Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

339 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel; Alabama No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State o[ the weather, clear. 

Method of starting anrl stopping the. test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1.. Date of trial, September 29,, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .....•.. _ .. _ ...• _ ..• __ .......................•••..••... hours .. 

THMF.NSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3·. Grate surface _ .............. ____ . _________ . _ .. ____________________ square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate ------------------------------------------------------,--.feet .. 3. 2 Length of grate ________________________ . ____ . _____ : _____________________ do_ . __ 

4. Height of furnace ________________ . _ . _______________ . _______ .. ___ . _ .... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ___ .. __ .. _________ .. __ . __ ...... _ .do._ .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ... ___ . _____ . __ .. ___ . __ . __ per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney . _. _. ____ .. ____ .. ________ . ___ ... ___ . ____ . ____ , __ .. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ..... __ ... _.----- .. __ . ___ ...... __________ .. feet._ 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .... _._ .. ----_ .. _ ... _ .... ___ . ___ . __ .do .... 

6.4 Kind of draft .. __ ...... ____ . _ ... _ .. ___ ... _ .......... _ ........ _ .. _ ..... _ ... _. _. 

7. ·water-heating surface . _ .. ______ . _ .. _____ . __ . _. __ . _ ... _ ............ square feet .. 

7.1. Outside diameter of shell .. _. ______ . __ .. ______________ . _. _. _ .. ____ .. _ ... inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads). _ .... _. __ ......... ____________ feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes.----.----.----- ........ __ .......... ----. __ ...... _______ ------

7.4 mmeter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e _. _. _ ..... _ ... _ .. ________ . _ ... _..... . . D' f b ( 'd . 'd) {inches .. . ..do ____ _ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed _________________________ .... ____________________ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface _ ... _. _ .. _____________ ..... ________ .... _ .... _.square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface. __________ ._ .. _______ :_. _________ _ 

10. ·Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ....... __________ ... _______ .. _. ____ _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer _________________ . _____ . _. ____________ . ___ .. ____ {inches of mercury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

St b. . h { .. do---- 11.1 eam pressure y gage per square me _ .. __ . _. _ .. ____ ...... _______ . _ . 

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between dam per and boiler ...... _ . _____ .. ___ . __ .. inches of water. . 

10.02 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.67 

14.56 

86.6 

a 101. 16 

. 39 

13. Force of draft .in furnace .. ____ ...... ___ .. ___ . _ . ___ . _____ ........... _____ do____ . 17 

14. Forceofdraftorblastin ash pit ...••.. ·-·-·····-··---···--··---······-··do____ 0 

a Absolute. 
340 

lfi. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

1H. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPEUATURES. 

Of external air.--~-- ................................................. degrees .. 

Of fireroom ........... · .................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water ih tank ..................•................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ...........•........•..•........ : . .. · ... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler .................. ~ ......................... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler .................•.......................... do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......•............................... do~ .. . 

22.1 Of furnace .................................................... · .......... do ... . 

}'UEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lumps, 40 per cent; small coal, 30 per cent; slack, 

30 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire....... . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ............•................. · .................... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse .................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ......................... " .......... per_ cent .. 

86 

89 

328.4 

76 

liS 

644 

None. 

9,11)8 

4.83 

8, 754 

1,201 

61 

30. . · · . {pounds.. 7, 553 

Total combustible consumed ........................................ . . .do .... a7, 328 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13. 8 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIl\IATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 

Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

Moisture .............................................................. . 

Ash ............................. _ ... _ ............ ______ ...... ________ _ 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ................. __ · __ ................... . 

UJ,TIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................................... . 

38. Hydrogen (H) ..... ~ .................................................. . 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .......................................................... . 

40.. Nitrogen ( N) . . ................................................... : .. . 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... . 

42. Ash .... ·- ................................. __ .. ______ .. ______ . __ . _ .. __ .. 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coaL combustible. 

48.65 

32.\)8 

4.83 

13.54 

100.00 

59.6 

40.4 

100.00 

1.17 ------------

69.83 81.42 

4.54 5.29 

8.60 10.03 

1. 57 1. 83 

1. 23 1. 43 

14.23 ------------ ----------

100.00 100.00 

4.83 ------... --. 
BOILER TESTS. 341 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ____ .. _ .· •. -----~--------- ... __ .... -- .... -- ... -......... -----.per cent.- 15. 1 

45. Earthy matter ............••...... -- ... -- __ ..... ---.------- ___ -------.-- .do.--- 84.9 

46. 

47. 

48.' 

49. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour _____ ................ -.. -------.- ......... pounds.-

- { .. do ___ _ Combustible consumed per hour ......... -........ -... --- ... -.-- ..... -- · ..do ... . 

Dry ~oal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. -......... _ ............ do ... . 

Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... _ { 

.. do ___ _ 

..do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

873.6 

753.8 

a 731.3 

21.54 

. 371 

.a.36 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... __ ... __ ... 12, 555 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _ ....... _ 14, 638 

52. Calorific value by analysis per -pound of dry coal,- B. T. U ..... -............ __ ... 12, 353 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................... _ 14,402 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .... _ .. __ . _ ............ __ . __ ..... _ ............. _ . 432 

55. N urn ber of degrees of superheating ........ _ ...... ___ .... _ ........... _ .. ____ . _ .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) . _____ ............ _ .. ___ . ___ ..... per cc;nt. _ 

WATElt, 

None. 

99.664 

57. 

58. 

Total weight of water feel to boiler .... ___ ._ ... _ ............ _ .. ___ ...... pounds .. 63, 697 

Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .. ____ ............ _ ...... _.do .. __ 75,060 

59. 

60. 

61. 

Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam._._ .... __ ._ ... _ .. do ... _ 63,482 

Factor of evaporation .... _ ...... ___ . ____ ........ __ ..... __ .............. _ .... __ _ 1. 1784 

Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212°. __ .. ____ ._.pounds .. 74,807 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ............ pounds.. 6, 335 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212°. _. __ .•.•.. _. ____ ... __ ... do.... 7, 465 

64. Eq~ivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............ __ . . . . . . . . . • . ..... _. _. __ ..... _ ...... _ .... __ ... _.pounds_ _ 3. 67 

HORSEPO,VER, 

65. Horsepower developed (341- pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _. _ .•.. _ .... _ .... _ ..... _. ___ . _. _ ....... _. _ .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ___ . __ ....... __ ... __ . _ ... _____ ..... __ ..... _ ._. _ .... __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ..... __ ... ___ ... _. _________ .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

216.4 

210 

103 
342 OPERATIONS 0.1!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO~ITC RESULTS. 

68. :water apparently evaporated under ·actual conditions per pound of coal as !ired. 

(Item 57-+- item. 25) ................................. __ .............. pounds._ 6. 92 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+ 

item 25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+-item 

27) ....... -......................................................... pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~:;~e:t -=~::u~r;~i)o~- -f~~:~~ _ ~:~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~- ~-e·r- -~~~~-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~~~~~~i-~1~: {: ::::::: 

EFFICIENCY, 

72. Efficie~wy of_ t~1e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler p~r po_nnd of com-{ per cent .• 

bustlble d1v1ded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ............ do._ .• 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorqed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat valufl of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION, 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ..... ·; ....................................... . 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............ ·.-- ...... ounces .. 

Volume of soot ·per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRI'NG, 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .................. ; .............. . 

81. AveragP thickness of fire ......................... __ .................... indies .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor8.13 

8.55 

9.91 

a 10.22 

65.38 

a67. 42 

65.68 

$1.00 

$0.072 

$0.062 

54 

. 0093 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ...................................................... minutes.. 5. 7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ............... hours.. 2 · 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ................................................ per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

·8.2 

11.7 

80. 1 
BOILER TESTS. 343 

OUTSIDE, BOILER-ROOM, AND-· FURNACE AND FLUE TEMP[~ATURES (DEGREES F"A.HR.) FEED- WATE"R TEMPERATURES" 

0 zo ·40 60 80 100. ~ __.) 600 1000: · 1400 1600 . Z200 2600 

.-WATER CONSUMPTION IN -THOUSAND POUNDS '<:· 5TEAM-(J ·SMOKE- 'LU(· GAS,oR•n, AND , .oo ,, zo Z5 30 35 40 ., so' ss p~!~~~R( Nc:;::R '}'0 C.Oz I!0M015t_uR C.OAL CONSUMPTION IN ·THOUSAND-POUNDS 

z 4 6 8 00 ,z ... :It> oB ·ZO zz eo go too., z 3 4 s I z 4 & s. I z 4 E. B -~-

~ v b 

l\ ~ r \\ J 

\\ - l X \. 

t 

t \ ~ 

1\ v t 

\ I , ~ 

() r 9 \ ~ c v 6 ,... 

I 'Z r 0 \ \ I ' en ., 

r 

t c \ --l ~ 

X 

,... 

;\ "' "" ~~ ~- 3 f-- \ " 7 ,... 

?J ~ p 0 r ~ (J\ ~-

\ c \ ~ "' ?J --l 

t " 1\ \ ~ ,, (j, lJ ;, ~-9-- ;;u 

0 

~ v ;i,;.. s:- ~ _, 

tz (J> 

~ * ~- _\B \ ~- ,... 

t "'~ ozc._ I~ _W \ / 

T 

0 ~ 6- \1 1\ "~ f'\. >-- 7 . 0 f ~ 1 0 0 0' \ --l 6 T 7 ()> 1\ 0 0 -< rt t :1.-e--s F (> 

rn )> l7 ~ I (J\ f 3 c q_ 1---g "' 1\) (J\- f-- "' :\g . I AI 

~I 3 0 ~.,.. 0 .z r --l 0 " 1 ,... 3 \y~ ~\ rn (J\ 3 l -4 

t •ll '" :z ,_, 

i\0 )> 

~'(; ;q ,... v 3 ~ \ 3 

'1l 

\ ~ ,... \q~ I"" I ;q ,... ~ r \ c "\. / ;u 

"' t ~~ I 

\~ r r - 1/ 

J. 

\ 0 " r ]'-. l ~~~ ""' t 1\.. 

\9:_ r '6 / \ 

J \5' 

f IV 

X" "' ' f"\ 3;;: 

. ~ > .. ~ 

0 
344 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE 01<' THE COl\IBl'S:rlBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 14,638 

l:I.T .. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 869 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-7-

100 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the fine gages) .............................. .. 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -7-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

77 

617 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) ...................... :. .. . .. .. . 3, 282 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

co~~ oox.f>P!~ent 0 i;~;ombustiblcx 10,150.... ...... .... .. . .... ..... 0 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois· 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separarately itemized if. data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ........................................................ . 

RF.~IA~KS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.31 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.08 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

793 

Per cent. 

a67. 42 

.53 

4.21 

22.43 

0 

5.41 

100.00 
• 

BOILER TESTS. 345 

TEST No. 9.-Regular and special ob.gervations on test of ATkansas No. 1 coal, September 21, 1904. 

Time. 

Steam· 

pressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.07 hour..) 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pr~ss~ I Flue gases. 

Flue I Water In !Jood, ~a~~~- Out- Boiler gol•es Stream separated . m in 

side. room. base of disch>trge. in 10 10~7es inche·s CO,. o,. CO. 

stack. minutes. water. w~fer. 

-------·---------------------.-

7.40 ._-----.-----

8--.------------

8.20 ---· --------

8.40 -----------. 

9- ···--· ·-·-·--· 

9.20 ··-··· ..... . 

9.40 ---------··· 

10 -------· ------

10.20 -----. ·-. --

~~-~~-: ::::::::::1 

11.20 ··------··· 

ll.40 -.---.--- .. 

12.-.-.--...... . 

12.20 .. --- ·-- ·-· 

12.40 ._- --· ... ---

1 ... ---- .. ------

1.20 . -.-.- .. -- .. 

1.40 . --- .. -.. --. 

2 ··--···--------

2.20 ------------

2.40 -------- .... 

3 -----------···· 

3.20 --------···-

3.40 --.-.-.-----

4---------------

4.20 ---------·-· 

4.40 . --- ·-.- ----

5 ....••. ----·· •. 

5.20 -------·--·· 

5.40 

Pounds. ° F. oF. 

\J1 .. --.- •. ----

83 54 63 

100 54 64 

104 54 64 

88 

89 

85 

65 

64 

89 

104 

95 

94 

98 

104 

94 

104 

95 

96 

104 

. 101 

103 

102 

101 

89 

81 

95 

100 

100 

98 

85 

54 

55 

56 

56 

57 

59 

61 

62 

63 

63 

65 

65 

66 

66 

66 

65 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

64 

63 

63 

64 

64 

65 

65 

67 

68 

71 

71 

72 

72 

72 

74 

74 

76 

75 

75 

76 

75 

76 

74 

75 

73 

74 

74 1 

74 

72 

71 

° F. Pounds. Pounds. 

594 -------· ---·----

615 4. 34 0. 053 

625 I_ . _ .. ~ ___ ~ . __ . _ . 

625 

620 

615 

&15 

600 

545 

602 

625 

640 

600 

606 

580 

600 

600 

545 

5/l 

620 

630 

625 

614 

585 

575 

610 

620 

4. 36 . 062 

3. 29 . 043 

5.09 . 09 

4.98 .118 

5. 04 .110 

4. !J.~ .10 

4.86 .055 

4.41 .04 

625 4. 90 . 095 

620 I 4. 84 . 135 

605 I _______________ _ 

545 -------- _______ , 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

u. 38. 0. 10 -... -,· . -.-- .... ----

. 39 .10 ----·-.- -----.-----

. 41 . 12 I 6. 8 n. 1 o. 1 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.46 

. 47 

.39 

. 38 

. 39 

.43 

.26 

.37 

.40 

. as 

.38 

.14 

.14 

. 16 

.17 

. 22 

.23 

.17 

.13 

. 08 

.14 

. 09 

.16 

.18 

. 18 

. 18 

.03 

.29 .03 

. 34 .11 

. 35 . 10 

. 35 .. 10 

.. 34 .10 

. 29 . 05 

.29 .04 

. 35 . 10 

. 35 1 .1o 

. 38 .1a 

. 35 .11 

. 37 .13 

. 25 . oa 

9. 0 11. 2 . 2 

8.2 12.4 .0 

8.9 11.9 .0 

8. 4 11. 8 . 2 

6.2 15.0 .0 

9.0 11.6 .0 

6 -~ . I 14.2 .2 

8, 8 11.6 ·. 0 

5.44 ··········-· 79 ------ ... --- 540 -------- __ . ______ ............. ------ ----·-- ..... . 

Total _ . __ . __ 

Average .... 

2, 980 1, 899 2, 195 19,837 

93. 1 61. 2 70. 8 601 

51.06 

4.65 

. 901 

.082 

11.24 

. 36 

3.71 

. 12 

72 

8 

110.8 

12.3 

. i 

.08 

-----··------ ·----~--~----'--- ' ------------------ 13-No. 48, pt 2-06-4 
346 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 9.-Regular and spec-ial observations on test of Arkansas No. 1 coal, September 21, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL, 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned, Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period: Total. During peri od. TotaL 

--- ---

Inches. Inches. l'ounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.40. 0 0 ... 0 0 .••. 27~ 2i . ......... -.---- . -- ..... ----.-- ---------- 8.19 oo•- -----····•ooo 251· 4i 700 700 2,9 ()4 2, 994 

9.10 -0 00 0-0--0-0 0 Ooo 0 26! 3 700 1,400 5,61 3 8,607 

9.5\J 0 ooo••••ooooOoooo ' 34 3! 700 2,100 5, 1 62 13,769 

11.09 Oooooo•oooo•oooo 37t 4i 700 2,800 5,2' 28 18,997 

11.59 o•o•oooooooooooo 36 3t 700 3,500 5,4 32 24,429 

1.06 0 0 OoO- 0 0---0 •• oOO 30i 4 700 4,200 5, 7 74 30,203 

3.13 oo•oo 0-- Oo 0 oooooo 421 3k 1,400 5,600 10,79 0 40,993 

4.12 ooooo OoOooOoooo•o 261 I 3i 700 6,300 5,0 05 45,998 

5.10- OOoO- o• Ooo- ooooo 35! 

I 

4i "700 

I 

7,000 4,84 

Close, 5.44-0 0 0-0.0--- 27~ 4~ 71 7, 071 2,8 

' 

6 50,844 

82 53,726 

--- ------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. . Observation. Tin1e . Observation, 

----'----------1--- ----------------

60 0 o

0

o 0 _. Fire started. 

6.45 o 0 0 • Boiler under full load. 

7.40 0 0.. Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

9.14.oo- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.05 0 _. Do. 

10.10. . . Cleaning fire. 

10.30 0. 0 Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

10.44. _ 0 .Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1.13 . 0 0 Cleaning fire. 

1.40 0 0. Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

2. 20 0 0 _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3. 20. 0. Cleaning fire. , 

3.40. 0. Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

5.15 0 0 _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

5.20. 0 0 · Cleaning fire. 

5.44 _ 0 _ Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

1.10 0. 0.\ Fire raked·-------------"------'------------------

99 firings during test. 

.. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Arkansas No. 1 coal. 

CONDil'IONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 9. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler ( co1~1mercial name), Heine safety. 

'fo determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

347 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas•No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 21, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ...................................•.......• _ .......... hours .. 

DD-1RNSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..... _ .... __ ..................•...................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ............................................... : ........... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ............. 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ............ ·_ ........................................ inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaees in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate._·_ ........................................ feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .... '............................................................. . 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ...................... : ....................... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads).' .............................. feet .. 

7 .. 3 Numberoftubes ........................................................•.•... 

74D. f b ( ·d ·'d) {inches .. . Iameter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e ................. _ ..•............. · .. .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ............................ ······--·····-···-----feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ...... _ · ................................ __ ... _.square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .. _ ....... _ ..... _ ..... _ ........... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ... _ .... _ ............... _ .. _ ....... _ 

AVERAGE PRESSUltES. 

11. Barometer ................................................••......... pounds .. 

11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ..... _ ........•........ __ ..... . . { .. ·do .... 

. .. do .... 

·12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ..... : . ............ _ .. inches of water._ 

13. Force of draft in furnace ... _ ........... _ .. _ .. _. __ . ~. _ .. ____ ........ _ .... do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........... _ .. __ ..... _ ..... _ ............. do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.07 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

14.67 

93.1 

.a 107.77 

.36 

. 12 

0 
348 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE 'l'EMI'EUA'fURES. 

15. Of external air ................... __ .. __ ...................... _ ....... degrees .• 

16. Of fireroom ......... , .............. _ .. _. _ ................... ____ ........ do ... . 

17. Of steam .......................... _ ..................... _ .. __ .. __ ._ ... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ............... _ ................................... do ... . 

19. ' Of fee< I water e11t~ring econonfizer ..................................... · .. do ... . 

20. · Of feed water entering- boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from economizer ........................... · ............ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ......................•................................ ~ ...... do ... . 

FUEL, 

23. Size and condition: Lump, bright-SO per cent lump, 10 per cent small, 10 per cent 

slack. 

61.2 

70.8 

332.6 

73.2 

186 

601 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weightofcoalasfired ------················'·················-·········do .... 7,071 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds .. 

2s. Total ash and refuse .................................................... do.· .. . 

1. 99 

6,930 

877 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per rent.. 52 

30. Total combustible consumed ............................... ' ......... . . {pounds.. 6, 053 

. .. do .... a5, 849 

31. Perc?n tage of ash and refuse in qry coal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 65 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

l'ROXUtiATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ....•..•.............................•.... - ....•..•...... 

Volatile matter ...............•.............................•......... 

Moisture ............................................................. . 

Ash ... , .................................... -.....•.••..•.•...... --.. . 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

66.36 

18.61 

1. 99 

13.04 

100.00 

78.1 

21.9 

·····-------- . 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...............•....... , . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . 1. 21 ............ . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (0) ................................ , .......................... . 76.37 88.08 

38. Hydrogen (H) .. -----···················-----~----~---········---····· 3.90 4.50 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... . 3. 71 4.28 

40. Nitrogen ( N) .......•...•........................................••••. ]. 49 1. 72 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 1. 23 1. 42 

42. Ash ........ ." ........................ ---·. -·.--- .. -.•................... 13.30 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .........................•.•. :. . . . .. 1. 99 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAL''lSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .........................................................•... percent .. 

45. Earthy matter .............................................. : ........... do ... . 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

lo~UEL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour ..............................•........... pounds .. 

. {··do .... Combustible consumed per hour ...............................•...... .. do ... . 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ... ~ ..................... do ... . 

Combus~ible pe; square foot of water-heating ~urface per hour ..•...... ·{·· do.··· .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

349 

18.08 

81.92 

688 

601 

rt581 

16.9 

. 296 

".286 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. 'r. U.. . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 572 

51. Calorific yalue by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15,654 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .....•.................. 13, 297 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15, 337 

QUALITY OF STEA}l. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ..............................•.........•.•..... 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

1. 72 

None. 

98.68 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 53, 726 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 63, 531 

59. ·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... i;i3,017 

60. Factor of evaporation ................................................ ,......... 1. 1825 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 62,693 

WATER l'ER HOUR, 

62. 'Vater ewaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 265 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from ·and at 212° ................ , ........ do .. _. 6, 226 

64 .. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................ pounds.. 3. 06 

HORSEl'OWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ............... _ ............. _ ........ _ .. , .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........................................... _ .... _. _. 

67. Percentage of buil1lcrs' rated horsepower developed ................ __ ... _ ... _ ... . 

--------------~--------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ""h. 

180.5 

210 

85.96 
350 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC UESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+ item 25) _____ ----- .. :--- _ ----- -----··- ___ .... _ .....•. : .. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+ 

item 25) . ___ . _. _. ____ ........... " .......... _ .................. _ .... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-:- item 

27) .... _ ........ _ ....... _ .......................................... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. J- .do .... 

(Ttem 61-+ item 30) ......... -..... _ .... _ .... _ ............... _ .. ___ .. L .. do .. __ 

:EFFICIENCY . . 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent __ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ....... _ .. do. __ _ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) . __ .... __ .. per cent._ 

COST OF EV APO~ATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ___ ..... __ . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions . _. _ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _. _. ___ ... 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKJ~ OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed _ .. _ ... _ .. _ .. _. ___ .. _ .... __ .... ___ .... __ .. _ .... 

vVeight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... _____ ... _ ... _. __ .. ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_ .. _ ... _. __ .. _ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS 0.1<' FIRING, 

80. Kir;d of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)_ ... _ ..... __ .... ___ ._._. ___ ..... .. 

81. Average thickness of fire .. _. ___ .... ____ .... ___ ---. _________ ...... __ •· ... inches._ 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition._ .. _ .... ____ ................. _ .. __ ... _ .. _ ....... __ ._ .minutes._ 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ....... _ ........ do_ .. _ 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THT~ DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ). _. _ ...... _ ••• _. __ - ..... _ ............... - ...... -per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) . _ .... __ . __ .. _ ... _ .. _ ... _. _ .... __ ......... _ ... --- ........... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................ -- ............... do ..•. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ..................... _ ....................... do ... . 

Ni~rogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ...• 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.59 

8.86 

9. 05 

10.36 

a 10.72 

63.9 

"66.13 

64.39 

$1.00 

$0.065 

$0.056 

2.5. 

. 0014 

Alternate. 

5 

6 

60 

8 

12.3 

. 08 

79.62 
BOILER TESTS. 351 

~~~b:'~:a:~~~L~~-~~~~T~~~s I Fuh.NAcE AND FL.UE TEMPERATURES c DEGREES f''AHR.) 

o 20 40 .. '6o ao- · 100 600 10oo 1400 1eoo zzoo eGoo 

WATER CONSUt:"PTiciN IN THOUSAND f"OUNDS I, STEAM~~ SMOKE. !fLUE' GASJORAFT, AN_D 

!1 10 t5 20 Z5 30 35 40 45 SO 55 PflE.SSURE CHA~T 1 '7'4 C;Oz f·~ MO~STUR 

CQAL ·coNSUMPTION IN THOUS-AND POVNDS --~ C.AI!I&E NUMBt.R · ; 

z. 4 6 a 10 12: 14 10 18· 20 22. lao go 1po ' z 3 4 s I z 4 6 a. f z 4 .:.,_f;t_J 
352 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING YALUE OF THE COl\IBUSTlBLE. 

Total heat value of l pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 15,654 

1. Heat absorbed by th.e boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

comlmstible X 965.?--------·····················--------------······· 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-;-

lOOX [(212-tl+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room;- T= that·of the fine gases) ............................... . 

3. J~oss due to moisture formed by the hnrning of hydrogen,= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -:-100 X 9 X [ ( 212-t) +966+0.48 ( 'l'-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat c~arried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per. 

poundofcombustibleX0.24X (T-t) ............................... . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of ear bon= 

CO per eent C in combustible 

COz+COX 100----Xl0,1fi0 .............. ············ 

6. Loss duo t"o unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

10,35? a66. 13 

30 .19 

524 3.34 

3,468 22.15 

89 .57 

calculated) ..................................................•...••.. 1,191 7.62 

RKMARKR. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.12 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.86 ponnds. 

100.00 

----------------- a Culculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 353 

TEsT No.: l1.-Regula1· ancl special observations on test of Arl.:ansas No. 1 coal (large briquettes), Septelnber 

27, 1.904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR 

[Duration of trial, 10.033 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

l<'lue Water 

gases, Steam separated 

l:iase of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In fur- in ' n~ce, 

inches in~hes of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. co. 

-------1~--- --------- ----------·- -----·------

7.34 ·---·· ..... . 

8 -.- ..•......... 

8.20 . ····-..... . 

S.40 -.--.-.-.--. 

9 ---------------

9.20 ------ ... --· 

9.40 ···--· -----· 

10 ... --.-- .... --

10.20 .. ·- ... ----

10.40 - -----.----

11 ---------.-.-. 

11.20 -·--·-·---· 

11.40 ---········ 

12 ... ·-···- -----

12.20 ------- -··· 

12.40 . -- ..... -.. 

1 ....... ··-· ----

1.20 -....... ---· 

1.40 . --- .. ·- ·- --

2 -----·- --------

2.20 ........ ·-·· 

2.40 . -- ... --. ·-. 

3 ·······-·-···-· 

3.20 ·---····-··· 

3.40 --------.---

4 .. -.-- ........ . 

4.20 -. -· -- .. -.--

4.40 . ----· -----· 

5 ------· ···---··· 

5.20 

5.36 

Total .... _ 

Average .• 

Pounds. 0 P. oF. 

87 ----·· ------

100 

S1 

81 

ss 

so 

88 

S4 

S3 

l03 

99 

so 

6S 

92 

103 

103 

104 

101 

92 

105 

9S 

104 

96 

S6 

62 

107 

79 

67 

107 

so 

75 

75 

75 

76 

76 

7S 

so 

so 

so 

81 

82 

84 

S4 

S5 

S5 

S5 

86 

86 

86 

87 

S7 

ss 

ss 

ss 

ss 

ss 

S7 

S7 

S5 

78 

78 

7S 

so 

so 

S1 

S4 

83 

S4 

S4 

S5 

S6 

86 

S7 

ss 

8S 

S9 

S9 

89 

90 

"90 

91 

92 

92 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

o F. Pounds. Pounds. 

610 

615 

635 

620 

610 

608 

613 

5SO 

603 

612 

610 

660 

640 

610 

594 

623 

625 

635 

613 

620 

650 

665 

652 

643 

645 

715 

595 

54S 

650 

625 

5.0 .04 

4. 74 . 018 

4. 91 . 019 

3. 91 . Ol 

3.74 .01S 

3. 74 .014 

0.38 

.49 

. 30 

. 32 

.24 

.33 

.34 

. 37 

.38 

. 41 

.42 

. 61 

.43 

.43 

. 25 

.23 

. 25 

. 21 

. 21 

.20 

. 21 

.33 

. 36 

. 34 

. 34 

.58 

.18 

.30 

.45 

.54 

0.09 

.13 

.07 

.13 

.08 

.15 

.16 

. 23 

.17 

. 23 

.26 

.23 

. 21 

. 27 

.12 

.04 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.06 

.11 

. 12 

.16 

.14 

.16 

.25 

.09 

.19 

.23 

.13 

91 . ----- . ---.- .. -.. - - -------- --.---- .. ----- .. -.- .. 

Pa ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

. 9. 2 10.3 -..... 

10.0 9.5 ·-----

9.1 10.9 ----·-

------ .;. ----- -~------

9.1 11.5 1 ..... . 

8. 6 11.5 .. -... 

10.2 9. 5 ...••. 

10.9 S.S ------

8.6 11:2 ----·-. 

9. 6 10.8 .... --

8.6 11..7 ·-·--- --------------1----1--- ------ ---

2, 799 2, 412 2, 512 18, 724 

90. 3 S3. 2 86. 6 624 

26.04 

4.34 

1. 19 10. 43 4. 4 

.0198 .35 . 15 

a Throttling calorimetP.r used to check separating calorimeter. 

93.9 

9.39 

105. 7 

10.57 ------
354 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 14.-Regular and special observations on test of Arkansas No. 1 coal (large briquette.~), September 

27, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.34 ............ 43 '),'t 

~s 

------------ -- .... ---. -- .... ......................... ........................ 

8.08 ---------------·- 33 2i 700 700 2,316 2,316 

8.55 ---·------------- 35 4rr 700 1,400 4,972 7,288 

9.42 ------------·-··· 41! 2t 700 2,100 5,290 12,578 

10.41 -.... -- .... -.. - .. -........ 33 4 700 2,800 5, 782 18,360 

11.38 ·--------------- 33 3~ 700 3,500 5,882 24,242 

12.39 ---------------- 41! H 700 4,200 5,472 29, 714 

1.28 ----------------- 37t 4 700 4,900 4,880 34,594 

2.21 ------ ...... -.. -.... -.... 40! 3! 700 5,600 6,221 40,815 

3.16 ................................ 31 3~ 700 6,300 6,369 47, 184 

4.08 ----------------- 31 4l 700 7,000 5,442 52,626 

5-------------------- 39! 3! 700 7,700 4,835 57,461 

Close, 5. 36 ___________ 31 5~ -.. -.. -........ -.... -----------· 3,343 60,804 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITJONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

6 ....... Fire started. 12.18-- Fire cleaned, 5 inches.thick. 

6.30 .... Boiler under full load. 1.45--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

7.34.--- Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 3 -.. --- Do. 

8.37---- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 3.36--- Fire sliced. 

9.06---- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 4.50--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.10 ... Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 5.18.-- Cleaning fire. 

11.14. .. Do. 5.28--- Fire cleaned. 

12.06--- Cleaning fire. I . 5.36 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick . 

128 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam lest of Arkamas No. 1 coal (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS OF BQIJ,ER TRIAL. 

Test number, 14. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. ·Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

355 

• 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Stearn jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No. 1 briq~ettes. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Typfl of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 27, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .... _ .. __ ---- .. __ ..•..... ___ .... ·--·-.•••.• _ .• : ......•• hours._ 

JHME~SIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface_ ....... _ . _ ........................................... square feet. . 

3.1 Width of grate .... __ ........ __ ...... --- ................ ---- .......... _ ... feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate _ . _ .. _ .. _ .... _ ....... _ ...... _ .. : ..... _ .... · ... __ . _ ... _ . __ . do .. _ . 

4. Heiglit of furnace ... _ ...... _ ......................• _. _ .... ___ . ___ .. __ .inches._ 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate_. __ ._. ___ . __ .... _ .......... ___ .. do. __ . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ........... __ ........ __ ... per cent .. 

6. 1 Area of chimney .................. _·_ ..................... • ...... __ .square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ... _. _ ..... _ ................ _ .. _ ....... __ .. feet._ 

6 .. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ......... _ ....................... __ .do._._ 

6: 4 ·Kind of draft . ·_ ........................... _ ....... __ ...... _ .... : .... __ .. _ ... _. 

7. Water-heating surface ...... _ ................................. _ .. _.square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL ....................... _ .......... _._._ ....... inches._ 

· 7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .. ___ ._. ___ ... _ .... __ ...... _ ... feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ......... _. _. _ .. ___ ...... · ..... ~ ____ ........ _. _ .......... _. _ .. 

7 4 D. f b ( t ·d · 'd ) {inches .. . 1ameter o tu es on s1 e-ms1 e ____ .... __ . _ ... _ ... _ .. _ ..... ___ .... .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed . _ ... _ .. __ ... _ .. ___ ... ______ • _ ... __ ... ___ ... ___ .·.feet._ 

8. Superheating surface ....... -.................... _ ....... ___ . __ ..... square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ... _: .. _ .. _._. __ ._ ..... · __ ._ ...... __ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .... ___ ._._ ..... ___ .. _ ..... _ ...... __ 

AVERAGB PRESSUltES. 

11. Barometer __ ._ .... __ ._·_ .. _ ... _· ____ . ___ . __ ,_-· .. ·-_-·_ .... -{inches of mercury .. .......... pounds. _ 

11 1 . S team pressure b y gage, per square me 1 • ___ ••.•. __ •.• _ •••• _. _ ••. _. _.. . · 1 { · · do.·--

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler .. __ .... _ ... __ .... _._ .inches of water_. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ...•...... _ ..... _ ... __ ... _. _ ... ___ . _ .......... _.do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pi~ .... __ . ___ .. _._. __ .. __ .... _._ ... _ ..... _ .. do ..•. 

a Absolute. 

10.033 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26. 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.45 

14.45 

90.3 

a 104.75 

. 35 

.15 

0 
i$56 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT . 

• AVERAGE TFDIPERATURES, 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................ do ... . 

Of steam ................................................................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ...................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ..... : ..................•................... do .. • .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22.. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ...• 

22. l Of furnace ..........................................••.•...•........... do .... 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

::!4. 

35. 

FUEL, 

Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ...................•.•...•.....•... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ................................................... do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coal ................................................ . 

Total weight of dry coal' consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse .......... : ............................... _ ..... , .... do .. __ 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker. ................................... per cent.. 

· {pounds .. Total combustible consumed ........................................ . .. do ... . 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal. .................... • ................... . 

PROXUIATE ANAJ.YSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of conL 

Fixed carbon .......................................................... 67.65 

Volatile watter........................................................ 21. 21 

.Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 94 

Ash ..................... · ............................................. : 10.20 

100.00 

83.2 

86.6 

320.9 

73.8 

180 

624 

7, 700 

None. 

. 94 

7,628 

870 

55 

6, 758 

6,642 

11.4 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

76.13 

2:~. 87 

100.00 

::!6. Sulphur, separately determined .............................•.•.••...... 1. 73 ......... -·· 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37.· Carbon (C) ........................................................... . 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... .. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 

Sulphur (S) ..................................... , ......•• : ........... . 

Ash .................................................................. . 

79.76 88.92 

3.91 4.36 

2. 70 3.01 

]. 58 1. 76 

1. 75 l. 95 

10.30 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal a.s received .................................. . . 94 .... - ... ----

ANALYSlS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbm{ ............................................................. per cent. . 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

23.02 

76.98 

I 
BOlLER TESTS. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumeti per hour .................. __ ...................... poundH .. 

47. . {--do .... Combustible consumed per hour . .. • .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . __ do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ..................... , ... (lo ... . 

49. [--do ... . Combustible per square foot of water,hcating surface per hour ....... -- -i __ do .. __ 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

357 

760 

678.5 

(t 662 

18. 74 

. 332 

".826 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. _13, SB7 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 15, ~26 

-52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 13, 885 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ___ .. _ ............... 15, 479 

QUALIT.Y Oli' STEArti. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .............................................. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .......... __ . __ .. __ ...... -.......... __ . __ ... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) ........ : ...... ____ .. ________ .... per cent.. 

WATER. 

. 725 

None. 

99.44 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ........... __ ....................... cpounds .. 60, 804 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ............ ___ ............. do .... 71, 840 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ............... _do .. __ 60,464 

60. Factor of evaporation ............................. _ ...... : ................. _ .. _ 1. 1Sl5 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steani from aml at 212° __ .......... pounds._ 71, 438 

'" ATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam. __ ........... _ pounds.. 6, 026 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......... _ .. _ ........ __ .do. __ . 7, 120 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot oi water-heating 

surfaeA ... ____ ................ _ ... _. __ ..... ___ ........... __ ..... __ .. pounds.. 3. 51 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pourids of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . _ ...... ________ . __ . _____ . :. ___ . __ .... ______ _ 

66. Bt~ilders' rated horsepower. __ .......... __ .... __ .... __ ........... .- _______ .... __ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed __ .... ____ ......... ___ ...... _ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

206.4 

210 

98.29 
358 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(!tell! 57-+-item 25) __ ---- _____ . __________________ ---------- ______ .. _pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) ----- -·--- -------- ----·- ...... _____________ . __ ...... :-....... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+-item 

27) ............................................... _ ...... _ ...... ___ pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and' at 212° per pound of combustible. (_.do. __ . 

(ltflm 61-+-item 30) ...... ________________ ---- ____ ..............•••. \..do ..•. 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficie~tcy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed by tho boiler per po~nd of com- { per cent •• 

busttble dtvtded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustt ble) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ do. __ _ 

72. 

73.. .Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ___ .... _ .. _per cent .. 

COST OF E'VAPOHA'fiON. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ___ .. _ 

76. Cost or fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _________ _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKR OllSEilVATlONS. 

Percentage of smoke as o bservEod .............................................. . 

\Voight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ........... ___ . _____ ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ...•...•••..... cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spread:ng, alternate, or coking) ........................ -.- ...... . 

81. Average thickness of fire ............ ___ .... _ .. __ .. ____ ................ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.9 

9.28 

9.37 

10.57 

a 10.755 

66.17 

a67. 33 

65.39 

$1.00 

$0.0635 

$0.054 

18.6 

. 0058 

Alternate. 

12 

mal condition. __ .. _._. ___ . ____ ._ .. __ . ___ .........................•.. minutes.. 5 

83. Average invervals between times of leveling orbreaking up .....•.•. , ..... hours.. 1. 5 

M. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .. • ................................. --------- .... per cent .. 

Oyxgen ( 0) ___ ..•.. _ ........................................ - .... -- .. -.do- --. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .......... ---- ............................. , ...... do ... . 

Hydrogen ancli,Iydrocarbons.-.--- ------.------------ .. - -----------.-.-.do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

9.39 

10.57 

80.04 
~ i I"' 0> (II 

v )> 

~ L j ~ 

3 

' ti ..._ 

rs:~ ~ ~ 

v I ..D 

~ \ \% I ;I! 

v X c 1. 

~ 

!" 

~ 

/ 

~ ~ "" r;· 

0 

<JQ 

~ 

'" 

r '" 

... 

... 

... 

"' ::0 

f 

z 

p 

.... 

0 

"' 

~ 

... 

<JQ 

'" 

'" 

c' 

::l. 

,0 

" '" .. 

CD 

~ 

·~ I 

I~ \ I ~~ 

~~ I 

"' L 9. "' 5 0 

1 b 

~ 11 0 

I '::: ~ 

~ 

\~ -.; --.... 

~ I -1 r------- c t \ I "' If ~-... ~ I ~_L 11 

= 

-

' l\1 v r> n ~ / x~ 1 

~ 0 ~ 

v (i;· Jl 

't~ \ -<; -j :z ro c 

" 0 Jl ,. ~\]- 0 

lh ---...__ "'· r 

t'::--:- (Jo 

~ c t (\ I :? :z ;;; 7. 

~""' ~ ~'I ;r if \JI (Jo G\ 

I 'i l r> ;;! l> r. <I> ~ 

" l\ l> )> ,.. 

ll6 I :1. I~ 4 \JI 

~ 

I\"' 1 11 

I ~,-

1\' Jl )> 

:t .l:! !dr- "' \§ I \ c 1/ 11 Jl 

~I--'-

\~ I \ L (/1 

\JI 

c t .c 

\ ""'-... r-! Jl r---

a 10 Ql "' c ~ zr-- \JI .... 

"' ~: \ I a :r 

'"' ;o I 0 

01--

'-l ~ l\ \ \"' ... 

;:I 0' 

11 'J: \ T T'1 

-~ :JI 

1~ r~ '\ v ltii 

11" ?l \ ---v 0 '{ 

t ~ 

J \ 1--1::- l ;~ t--

.. 

.\ I v \ v I--

L//_ __.....- t 

\ I 'V \\ 1- t I l~ [l r- IJ l\ r-- til "' il' 11_ \ v :..--

~-l-T ~ 

~ Z< r> ., 

~ ~b:;;: 

-1 "' 

en ) 

c 

• 
360 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION 01<~ THE HEATING YALUE 01<~ THB CO:\IBUSTTRLE. 

Total heat value of l pound of combustible, B. T. U . ___________ . ________ • __ .... _ _ _ Hi, 426 

ll. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 _ . ___ . __ . _ ... _____ . _____________ .. _ . ___ ·. ________ ... 10, ::!86 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =per eent of moisture referred to comlmstible +-

100X[(212-t)-j-966-j-0.48(T-212)] (t=tempcrature of air ii1 the 

boiler room; '1' = that of the flue gases) ________ .. ______ . ________ ... _ ... 

3. Loss due tu moisture formeJ by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+-100 X 9 X [(212 -- t) + 966 -j-0.48 (T- 212)]--

14 

50fi 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of comlmstible X 0.24 X (T--t) ------·---·· ---------------------- 3, 046 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent 0 in combustible 

CO,+ coX- . 100 X 10,150 

6. Loss clue to unconsmned hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and u·naccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may . 

0 

Per cent. 

a 67. 33 

• OH 

3.28 

19. 75 

0 

be calculated).------------. ___ ·_--- .. ---------- .. -----------.---------- 1, 474 9. 55 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicate(! horsepower hour= 3.02 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=::!. 73 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash 

100.00 

• 
BOILER TESTS. 361 

TEsT No. B.-Regular and special observat·ions on test of Arkansas No.2 coal, September 17, 1904. 

Tin1e. 

Steampressure 

gage.• 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.07 hours.] 

_ Tem;cratur~ Calori~eter_. _\Draft pressures. _ Flue gases. 

· I [ h d In fur- Flue Water n . 00 ' nacc, Out- Boiler gases, Steam separated il In in 

"irle. room. base of discharge. in 10 JC~es inches C02. o,. 

stack. minutes. w~tcr of , · water. 

co. 

···--·----\----

7.32 ------------

7.40 ------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10-- -----------

10.20 ----.------

10.40 - ------ - ---

11 --------------

11.20-----------

11.40 -----·_-----

12--------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 -----------

] ---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40 ------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 - - - - - - -• - - - -

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 ------------

5---------------

5 .. 20 ------------

5.36 

Total _. __ . 

Average .. _ 

Pounds. 0 P. 

101 

100 

83 

104 

99 

96 

96 

105 

96 

100 

71 

83 

85 

82 

RO 

80 

100 

94 

100 

SR 

101 

7\J 

81 

55 

90 

99 

95 

94 

93 

91 

87 

69 73 

70 74 

71 75 

73 79 

75 

78 

79 

81 

82 

83 

84 

86 

87 

87 

8!) 

87 

88 

88 

88 

87 

87 

86 

86 

86 

86 

.86 

86 

85 

84 

83 

80 

80 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

90 

90 

91 

\)1 

91 

90 

90 

\JO 

90 

90 

91 

91 

92 

91 

90 

OF. 

.570 

G60 

604 

615 

609 

604 

580 

580 

564 

549 

510 

460 

475 

450 

495 

527 

580 

585 

605 

595 

60:3 

605 

525 

490 

624 

630 

631 

630 

630 

624 

580 

Pom1ds. Pottnds. 

5. 0.5 0. 04 

4.93 . .067 

4. 6 .11 

4. 75 .14 

3. 95 . 16 

3.91 .058 

4. 55 .192 

4.07 .13 

4. 1() . 06 

·····--- -------- ' 

4. 61 . 132 

3. 87 .119 

0.35 

.34 

.44 

. 35 

. 32 

. 36 

.30 

. 30 

. 31 

. 31 

. 33 

. 33 

.46 

. 31 

.26 

. 41 

. 33 

.32 

.40 

.42 

.47 

.42 

.13 

. 13 

. 45 

. 40 

. 39 

. 41 

.40 

. 41 

. 37 

0.06 

. 06 

.17 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.17 

Pa ct. Pe1· ct. P"r ct. 

9. 9 8. 00 0. 0 

.17 ------ ------- ------

. 21 10. 1 7. 0 . 2 

.23 

. 27 

.29 

. 39 

.10 

. 09 

. 22 

.13 

. 12 

. 16 

. 21 

.21 

.10 

.04 

.04 

. 07 

. 10 

.12 

.13 

.14 

. 14 

. 12 

8. 0 . 10.4 . 1 

6.2 14.4 .0 

6.2 15.0 .0 

7.5 12.6 .1 

6.3 14.3 .0 

7.5 12.5 .0 

8.0 11.9 . 1 

64 ------ -----· ------- -------- -------- ------------- ------ -------------

89.8 82.8 86.6 571 4. 43 . 109 . 35 . 15 7. 74 11. 8 

. 5 

.06 

2, 872 2. 484 2, 511 17,689 48,. 45 1. 208 10.93 I 4. 54 69.70 !106. 1 

~------'-- ---------·---·-----

13-No.' 48, pt 2,-0.6--5 
362 OPERATIONS Ol!' 1'HE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEs'l'. No. 8.-Regular and special observations on test of Arka11sas No. 2 coal, Septembe1· 17, 1904-Cont'<l. 

SPECIAL. 

--~ ~-----~~-~ ~--~·---- --~ ~-~ --- -----~-

Height of Wtlter. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. I . - . Time. 

--------

= Intank._l Tngageglass. Duringp~riml. _·.··rota!~ Duringpcrio;.·j=-Tot•l. = 

Start, 7.32. __ .. __ . _ ... 

8.06 

8.49 

9.27 

10.21 

12.30 ------------- ... 

1 .40 - -- --- -- -- -- .. -- . 

3.06 

a.53 

4.50 

Close, 5.36 .... __ . _ .... 

inches. inches. Pounds. Pounds. 

44 3~ ------------ ------------

:~M 4! 700 700 

33~ 3~ I 700 1, 40() 

37t 3% i 700 2, 1()0 

2M 4,'[ 700 2,ROO 8 

35t 3-k 700 3, 500 i 

3:~t 4! 700 4,200 

43:;\ 4~ 700 4,900 

32t 3! 700 5,600 

i'l6} 3§ 700 6,300 

36! 3 217, 6, 517 

HECORD OF FURNACE CONDI'l'IONS. 

PrJunds. Pounds. 

------------ -----------. !l,OOO 3, 000 

5,127 8, 127 

4,866 12,993 

6, 0.51 19,044 

7,296 26,340 

6,45R :~2, 798 

7,008 39, ROl 

4,46R 44,269 

5, 727 49,996 

4,06}) .54, 06.5 

Time. I --~- --~~bs~rvation-. --~ ---T-:;,ime. -~ -- ---~<servtiti(JJ_I. __ ---

6.15 .... --;restarted. --~ --- ----~ ~1.24 .. j Cleaning fire, difficult to clean. ---

6.30.... Boiler uiHler a load. 12.17 .. , Fire cleaned, 5 inches thiek. 

7.15 __ .. Boiler under full load. '1.10 ... _I Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.30 ____ l<'ire raked. 1.30 .. _ Fire raked, 10 inehes thiek. 

7.32. _. _ Test start;}d, fire 4 inches thick. 

8.15 ___ . Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

8.47. __ . Fire raked, 14 inches thiek. 

8.57 _ _ _ _ .Fire raked, 12, inches thick. 

9.20 _ _ __ Do. 

10.31 _ _ _ Do. 

i0.52 _ _ _ Fire raked ( elinkers on grate). 

2. 28 .. _ Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 

2.34 _ .. 

1 

Cleaning fire. 

3.02 .. _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

3.20 .. _ Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

4.20... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

5.18 •.. Cleaningfire. 

5.36 ••• Test closed, fire 4 inches thick. 

------ -~- --~~--~ --------· ---- -------

99 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.st of £h·kansas No. 2 coal. 

COl\OTTIOXS OF BOILElt TRIAl •. 

Test nmnber, S. 

:Ma<le by boiler <livision, Unite<l States Geological Survey. 

At fnel-te~ting plant, Louisiana l'nrehase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kin<l of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

B63 

Principal conditionH governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. HugheH 

apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkai1sas No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

Rtate of the weather, dear. 

?llethod of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant uumlJer), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 17, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial.~ .. _______ ___________________________ ... ________ ______ .hours .. _ 

DDIEl"SIO~S Ai"n PROPOltTTONS. 

:~. Grate su rfaee. _ . _ . __ . _ . _ . ______ . ___ . _ .. ______ .. ___ . ____ . ___ . __ . ____ sq narc feet __ 

3.1 Width of grate ..... _ .. ___ ._. __ . ______ .. ---_._.--. ____ .. _______________ .. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate---- __ .. ____ . ___ .. ___ ... ____ ---. ___ . ________ . __ . ____ .... do. __ _ 

4. Height of fnrnaee. ___ . ____ . _____ . __ . __ . _. _. ______ . ____ ... _. __ . ___ . ___ .inches._ 

10.07 

40.55 

6.16 

G. 58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ____ . _________ .... ___ ..... _ .... do .. _. . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to· whole grate surface_ .. _._. ___ ._ ... __ .... _. per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of ehimney ... _ .. _ ....... _ ...... _ .. ·.- ___ . _ ... _. ___ ... ______ .square feet._ 

G. 2 Height of chimney aboYe grate .... ____ ........ __ . _ . ____ . __ ... _ .... _ . _ .. _feet. _ 

6.3 Length of fine <:otinectiug to ehimney __ . ____ .... _ .... __ . __ . __ . __ .. ___ ... do. ___ · 

6.4 Kind of draft. ... __ . _ ... _ ........ ____ . _ . __ ..... __ . _ .. ____ ............ ____ ... .. 

7. Water-heating surface._ .. __ ..... _ ......... _ .. _. ___ . _____ .... __ .... square feet._ 

7.1 Outsi•le diameter of shell ............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ------·---------------··---.feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes._ .... _. __ .... --·----- .... -------- .......... _ ............... .. 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) _ .. _ ................... __ ..... _ .. . {

inches._ 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length uf tubes exposed --------------------------------------·---- ...... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface_. ___ ....... __ ._ ... _ ...... _ ................... square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... _._._ .. _ ... _ .. _.· __ ... , .. __ ._. 

10. Ratio of mi~imurn draft area to grate surface .. _ .. ___ . ___ . ____ ... _. __ .. _. _ .. __ 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

AVEUAGE PRE~SljRES. 

Rarometer .... _. ·---· ........ __ ... _ ..... : __ ..... _ .................... pounds._ 

. {"do .... Steam pressure by gage per square ineh _ .... ____ ...... __ .... __ ..... _ .. .. do .... . . 

Force of draft between damper and boiler _. _., _ .. ___ . ___ ._ .. _ .. inches of water_. 

Force of draft in fnrnaee ....... _____ ....... _ ..... __ . _ ............ __ ._ .... do .. .. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ....... _ . _ .... __ .... _ ... _ ....... ___ . _ ..... _ ... _. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031. 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3 . .5 

3.2() 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

14.46 

89.8 

"104. 26 

. 35 

.15 

.o 
364 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE.MPERATURES. 

Of external air ............... _ .. _ ................. _. _ ..... ____ . _. ___ .(1egrees .. 

Of fireroom ................ _ ............. _ .......... _ . _ ...... ____ .... _ . _do. __ _ 

Of steam _ .... _. _ .... _. _ ... ______ . _ .. _____ . _. __ . _. __ . _. _. ______ . _._. ___ .do.: .. 

Of feed water in tank ....... _ .. _ ... _ .. _._._ .. _._._ ..... __ ... _ .. ___ ._. ___ .do ... _ 

Of feed water entering economizer .... __ ..... __ .............. _. _ ... ___ .... do ... _ 

Of feed water entering boiler._ ............................... _ ... ___ ._ ... do._ .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler _ ...... _ ..... _ .... , __ .. '.: .... _ .... _ .... _ .... do .. _. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......................... _ ............ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Size and condition: Lump, bright. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire._ .. _ ... _ ......... _ ...... _ ...... __ . pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ___ .... ·---- ----·- ____ . ·---- .... ___ . ---·--._._ .. _.do. __ _ 

Percentage of moisture in coaL_ .. _ .. ___ . _ .. ___ ... _ .. _ ... _. ___ ..... _ ..... __ ..... 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ............................ _ ..... __ . pounds .. 

Total ash and· refuse ....... ____ .. -----··· ____ .----.---- ____ -·------ ...... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ..... , .................... _ ......... per cent .. 

R2.8 

86.6 

330. 6" 

72.4 

188.5 

571 

None. 

6,517 

1. 07 

6,447 

559 

44 

30. 'Iotal eombustJble consumed ... __ ..•••............... _ ..... _._ ..... __ . , . . {pounds.. 5, 888 

· .. do .... a5, 720 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 67 

32. 

33. 

:34. 

35. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ...... --.---- ........... -.- ........... -- ............•..... 

Volatile matter ............. __ . __ .. _ .•. ___ ._ ... __ ._ .... _._ ... __ .-- .. __ ._. 

l\'foisture ....... _ ........ -.-. __ . _ ... ___ ... ____ . _. _. __ ... _____ ... _ .. _____ _ 

Ash.--·-.----- .... : .... _. ____ ......... ____________ ...... ____________ .. 

Per cent of coaL 

73.65 

16.86 

1. 07 

8.42 

100.00 

Per ct~ut of 

combustible, 

81.37 

18.6:3 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. l. 95 ........... . 

ULTil\IATB ANAJ.YSlS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)!....................... ------····----------------------- 81.40 88.97 

38. Hydrogen (H) ............................................. ___ ..... ___ _ 4. 11 4.49 

39. Oxygen (0) ------------------------------------------------···--------- 2.58 2.82 

40. Nitrogen (N) -------------------·----------------------------------; .. . 1. 4:3 1.56 

41. SulJ?hur (S) ........... -- ....................................... __ ..... .. 1. 97 2.16 

42. Ash ..................... _ . __ . _ . _ . ___ . _ ...... _ ...... __ .... __ .. _ .. __ .. __ _ 8.51 

100.00 100.00 

4:3. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............................. _ .. _ .. . 1. 07 .... -- .... -- ----~----------

a Calculllled from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS 01<~ ASH AND ltEFtTSE. 

-44. Carbon ........................................................••.•. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ........................................... , .....•........ do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry eoal consumed per hour .................... .' ..................... poup.ds .. 

47. · · ·{-- do .... Combustib)e consumed per hour .................................... .. .. do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surfaee per hour ......................... do .. .. 

49. Coinbustible per square foot of water-heating ~urface per hour .......... {:::::::: 

CALORIFIC VALlJE OF FUET •. 

365 

31. 87 

68. 13 

640 

585 

n568 

15. 7 

. 288 

".28 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pouml of dry coal, .B. T. U ............. 14,245 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. : ...... 15, 570 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. ·T. U •.......•............... 14, 269 

53. Calorific value by analysis pt>r pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15,596 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ................... : .......................... .. 

55. N um her of degrees oi superheating ........................................... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=,nnity) .................................. per cent .. 

\VATER. 

2.45 

None. 

98. 11 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .................................. _ .. pounds.. 54, 065 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do ... _ 63, 953 

59. Water aetually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 53,044 

60. Factor of evaporation . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. 1. 1829 

61. Equivalent water eYaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 62, 745 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds.. 5, 268 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......... _ ........ _ ..... do.... 6, 231 

64. Equi~alent evaporation per hour from• and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................... -.............. pounds., 3. 06 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .............. _ ................. __ . __ .. , ... .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................... .' .. __ .......... _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _ ........... __ .. _ .... _ .. ___ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

180.6 

210 

85.96 
366 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO:\HC RESULTS. 

68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57~ item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) .............................................. ~ ............. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry <~oal. (Item 61 c-item 

27) ..................... , .......................................... pounds .. 

Equivalent. ~vaporation fr9m and at 212° per pound of combustible. { .. do ... . 

(Item 61~1tcm 30) ................................................. '·.do ... . 

. 71. 

EFFICIENCY, 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat 1.bsorbed Ly the bmler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

72. 

73. Efficiency of b9iler, inc:luding the grate (heat abEorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds dt:livered in boiler room (assumed) ......... .. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed ('Onditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

S::\fOKE OBSERVATIOXS. 

77. Percentage of smoke as observe< I .............................................. . 

' 

, · h f · . 1 . {grains .. \ CJg t o soot per hour obtame< from smoke meter ................... . 

ounees .. 78. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ............ cubie inches .. 

::\fETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alt<:Jrnate, or coking) ........................ , ....... .. 

81. Ayerage thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor8.29 

9.63 

9.78 

10.65 

(( 10.97 

66.05 

a 68.04 

65.96 

$1.00 

$0.06 

$0.051 

5. 14 

• OS 

. 0028 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ................................... • ................... minutes.. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 75 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OJ<~ THE DRY OASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ............................................... per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

aCalculated from chemiRtry of ash. 

7. 74 

11. 8 

. 06 

80.40 
OUTSID[,BOILER-ROOM, AND ·T f"EE.O- WATt!--< TEMPERATURES 

0 ZO ~0 60 80 •OO 

BOILER TESTS. 

FURNACE ANO FLUE TEMPERATURES. (DEGREES rAHR.) 

600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 

WATER CONSUMPTION IN Ht0U5AND POUNDS r STEAM·~ SMOKE. TrLUE·GA.S,DRArl,ANO 

I---"'--'-''O:__.:':_>_...;Zc:O:__,_Z5'--"3"'-0-~3"'S'---4'-'0'--•::_S'---"-S0"-----'5c:5_-i PRE:$SURt CHART , l· o/o C.Oz .1/"oMOISTURE 

COAl. CONSUMPTION IN THOUSAND POUNDS I C.AU&E NUMBER . 

z 4 e. s •0 •Z ~ •e. te 20 zc: tso go 100 ' l 3 4 5 I 2 4 & e. I l 4 & 8 

tl~ . /v ~·Hrt~--~~--~~---~---1-~~4--4--4--4~"~-~~--~~--~~~.~~~~ 

~~~--~--~~~~--+---!h-~--4---h--~--~~+--~~~---~~--~-4+-~ 

t\1\ 1 

p ";l 0 '3.1 \ -< \ ~ ~ 

·~ r~~~~+--~~~---*~·~-~--+-04---4----1---+---+---~~~-~--~--~~-~~&-~~ ~ 7- \j ';; j " ____.--v:----- ~ t ~+---~-0-~--~---~--~~-+--4--4~--~-+-~*-~~~~--~ 

0 

~ 8 0 c [, ~ 0 

~ = ~-- ~~e-~ ""+~+- \--!<:>?·-" p;"~---kl----~-· -+----+----1----Pt>-+---+-~~---1---/--J..o-&-+--&-J----j-

"" r-,-- o.---c-0 \ -< 

~ ~ 6_\ ~ .g ;. t--~-- ~~-4---+~·~\~~---k~~~--1--~~~---+r~-+---~-~~---+~~~~~~~---~ i ;3 -- ---- g-~---l---\~<)--1--+-.Q-\--I~E--_J~--+---+---~--+-~-.If~-1-----i-l.--l-&.--1~<)--1' 

~ :~~--4·--+~M+--+~\~+--+--+--*,--r~~-H~' 

~ :i -......'--...II 

[ te----~--~~--~---+---+~-+----~~~--+---+·--~---+-~~--4--=~~--~--~ 

[ ~~-+----\ g --l---+---+--<»--t\--+--+---l---l----1---4 .... ~,.--+-\~1>·--~--+ ~ 6 \ r pp ~ tl---+---~·~_Je---!---+-~+-~\r-~--o---+---4---+---+~~~--~--~---+--~-+~~-QI 

~ ~ ,, 

~~--~--~--r---·r---S0&~--~---4--~--~--~--~~~--~--~--~~+,&- 0 I~ ~ 

~ __.-/v r~-+--~--+-~--~~+-~~~--4---h--+--~~+-~--~--+-~+-~~~~l---

tl-9H---4-+--+-~·~---+~-\W./+--+---+---+--~~--+--+---+~+--#--+-­

~~~ 0~~--+-~+---+---~:&&~--~~)\~~--~~~+~---~l--~l--~---+~--+---++-~~~--t--~ ~ ~ 1-----r----r-

:.~~=~~~~:~:~::~~--~*~::_~1--4---+---+~~~-+~-++~~1----1 \. \ 7 ~.~-+~,~~*+~~+1\~~+--rH~-+~~+~ 

t·~~~~~~~~~~~~\--1---+---H~-+---+-~n~~~ 

t ~ ~-~ »-i--1--'-----#---f---\,ct--+----t--~1/?-~~~+--+--H+-#--101 

- " It ~l 1\ J 

g Sf:; -.,Y-' ~ .. 

367 
368 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT •. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTIO!'\ OP THE HEATING \"ALUF. OF THE COl\-fDUSTIRLE. 

Total heat value of l ponntl of combustible," B. T. U.~···· ........................ 15,570 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................................. . 

2. Loss due to nioistnre in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

lOOX ((212-tJ+-966+0.48 (7'--212)] (t=tempe;ature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the fine gases) ................. _. ............. . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212 ·-t) +966+0.48 ('/'- 212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X ·o:24 X ( T -t) ................................. . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent 0 in combustible . · C02 

+COX-------yo0------ X10,150 ........................ . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois· 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized·if data are obtained from which they may 

B.T. U. Per cent. 

10,594 a6S. 04 

15 .10 

5ll 3.28 

3,283 21.08 

69 . 44 

be calculated) ..................... :·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 1, 098 7. 06 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.91 pounds. 

"Dry coal p_er electrical horsepower hour = 3.59 pounds. 

~-----·----------·---------------

,, 

! 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

<. 

l 

; 

. .(1 .t:--\ 

'I 

. --j· '1-

j_ ___ : 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 369 

TE~T No. 11.-Regular and specictl ?bservations on test o.f Arkansas No. 2 coal (large briquettes), September 

23, 1904. 

Time. 

I SteamprcsRure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.983 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

---------- --------------c----;---

Outside. Boiler 

~oom. 

Flue 

gases, 

base oE 

stack. 

Water In hood, 

Steam separated . II! 

discharge. !n 10 m~~es 

minutes. water. 

In fur- nace, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

co,. co. 

---------------· ----- ---·-----1------------

7.35 ------------

8---------------

8.20------------

. 8.40 ----.-- - - - --

9 ---·-----------.· 

9.20 -------- .. .. 

9.40 .. ---- ... --. 

10--------------

10.20 .. --------. 

10.40 ------.----

11 -------- __ ,_--. 

11.20 -----------

11.40 -- .. -- .. ' --

12 ........ .'.- .. . 

12.20 . '--.-- .. --

12.40 .. ---- . -- . -

1 ............. .. 

,1.20 -------- .. .. 

1.40 •........... 

2 ........... ·---

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------ . -- --

3 --------------· 

3.20 ------ ...... 

3.40 -- -- . -- -- ... 

4 .............. . 

4.20 ------------

4.40 .. -- .... -- --

5---------------

5.20 ------ .. -.. -

5.34------------

Pound:·'· ° F. ° F. 

91 

S3 

103 

94 

97 

95 

98 

92 

90 

S5 

90 

100 

103 

90 

94 

93 

S9 

6S 

70 

107 

107 

so . 105 

S5 

80 

90 

94 

97 

104 

7S 

91 

66 

66 

66 

67 

69 

71 

73 

73 

74 

76 

7S 

79 

so 

81 

S2 

S2 

S2 

S3 

S2 

82 

S2 

S2 

R1 

S1 

Sl 

so 

so 

80 

RO 

79 

67 

6S 

69 

70 

72 

74 

76 

78 

7S 

so 

S1 

S3 

S3 

84 

S7 

S6 

S6 

86 

S7 

86 

87 

S6 

85 

85 

87 

S7 

S6 

S6 

84 

S4 

OJ<'. 

609 

575 

570 

5SS 

590 

635 

595 

5S5 

645 

664 

660 

610 

5S3 

5SO 

649 

620 

61R 

553 

600 

616 

609 

600 

601 

600 

595 

595 

603 

620 

642 

635 

Pounds. · Pounds. 

4. 44 0. 05 

4. 76 . 024 

4. 48 . 015 

4. 56 . 035 

4. 4S . 020 

4.16 . 020 

4. 93 . 011 

4.Sl .015 

4. 56 . 020 

4.94 .014 

0. 29 . 0. 09 

.29 -08 

. 30 .10 

. 33 . 13 

. 31 . 11 

. 53 .17 

.:n .11 

. 30 .12 

-57 .15 

. 56 

.5\) 

.31 

.32 

. 30 

. 51 

. 47 

.48 

. 30 

. 29 

. :10 

. 28 

.. 27 

.28 

. 32 

.32 

.. 32 

. 31 

.46 

.4H 

.46 

. 23 

. 22 

.14 

.16 

. 15 

.24 

. 22 

. 25 

.16 

. 09 

.10 

.11 

. 10 

.11 

.14 

.13 

.. 16 

. 13 

.16 

. 23 

. 23 

l'er ct. l'er ct. l'e>· ct. 

7. 0 13. 1 0. 0 

8. 3 11.7 . 0 

- ~ . --- . ---. -- -, ---.. 

8. 2 12.1 . 0 

8. 2 12.0 . 0 

7.8 12.6 . 0 

8. 7 11. 7 .1 

8. 2 12.2 .1 

9. 4 10.9 ."1 

10.2 10.0 . 0 

Total • . . . • 2, 752 2, 31S 2, 43S 1S, 245 46. 12 . 224 11. 17 4. 52 76. 0 106. 3 . 3 

Average 91.7 77.3 Sl. 3 608.2 4. 61 . 0224 . 372 . 151 S. 44 11. 8 . 033 
370 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

'l'EST No. 11.-Regular and spelrial observations on test of Arkansas Nq. 2 coal (large briquettes), Septemba 

23, 1904-Continned. 

SPECIAL. 

----~--~---

Height of water. 

Time. ---- ----~~~--

In tnnk. In gage glass. 

------------ -------~ 

Start, 7.35 ........ ---·1 

8.15 --. --·-. ---·- ----

9.57 ·------ ----------

11.39 ----------------

12.35 ---------- -----· 

1.31 

3.26 

4.15 

5.11 

Close, 5.34 .. _ .. _ ..... _ 

Inches. Inches. 

33t 2! 

40! 3! 

33 3z 

36z 2~ 

30~ 4~ 

39 3! 

36z 3~ 

36~ 3~ 

39'} 2~ 

37 3! 

Weight of eon! burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

- ----------- -

During period. Total. During period. Totnl. 

-------

Pounds. Pou,nds. 

I.--. ~ .. ----- ----------- 700 700 

1, 095 1, 795 

1, 375 3,170 

700 3,870 

700 4,570 

1,400 5,970 

700 6,670 

700 7,370 

------------ -----------

Pounds. 

----------- 1, 946 

8,525 

9,654 

5,357 

5,098 

10,749 

5,072 

5,865 

3,075 

Pounds. 

------------ 1,94 6 

10,471 

20,12" 

25, 48' 2 

0 

9 

l 

6 

1 

30,58 

41,32 

46,40 

52,26 

55,34 

--

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

----------~-----------------------------

Time. Ob:-:ervntion. 

6. __ .... Fire started. 

6.45 __ .. Boiler under full load. 

7.35 .. _. Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

10. _. _ .·. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.18 __ . Fire HI iced. 

12.04. __ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

1.04 .. _. Cleaning fire. 

Time. Ohscrvation. , · 

1.18 . . . Fire cleaned, 5 irH;hes thick. 

.1.45... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3.15 . _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

5.22... Cleaning fire. 

5.30 _.. Fire cleaned. 

5.34 .. _ Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

---~ --------------------· 

113 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Ar~ansas No.2 coal (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 11. 

Nla<le by boiler didsion, United States Geological Survey: 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, l\io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

371 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No. 2 briquettes. · ' 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, elear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of_ boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 23, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _________________________________________ ..... __ ... ____ hours .. 

OnrENSJONR AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. (~rate surface __________________ · ______________________________ - ___ .square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate ... _____________________ . _____________ --- ____ ---_--------_ .feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ______________ --. _______ . ________________ . __ - ___________ .do. __ . 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace ________________________ . ___________________ . ____ .... inches.. 26 

5. 1-\..pproxinuite 'vidth of ai.r spaces in grate ____ .. ____ ~ ______________ _______ .do.___ . 5 

6.' Proportion of air space to whole grate su.rface ____ . _. ___ .. _. ___ ... _ ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ___ . _________________________ · ___________ .-._ ...... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate. _______________________________ ...... _ : .... feet .. 

6.3 Length nf flue connecting to chimney ________ . _________ ..... ___ . _________ do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft. __ . __ :_. __________ - _________ . __ . ________ : _______ . ________________ _ 

7. ·water-heating surface ___ . _____ ~ _______________ ._._. __ .. __ . ______ .. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ________ : .. ______ . _ ... ________ .- .... -. _._. ___ .inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads). _______ ... __________________ .. feeL_ 

7.3 Number of tubes ____ . _- _.--- .. - _. ____ -- _ .... -.. -------------- ___ . ___ .. __ . _ .... 

7.4 

7.5 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

.· . · {inches .. Diameter of tubes ( outside-mside) _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .... ___ ...... __ ........... . . - .. do .... 

Length of tubes exposed _____ ......... • ..... ________ .. __ . _. ____ .. _ .. _ ...... feeL_ 

Superheating surface ...... _. __ ..... __ ... _____ ._._. __ ._ ... _._._._. __ square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface _ .. _ ......... ··• .. :. _. _ .... __ .... __ .. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface. ___ ._ ...... _ ....... _._ ...... _._ .... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer __ ~ __________ : • _________________ .. _______________ {inches of mercury __ 

. . · .~. ·······---pounds .. 

· {·.do .... Steam prPssnre by gage, per square inch ... __ ................. _ .. _ .. . · .. do ___ _ 

Force of draft between damper and boil~r ... _ .... ____ ...... ____ inches of water __ 

Force of draft in furnace._ ... _ ..... , ........... ___ ................ _ ... __ .do. __ _ 

Foree of draft dr blast in ash pit._._._ ... _ ... _: _____ : .. _ ... _ .......... ___ .do. __ _ 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

47.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.69 

14.57 

91.7 

(/ 106. 27 

. 372 

.151 

0 
372 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ...............................................•.. · ..... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom .............................................. : .............. do ... . 

17. Of steam ............................................................. :.do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ......................................... _. .......... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

20.. Of feed water entering boiler ........•.................................... do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................. do ... . 

22. Of e~f'a.plng gases from e!~onomizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ..................................... : ........................ do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

77.3 

81.3 

832 

71.6 

184.5 

608 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds,. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................. : ............... du.... 7, 370 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. -T~tal weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quaiity of ash and refuse: Clinker .... _ ................. .' .............. per cent .. 

4.88 

7,010 

939 

45 

30. · {pounds.. 6, 071 Total combustible consunied ......................................... . . .do .... a6, 002 

81. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL........................................ 18. 4 

PROX~:MATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ........... , ............................................. . 60.30 72. 83 

33. Volatile matter ........................................................ . 22.49 27. 17 

84. · Moisture .............................................................. . 4.88 ------------ 35. Ash ............................. · ................................. _-, .. . 12.33 ------------

------ 100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................................ . 1. 32 ------------

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ................................................ · ............ . 76.65 88.06 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . .4.06 4.66 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .................................... ! •.....•.••.••••••....• 8.40 3.91 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 1. 54 1. 77 

41. Sulphur(S) ···········-~---·············--····························· 1. 39 1.60 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 12.96 -----·------

100.00 100. 00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................... . 4.88 ·-----------

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon : . ...................................... , .................... per cent. . 

45. Earthy matter ............................. :· ..... · ................ _._ .... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ......................... · ............. ___ .pounds._. 

47. {

-.do _ _. __ Combustible eonsumed per hour . _ ................ · ....... _ ........ ·- _ .. · .. do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ................ _·_ ..... _ .do .... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heatin~ ~nrface per hour ... ___ .. _ -{--do·--· 

..do .... 

CALORIFIC YAI.UE OF FUEL. 

373 

10.55 

89.45 

702 

608 

«601 

17.31 

. 299 

<t.296 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. 'r. U ... ·_ ......... 13, 554 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 15,572 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..................... _ .. 13, 465 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................ _ ... 15,470 

QUALITY OF :STRAl\1. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .................... :: .... _. .................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ....................... _ .................... . 

56. Qqality of stean1 (dry s~eam =unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

.485 

None. 

99.63 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. .................. :.~ ............... pounds,. 55, 341 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ..................... , ..... do .. _. 65, 529 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 55, 136 

60. Factor of evaporation ............ , .................................. _ ..... _ .. .. 1. 1841 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ..... : ... _ .. pounds .. 65,286 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .......... _ .... pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and itt 212° ..•...•....... __ .... _ ...• do._._ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,523 

6,540 

surface .......................................... , ....... _,. __ ........ pounds._. 3. 22 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower). _ .................. 1 ........... __ ..... _ ... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ......... _ .. ___ ... __ . _ ... _ .. _ . __ .... ___ .. _. ___ .... __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............ _ ............. _._ 

190.3 

210 

90.3 

--------·-------------------------------· a Calculated from chemistry ol ash. 
374 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOJUIC RESUJ,TS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual eonditions per puunrl of coal as fired. 

· (Item 57 -+- i tern 25) ...................... ~ ......................... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent entporation from and at 212° ·per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 ~-

item 25) ............••.........•. -.... · ...•.•......•...............•. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 6 I -+- item 

27) ................ : . .............................................. pouwls .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. f .. do ... . 

(Item 61 _;item 30) ........................ ~ ....................... 1 .. do ... .. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficicney of the boiler (heat ab~orbed by the boiler ,per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do .. .. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat abBorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of eoal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost ;>f fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds o! water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ........ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 

Rl. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

RR. 

S~WKE OBSERVATJOXS. 

Percentage· of smoke as observed .. --; .......................................... . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from ~moke meter ..................... ounees .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from swoke meter. .............. cubic inches .. 

)!ETHODS OF FIRING. 

Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................... : ........... .. 

Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal eondition ...................................................... minutes .. 

Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... . 

A~ALYSIR OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••••••••••••••• : •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per eent. . 

Oxygen (0): ........................................................... do .... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................ : ................................ do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................ ,do ... . 

~itrogen (by differeJice) (N) .... -: ....................................... do .. .. 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.51 

8.86 

9.:n 

10.75 

(t 10.88 

66.66 

<L67. 47 

66.32 

$1.00 

$0.066 

$0.056 

5.54 

. 002 

Alternate. 

10 

8.44 

11. 82. 

.0.'!3 

79. 707 
r 

t 

1 

: 

"' - Q 

0 

e. r 

: 

t 

....... ~ ;t 

\ /J I 

\ J .ll 

.._ \ 

\ "--' <; r J h 

\,q_ /- (l 

't 6 

~~~ 1/ 1~ \ 0 

I \ I; ~ 

\q_ ' \ L 

As 7-

\ I~ 1\- ,.--

'\'6 ~ '> ?--~= 

'(jl 

I }> C1 r (> 

"' \~ -< 

I is "' h 

I~ J> 

1--;-:z 3 

I ~ "U / 3 " j\j "U , "' 1\ 0 \ '1- -\ 

"' s lJ= "' r; 

"' ·C 

"' '. ~ tz I ;o =i 

"' 2 G\ -< )> lj [j) "' 0 6 1\ 

~-Mf--

I~ 0 

\ -\ / (!\ 0 "' / P. I j :I 3 :! 

0 Q __ 

" \ -a I x~ CJ 0 "' U\ 

"' c 1\ "' ..; J> 

:z ~ c :\i~ 

'& c 

\ c 

-.._____ f" 

if AI 

---- f" 

-- 1'-1\) 5 ()l 

\ l :z ~ 

:~1- "' 0 

r (> 

. ..; 

- -< "' ~..-- "' "' "' 1\ )> ['< 

3 I 

------

3 

\ 1l AI \ ----.__ I f'l 8 "----r- AI 

., 3 -G< 

\ -1 \ v c 

?J -1 f'l f'l 

1\ I 3 

-o 

Al 

"' \ ~ ::. 

c l' "' x~ I"' 

1\ ' 1\ 

\ ~ 

1\. 

~ , 1\ /'" v ..,, \ ~ :I "'"' 0 ~ ~-~- r> 
376 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIRU1'IO~ OF THE HEATING VALUF. 01<' THE COMBUSTIBIJF.:, 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............. · ................ 15,572 

B. T. U. Per eent. 

1. , Heat absorbe<l by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .............................................. , . . . . 10, 507 a 67.47 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

lOOX [(212--t)-!966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) ............................... . 

il. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100 X 9 X [(212-t) + 966+ 0.48 (7':_212)]. 

4. 

-~-

6. 

Loss due to heat earried away in the dr)' chimney gases= weight _of gas per 

pound of eom bustible X 0. 24 X ( T- t) .. ............................. . 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

co,+ cox- 100 x 10,150 ........•................ 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaeeounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be caleulated). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. : .. , 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.00 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrieal horsepower hour = 1. 71 pounds. ----.----------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

76 .49 

540 3.46 

3,265 20.97 

35 . 22 

1,149 7.39 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 377 

T:ssT No. 29.-Regular and special, observations on test of Arkansas No.3 coal, October 15, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.02 hours.)· 

Temperatures. Calori1neter. Draft pressures. Fine gases. 

---------- -------- ------1---~---~---

co,.l Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. Outside. 

Powncls. ° F. 

Boiler 

room. 

o P. 

o,. co. In furFlue "rater In ~loOd, nace, 

gases, Steam separated . 111 in 

base of discharge. in 10 mchcs inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. \Vater. 

oF. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.35 ------------ 85 ...... ...... 545 ................................... ------- .... .. 

7.40 ....................................................... 0.48 0.07 ................. .. 

8 ----.----- .. --. 90 50 . 54 598 4. 11 0. 011 . 36 . 10 ------ . ----.- --- .. . 

8.20 ............ 78 52 56 592 ........ ........ .33- ._O.'i 8.2 11.3 0.0 

8.40 ............ 81 55 57 587 ................ , .30 .12 ------------- ······ 

9 - -... -- ---. --. - 84 58 61 607 4. 45 : . 018 . . 45 . 13 ----.- ------ - - -.... 

9.20 ............ 93 uo u:~ 587 --------i-------- .30 .11 11.1 s.1 .2 

~~4~_:::::::::::: :: :: :: :~: ---~--~~l----~~;- :!! :~~ 10.20 ............ 80 63 69 563 -------+------- .48 .28 

] 0.40 - _. __ ....... 78 64: 70 562 .... -- .. .. .. .. .. . 45 . 30 

11 ...... c ' .... - • 80 65 71 568 3. 94 . 02 . 43 . 25 

] 1. 20 .... -- .... - 86 67 72 590 ....... - -- .... -- . 45 . 21 

1L40 ........... 79 6'7 72 589 ........ ........ :46 .27 

12 .............. 95 68 72 570 4.37 .021 .45 .28 

12.20 ........... 82 68 74 567 -_·_·_-__ --_-_._1·_-_-_-_-_-_-_·_ .48 .24 

12.40 ........... 80 69 75. 5!l4 .51 .13 

1 -... --......... 88 69 75 618 4. 37 . 021 . 32 . 07 

1.20 ...... ...... 94 69 75 598 ·.·-·---- ........ .39 .09 

1.40 .. -.... ---.- 80 69 76 595 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 42 . 14 

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------

4--------- ..... . 

4.20 ------ .... --

4.40 .......... .. 

5 .............. . 

81 69 76 602 3. 94 . 01 . 42 . 12 

88 69 76 602 -.. -.... .. .. .. .. . 40 . 16 

92 69 76 592 ... ---.- . --- . . . . . 30 . 15 

84 69 76 560 4. 24 . 015 . 30 . 16 

83 68 76 563 .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . 36 . 17 

90 68 76 596 .......... -.... - . 44 . 17 

85 68 76 570 4. 03 . 016 . 31 . 16 

85 

95 I 

75 

88 

67 75 602 ........ ........ .47 . 22 

66 74 587 ............... - . 31 . 15 

65 73 544 3. 94 . 038 . 42 

64 70 562 .42 

.20 

.10 

11.0 8.8 .5 

9. 4 10.4 .0 

7.6 12.6 .0 

7.9 12.8 .0 

8.0 12.4 .0 

9.2 10.7 .0 

8.9 ll. 2 .0 

5.20 7. 7 13.4 .0 

5.36 85 .................................................................. . 

----------1----1----------------

Total .. . .. 2, 634 1, 880 2, 049 17,449 41.50 

Average . . 85 65 70. 6 582 4. 15 

.177 11.85 4. 86 89.0 111.7 

.018 .395 .162 8.9 11.17 

.7 

.07 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-6 
078 OPERATIONS· OF T.HE COAL-TESTING PLAN'I'. 

TE~'J' No. 29.-Regular and special observations on test of Arkansas No. S coal, October 15, 1904-ContinuerL 

SPECIAL. 

[Duration of triull0.017 hours.] 

Time. 

Start, 7.35 ........... . 

i:\.13 .............. .. 

8.50 ---------------· 

9.36 -----------------

10.24 

11.13 

12.02 

1.08 .... --- .. --- .. ---

2.03 -----------------

2.44 .---- .. ----- _._----

3.37 -- -- -- -- -- -- .. ---

4.:31 -- .... - .... ------

CloBe, 5.36 ........... . 

Height of water. 

-·-···--

Inches. Jnr:he!3. 

;~ 

2 

'J.:l 

-· 3i 

4§ 

\.>I 

V";f 

3~ 

4 

4~ 

41 

4g 

4~ 

3 

---------------------

\\'eight of coal burned. Weight of wnl"r fed to boiler. 

During period. Total. During period. Totul. 

-----------· ------·----

Ponud.s. Paunch;. Pounds. Ponnds. 

·---------- ----------- ------------ ------------ 700 700 3, 511 3, 511 

700 1,400 4,1()8 7,679 

700 2,100 5,830 13, 509 

700 2,800 5,287 18, 796 

700 3,500 5,()\)6 24,492 

700 4,200 5,517 :10,009 

700 4,900 6,H70 3G,G79 

700 5,600 5,534 42,213 

700 H,300 4, 789 47,002 

700 7,000 5,505 52,507 

700 7,700 5, 7\15 58, :-J02 

458 8,158 5, 9:~5 64, 2:37 

---· -------------------

HECOIW OF FURNACE CONDITION~. 

Tinu•. I Observntion. Tln1c. ObserYation. 

---1- ----------- ---------- -----------------· -~- --

6.45 ... _I Boiler under load. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.35.... TeRt Etarted, fire :l inches thick. 

!J.l2 ... -~ Fire 10 inches thick. 

9.21 . . . . Eire raked. 

9.47.... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.40 __ . Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

11.05 __ _ Do. 

11.10 . . . :Fire sliced. 

11.29. _. Fire raked. 

11.41 . _ . Do. 

11.55 __ . Do. 

12. OG . . . Cleaning fire. 

12.20... Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

12.55 __ Fire raked, 6 inches.thiek. 

1.20---

1.86---

1.57--. 

Fire raked, i inches tbiek. 

Fire raked. 

Do. 

2.11 .· .. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.:31... Do. 

2.5H... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

:3.07 . . . Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

:1.48 ·--. Do. 

4.10 ... Do. 

4.28... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

4.50 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5 ...... 'Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.36 .... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

Ash dark aiHl heavy. Coal burned freely when fired in lumps, coking when fired as small coal 

and slack. 115 firings during test. 
BOlLER TESTS. 

Stearn te8t of Arkansas No. S coal. 

COXDITtQ;-.;-S OF BUII.RR TRIAL: 

Test number, 29 . 

.i\'lade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, ·Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St.' Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

379 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes appa-

. ratus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of th(' weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

l. Date of trial, October 15, 1904. 

2. Duration of t\ial ........................ , ................. ·_ ............ hours._ 

DO.tENSJO);S AKD PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate snrfa~e ........ _ ..... _ .................. _ ............ __ ... _.square feet .. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate .......................................... _ ........ _ ...... feet._ 

8. 2 Length of grate .. _ ......................... , ............................ do ... . 

10. Oli 

40.55 

6. 16 

6 .. 58 

4. Height of furnace ................................................. _ ... inches. . 26 

5. Approximate width of air spaees in grate .......... _ .......... : .......... do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate snrfa~e ...................... _·_per cent .. 

6.1 A rea of ehimney ........................... : ....................... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................ _ .. feet._ 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ...... ____ ~ .... _ .. _._ ... _._. __ ... _ .. do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ... _ ...... _ ...... _ ....... _ ...................... _ ............... . 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................. _ ............... S(JUare feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of ~helL ............... _. . ... _. _ ................ _ .... inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .............................. feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes ... _ .... _ ...... _ ................. _ ... _ .................. _ .... . 

. . . . J incheH .. 7.4 -Diameter of tubes ( outside-mside) .............. -- .. -... --.----.---- ·t .. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes ex posed .............. _ ................ ___ ................ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............................................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio o[ water-heating surface to grate surfaee ........ _. _ .................... _. _. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............ _ ............... _ ...... . 

AVRRAGE l'HF.SSURES. 

Barometer ___________ .. _____________ . __________ . ________ .-{inches of mercury .. 

. .. _ ....... pounds .. 

Steam pressure by gage per square inch ... _ ........•.......... _ ...... . . {·_do ..... 

. __ do .... 

Force of draft between. damper all(l boiler ............. _ ........ inches of water .. 

Force of draft'in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

Foree of drnft. or blast in ash pit .......... ·.· ...................... _ .... _ .. do ... . 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

Nf!tural. 

2, o::n 

42.94 

21.58 

116 .. 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None., 

50.1:1 

L :9. 1 

.29.7 

14.58 

85 

a99. 6 

.4 

'16 

0 
380 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE.:HPERATUHES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do .. .. 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ................... · ........................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economi7,er ....................................... do .. .. 

22.1 Of furnace ................. · ................. : ........................... do .. .. 

FUEL .. 

65 

70.6 

327.:? 

67 

156 

i\82 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 30 per cent; small, 30 per cent; slack, 40 per <~ent; clean 

and bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ............................................... .. 

27. Total weight of clry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................. , ................. per cent.. 

None. 

8, 158 

1.!17 

7,997 

1, Oll 

52 

30. Total combustible consmned........................................... _ . {pounds. . 6, 986 

..do .... a 6, 81t> 

31. Percentage of ash and refuHe in dry coal .................................... :. . . 12. M 

PROXIl\IA'fE ANALYSIS OP COAl,, 

Per een t Per cent of 

1 of coal. combustible. 

32. :Fixed carbon ....................................................... '.. 72. 7 4 81. g;~ 

33. Volatile matter......................................................... 16.04 18.07 

34. 

35. 

:Moisture ........... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ _ ... . 

Ash ...........................•..........•......•..........•......•... 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... .. 

ULTI.l\I.ATE Ar-:-AJ-~YSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ............. : ............................................ .. 

38. Hydrogen (H) ......... : .............................................. . 

39. Oxygen (0) .................... --~ .................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .......................................................... . 

41. Sulphur(S) ........................................................ , .. . 

42. Ash ....................................•..........•.................. 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of 11sh. 

1. 97 

9.25 

100.00 100.00 

1. 29 ........... . 

79.17 87.42 

4.12 4.55 

4.35 4.8 

1. 60 ]. 76 

1. 32 1. 47 

9.44 

100.00 100.00 

l.H7 .......... .. 
BOILER TESTS. 

A~ALYSIS OP ASH AXD REI<~USE. 

44. Carbon ...... -- .. ---- ..... __ ........ ________ ... __ ... ______ ... ----- .. per cent .. 

45. .Earthy matter_ ................ ___ ... ____ . _________ .. __ ... ________ . ___ .. do._._ 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry eoill eonHutncd per hour .... _ .... __ . _ . __ .... __ ... _____ .. _ .. __ . ___ . ponncls __ 

47. Combust! "bl e consume d per hour ____ . ____ . _____________ .. _____________ - _ {··do .... 

. -- (10 •••• 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ___ ... __ .... __ .. _______ .. do._ .. 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour . ________ -{- · do.··· , __ do .... 

CALORIFIC YALUE OF FUEL. 

381 

42.19 

57.81 

798 

697 

ct680 

19.68 

. 343 

ct.335 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ___ . __ ... ____ 14, 151 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _____ . ____ 15, 626 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .... ________ . __ .. _______ 13, 788 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ___ ... _ ... _, ____ ~ ____ 15, 225 

QUALITY OF S'l'EAl'\1. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .... ___ .. __ .... __ ... ______ .... _____ . _________ _ .432 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ________________ , __________________________ _ 

56. Quality of stcam·(dry steam= unity)---------- ------.-------------Percent __ 

None. 

99.67 

''~-'ATEH,. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boilcr.. ______________________ _- __________ pounds .. 64,237 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212°. _ ... _ ..... ___ .. ________ .do._ .. 76, 242 

59. ·water actually ev~porated, corrected for quality of steam .. __ ... ____ ..... do. ___ 63,992 

60. Factor of evaporation .............. _- ................ _ .... _ .......... ___ . _____ .. 1. 1875 

61. .Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ___ ._._.pounds._ 7.'), 991 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PElt HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, c_orrected for quality of steam_ .... _______ pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ________________ .. _ ... do. __ _ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water6,388 

7,586 

heating surface ...................... ,---. __ . __ ... -------- ______ .... pounds.. 3. 74 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~- pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 hon;epower) .... __ ... ____ ... _ ... _________ . ____ ..• ___ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .......................... ___ .... _ ... ____ . _________ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ....... _ ..... _____ .. _._ ... _. 

a Calcul!ltcd from chemistry of !lsh. 

219.7 

210 

104.6 
382 

()8 .. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

7H. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

RCONOMIC RESULTS. 

\Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of· coal as fired. 

(Item 57-o-item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-oitem 25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item tH-o-item 

27) ................................................................. poumls .. 

E':~ivale~-~-t e~·apora~ion from and at 212° per pound of combustible. J .. do ... . 

\Item ol~ttem3UJ ·-·-·--·-·--·-····---·-·---·-···--·--···········l .. do ... . 

EFFTC1 ENCY, 

Bfficie~cyof. t~1e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler pe~ pm~nd of com- { per.cent.. 

busttble divtded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) _ .... _ .... do .... 

Rflicie!lcy of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 poi.md of dry coal) _ .... ____ .. per eent. _ 

COST OF EV APORATIO~, 

Cost of eoal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conclitio11H ..... . 

Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 poun<ls of water from and at 212° __ ..... _ . .-

S:\lOKF. ORS!i:UYATIONS . 

• 

Percentage of smoke as observe<! 

\Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ...... _ ..... _ ....... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter._ ... ___ . __ .... eubic inches .. 

::\-fETHODH OF FIRING. 

·so. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. A Yerage thickness of fire ................................................ inches .. 

8:!. Average intervals bet\\·een firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.87 

9.31 

9.5 

10.88 

a 11. 15 

67.24 

({ 68.91 

64.83 

$1.00 

$0.0()4 

$0.054 

H.6 

. 0033 

Alternate. 

10 

mal condition ....................................................... minutes.. 5. 2 

83. A vcrage i1~tervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do._.. 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87'. 

.88. 

ANALYRIS OF 'filE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (00,) ......... _ .. _ ..................... _ .............. per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ................. __ .... __ .. _ ........................ _ ....... do .. __ 

Carbou monoxide (CO) ................ -........ -- ...................... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ·······-······-···········--········-····--·do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............. _ .............................. do ... . 

8.!1 

11. 17 

. 07 

79.86 

-----------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
l q 

~~ \ 1 CJ) 

I 1/ ? 

3 ~\ II ~ 

·\ '\ 

'\ 

\ ~ \ r~ <..!) 

\ ' '\ IL I 

" 1\ 0 

\ t J 

' ' ! y 0 0 

1\ 1/ 0 

1\' \ ~ 

' \ 0 \ .._ 

,y \ "'-" 

I" :: 

~ ~'6 jC! 

\ 0 

I~ "' ~f-CI! 

\ 1\\ I 

i/' ~ 

\l Ill 

~ s _, '-. -19 "' >i N f f\2 :I y 16~ :z ~ 11 

/ "' (]> 7' ;.'! , -1 ()1 

~ 

~t~ :> "' ::; 

~ I ... l> -< c :I 11 "' 0 t \~ ... 

~I\ ~~k: I~ ~~~ () ., ~ c 19 0\ ~ Sl 31 ~-- r 

I~ U> 165 () (Jl 

~ ~ 

Lil 11 c 0 :!1 f" 8 '1 

I "' "' ()1 

f"l/ \'!, (Jl 

Ill l -S- c:- t 

ll_~ ;I) 

"' Ql 

l\ I~ "' "' 0 1;\l r Q- iZ ,-'-) ~7 . f"' 

\ \ "' " -1 -., 'i 1 

~- c ~- g "' ' 5 ;I) 

1 :z 0 0 [\ " 0 8 0 () 

:z t 

"t~ :I 

\ % I ' 

/ Ul ... -1 (JI ()I "' "' \~ :I 

r 1> ll :I "' . )I 

\ \ 0 l> 

-< 

c • ;u 

\ 0 

"' J It 1 

"' -1> 

r\ 1 . 

0 

\ " 1\ I 1"-. i v v [! 1\ ~ JF -1 

"' 1 I "}\_ l ~ II ~ 8 ~ ~l~ ~ X -11'1)> 

(n 
384 OPERATIONS OJ!' THE COAL-TESTING· PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE CO~IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pouncl of combustible, B. T. U .......... _ . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. 15, 626 

R. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................................. 10, 768 a 68. 91 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per eeutof moisture referred to combustible+ 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100 X [(212--t) +966+0.48 ('l'-212)] (t=temperatureof air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) .............................. .. 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = 1wr cent of 

hydrogen to combustible --;-100 X 9 X [( 212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the'dry chirn,ney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( 'l'- t) ................................ . 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

00 per cent Cin combustible 

COz +COX 100 X 10,150 --------------------------

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois- . 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ............................................ _ .......... . 

RE)[ARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 2.98 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.68 pounds. 

29 . 18 

526 3.37 

2,978 19.06 

69 .44 

1,256 8.04 

100.00 

--------- ---------------------------- a Cnlculated from chemistry of ash • 

. ' 
BOILER TESTS. 385 

TEST No. 35.-Regulm· and special obse1·wtions on test of Arkan.~as No.3 coal (lnrge briquettes), Octoba 2e, 

1904. 

REGULAH. 

[Dur9tion of trial, 10.083 hours.] 

------~--- Temperatures. Culorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

Steam- --,--------'----~- ---I-----,---'- --~ -~-~ 

I I ln h. ood, r,','alc"uer- Time. pressure 

gage. co. 1

, Flue Water 0 d lll . ' 

!';ide. 1oom. I base of discharge. in 10 - , stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

ut- Emler gases, Steam !separate inches ,·nclllhes CO,. O_.,. 

- ------ Put<nd: ---:-;-1---:-;- -o ;-.- rounds~ Pou11df!. 

7.40 ------------

8 ---------------

8.20 .------------

8.40 -------.----

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 - ---- ------

11--------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 - - ---------

12 --------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 - --- - -- ----

1---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 - - - - - - - - - - - -

3---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------

4---------------

4.20 ---- .. ------

80 ··----- ------

91 

93 

89 

88 

74 

71 

73 

80 

78 

87 

90 

84 

83 

77 

78 

86 

78 

63 

so 

77 

77 

81 

91 

81 

79 

81 

47 

49 

50 

51 

52 

50 

50 

52 

53 

55 

53 57 

53 58 

54 . 59 

55 60 

55 61 

57 63 

58 64 

55 64 

55 66 

57 66 

58 65 

57 65 

57 65 

57 65 

55 66 

-56 64 

59 65 

56 65 

56 65 

56 65 

56 64 

458 

594 

606 

576 

586 

592 

593 

592 

568 

556 

582 

616 

603 

619 

612 

612 

632 

607 

602 

606 

593 

585 

632 

611 

631 

618 

626 

4. 32 0. 031 

3.69 .028 

3. 84 . 024 

--------1-------- 4.09 . 024 

-----.-.I.----·---

--------r-------- 4. 15 . 021 

4. 40 . 026 

3.86 .021 

4.12 . 021 

3. 82 . 013 

0.60 

. 6.5 

. 63 

. 46 

.44 

.64 

0. 18 

.20 

. 20 

. 17 

. 17 

. 30 

6. 9 12.7 0 

.63 .27 8.4 11.5 0 

. 64 

. 63 

.60 

. 67 

.60 

.52 

.60 

. 63 

. 30 

. 24 

.10 

.23 

. 19 

. 22 

. 22 

. 28 

'28 

.20· 

. 24 

7. 9 12.6 0 

7.4 12.8 0 

.65 8. 2 12.4 0 

.65 

. 62 

. 64 

.58 

.55 

:~: --~~~-~--~~--~- -----~ .15 ------ -------------

.54 .15 6.7 14.1 

. 62 

.40 

'19 

.15 

.65 .23 7.8 12.6 

. 65 . 27 

. 67 . 23 

0 

0 

4.40 ____________ 

1 

87 55 63 629 __ __ __ __ _ . 67 . 25 

5 - ----- -- -:---- - 79 54 62 607 4. 22 ' 034 . 62 . 28 

7. 8 12. 6 0 

5. 20 ------ ------I 72 52 61 ~ 558 ---- ---- -- -- ---- . 56 . 09 

5.45 _____ ••• _. _ .

1 

__ 81_ ~ ~ -~ :_· _--_-_--_- _--_-_-._. _· __ ._o_o _· _oo ___ 6_. 1 ___ 15_. 5 ____ o

Total .... -~ 2, 509 1, 585 1, 778 18, 504 40. 51 I . 243 18. 01 6. 48 75. 2 129. 4 0 

Average .. 81 54.6 61.3 597 4. 05 . 024 . 6 . 216 7. 52\12.94 0 
38o OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 35.~Regular and special obser11ations on test of Arkansas No. 3 coal (large briquettes), October 22, 

1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Tilne. 

__ Height ofwater. ___ ~ight of coal burnecl. I W~ight. of water led to boiler. 

In tank. In gage glass. During periocl.; Total. I Duriug period.~ Total. 

------ ------- ----------... ~~:11:(:~· .. ~~- .. ~~:":~~- .. -~~~'~:(~~~- ... Inches. Inches. 

Start, 7.40 ...... ····-- 45 

8.08 ----------------- :1St 

8.55 ----------------- 36§ 

9.30 ----------------- 34~ 

10.14 ---------------- 26t 

11.11 ---------------- 35 

12.10 ---------------- ::n 

12.55 ---------------- 2Si 

1.43 ----------------- 27~ 

2.87 ----------------- 34 

4.10 ----------------- 31~ 

.5.06 ----------------- 34 

Clooe, 5.45 ----------- 45 --------

Pounds. 

2l ----------- 2i 700 

3! 700 

2 700 

3 700 

2! 700 

2t 700 

2~ 700 

:g 700 

4 700 

2t 1, 400 

3!f 700 

2i 200 

700 1,7841 1,784 

1, 400' 4, 204 5, 98S 

2, 100 

2,SOO 

3,500 

4,2(0 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

7, 700 i 

8,400 

8,600 

3,713 

4,G88 

1),4.53 

5,942 

5, 119 . 

4 792 ! ' 

4,512 

9,552 

5,752 

8,419 

9, 701 

14,289 

19, 742 

2.5,684 

30,808 

35, 59f) 

40,107 

49,659 

55,411 

58,830 ------.--------

RECORD 01' FURNACE CONDI'l'TOl\8. 

- -------------- ---------- ---

Time. Obsernttion. 

6.45 .... Boiler under· a load. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.40.... Test started, fire:~ inches thick. 

7 . .51 . . . . Fire rake!!, 5 inches thick. 

8.12 .... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

8.28.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

8.fi2 .... Do. 

9.06.... · Do. 

9.25.... .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.:37.... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

9.47.... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.58.... Fire raked. 

9.5().... Fire sliced. 

10.04... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.23... Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

10.26... Fire sliced. 

10.ilfi... Cleaning fire. 

10.49... Fire cleaned, 4 inehes thick. 

11.08... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

11.37... Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 

!1 rrime. Observation. -1 ~52 .. -Fire raked, 8 inehes thick _____ ---

1 12.HJ .. lcire raked, f) inelws thick. 

12.83.. Do. 

12.44 .. Fire sliced. 

12.52.. Fire raked. 

1.18... Fire raked, 10 inches thkk. 

1.55... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

2.05... Cleaning fire. 

2.15... Fi1·e eleaned, 4 inches t.hiek. 

2.28... Fire raked, 6 ind1es thick. 

2.1\4... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3.15 .. . Do. 

il.5u... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

4.07 ... Do. 

4.28... Do. 

4.51 . ... Fire raked, 10 inehes thiek. · 

5.11 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5.21 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.45... Test closed, fire 8 inches thick. 

------------'-' 

Hefuse brown and heavy. Briq\1ettes burned freely with short flame; briquettes did not crumble 

in fire. Clinker melted entirely over grate. 104 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.~t of ATkrrmas No.3 coal (bTiquettes). 

CO~DTTIONS oF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 35. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

387 

Principal conditions governii1g trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated: Hughes arlparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkan~as No. 3 briquettes. 

Kind of furnace, hand fire<l. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, Odober 22, 1904. 

2. Duration of triaL ...... __ ....... __ .. _ ........ __ ... ____ .. ~. __ . __ ......... hourH .. 

DIMENSIU.SS AND PlWPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .... __ .... __ ................... __ ... __ .... ____ ... __ ... square feet .. 

3.1 Width ·of grate. ________ .... __________ .... ______________ .. ____ .... __ .... __ feet .. 

3. 2 T,ength of grate . __ .. __ ... __ .... __ ................ __ ... __ ............. __ . do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ............................................. ____ . __ .. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ........... _. _ ................... do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole ·grate surface ........... _ .............. per cent.. 

6.1 Area of ehimney ......... __ . __ ... : ........... __ .............. -~ __ .square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chinmey above grate __ ..... __ : .. __ .. __ .... ____ ....... ____ ...... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ........ __ ..................... __ ... do ... . 

6.4 K i 11<l of draft. .. __ ......... __ ............... __ ............... __ ........ ·- . __ .. .. 

7. "'atcr-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ....... __ ......... __ ... __ ........... ____ . ____ ,i!'i.ches .. 

7.2 T,ength of shell (outside to outside of heads) ______ . ____ .. ____ .... __ . __ . . . . feet .. 

7.3 Numher of tubes .................. _ ....... _ ... _ .. ______ .. =-- .•• _. _______ ..... _ •• 

7.4 . . . . {inches .. D1ameter of tubes ( outs1de-ms1de) ... __ ....... __ .......... __ .. __ .... .. .. do .... 

7.5 Length 'of tubes exposed ............................ ____ .................. f~et .. 

8. Rnperheating surface ............................. __ ............... square feet. .. · 

. 9. Ratio of wat.er-heating surface to grate surface .............................. __ ., . 

10. Ratio of minjmum draft area to grate surface .... _ ..................... __ ....... : 

AVERAGE PltESSURES. 

11. Barometer _________ . ________ . _______ .. _________________ ._ -fnches of mercury_. 

· . . ........ __ pounds .. 

S b . . 1 { ... do .... 11.1 team pressure y gage per square me 1 .. __ ..... ___ . _ ............... _ _ · .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler .......... _ ..... _ .. _._ inches of ,vater _. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .................. _ ........... _ .......... _ ....... do .. __ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ............. __ ................... __ .. __ .do .. .. 

~-------·------~---

o Absolute. 

10.088 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

118.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,o:n 

42.\)4 

21.58 

116 

3.-5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50. 1:1 

1:9.1 

2!1. 51 

14.48 

81 

"95. 48 

. 6 

. 216 

·0 
·• 

388 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

22.1 

2:l. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A YEUAGE TE~IPF.ltATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .• 

Of fireroom ............................................................ do ... . 

Of steam ................................................................ do ... . 

Of feed.water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gasas from boiler ............................................ do .. .. 

Of escaping gases froni economizer _ _ _ ~ _ .. __________________ .- _________ ___ do ___ _ 

Of furnace ............................................................. do .. .. 

FUEI.J, 

Size and condition: Large briqueties. 

54.6 

61.13 

324.3 

61 

144 

597 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

Weightof co~lasfired ............................................. , .... do .... 8,600 

Percentage of moisture in coal................................................. 2. 60 

Total weight of dry coal consumed .... ·.· .............................. pounds.. 8, 376 

Total ash and refuse ......................... " ............. · ............. do.... 1, 488 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per.cent .. 

Total combustible consumetl ........................................ . 

54 

. {pounds .. 6,888 

..do .... a6,615 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. 17. 76 

PROXBlATE A~ALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

Fixed carbon . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. 04 

Volatile matter......................................................... 17.35 

Moisture............................................................... 2. {iO 

Ash .....•......................................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 01 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

78.14 

21.86 

100.00 

. 36. Sulphur, separately determined ........ ~ ............................... . 1.41 .......... .. 

ULTUIATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

:n. Carbon (C)------------·····································--··------- 72.47 81:!.91 

38. Hydrogen (H) ............... , ....................................... .. 3.46 4.24 

39: Oxygen (0) .......................................................... . 2. 72 3.:l3 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................ ' .. ~------···--··------------------ 1. 42 1. 74 

41. Sulphur(S) ......................................................... .. 1. 44 1. 71:i 

'42. Ash ................................. , ................................ . 18.49 ------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. .. 2.6 ------------ ------------------- "Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon . _ . _ .. _ ................ ·_ ..................................... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .................... ---- .......... · ........................ do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

' 46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............... _ ............ __ ............ pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... Com bustiblc consumed per hour. .. -....... -.--.--.-.----------------- d -- 0----

47. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heatin~ surface per hour ..... _ .... {· .do···· , .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUF. OF FUEL. 

389 

14.27 

85.73 

831 

683 

a656 

20.49 

. 336 

a.323 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 688 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pouild of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15,566 

52. Calorific ':ahie by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ......................... 12,533 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15, 076 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of· moisture in steam ....................... --.--- ................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. (.~uality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

.6 

None. 

99.54 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ............ __ ·_ ...................... pounds .. 58,830 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 70, 170 

59. Water actually evaporated, correeted for quality of steam ....... · ........... do .... 58,559 

60. Faetor of evaporation ........ ,- .............................................. ,.. 1. 19276 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 69,847 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected fo:· quality of steam ........ _ ...... pounds.. 5, 807. 6 

63. · Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .................. __ .... do._.. 6, 927. 2 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ...................................................... · ...... pounds.. 3. 41 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam · 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ........................ _ .. _ ............. _ .. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builder's rated horsepower developed ......................... _ .. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

200. 8, 

210 

95.6 
390 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actl!al conditions per pound of coal as. fired. 

• (Item 57-o-item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (ltem 61-citem 25) ....................................... , ................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61--o-iteul 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible.} .. do ... . 

(Item f\1-'--itetl! 30) ................................................ [ .. do ... . 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat vnlne of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... _ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OJ<' EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)· ... _ ..... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ... _ .. 

76. Cost of fnel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

i!J. 

S~lUKE ORSEHVATIOXS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............... _ ..... __ .. _ ... _ ................ . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ... _ ...... _._ ..... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ... _._ ...... cubic inches .. 

:\IETHODS OF Jo~JIUNG. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ......... _ ... _ ............ _ ..... _ 

81. Average thickness of fire ..... _ .................... · .... _ ............ _._ .inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnaee clnringtime when fires are in normal condition .................................... _ ............ : ... 111inutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking np ......... __ ..... do ... . 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ... _ .............. _ ............... _ ............. per cent .. 

Oxygen.(O) ............................................................ do ... . 

Gar bon monoxide (CO) .............................................. _ .. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ................ _ .......................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

6.84 

8.12 

8.34 

10. 14 

a 10.56 

62.91 

"65. 51 

63.48 

$1.00 

$0. 0731 

$0.0616 

2.6 

0 0077 

Alternate. 

9 

5.8 

19 

7.52 

12.94 

0 

79.54 ----------------------------------------·-

a Calculated from chemistry of a8h. 
Col\ ~ I"" (J> 

N\ I~ J> 

~ 

0 ~ If 

"8 \ 

-<> ~lit 1 .<l 

'\ ./ 

v I el 

~ \ 1/ 0 1\ 1\ 1\ 

0 iJ> \(' \ \ ~ '1'2 )> 

,.. 1\ 1 tf-'-I; 0 

\ ~ \ :::: -

\ . ' ... Q 

B c 

/ -£ 

"" •. ..,.__, I f-t f-

.\ fi'l' 

u ' :i )> N '"'is- ~ ()I 

N 0 o- 0 0 

"' JJ .. · 0 f\'li> '~ j l5 ~ 

\g '\: JJ 

1 1 ~ " 3 JJ c tJ r'l. 

t 0 

\~ '~ , "' -~ 0 Tt; "' "' [\ z U> ;II c !" / ()I -1 "' JJ _.,_ 

\ \~ v f:t-1-t----C 'r- . I-< r:'l ['1-

:>l ('\ 

0 1-Q. "' 5l ., 2 

" c " ~ 

\ .'-1 \\ v U> "' 0 

"' -1 :i ':i "' ~ / .... U> (JI 

8 c t ' 1- ~-t--- 3 Oi .,t-- JJ 0 

, ~\ '"'-- ]. 0· r> ']? 

b:o, 5- -1 r 

:ii "' r'l c ~'Z ll r'l 

t: .... 

\ Jl 3 " ,.. "' G\ c. 3 (/) 

~ ~ \ (/) 

"' r---- I" c ;u I Jl .... J> .,. f" "' g i c 

~ , 

"' 

'"' \ '"" tl' 

0 

" f 0 

"' / 

' 

:1] 

1\ 1\ I 

t \ 7l 

\ ·0 

0 

~ :l 

' -' 1> 

iJ. 

3 

E .. 

3 

\ 1\ .., 

.. ~ 

]I 

0 -1 

\ v l\ c 

;ll 

·0\ 

v .w~ 1 J 0 • 

~ \ 

"' :J 

" t .. 

X".~,:..::::. b 
392 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING YALUE OF TirE CO.l\IBUSTI.BLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ....................... · ....... 15, 566 

B.T. U. 

L Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .......................................... :. . . . . . . . 10, 198 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [ ( 212 - t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] ( t = temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of ·the flue gases) ............................... . 43 

3. Loss cine to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent nf 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t).................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 765 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of com~:mstiblo X 0.24 X ( T- t) ...............•. :. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3, 765 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible _ · 002-t COX 100 X 10,lo0 .......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

0 

be calculated) ..... i ................................................... 1, 063 

RE}lARKS. 

Dry coal per indieated horsepower hour= 3.39 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.19 pounds. 

----~-----~-------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 65.51 

. 28 

24. 19 

24.19 

0 

6.83 

100. 00 
BOILER TESTS. 393 

TEST No. 40.-Regular observations on test of Arkansas No.4 coal (lm·ge briquettes), October 28, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.95 hours.] 

-~-------------~---------,-----------

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

Flue Water In J?.ood, I~"~~r- Out- gases, Stearn se~arated in~~tes . in ' 

side. 

Boiler 

room. base of discharge. m 10 of mches 

stack. minutes. water. w~fer. 

co,. ·o,. co. 

----------- -J->ou~u-,ls-. --: -P.-~---f-'. -J<~'. ~ ~-ou-n-ds-. -p-,~m~nd-8-. ---~ - - Per ct.l Per ct.- Per-;; 

7.42 -- ......... .. 83 ..... _ -----· ..................... .. 

8 ....... _. ....... 1 

8.20 .......... . 

8.40 ......... .. 

9 ............. . 

9.20 ......... .. 

9.40 ......... -.. . 

10 ............ .. 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 ......... --

11 ............ .. 

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12.----.---.--.-

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 .......... . 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 .......... .. 

88 

9l 

88 

82 

84 

76 

77 

87 

90 

79 

83 

85 

84 

84 

84 

87 

105 

1.40 ............ 80 

2 ............... 85 

2.20 ............ 81 

2.40 ............ 92 

3 ............... 92 

3.20 ............ 87 

3.40 -...... -- .. - 84 

4 ............... ! 82 

4.20 .... ........ 80 

4.40 ............ 95 

5 ...................... . 

43 

45 

47 

49 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

63 

64 

64 

64 

64 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

64 

62 

59 

48 

50 

52 

55 

57 

61 

62 

61 

6:1 

64 

66 

66 

67 

69 

610 

580 

562 

570 

597 

563 

565 

610 

fi60 

576 

558 

580 

55.') 

556 

4. 38 0. 018 

4. 05 . 019 

3. 92 . 017 

4.12 . 023 

4.12 . 031 

69 ·---··· ........ ·---·-·-

69 4.40 .017 

69 ....... --······ ···-···· 

70 

70 

70 

70 

71 

71 

71 

71 

70 

70 

68 

576 

574 

532 

552 

523 

510 

545 

56_5 

565 

553 

507 

4.22 .017 

4. 32 . 026 

3. 961 . 023 

---· .. --- -------- ------·· --------

3. 82 . 04 

5.20 ............ 92 58 65 590 .............. .. 

5.39 .......... ::.!_~ ~~~ ~~ ...... .. Total ... ~-f 2,567 1,777 1,949 15,114 41.31 .231 

--A~'-·erage . -~ 85.6 59.2 65 560 4.131 . 0231 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--7 · 

0. 45 0.11 

. 48 .12 

. 24 . 07 

. 40 .18 

. 51 . 27 

. 51 . 22 

. 68 . 32 

. 62 .19 

. 67 . 81 

. 38 .16 

. 51 . 23 

. 37 .19 

. 62 . 23 

. 30 .06 

. 35 . 

. 20 

. 44 

. 57 

.65 

. 12 

.09 

.16 

. 21 

. 31 

.32 

. 25 

. 22 

8.9 ....... ------

9.0 10.6 0. 2 

8.9 11. 1 .0 

8. 8 11. 0 . 0 

9.3 10.3 .0 

9.8 9.9 . 2 

. 66 8. 4 11.9 . 0 

.44 

.45 

.33 

.40 

.32 

.53 

. 17 8. 9 11. 4 . 0 

. 62 

. 50 

. 30 

.40 

.10 

14.00 

. 45 

.25 ............. 1------

.16 

. 28 

. 33 

. 26 

.10 

.07 

.04 

............. \. ..... 

7.8 12.4 1 .0 

6. 0 79. 80 88. 60 . 4 

. 193 8.87 11.08 .05 
394 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 40.-Regular observations on test of .Arkansas No. 4 coal (lar·ge briquettes), October 28, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of' vatcr fed to boiler. 

Time. --

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During peri od. Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.42 ....... ----- 40 2! --·-----·--- .. -.. - ~ ~ . -.. --- ------·---....... ---.... ---- .. - 8.06 -·--------------- 42 5 700 700 1,45 0 1,450 

B.46 -.... -.. ---- .... ---.-- 43 3~ 700 1, 400 4,90 7 6,357 

9.35 ----------------- <'4z 2~ 700 2, 100 5,20 4 11,561 

10.17 ---------------- 4li It 700 2,800 4,99 5 16,556 

11.17 ---------------- 40~ 2~ 700 3,500 6,06 2 22,618 

12.16 -------·-------- 43~ 4i 700 4,200 5,63 5 28, 25:3 

1.04 ---------·------- 34 3 700 4,900 4,80 7 33,060 

1.55 .. ---------------- 39~ 2t 700 5,600 6,27 8 39,338 

2.45 ----------------- 37! 3~ 700 6,300 4, 75 0 44,088 

3.44 ----------------- 42~ 3i 700 7,000 5,95 6 50,044 

4.29 ----------------- 43~ 4 700 7,700 4,92 5 54,969 

Close, 5.39. _________ . _ 40 2! 442 8,142 6, 79 0 61,759 

RECORD OF JWRNACE CONDITIONS. 

-----~.---·-~----- -----------

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

6.45---- Boiler under a load. 11.52-- Cleaning tire. 

7 _______ Fire cleaned. 12.05 .. Fire cleaned, 6 inches thick. 

7.42---- Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 2.16.-- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

8.39 ____ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 2.27--- Fire sliced. 

8.57---- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 3.18 ... Fire raked, 12·inches tpick. 

9.15---- Fire sliced, clinkers on grate. 3.30 ... Fire sliced, clinkers on grate. 

10.04--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 4.09 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.01}.-- Fire sliced. 4.17--- Fire sliced. 

10.51.-- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 4.4,9.-- Cleaning fire. \ . 10.56--- Fire sliced. 5.01 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

11.27--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 5.39 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

11.42 ... Fire sliced. 

------~-------------·----~-----------~-----~--------------------------------

Ash dark and heavy. . Briquettes burned freely; did not crumble in fire. Sixty-two firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test o.fArkansas No 4 coal (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 40. 

"i\'lade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. I~ouis, i\1o. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

395 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No. 4 (briquettes). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

:Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 28, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours_. 

DOtEi'SIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet.. 

:3.1 Wi<lth of grate................................................... . ...... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate._ ... ___ ................................................. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace .............................................. _ ..... .inches .. 

9.95 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .................. · ...... -.· ...... do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ............. __ ..... _ ..... _per cent. . 

6.1 Area of chimney ...... ~ ...................... -.- ................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................ _ .. feet._ 

6.:3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................... : ...... : . .. _ .... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .................................................. ____ .. _ .... , _. _. 

i. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

i .1 Outside diameter of shell ..... ' ......................................... inches .. 

i.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ................. _ ........ _ .. : .feet .. 

i.3 Number of tubes················---·-------···-,···········-----,---------------

. D' f b ( 'd . . 1 ) {inches._ '7.4 mmeter o tu es outs1 e-msit e . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... . • • (10. ---

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet._ 

8.· Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ............... .' .................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer . -- ........... -- .... --c ..................... -- .. fnches of lll(!rcury .. .......... pounds .. 

S · . h {--do .... 11.1 team pressure by gage per square me .............................. · . 

. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

l :3. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit. ......................................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.6i 

11:3.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,0:31 

42.94 

21. .58 

116 

3.. 5 

3.26 

l7.8i 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.62 

14.54. 

85.6 

a 100 

. 45 

.193 

0 
396 

Hi. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

OPEllATTONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A VERAGF. 'fEl\IPEHATURES, 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ...... : ...................................................... do ... . 

Of steam ............. : . ................................. ·'· .. " .......... do ... . 

Of feed -water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do, ... . 

~2.1 Of furnace ........ : ..................................................... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pouiHls .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .............. : .............. ~ ..... ; .............. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal.., .............................................. . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ...................................... pounds .. 

· 28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ....................... c ............. per cent .. 

59.2 

6.5 

327.7 

.'57. 8 

189 

fi60 

None. 

8, 142 

3.8.5 

7,829 

1,169 

.51· 

30. . {pounds.. 6, 660 Total combushble-consnmed ........................................ . . . do.: .. a 6, 464. 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.93 

32. 

33. 

34. 

3.5. 

PROXDfATF: ANALYSIS 01<~ COAL. 

Fixed carbon ............. : ............•.............................. 

Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

i\'roisture ............................................................. . 

Ash ......•.............................................. .' ........... . 

36. Sulphur separately determined ........................................ . 

ULTIMATE A~A!.YRIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ................ .-.......................................... . 

38. Hydrogen (H) .......................................................• 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .......................................................... . 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

42. Ash ................................................................. . 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............................. . 

------------------------- a Calclilated from cheinistry of ash. 

Per cent of coal. 

71.98 

14.06 

3.85 

10.11 

100.00 

Per ceut of 

combustible. 

83.66 

16.34 

100.00 

L64 ............ . 

80.89 90.40 

3.50 3. 91 

1. 96 2. 19 

1. 42 1. .59 

1.71 1. 91 

10 . .52 

100.00. 100.00 

3.8.5 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .......... ~ ............................. ' .................... per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FURL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........................... · ............... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .................................... _. {

-·do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hoi1r ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-hea.ting surface per hour ......... -{::~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUB .OF FUEL. 

397 

46.40 

53.60 

787 

669 

a650 

19.41 

. 329 

a. 32 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 13, 954 

·51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of comlmstible, B. T. U .•....... 15, 595 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ......................... 13, 853 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15,482 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

o4. Percentage of moisture in steam .................................... ,. __ ...... __ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .. , ......................................... .. 

56. Qu,ality of steam (dry steam = unity) ............................... percent .. .. 

WATER. 

.556 

None. 

99.58 

57. 'fotal weight of water fed to boiler.-------- .. ------------.--.----------pounds .. 61, 759 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .. __ 73,937 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 61,500 

60. Factor of evaporation .........•................................................ 1. 1972 

61. Equival!'lnt water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 73, 628 

WATER l'ER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour froh1 and at 212° .............. : ......... do ... . 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour frol\). and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

6,.181 

7,400 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. i\. 64 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34t pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................................ _ ... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of 1tsh. 

214.5 

210 

102. 14 
398 OPERATIONS OF .THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

RCONQl\UC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated· under act'ual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 -+-item 25) ...... _ ........ ________ ..... __ · ______ ............ pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

itern 25) ............ : ...................................... __ ...... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) .... __ ............. _ ........... _ ............ _ ........ _ .......... pounds._ 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212°. per pound of combustible. f •• do._ .. 

(Item 61-+; item30) ............ ____ ......... ___ ............. , ...... L.do .. .. 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do .. .. 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal)._ .......... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION, 

Cost _of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

Cost of fuel ~sed for evaporating: 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. .. 

\Veight of soot per hour obtained from smo.ke meter .. _ ....... _ .......... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke mete·r ..... _ .... : .... cubic inches .. 

l'tfETHODS OF FIRING. 

7.59 

9.04 

9.4 

11.06 

a 11. 39 

68.49 

a 70.53 

65.05 

$1.00 

$0.0659 

$0.0553 

4.6 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .. _ ..... __ ....... ___ ...... __ .. _ . _ Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ... _. __ ....... ___ ....... _ ........ __ ....... ___ .. inches_. 12 

82. Average intervals between firing for.each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ..................................................... minutes.. 10 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breakiiig np ................ do.... 35 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) .... ___ ................. __ ...................... per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) ..... ___ .......... __ ........................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) . _ .- .................................. · ............ do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons------·-··------------'·----··- ............ do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do .. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.87 

11.08 

. 05 

80 
~ 

~ 

~ 

riJ. 

ti 

r>=l 

E-1 

~ 

g 

iXl 

...... .. 10 

~ v. .....-' r--., Y-' ....... 

co, IN fLUE. 

/ ~ / v ,.....---" 

""'~ 

- / /' 

.,....,.,. / 

,. v v I-" - ~ ? ~ 0 .s. OF:S 

....... 5 - .. .. -

9 .. .. -tO .. 

" 12M • I 2 .3 4 !> 

no. J "·'·' "" ·" 000 ,..... --. ' v .6.. 

~ ......, t>F<A T PRE.SS RE I I fOJ' 'f.IAC.L r---, 

f'>A5 ·~'7 

-- --t-- ::% 

~·: uRf IN OE.A M01!> 

-<> -'" NSIT Of ~~K .I 

I \ r---< ;~'--- --

~ .......--- \ v "r--., ./' ,_.. ·sn AM FILS uRt / "---....., r---, I ~ ('Ov'>' ~ v 

,o"' ·~; ~ 

o~"'& ·~ ~ 

FLt!JE GA5 EMPitRA URE. ¢ P"'" - ~ -- . --· -. P" ..___ 

'/ 

v v 

,./" ~ ,....,.. 

~ ~ ./301 ER- OOM TE PE.RATURE. 

Ou SlOE. Au=: Tf.M'PEI?~WRE 

~ pou Of> 

--,_-

uM.'P.1 \Oi'\ \~ ..,__ 

AC C01'1 

o .a p~4 oF.5. 

.. .. 11 •o "" l? •o ~0 i <0 "fO 2 zo ~0 20 ""' A 

·FIG. 30.-Graphic log sheet, Arkansas No.4 coal (large briquettes). 

oF.5 

w 

....._, v f"'-, 

----. ~ AVE. RAGE. 

f.O .ri:R FE 

Tf.M A TURf. 

F.C 

40 .5 .. .. 
400 OPERATIONS 01~ THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BAI,ANCE, OR DJSTRIBTJTION OF THE HEATING VALU~ OF THE COMBUSTIBI,E. 

Total beat valu(;l of 1 pound of com bnsti ble, B. T. U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 595 

B.T.U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................................. 10, 99§ 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100 X [(212- t) + 96(i + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (1. =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the fine gases) .............................. .. 

I~oss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966+ 0.48 ( T- 212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carrie<! away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ('1'-t) ............................... .. 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

C02+COX-- 100--~-xiO,l50 ....................... . 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, awl unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ....................................................... . 

REMARKR. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.01 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=::!. 72 pounds. 

"Calculated from .chemistry of ash. 

57 

450 

2,996 

51 

1,042 

Per cent. 

a 70. 53 

. 37 

2.8fl 

19.21 

6.67 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 401 

TEST No. 42.-Regular and special observations on test of Arkansas No.4 coal (smq.ll briquettes), Octobe1· 

31, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Dumtion of trial, 7.033 hours.] 

'fcmpenttures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

Steam- In hood, In furTime. pressure I Flue Water in nnce, gage. Out- Boiler gases, Steam separated inches in C02. 02. co. side. room. I base of discharge. in 10 of inches 

stack. minutes. water, of 

water. 

----1~----- ~----- ---~ ----- ~-- ----- --

7.50 ------------ 8---------------

8.20 ------------ 8.40 ------------ 9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------ 10--------------

10.20 ----------- 10.40 ----------- 11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 ----------- 12--------- _._---

12.20 ----------· 12.40 ----------- 1 --------·------

1.20 ------------ 1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------ 2.-!0 --------·--- 2.52 ------------

Total _. __ _ 

Average __ 

Ponnds. o P. o P. op_ Poun'ds. Pounds. Pe,. ct. l'et ct. Per ct. 

84 ------ -----· 460 

87 49 510 -------- -------- 0.47 0. 12 

\12 41 50 492 4.Hl 0.032 .48 14 

84 43 50 517 -------- ---· ---- . 49 . 20 8. 7 10.5 0 

93 46 51 492 4.6 . 031 34 16 

87 49 53 466 -------- -------- . 55 . 19 

68 52 57 494 -------- -------- . 64 . 40 8.9 10.:3 0 

98 55 5!'1 .509 4.46 . 024 53 . 28 

71 60 63 489 -------- -------- .58 . 41 

69 63 66 486 -------- -------- . 61 . 38 

90 65 67 466 

80 (i(i 68 462 

3. 971 . 025 . . 59 . 40 

---------------- . GO . 37 

82 63 68 .506 -------- -------- . 64 . 23 13. :~ 14.3 0 

73 63 68 542 4. 17 . 068 . 55 . 15 

97 64 69 522 -------- -------- . 30 . 09 

98 65 70 521) -------- -------- .53 .Hl 9.1 10.7 0 

66 67 72 498 3.26 . 025 .Gl . 29 

63 ()7 

I 

73 487 

82 68 74 492 6.5 

-------- -------- . 62 .46 

-------- -------- . 60 . 32 13.8 0 

64 69 I 74 48() 

87 68 I 74 403 

8.66 . 0()1 . 58 . 39 

---- ·--- --------- 60 .40 

101 68 74 550 -------- -------- . 64 .1.5 7.2 0 

78 ------ ------ 512 -------- . .58 10 

1---·------------------- -~ ~- ----·-

1, 894 l' 202 1, 349 11,460 

82. 3 60 64 498 

28.31 

4.04 

. 266 11.\13 

.038 .54 

5. 82 54.9 

. 213 7. 84 

83.8 

11. 97 

0 

0 
402 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

T~JST No. 42.-Reguiar and special observations on test of ArkansaH No.4 coal (large briquettes), October 

31, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

---~--

Inches. Tnches. 

Start, 7.50 ............ !'l!l 4~ 

8.21 ----------------- 24! 3~ 

9.02 ----------------- 36 3 

9.46 .................. 26 4 

10.50 ................ 36 2! 

12.11 ............................... 27~ 4~ 

1.11 ------ .. ---- . -- .. -- 27! 2!!. 4 

2.03 .· ................ !{6~ 2~ 

Close,2.52 ............ 39 3t 

Weight of coal burned. 

During period., Total. 

. ~ ~ ~~~~~s: .. J .. ~~~~~:-... 700 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

338 5,238 

Weight of water fed to boiler; 

-

During period. I Total. 

Pounds. I Pounds. 

···········l··········· 2,366 2,36 

. 4, 031 6, 39 

6 

7 

4 

9 

7 

8 

7' 

3,417 9,81 

5,545 15,35 

5,608 20,96 

6,291 27,25 

3,359 30,61 

3,417 i 34,03 4 

I ---

HECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. I Time. Observation. 

Boiler under a load during night. ll.!'l4 .. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 1.07 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

7.50 .... Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 1.20 ... Fire sliced. 

9.40 .... Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 1.45 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. · 

10.09 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 1.52 ... Fire sliced. 

10.18 ... Do.· 2.15 ... Fire sliced and raked. \ 

10.19 ... Fire sliced. 2.24 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.31. .. Do. 2.33 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

10.43 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 2.52 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick: 

11.24 ... Cleaning fire. 

Ash dark and heavy; contained considerable slack coal. Briquettes did not burn freely; crumbled in fire, and the dust closed the air passages through grate. 44 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Arkansas No. 4 coal (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 42. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as fuel. 

403 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated.. J:Iughes appa· 

ratus not operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No.4 (briqtiettes). 

Kind. of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 31, 1!)04. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PUQPORTIO"NS. 

3. Grate surface .............................. , ....................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate .............................................. _ ............ feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnacec ................................................... , .. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ....................... : .......................... ,square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .....................•........ _ ............ feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................................... , .......................... . 

7. 'Vater-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell. .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of hea(ls) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Nmnber of tub~s ............................................................. . 

7 4 D. t f t b ( t . l . 'd ) . { inelres.- . mme er o . u es ou src e-msr e .•................... _ ... _ .... _ .... .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .......... ' ....................................... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............................................... square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ...................... , ........... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .................................. .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Baroineter ... _ .... __ .... _ .................... _ ...... _ ..... {inches of mercury .. 

. . .......... pounds .. 

111st b · l { .. do .... . earn pressure y gage per square .me 1 .•. , ........................... . 

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ........................ inches of "·ater .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .............................. · .................... do .. .. 

14. b'orce of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

7.033 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

] :9. l 

29.77 

14.61 

82.3 

a96.9 

. 54 

. 26 

0 
404 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE 'l'E)fPER.ATllltES. 

Of external air_. __ ... -'- ......... _ ...... .' ... _ ........... _ ............. degrees .. 

Of fire room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .......................... do ... . 

Of stemu ...................................................... _ ........ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer __ .... _ .. _ .. __ ._ ..... -,- .......... _ ...... do._ .. 

Of feed water entering boiler . __ ......................... __ ............ _ .. do ... . 

Of escaping gases from bniler ............................ _ ............... do._._ 

Of escaping gases from economizer ....... _. ___ . _. _ ....................... do .. .. 

22.1 Of furnace ....................... , ...................................... do ... _ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Small briquettes. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting tire_ ............................. _ ...... poundH .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .... __ .. ____ .... __ . __ ..... ____ ........ : ....... __ .. do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal _ .... ____ .... __ . _____ .. _. ____ ...... · ____ .. _ .... ___ 

27. Total weight of dry eoal.consumed .. _ ........ __ . _ ..... __ .... __ .. _. __ .. _pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ............... __ ...... ___ ..... __ .. __ _ ___ .. __ .... ___ do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker __ ......... • ......................... per cent.. 

60. 

64 

325.3 

56.5 

165 

498 

5,238 

None. 

3. 18 

5, 071 

1,258 

30 

30. . . {pounds .. 3,813 Total combustible eonsumed .. __ .............................. _ .... __ .. do .. __ a 3, 686 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . ~ .................................. _.. . 24. 81 

:32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXUIATE AN ALYSJS Oi'~ COAL. 

Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

Volatile matter ... _ ... _ .............................................. . 

Moisture ........... _ ... _ ............ _ ... _ .... _ ... _ .... _ ... _ .... __ ... _ 

Ash-·-·--·------------·---·----···--······-··--·-··--·--·--·-··--·-·· 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................ __ ............. . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSTS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ............................... ___ ... _ .. __ ._ ........... _ .. .. 

38. Hy(lrogen (fJl .............................. __ ....... __ ... ___ ...... __ . 

:39. Oxygen (0) ........................... _ ...................... -....... _. 

40. Nitrogen (N) ... ·---·--·--·'···----··-·····-·,··--·.--·-···-·······--··-

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

42. Ash·--··-·····-··-··-····--·-···-·-----···-···-··--·-··-

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............ __ ................... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of a,h, 

Per cent of coal. 

66.03 

18.60 

3. 18 

12.19 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combu,tible. 

78.02 

21.98 

100.00 

1. 70 ...... --.-- •. 

78.31 

3.93 

2. 10 

1. 32 

1.75 

12.59 

100.00 

3. 18 

89.59 . 4.50 

2.40 

1. 51 

2.00 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ____ ... _.: .... _ ............. _ ..... __ ..... _ .. _ ... _ .. _ ... _._ ... per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter __ ._ ... _ .. _ ........ _._._ .. _ ... __ ._._. ____ ... ______ . ____ ._ .do .. _. 

VUEL PER HOUH., 

46. Dry eoal consumed per hour __ . ___ . __ . ____ . ____________ -. __ :. __ " ... ____ pounds_. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour_._. ______________ . ____ . __________ . __ _ {

--do .... 

__ do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. __ ._._. ______ . ____ ._. __ .do. __ _ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating st;rface per hour_ .. ______ -{-· do.·--

..do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE 01<~ FUEL. 

I 

405 

59.35 

40.65 

721 

542 

a524 

17.78 

. 265 

a. 258 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter-per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. __ . ________ . 13,905 

51. Calor!fic value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _. _______ 15,908 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pot~nd of dry coal, B. T. U. ___ . ___________________ 13, 738 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ . _________________ 15,717 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Pereentage of moisture in steam ___ ._. __ . __ .. ____ ._. ______ ... ______ . ________ . __ _ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating . ___________ . _. ______ .. _. _. _. _. __ . ______ . ____ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) _ .. _. _. _ .. ___ . _. __ . ______ . __ . ____ per cent .. 

WATEH. 

. 932 

None. 

99.286 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. _. _ .... ___ .... _. ____ . _ .. ___ . ___ . ___ .pounds__ 34, 034 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ___________ . _____________ .. do. ___ 40,763 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. __________ . __ . __ .do._._ B3, 791 

60. Factor of evaporation .... ____ .. -....................... _._ ............. _._ .... _ 1. 1977 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ___________ .poundR. _ 40,471 

W ATEK PER HOUH. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam. ____ . ______ .. _ pounds._ 4, 805 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° _____ . __ . ___ . _______ ._ .. do.___ 5, 754 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............ _. _ ......... -................. _. ___ .. _. _._._ ..... pounds._ 2. 83 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour iiito dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _______ ... ___________________ .. ________ . ___ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ___ : .. _ ............. _ ·_ ... _ .. ___ . _. _ . _ .. _________ . __ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed _______ ... _. ___ ... _. ____ . _. __ 

----------------a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

166.8 

210 

79.43 
406 OPERATIONS OF THE. COAL-TESTI~G PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of eoal as. fired .. 

(Item m .-;-item 25) ----.--------- _____ . -------- ____ .... ,. -----· .... pounds .. 

.69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired: (Item 61 + 

item 25) _____ . _. ____ . ___ .. _ .. _. _. __ ... ____ , ... _. _ ............. __ ... pounds._ 

70. EquiYalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 -+-item 

27) ________ . _. ____ .... _ ...... _ ......... _ ...... _ ...... _ ............. pounds._ 

Equivalent e~aporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible.~- -~O- __ _ 

(Item 61.-;--rtem 30)------. --. _ ... ___ ........... ------------------ .. L .oo ...• 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent._ 

bnstiblo divided .by the heat value of 1 pound of combu~tible) ....... _ ... do._._ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed py the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .... _ .. _._ .. per cent.. 

. COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (ass timed) ..... __ . __ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _ ..... ___ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S)IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ... __ ....... - ......... -.- .... -........... _, ... . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ....... ___ .. _._._ .. _. ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_ .. _._._ .. _. ___ cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

() " .iJ. 

7.7iJ 

7.98 

10.61 

a 10.98 

64.41 

a66. 65 

55.42 

$1.00 

$0.077 

$0.0647 

32 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .. -.-. __ .. -.. __ ... __ ._ ... ____ .. ____ Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of tire.-----'-_-----.----- ... ___ .. _. __ .. ---- .......... inches._ 8 

82. Average intervals between firing for each ·furnace during time when fires arc in nor- . 

mal condition _ ...... ____ .. _ ... _. ____ . ___ ..... ___ ......... _ ........ minutes.. 9. 6 · 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breakfng up ... : _ ........ · ... do._.. 32 

&4. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS .OF THE DRY GASES. \ 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ... _ .. _ .. _ .. ___ . ______ .... _ ... _._ ............. _ .per cent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) ............. _ ...... , ....... __ .... _ .................... _ . __ .do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ............. _ .............. _ ...... _ ........ _ .... do ... _ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. __ ... _ ... _____ ... __ ...... _ .. _-.-. ___ ... __ ... do .. __ 

Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) ___ ... __ _ : . _ ... _ . _______ . _ .. __ ... _____ . _____ do ___ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.84 

11.97 

.0 

80.19 
C»l\ 

\ 

t l / t ~ 

~~ """ j_ 0 

l 1 ~ 

~ ('\ 

\\ v :z 

0 v , t l:l \ --..... c 

1--- ... 0 

r-- ' "' Jl 

--- f..-' If. , 

1\~ v I'? ..., 

--- (/> 

"' 1l ~ 

" .\ g 0 

"' .o ;= 1'1 II 4- (/> 

~ ~ :z ... K l" Jl ~ ~ Jl () 

"' :~ b-. ·.::~ r> 

0 0 

- I~ l'j, i~ 

v 0 

) ... a ~ "'I c 

"' -1 , 

!~ 0 :I il 1 3 Q 

~ ~ ~ ;ll l~ "' t c -1 

' 

~~ ~/ c 

I I ~·6\ 'R c (il 

N ~ 1'1 (/> 

~~ ~ I 1"-- l'i' / 

J -1 

a r.; 3 ·~ [0 

~I/ \ 'Z ( l\ -q 

"' ~ 0 'r v 0 ~ v 0 .... 1\ c • J. 

;g 1'1 

\ j \ :l 1'1 -q 

~ 

' ~- t--£ 

\ ....._ . )> 

~ .. (/> .... 

t c 

0 ~ v !\ll-~ ../ 

~~- ~ l ,\ ~ r--.... 

0 x~ ~ ! \ \ ~ L t -i 

"11"' \ l (7c..------- . J ~·0 ~ "'t n Jl ~ Jl 

2 ~· ;>J ~'~'"' 

1'1 ~ 

~ 

0 

)> 

..., 

.... 

1l· 

Jl 

... 

(> 

c 

;:u-

"' 

2-

~ ro 

r--

a> 

)> 

;t 

..0 

0 

~ 
408 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BAJ .. ANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION 0.1<~ THE HEATING VALUE OF THE CO.:\'IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ................. , ............ 15, 908 

B.T.U. 

1. Heat al,:lsorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965. 7 ................................... : .............. 10,603 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = per cent of moisture referred to combustible 

3. 

4. 

5. 

+ 100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0. 48 ( T- 212)] ( t = temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) .............................. .. 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212- t)+ 966 + 0.48 ( T-- 212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T- t) .............................. .. 

I~oss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+ CO X 100 X 10,150 ....................... .. 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydroearbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some o[ these losses 

47 

507 

2,947 

0 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 804· 

RE~IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.54 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.38 pounds . .... 

n Calculated from chemistry of ush • 

..... 

Per cent. 

({ 66.65 

. 30 

3. 19 

18.53 

0 

11.33 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 409 

TEST No. 41.-Regular and special observations on test of Arkansas No. 5 coal, October 29, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.133 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorim~ter._ Dr~ft pressures. I 

Water In hood, I~a~~~- Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

baRe of 

stack. 

Steam septuatcd . m in 

discharge. in 10 m~}•es inches 

minutes. water. w~ler. 

Flue gases. 

co,. co. 

-----------------------[----[--------------

7.35 - --··· ..... . 

7.40 ........... . 

8 .............. . 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 .......... .. 

9 .............. . 

9.20 .......... .. 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 ········· .... . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............ .. 

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 .· ......... .. 

12 ............. . 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 .............. . 

1.20 ........... -

. 1.40 .......... .. 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 ............. . 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 ......... .. 

4 ............ .. 

4.20 .......... . 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.40 ........... . 

Pou.nds. ° F. 

80 

77 

79 

86 

84 

78 

81 

78 

78 

85 

97 

83 

93 

88 

75 

85 

80 

81 

87 

72 

100 

85 

77 

70 

80 

78 

87 

78 

91 

69 

86 

,85 

42 

44 

46 

49 

Q3 

55 

57 

60 

62 

64 

65 

67 

68 

69 

69 

68 

69 

67 

68 

67 

66 

66 

66 

66 

66 

63 

62 

60 

58 

56 

55 

op_ 

44 

44 

46 

50 

52 

54 

58 

61 

63 

66 

68 

68 

70 

71 

70 

73 

72 

73 

73 

73 

7:~ 

73 

73 

74 

73 

73 

72 

7l 

70 

67 

67 

66 

555 

552 

535 

540 

570 

570 

54fi 

554 

525 

.510 

565 

560 

540 

523 

545 

540 

525 

525 

510 

49.5 

575 

552 

510 

535 

506 

523 

556 

567 

565 

515 

fi12 

532 

Ponnds. Ponnds 

4. 17 0. 018 

a. n . 010 

I 

--------.--------

4. 09 . 03 

4. 56 . 025 

3. 97 . 011 

4.29 .0::!0 

.. .............. 1' 

4.32 .024 

::!.86 .022 

4.05 .022 

4.29 . 021 

0.44 

. 46 

. 27 

. 26 

. 65 

. 69 

. 66 

. 66 

. 65 

. 62 

. 51 

. 57 

. 40 

.45 

. 61 

. 50 

. 63 

. 62 

. 61 

. 36 

. :~s 

. 55 

. 54 

.54 

. 56 

. 56 

·- 63 

. 66 

. 57 

.60 

. 30 

.36 

0.10 

.15 

.13 

. 14 

. 35 

.40 

.38 

. 38 

. 42 

. 24 

. !"5 

. 35 

.18 

. 30 

. 39 

. 30 

. 37 

. 36 

. 42 

. 19 

.11 

. 25 

. 33 

. 32 

. 37 

. 32 

. 24 

.40 

. 33 

. 31 

. 10 

.12 

Pe1· ct. Pa ct. J Per ct. 

9.6 9.6 0.0 

8. 6 • 12.4 . 0 

7. 2 12. 6 . 0 

9.2 10.6 . 1 

9.1 10.5 .2 

------~------- ...... 

8.0 12.0 .0 

7.\l 11.7 .3 

------1------- ...... 8. 0 I 12.0 .1 

8.0 12.1 .2 

7.3 12.7 .0 

5.43 .......... .. 79 ................................................................. .. 

Total..... 2, 712 1, 893 2,101 17,232 41.31 

Average . . 82. 2 61 66 538 4. un 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--8 

. 213 16. 87 8. 90 82. 9 116. 2 

. 0213 . 53 . 28 8. 29 1 L 62 

.9 

. 09 
410 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 41.-Regular ancz- 8pecial observations on test of Arkansas No.5 coal, October 29, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pou11ds. Pounds. P01t,nds. 

Start, 7.35 ............ 40 21 .. --- ... ----- ------------ ------------ ------------ 7.-59 ----------------- 40~ 3 700 700 2,315 q 121 a ... ,v.&.v 

8.43 ----------------.. 36 3 700 1,400 4, 718 7,034 

9.34 ----------------- 32~ 2! 700 2, 100 6,000 13,034 

10.12 ----.... ---- .. -.. -- .. 3H 4 700 2,800 3,246 16,280 

11.07 ---- .... ---------- 40! 3! 700 3,500 4,821 21, 101 

11.51 -.. -------------- 37§: 2~ 700 4,200 5,040 26, 141 

12.38 ------ .... -- .. ---... 40 2! 700 4,900 4,837 30,978 

1.41 ----------------- 36:\- 3 700 5,600 5, 839 36,817 

2.19 ----------------- 3H 4 700 6,300 3,555 40,372 

3.01 ----------------- 34 4:\- 700 7,000 4,380 44,752 . 4-------------------- ?"3 -D4 4~ 700 7,700 5,471 50,223 

4.43 --- ............ -- .. -.... -- 33 3 700 8,400 3,904 54,127 

Close, 5.43 ............ 40 2t 600 9,000 5, 240 59,367 

·-----·-·-

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. 

6.45 . . . . Boiler under a load. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.35 .... Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

8.24.... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

9. . . . . . . Fire sliced. 

9.2:3.... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

9.32·.... Fire sliced and raked, some clinkers 

pulled out. 

10.03... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

10.21... Cleaning fire. 

10.33... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

11.... . . Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

11.5R ... Fire sliced, 6 inches thick. 

Time. Ob!'iervntion. 

12.31.. Fire sliced and raked, 6 inches thick. 

1.23... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1.28... Cleaning _fire. 

1. 38... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

3.23... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

3. 43... Cleaning fire. 

3.51 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.08... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

5.15... Cleaning fire. 

5.25 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.43... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

Refuse dark and heavy. Coal burned freely with short white flame. 78 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Arkansas No. 5 coal. 

CONDITIO~S OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 41. 

:Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

411 

Principal conditions governing trial; see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus not operated. 

Kind of fuel, Arkansas No. 5. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired .. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. · 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 29, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ............. ' ......... -................. _ ... ~ ......... hours .. 

DDlENSIONS AND PROPORTIO:NS. 

3. Grate surface .. _ .................................... " ............. square feet .. 

3. 1 Width of grate .................. -.- .. -.................................. feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate ... _ ........ __ ........... __ ........... __ .. __ .. _ .... __ .. _ .do ... . 

4. Height of furnace .......................................... __ ......... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate------------------- ---------------do .... 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface._. __ ........... __ .. _ ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney -.... -........................ _ .... -............ -.square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate __ ........... ___ .......... _ ... _ ............ feet .. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney . __ .... __ ... .'. ___ .. _. _ ..... ___ ...... do. _ .. 

6.4 Kind of draft .. _ .............. _ ..... _ ... ___ .. _ ... __ .. ____ .. _ ..... ___________ . _ 

7. \Vater-heating surface.------- __ --------- ...... ___ ... __ -------- __ .. square feet .. 

T 1 Outside diameter of shell ............ -.................... _ ............ _inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads). ____ .... _. __ ._. __ .. __ ......... feet .. 

7:3 Number of tubes ...... ------ ____ --- .. ------ ..... -----------. ____ ------ ____ .. __ 

. . . . ) {inches_. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes ( outs1de-ms1de ........ _ ............ __ ........... . .. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes exposed _ .................. __ ........... ____ .......... ___ feet.. . 

8. Superheating surface _ .......... -........... __ ............ __ . __ .... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... -.... _._ .... _ ..... __ .... _ ..... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ........ __ ........ ___ ..... _ ....... __ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

1

1. Barometer _. ____ . _____ . __________________________________ -{inches of mercury __ 

.......... pounds .. 

· . {··do ... - 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square mch ..... ___ . ___ .. _ ....... __ ...... . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...... _ .. _ ... c •• _ •••• .inches of water_. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ...................... __ .. _ .... _ .... _ ........ _ ... do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. ~ ..•.•..... _____ .............. _____ .. __ .do. __ . 

a Absolute. 

10.133 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7. 67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.7 

14.58 

82.2 

a96. 8 

. 53 

. 28 

0 

• 
0 

412 OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT . 

. AVEH.AGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ............................................................. do .. .. 

~:h. Of steam ................................................................ do .. .. 

18. Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do .. _. 

20. Of feed water entering boiler _ .... _ .... ___ ............................... do ... . 

21. Of escapmg gases from boilt·r ............................ _·_ .............. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......... ______ ....................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ........................................................... _ .. do .. .. 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, bright-30 per cent Rrnall, 70 per cent slack. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25 .. Weight of coal as fired ......... _ ......................................... do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................... ~ ............... pounds .. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

Total ash and refuse .................................................... do ... _ 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

· . {poumlH .. Total combustible consumed ......................................... . ..do .. .. 

Percentage of-ash and refuse in dry coal ....................................... . 

PROXUIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 

Volatile matter ........................................................ . 

Moisture ..... : ........................................................ . 

Ash .................................................................. . 

Percent 

of coal. 

73.6R 

12.54 

2.22 

11.56 

100.00 

61 

66 

325.2 

57. 3 

190 

538 

None. 

9,000 

2.2~ 

8,800 

1, 951) 

52 

6,844 

a(j, 938 

22.23 

Per ecnt of 

combustible. 

85.46 

14.54 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................................ . 2. 39 ........... . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS Ol•' DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................................... . 78.43 88.R9 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . :3.66 4.15 

39. Oxygen (0) .......................................................... . 2.27 2.57 

40. Nitrogen (N) .............. ! .......................................... . 1. 42 1. 61 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... .. 2.45 2. 78 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 11. 77 

100.00 100.00 

4::!. Moisture in mmple of coal as received ................................. .. 2. 22 .. -.. -------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OP ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ....................... _ ............... _. _ .. _ .. _ ......... _. __ per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter_. ___ .'_ ... _____ ._ ............. ___ .... _ ........ __ ...... _. ::do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour __ . _ .. _ .. ________ , ___ . ___ ....... _. _. __ ._ .. pounds._ 

. {._do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour __ ........... _ ....................... . .. do ... . 

4S. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour . _ .... _ .. _ ... _ ........... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour.._ ..... _-{:: ~::::: 

CAJ.,QRIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

413 

42.05 

57.95 

S68.4 

675.4 

a684. 7 

21.42 

. 333 

(/. :~37 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... ___ ....... 13, 617 

51. Calorific Yalne by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustibule, B. T. U ..... _. _ 15, 434 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ______ . _ .. _. _ ...... __ ... 13, 602 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ...... ~ _ ........ ____ 15, 417 

54. 

55. 

56. 

QUALITY 01<' STEAM. 

Percentage of moisture in steam 

Number of degrees of superheating .......... __ .. : .......... _ ....... _ .......... . 

Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) _____ ._ .. __ ... _. __ ._ ............. per cimt.. 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler._._ .................... _ ............ pounds .. 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .. _ .. __ . _ .. ____ ........ __ .. do ... . 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do ... . 

60. Factor of evaporation _ .. ______ ... _ .... ___ ... __ .. _ .... _ ..... _ .............. ___ _ 

61. Equivalent water ev_aporated into dry ilteam from and at 212° ... __ ._ .... pounds .. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ........ _ .. __ .pounds .. 

63.. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......• _. _ ..... _ ....... do .. _. 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-hmting 

surfaee.- ............. -............... -... ----.--- .. -----.- _ ........ pounds._ 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ................................. _ . _ .... _ .. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........... _ .. __ .. ____ .. __ . _. _. __ ........ _ ....... __ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rate'd horsepower developed ..................... _ .... __ .. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

. 513 

None. 

99.61 

.59, 367 

71, 05(} 

59,135 

1.1968 

70,773 

5,836 

6, 984-

3.44-

202.4 

210 

96.:W 

• 
414 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO!IIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 --c- ih~m 25) ..................•..........•.. _________ .. _____ pounds __ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) _____ --- ___ . ___ - __ ----- _____________ ----- ________ -------- .. pounds __ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 --c- item 

27) ____________________ - _. ___________ .. ______ _ : ________ • _____ . _____ pounds._ 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combnstible-J __ do ___ _ 

(Item 61--c- item 30) ____ .. _______ -. ______________________ ----- ______ L.do .. __ 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) __________ .do. ___ · 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ___ . ________ per cent __ 

COST 01<' EVAPORATION. 

74. · Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) _________ _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions. ____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel u~ed for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _________ _ 

.,~ 

1/. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .. ________ .. __ ._ .... ___ . _____________ . ________ , 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter . _____ . _ .. _________ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter _________ .. ____ cubic inches __ 

METHODS OF FIRIXG. 

6.596 

7.863 

8.04 

10.34 

a 10.2 

64.7 

a 63.82 

57.02 

$1.00 

$0.0758 

$0.0636 

2 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .. ___ . ________________ .. ___ ~ ____ . Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ____ .. ____________ .. _ .. ___________________ .. __ .inches._ 6 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition -- ___ .. _-- ___ . _________ ---- __ . ___ --- ___ .. __ .. _______ .minutes._ 7. 7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ________________ do.... 40 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANAJ.YSIS Of!' 1'HE DitY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ). __ ••••••••• _ •••••••••••••••••••• _ •••• _ ••• __ ••• _per cent._ 

Oxygen ( 0) - - - - - - ___ . __________ ... __ ................... __ .. __ .. __ .... __ do __ .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .. _______ .. _________ . ____ ............... , .... ___ .do.· .. _ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ...... __ .. _ ........ _ ................. ___ .. _ .. do ... _ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ---------------------------------------- .... do .. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.29 

11.62 

.09 

80.00 
,z 

.L 

1\ _\ j_ "' ' ~ u '~ 

' j \" .. 

~\ ~ t 

\ v .!) 

t \ 

Q~ .\ \ t 

\ J t a 

J ~ ~ 1\ 1 r 

v ·\ _1 '-~ j r . t 

__\ 

' v ~ L 

- = 

\ "" J r 

l t ~ /_/ " , I \ 1 "' o" z ~ 

;; 

~- l ~ ..; jJ t-6'-lij.l 

·L ~ .... ~ -< r 

} .,_ ~v ~ 

\ .,. ,.. \ ~ c 

"' t .7. 

"' 1\ I ;o '6 "' 0 'G'I "' c r "' " ('\ 

~r-2 )> 

"' I'! 

- "' ~ ~G ' -\ ;;, " - 0 ! .... - t 0 :I v r~ t 0 

1\t~ -, j l / ,.. t 0 .. .... 

~ --r-- ill j 0 :I r--- 0 ~- "<) 

] LV 'I 

~ \ 0 "' . g ~ u; 

~ 

\~ "' IY~ v c ;u 

" f'l ;II )> I'! t 

\ v 2 --! 

'" 11 

"' R"~ -~ ..; ... "' "' 3 U\ 

r o. 

·], "' !" 

"' r~ \~ ~ z 

-:J -1> 

I~ ' v ;!I 

:z 

~ ~ 

1~- "" r 

I' 

l:--::: 

_..,/" 

(j, 

lt- 1/ v 9~ ::::, . 6P ~~ 

1 1 HL f'l 

3 

t .. 

~~ 11~- >- >rn...,. -I,..PI;JJ 

cP~o> 
416 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

IlEAT RAI,A~CE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COl\IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. T:........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... 15, 434 

n. T. U. Per eent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................................. . 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per eentof moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X[(212-1)+966 1-0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the flue gases) ............................... . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per <~ent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [ (212-t) + 966+0.48 ( T-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T-t) .•..•...•••••••••....•••.•...••.. 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible _ C02+COX 100 -Xl0,150 ............ ·····.--..... -

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted fo~. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

9,850 

33 

474 

2,983 

97 

be calculated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 1, 997 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.52 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.34 pounds. 

a Caleulated from chemistry of ash. 

-----------

a63. 82 

.21 

3.07 

19.33 

. 63 

12.94 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 417 

TEsT No. 75.-Regular and speciftl observations on test of Colorado No. 1 tignite, December 8, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.967 hours.j 

-----------~-----~---,----

Time.' 

Steampressure 

gage. 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

inches . 111 

of mches 

water. waot~r. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co.· 

---- -~-- ----------------------------

7.47 

8.05 

8.20 

8.40 .......... .. 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 ...... -· ..... . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............. .. 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 ............. . 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 ............... 1 

1.20 ....... · ... .. 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 .... · .......... . 

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 ........... . 

4 .............. . 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ........... , .. . 

5.20 ........... . 

5.45 

Pounds. 0 P. ° F. ° F. Po·unds. Pounds. 

82 .................................. . 

79 

78 

79 

81 

80 

74 

78 

83 

76 

73 

64 

78 

81 

83 

86 

78 

71 

83 

80 

75 

85 

84 

80 

78 

80 

88 

78 

79 

78 

83 

39 

40 

41 

43 

44 

44 

45 

45 

47 

47 

49 

49 

50 

51 

51 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

53 

53 

52 

52 

50 

48 

45 

43 

40 

54 

54 

55 

56 

58 

59 

59 

59 

61 

62 

65 

66 

67 

69 

70 

70 

70 

69 

68 

68 

69 

70 

70 

69 

69 

67 

66 

65 

64 

65 

550 

. 545 

550 

545 

520 

520 

526 

530 

500 

496 

453 

554 

607 

615 

600 

565 

562 

550 

525 

448 

557 

605 

595 

4.23 0.025 

3.98 .03 

3.73 . 027 

4.08 .023 

4.21 . 015 

3.98 . 015 

3.95 .012 

----·---- --------· 585 

595 . --~~ ~~ l" ~ ~~~. 

590 

575 

520 

497 

575 

3.89 

I 

. 027 

0.58 

. 68 

. 68 

. 65 

. 65 

.66 

. 67 

. 68 

.68 

.63 

.65 

.63 

.70 

.72 

.71 

. 71 

. 67 

. 70 

.67 

.40 

.69 

.68 

.68 

. 69 

.69 

.67 

0.33 

. 37 

.40 

.43 

.42 

.43 

.42 

.43 

.47 

. 48 

. 20 

. 37 

. 30 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.6 12.9 0.0 

7.2 12.5 . 0 

6. 7 13.6 . 0 

6.0 14.4 . 0 

.37 ................. .. 

.341 ................. .. 

.39 8.8. 11.6 .2 

.40 .... ._ ........... .. 

. 38 

. 25 

. 22 

.15 

. 20 

. 27 

. 27 

. 23 

7.2 14.0 .0 

4.8 15.6 .0 

6.6 13.3 .3 

.68 .34 6.4 14.0 .0 

.51 .10 '5.1 15.7 .0 

Total . . . . . 2, 455 1, 433 1, 933 16,455 

A Yeragc 79. 2 47. 8 64.4 54\l 

35. 96 . 192 18.4-1 8. 96 66.4 137. 6 

3. 996 . 0213 . 66 . 33 6. 64 13. 76 

.5 

. 05 

--------'--------'-----'----~-----'------_!__--~ -----------

• 
0 

418 OPERATIONS OF .THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TresT No. 75.-Regular and special observations on test of Colorado No. llignite, December 8, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

Start, 7.47 ..........•. 

8.12 -.. ----.... --- .. -.. --- 8.46 ................................. 

9.23 ----- ·----------- 10.02 ---------------- 10.50 ---------------- 11.59 -.. ---- .. -- .. -- .. -..... 

12:37 ---------------- 1.23 '"- .. •"'"' "'"' .. ,."' "'L .. - .. "' 

2.42 .. --------- .. ---...... 

3.20 -----...... ----- .. ---

.13 ----------------- .50 ... ---------------

4 

4 

c lose, 5.45 ............ 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

40 5 

42 4 

42l 4 

40~ 3 

36~ 4 

39{ 4~ 

33t 3~ 

37~ 3~ 

37 5t 

41 3i 

41 3i 

39 5~ 

39 6~ 

40 5 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. Total. During period. Total. 

--

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

·----------- .. ----- .... ---.. .. .. --........... - .... ---·-·-----· 700 700 2,128 2,128 

700 1,400 3,156 5,284 

700 2,100 2,,983 8,267 

700 2,800 2,431 10,698 

700 3,500 3,472 14,170 

700 4,200 4,402 18,572 

700 4,900 3,655 22,227 

700 5,600 3,868 26,095 

700 6,300 4,085 30,180 

700 7,000 3,171 33,351 

700 7,700 3,238 36,589 

700 8,400 3,462 40,051 

572 8,972 3,090 43,141 

I 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

----------------

Time. Observation. I Time. Observation. 

No load on boiler during night. 1.17--- .Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 1.20--- Fire sliced. 

7.47---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 2 .. ---- Cleaning 'fire. 

9.38---- Fire sliced. 2.31. .. Fire cleaned. 

10.28--- Fire raked, H inches thick. 4.58--- ' Cleaning fire. 

10.42- .. Fire sliced. 5.25--- Fire cleaned, fire 2 inches thick. 

11.03 ... Cleaning fire. 5.45.-- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

11.19 ... Fire eleaned. 

Jl 

Free ash gray and light in weight; clinkers brown and light in weight. Coal crumbled in fire; 

dust fell through grate unburned; clinkered badly; clinkers adhered to grate. 83 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Colorado No. 1 lignite. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 75. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of lignite as a fuel. 

419 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Colorado No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, 'clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 8, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial. ... -.-_._. __ ._: ___ •. ___________ • __ . _, _ ....•. " .......... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. (hate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ..................................................... _ ...... feet._ 

3.2 Length of grate ......... , ............................................. _ .do .. __ 

4. Height of furnace -----------------------------------------------------inches ... 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .. _._ ......................... _ .. do .. _. 

6. Prop?rtion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimney ........ _ .................. _ .......... _ ... __ ...... square feet .. ' 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .......................... _ ................ feet._ 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................... _._ ......... __ ... do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................................... _ ........ _ ...... _ .. _ ... ___ _ 

7. \Vater-heating surface .............................. _ ....... ~ ....... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............. _ ............ _ ............ __ ..•. inches __ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... ___ .......... : ___ ....... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............. ___ ............................................. . 

7.4 Drameter of tubes ( outsrde-msrde) ................................. .. . . . . { inches .. 

. ..do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ........................................ , ........ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ................................... ~ .......... sqnare feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................. _ ....... ____ ..... . 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............................ __ .... .. 

AY\LRAGE PRESSURES. 

Jinches of mercury_. Barometer ...... - -- ------ ------ ------ · ·-- · ·------ · ·-- · · · · · ·1 · ......... pounds .. 

Steam pressure by gage per square mch ...................... _ ....... . . { .. do .... 

· .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler .......... c ••••••• _._.inches of water .• 

Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. .. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit. ........... __ ... _ ........................ do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

9.967 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7. 67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.38 

14.42 

79.2 

a93.6 

.66 

.33 

0 
420 OPERATIONS OF· THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

Hl 

20. 

21. 

22. 

22.1 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

:n. 

39 

33. 

34. 

35. 

AVERAGE TEl\fPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ......................................................... _ ... do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ......................................... 1 ••• do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler .............................. _____ .. _ .. ____ do. __ _ 

47.8 

64.4 

;~22. 8 

45.5 

168 

549 

Of escaping gases from economizer ................ _ ...... __ . _ .. ____ .... . do_. . . . _. __ . __ . __ _ 

Of furnace __ .............................. ~ ........................ ----.;..:__:_~~-~:- ........ . 

FUEL. 

8ize and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent;.J)right. .. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire .......................... ~:-... po~Ii'tcl::_:. None. 

Weight of coal as fired ......................................... _ ......... do ... '>~ 9:~ 

Percentage of moisture in coal.... . ............................................ , . ~- 78. · 

Total weight of d:y ~oal consumed ...................... -~.· ... :, ....... pounds.. 7, 197A ... _ 

Total ash and refuse .................. ···.---···-····--······-----·-······do .... 1,023 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ................................. _ .. per cent._ 23 /,. . . . . . . . / ·,_ ·-.: 

Total com bnst1 ble consumed ....... : ...... : : .................... :: . :. . · · . {·pounds.. 6, 174 ~- · . '· 

· . _· . . . _ _. _ .. _,do .... "6,071 . 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry c;q~l , . , , ••••• :, , . , •• , • .-.. . • • • • • • . . . . • . • • • • . 14. 21 

"PROXDf'A~E· AN::ALYSIS OF COAL. 

.Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

Volatile matter. ......... ~ ............................... _ ... _ ............. . 

:Moisture .· ........ -.-~ .--~ .............................. : . .... : . .......... , 

Ash ....... , . , ", -.. " __ , ... " .. _ .......... ___ . _____ ... _ .. ____ .. ___ : 

Per. cent of coaL· 

::!9;,06 

35. 8fi 

19. 78 

5.37 

100.00 

Per cent of ~ombustible. 

52.10 

47. flO 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separa_tl))y_c}!!~flrmined ......... , . :: ......................... .. . 42 -------------

ULTL\iATF. ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. C~rbon (C) ... -~: .• · .................................................. . 

38. Hydrogen (H)., _______ , __ ........................................... . 

39 .. Oxygen .(0) , :: :~;:: :: ............. :::: .............................. . 

40.- ·Nitrogen (N~ .-. --.- ........... _. .................... _ ................... . 

41. · flulphur .(8) _. .. _. ........ _. ................. ··:-.- ........ _______ ..... .. 

42. A.sh ................................... _ -.- •.• _ .... __ ....... _ ... _ •. _____ _ 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received----------------------------------

a Calculatefl from chemistry of ash. 

71.3 

4.96 

15. 11 

1. 42 

. 52 

6.69 

100.00 

19. 78 

76.4 

5. :n 

16.2 

1. 53 

. 56 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon----·----··---------·------------· -·-------------------------Per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter ....................................................... ___ do ... . 

FURl, PElt HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ..... · ..................... -... . . .. . . . ..... pounds .. 

47. { 

.. do .... Combustible consumed per hour. ................................... .. . .. do._ .. 

48. Dry coal per squar~ foot of grate surface per hour ...................... · ... do .. _. 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... . {

--do .... 

.. do .... 

CALORIFIC VAJ,UE 01" FUEL. 

421 

62.94 

37.06 

722 

619 

a6Q9 

17.8 

.304 

".300 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of· dry coal, B. T. U .......... _. _ 12, 577 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... _. _. _ 13, 478 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..................... _ .. 12, 296 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ............. _. ___ .. 13, 178 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ......................... ----- .......... __ -----· 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............... __ ................ _ ... _______ _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ............................... __ .per eent.. 

WATER. 

. 53 

None. 

9\l.6 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ................... _ ......... _._. __ .. pounds._ 43,141 

-58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ......................... _.do ... _ 52,123 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 42,968 

60. Faetor of evaporation ... _ ................................ _ .. _ .... _ ..... _ .. _ .. _ _ l. 2082 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ... _ ........ pounds .. 51,914 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ........ _ ..... _ pounds.. 4, 311 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .. _ ... _ .......... _ ... : .. do.... 5, 209 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ................................... -------- ... ____ ............ pounds.. 2~ 56 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° =1 horsepower)_ .... _ ........ _ ... __ ..... _____ . ____ ... __ .. _._ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . _ .. _ ...... : ................. _ .. _ . __________ . ___ . _. _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ........... _ ..... __ ... __ . __ . _ 

-------------------------- a Calculated from chemistrr of ash. 

151 

210 

71.9 
422 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

li:CONOMIC RESULTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. · 

(Item 57+item25) ................................................. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) ............................................. , ............. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and.at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61..;.-item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

E~~~::e;;:~:=~~t;o~ -f~~~~ _ ~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~ _ ~-e~- ~-~l~~~- -~f- -~~~~1-~~~t-i~~~-- {: ::::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)....... . .. do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S)IOKE ORSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. .. 

·weight of soot per. hour obtained from smoke ni.eter ......... -........... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..... :- .... _ ... cubic inches .. 

l\fETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................ · ................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire .......... , .................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ...... _ ... _ ........................................... minutes .. 

83. Average intervals_ betwee~ times of leveling or breaking up ................ do .. .. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

. 87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dio~ide (C02 ) ........ _ .............. - ............. .' .......... per cent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) .... _ ................... _ ................. -................. do- .. . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................ - ........ · ........................ do- .. -

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ...... _ ................................... :.do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ...................................... --.-- .do .. .. 

a Caleulated from chemistry of ash. 

4.81 

5.78 

7. 21 

8.41 

a 8. 55 

60. 19 

a 61.26 

55.36 

$1.00 

$0.104 

$0.0865 

5.8 

Spreading. 

6 

7.2 

67 

6.64 

13.76 

. 05 

79.55 
• 

eo 

C'l 

"!!'~ 

f>A.M. IC II ~~~-~ t ., Df,AF PR (55 R[ 1\N HOOD 

cr-- ' -- / ., 

o- ~ ,_.... IN F~RN,O 

----- ---· ORA T PRES~ URE. r--. E. 

(/) i~% cp, IN FLUE GASES 

w .> MOIS;fUR ·' \N 5TEtM ·' 

- )-0 p- .Oc NSITY 0 SM ~KE. 

v ~ 5Tt:AM P ESS URE 

0- ......-' I ....__ / r-r"--

~ ~ ,--' ......, .......__, I ~ / ~ v U1 

ril 

""' ""' 

v ~ 

~ 

..:I 

..... 

0 FLUE- GAS TE.MPE.R ATURE 

iQ v.-- - 1----v ....._, 

'".l'ooc ~ c.O"- uMf' ?1--:r -,iA~(.:~ ~ 

Bo LER-ROOM TE.MPE.RAT 

~ I 

,......... OUTSIDE TE~PE~ATL 

~ 

~ ~ -r-- ~o ,o f"buN\le; -- 6-- NSVMp"rl~ r--

c.oA co -

.... J--v ~ o---,...- ~ 

~~..,...... :~ ~ :........, c '·'· r.t.. 1F.S. "' .,.... ............ "" e. .... q . ... .... 10 -- .. <o II +> - \2. - .. 4- -2 -- .. .. ~ -

FIG. 33.-Graphic log sheet, Colorado No. llignite (nut, bright). 

4 5 

--- ---- ---- -o 

--- ---- ---- "0 

-<> 

/ 

""' ~ 

--~f-o 

v ----- _.....1--o 

1..-o--" 

y 

RE. 

RE. • ....-<:? "A 

,__ .:....,,.... 

TE~ 

!-=--o 

"" 4 •• oOit .:> ... -to 

E. RAGE.. FEEDWATERf'tRATU~ 
• 

424 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT llALA~CE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBT~E. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .......................... _. _. 13, 478 

B.T. U. 

I. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 256 

2. Loss <lue to moisture in coal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 (1'- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) .............. .. · ......... :...... 336 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the hnrning of hydrogel< =per cent t•f 

hydrogen to combustible ~-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 (1'- 212)].. 609 

4. Loss due· to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas_ per 

pounrl of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T- t) ............... _ .... _.. • .. .. .. .. .. 3, 287 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible . CO,-f-COX-------wo---X10,150 ......................... . 

6. Loss due to unc_onsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating tho moisture in the air, to radiation, an<! unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized i( data arc obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ....................................................... .. 

REMARK::l. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.92 pounds. 

Dry coal per elcetrical horsepower hour= 4.85 pounds. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

58 

9::!2 

Per cent . 

(( 61. 26 

2.49 

4. 52 

24.::!8 

6.92 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 425 

TEST No. 18.-Regulm· cmcl sp~cial observations on test of Illinoi.~ No. 1 coal, Octobn· S, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.93 hours.] 

-----------.----

__ T_em_rc_·r-at_.n_re_s_. _j __ c_a_lo-ri-,-m_e_te_r. __ 1 ~r~t_'_'r_es_::·-I---Fc-• l_ne_g_a_se_sc-. __ 

Time. 

7.41 ------------

8 ---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------

9 -----· ---·------

9.20 ----· -------

9.40 ------------

10--------------

10.20 ---------.-

10.40 -----------

11--------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12-------- -----'· 

12.~0 -----------

1~.40 - -- - - . - - ---

1 - _._------.-----

1.20 -----.------

1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 - -.-- - - - - - - - -

3 ---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 -------- .. --

4 ---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 --------.---

5:20 ------------

5.37 ------------

'fotal .. __ _ 

Average .. 

Steampressure 

gage. Outside. 

Pounds. ° F. 

Boiler 

room. 

a P. 

Flue Water gases, Stemn separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

In hood, In furin n~ce, 

incl es m 0 f inches 

water. w~t~r, 

0 }'. Pounds. Pmtmds. 

85 ------------ ------- ---------------- ------ 0. 15 

.15 

.15 

.1~ 

. 18 

. 17 

66 

\11 

97 I 

90 

84 

84 

80 

100 

\12 

·81 

61. 

62 

64 

65 

65 

66 

67 

68 

70 

71 

72 

7:3 

73 

64 

64 

66 

67 

67 

68 

6\1 

69 

70 

73' 

570 

590 

612 

nl2 

607 

610 

545 

535 

549 

535 

56n 

570 

556 

570 

4. 76 0.026 

4. 16 . 023 

4. 42 . 017 

4.04 . 013 

0.28 

-27 

. 28 . 

I 

.26: 

. 28 

. 27 . 17 

. 44 I . 20 

. 4:Z • 21 

. 43 . 21 

. 43 .16 

. 42 . 18 

. 43 . 14 

. 44 .17 

90 

89 

97 

IJ4 

73 

80 

81 

82 

80 

82 

66 

78 

87 

73 

80 

81 

77 

92 

78 

75 

75 

75 

74 

74 

74 

75 

76 

77 

77 

77 

78 

78 

7S 

so 

79 

7£1 

79 

so 

79 

79 

78 

77 

::~ :::::::: ::::::J . 44 

. 42 

.44 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.44 

.40 

. 42 

. 46 

. 45 

. 43 

. 44 

. 44' 

. 45 

. 41 

.17 

. 19 

. 20 

. 18 

.20 

. 21 

. 20 

.18 

.18 

.16 

.17 

.17 

. 20 

. 20 

. 23 

.11 

731 73 

73 

73 

72 

72 

72 

72 

71 

70 

6H 

560 

555 

565 

558 

485 

565 

570 

568 

551 

565 

564 

586 

544 

4.00 .016 

3. 8~ .02 

4. 5:~ . 0251 

::::::j::::::::. 

3.H3 .014 

4. 18 . 016 

84 ------------------------------------------------

2, 594 2, 039 2, 151 16, 370 

83. 7 70. 3 74. 2 564 

42.82 

4.28 

.192 11.6 5.32 

co •. o,. co. 

' 

Per ct. Pa ct. Per ct. --~---~· 

----"I'-.----- ---- .. 

8. 6 10.8 0. 0 

9. 0 10. 4 0 

8.6: 11.0 .0 

---- _[_------ ------ . 

7.H 11.9 .1 

8.6 Hl.6 .0 

9.0 10.9 .0 

8. 0 11. 7 . 0 

8. 4 11. 6 . 0 

8. 8 .10. 8 . ::; 

8. 1 11. 7 

85.0 111.4 

s. 5 11. 14 

.0 

.4 

. 01921 . 40 . 177 . 04 

-~---~----~---

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-H 
426 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 18.-Regular and special observations on test of lll,inois No. 1 coal, OctoberS, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

---~~~~---,--~~~~~~- -~~--~~---

Height of w11tcr. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. -------------

Tn tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

~-

--- ~~~~-

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7 .4L ........... 44 li a a a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ------------ ··---------- 8.07 ·------------·--- 32 2 700 700 2,524· 2,524 

8.40 - ................ 39 :l! 700 1,400 2,963 5,487 

9.15 - ··------·------- •12 2t 700 2,100 3,884 9,371 

9.50 --.. -------------- 36,! 4 700 2,800 3,614 12,985 

10.28 .---------------- 44 3~ 700 '3, 500 3,533 16,518 

11.06 ---------------- 35~ 5,! 700 4,200 8,620 20,138 

11.48 --------------- 30 4~ 700 4,900 3, 837 23,975 

12.18 ---------------- 39 11 700 5,600 4,1::!0 28, 105 

12.50 36! 4! I 700 6,300 3,830 31,935 ---------------- 1.32 ----------------- 38 5 700 7,000 4,078 36,013 

2.10 ----------------- 38 4~ 700 7, 700 3, 976 3~l, 989 

2.54 ----------------- 38~ 2~ 700 8,400 3,825 43,814 

3.31 ----------------- 39l 3! 700 9, 100 4,107 47,921 

4.07 ----------------- :l5i 3! 700 9,800 4,674 52,595 

4.39 -·--------------- 41 4t 624 10,424 3,065 55,660 

5.27 ----------------- 41 4~ 700 11,124 4,438 60,098 

Close, 5.37 ........... 36i :l -----------· ··--------·· 1, 517 

I 

61,615 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

-·"------~~~~--~~-~~~-~-! ----~ ~~~- -~-- ~-~~--~--

5.50.... Fire started. 

6.45 . . . . Boiler under load. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.41 . . . . Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

9.24.... Fire sliced, 5 inches thick. 

10 . . . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

· 10.50... Cleaning fire. 

11.04... Fire cleaned, 4 inel1es thick. 

12.36... Fire sliced, 8 inches thiek. 

Difficult to keep pressure up during cleaning. 

1.31... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2. 23 . . . Cleaning fire. 

2.41 . _. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

3.51. _. Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

4.15... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.58... D.o. 

5.06... Cleaning fire. 

5.16 . . . Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.37... Tcst"dosed, fire 2 inches thick. 

124 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Illinois No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 18. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

427 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Illinois No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of .the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, Oetober 8, 1904. 

2.' Duration of trial . - __ . _. _. __ . _____ -... -... ___ .. _. ____ . ___ •. ____ . _ ... ____ hours._ 9. 98 

Dll.\lENSTO~S AND l'ROPORTIONS, 

3. Grate surface _ .... __ . _ .. _ .... _ ....... _____ . _ .. ____ ...... _ .. _______ .square feet._ 

3.] \Vidth of grate._ .. _ ... __ . _____ . _______ ..... ___ ..... __ . _____ . ____ .. ______ .feet._ 

3.2 Length of grate_._ ... ___ ._ .. _ .. __ . __ .. _ .. __ . ___ . __ . ____ . __ . __ . _______ ._ .do. __ _ 

4. Height of furnace . _ . ___ .. _____ . _ .. __ . _____ . __ ... ___ . _. __ .. _______ . ____ inches __ 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ___ . ____ ~ _ .. __ . _____ . __ : ____ .. __ .do. ___ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface. __ ._. ____ . __ ._._. ________ per cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimney ___ . _ ... __ . ____ . __ . ______ .. ___________ . ___________ square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney a hove grate ____ ... ____________ . ___________ .. __________ feet._ 

6.3 Length of fiue connecting to chimney . ___ . _. __ .. _____ ... __________ . _____ .do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft _______ . ___ . _ .. ___ . ___ ... _________ . _ .... _______ . ________________ _ 

7. Water-heating surface _ .... _____ .. _ .... ____ .. ___ . _____ . _ .. __ . ______ square feet._ 

7.1 On tside diameter of shell __ .. __ .. _. _______ .. _____ ...... ________ . __ . ____ inches_ . 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) . __ .... ____ . _ ... __ . _____ . __ ... feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ____ ., _______ ... - ___ ....... _. __ .......... ___ .. __ .. _ .. ___ .. ___ _ 

{

inches._ 7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) ____ ...... _______ --·- ____________ .. _ · .. do ___ _ 

7. 5 Length of tn bes exposed_ ........ _____ ...... _____ ...... _ .. ____ .. ____ . __ . __ feet. . 

8. Superheating surface ___ .... ____ . __ ....... __ ... _ ... ______ ....... ___ .square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface. _______ .. __ .. ___ .. ____ .. _______ .. _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface. __ .. _ ..... _ .. _.- ______________ . ___ .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

1

1. Ba~ometer ____________________ · ____________________________ {inches of mercury __ 

_ · .. ___ .. _ .. pounds._ 

{ 

.. do ___ _ 11. 1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ... __ .. _. ____ .. _______ .... ____ _ . _.do_ .. _ 

12. Force of draft between dam per and boiler ... ___ .. _ ...... ______ .inches of water_. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ..... ______ ........ _ ....... _ ... _ .. _ .. _._ .. ______ .do._._ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit _ ....... -- __ . _. _ ...... _____ .. __ .... ___ ... do .... 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

118.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,081 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

8.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.56 

14.51 

88.7 

"98.2 

.40 

.18 

0 
428 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A YERAG.!!: TE~IPERATVHES. 

Of external air ...................................................... ;degrees .. 

Of fireroom ......................................................•...... do ... . 

Of steam .............................................................. do ... ·. 

Of feed water m tank ............ ~ ................................. __ .... do ... . 

Oi feecJ water entering economizer ................................. : .. ... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler .......... ' .................................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......... __ .............. ~ ............ do ... . 

22. 1 Of1furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-60 per cent small; 40 per cent slack; dull. 

70.3 

74.2 

326.3 

i4.4 

18.~ 

564 

1, 887 

23. 

24. 

25. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .......... ___ _ 

Weight of coal as fired ........... · ....................................... do .... 11, 124 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ............................... __ ................ 9. 69 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Total weight of dry· coal consumed ............................ · ......... pounds .. 10, 046 

Total ash and refuse ......... · .. __ ........................................ do.... 1, 780 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ........... · ........................ per cent.. 66 

30. . {pounds._ 8, 266 Total combustible consumed ......................................... . . .do .... a 8, 032 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17. 7 

PROXll\IATB ANALYSTS OJ.' COAL. 

Percent Per cent of 

of coal. combuotiblc. 

:~2. Fixed carbon .................. _ ......... __ ........................... . 38.21 50.86 

33. Volatile matter ...................... _ ................................ : 36. 91 49. 14 

34. :Moisture........................................... . ................ _. 9.69 ·····------- .35. Ash ..... ___ ........... _ ......... _ .................................... . 15. 19 ---------·-- ----------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately <letermined ... : .. __ ............................. __ .. 4.4 -...... -- .. -.. -.... -

UL'fDIATE ANALY~IS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .................... ~ .......................... : .......... .. 64.10 77.06 

38. Hydrogen (H) ............................................... ---------- 4.54 5.46 

39. Oxygen (0) ........................................ -- ................. . 8.56 10.29 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......... -.................................... __ ......... . 1.11 1. 3::! 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... .. 4.87 5.86 

42. Ash .. __ .................... -'-- ............................... _ ....... . 16.82 ------·---·-

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received: ................................. . 9.69 .. .. --...... ----.. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 429 

ANALYSTS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon _______ . ______ . _. ____ . _____________ ... _______ ... ____ ... __ ..... per cent.-

45. Earthy matter ______ .... __ .... __ ............. -...... -·. -- ... · ... -... -.-.do .. --

18.22 

81. 78 

FUEL l'ER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .. _ ................. _. __ .. __ . _ .... _ ....... pounds .. 1,012 

R32 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour ---------.--.--.--------------- · ------ d -- o ___ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. _ ....... -1- ..•...... - .. . do.---

a 809 

24.9 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .. -.- ..... ·.{::~::::: . 41 

a.398 

CAl,OHIFlC YALUF. OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen C'alorimetcr per !JOUml of dry coal, B. T. U ......... -- -.- 11, ~55 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... ----.- 14, 252 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .... __ . _. _ .. _ ..... --.... 11, 673 

53. Calorific ·value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ...... _ ........ -.. --- 14, OR3 

QUA T.ITY 01<' STRAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam _____ . _. ___ . _ ..... ____ : .......... -- .. -... --.---- . 446 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .. ___ ....... _ ............. -... :-.--.--.-.---- None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam = unity) .. _ .. __ . __ .. ___ ....... ____ ....... per cent.. .99.65 

57. 

58. 

n9. 

60. 

61. 

V/ATER. 

Total weight of water fed to boiler_ .. ___ -·-_._ .. ____ ._ .... _._ .. __ ....... pounds .. 61, 615 

Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212 degrees. ________ . _____ .. ___ .do._._ 72, 669 

Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. ____ .. _._ .. ___ ._ .do .. _. 61, R98 

Factor of evaporation .. ___ .. _ .. _. ____ ... _ .. __ . __ .. _. ____ . _. ___ ... ____ . __ . _. _ .... 1.1794 

Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212 dt>grees .... _pounds .. 72, 41:~ 

WATER PRR HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam. ___ ._. ___ . __ .. pounds.. 6,183 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° __ . __ . __ . _. _. ____ ._._._ .. do.... 7, 292 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface_ ....... _ ...... __ ... _ ..... _._ ................. _ .......... _._. pounds._ 3. 59 

65. 

66. 

67. 

HORSEPOWER. 

Horsepower developed (34! ponnds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . _ .. ___ .. _ .... __ ... _ .. _ ... __ . __ .:. __ . _. __ . __ 

Builders' rated horsepower._ .. _ ........................... __ ...... _. ___ ._ ..... . 

Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _. __ ... __ ... __ .. __ ._. _____ .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

,210 

100.7· 
430 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

F.CONO:\IIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under aetna! conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 -+-item 25) .............................•...... __ .. ___ ... _ .. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as tired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) .•......•.........•................•...•...............•... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ..••........••..............................•........ : ...... _._.pounds .. 

:Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. J- .do ... . 

(Item 61-+-itern 30) ______________ · __ .... ____ ...... ____ ............... [ .. do ... . 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........ _ .. do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION, 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .. _ ...... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating l ,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ... _ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evai.orating] ,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ... _. _ .. __ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKF: OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage_ of smvke as observed ................ · .... _ ......................... . 

\V eight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained fron1 smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of tiring (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ....................... , ... _ ......... :: ........ inches .. 

82. Average intervals befween firing for ead1, furnace during time when tires are in normal condition ..................................... _ ....... _ ........ minutes .. 

"83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................. do ... . 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF TilE DRY UASES. 

Carhon'dioxide (C02 ) .................. _ ............................. per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) .................................... _____ ................. · ... do .. .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................. _ ....................... , ........ do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............... _ ................. , ........... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............ __ ............... · ............ _ ... do .. .. 

u Calcu luted from chemistry of ash. 

5.54 

6.51 

7.21 

8. 76 

a 9. 02 

59.36 

({ 61. 12 

58.73 

$1 

$1).0902 

$0.0768 

37 

. 035 

Alternate. 

7 

4.8 

60 

8.5 

11.14 

. 04 

80.32 
v co 

t----- ~"----

! ~ 

1\ 

v .A 

I ~ 

I 

1/ ' ~ \ ~ ~b 0 

/ 
432 OPEHATTONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

BEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTIOX 01•' THE HEATIXG VALUE OJ.' THE CO:\JBUSTJHLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ........................... _ .. 14,252 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler =evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ............. : .................................. .. 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-,_ 

100 X [ (212- t) + 9()6 -j 0.4!-\ ( T- 212)] ( t =tom perature of air in the 

boiler room; 1' = that of the flue gases) ..... _ ................ : ..... __ .. 

;{, Loss <lue to moisture formed hy t.h,. burning of hyd:-oge:;; =per eent uf 

hydrogen to com bu,tiblc-+- 100 X 9 X [ ( 212 - t) 1- 966+0.48 ( T- 212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carrie<! away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T ~ t) .............................. .. 

5. Loss rlue to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible. _ CO,+ COX- 100 ---X 10, loO .. -----------------------

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaecountml for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately iterni?:ed if data are obtained from which they may 

B.T.U. 

8, 710 

164 

625 

2,63.5 

37 

be calcnlated) ................ __ ........................... _... .. .. .. 2, 081 

REMARKS. 

Dry eoal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.92 pounds. 

Dry coal per _electrical horsepower hour= 4.8.5 pounds. 

Per eent. 

(( 61. 12 

1.15 

4.38 

lit 49 

.26 

14.{)0 

100.00 

------------------------------------------- a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 433 

TEs'r No. 19.-Regtt/((ir cmd special observations on test of Illinois No.2 coal (washed), October 4, 1.904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.97 hours.] 

---~---~- --·-----~--------~·--- , --- --~---

Time. 

7.21 ------------

7.40 ---.--------

8 ---------------

8.20 --- --· ------

8.40 ------------

9 ---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 .. -----.----

10.--- .. -.---- -.-

10.20 -------- ·--

10.40 ----------

11. -·. ·-.----.-

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12--- -·---------

12.20-.---------

12.40----.------

1 ---------------

1.20 ------.-----

1.40 ----.-.-----! 

2 -------------· 

2.20 ---- -·--- ---

2.40 ------------

3 --------------

3.20 ·----------· 

3.40 -.... --.- .. - 4 _____________ _ 

4.20 ---·-- -----

4.40 -----------

5 --------- ·----

5.19 ---------- -· 

Total ___ _ 

Average_ 

Steampressure 

gage. 

87 

f-17 

77 

81 

78 

93 

103 

82 

91 

90 

85 I 

83 

86 

80 , 

78 

81 

80 ' 

90. 

91 

86 

84: 

93 

93 

95. 

87 

86 

!JO 

87 

!JO 

,rrempcratures. , Calorimeter. · Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

---·--1--~----~---- T 1 1 ln fur· 

Flne · \Vater n .

100{' nace, Out-· Boiler gases, Steam separated . 1

,n in 

sitle. room. hase of discharge. !n 10 m~lfes inches CO,. co. 

62 

63 

65 

67 

68 

69 

70 

72 

74 

75 

75 

75 

75 

76 

77 

77 

77 

78 

77 

77 

77 

77 

77 

76 

76 

76 

75 

74 

63 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

n 

75 

77 

76 

7S 

79 

80 

so 

80 

80 

81 

82 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

81 

82 

83 

82 

82 

stack. m1nutc::. w~ter. w~ler. 

510 

540 

640 

535 

565 

517 

3. 93 . 019 

550 4. 60 . 015 

5.')4 I ___________ . ___ _ 

561 

556 

5:~4 

562 

564 

565 I 

575 

.54:~ 

520 

570 

546 

550 

559 

535 

546 

570 

591 

587 

590 

4.34 . 022 

4.13 .022 

4. 11 . 012 

4. 73 .023 

4.27 .015 

4.27 .015 

0.47 

. 47 

.46 

. 45 

. 47 

.11 

. 34 

. 47 

.46 

.48 

. 45 

.47 

. 47 

.47 

.47 

. 47 

. 47 

.46 

.02 

. 47 

.40 

.46 

. 33 

. 29 

. 35 

. 48 

.50 

. 50 

. 47 

0.07 

.14 

. 19 

. 16 

.16 

.06 

. 12 

.18 

. 21 

. 22 

. 17 

. 25 

.16 

.16 

.16 

---- --~-------- --.--- 7.31 12.2 0 

9.4 9.6 0 

9.4 9. 7 0 

8. 5 11. 9 0 

.14 7.4 12."0 0 

::: ::~-:~: ::~~~~:/:::::~ . 17 

.14 

. 20 

. 15 

. 02 

. 12 

. 16 

.14 

.16 

.14 

8. 2 11. 6 0 

8. 3 12. 7 0 

8.8 11.2 0 

!! ---~~-1---~~- ---~~~- :::::::::::::::: --~~~~- --~~~- --~_-;· --~~--~- -----~ 2,685 2, 193 lz, 333 16, 626 - 38. 54 ---:-162 12. 63- 4. 49- 84. 4 u-4 - --o 

86. 6 73. 1 177. 7 554 4. 28 . 018 . 421 . 15 8. 4 11.4 0 

-----.-~---
434 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 19.-Regular and special observations on test of Illinois No. 2 coal (washed), October 4, 19MContinued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Tjme. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-----

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.2L ........... 29i 2t --------.-.-I------------ - ~ ----. --------------·--- 7.51 ................................. 20 42- 700 700 2,338 2,338 

8.28 ----------------- 38.} 4% 700 1,400 3,318 5,656 

9.05 --..... ---- .. -.... -- .... 32 3!i 700 2,100 4,473 10,129 

9.44 .... -- ...... --- .... ---- .. 38~ 3~ 700 2,800 4, 140 14,269 

10.25--------.-------- 38 3! 700 3,500 4,554 18,823 

11.06 --·------------- 33! 3£ 700 4,200 4,546 23,369 

11.47 ·--- ---· -------- 36! 5! 700 4,900 3, 747 27,116 

12.28 ...... ----- .... --- .. -.. sn 3!i 700 5,600 4,244 31,360 

1.10 ----------------- 31 4~ 700 6,300 4,565 I 35,925 

1.5~ ----------------- 411 lit 700 7,000 4, 761 I 40,686 

2.40 ------------- ---· 39 4i 700 7,700 4, 191 44,877 

3.22 ----------------- 38~ 4! 700 8,400 4,005 48,882 

4.05 -~---- ----------- 33 4! 700 9,100 4, 129 53, Oll 

4.46 -.. -.. -...... --- .. -.. -.. - 35i 4! 700 9,800 4,737 57,748 

Close, 5.19. _ ... ______ . 36! 3li 

' 8 296 10,096 3,720 61,468 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Obsen·ation. Time. Observation. 

---

6.------ Fire started. 2.07--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

6.30 --·- Boiler under a load. 2.35 -·· Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.15---- 'Fire cleaned. 2.58--- Cleaning fire. 

7.21 ---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 3.09--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

8.38---- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 3.31 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

10.07--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 4.02 --- Do. 

10.51--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.28--- Fire raked. 

11.12--- Cleaning fire. 4.58--- Cleaning fire. 

11.26 .. : Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 5.11.-- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.01 --- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 5.19--- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

1.05---- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

131 firings during test. 
• 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Illinois No.2 coal (washed). 

Test number, 19. CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety, 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

435 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes appa: 

ratus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Illinois No. 2 (washed). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date· of trial, October 4, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .........•....................•••.....•......•......... hours.. 9. 97 

DDIENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3 .. Grate surface ............................. : . ...............•...... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ...........•........................•...................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................•.. do ... ·. 

4. Height of furnace ............................ : .. : ..................... inehes .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ......................... .' ....... do ... . 

6. Proportion of air spaee to whole grate surfaee ............... : . ........ per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ............................... , ................... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney .................................... do .. _. 

6.4 Kind of draft ............................................................ _ ... . 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

. 7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ..................•............ feet.. 

7.::\ Number of tubes ....................... · ...................................•... 

. . . .d {inches .. 7.4 Dmmeter of tubes (outs1de-ms1 e) .................................. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Hatio of water-heating surface to grate surface .............................. , ... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... , 

11. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer .. ___ ... __ ._. ____ ._. ______ :_. ______ .. _ .... _. ___ -{inches of mercury". 

.......... pounds .. 

11.1 b . :-L {··do .... Steam pressure y gage per square mcu .............................. . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of \l'ater .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ........•........................................ do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ................... ~ ........ · .............. do ... . 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. l 

29.48 

14.47 

86.6 

(/ 101. 07 

. 42 

. 15 

0 
• 

436 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15 .. Of external air _ .... _ .......... _. _. _- _. _ .. _. _: _. _ .... __ . ___ . _. _______ .degrees._ 73. 1 

16. Of ffreroom .... _ ........ _-.- .... -....... -.-.-..... _. ___ . _ ... _ .. __ .. ____ .do ... _ 77. 7 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

Of steam _ . _____ ... _ .... _ . _ .. -............. _ . _ .. ______ : ____ . ______ .. __ . _do ___ _ 

Of feed water in tank ________ . __ . _ ... ___ ... ____ . ____ ... ____________ ... _._do. __ _ 

Of feed water entering eeonomi7-er _ .............. _. ______ .. ________ . ___ .. do. __ _ 

Of feed water entering boiler ... ____ .. __ .. ____ . ___ .. ______ .. _ .. ________ . ___ do ___ _ 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ..... ___ ..... __ . _. __ . _______ . _. _. ______ ... __ .do. __ _ 

22. Of eHcaping gases from economizer _ .. __ ... _. _ .... _______ . ______________ .. do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace._.: ___ .. ____ ._ .. _ ..... _._ ... ___ ._. ___ ._ .. ____ ... _. _. ___ . ___ .. do. __ _ 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Si7-e and condition: Slack, dull-small, 20 per cent; -slack, 80 per cent. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire_ .. _._ ........ ___ ....... ____ ._· ____ .pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .. ________ .. _. _____ ... __ .... _ .. _ .. ____ ... _ ..... _ .. do .... 

Percentage of moisture in coal. .. _ ... ___ ..... ____ . _ ...... __ ........ _ . ____ . __ . __ _ 

Total weight of dry coal consumed. ____ .... _ .... _._._._._ .... _._ .•. __ ... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse .. _ ... _._., ............... _._ .......... _ ...... ____ . __ ._ .do. __ _ 

Quality of_ ash and refuse: Clinker ......... __ ..... __ .. _ .. _ ... ___ ...... per cent .. 

328. :~ 

74.3 

178 

554 

None. 

10,096 

10.45 

9,041 

930 

55 

30. Total combuHtible consume<l. ___ .. ___ .. _ .... ___ ... _. _ .. _. _______ . ____ _ {

pounds.. 1'1, 111 

__ do .... a7,S43 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL _. _ .. __ .... ___ . _____ . ___ ... ___ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. 4 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXL\IATE ANALYSIR OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ........ _ . _ .......... _ ..... _ .... _ . __ ................ _ .... . 

Volatile· matter.- .............. : .. _ ... _ ......... _ ..... -.- .... _ ... ___ ... .. 

J\foistu rc __ . _ .. ___ ... __ ... _ . __ ..... _ . _ ................. _ . _ ... _ . _ ... _ . _ .. 

Ash __ ............................. . 

Per cent of coal. 

41. 72 

37. 77 

10.45 

10.06 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

52.48 

47.52 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined _ .. _ .. __ .. ___ . ___ .. ________ .•• ___ •. ·_. _ .• _ 3. 36 .. _________ _ 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY GOAL. 

37. Carbon (C)-------·--·----------------·-·---·-------·------------------ 69.39 78. 17 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....... ____ . ____ .. _______ .. ___ . _. _____ . ______ . ________ . __ 5. 12 15. 77 

39. Oxygen (0) _____ .. _ ... _. _. __ .... _ .. _ ...... _ .. __ ... ____ . __ . _ .. _____ . __ .. 9.50 10. 70 

40. Nitrogen (N) ·_ .............................. · .... _. _. ____ . __ . ___ ... ____ . ]. 01 1.14 

41. Sulphur (S) --·------------------------·--····---·----·---------------- 3. 75 4.22 

42. Ash ......................... -- ........... ___ ... _ ..................... . 11.23 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal ~s received~._ ........ __ ...... ______ ........ __ . 10. 45 ... _ ...... __ 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash.· 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .... ____ ................... -------- .. ----------.----- ....•.•.. per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter ............... -............. ------- .. -....... ----- ....... do.---

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........... .- ............................... pounds .. 

47. .{ __ do .... Combustible consumed per hour .................................. _ .. . . .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .....•....... -........... do ... . 

49. • {"do .. .. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ....... _ .. ..do .... 

CALORIFIC VA UJE OF FUEL. 

437 

19.57 

80.43 

907 

814 

a787. 

22.36 

. 401 

b. 388 

50. Calorific_ value hy oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .. _ .•..•..... 12, 569 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B·. T. U ... _ ..... 14, 159 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ ~2, 683 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 14.287 

QUAI. .. ITY OF STRA::\L 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................ _ ....... _ .. ___ .. ___ . 

5.5. Number of degrees of superheating ..................................... _ .. __ .. _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 418 

None. 

99.676 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....... • ....................... __ .... pounds .. 61, 468 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................ _ .. do._._ 

59. Water. actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam . : .... __ ... __ .... do __ .. 

60. .Factor of evaporation .. __ .: .. .... __ .................. __ .... _ .. _ ......... _ .. _ .. _ 

72,551 

61,269 

1. 1803 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .... __ ...... pounds .. 72, 315 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .... __ ........ pounds.. 6, 145 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .. ____ ........ ____ ...... do .. __ 7, 253 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ...... - . -- -......................... -- ... -................... pounds. . 3. 57 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ..... __ . _ ........ ___ ......... _ ..... _ ...... .. 

H6. Builders' rated horsepower .................... · __ ....... ·_ ..... ·- __ .. __ .. ___ .... _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ... _ .. ____ .. __ .. ___ ... ____ . _. 

o. Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

210.2 

210 

100.1 
438 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERA'l'IONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS, 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal"as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) __ ....... _ .... _. __ ... _ .... _ .................•... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ..... __ • __ .. _________ .... _____ . -~ ..... _ ..... ______ .... _. __ .pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) _ ..... ____ .. ______ .. ______________ ... _ .. ____ ....•.. _ ..... _ .....• pounds •. 

Eq(~t:~e= t :~:::r;~~o;~ _ ~~~~~- -~~~- ·a·t· -~~-2_ _ ~~~- ~~-t~~~- ~~ _ ~~~~~~~i-~1~~ _ {: ::::::: 

EFFICIBNCY. 

Efficie~ey o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed ~)y the boiler per pou~Hl of com- { per cent .. 

bust1ble dJYlfled by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .... , ... _.do._ ... 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by·the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ___ .... _ .. _per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION, 

74: Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) _______ . __ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed cond,itions. _ .. __ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212°. _. _. _ .... 

77. 

78. 

79. 

8)-IQKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................. ____ ..... __ ..... __ 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter . _ ... ____ . __ . ____ ... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter _____ .. __ . ____ . cubic inch.es .. 

l\fETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or cooking) __ ---- .. __ : ---·-- -- .... ---- .. -- .. 

81. Average thickness of fire .. __ ~ .. ___ • __________________ ...... ____ .... __ .. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor6.09 

7. 16 

8.0 

8.!!2 

a 9. 22 

60.83 

et62.88 

61.47 

$1.00 

$0.082 

$0.07 

26.6 

. 028 

Alternate. 

6 

mal condition ..... ____ .. ______ ...... ------- __ . ____ .. _. ______ ...... minutes._ 47 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .. ______ .... __ .. <lo. __ . 43 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS 01~ THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) __ .... __ .. __ ••• __ .... __ •• __ -- • __ ... -- ..... ----.per cent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) ____ .. ______ ....... ____ . _ . ____ .. __ .. : __ .. __ ... ____ . __ . ______ do __ __ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) _. __ __ ...... : .. __ .. __ __ __ ... __ .... ____ .. ____ .... do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. -·-- ....... ______ . __ .... __ . ___ .. __ . ______ .. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ______ . __ . ________ .. ______________ .......... do. __ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

8.4 

11. 4 

80.2 
l 

t~ r -~ v 

\\ \ 

t 

\r\ i' !? 

'\ ~ ,. (i_ ~ 

0 

[\ ~ 

~ ~ 1\ ! 

Q 

: 

1\ \ v I ~ / "' 

\ ' :l 

""' 

', ll 

1\:\ 0 

\0 \ I~ 0 

c ; ,. r 

' \ L ~~ r 

"' I~ 

t 

1\ 1;:,; j ,, 0 ,o 

L~ 1 .~ 

- lr.. - c )> 

1 .}· ~ -»t...'J ~" a 

nY 1\~ {)l --- " 3 0 '~ )> 

r ,~ 

1\~ -l 

)!'• ['I 

" -j 

"' --- "' , 1 .. )> c ll t 

\z \ ,-\l c ~ I~ 

"' J "' {J) 

)> "' z (JI 

tJ 

\ ~ \ c I 0> 0 

" " ::<1 I -j JJ 

"' f "' ['I I 

"' ')> 

" 1\ 3 ., I& "' .11\ -l 

16 l () 

t "' \ ~- I ~ ~ 115 7. ro 

"' ,'a 0 (!) 

= 

1\ ~ g ~~ : L~ VI -j ;: r 

'\ JJ 

' f c 

10 ~ J "' t ~ 

\ "' r~ ~ j~ ,'b G\ c 3 

I )> JJ ., ['I ~ I ()\ :z f] 

\ 

,. 

\~ ) I ()\ (I )> "' I "' ;:1 3 I 

r ll 

\ (J \t "' "' (JI ; ]> 

~- -j .'2 ~ ;Q 

\'\ "' 1/ ['I ['I 

~ .;,._..& "'.0 '" "! ,\ \ / L: ~';" r 

\ L f K \ 9--

1\0~ \ j ~ - \ '?~ I ri1 >o 

y 

. \ ~ ~ 

t I~ 

\ J r:s o I 

I, [\\ R 
440 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRI.BUTIOX OF THE HEATING VALUF. OP THE COl\fBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible ...................................... 14, 159 

n. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° pef pound of 

combustible X 965.7.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 904 a 62. 88 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in ~he 

boiler room; T =that ofthe fine gases)............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible '-100 X 9 X [(212 -l) + 966-1 0.48 ( T- 212)].. 657 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases =weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (1'- t)... ... ... . .. .... .... ...... .. .... 2, 641 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible CO~+CO X-----100 ____ - X 10,150 .................. ······ 0 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated)........................................................ 1, 790 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.54 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.3R pounds. ------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

1.18 

4.64 

18.65 

0 

12.65 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 441 

TEST No. 38.-Reyular and special observation8 on test of Illinois No. 3 coal, October 26, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.133 hours.] 

-~--.-,- -~~-------------------- --~---- -----

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gn:.;es. 

------~-~- ----~- -~ ~------ ----------

Time. 

Steamprc:o;surc 

gage. 

I Ponnds. 

7.29 -·········" 81 

7.40 ............ 78 

8 .............. 85 

8.20 ........... 84 

8.40 ......... ... 85 

9 .............. 106 

9.20 .. .... ...... 100 

9.40 ........... $8 

10 .............. 84 

10.20 ........... 74 

10.40. ...... .... 74 

11.............. 81 

11.20 ........... 89 

11.40 ..... . .... 84 

12 .............. 85 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 .............. . 

1.20 .......... .. 

1.40 -- ......... . 

2 .............. . 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 ... , ...... .. 

3 .............. . 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 .......... .. 

88 

91 i 

91 i 

89 

93 

94 

93 

74 

80 

79 

85 

Outside. 

o P. 

40 

40 

42 

46 

49 

51 

52 

52 

5:3 

54 

56 

58 

.59 

60 

61 

62 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

62 

Boiler 

room. 

oF. 

44 

46 

48 

51 

51 

53 

5.5 

56 

58 

n'o 

62 

63 

64 

66 

I 68 

66 

66 

67 

67 

68 

68 

68 

69 

69 

69 

Flue Water gases, Steam separated 

base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

0 P. Pounds. Ponnds. 

651 

665 

675 

640 

625 

625 

650 

620 

624 

652. 

580 

605 

623 

620 

589 

610 

650 

665 

630 

625 

(}15 

665 

670 

675 

675 

4. 22 0. 036 

5. 20 . 082 

4. 04 . 032 

--------~--------

4.291 .041 

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ 4.26 .021 

4.63 .03 

4. 43 . 034 

3.98 .032 

In hoOd, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

In fur- nace, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

0. 72 0. 20 

. 72 . 20 

. 74 . 27 

. 51 . 20 

.52 

.53 

. 67 

. 50 

. 63 

. 69 

. 31 

. 43 

. 40 

.42 

. 40 

:43 

. 66 

. 68 

. 68 

. 2.5 

. 62 

.69 

. 66 

. 67 

.ll7 

.21 

.23 

. 29 

. 19 

. 23 

. 2.5 

. 05 

.14 

. 12 

.15 

. 15 

.17 

. 25 

. 24 

.19 

.10 

.10 

. 20 

.27 

.26 

. 29 

co,. o,. co. 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

6.0 14.4 0.0 

7. 5 12. 6 . 0 

7. 2 14. 0 . 0 

7. 8 . ... ... .0 

7. 2 13. 1 . 0 

7.2 13.0 .0 

7. 6 12.4 . 0 

4 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 78 62 69 660 3. 83 . 017 . 68 . :'\21 ................. .. 

4.20 .. .. .. . .. .. . 76 62 68 650 .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 65 . 36 ................. .. 

4.40 ............ 84 59 66 645 ........ -------- .68 .34 7.6 12.7 .3 

5 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 75 57 65 610 3. 62 . 016 . 66 . 28 ................. .. 

5.20 ............ 72 56 62 610 ........ ........ .65 .10 ................. .. 

5.37............ 81 ................................................ 5.8 14.8- .0 

Total..... 2, 701 1, 689 1, 852 19, 099 42. 50~ 17. &2\"6.35 63. g 107. 0 ~ Average • • 84.4 56.3 61.7 636.6 4. 25 . 034 . 5841.212 7.1 ~-1 _· ~ 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--10 
442 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TES1' No. 38.-Regular and special ob.~ervations on test of Illinois No.3 coal, October :86, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of wuter. Weight of coul burned. Weight oi water fed to boiler. 

'rime. ---- -c-----~1--------:------1-- ---------

In tank. In gage glttss. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-------- ~~1-----~1------1------~ 1-----~- --~--- -~----

Start, 7.29 ........... . 

7.58 -.-----.---------

8.37 ..... -- .... -.... . 

9.24 ................ . 

10.08 

10.44 

11.34 

lnche!!,, 

40 

16~ 

:m 

45 

39 

39t 

45 

12.26 .......... ...... 44 

1.14 ................. 38 

2.or ................. 4:3! 

2.44 ................. 38 

3.21 ............. ... 43z 

4 .................... 3tH 

4.38 .·................ 35 

Close, 5.37 .. .. .. .. .. . 40 

Inches. Pounds. 

22- ------------ 4~ 700 

3t 700 

2t 700 

3! 700 

3 700 

2, ·1 700 

4! 700 

!>l '-'1 700 

5 700 

3t 700 

3~ 700 

2 700 

4 700 

')1 -2' 437 

Pounds. ·Pounds. Powuls. 

-----... -- .. -- -----------· --- .... ------- 700 

I 

1,871 1,871 

1,400 4,014 5,885 

2,100 4,510 10,395 

2,800 4,440 14,835 

3,500 4,039 18,874 

4,200 4,835 2:3, 709 

4,900 4,603 28, 312 

5,600 4,510 32,822 

6,300 4,750 37,572 

7,000 3,492 41,064 

7, 700 4,025 45,089 

8,400 4,746 49,835 

9,100 3,822 53,657 

9,537 5,331 58,988 

. ---- ~---~--'------'--------'---

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDfTIO);S. 

--------------------------------------

Time. Observation. 

6.45 .... Boiler under a load. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 

7.29 .... 'Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

7.55 .... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

8.17 .... Fire raked, 5 in~hes thick. 

8.35 .... .Fire raked, G inches thick. 

9.33 .... Do. 

9.51. ... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

10.05 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.18 ... Do. 

10.31. .. Fire raked,·9 inches thick. 

10.37 ... Fire sliced. 

10.56 ... Cleaning fire, heavy. clinkers OJ) 

removed easily. < •• ~-

grate; 

Time. ObservatiOIJ. 

11.0.5 .. Fire eleancd, 8 inches thick. 

·11.32.. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

12.32 .. Fire raked and sliced, 7 inches thick. 

2. 04 . . . Cleaning fire. 

2.14 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thic~k. 

2.56 .... Fire raked, 6.incl1es thiek. 

3.30... Do. 

4.20... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

4.27.: -I Fire sliced. 

4.53 ... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

5.05... Cleaning fire. 

5.20... Fire eleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.37... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

Refnse dark and heavy. ·Coal burnc::d freely with long flame. iiG firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Illinoi8 No. 8 coal. 

CONDITIONS 01'' ROlLER TRIAL, 

Test number, 38. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, LouiBiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, lVIo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

443 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not ope~ated. Hughes dpparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Illinois No. 3. 

l):ind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, elear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 26, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ...................................•...••.............. hours .• 

DDIENSlONS AND PROl'ORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ................................ -----,----- ............ S'}Uare feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ................................. ·;·--- ......•............. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........... , ........ ~ .................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furna<~e ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ........................... per cent .. . 

6.1 Area of chimney ........................................ ·_ ......... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of cl raft ................................................ _ ...... __ . ___ .. _ . 

7. Water-heating surface .......................................... ~ .. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... : ...................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .......................................................... _·_ .. 

. . . . . {inches .. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes ( outsule·-ms1de) .................................. . · .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .............. , ........ · ............ . 

AVEHAGE PRESSURE~. 

·Barometer ______________ . _______ • _. ___________________ : __ :_{inches of mercury .. 

. . ......... pounds .. 

. · {_.,do .... Steam pressure by gage per square mch .............................. . . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace .................................... , ............ flo ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................................... -~lo ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.133 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. i 

29.66 

14.56 

84.4 

<t99 

.584 

. 212 

0 
444 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A YERAGE TEl\fPERATUUES. 

Of external air ..... __ ....... __ .... _. ____ . __ .. _________________ . _. ___ .<legrecs. _ 

Of fircroom ..•......... __ . _ ... ______ . ___________ . _________ .... __ .... ___ .do. __ . 

·of steam ----·-. _____ --------- .......... ______ . _ .. ____ ... ____ . _________ .. do ... . 

Of feed water in tank. _ ....... __ . __ . _. ___ . __ . _ .. _____ ... ______ . _ ..... ___ .do ___ . 

Of feed water entering economizer. __ ... _. ___ . ____ . _______ ._ ...... _. __ .... do .. _. 

Of feed water entering boiler ..... : ____ . _ .. ______ .... _ .- . _ .. _ .... __ . __ . ___ do. _ .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler . __ ... _. _. ___ .... __ . ___ ... _. __ . _ ... __ ._ .. __ .do .. __ 

22. Of escaping gases from economize~- ... _c •••••••••••••••••• _._ •• __ ._. __ •••• do._._ 

~2.1 Of furnace ....... _ -.- . _ .. _ .. _ ..... _ . ___ .. _ .. _. ___ .. _ .. _. __ . _. _ .. ____ ... _.do. __ . 

, FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slaek, 50 per cent; dull. 

56.3 

61. 7 

::126.9 

5R. 6 

181 

637 

24. \Veight of wood used in lighting fire---------------------·· ......... : .. pounds... None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired _____ .. ---------- ______ ... -----'- ..... ___ .......... do.... 9, 5:37 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL _ .... ___ .. _ ... _ ... _ .. _____ . ___ . _. _______ . _______ _ 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumfKL. __ .... __ .. ----- __ ----·- ________ .... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse.·. __ ....... _ ............ _ .......... __ . __ .... __ ... _ .. _do_ . _ . 

8.51 

8, 725 

1,370 

29.. Quality of ash and refuse, <~linker .............. _ ...................... per cent._ 57 

30. . {pounds . _ Total com bnst1 ble consumed_ .................... _ ........ __ ......... _ · __ do .... 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in <lry coal .............. _ ......... __ ..... ___ .. __ . _ 

32. 

::!3. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIl\fATr<: AXALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon 

Volatile matter.'. __ ._._ ... _____ ._ .... __ . __ .· .. - __ ._. ________ . _. _____ . __ _ 

Moisture._ .· .. __ .. ___ ... __ .. -. ___ . ____ . _ ... _ .. _____ . _ .. ___ . , __ . ____ . __ 

Ash-------------------- ______ --------------------_·------ ___________ _ 

36. Sui phnr, separate] y determined . _____ . _____ . __ .. _ .. ___ . ____ . _ .... _____ _ 

ULTDIATF: AXALYSIS OF DRY COAL, 

37. Carbon (C)---------------------·---------------·--·---------------·-·· 

38. Hydrogen (H)---------------- __ ----_--------.--_.--------- ..... _--·---

39. Oxygen (0) ... __ ----- -·-- ----.--------.---------------.----------.-----

40. Nitrogen ( N) .. _ ... _____ -- .. ___ . ___ .. _____ -. _____ . ~ ____ -. __ - . _. _______ . 

41. 1

Sulphur (S) ... _-- .. --- _---.--.- _---.,- ... ---.--- .. -----.--. __ .. ___ . _ .. 

42. Ash . _____ -. --.--.-- ... ------- -- ------------ -- -- - ----. ------ ----- - -- - -

Per ceJJt 

of eoal. 

48.75 

31. 19 

8.51 

11. 55 

100.00 

1.5 

71.52 

4. 5:l 

8.18 

1. 52 

1. 64 

12.61 

100.00 

7,355 

a7, 163 

15. i 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

60.\!8 

39.02 

100. 00 

81.84 

5.1S 

9.36 

·1. 74 

l. 88 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sam ~)le of coal as rccci ved _ ....... _____ ... . • . . . . • . . . . • • • • • • . 8. 51 ........... _ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

A'SALYSIS Of ASH A!\D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ...................... -..... _ ............................... _per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ................ -.. _ ........................ -.- --......... do ... -

}<'UEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consun1ed per hour ................... _ .... : .................. pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ...... _____ .. _____ . __ ................ . { 

.. do .... 

. • clo •.•. 

48. Dry eoal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

4\J. · {··do .... Combustible per S<JUare foot of water-heating surface per hour ........... _ do .. __ 

CALORIFIC YALUE OF FUEL. 

445 

33.73 

66.27 

861 

725.8 

a 706.9 

21.23 

. 357 

b.348 

50. Calorific value hy oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _ ....•....... 12,857 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of eombnEtible, B. T. U .......... 14,712 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..............•......... 12, 645 

,'}3. Calorific value by analysis per pound of com hustible, B. T. U .•...... _. -~ .......• 14, 470 

QUALITY OF RTEA)I. 

.54. Percentage of u)oisture in steam ... · ............................................. . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ..................................... _ ...... . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unit}•) ....... _ ... _. __ ..... _ ............ per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 796 

None. 

99.39 

57. Total wei.ght of water fed to boiler ..... __ .............................. pounds .. 58,988 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .......•............ _ ...... do .... 70,544 

5\J. ·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 58,628 

60. Factor of evaporation .. _ ............... -·-...................................... 1.1959 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ..... _ .•... pounds .. 70, 113 

62. 

64. 

WATEH PEH HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ................. _ .. _._.do ... . 

Equivalent evaporation per hour fi·om and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

.5,786 

6,919 

surface ........................................................... _ .pounds.. 3. 41 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour il)to dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _ ... _ . _ .. ___ .... __ .. _. ___ . _ .. _. _______ . _. __ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ..........................................•.......•. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .............. _ ............. . 

« C~tlculated from che1nistry of ash. 

200.6 

210 

95.52 
446 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOl\o!IC H.ESULTS, 

68. ·water apparently evaporate(i under aetual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) ------- ............. ----- ............ -------- .... pounds.o 

69. Equivalent evaporation fr01,n and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 -+-

item 25) ............................ ______________________________ .pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 6_1-+- item 

27) _____________ . _. ____ . ____ _ : ___ _ : _____ . __________________________ pounds._ 

71. Equivalent c~aporation fr<;nn and at 212° per pound of combustible) __ (~0- __ _ 

(Item 61 --o- 1 tom 30) ___________ ... _ .. ______________ . ________ . _______ l- _do __ • _ 

EF.FICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (bent absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) __________ .do. __ _ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, ineluding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ______ . ____ per cent._ 

COST 01<' EVAPORATION. 

7 4. Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 poimds delivered in boiler room (assumed) __________ _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pou!l<ls of water under observed conditions .. ___ _ 

76. Cost of fuel usen for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water f'tom and at 212° . __ . _____ _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE UBSERYATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as obsen·ed _____________ ... _____________ . ___ • _. ___ • ___ .. __ ~ 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. __ . _____ . ____ .. _____ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained ·from ~moke meter __ . ___ . _____ ._ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

6.19 

7.::!5 

8.04 

9.53 

b9. 78 

62.42 

b64. 2 

60.39 

$1.00 

$0.0808 

$0.068 

11.4 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) _--- ___ --- _- _---.- _- _- ___ - _. ___ -. Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire ... ____ -·_-_._-.-:-_-----_--.-.----------_-_-.- .inches._ 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition _________ - _ .. __ - _- ___ - _- _- _--- _- _----- _----- _---- .. --minutes._ 5. 2 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking tip ___ -_- ___ - _____ .do. __ . 37 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANA"r.YSIS OJ<' THF. DRY OASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02.) _--------------- ~-------------------.----------per cent.-

Oxygen (0) _____ .. --- .. ------ _-.---.-.--------- .. -. ---.---------------.do .. -. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) . ---. _-- .. - _- -- .. --- -.----- .. -------- ------------.do .. --

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons._. _____ . ___ --- .. _---_-_-----_--.--_-------- .do.-·-_ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) -----------------.------------ ______________ do ___ _ 

7.1 

13.4 

.04 

79.46 ------~--------------- ---------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
t•~~+-+l\r4~~--r-rt-~+-T-~~~-r-r-J~IIil I\. 

\ 

1 

1/ 

\. 

! 

_\ 

I? '/ 

L~ 

-< 

"' 

['1 

b )> 

// :l 

\ 

~ 

v 

j 

\ 

L 

lX 

"" ~ .. 

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s~ .. < 

.. 

"'"' , Cf" <;))> ,, I~ [" 

IJ) 

~ 

.n 

0 
448 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

·HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THR HEATING YALUB OF THR CO::\t:BUSTIRLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 14, 712 

1. IIeat absorbed by the boilcr=evaporation from and at 212° per pouwl of 

eombustibleX965.7 ·-·· ............................................... . 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible~ 

100 X [(212-t)t966t0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the flue gases) ................................. . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen=pcr eent of 

hydrogen to eomlmstible+l00X9X [(212-t) f-91l6t0.48 (T-212)] ..... 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustible x·o.24 X ( T-t) ................................. . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

.CO per cent C in combustible 

C02+COX 100 ··-Xl0,150 .......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccol!-nted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be cale1~lated) ....................................................... .. 

RF.).fAUKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=3.52 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.34 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of asll. 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

9,444 "64. 2 

141 .96 

616 . 4.18 

3,9Vl 26. () 

47 . 32 

551 3.74 

100.00 
( 

! 

BOILER TESTS. 449 

TEsT No. 48.-Regnlar wulspecia/. obserrntions on test of 1 tlinois 1'\o. 4 eoat," November 7, 1904. 

Time. 

Steanlpressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.067 hours.] 

Temperatures. j Calorimeter. I Dmft pressures. Flue gases. ________ [ _____________ _ 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water gases, Steam separated 

base of dlschurge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

In hood In fur-

. in • n~l~e, 

Inches inches 

of of water. water. 

co,, o,. co. 

-~-~ -----·-------

8.02 -· -·-- ... -.. 

S.20 ------------

8.40 -.... -- ... -. \) ______________ _ 

9.20------------

9.40------------

10 ···--··-- -···· 

10.20 -----------

10.40 . - -... - - -.. 

11 ·-----------·-

11. 20 -------- .. -

11.40 -----------

12 --···----·--·· 

12.20 ---------·-

12.40 . -.-- ... --. 

1 ______________ _ 

1.20 ·-----------

1.40 .. --.- ·.--- .. 

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------ ...... 

3 -----·---------

3.20 -----· ------

3.40 ---- .. -- .... 

4 ---------------

i Ponnrls. 0 l'. op, Patmcls. PonndB. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

so --- -.. --... - .... -- - .. --... - ..... -.. -- .. -. - .. -- .. --... - ------ - .. -- .. 

90 ------ ------

95 

92 

8\) 

97 

87 

83 

87 

86 

,9-l 

88 

88 

91 

83 

105 

83 

81 

92 

S6 

90 

88 

S6 

93 

so 

49 

52 

48 

49 

50 

52 

55 

60 

62 

63 

65 

66 

66 

67 

66 

66 

()6 

65 

66 

65 

66 

63 

50 

52 

54 

.56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

67 

tiS 

70 

70 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

72 

72 

71 

71 

70 

56.5 

635 

6.50 

610 

620 

625 

.5:37 

532 

u.Sf> 

660 

65.5 

()33 

628 

625 

643 

637 

625 

::::::::1:::-::::1 I 

620 --.. -.. - -- - - --- -

620 -------- .... ----I 

tHO 

.520 

535 

655 

662 

0 . .55 

. 55 

.GO 

. 50 

. 55 

. 65 

.60 

.60 

. 55 

.GO 

.52 

. 51 

.51 

.48 

.. 52 

. 52 

. 51 

. 50 

. 56 

f • f)5 

. 57 

. 55 

.56 

. 56 

0.0{) 

.13 

. 15 

. 12 

:~{ 1--;_-~- --~~--;- -----~ 

.22 ...... -.------ ·.-----

.10 -----·'------- -----· 

.B 

.14 

. 15 

.16 

.16 

. 17 

.17 

.19 

.11 

. 22 

. 2:3 

. 23 

.11 

.lf> 

.18 

.19 

I ··---· ------

6.61 13.5 0 

I ------~------- ------

6.0 14.5 0 

4.20------------ 92 61 70 650 ---------------- . .s.s .1\) -------------------

4.40 .... _ .. .. • .. s2 60 68 m>o ___ .... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ . m . 20 .. _ ... _ ........ _ ... 

5 ............... 93 59 67 643 ---------------- . .57 .23 ...... -------------

5.20 ------------ S3 58 67 615 ~-------- ·-------1 .56 .25 ------ ------- ...... 

5.40 ------------ 7S 55 66 620 ~-------- ........ ------- -----· 7.6 12.8 0 

6 . -. -. -. - - -.. - . - 7S . -.. -- . ---. . 590 . --. -. -..... - - -- . 5:~ . 06 -. . . . . . -... -. 

6.06 --------------~~~,,._~,==~ .55-~~·-:··--~~ 

Total _____ 2,S01 1,6S6 1,S46,19,1751-------- -------- 16 . .50 4.85 32.6 69 0 

__ Average .. --=_ __ 60 66 ~-=~~~----16 6.52 13.8 0 

a l\Ioisture assumed, l per cent. Readings wrong. 
450 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

T~cST No. 48.-J. egular and special observations on test of Illinois No.4 coal, November 7, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

Height of water. __ Weight of co~tl burned._! Weight of water fed to boiler. 

In tank. I In gage glass. During period. Total. I During period. Total. 

--------

lnc/ws. Inches. Pounds. l'ounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

:t~~~·- ~~~~ ~ ~:::::~::::I ::: !! j· ---.. ~: ~~;- ------ ~~~~~-1------ ~: ;;~·/"· --- -~~;;~ 

" 0."3:LJ "' ... ---- .. ------ ·--- 36 4! 597 1,696 3,187 6,315 

10.17 ------------ ---· ~ 2! 572 2,268 3, 195 -~~ 

10.58 J ......... : ... .. 

11.40 ........... , .. .. 

12.27 .............. .. 

1.09 ............... .. 

1.52 -------------. ·--

2.39 ............... .. 

3.17 ................. , 

3.59 ................ . 

4. 34 ..... ~- .... -.. -.. 

5.07 ............... .. 

Close, 6.06 ......... .. 

40i 

351-

44! 

:~~I 32 

41i 

42 

42 

3t 

2i 

2~ 

4 

li 

2~ 

2 

2 

I! 

4~ 

2i 

682 2,950 2, 758 

672 3,622 4,305 

672 4, 294 3,965 

672 4,966 3,395 

672 5,638 4,034 

672 6,310 4,102 

672 6,982 2, 136 

672 7,654 4,423 

672 8,326 3,892 

8,998 3,250 

369 9,367 4, 717 

6721 

·---------'--------'---------------

RECOlW OF FURNACE CONDITIOKS. 

-----------

'l'ime. Observation. 

Fire banked during night. ·· 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 

8.02.... Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

8.21 ... _ Fire raked, 3 inches thick. 

8.40 _. _. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

9.40 .. _. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

10.15... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

10.30. . . Cleaning fire. 

10.37 _ _ _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

12. . . . . . Fire rake(', 7 inches thick. 

12.33... Do. 

12.45 _ _ _ Fire sliced. 

1.18.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Ti1ne. Observation. 

1.40 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

2.14 .. . .Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

2.24. __ Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

2. 48 . . . Cleaning fire. 

3.01... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

3.24... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.09 _. _ .Fire rakeJ, 7 inches thick. 

4.49 .. _ Fire raked, 9 incl1e~ thick. 

5.25... Fire raked. 

5.34 ... Cleaning fire. 

5.41 . _ _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. · 

6.06 _.. Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

12,268 

16,573 

20,53S 

23,933 

27,967 

32,069 

34,205 

38,628 

42,520 

45,770 

50,487 

-------"-----'-------------------

Ash, dark-red color. Coal burns freely with long flame. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Illinois 1.Yo. 4 coal. 

CONDITIO~S OF ROlLER TRIAL. 

Test number, 48. 

:M.ade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, .M:o. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

451 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Illinois No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of start\ng and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 7, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....•....................•...........•................. hours .. 

DI.MENSIONS A~D PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ........................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ..............•............................... : ...... inches .. 

5. Apprvximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ...• 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. · 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimJ?.ey above grate .................................. : . ....... feet .. 

6.3 Length of :flue connecting to chimney .............. _ ..................... do._ .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................................... : . . ~ ....... _ ........ _ ..... . 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................................. square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... _ .................. _ .... feet .. 

7.3 Numberoftubcs ...................................•.......................... 

. . . . · .{inches .. 7.4 Dmmeter of tubes ( ontstde-mstde) ..................... _ ............ . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................ _ .feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ....................................... __ .:._ .. square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .. __ ......... _ ...... __ ........ __ .. . 

Itatio of minimum draft area to grate surface .......... _ ........ _ ...... _ ........ . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ____ . _. ___ . _. ___________ .. ___ .· _________ -.-- _____ -{inches of mercury .. 

· .......... pounds .. 

_ . h {·. do .... Steam pressure by gage per square me .................. _ ........... . .. do .... 

Force oi draft betwee1,1 damper and boiler ................ _ ...... inches of water .. 

Foree of draft in furnace ................................................. do ..•. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit. ......................................... do ... . 

---- -------~----------- ------- a Absolute. 

10.067 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21. 58. 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

Noue. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.45 

14.45 

87.7 

a 102; 2 

.55 

. 16 

0 
452 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20.' 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AYERAGE TE::'IIPERA'l'URES. 

Of external air ........................ _ ................... · ........... degrees .. 

Of fireroorn ........ __ . _ ............ _ .................................... do ... . 

Of steam ................. _ .. ·_ ............................................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ........................ : .. ~ ........................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................ _ ................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler. ............................................ do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .............. _ ......................... do .. .. 

22.1 o·f furnace ---- -- ------ ---- -- -.. -- .. - --- -- --- -- - - - - - - -- -- -. -- - . -- - ---- --- --do.-- -

FU.EL. 

23. Size and condition: Lump, dull-90 per cent lump, 10 per cent small. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .... .' .. __ .. __ .. __ .................. pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ....... __ .............. __ .......................... do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry eoal consumed .................... - ................ pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ...................... -............. per eent.. 

60 

66 

329.2 

60 

618 

None. 

\1,367. 

13.47 

8,105 

1, 171 

64 

. . . {pounds . . 6, \134 30. Total com bnstlble consumed .......... -- .. --.------------------------ .. co 1 .... a6,837 

31. Pcreentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ....... _................................ 14. 44 

PltOXDIATE A~ALYSIS OF COAL. 

32. Fixed carbon .............................................. -....... -.-. 

33. Volatile matter .......................... _ .... _·_ .............. __ ....... . 

Per cent Per •!cnt of 

of coal. combustible. 

41. .59 

33.48 

.55.4 

44.6 

34. 

3.5. 

l\1oisture .... _.......................................................... '13. 47 

Ash··--··-··-···--------·--··------------·----·---------------

36. Sulphur, separately determined 

tH.TDlATE ANALYSIS OJ<' nH.Y COAl-'. 

37. Carbon (C) ...................................................... --- .. . 

38. Hydrogen (H) .... _ ............... _ .. _._ .................... _ ... -..... . 

39. Oxygen ( 0). __ ........................................................ . 

40. 

41. 

·42. 

43. 

Nitrogen ( N) ............. __ ............... __ ......................... .. 

Sulphur (S) ................... _ ...... _ ........ _ .......... _ ..... _ ...... .. 

Ash .. _ ......................... _ ....... __ ...... _ .............. --- ... -. 

Moisture in sample of coal as received .... _ ..................... -.. ---- .. 

"Calculated from chemistry of nsh. 

11.46 

100.00 100.00 

1. 28 -- -- .. -- -- --

69.9 

4 . .59 

9.48 

]. 31 

1. 48 

13.24 

100.00 

13.47 

80.56 

5.29 

10.93 

1. 51 

1. 71 

100.00 
BCliLER TESTS. 453 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ________________ . ____ . ____ . ______ . ____ .. ___ .. _ . , .... _ ..•....•• per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ... _ ......... _ .. _ .. ___ ... _ ... _ ... _. _ ...... -......•....•••• do ... : 

16.61 

83. 3\l 

FUEL PRR HOUR. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

Dry coal consumed per hour_ . __ .. _ .......... __ . _ . ____ ... __ .. _ .... _. _ .. pounds .. 

. · f .. do __ . _ Combust1ble consumed per hour .......... ----.-------.----·-----·.· --1 ..do ___ _ 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour_ .. __ .. __ ... __ .... __ ._ ... do . _ .. 

805 

689 

n679 

19.84 

49. { 

.. do .... Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... . ..do .... 

CALORTFIC Y ALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........ _... 12, 427 

51. Calorific v:J.lue by oxygen ealorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... _ .... _ 14, 323 

52. Calorific \'alue by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U __ ... ___ ... ___ ... _ ..... _ 12, 339 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ... __ .. _ ....... __ ... 14,222 

54. 

55. 

QUALITY OF STEA::H:. 

Percentage of moisture in steam_ ...... __ .... _ ... _ .............. _ ..... , .. :._ .. _ .. 

Number of degrees of superheating_._._ ... _._._ .. _. __ ._._. ___ ........ ___ ._ .. _._ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity), calorimeter thermometer out of order, so 

assumed .•••••..............•....••.......... _ .......•............ per cent.. 99 

WATRR. 

. 389 

57. Total weight of water fed to lJoiler _. _ ...... _ .... __ . _ .•.. _ .•.. _. __ ._._ .. pounds._ 50,487 · 

58. Rq ui valent water fed to boiler from and at 212° . _ ......................... do_. _. 60, 842 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. _._ .. _ .. __ ...... do .... 49,982 

60. Fact?r of evaporation .. _._ .............. __ ..... _ .. _ .... _ ... __ ...... _._ .. _._. __ . 1. 1952 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .•.•.....• _.pounds .. 59, 738 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ........ _ ..... _ pounds.. 4, 963 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .. __ ... _ ..• ___ .. ___ ._ ... do.... 5, 932 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ........ ' ...... -........... - _ . __ . _ .. _ . _ ... __ .... ____ . _ ... _. __ pounds.. 2. 92 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = l horsepower) _ ..... __ . __ ......... _ ... _.. . ... _ .... __ .... _ 172 

66. Builders' rated horsepower _ .•.•...... _ . _. _ . _ .. _ ... __ . _ ......... _ ...... __ . _ ... _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower deYeloped _ ... _. __ .... _. ___ .. _ ...... _. _ 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

210 

81.86 
454 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO>f!C RESULTS. 

68. Water ~pparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 +item 25) ..................•..... -----·--·----------··---Pounds.. 5. 39 

69. Equivalent evaporation· from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ..•........... _ ..................... -.... -- ... -............ pounds.- 6. 38 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +-item 

27) _ .. _ ... __ .. __ . _ ... _. _ ... _ ... __ ...• _ .... _ ............. _ ..... _ .... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible.[-· do ... . 

(Item 61 +item 30) .......... --~ .... _ ..... _ ................ _ .. _ ... t .. do ... . 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat ~alue of 1 pound of combustible) . . .. . .. .. . do .... 

78. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .. _ .... _ .... per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATIO:S. 

74. Cost of ~oal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)_ ........ .. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ... _._ 

76 .. Cost of fuef used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ..•.. _ •.. _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~IOKE OBSERVA'fJONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ....... _. __ ..... _ ........ _ •..• ____ ........ __ .. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter . __ ..... _ ....... __ .. ounces .. 

Volmhe of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

>IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .......... _ ....... ____ .. _____ ..... 

81. Average thickness of fire ... __ .. _. __ .............. _ ............ _ ..... _ .. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for eaeh furnace during time when fires are in nor83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

137. 

Sil. 

mal condition ..... ___ ....... _ ........... _ ....... _ ................. minutes .. 

Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ............. _ .. do .. _. 

ANAl.YfsiS OF THE D.RY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) --·- ....... _ .. __ • _ ..... _ ........... _ .... _ ... _ ... per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) ........... - _ ......... , .... _ ........ __ ................ _ ..... do .. _. 

Carbon monoxide.(CO) .... _ .. __ ............ ______ -------- .. _ ........... do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons._, .... _ ............... _ •.. ___ ----- __ ... __ ... do._ .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N). __ .. __ . _ ... __ ... _. _ .. ______ .. ----........ _ .. do .. __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7. 37 

8.61 

as. 74 

58.05 

a 58.93 

57.27 

$1.00 

$0.0928 

$0.0784 

9.!l 

Alternate. 

9 

33 

6.52 

13.8 

79.68 
~ r 

\ \ t 

~ :; ..0 

r ,\ 

""' 1\ t 

~ \ [7 

0 G> 

\ F 7 k> f'\ J . . 

x~ 1\ \ ~ I \ -t 1\ 

\ \ .\ 0 '\ 

I 3 

- w \ -l 

~ 1\. r 

\b ., 1/ ~ t;, ..., 

~ r t 

'~ c 3: c ["'1 

::! I 0 

u; j:j ., \ )> )? -< 

,;J, lJI i r 

1\: -l I r" ,.. =z 3 t 0 

Y- ~ -----~ !" lJI ~ 

'6 Al -; 

~~ )> ,.. \'o s -; 

Vkl )> 'C / 1 I~ U\ :>J . T-o-

~ ,.. 

v 0 . 0 }> 

"' c "' rn ~ ~ z ' z t ~~, ~ ~ I~ ;u -; 

~ --i 

~ )> 

-< "' , , rv :u ()I Cl I') ., '\ 0 " ["'1 ;!J 

~/ , 

- z \) " )> 

·* (n 

f ...\ 

f\ c 1\~ I" Cll , f'l ;ll 

"' (j) ,.. "' ~ f= U1 

t 

\ \"1~ , "J'. '"" :>J =z 

r.~ j :>J ,.. f'\ , G'l v ~ 

\'6 \ ~! ~ z 8 \ ? (/) , 0 r 

\ ~ ~\ :. 

'\''i {; t 

1 ~ i/ ).' f'\ 

.1:> 

~ ~ r 

0 

= 

/ \ , \ 

"" Ut 1\ / . \ ll . I t~~ I I -l ! \ l I 

i'; 11' ;1[~ }> b "'o b b ~ < 

:II~ ,., "' ' "':>J ~'" Ol> c :>J, "' 1(11 
456 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTUIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF 'l'HE C01\IBURTillLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 14-, 323 

R. T. TJ. 

L Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

eom busti ble X 9G5. 7 . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . ll, 440 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible -7-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 'I'= that of the fiue gases) ............................... . 244 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible --7- IOOX9X [(212-t) +966+0.4S (T-212)].. 622 

4. I.oss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t)................................. 4, 034 

5. Loss clue to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+COx----10_0 ___ X10,150 ························· 0 

6. Loss due to uneonsumed hydrogen and hydroearbon~, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be ealculated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • . 983 

RE:\[ARKR. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.83 pounds. 

Dry eoal per eleetrical horsepower hour = 4.73 pounds. 

a Calculated from cllemistry of asll. 

Per cent. 

a 58.93 

l. 71 

4.34 

28. 16 

0 

6.86 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 457 

TEsT No. 50.-Regular and ~pecial observations on test of Illinois No. 4 coal, November 9, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.017 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter., Draft pressures. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

l<'lue Water In hood, 

gases, Steam SCJ?arated in~~es base of discharge. ~n 10 of 

stack. mmutcs. water. 

In furnace, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

Flue gases. 

co •. co. 

-------1---·1-------------1---------·--------

7.35 --------- --· 

8 .............. . 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 ........... . 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ...•. -..... . 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ··-· ......... . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............. . 

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 ..•. -- .... -- .. 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 ........... . 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 ........... . 

4 .............. . 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 .............. . 

5.20 ··-········· 

5.36 

Pounds. °F. 

84 

90 

85 

80 

86 

86 

80 

83 

82 

90 

83 

84 

83 

81 

83 

85 

81 

90 

84 

83 

76 

83 

82 

84 

8,') 

76 

82 

82 

74 

83 

84 

40 

41 

41 

41. 

41 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

41 

42 

43 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

41 

41 

40 

40 

39 

op, 

48 

48 

49 

49 

49 

50 

52 

54 

55 

56 

54 

54 

55 

54 

55 

54 

54 

53 

54 

56 

56 

56 

52 

52 

50 

49 

49 

50 

50 

50 

50 

oF. Pounds. Pounds. 

515 

565 

570 

560 

576 

580 

570 

550 

575 

555 

574 

565 

564 

583 

575 

565 

560 

575 

570 

555 

575 

590 

560 

585 

565 

570 

585 

572 

535 

651 

571 

4. 38 0. 023 

4. 38 . 02 

4.13 .023 

4. 24 . 02 

4.16 . 03 

3. 93 . 032 

4.10 .031 

4. 40 . 04 

3.96 .028 

3. 89. . 045 

0.48 

. 51 

.52 

.54 

.47 

.48 

.51 

.49 

. 51 

.47 

. 48 

.49 

. 49 

. 51 

.53 

. 51 

.54 

.58 

.54 

.47 

. 50 

.50 

. 51 

.53 

.52 

.73 

. 73 

. 65 

.40 

.76 

.15 

0.11 

.16 

. 16 

. 19 

.20 

.15 

.25 

.15 

.22 

.13 

.15 

. 22 

. 21 

. 22 

. 23 

. 21 

. 29 

. 23 

. 27 

.16 

.19 

.15 

. 27 

. 23 

.28 

. 39 

. 41 

. 33 

.10 

. 31 

.05 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.8 ........... .. 

8.1 .... -· ... ···-

8.0 ........... .. 

7.6 ........... .. 

7. 8 11. 2 0. 0 

7.1 12.2 .0 

6. 9 13.3 . 0 

7. 5 12.5 . 4 

7.2 12.8 .0 

6.0 13.6 .0 --------------1------------------

Total .. .. . 2, 574 1, 287 1, 617 17,661 41. 57 

Average . . 83 41. 5 52 570 4. 157 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-11 

. 292 16.05 6. 62 74.0 

.0292 .52 .21 7.4 

75.6 

12.6 

.4 

.07 
I 

458 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

T~'sT No. 50.-Regulctr and special observations on test of Illinois No.4 coal, November 9, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. lnc/les. 

Start, 7.35 ............ 40 5 

8 on = ~ ..... - - .. - - ... - - - .... - .. - .. 4t '"" 

8.25 . -----------.---- 39 2! 

8.48 .. ----- . --------. 37 2i 

9.27".--.------.-.---- 371 3 

10 . -.-- .... --.- ..• --- 39t 3~ 

10.51 .. -- .. -. ------...... - 33~ 3 

11.25 --.------------- 40 2z 

12.01 --- .. -.... --... -- .... - 29§ 2~ 

'12.33 ------- .. -------- 36~ 3 

1.15 __ · _______________ 41~ srr 

2.12 . --- ... -.-------- 39t 4~ 

2.42.--------- .. --- .. 3Rt 4 

3.19----------------- 41 2i 

3. 55 . -- -- -- -- -- -- . -- - 37 41 

4.33 ----------.------ 45 4 

Close, 5.36 .... __ ...... 40 4i 

Weight of coal burned. 

-------~--

During period. Total. 

-~·~--

Pmmds. Pounds. 

~-- ..... --.-- .. ..................... 

700 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,1:i00 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

700 7,700 

700 8,400 

700 9, 100 

700 9,800 

700 10,500 

250 10, 750 

--~--

Weight of water fed to boile r, 

During period. 

~~~--

Pounds. 

------------ 2,218 

3,136 

2,654 

4,238 

3,414 

4,430 

3,591 

4,424 

2,586 

3,970 

4,214 

3,077 

3, 775 

3,525 

3,41'3 

'4, 7:33 

Total. 

~-

Pounds. 

. ----...... -- .. 

2,2 

5,3 

8,0 

12,2 

15,6 

18 

54 

08 

46 

60 

no 

81 

0-5 

fll 

61 

20, o. 

23,6 

28,] 

30, 6. 

34,6 

38,81 -.5 

52 

27 

52 

41,9 

45, 7' 

49, 2• 

52,6 

57,4 

70 

03 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

'ime. 

-----

5 .... 

7.·. 

7.3 

8.3 

9.2 

9.4 

9.4 

10. 

10. 

11. 

4 .... 

5 .... 

2 .... 

8 .... 

26--. 

38 ·--

] 7--. 

Observation. 

Boiler under load duririg night. 

Fire cleaned. 

Test started; fire 2 inches thick. 

Fin; m ked, 6 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Do. 

Fire sliced. 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

--~ 

Time. 

12.30--

1.13 ... 

1.41 --. 

1.53--. 

2.57--. 

3.29--. 

4.08--. 

4.52.--

5.05--. 

5.36 ... 

---~-----

Obscrv ation. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Fire sliced. 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 5 inch 

Fire raked, 6 inches 

es thick. 

thick. 

thick. 

thick. 

Fire raked, 7 inches 

Fire raked, 8 inches 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 5 inch es thick. 

Test dosed; fire 2 in ches thick. 

·--~ 

Ash of a gray color and light in weight. Coal burned very freely with long flame. 86 firings 

during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test pf Illinois No. 4 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAl ... 

Test number, 50. 

~Iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, .Mo. 

Kind of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as fuel. 

459 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Illinois No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, raining. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

'rype of boiler, water tube. 

\. Date of trial, November 9, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial.··---- ...... ------ .... __ ..... __ ........... ------ ...... hours.. . 10.017 

DDiENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .......................................... _ .... _ ..... square feet.. 

3.1 Wi<lth of grate.---·-· .... __ ........................... _____ .............. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ...................................... __ ._ ............ _ .. do._ .. 

4. Height of furnace ........................................... ___ ....... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .. __ ...... __ .. _ .... ___ ._._ .... _ .. do. __ . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ..... _ .... _ ..... _ ..... _ ... _ per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney ........................................... _. __ .. _.square feet ... 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ..................... _ ......... _ ... __ ._ .. __ ...... feet. ... _ 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................... __ ........ _ .... _ ... _ ... __ .. do ..... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .... _ ...... _ ....... _. _ ...... _. _. _ .......... __ . _. _ ... _ ... _. _ .. ___ . _ .. .. 

7. 'Vater-heating surface._ ............. ." ........... _._ ......... _ ....... square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell.----- ........ -------- ................. __ ...... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ·-·-------··-···: ............. feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ........................................ _ ..... ·--.-- ........ __ 

· f b ( "d · . 1 ) {inches .. 7.4 Dmmetero tu es outs1 e-ms1ce -------······-····------··········· · .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ........................................... _ ...... feet.. 

8. Superheating surface ............ -.................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ......... _._ .. _ ....... __ ._ .. _ ..... _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate s·urface ....... _ .. _ .... _ .... _ ... _ .. _. _ .... _ .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometei ____________________ . ___________ . _. __ .. ______ .. _ rnches of mercury __ 

.......... pounds._ 

. 1 {· .. do .... 11.1 Stearn pressure by gage per square me 1. ••••..••••••...•.. _ .• _. _. _ •. _. 

· ... do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Foree of draft in.furriace .......................... _ ..........•...... _ ... ,do ... _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit --------··-----·-························do ..•. 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6. 15 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.32 

14.39 

83 

U97. 4 

.52 

. 21 

0 
460 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AV.BRAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... dAgrees .. 

Of fireroom ....................................................... __ .... do .. .. 

Of steam ................................................................ do. __ . 

Of feed waterin tank ............................. _ ............... , ...... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ...... _ ................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler..... . __ . ____ .......... _. _ ............... __ .do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler .............. __ ... ~ __ ..... .. .............. do __ .. 

Of -escaping gases front econoinizel" . ___ .... ___ ... _ ... ______ .. _. ___ ...... __ ....... do .. __ .. 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ..•. 

PUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per cent; slack, 40 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ............ __ ..................... pounds .. 

41.5 

52 

325.6 

57 

186 

570 

None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ................................................... do .... 10,750 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 58 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds.. 9, 398 

28. Total ash and refuse ...................................................... do.... 1, 299 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker. .................................... per cent.. 67 

30. . · d {pounds.. 8, 099 Total combustible consume ....................................... .. · . ...do .... a7,924 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ......... _ ....... __ . _ ....... __ ........ __ 13.82 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS O.F' COAt •. 

Per cent of coaL 

:Fixed carbon .............. __ ......... __ .......................... :.. . 43. 63 

Volatile matter ........ _ .................. _ ............ _ .......... __ ... 32. 44 

Moisture .................................. _ ..............•......... __ . 12. 58 

Ash .. _ .•.......•..... _ ..•.... __ ..... __ .••••.. _ ......... _............. 11. 35 

)00. 00 

Percent of 

combustible. 

57.35 

42.65 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...... " ............... __ ............... . 1.36-------------

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

ULT!l\IATE ANALYSTS 01<' DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C) ...... __ . __ .•. :. __ ... __ .. __ .. __ ........ __ ........ . 

Hydrogen (H) ... _. ................................................... . 

Oxygen ( 0) _ ...................................... ____ ............... _ 

Nitrogen (N) ... _____ ... __ ................. ___ ....... __ ............. .. 

Sulphur (S) ......... _ .................. _ ......... __ ................. . 

Ash ........... __ ... _ .. _ ...... _ ............ _ ......... __ • _ ....... ____ . _ 

70.02 

4.60 

9.51 

1. 33 

l. 55 

12.99 

100.00 

80.47 

5.29 

10.93 

1. 53 

1. 78 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . __ ............................... 12. 58 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

A~ALYSTS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon •....•... ___ .. ___ .................................... _ .. ; .... per cent.. 

45. Earthy rnattcr •................ : .......... -... : .......................... do ... . 

FUET, PER HOUR. 

46. ·Dry coal consumed per lioilr . ~ .... ~: .. : ... ~ ....... ~ ... : ..... .......... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per ho.nr, ...••................................ {

-·do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry coal·per square foot of grate surface per hour . .' ..................... _ .do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... . {

--do .... 

.. do .... 

CALORU'IC VALU.E OF FUEL. 

461 

19.56 

80.44 

9.38 

809 

a 791 

23.13 

. 398 

(t. 389 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 12, 459 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 14, 319 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coaL B. T. U ......................... 12, 362 

53. Calorific value by analysis· per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 14, 207 

QUALITY OF ST EA)f. 

Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . . 698 

Number of degrees of superheating ................................ _ ........... . 

54. 

55. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) ................................. per cent .. 99.47 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ..... : .............................. pounds .. 57, 403 

58. Equivalent water fed to.boiler from and at 212° .........................•. do .... 68,729 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ........ _ .•....•.. do.... 57, 099 

60. Factor of evaporation ................. · ............ _ .... _ .. _ ......... __ .....•.. _ 1. 1973 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212~ .......•.•.• pounds.. 68, 365 

WATER PER HOUH. 

62. Water evaporated per honr, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 5, 700 

63. E.quivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .....•...•.• __ ...•.... __ .do._ ... 6, 825 

64: Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ....................................................... _ ..... pounds. . 3. 36 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° ~ l horsepower) ...... _ ....... _ ........ _ .... __ ........ ____ .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ............................. __ .. _ ...... _ .. _. __ ... _. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ................. __ ........ : _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

197.8 

210 

94.2 
' 

462 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOlUIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(I tern 57 +- item 25) .................•.....................•........ pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pourid of coal as fired. (Item 61 +-

iteln 25) • ___ •. ___ • _.... . . _ .• _. _ ...........•. ___ ............... _ ... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from an<l at 212° per poun<l of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ____ . _ .. ___ . __ .. __ ... _ .... _ .. _. _ • ___ . _ ...... _ •... __ .......• __ ... pounds.' 

71. Eqnivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible) .. do ... . 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

(Item fll +item 30) _. __ • __ • _. __ .... _ ........ __ ...•..............•.. l. .do ... . 

EFFICIENCY, 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of i pound of combustible) ........... do .. 7 • 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .... _ .. _._._ per .cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .. _ .... _._. 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _. _ ..... _. 

Sl\!OKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed __ ...... _ ......•.......•. _ ............. · ....... . 

·weight of soot' per hour obtained from smoke meter ..... _ ....... _ ....... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ...... _ ........ cubic inches .. 

!1-IETHODS OF ]<'IRING. 

5.34 

6.36 

7.27 

8.44 

a 8.63 

56.92 

a 58.2 

56.35 

$1.00 

$0.0936 

$0.0786 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ...... __ ... __ ._ ... _ .... _ .... _._... Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire .... _._ ........................................ inehes.. i 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace'during time when tires are in norJnal condition -----------------------------------------------------Ininutes.... 7 

83. A vcrage intervals between times of leveling or breaking up . __ ............. do.... 46 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANAJ..YSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ........ _ ...... _ .. _ ... _ ........ _ ................ per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) .......................................... ____ .............. do .. ,. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ..•• 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ......... _ ................................... do •.•• 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.4 

12.60 

.07 

79.93 
r\\ l 

\ I t 

\ \ 

: n I 

tf-.-

11 \ I 

oc=; \ 

\1 1\ r ~ 

yh l:t \ ~ :; 

6 \ I 

" 0 

"' \~ \0 f 

\~ \~ t 

r 0 

~ v ·~.J bo 

·~ 0 2 

\ ;: \~ ~ -1 0 -1 

!.; ~ c ~ 11 )l 

r 0 I 

' ~l ... "' ;ll 0 Q) 2 8: 0 0 11 

t 

\i \ 3 

~ Ill n "' ;o -1 :;> (J) 

"' "' Ul 

\ 

-1 

\ ~: 3 "' ~ 2 ;II 2 0~ 3 

11 "' :r t 

~ ~/ .. 0 )l 

E 2 0 c )> 

\ 0 

t ~ -1 :ii ;;; .. r~ 0 ~ _\ '"I -I "' ~ t> -1 

~ ~ I" ro / 3 (J\ 

l' 

"' '"\ ] 1\ 1\ . c 

\ \ I ;o 

I" 

\ 

\ \ . \ \ v 

/ \ 

\ \ . \ T 

1 ':/ 

?:oo j \ / I 

b' . \ \'\ \ '\_ -1 

t 

·:t ~·· 

\ v ?' 11 > ~. < 

~~-,;o c>f'l~ 

~$~~ 

= -

>) 

:r 

Go 

6t 
464 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. 'f. U .........................•... 14,319 

B. T. U. 

1. Heat ab~orbecl by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .......... ' ... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 334 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture reterred to combustible+ 

100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( 1'- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) ............................... . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

4. 

5. 

6. 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212- i) f-966+ 0.48 ( '1'-212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( 1'-t) .•.•..•.•..••••••.•..•.•.•...••• 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+COX 100 X10,150 --------········:···-------

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in tho air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) ................................................•......•.. 

RE::'t'IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.89 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.8 pounds. 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

215 

618 

3,313 

77 

1, 762 

Per cent. 

a 58.2 

1.5 

4.32 

23.14 

.54 

12.3 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 465 

TEST No. 73.-Regular and special observations on test of Illinois No. 6 coal, December .6, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.916 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood, In furin nj~e, 

inches inches 

of of water. water. 

co,. o,. co. 

-------~----- ---------·1----1-------------------

7.58 ------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------

9 ------·---------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------ - ----: 

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 ------- ___ : 

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 - - ---------

12--------------

12.20-- ----· ·---

12.40 ----------- 1 ______________ _ 

1.20------------

1.40 -----------. 

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3 ------ .. ------. 

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------ 4 ______________ _ 

4.20 ------------

4.40 ------ ----.-

5-- ------··- ----

5.20 ---·-· ------

5.40 ------------

5.53 ------------

Pounds. ° F. oF. 

82 

91 

92 

101 

92 

97 

101 

100 

96 

99 

99 

91 

99 

100 

97 

103 

97 

103 

100 

101 

100 

101 

103 

\J7 

100 

103 

100 

96 

89 

102 

28 

29 

31 

32 

34 

35 

36 

36 

37 

37 

37 

38 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

42 

42 

43 

44 

43 

43 

43 

42 

41 

39 

36 

34 

41 

42 

44 

45 

47 

48 

49 

50 

50 

51 

52 

53 

53 

54 

54 

55 

56 

56 

57 

57 

57 

59 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

58 

57 

56 

° F. l'punds. Ponnds. 

600 

595 

595 

600 

605 

600 

600 

595 

600 

576 

565 

625 

640 

635 

650 

650 

629 

635 

640 

640 

620 

645 

675' 

660 

650 

660 

635 

575 

655 

655 

4. 59 0. 025 

4. 8 .02 

4.8 .047 

4. 89 .035 

4.8 .031 

5. 05 . 027 

4. 89 . 019 

4. 96 . 031 

4. 74 . 02 

82 ------------------- ----------------

0. 57 0. 19 

.58 

.55 

.62 

. 65 

.63 

.69 

.65 

. 70 

. 69 

. 68 

.71 

. 69 

.73 

.73 

.71 

. 73 

. 73 

.71 

.68 

. 72 

. 73 

.73 

. 73 

.70 

•. 72 

.19 

.16 

. 21 

. 23 

.23 

. 28 

. 27 

.30 

. 27 

.15 

. 23 

. 20 

. 29 

. 22 

.26 

.25 

. 27 

. 29 

.15 

.20 

.17 

. 22 

.26 

.28 

.30 

. 18 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

6. 0 14.0 0. 0 

6. 6 13.3 . 0 

6. 5 13.5 .'0 

5.8 14.2 .0 

6.9 13.3 .0 

7.1 12.9 .0 

7.3 12.9 .2 

7.0 13.0 .1 

7. 4 12. 7 . 1 

6. 7 13.7 .0 

.74 

.73 

.57 

.22. -------------------

-----------1------1---------------

Total .• _ _ _ 3, 014 1, 102 1, 600 18, 705 43. 52 . 255 19.80 6. 47 67.3 133.5 .4 

Average ... 97.2 38 53.3 624 4.84 . 0283 . 69 . 23 6. 73 13. 35 .04 
466 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEs·r No. 73.-Regular and special observations on test of Illinois No. 6 coal, December 6, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal hurned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

--- ----- --

Inches. Inches. Ponnds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.58 ............ 40 2t -.. ---- .. ----.. -...... --.-.. --- .. -- .. -.... -.. -.... ------------ 8.31 ----------------- 37 2~ 700 7{)() 2,628 2,ti28 

~ n• I 41 

:t I 700 1, ~~~ I lJ.~u ................. 4,804 7,432 

10.56 ................ 45 1,400 "2, 800 6,895 14,327 

ll.3}) ................ 36if 3 700 3,500 2, 777 17,'104 

12.13 ---------------- 3tit 4i 700 4,200 3,418 20,522 

12.51 ···········----· 41! 4f 700 4,900 3,353 23,875 

1.30 ..... -........... 40t 6} 700 5,600 3,985 27,860 

2.06 ............. ---- 34 3t 700 6,300 3,866 31,726 

2.46 ................. 34 3! 700 7,000 3,805 35,531 

3.17 --- . -... -..... -.. 36 .:Jt "700 7,700 3,600 39,131 

3.50 ................. 39t 3t 700 8,400 3,584 42,715 

4.24 ................. 38t 41. 700 9,100 3,638 46,353 

5.12 ................. 4:.} 4} 700- 9,800 4,348 50,701 

Close, 5.53 ......... _ .. 40 2t 543 10,343 4,288 54,989 

. RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

----------------·-------,,--

Time. OusenHtion. Time. Observation. 

--------------·------- -·----------------------

No load on boiler during night. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 

7.58 .. __ Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

9.47 __ .. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

10.44 _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

11.14 . _ . Cleaning fire. 

'11.28 __ . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

1.45 _ .. _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.22 . _. Cleaning fire. 

2.33 . . . Fi~c cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

3.47 ... Fire. raked, 8 inche» thick. 

4.17... Do. 

4.58 .. . Cleaning fire. 

5. 08 _.. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.fi3 __ . Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

------------------~----~-------------------------

Ash dark gray, light in weight. Coal burned freely; clinkered considerably, but clinkers easily 

removed; fire handled easily. 87 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Illinois No. 6 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 73. 

M.ade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

467 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, lllinois No. 6. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. , 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant ;mmber), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 6, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial_ .......... _ .. _ ..... __ .•.. ___ .. ---· __ ----- .....•. _ .••.. hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface. __ ..... _ ...................... _ ...................... square feet .. 

3.1 Widthofgrate ................................................. ~ ......... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do .. .. 

9. 916 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace ......................... : ...... _ ................... _ .inches.. 26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ...... ___ .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . do.:.. . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...... _.: .. _ ......... _ .. _. per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .............................. ____ ................ square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue conneding to chimney ............................... __ ... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................ . 

7. Water'-heating surface: .............................. _ ............. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .................... _ ............... ___ ....... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ..... _ .... __ ... ___ .. __ .. _._._ .. feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .............. ____ .... ----··· ................................ . 

D. f b ( ·a · "d ) {inches._ 7.4 tametero tu es outs1 e-ms1 e ···--····-----·····---··---------·· , .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet .. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11., 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Superheating surface ................................. : .......... _.square ~cet.. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ... _ ............. _ .......... _ ..... . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .. _ .... _ .... _ .... _ .............. __ .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer __ . __ ... __ . _. ___________________ . ___ . _____ . __ ~_-{inches of mercury._ 

.......... pounds .. 

S b . h, {--do .... team pressure y gage per square me ..... _ .... _ ................. __ . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler .............. _ ....... inehes of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace. _ ............................ _ .................. do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ..................... _ ................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.6i 

113.25 

None. 

, Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50. 1:1 

1:9.1 

29.62 

14.54 

97.20 

"Ill. 74 

.69 

.23 

0 . 
468 

15. 

16. 

li. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS Ol!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external,air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ........................................ _ .................... do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler .................................... , ........ do ... . 

Uf escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

Of e~caping gases from econornizer ~- ·---- ------ ____________ ~ = ~- __________ do. __ _ 

38 

53.3 

33.'i. 7 

44. 1 

182 

624 

22.1 Of furnace ..........................•................................•.. do .... 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per cent; slack, 40 per cent; dull. 

Weight of wood use.d in lighting fire .......... : . ....................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coal. ............. _,_ ................................ . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds .. 

Tot,al ash and refuse ....................................................•. do .•.. 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

None. 

10,343 

13.19 

8,979 

1,387 

64 

. {pounds .. 7,592 Total com bushble consumed ......................................... . .. do .... a7,220 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.45 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 

Volatile matter ..................... , .................................. . 

Moisture ............................................................. . 

Ash ................. , .......... ···'···'·········· ....................... . 

Per cent of coal. 

39.62 

32.31 

13.19 

14.88 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

55.08 

44.92 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 48· ........... . 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C) ....................•..•..•••...•••........••......••.. _ ... . 

Hydrogen (H) ................................................. _ ..... _ .. 

Oxygen (0) ..... _ .................................................... . 

Nitrogen (N) ......•.•.......•.•.........•........•....•.•........•.•.. 

Sulphur ( S) .......................•.....•...... _ .. ___ ........ __ ... __ .. . 

Ash ...................... _ ..............• _ . __ . ____ . __ ... _ .. ___ . _ .. _ .. . 

63.04 

4.49 

10.04 

1. 28 

4.01 

17.14 

100.00 

76.08 

5.42 

12.12 

1. 54 

4.84 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received __________________ . ___ •.... ___ .......... _............ 13. 19 . _ .... _ ... _. , _______ _ a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .•..... -~--- .................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .................................... .. { 

.. do .... 

.. do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-hea_ting surface per hour .......... {:: :::::: . 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

469 

15.84 

84. 16 

906 

764 

a 728 

22.34 

. 376 

a. 358 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 11, 594 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 13,992 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 336 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 13, 681 

QUALITY OF STEA:\L 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .......................................... :~ .. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... .. 

0 58,., 

None. 

56. Quality,of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................. per cent .. 99.565 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ........... ____ ........ _ ............. pounds__ 54, 989 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 66, 746 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 54,750 

60. Factor of evaporation ................... __ .. ~---................................. 1. 2138 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 66, 456 

\VATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .............. pounds.. 5, 521 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................ do.... 6, 702 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of wat_er-heating 

surface ............ -··"· ............................................. pounds.. 3. 3 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .... · ........................ _ .............. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .... '............................................. __ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

194.3 

210 

92.54 
470 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coa1 as fired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) ........ · ................................................. . 

69. Eqmvalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ...... _. ......................................•...... ~ ...... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-:c-item 

27) .•...•.......................................................... pounds .. 

El~~ivale~-t e~apor~~i .. on from and at 212° per pound of combustible.r-~o ... . 

(1ten1 ol-+ Item ;:su J •••••••••••.••••••••••.•..•.••..........•.•..... \. .llo ... . 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler pet pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per .ton of 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ...... · ... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1, 000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~IOKE ORSERVATTONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS ~OF FIRING. 

5.32 

6.43 

7.4 

8.75 

a9.2 

60.39 

"63.5 

61.64 

$1.00 

$0.094 

$0.0777 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. ... . . ... . . . . . .. ~preading .. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ..................................................... minutes.. 6. 9 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 85 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) .......................................... ·--~---···········do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do .... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ................... : ........................ do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chciiustry of ash. 

6.73 

13.35 

. 04 

79.88 
II) 

~~ 

"' > 

;c ~, ~ 

\ 

~ "\ .0 ~ 

\ 1\ / I 

\ \ \ t 

' \ 

0 

1\ 0 

" 1\ r 

\ \ 1> 

}· 't \r ~ 

t% l c \ "' I 

= 1~ "' = )> ' I'~ " I ' 

' r "I" \~ rl I/ J ' ' :I ' t 

\:t ' "' 

""' 

I r )> 

" j:j ;; ~ '-4 

R c 7- ~~ :II II 0 

, ~ v 

\cc -t»U"f.b iP )> 

"11 .., 0 ,g I I! -4 l~ t. 

\~ \ ~ \ ;ll 

.., 

-4' 

-~ 1~ 

-

- \ ~ " 01 (') c I'll 0 1\o J !.? :II " ~ 

\ \~ U>\ c I'll 

:l ;a :II ... 2 1'1 I t ;q 

'0 )> 

11 .., , 2 0 3 r c 0 9. L~ ;ll l:r N 1 .. 

\~ :I I~ 0 ?J e " 0 -4 

"' )> () 

~ rl \ -1 ~ I" 

0 \ 

J " ~ . c c 0> <l' , ;ll 

t s \ ~ ~ "' ~ :i IIi 

"' \~ \ \ ()\ 

-4 

"' r· 

"' )> 

:I :I 

t 11 

;ll 

\ \ \ ~ ~ ~-

\ ' I" i\ r 

. ' 1\ l! t 

\ \ ' / : 

~r-t \ 17 : 

! 1\ ,. 1 1\ I r 

7 ~ 1 \ ""' t !tl~ l> 

' 1.--- 0 < ,.,...... IJ 

":T:!: ~ 
472 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 13, 992 

B. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ________________________________________ -- __ : _ __ __ 8, 884 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible_,_ 

100 X [ ( 212-t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] ( t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) __ . ______ .. _ . _______ . _ ... ____ . __ 242 

3. Loss due to moi~h1re fonncd by the burning of hydrogen= per cent. of 

hydrogen to combustible+100X9X [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)]... 645 

4. Loss due to heat carrried away in tho dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) ... ___ .. _.:. _. ______ . _ .. _. _ ~. _. __ . 3, 798 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible 

CO.+ CO X-- 100 X 10,150- ----- .. --. --- ... --- . ---. 

6. Los~ due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) . __ ... __ . _ . __ -- .. -- .. --- ... ---.--.--- ... -- ... ------- .. 

RF.:UARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.82 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4. 72 pounds. 

46 

377 

Per rent. 

a 63.50 

1. 73 

4.61 

27.14 

.33 

2.69 

100.00 

------------------------------- a Calculated from chemiatry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 473 

TEST No. 71.-Regular and special observations on test of Indiana No. 1 washed coal (la1'ge briquettes), 

December 3, 1904. 

SteamTime. pressure 

gage. 

Poltltds. 

7.38 .. .. ~- ...... ~- ...... 83 

8- ·----·--··-·-· 87 

8.20 ........................ 80 

8.40 ........................ 85 

9 .... .~. ........................ 83 

9.20 ....................... 81 

9.40 ......................... 85 

10.------------- 85 

10.20 ...................... 87 

10.40 .. .. .. -.. ~ ... -... 84 

11 -------------- 83 

11.20 -----·----- 82 

11.40 .................... 81 

12- -·· -· .. -- ...• 80 

12.20 ---------·· 80 

12.40 ..................... 84 

1 --- .. -.. -.......... -... 82 

1.20 ------------ 82 

1.40 ·----------- 81 

2 ............... 84 

2.14 ------------ 83 

Total . • . . . 1, 742 

Average . . . 83 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 6.6 hours.] 

Temperatures. 

Flue 

Out- Boiler gases side. roon1. base of 

stack. 

------- OF. oF. OF. 

30 48 650 

29 48 665 

29 48 654 

28 49 632 

29 49 585 

29 49 628 

29 49 639 

29 50 629 

30 50 625 

30 50 607 

30 51 612 

31 51 589 

32 51 600 

32 52 578 

33 53 602 

33 53 609 

34 54 639 

34 54 597 

34 55 612 

35 56 602 

........... ............ 587 

620 1, 020 12, 941 

31 51 616 

Calorimeter. 

Steam 

discharge. 

Pounds. 

--....... --

4.31 

................ 

........ -.. -- 4. 18 

................. 

...... -.. -... 

4.27 

................ 

............... 

4.27 

............... 

-------- 4.08 

................ 

-.... -.. ---

4.12 

--------

.. -.. --- .. - 4.21 

.. .............. 

29.44 

4.21 

Water 

separated 

in 10 

minutes. 

Ponnds. 

-.. -.... -.... 

0.019 

................ 

., .............. 

. 021 

................ 

................ 

.02 

................. 

............. 

. 021 

................ 

-------- . 018 

. 

.. -........ - .. 

.016 

--------

-------- . 037 

-.. -.... -- .. 

.152 

.0217 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--12 

Draft pressures. 

In !Jood, 

lll 

inches 

of water. 

---

0.75 

.58 

. 55 

.50 

. 44 

.46 

. 47 

.46 

.46 

. 47 

.44 

.38 

.70 

.63 

.52 

.50 

. 72 

.49 

............. 

.44 

. 76 

10.72 

.54 

In fur- n~ce, 

III 

inches 

of 

'vater. 

--

0.09 

.08 

.10 

.09 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.13 

. 16 

.14 

.13 

. 24 

.19 

.19 

. 15 

. 25 

. 23 

............ 

. 12 

.12 

2.87 

.144 

Flue gases. 

co,. 

--

Per ct. 

........... 

............ 

........... 

6.9 

.. .......... 

.. -- .... -

8.7 

-- .. -.... 

----·-

9.4 

........... 

............ 

9.1 

------

------

9.2 

------

------

8.9 

------

------

52.2 

8.7 

o,. 

---

Per ct. 

.. ............ 

............ 

.. ............ 

13.6 

............. 

.. ............. 

11.0 

.............. 

.. ............ 

10.1 

.............. 

-------

10.5 

............. 

-------

10.4 

-------

............. 

10.5 

-- .... -.... 

-------

66.1 

11.02 

co. 

--

Per ct. 

............ 

............ 

............ 

0.0 

........... 

.0 

........... 

------. 1 

---·--

------.0 

........... 

------.2 

.... -- .. -

------.2 

------

··----

. 5 

.08 
474 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEs·r No. 71.-Regttlar and special obseruations on test of Indiana No. 1 washed coal (large briquettes), 

December 3, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

--------------~-------------------,--------------------,------------------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

'rirue. 

------------ Duringperiod. -~~~~-~-~~ 

----------- ----1----------1---------11---------

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. · Pounds. 

In tnnk. In gnge ghtss. 

Inches. Inches. 

Start,·7.38 .......... .. 

8.11 -.---------------

8.51 ................ . 

9.22 .............. .. 

10.07 ............... . 

10.53 .......... -.... . 

11.38 

12.15 

12.55 

1.29 ... :.· .......... .. 

Close; 2.14 .......... .. 

40 

26 

30~ 

2H 

261 

26~ 

22i 

29 

25~ 

25t 

40 

2 

3;l_ 

• 4 

3~ 

1~ 

3 

3~ 

1~ 

2~ 

3~ 

5 

2t 

1······------ ........................ / ......... . 700 700 2,763 2,763 

700 1;400 4,261 7,024 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

279 

2,100 

2,800 

3,500 

4,200 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

6,579 

4,210 

4,457 

4,888 

5,261 

3,813 

4,218 

4,026 

4,225 

11,234 

15,691 

20,579 

25,840 

29,653 

33,871 

37,897 

42,122 

------------'- -----'----------'-------- ------ ----- --· -------'-----------------

RECORD m' FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

------,---------------------------.,-----------------------------------

Time. ·obsen·a t ion. 'l'ime. Observation. 

1--------------------~------ -----1-------------

Boiler under a light load during night. 12.06-. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 12.30 .. Fire sliced. 

7.38 .. ;, Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 1.17 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

8.49 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 1.34 ... Do. 

9.30 .... Damper closed for 3 minutes, injector 1.40 ... Cleaning fire. 

not working; low water. 1.52 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thiek. 

10.45 ... Fire raked, lO inches thick. 2.14 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

11. ..... Fire raked. 

Ash heavy, dark-brown color. The briquettes burned very freely; did not crumble in fire; 

fire handled easily. 56 firings during test. 
BOlLER TESTS. 

Steam test r!f Indictnct jVo. 1 cool (washed briquettes). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRTAL. 

Test number, 71. 

:;\'lade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

4_75 

Principal conditions governing'trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indiana No. 1 (washed briquettes). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

:Method of Htarting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 3, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial . ___ . ___________ .. ______ . _____________________ .. ____ ... hours.. 6. 6 

DDlE"KfHONS AND PHOPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface _________ . ____ . ____ ... _____ ..... __ ........ _ ...... _ ... square feet .. 

:u Width of grate ............ __________ .. ______ _ : __ .. ____ .. ____ ........ __ .. feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ..... ____ . ___ .. ~_ ...... ____ ........ ____ .... ___ ........... do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ... __ .............. _. _ .. ____ ... _ ... __ ..... _ ....... _._inches._ 

5. Approximate \Vidth of air spaces in grate ............ __ .... ____ .. __ ....... do .. .. 

6: Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .... _._._.-.· .. _ ...... _ .... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .. __ ........ ________ ...... __ .-.-- .................. Sf!Uare feet .. · 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ___ ........ ____ .... ______________ .· ... ____ .. feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ... _ ........ __ . ____ .. __ . __ .. __ . __ ... do ... , 

6.4 Kind of draft ..... __ ...................... ______ .. _ ... _ ..... __ . _ ............ .. 

7. "\\Tater-heating surface~ __ ._. __ .. _. __ ._. ____ .-._. ____ . _____ ._. __ . __ .. square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ......................... __ ....... __ ..... __ ... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .......................... : ... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ..................... __ ............................... ____ .. __ 

- u· f b ( t 'd . 'd ) {inches .. 1.4 mmeter o tu es ou s1 e-ms1 c ................. _ ...... _ ..... __ .. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .............................................. __ .feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ....................... __ ..................... square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... _ ...................... _ ..... _. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometer _. _ ........ __ . __ . _ ... _ .... __ . __ .,: .. _ .... ___ .. _-{inches of mercury .. .......... pounds .. 

. { .. do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square mch .. . .. . .. ..................... . __ do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ................ _ ..... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit.· ... __ ........... _ ........................ do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6:58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.85 

14.65 

83 

a 97.65 

.54 

.144 

0 
476 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degrees._ 

Of fireroon1 ....................•........................................ do ... . 

Of steam ......................................•........................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ..............................•..................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering econorui?.er ....................................... do .. _. 

Of feed water entering boiler ........................... ~--·- ............. do .. _. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ........•.................... : .............. do .. _. 

Of escaping gases frulll economizer ..........•........•................... do .... 

22.1 Of furnace .•.....................................•...... .'._ ............. do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

Weight of wool! used in lighting fire ...••..........•...•.......•....... pounds .. 

Weight of uoal as fired .... -·--- .......................................... do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coal. ........ _- ......................... _ ...... _ ... _ .. . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ...................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse .............................•...................... do .... 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

31 

51 

325.8 

46.9 

171 

616 

None. 

6,579 

11.74 

5,807 

447 

47 

30. {

pounds.. 5, 360 

Total combustible consumed ....... -----.-·------·---------------·-·-- d .. o .... a5,353 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 69 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

32. Fixed carbon ................................ 0 •••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••• 

33. Volatile matter 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

340 1\'Ioisture.· .................................. 0 .......................... . 

35. Ash ................................................................. .. 

3tl. t:lulphur, separately determined ........................................ . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 0~' DRY COAL .. 

37. Carbon (C) ................................. _ ......................•... 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....... · ................................................. o 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ..................••....................................... 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 

41. Sulphur ( S) .................................... o ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

. . 42. Ash .........................••............ 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as·receivcd ................................... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

43.23 

38.79 

11.74 

6.24 

100.00 

52.71 

47.29 

100.00 

2.03 ------ ·-----

75.77 81.53 

4.91 5.28 

8.48 9.13 

1. 47 1.58 

2.30 2.48 

7.07 .. ~ .................. 

100.00 100.00 

11.74 _____ ., ______ 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .................•........................................... per cent-.. 

45. Earthy matter ......... ~ .........................................•.....• do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .... ~ ............................•........ pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour. ..... -- .... --- .. --- .. -·---···-··-···· __ do._ .. 

48. Dr:( coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... -{:: ~::::: 

CALORIFIC VAI.UE OF FUEL. 

477 

20.41 

7!J.ii9 

ilSO 

812 

asn 

21. 7 

.4 

(t. 399 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U..... . . . . . . . . 13, 635 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14, 672 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. 'f. U ........•..........•. _ .. 13, 500 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. 'f. U .. , .......•.....•... 14, 527 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ..........•....••............•........... _ .. . 

. 513 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ... : .............•••.•...•••...... per cent .. 99.61 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 42,122 

58. Equivalent water fed .to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 50,871 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 41,958 

60. Factor of evaporation. . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2077 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 50, 673 

WATER. PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 6, 357 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do.... 7, 678 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. 78 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34t pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .............................. _ ..... _ .. ___ .. _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........................ _ ... _ ... _ . _ ........... ___ . __ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .......•...........•...... _ .. 

, a Calculated from chemistry of ash. · 

222.55 

210 

105.98 
478 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. vVater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+- item 25) _ ............ __ .... __ ..... __ ..... _ ..... __ ........ pounds:. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61'-7-

item 25). __ ....... _ ........ -...................... c ...... -.- •••••••.•• pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-7-item 

27) ..... _ ....•..................................•...............•. pounds .. 

71. 

E~~::~e;,~; :;:::r;~~o~ _f_r~-~ _ ~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~ ~~- ~~~. ~~~-~c~. ~~. ~~~~~~~i-~1~: {:: ~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) __ ._ ...... do .. _. 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........ _ .. per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .. _ ..... _ .. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions._ ... . 

76. Cost of fueL used for evaporating 1, 000 pounds of water from and at 212° ........ _. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed _. _. _. __ . _ .. __ ...... _ ........•.. _ ..... _. __ ... __ _ 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ........... _ ..... _ ... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter __ ..... _ ..... __ cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

6.4 

7. 7 

8. 73 

9.45 

«9. 47 

62.2 

a 62.33 

61.76 

$1.00 

$0.0781 

$0.065 

39.6 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ..... _ ..... _ ........... __ ..... _... Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire .....•.. _ ............ _ •..... _ ..... _ ..... __ ..... inches_. 9 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are iu 

normal condition ............•..................................... minutes.. 7. 1 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .......... ___ .... do ... _ 57 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ •••••••••••••••••••••• per cent._ 

85. Oxygen (0) .... ----.----- -------· .. ____ ......... ___ ------· .....•.. _ .... do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ... _ ............ _ .................. _ ..... __ ...... do ... _ 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ........ __ ..... __ ..... _ ................. _ .... do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) -·------------·------------··-------------·-do ... . 

8.7 

11.02 

0 08 

80.2 -------------------------

a Calculated from chemistry of nsh. 
t~ 

,~, 

:\ 

' t 

\ 1\ 

\0 \ ')> 

r 

t-

::1 0 

!" 

t 

* 

~ 

t 

(;)" := 

~ 

~ (1) 

~ H 

::s 

s;· 

"" 

::s 

"' 

z 

9 

.... 

"' 

~ 

t 

t 

;:; 

~ 

t -

~ 

0~ 

t !~ 

N 

~ 

" 

I~ 

\~ 

\:z '~ 0 

\ -< 

In 

Ln 

~ : 7- "' \)I 

"' .. ,., 

1\ ~ \~ 

-., 

~ rc 

I 

~f_ > 

"' ....... 

1\'; ;;! 

{ \9 ,., 

I~ ''t ~ -:> c 

I~ lXo I" 

l~ \ ,. 

I~ 1\\ \( ~ <I' 

1\ 

\ 

\ ' 

\ 

~ 1'1 

;o 

l> 

~ 

f'l 1"1 

J: 

11_-., 

f'l I" 

~ ~ 

lo 

I 0> 

v > 

;r 

I\ 0 

~ ;u 

> e-.b 

I iii ... ~ -i 

c jl- I:}- ;u 

f" f" 

~ \)1 

:z.'-- 0> 

c "' \)1 ;u (II 

;;1r- f'l ~-Q ., :z ;u 

:l ,.., _, ·:z- c 

J ;o 

~ 2-

I f) 0 

rt 0 

-

"' .:.Nt.i ;..=.... 

.... 

)> "' n :I .J. 0 In " 1\ .. ::j :z 

'rA-~ ;;o -< :;: .... 

"' 0 ;>--

c ., c 

~ f" ... -

~X G\ 

1\ ., 

(II 

1 I,JI 

1\ 

-

1 1/ 

1\ . \ \ i 

ll I\ 
480 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL~TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTIO~ OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ____________________ . ______ 14, 672 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ________ .......................•.... _ ... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9, 145 a62 .. 33 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-c100X[(212---t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air ,in the 

·boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) ____ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ . _____ . __ 189 

3. Loss due to moi8ture forn1ed by the burning of hydrogen= p~r cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-c-100 X !l X [(212 - t) + 966+0.48 ( T- 212)] __ 584 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24X (T-t) ....... -------------------------- 3,129 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible . CO,+COX IOO X10,150 ______ ----,---------------- 75 

6. Loss clue to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation; and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) __________________ . _________ .. ____ ... __ ......•......... - I, 549 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.24 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.00 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

1. 29 

3.97 

21.32 

. 51 

10.58 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 481 

TEsT ·No. 68.-Regular and special obsen·ations.on test of Indiana No. 1 washed coal, November 29, 1904. 

Time. 

7.36 - -----·- ----

7.45 ------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

.8.40 --·--······· 

9 --------------· 

9.20 ------------

9.40 --------.--. 

10 --------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 -----------

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -- ---------

12--------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 ------... -- 1 ______________ _ 

1.20 ------ o-.---

1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 -- - -- - -- -- •• 

3 ---·-----------

3.20 ------------

3.40 -- - -- -- -- -• -

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 ---·-- ------

5---------------

5.20 ------------

5.32 ---. -- ----- -

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.933 hours.] 

Tkmperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Fine Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Fine gases. 

In hood, In fur- in n~Ce 1 

inches in~~es of of water. water. 

co •. co. 

---1·---1----1--------------

Ponnds. ° F. ° F. ° F. Pounds. Pmtnds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

81 ------ ------ ---.--- -------- -------- 0.10 

91 

85 

83 

87 

86 

84 

85 

82 

84 

81 

83 

82 

83 

88 

82 

79 

84 

87 

82 

8{) 

84 

85 

80 

81 

84 

78 

83 

83 

78 

82 

82 

47 

48 

49 

50 

50 

51 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

53 

54 

53 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

'51 

50 

50 

48 

62 

61 

'61 

62 

62 

62 

63 

63 

63 

64 

64 

64 

65 

66 

66 

68 

69 

68 

66 

66 

66 

66 

65 

64· 

64 

47 63 

46 62 

44 62 

63 

592 

555 

582 

589 

598 

623 

612 

627 

633 

602 

619 

652 

623 

637 

625 

639 

562 

623 

632 

594 

638 

641 

625 

660 

625 

608 

611 

628 

582 

655 

618 

4. 33 0. 036 

4.13 0 022 

4o 05 0 023 

4.08 0 023 

4.36 .032 

. 58 0.12 

.. 36 

0 57 

.09 

.15 

0 58 . 17 9. 1 

.48 

0 59 

.16 

.16 

. 33 . 09 9. 9 

10.3 0.5 

8.9 0 .6 

. 67 

.45 

.44 

.44 

.52 

.49 

0 55 

.58 

.59 

.15 

.13 

.12 

.10 

.12 

.13 

.15 

8. 9 10.5 .4 

10.0 9.4 .3 

I 

o14 

.16 9o5 9.9 .4 

4. 16 .. 029 ------- ------ -.- .• - • -.. --- --.-.-

4.18 . 029 

4. 05 0 028 

4.12 . 03i 

.69 

.49 

. 36 

0 62 

.53 

0 57 

.68 

. 39 

0 27 

.49 

.44 

.19 

.12 

.10 

.19 

014 

.16 

.18 

.11 

.08 

.13 

.10 

805 11.5 .2 

8.8 10.7 .3 

8. 8 10.9 0 2 

8. 3 11.2 0 2 

4. 05 . 045 ... ___ . _ ..... I ................. ,_ 

0 63 .12 -------------.-----

0 07 . 00 8. 0 11. 0 0 1 

--------·-1---1---1--------------

Total . . . . . 2, 665 1, 415 1, 860 19, 110 41. 51 0 29~ 14. 55 3. 76 89. 8 104. 3 3.2 

Average.__ 83. 3 50. 5 640 1 616 4. 151 0 0298 0 485 0 13 8. 98 10.43 . 32 
482 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

\ 

TEsT No. 68.-Regular and special observations on test of Indiana No. 1 washed coal, November 29, 1904-

, Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

--·-- -

I 

Height of water. Weight of coal burn.ed. Weight of water led to boiler. 

Timo, 

Start, 7.36 ......... .. 

8.0:> .............. .. 

8.35 ..... , ........ .. 

9.07 -·······-- ···---

9.53 .............. .. 

10.29 : ............ .. 

11.08 ............. .. 

11.46 ----·--···--··· 

12.26 ............. .. 

1.10 

1.3.7 

-~-12 

2.58 

.3.83 

4.13 ...... -·--·.····· 

5.03 ............... . 

Close, 5.32 ......... . 

-

-

-

-

. 

-

In tank. 

Inches. 

40~ 

24 

31t 

31 

27~ 

30i 

23 

34~ 

34* 

30t 

26! 

.29 

27 

29! 

30~ 

39~ 

40 

In gage glass. 

Inches. 

2 

'3 

4 

2! 

4 

3i 

4t 

4~ 

4 

3t 

2 

3~ 

3k 

'>!l 

~. 

2* 

3 

1~ 

-· 

During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

-- - .. ~ .. -.--. -- ............ "' ........ ------------ --------·--- 700 700 1,899 1,899 

700 1,400 3,020 4,919 

700 2,100 3,801 8, 720 

700 2,800 5,314 14,034 

700 3,500 3,067 17, 101 

700 4,200 4,090 21, 191 

700 4,900 4,210 25,401 

700 5,600 4, 713 30,114 

700 6,300 4, 211 34,325 

700 7,000 3,002 37,627 

700 7,700 4,312 41,939 

700 8,400 3,929 4t>,583 

700 9,100 4,644 50,512 

700 9,800 5,086 55,598 

700 10,500 5,006 60,604 

319 10,819 2,\l48 63,552 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---- Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

Boiler under light load during night. 12.49 .. Cleaning fire, clinkers easily removed. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 1.02 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

7.36-- .. Test started, fire 1~ inches thick. 1.30-.- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.32 .... Fire' raked, 6 inches thick. . 2.15 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thi,ck 

8.58 .... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.30 ... Do. 

10.03 ... Fire sliced. 3.44--. Fire sliced. 

10.17.-- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.02--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

11 ...... Fire sliced. 4.49 ... Do. 

11.28 --· Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.51 ... Cleaning fire. 

11.55 ... Do. 5 ----- Fire cleaned. 

12.18-.- Do. 5.32 ... Test closed, tire 1~ inches thiek. 

Refuse heavy and of a dark-brown color. ·coa,l burned wiry freely with long yellow flame. 114 

firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Indiana No.1 coal (washed). 

CONI>ITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 68. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

4~3 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated.. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indiana No. 1, washed. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 29, 1904. 

2, Duration of trial ...............•...••.............. · .................... hours.. 9. 93 

DIMENSIO~S AND PROPOHTIO~S. 

3. Grate surface ........ ___ ........ __ ................ ___ ..... _____ .... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ........................................ __ ..... _ ........... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ................................ _ ... ___ ....... _ .......... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace .......................... ___ ............. __ .......... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................ __ ............... do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .............. -- ..... : ........ : ................... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............... __ ........................... feet .. 

6.3 Lengt~1 of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ..••...... _ .................................... _ ... _ ........... _ ... 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell. .......................................... : .. .inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outRide of heads) ....... _ .... _ .... _ ......... · .... feet .. 

7.3 Nmnber of tubes .................................... ~ ........ _ ... __ .......... . 

. . . 'd ) ' { inches .. 7.4 Dtameter of tubes (outs1de-ms1 e .......................... _ ... _. _ .. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tuLes exposed ................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface _ ............................................. square feet._ · 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........ _ ......... __ ... _ .......... . 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ....•. _ .... _ ..... _ ......... _.: . ... _. 

A V'ERAGE PRESSURI<:S. 

Barometer ..... _ .. _. __ ... _ ~ .. ____ ... ________ ...... _. _____ -{inches of mercury_. 

.......... pounds .. 

S b . h { .. do .... team pressure y gage per square me .............. _ ..•. _ ..... _ ... __ . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ....... ." .............. inehes of water._ 

Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

Force of draft or blaiiL in ash pit ............... _ ......................... do .. .. 

o Absolute. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.4 

14.43 

83.3 

({ 97.73 

.485 

. 13 

0 
484 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ........................................ ~ .............. degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ....................•........................................ do ... . 

17. Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler .............................•.............. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economiz€r ...... _ ................................ do ... . 

22.1 0£ furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; dull. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ..........•........................ pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fircu .................................................. do ... . 

Perl'entage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..... , ......................•........ pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ..................................... per cent .. 

50 . .5 

64.1 

325.9 

47 

174 

616 

None. 

10,819 

16.59 

9,024 

807 

4.5 

30. · {pounds.. 8, 217 Total combustible consumed ................................. _ ...... . .. do .... a8,013 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. 94 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIl\IATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ..................................................... -- .. . 

Volatile matter ....... ~ ................................................ . 

Moisture ...........................................................•.... 

Ash . _ ........................ _ ............ __ ..... _. · ... __ .. _ ... _ .... __ . 

Per cent of coal. 

40.41 

35.17 

16.59 

7.83 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

53.46 

46.54 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . 2. 18 ...........• 

ULTUIATE ANALYSIS· OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (Q) ... ···············------------------·--------------------'--- 73.02 80.59 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . 4.97 5.48 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ........................................................... . 8 . .58 9. 47 

40. Nitrogen (N) ................................ _ ........................ . 1. 43 1. 58 

41. Sulphur (8) ..............•...•......•.••...........•.....•.••..••••..•• 2.61 2.88 

42. Ash ............................................ -.- . -- -... - -.... -.- ... . 9.39 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moistun; in sample of coal as received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. 59 ........... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 485 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ....... ____ ....... _ .. _ .. _ .......... ___ ..... _____ ............. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ............ _____ . _ .. _ ......... _ ...... __ . __ ... ___ . __ . _____ do ... . 

20.35 

79.65 

FUEL PElf. HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ......... __ . ___________ .......•.•.......•. pounds._ 

47. · d {··do .... Combustible consume per hour ___ ............ _____ ...... _ ......... _ · . .. do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ___ ...•... _· ___ .... ___ . ___ do ___ _ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour _. ______ -{ · · do.··· __ do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

908 

827 

a 807 

22.39 

. 407 

a. 397 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..... ___ ..... 13, 377 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ ...... _ 14, 763 

52. Calorific value by· analysis per pound 'of dry coal, B. T. U .. ____ ....... ____ ....•. _ 13, 145 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... ___ ..... _. _ 14, 507 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam _ ..... '.......... ____________________ . __________ . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ....••...••.........•.. ______ . _____ . ________ _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry ste<tm=unity) ---------------------------------Per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 713 

None. 

99.459 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ......... ----------------------------POnnds .. 63,552 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° _. ____ . __ ... ___ ..... ______ .do. ___ 76,745 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ............. _____ do ___ . 63, 208 

60. Factor of evaporation .......................... _______ ..........•.... ____ .. __ .. 1. 2076 

6t Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .•...•... __ .pounds._ 76,330 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............ ___ pounds.. · 6, 363 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .....•. ____ • _ ••..... ___ .• do.___ 7, 684 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface_ ............................................................ pounds. _ 3. 78 

HORSEPOWER. 

65., Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. __ ...•••.... ___ ..... · .............. __ .... __ _ 222.7 

66. Builders'. rated horsepower ............................. ; . _. _______ .. __ .. ___ . _.. 210 

67. Perceytage of builders' rated horsepo~ver developed __ .. _____________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 106 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
486 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLA~T. 

ECONOMIC H.ESU LTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57~item 25) ................................................ pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ........................ , ................ · ................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (ltcm61-:-item 

27) ................•...................................•........... pounds .. 

E:t~ivale~: e~apor~:i,on from and at 212° per pound of combustible-J- -~O- ••• 

~.dem oL -+-Jt.em vv) ............................................... -l- .ao ... . 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate· (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal eli vided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 

CORT OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ................ ~ ............................. . 

\Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .............. cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing ( spreadin~, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thic~ness of fire ................................................ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor5.87 

7.06 

8.45 

9.29 

u9. 52 

60.76 

n62. 27 

61 

$1.00 

$0.0852 

$0.0708 

46.4 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ......... : . .......................................... minutes.. 5. 3 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 35 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS O.F THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( 002 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .... ~ ........................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ................ ···········"················do ... . 

a Calcuiated from chemistry of ash. 

8.98 

10.43 

.32 

80.27 
tl\ / ~~\~~-h~~~~+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

~ ~ \ 

I 

i\. 1\ 
488 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE CO.iUBU8TIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U •.•....•.•. _ ...• _ ...... ~ .. _ .•. 14, 763 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustibleX965.7 -----------------------· --------------------------- 9,193 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-;--

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 ('1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the :flue gases) _. __ ...... _ .. _ ... ___ . _ .... __ ... . 287 

3. Loss due to moistu:r:c formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -+-100 X 9 X [ (212--1)+966+0.48 ('1'--212)]. _ 645 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X(T-ti ______ . ·--------------------------- 2,855 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible co2

+cOX -100 X10,150 ------------·----------··· 281 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ..... ____ ..... _ .. _ ....... _ ..... _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 502 

REMA&KS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=3.34 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.13 pounds. ~--~ --~ ------~----~·------~~------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 62.27 

1. 94 

4.36 

18.94 

1. 90 

10.59 

100.00 
BOlLER TESTS. 489 

TEsT No. 65.-Regtdar and .special observations on test uf li1diana. No. 2 coal, Nocernber 26, 1904. 

]{EGULAR. 

Time. 

7.~4 ........... . 

7.40 •........... 

8. -·--·········· 

8.20 ....... ····· 

8.40 .-.... -. ·-·.-. 

9. ··········-··· 

9.20 ············ 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ....... -..... . 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ........ -.... . 

11.20 ..........• 

11.40 .......... . 

12 ....•........ -

12.20 . -... -- ... -

12.40 ~ ......... . 

1 .............. . 

1.20 ....... -... -

1.40 ___________ .

1 

2 ···-· ····------

~.20 -·····-····-

2.40 ·····-. ····-

3 •..•........... 

3.20 ············ 

3.40 ........ -.. . 

4- ········•·•··· 

4.20 ...... :······! 

4.40 . ··-· ... -... -

5 .. · ............. , 

5.20 ··-···- ---· 

5.32 -·.- .... -.. -

Steampressure 

gage. 

[Duration of trial, 10.133 hours.] 

Tt•mperutures. Calorhneter. ' Draft prcs,ures. I Flue gases. 

------- ---1---~--- ------- ------------

Outside. 

Flue 

Boiler gnRes, 

room. base of 

stack. 

In fur- \Vatcr In ~~od. nace, 

Rteam separated in 

discharge. in 10 inches inchc~ 

minutes. Wi~/er. of wnter. 

co 

Pounds. 0 P. j 0 1-'. ° F. J>onnds. Pound/5. 

578 1 ...•................ _,. 

Per ct. Per ct. Per cl. 

F!2 ··-··· ---··· .. .......... -------1------

82 -.......... -

101 

104 

102 

100 

103 

103 

102 

99 

101 

102 

97 

104 

100 

100 

103 

98 

98 

104 

102 

99 

98 

97 

100 

103 

98 

95 

100 

89 

82 

:n 

32 

32 

34 

3() 

3() 

36 

37 

38 

38 

39 

40 

40 

41 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

42 

43 

•42 

4~ 

41 

40 

39 

38 

49 

49 

49 

49 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

60 

60 

60 

59 

61 

63 

63 

63 

64 

64 

63 

62 

61 

62 

62 

60 

60 

61 

60 

610 ........ ........ 0. 76 

580 4. 99 0. 044 . 53 

5. 0~ . 06 

4. 94 . 06 

5. 09 . 054 

5. 05 . 074 

5. 00 . 06 

5.09 .04 

4. 82 '06 

4.84 .072 

.53 

.53 

.53 

. 53 

. 50 

.52 

. 51 

.52 

.50 

.48 

.50 

.45 

.49 

.49 

.49 

.53 

.59 

. 51 

.48 

.50 

.60 

.62 

0.19 

.15 .................. . 

8.9 11. 1 0.3 

.18 ............. -.... . 

:~~ --~--~-~---~~~- ----~~ .15 

.18 

.16 

.20 

'20 

.15 

. 22 

. 07 

.12 

.12 

. 15 

.14 

. 21 

.19 

. 14 

.15 

. 21 

. 23 

8. 0 12.0 . 0 

7. 6 11. 7 . 0 

7.4 11.9 .0 

6.8 13.0 .0 

7.8' 11.4 .2 

. ~ -.. --- -------

7. 3 11. 9 .0 

GOO 

585 

603 

G02 

588 

G02 

600 

600 

610 

580 

595 

590 

588 

568 

GOO 

60.5 

610 

635 

610 

597 

605 

612 

613 

582 

620 

585 

570 

580 

.60 .20 7.4 12.6 .0 

4. 97 I .042 . 31 .06 

.43 . 10 6.0 14.4 .0 

82 .•.•. ·,· .. , ....•....•...•.•....•.•.......•...........••......•..•... 

-----~--

Total . . . . . 3, 130 1, 047 ;1, 673 18,503 49.81 

4.981 

. 566 

. 0566 

14.46 

. 516 

4. 48 76. 5 119. 8 . 9 

Average .. 97. 86 38. 8 \ 57.7 597 . 165 7. 65 ll. 98 . 09 

-----~--

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-13 
490 OPERATIONS 0.1!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 65.-Regular and special observations on test of Indiana No. 2 coal, November 26; 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of co1ll burned. Weight of water fed to boiler 

Time. ---~~-~~-~~- ---~---~-- ------· 

In tank. Jn gage glass. During period. 1 Total. ' During period.! Totul. 

------ --~-~- -~ ---- -~~--------

Inf'l1es. Inches. Pou:wls. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.24 ............ 40 2Z ------------ ------------ --------·--- --·-----.---- 7.50 ----------------- 39! 2! 700 700 2,466 2,466 

8.19 

:::::::::::::::::~ 38! 3 

I 

100 1,400 

I 

3,145 5,611 

8.58 38;\- 3;1- 700 2, 100 4,283 9,894 

9.47 :~3 6~ 700 2,800 4,369 14,263 

10.35 ---------------- 36 5 700 3, -~00 4, 778 19,041 

11.22 ---------------- 32;\- 3 700 4,200 4,698 23, 739 

12.20 --------·------- 36l 6 700 4,900 4,428 28,167 

1.02 ----------------- 40 2 700 5,600 3,717· ·31, 884 

1.43 .................................. 36~ 4! 700 6,300 3, 703 35,587 

2.25 ----------------- 40 3' ~ 700 7,000 4,662 40,249 

3.10 -----------· .......... 34 5;\- 700 7,700 4,110 44,359 

4.11 ----------------- 32~ 3~ 700 8,400 5, 761 50, 120 

5.09 -------------·--- 33~ 3~ 700 9,100 3,832 53,952 

Close, 5.32 ........... 40 2! 174 9,274 2,530 56,482 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDrTIONS. 

"---------------- -~ 

Time. Observation. 

Boiler un.der a light load during night. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.24.... Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.40.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.13.... Do. 

9.43 .. .. 

9.56 ... . 

10.28 .. . 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

10.47... Fire sliced. 

11:19 ... Fire rakcJ, 8 inches thick. 

12 ...... Fire sliced. 

'rime. 

--------"----------

12.26 .. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

12.30 .. Cleaning fire. 

12.44.. Fire eleaned, 3 inches thick. 

1.28 ... . Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

3.02... Fire sliced. 

3.44 . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4. I 0 . . . Fire sliced. 

4.40... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.48... Cleaning fire. 

4.56... }''ire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.32... Test closed, fire 8 inches thick. 

---~ ---------""" ______________ ---""---- ----"-- --""--- ------------

Refuse dark gray, heavy. Coal burned freely with long yellow flame; tire handled rather easily. 

96 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stenm test of Tndiann No.· 2 coal. 

COSDITIO);S OF BOILEH TRIAl,. 

Test number, 65. 

~iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the eeonomy of coal as a fuel. 

491 

Prineipal conditions governing · trial, see. general re~ort. Steam jets not operated. Hughes 

apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indiana No. 2. 

Kind of furnaee, hand fire<l. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial; November 26, 1~04. 

2. Duration of trial ... _ .... __ .......... _ ............... _ .............. -.... hours .. 

DDIENSIONS A~D l'HOPORTlOXH. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 ·width of grate ............................. · ............................. feet.. 

3.2 Length of-grate ......................................................... do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ......... , ........................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaceH in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface................... . ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of ehimney .... _·_ ............................................ square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft .................... ___ .. _ . _ . _ ·- . _ . __ .. __ . _ ... _ .. _ ......... _: .... _ 

7. 'IV ater-heating surface .. _ ... ___ , ..... _ ..... , . _ .......... -..- ......... square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .......... _ ...... _ ... _ . ~ ...... _ ...... _ ........ inches .. 

·7. 2 Length of shell ( outsi~c to outside of heads) .... _ ...... _ ....... _ .. __ ...... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ........ ------ .. ___ ....................... __ .. ____ ...... ___ .. . 

{

inches .. 7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) ... - - - - - - - --- --- -- - --- - --- -- --- -- -- __ do ___ _ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed _ ........... _ ...... _ ................... __ .... _ ... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ..... -... _ .... _ .... -. _ ... _-. __ " ... _. ___ .. _ ..... square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface._ .. __ .. _ .. _._._ .... - ______ : ____ ._. 

10. Ratio of minim-um draft area to grate surface . __ . _: __ . : .. __ ... _ .... __ . _ ... _. ___ . _ 

AVERAGE l'RF.SSURES. 

11. Barometer ______ • __________________________________________ {inches of mercury_. 

.. _._ .. _ .. pounds .. 

11.1 · · {·_do._ .. Steam pressure by gage per square inch_ .. _ .. __ ... __ . __ ...... __ . _. _ ... __ do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler _ ..... _ .. _. _ ... _____ . _inches of water .. 

1::3. Force of draft in furnace __ .. __ . __ ._ ... _ .. ___ . _ ..... ____ . _ .. ___ ... __ ._. __ .do._._ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit _. ___ . _. _ ....... -.- .. _ .. _ ... _. _-._. __ .... do._ .. 

"Absolute. 

10. 133 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.97 

14.71 

97.86 

a112. 57 

. 516 

.165 

0 
492 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A \.ERAGF. TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ....................................................... degrees.. 38.8 

16 .. Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

I 7. Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ............................... · .................... do .. .. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of feed water entering eeonomi7.er ....................................... do .. :. 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do .. .. . . Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economi7.er ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Uf furnace ................................... "· .................. · ....... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, dull-70 per cent small, 30 per cent slack. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of eoal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ............ · .................................... . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash aml refuse ...................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse, clinker ..................................... per cent .. 

57.7 

336.3 

50.2 

191 

597 

None. 

9,274 

9.11 

8,429 

I, 015 

49 

30. . {pounds.. 7, 414 Total comlmshble consumed ........................................ . · . , do .... a 7, 099 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. 12. 02 

PROXIMATE A~AJ.YSlS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

c32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 4 

·volatile matter ........................................... · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. 04 

J\'roisture ..... -~........................................................ 9.11 

Ash . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 45 

.'l6. Sulphur, separately determined ................................ ____ .. __ . 

ITLTDIATE ANALYSIS 01<' DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ............................................................ . 

38. Hydrogen (H) .................. '...................... _ ............. __ .. 

39. Oxygen (0) .......................................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .......................... _. .............................. . 

41. Sulphur ( S) ..............................................•............ 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 

43. Moisture in san:iple of coal as receiveu ... ----------.· .. -- ................ .. 

a Calculuted from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 

4.12 

68.08 

4. 78 

7.56 

]. 35 

4.53 

13. 70 

100.00 

9. 11 

Per cent of com lm~tible. 

51.5 

48.5 

100.00 

78.89 

5.54 

8.76 

1.56 

5. 25 

·---··------

100.00 

------------
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS UP ASH AND REF11SE. 

44. Carbon ____ . _______ -·- , ____ . _______________________________________ . per cent._ 

45. Earthy matter ______________________________________________________ · ____ do ___ _ 

FURL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour _________________________________________ .pounds._ 

47. . {·-do ___ _ Combustible consumed per hour __ : __________________________________ _ __ do ___ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour _____________ . _______ : ___ do ___ _ 

49. {

-_do ___ _ Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ____________ do. __ _ 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

4\J3 

17.24 

82. 76 

832 

732 

a 701 

20.51 

. 360 

a. 345 

50. Calorific value by oxyge~ calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _____________ 12, 452 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ·- ________ 14, 428• 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U -.- ______________ , _______ 12,463 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ____________________ 14, 441 

QUALITY OF STEA)I. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam _________________________________ .. _____ _ 

55. Number of clegrees of superheating ____________________________________________ _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam·= unity) _____________________ .. __________ per cent._ 

WATEIL 

1.123 

.None. 

99.155 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ____________________________________ .pounrls __ 56,482 

58. .Equivalent water. fed to boiler from and at 212° _______ . ___________________ do____ 68, 208 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, correded for quality of steam _________________ .do. ___ 5ti, 005 

60. Factor of evaporation _____________________ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 2076 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ___________ .pounds._ 67,632 

WATETt PElt HOUH.. 

62. Water evaporate<! per hour, corrected for quality of Hteam _____ · __________ pounds._ 5, 527 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ________________________ .do.___ 6, 674 

64. .Equiya]ent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

snrf~ce. _____ . ____ .. ________________________________________________ pounds._ 3. 29 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower develqped (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . __________________________________________ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepowf!r ___________________________________________________ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed _______ .. _______ .. ___________ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

193.4 

210 

92. 1 
494 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

.E.CONO)llC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) ___ . ---- __ . ___ . ____ . ___________ . _ ... __________ .. pounds._ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pom1d of coal as fired. (Item 61 ~ 

item 25) __ ----- -·----- _______________ ... ______ -----· ___________ ._ .... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Itet~ 61 +item 

27) ..... ___ ............ __ ............. __ .. __ .... __ ................. pounds .. 

Eq,~ivale~-t e~.apor~:~on from and at 212° per pound of combustible.~ .. c~o- ... 

\.item 0.1 + lLem <>V) •...•..•...•.•.•... ___ •.••••••.•••.••••••••••••. l. .no .. _. 

71. 

F.FFICTENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ____ . ____ .do .. __ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal)_._ ..... __ .per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPOH.ATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ... __ . ___ .. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounrls of water under observed conditions ..... _. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° . _ ....... . 

77. 

78. 

7\:J. 

8)10KE OBSEHYA;riONS, 

Percentage of smoke as observed . _. ______ . ____ . __ . ___ . _______ . ________ . __ . ____ _ 

IV eight of soot per hour o!>tained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ________ . ____ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or eoking) ................................. . 

81. A vcragc thieknes8 of fire_ . ~ ....... _ ... _ ................................ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires arc in nor6.09 

7.29 

8.02 

9.14 

a 9. 53 

61.11 

a 63. 79 

62.19 

$1.00 

$0.0821 

$0.0686 

33.2 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition._ ............ _._ ..................... , ............... minutes.. 6. 3 

83 Average ilitervals between times of leveling or breaking np, .... : ........... do.... 38 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THR DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C}2 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ---······---·····················---.----------·---do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .... __ .. ___ ..... ---.---·-.................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ......................•..•..•............... do ... . 

a Calculated.from chcmistr)' of ush. 

7.65 

11.98 

. 09 

80.28 
I\ 

1\ 

l' r 

\ 

.. 

t 

r-

>rJ 

~ 

to 

~ 

t 

r 

t 

~ - e: 

f " 

0 

"" ~ t (p 

-~ 

5' ;; 

;;;· 

"" 

:= 

" ;,: 

? 

1., 

<': 

0 

E. 

~ 

t -

~ 

0~ 

""' ~ 

~~ 

- 6' 

tf--

" 

r 

t 

(,1 

"' 

i 

1\ 

~ 

1\ 

<a 

' ~ 

.-

\~ 

\~ 

\1 

\rz 0 

0 

0 

~ 

9 

-:z 

0 

<.!' 

\ 

\ 

' j----· 

I 

.~ 

1\ 

\ _\ c '\ -I 

lJ> 

~ .._ 0 , "' tx~ r ;:: c 

"' \~ J.. I" :II 

~._=t I 

:II )> 

"' 8 \It :II -I )> 3. 

\-1----< r; c "' ]lt ll }I l I~ ['\ 

"' _'\~ ~ )I c )> 

c \% )I 

"' 

1 1\\ 

~ 

\ 

\ \ 

\ \ 

1\ 

~ 

\ "' ' o" 

II' ~ 

1'\ t ~- \ (n 

\ 

' " --~~ ;:~ " \ ~~~~ ;11 "' 

1r ~ 

~ v 

1\ \ I I I I . ,j . 

: 

~ :J 

0 

': ()> 

::l c 1! :II 

['I 

~ 7 "' 

"' ;;;· ~ I I"' ~ I 

3 : 

1\ 0 : 

1:.' 

j 2 N··"fb~\ ~ 1\. 

1/ t: 

,.., ;D 

L~ )> 

, 

I& lJ> 

"' Fl. l~ (Jl 

!!! "' 1\ 01 

-l ~ 

II 0 ;o 

"' "' :z-t--

l !~ :6 7-

0 

1\ 0 

j 

J 

~-i!i 

"' 

1\ 

J 

\ I 

I 

·' 

v I 

' I 

' I 

/ 11 \ 

j ! 

> 

~ 

..0 -

0 
4\:16 OPERATIONS OF THB COAL-TBSTING PLAN'l'. 

HEAT llALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OP THF. HEATING VALUE 01•' THE CO~fllUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of comlmstibJc, .B. T. U ............. _ ................ 14, 428 

R.T.V. Percent. 

1. II eat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 20:3 

2. Loss due to moisture in eoal =per eent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [(212 -- t) + 966 -I- 0.48 ('I' -212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) ............................... . 

B. Loss due to moisture forrned by the bur11iug of hydrogen== per cent of 

hydrogen to eombnstible-:-100X9X[(212--t)+966+0.48 (1'--212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry ehiumey gases= weight of gas per 

152 

651 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T- t)...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . 3, 265 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO . per cent C in combustible _ C02 

+ CO X -------.roo-· · ---X 10, 1 vO .......... : ... _ .... __ .... 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may Le separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

93 

(t 6:3.79 

]. 05 

4.51 

22.63 

. 64 

be cal culatecl) . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 , 064 7. 38 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.53 pounds. 

Dry coal per cleetrical horsepower honr = 4.:3.5 pounds. 

100.00 

------------- -----------------·----

"Calcuhtted from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 497 

TEs·r No. 10.-Regular cmd special observations on te.gt of India.n Territory No. 1 coal, September 22, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampre.o;surc 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial,9.i5 hours.] 

Temperature. Calorimeter. Draft pres.~ures. 

--~----- -------,-------

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

l<'lnc Water 

gases, Steam sepamted base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

In hood, 

in 

inches of 

water. 

Tn fur- nace, 

in inches of 

wnter. 

C02. 

Flue gases. 

co. 

------1-------------------------------

7.47 ooo• 0 """ 0 

8 Oo000000""000 

.8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 ............ o 

9 ........ ooOooOOO 

9.20 ........... . 

\l.40 .......... .. 

10 ............. . 

10.20 ----·•o•ooo 

10.40 ----------· 

l1oooooooooooooo 

11.20- ........ .. 

. 11.40 .......... o 

12 ............ .. 

12.20 -----------

12.40 --.. --- .. --

1 ............. .. 

1.20 OoO•OOOOoOOO 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 ......... oooooo 

2.20 oooooooooooo 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 ------···ooo 

4 ---·-----------

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 ......... o .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 ...... ,ooooo 

5.32 ........... . 

Ponnds. ° F. 0 P. 

75 

\l5 

93 

107 

110 

92 

.101 

100 

83 

91 

100 

103 

100 

71 

lOS 

84 

98 

100 

85 

98 

99 

93 

102 

94 

96 

99 

101 

93 

100 

73 

59 

59 

5\l 

59 

60 

62 

63 

64 

66 

66 

68 

69 

69 

70 

71 

71 

71 

72 

72 

72 

72 

73 

74 

74 

73 

73 

73 

73 

72 

71 

64 

64' 

62 

62 

62 

64 

65 

67 

68 

70 

70 

71 

72 

n 

76 

75 

75 

75 

76 

76 

77 

77 

77 

78 

78 

78 

77 

77 

75 

74 

op, 

630 

612 

. 66.5 

.590 

608 

5.')4 

.573 

576 

Ponnris. Pounds. 

4. 21 0. 02 

4.18 0 0.5 

550 ~ 4. 13 . 042 

504 oooooooo oO•ooooo 

588 

61.5 

602 

.540 

650 

665 

' 648 

65.5 

610 

600 

5\)5 

606 

564 

615 

615 

575 

.576 

585 

623 

620 

4. 92 0 034 

4. 91 . 022 

4. 23 .025 

4. 35 . 028 

4. 59 . 02 

4, 88 . 021 

2. 68 0 022 

0.34 

. 41 

.42 

. 3.5 

0 31 

.28 

.21 

. 2.5 

.1o 1 

.10 

. 29 

. 37 

. 29 

. 20 

.51 

.49 

. 38 

. 38 

.30 

0 31 

. 30 

. 28 

. 29 

.30 

. 29 

.28 

0 27 

0 28 

. 32 

. 30 

0.09 

~12 

.11 

.11 

.10 

.17 

.13 

. 10 

.03 

.06 

. 13 

.14 

.10 

.11 

.18 

.14 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.11 

.13 

.10 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

9.8 9.6 0 

10.0 9.2 0 

--.--- -.. -----. ------ 8. 2 11.6 0 

8. 4 11.4 o· 

7.4 12.6 0 

8.8 11.2 0' 

: ~~ I .. ~~~. __ ~~-- ~ _ ., .. _ ~ .12 ............ 0 ..... . 

.16 7.1 12. 7 0 

.16 

.15 

.14 

.13 

8.6 11.2 0 

75 -.. 0-- 0 - 0-. 0 - - 0 0 -. - • - --. --- -. 0- • 0 0- 0 0-0 0- 0 •••• -. - 0. 0- .. - - - -. -- • 0--0. 

1-----------·--1----1---- -------------

Total ..... 

Average .. 

2, \l29 2, 050 2, 155 18, 009 

94.2 68. 3171..8 600 

43.08 

4.31 

.284 

.028 

9. 20 3. 65 76.8 102.0 

. 306 . 122 8 . .53 11. 33 

0 

0 
498 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 10.--Regular and special observations on test of Indian Territory No. 1 coal, September 22, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of w11tcr. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. ------·~---- --~-·-------

In tank. In gage g 1 ass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

------·--- ----------- --~-- -------·---

Tnchet:.1 Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.47 ____________ 44! 4! - ~ -. ---. ------------ -----------· ------------ 8.15 _____ y __________ 301 21 700 700 2,696 2,696 

9.01 36 '" ---------------- ~~ 700 1, 400 5,381 8,077 

9.41 ---------------- 30 3% 700 2,100 4,450 12,527 

10.49 ---------------- 35} 3~ 700 2,800 5,386 17,913 

11.39 ---------------- 32i 3! 700 3,500 4,762 22,675 

12.35 ---------------- 341 41 700 4,200 :~, 807 26,482 

1.23 ----------------- 36 3i 700 4,HOO 5,335 31,817 

2.11 -·----·---------- 36 3:1- 700 5,600 4,52G 36,348 

3.00 ----------------- 41} 3i 700 6,300 4,850 41,193 

8.48 3Ii 3i 700 7,000 4,130 45,328 

4.28 :::::::::::::::::1 3G 3! 'f. 

700 7, 700 3, 700 49,023 

Ciose,5.32 .. __________ 

1 

31i 3! 510 8,210 G,547 55,570 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---- ---~-------------- -----------.,.---------

G.30 .... Fire started. 1.54--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7------- Boiler under full load. 2.36--- Fire sliced. 

7.47---- TeHt started, fire 2 inches thick. 2.45-.- Cleaning fire (clinker loose). 

9.35---- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 2.55--- Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

10.12--- Cleaning fire. 3.25--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.30--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 3.52--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.15--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.14--- Do. 

11.44.-- Cleaning fire. 4.44--- Fire sliced. 

11.55--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 5.20--- Cleaning fire. 

12.30 ·-- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.28 --· Fire cleaned. 

12.55--- Fire sliced. 5.32.-- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

1.08 = Fire rakec_L __ ---·--------~---------~------------ 114 firing;; during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Indian 'l'errito1·y No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONA OF :BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 10. 

Made hy boiler division, United States Geological Survey.· 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St.· Louis, :Vlo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the econo..rny of coal as a fuel. 

499 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Ste_am jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indian Tetritory No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

l. Date of trial, September 22, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ........... _ ............................ _ ....... _ ...... hours.. 9. 75 

DDIF.NSIONS 'AND PROPORTIOXS . 

• 3. Grate surface ............ _ .... _ ................. __ ........... _ ..... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ........... ______ .......................................... feet .. 

. 3.2 ;Length of grate._ ........... _ ...... · .............. : ...................... do .. .. 

4. Height of furna<:e ....... ··'· ........................ __ . __ ............. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...... _ ................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney ...... ----- ...................... _ ........ , __ ..... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ......... _ ................ __ ........ : ...... feet .. 

6)l Length of flue connecting to chimney ........ _ ............... _ ......... _.do ... _ 

6. 4 Kind of draft ..................................................... _ ...... __ .. . 

7. Water-heating surface ......................... _ ................... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 T.ength of shell (outside to outsicle of head) _ ....... _.: .................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ................... ~ ........................................ .. 

D. · 1 · 1 · .d· ) {inches .. · 7.4 mmcter of tn ~es ( ontsH e-ms! e ....... _ .... _ ......... _ ........... . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................... __ ............ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface . ~ ........ · ................. _ ......... _ ........ square feet .. 

\l. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ........ _ .. ·. _, ..... , ............... . 

AVEltAGE PltESSURES. 

11. Barometer ................................................. inches of mercury .. 

. 1 {··do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per squarll me 1 ............................. _: 

pounds .. 

12. .Force of draft between dam per and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......... · ................................ do ... . 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 0:31 

42.H4 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

14.64 

94.8 

"109.44 

. 306 

.122 

0 
500 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE)'rfPERATURES. 

Of external air ____ . __ ... __ .. __ ._ .. _._. __ . ____ .... _ ....... ___ ..... _._-.- degrees .. 

Of fireroom. _ ........ _ ......... _. _ .. _. _ ...... __ , .. __ . _ ... __ .. _ ....... ; .. do ... . 

Of steam .............................. · ................................. do .. .. 

Of feed \\"ater in tank .................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer .................................. _ .... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering boiler ........... __ ........................ : ...... do .. .. 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ... · .............................. _ .......... do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer._ ............. _ ........................ do .. .. 

22.1 Of furnace ....... _ .... ___ ................. ___ ._ ......................... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: 1\'Iine run-bright; lumps, 20 per cent; small, 40 per cent; slack, 

40 per CCII t. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire._ ......................... _ ..... _·_pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal .................................... _·_ ........... . 

27. 'l'otal weight of dry coal consumed ... · .................................. pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ....... _ ................................. _ ........... do. __ . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Cli'nker ............ _ ..... ' .................. per cent. _ 

68.3 

71.8 

334.2 

71.56 

171 

600 

None. 

8,210 

7.65 

7,582 

l, 104 

48 

so. . {pounds.. 6, '!79 Total combust1ble <:onsumed ..... _ .................................. .. .. do .... a 6, 284 

31. ·Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ......... _ ..................... _·.. . .. . .. 14. 5 

32. 

3" i), 

34. 

35. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS O.F COAL. 

Fixed carbon .. _ ........ __ ............... ·_ .......... _ .... _ ........... . 

Volatile matter ... __ ... __ ... _ .. _ . __ . _ . _. __ ... _ . _ .. _ . _ ... __ .... _ ... _ . __ _ 

li'Ioisture ............................................................ .. 

Ash ............. _ ............. _ .................................... .. 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . _ ...... _ ..... _ . _ ...................... . 

ULTDIATE A~ALYSIS OF DRY COAI~. 

37. Carbon (C) ............... _ .... _ .... _. _ .. _. _ .. ___ .. __ ........ _ .... _ .. _. 

38. Hydrogen (H)._ .... _ .... _. ____ . __ ._.;_ .... _._ .. __ ._ .. ___ ..... __ .. _._. 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ........ _ ...... _ . · __ . _ .· .. _ ..... _ ........ _ .... __ ...... __ .. __ 

40. Nitrogen (N) ....................... _ ............................... .. 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

42. Ash ... _ ............ _ ...... _ ................ __ ... _ .. _ .. _ , ......... __ .. 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as 1·eceived .... _ .... __ .. __ ........ __ ..... ~ .. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent of coal. 

46.30 

33.96 

7.65 

12.09 

100.00 

Per cent of . combustible. 

57.69 

42.31 

100.00 

1.80-------------

70.82 81.48 

4. 79 5.42 

8.04 9.25 

1.31 1. 50 

1. 95 2.35 

13.09 ·------------

100.00 100.00 

7.65 ------------M ----~ 
BOILER TESTS. 

Al:'•rALYSIS OF ASH A~'"D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ........ : .................................................. do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........................................... pounds .. 

· {··-do .... 47. Combustible consmi1ed, per hour .................. --------------------- __ do. __ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ........................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... . { 

.. do .... 

.. do .... 

CALORIFIC YALUE OF FUEL. 

501 

32.23 

67.77 

778 

664 

a639 

19. 17 

. 327 

a.314 

50. Calorific value by oxygen caloriineter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ......... : .... 12,834 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........... 14, 767 

52. Caloriiie value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ......................... 12, 728 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of. combustible, B. T. U ..................... 14, 645 

QUALITY OF STEA:\I. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ......................................... _ ...... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) . ---~- ............................ per cent.. 

WATER. 

.635 

None. 

99.512 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....... : .............................. pounds .. 55,570 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ............ ~ ............... do .... 65, 845 

59. ·water a('tually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .... · ............... do .... 55,298 

60. Factor of evaporation. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1. 1849 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ...........•. pounds .. 65,524 

·wATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do ... . 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .............................................................. pom1ds .. 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry. steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ............................................ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................. . 

a Calculated from chemisl.ry of ash. 

5,672 

6,720 

3.305 

194. 7 

210 

91.8 
502 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO:!\-IIG RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+ 

item 25) .................... c ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ................................................................. pounds._. 

71. Equivalent e:apor.ation from aml at 212° per pound of combustible.~ .. r~o ... . 

(!ten1 61 + ltCITI 30). _ ..... -- ... -.---------.- .. -.. -- .... -.......... -- ................... l ... 00 ...... .. 

EFFICJENCY. 

72. Eflicie~cy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pou_nd of emn· { p!Jr cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do ... . 

73. Effieiency of boiler, induding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per eent.. 

COST 01<' EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ........... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ...... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pm1nds of water from and at 212° .......... . 

S:\IOKE OllSERVATIONS. 

77. Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................... . 

78. " e1gh t of soot per hour o btamed from smoke meter .............•....... r . . . {grams .. 

. ounces .. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ...........•.... cubic inches .. 

l\IETHODR OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .................................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ................................................ inches .. 

8? Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor6. 76 

7. 98 

8.64 

10.11 

(i 10.51 

66.11 

"68. 73 

65.01 

$1.00 

$0.0728 

$0.0619 

31.6 

. 31 

. Oll 

Alternate. 

8 

mal c~ondition ..... _ ............... _ ........ __ ....................... minutes. . .5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................. do._.. 36 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ............................................................. do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .......... _. __ ._ .................... _ ......... do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................. do ... . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.53 

11.33 

0 

80.14 
-------

~~~ J w \ "'-..., "'-...,~ 

1\ \ \ t 

1 \ / v 0 

~-

t ~ ""\ X 1 

\ "' ·G: 

\ / tilc 

?n / ;u 

n f1l 

r 6~ I~ 

1\ 1 \ ~ . l r J (\ 

_1 \ , ·~ I 

0 r 

\g_ '2 C· 

\\ \ I 

\ G\ 

r )> 

_\g -j r "' x~ \k i. :r 

----- --- I 1- j_ lJ 

--- r> 

1\ \ "' ---------- l\ 5 )> 

-j 

------~-- 0 0 c r 

\\ "' r "' 

------------

1'1'1 "<l t 0 'N' , Itc 0 

\t "" I' 

1~ c 

""' l 

~ .., 0 

"' \' 0 -j I') 

"' 1\1. (n c ..,o r 

\ \~ "' / ~s "' -j ~ z ~. 3_,/ z 

\ lJ 

§_ \~ r o f"' lJ 

""' c. c 'I! ;u 

"' .., f"' .., )> 

"' "' ~T ~ .... ~ r "' I ~ )> c "' :r "' I c (;.:g ~ f"' Fl el _\ I f_~ ()I E: 

0~ 0 il!!, t 

x~ 3: 

"' F "' -j 7 '\ "' \ z :J 

/ lJ I 

r f"' .., 

\ ;o 

\ \ c: l> 

~ "' .., ~. c: 

§ t 

' 

"' . ~ '\ [" 

\ } 

~ 

/ t 

o; 

l1 \ ~ \ v v 

---- 0~ 

~s: ")>',. ~ ~\ 
504 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIHUTION O.li' THE HEATING VALUE 01<' THE CU.l\-IBUSTIB!.!:. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. 'l'. U ....... _. __ ....... _ .. _. __ ...•. 14, 767 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° pe~ pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ......•.... -----------------.--- ... ---------------. 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1'= that of the flue gases)._ .. _._. ___ ._ .. ___ ... ____ ._._. __ . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible--o-lOOX 9 X [(212 -t) + 9u6+ 0.48 (T-212)) __ 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T -t) _ .. _. _. _ ......................... . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible CO,+ CO X ---------yoo---- X 10,150 ... _ ................ -•... 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) . ____ ... __ ...... __ ........................................ . 

UEl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.27 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.04 ·pounds. ----------------- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

B. T. U. Per eent. 

10,150 a68. 73 

123 . 83 

630 4.27 

3,009 20.38 

0 .0 

855 5.79 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 505 

TE3T No. 20_.-Regular and special observations on test of Indian Ten·itory No. 2 coal, Octobet 5, 19o4. 

'fime. 

Steampre~gure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, t0.17 hours.] 

Temperattrres. Calorimeter. Dmft pressures. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

In fur- ~Fl uc . W>tter In hood, nace, gases, Steam separated . Ill in 

base of discharge. in 10 mches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

,__ _____ !--~- -------------------------- ~--

8.40 .. - . -- -- - --

9-------------

9.20 ------ ..... 

9.40 -----------

10 ............ .. 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............ .. 

11.20 .. : ....... . 

11.40 .......... . 

12 ............ .. 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 .......... . 

1 ............ .. 

1.20 ......... .. 

1.40 ......... .. 

2 ............. . 

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 .......... . 

3 ............ .. 

3.20 -----------

3.40 ...... ----· 

4 ............. . 

4.20 .......... . 

4.40 --- ...... .. 

5.20 -----------

5.40 ......... .. 

Ponnlls. ° F. ° F. 

91 

101 

83 

93 

88 

87 

91 

91 

91 

91 

90 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

92 

91 

92 

83 

102 

93 

90 

89 

90 

91 

95 

89 

87 

!l4 

92 

68 

68 

70 

71 

721 

73 

~~ I 

73 

71 

72 

73 

71 

71 

70 

7l 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

70 

69 

68 

67 

66 

65 

70 

7l 

73 

75 

76 

77 

77 

78 

78 

77 

77 

77 

76 

77 

76 

76 

77 

77 

78 

78 

78 

78 

78 

78 

77 

77 

76 

75 

74 

74 

oF. Pm01ds. l'onnds. 

560 

-:~: ---~~~~- --~~~~~-1 5.301---------------

580 4. 20 . 016 

517 

515 

517 

518 

4. 34 .014 

511- --- ........... .. 

555 4.40 .018 

575 

540 

501 

558 

565 

550 

560 

526 

578 

510 

594 

576 

555 

498 

495 

501 

. 524 

535 

525 

4. 47 . 021 

4. 20 . 026 

4. 90 . 017 

4. 34 . 017 

4. 57 . 012 

0.49 

. 48 

.46 

. 26 

. 46 

. 24 

. 27 

. 31 

. 27 

.34 

.46 

. 51 

.17 

.04 

. 47 

.50 

. 27 

. 23 

. 22 

. 31 

.14 

. 58 

. 351 

. 39 

.40 

.22 

. 33 

.53 

. 31 

.15 

0.16 

.15 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

.15 8:0 11.3 QO 

.10 

. 14 

.14 

. 18 

.18 

. 22 

. 08 

. 03 

._21 

.26 

.11 

.08 

. 07 

. 07 

.05 

.14 

.11 

.12 

.17 

.10 

.14 

. 23 

.06 

.02 

10.4 8.9 .5 

10. 1 fl. 2 .9 

9. 6 10.4 . 2 

8. 1 11.2 . 2 

...... _______ ! ____ __ 

10. 1 9. 61 . 3 

9.0 11.3 .4 

9.0 11.0 .3 

5.58 ......... .. 90 ................................... ------- .... .. 

Total ..... -2,-9-12- 2-,-llS 2, 286--16-, 1-30- --39-.-66-. -.-1-65- -10.M-~3. 72 85:191.5 --;:g 

Average .. 91 70.4 76. 2 538 4. 41 . 0183 . 34 . 124 9. 45 10. 17 . 31 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--14 
506 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 20.-RegulaT and special obser~ntions on test of Indian Territory No. 2 coal, October 5, 1904-

Continued. 

Time. 

Start, 7.48. __________ _ 

8.15 

8.57 -----------------

9.4] -----------------

10.26 ----------------

11.10 ----------------

11.54 ----------------

12.43-----------------

1.28 -----------------

2.14 -----------------

3.01 -----------------

3.41 -----------------

4.2!1 -----------------

5.37-----------------

Close, 5.58 _______ . __ _ 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. 

In tank .. In gnge glass. During Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounrls. Pownds. 

40z 2t - ~ ......... -.. -- .... --------·--- 39t 3 700 700 

31~ 2~ 700 1,400 

34 4~ 700 2,100 

38z 3! 700 2,800 

381 3~ 700 3,500 

39~ 3~ 700 4,200 

34~ 3 700 4,900 

39! 3 700 5,600 

34~ 4i 700 6,300 

39 3~ 700 7,000 

37 4! 700 7,700 

43~ 3 700 8,400 

42t 4 700 9,100 

41 ?l!. -4 113 9,213 

During 

Pound .. '(. 

------------ ------ 1,!)47 

4,347 

4,960 

5,148 

4,438 

5,013 25,853 

5,538 31,391 

4,7()2 36, 153 

4,822 40,975 

5,195 4(), 170 

4,298 50,468 

5, 102 55,570 

6,08() 61,656 

1, 714 63,370 

--------------~--------C-.------·------------------'--------- ------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time.· Obserntti011. 

6.30 ___ . Fire sta.rted. 

7 __ . _ _ _ _ Boiler under full load. 

7.48 _ _ _ _ Test started, clean fire 2 inches thick. 

8.22----

S.4fl_ __ _ 

Fire ra~ed, tl inches thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thiPk. 

9.32 ___ _ 

10.13---

10.54 __ _ 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

11.25 ___ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.56 _ _ _ Do. 

12.47 _ _ _ Do. 

119 firings d nring test. 

I Tiwe. Obsen·ation. 

L _ _ _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

l. 05 _ _ _ Cleaning fire. 

1.16 _ _ _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

2.25 _ _ _ Fire raked, (i inches thick. 

3.45 _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

:3.52 _ _ _ 'Fire raked. 

4.49 _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

5:03 ___ Cleaning fire. 

5.12 _ _ _ Fire cleaned, 4- inches thick. 

5.58 __ . Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.~f.q of Incl·ian Territory No. 2 coal. 

CO~DITTO'NS OF ROlLER TRIAL. 

Test number, 20. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, :Yfo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fue.l. 

507 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report.' Steam. jet~ not operated. Hughes 

apparatus operated.' 

Kind of fuel, Indi:;m Territory No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 5, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS Ai'J! PROPORTIOXS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ...... : .................................................... feet.. 

3. 2 Length of grate ................. _ ........................................ do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ................................................... ., inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .................. · ............... do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surfaee .......... _ ............... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ................................................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.". 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney .......... :·- ........................ <lo .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ... _ ............................... _ ............... _ .. _ .- __ ... __ .. _ 

7. Water-heating surface .............. ·: ............................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................. _inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads)_ ........................... : .. feet .. 

7.3 Nmnber of tubes .. _ ........................ _ ....................... __ ._ .. _._ ... 

. · . . . · finches .. 7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-Inside) ................................... · · · · 1 .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................... feet .. · 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

Ratfo of water-heating surface to grate surface ....................... __ ... _ ..... . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate S'Jrface .............................. _ .... _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ___ . __ . _. _ .. _. ___ . _. ____ .. _______________ . ____ . _ -{inehes of mercury .. 

· .......... pounds .. 

. ~ · . h ·{--do .... Steam pressure by gage per square me ............................... . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

13. Foree of draft in furnace ..................... __ ........ __ ................ do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit. .................. __ ... · .................. do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

10.17 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.56 

14.51 

91 

"105. 5 

.339 

.124 

0 
508 

15 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE. TE;\'U'ER.A TU REf-!. 

Of external air.-... - .. --- ... -...... - ........ -..... _ ... _._ ............ degrees .. 

Of fireroom. _ ............ _ ................. _. _ ............. , ............ do ... . 

Of steam . -- ............. , .. _ ...... _ ....... _ ... _ ...... _ ............. _ ... do._ .. 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of f~ed water entering eeonomizer ............ __ .................... __ · ... do ... . 

0£ feed water entering boiler. .................................... _ ....... do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ......................................... _ .. do .. .. 

•22. Of escaping gaSes fron1 econotnizer .. ___________ - ________ ~. ______ _______ .do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do .. .. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEl •. 

Size and condition: Nut, bright-50 per cent small, 50 per cent slack. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal aH fired .. _ ................................................ do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coaL .................... : .................. __ ...... .. 

Tota! weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ............................................ __ ......... do .. 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

70.4 

76.2 

331.5 

73 

180 

588 

2,087 

·None. 

9,213 

3. 71 

8,871 

1,073 

60 

30. . {pounds.. 7, 798 Total comhustlble consumed ....................................... .. . .. do .. _. a7, 746 

31. Perceutage of ash and refuse in dry coaL .......................... _............. 12. 1 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

PROXUI.ATE ANAI..YRIS Ol<' COAL. 

"Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

Volatile matter ............................................. -...... _ .. . 

l\foisture ................................................... _ ..... __ .. . 

Ash ................................•..... : .......................... . 

Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... : 

ULTIMATE ANALY.SIS OF DRY COAl,, 

37. Carbon (0) ................................................ _ ........ .. 

38. Hydrogen (H) . _ ....................................................... . 

39. Oxygen (0) .............................•..........•...•....•........ 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ . 

41. Sulphur (S) ............... ----· ............ -------·----·-- ... · ........ . 

. 42. Ash 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............................. _ ... . 

Per cent of coal. 

50.31 

36~,21 

3. 71 

9. 77 

100.00 

1. 39 

74.00 

4.97 

7.66 

1. 78 

1.44 

10.15 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combn>tible. 

58. 1.') 

41.85 

100.00 

82.36 

5.53 

8.52 

1. 98 

1. 61 

................. 

100.00 

3. 71 ------- ...... ---------- ~----~-----~------ ----.---- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

• 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .......................................... -................... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL l~F.R HOUR. 

-Hi. Dry coal consumed per hour _ ...... _ .... _. _. _ ..................... : ... pounds .. 

47. Combustible conHumed per hour. ___ ... __ . _ ... _ .: . .... _ ..... --·--·- .. {

_,do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surfa<'e per ho~1r ......................... do ... . 

49. ·{·. do ... . Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ..... _ ..... _ do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE 01<' FUEL. 

509 

20.96 

79.04 

872 

766. 7 

a 761. 6 

21.5 

. 377 

11.375 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 18, 4i4 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14, H29 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 1:3, 307 

53. Calorific value by ·analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........... __ ..... __ 14,810 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .......... _ ...... _ .................... __ ._ ..... . 

55. Number of degrees of Huperheating _ . _ ..... __ ..... ___ ..... _ ... , .. _ ............ _ 

.413 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) .............. _ ................... per cent.. 99.68 

WATER. 

57. 

58. 

Total weight of. wat.er fed to boiler ...... _. _ ............................ pounds .. 63, 370 

Equivalent water fed to boiler froui and at 21~ 0 _. __ • _. _. __ • _. _. __ •••••• __ .do. __ _ 

59. Water aetually evapolated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do ... . 

60 .. Factor of evaporation .......................................... _. _ ... _ ..... _. __ 

74,929 

6:3,167 

1. 1824 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from apd at 212° __ ._._ ..... pounds._ 74, 689 

WATER PBR HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 6, 211 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ...................... :.do.... 7, 344 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

Hnrface ........................................................... pounds .. 3.615 

HORSEPOWEit. 

65. Horsepower developed (34t pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam· 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ......... _ ....... .' .................... _ .... _ 212. 9 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 210 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed.............................. 101. 4 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
510 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

( Jtom 57-:- item 25) ................................................ pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-7-

item 25) .............................. : . ........................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +-item 

27) .......... -,· ..................... : . ............................. pounds .. 

71. Equivaient e~aporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible.t .. do ___ _ 

(Item 61-7-ltem 30) .. _ ............................................. I. . do ... _ 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of l pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

72. 

7'3. Efficiency of boiler, includiug the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 poun!l of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATIO~. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ......... . 

75. Cost of" fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pom~ds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKE OBSERVA'l'IONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

"reight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .................... ounces:. 

Volume of soot per _hour obtail}ed from smoke meter ... : ........... cubic inches .. 

1\IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .................. , .............. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firi!lg for each furnace during time when fires are in nor6.88 

8.11 

8.42 

9.58 

a9. 64 

61.97 

a 62. 36 

60.61 

$1.00 

$0.073 

$0. 0(12 

55.2 

. 0416 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ............................ _ ......................... minutes.. 5. 2 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ........ -- ...... do.... 38 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

84. · CarbOii dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) .· ........................................................... do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do .. · .. 

R7. 

88. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .............................. -............. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

--------- ------------·-· 

" Calculated -!rom chemistry of ash. 

9.45 

iO.l7 

. 31 

80.07 
r~ ~ ~ !:1 (I> 

1\ ,.,il) v }> 

"'"' / -~ 

"'· 0 \\ 

/g rl roG 

"""" \[\ :( 

I~ I 

J 

\ \ "' I \ = 

' -; \ I 

t 

\ 0 0 

\ r \ u 

' 1\ . : 

t 

. \ \ ' 

' ~ 

\- ' fl \ -

f\ I ' 

' 

' ,±; . I (, 0 

--1 

t (\ : :I (L (/) 

~~ Ill. -I : Ni 

1\~ \ )> 

\X II fJ 

:l ~ 

~ h 

\~ \ ~ I 

""'"' a-:!,6, 

~ " ' ~ uo 

-t 

'~ 1\ ['\ 

" - --\ 

- \ );_/ ' 

I~ I~ - ), / 

u ---~ ., \ 1\ "' ~' "-. , 

-I 

~ 

'18 \ 0 ' 0 1l 

/ "' ' "' c :z 

"' ~ 

\i I-- II> 

.~ 0 --..... 

~ -I 

"' !\ -< 

u 

\~ ~ 

\ ~ 

/z )) 

/ ' "' J (JI 

t 

\ ro 

w \ \ ! 0 /2> -~ :I 1~ 8 1l ~ 

"' \ ~ ~ p I\~ ~ N -.o 

2 -I 

' 

\ ~ ~ I 

~ ,, , )) G) 

lC'. i r ro c (}I 

1 

~ !~ ~ :;: c: ic! G'l ~ Lb. -!> 

~ ~ \o \ J "' 1 "' ~ (11 

' ~ K v ' ~\ "i : ~ 

\~ llo\ .. ' I ' -~' 

~ \i "' "' IJ J • 

0 

1\~ f 1 .. \! 
512 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THR HEATING VALUE OF THE COMHUSTIBLF.. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ............ . 14,929 

B. 1'. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per poun(l of 

combustible X965.7 ...... ·----- ____ . ______ . __ .. _. ________ . ___ . ______ . · !l, 309 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to com bustible-olOOX [ (212-t) -j 966-t-0.48 ('l'-212) J (t=temperature of air in the 

· boiler room; T= that of the tl ue gases) ___ . _. _______________ . ______ . __ _ 

3. Lo~~ dne to moisture formed by the buruing of hydrogen= per cent of 

'hydrogen to combustible c-100 X 9 X [ (212-- t) + 966-t-0.48 ( T- 212) J __ 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24 X ( 1'-t) __ . ___ .... _ .. ---. __ .: . _. ___ .... __ 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in comlmstiblc _ C02 +Cox·--- -106---- --x 10,loO ....... ---··· --·· ·---·-·-

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Som~ of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) ______ . _____ .. ____ .. ____ . _ ....... _ ... ___ .. __ .. __ ........ _ .. 

RE)IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.36 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.1 ,') pounds. 

------------------ «Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

54 

626 

2,332 

265 

2,343 

a62. 36 

. 36 

4.19 

15.62 

1. 78 

15.69 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 513 

TEST No. 32.-Regular and specictl observatiolls on test of Indim1 Territory No.3 coal, October 19, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial. 10.02 hours.] 

Flue g11ses. 

·--- --~---~ 

Time. 

I 

Temperatures. 

p~~~~~~ I Flue 

gage. ·Out- Boiler gases, side. room. base of 

stack. 

Calorimeter. I Draft pressures. 

Water In ?ood, ~~~~:;- Steam sepamted . m , in ' 

discharge. !n 10 ITI~~e~ inches o,. co. 

7.43 ---.--------

s.-.---:.-------

S.20 ---·--------

S.40 . __ ........ . 

9---------------

9.20 ------------

1:).40 . -----------

10 -----·-······· 

10.20 ... --- .. ---

1 10.40 . ··•·· -----

11 . --- ....•.. --. 

11.20 . --- .•..... 

11.40 - .. -- .•.... 

12 ... -..... -. --. 

12.20 - .. ---- .... 

12.40 -----------

1 -.. ---- .. ---.-. 

1.20 ........ -.--

1.40 ........ -- .• 

2 ····•·········· 

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 -· .•........ 

3 ----·-········· 

3.20 - ... -· ... - -- . 

3.40 .... ·····-·· 

4 ······· ········ 

4.20 ·••··· ······ 

4.40 . --- ..... -.. 

5. ·---·· ....... . 

5:20 ···---··----

5.44 •..•••... · ... 

.Total ..... 

Average .. 

Pounds. ° F. ° F. 

S5 ······ ...... 

92 

S9 

92 

S7 

so 

S3 

93 

S4 

so 

S9 

S6 

S5 

S6 

81 

75 

95 

76 

76 

94 

R9 

96 

S9 

100 

89 

85 

79 

90 

81 

so 

65 

66 

65 

66 

6S 

70 

70 

71 

71 

72 

72 

73 

74 

73 

74 

76 

76 

75 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

75 

75 

74 

72 

70 

6S 

66 

67 

6S 

68 

70 

72 

73 

74 

74 

76 

76 

77 

7S 

79 

79 

80 

79 

so 

81 

81 

80 

81 

82 

81 

S1 

80 

78 

76 

75 

85 ...... --···· 

a F. 

578 

602 

612 

617 

623 

619 

612 

637 

595 

608 

59S 

558 

613 

611 

618 

607 

627 

583 

612 

625 

573 

652 

627 

596 

629 

642 

643 

643 

627 

604 

617 

2, 671 2, 091 2, 212 19, 008 

86. 2 72 76 613 

mtnutes. water .of · water. 

Po<tnds. Pownds. 

4. 51 0. 024 

4. 32 . 027 

4.45 .014 

4.45 .034 

4. 32 . 033 

4.35' .012 

4.48 .032 

4. 58 .02S 

3.92 .017 

4. 24 . 036 

0.40 

.40 

.50 

. 51 

.46 

.451 

.50 

. 35 

.57 

. 51 

.18 

.38 

-57 

.56 

.58 

.45 

. 47 

. 61 

. 60 

.17 

-60 

.52 

·. 36 

.55 

.57 

.59 

. 60 

.59 

.57 

.64 

0.10 

.08 

.14 

.17 

.18 

.16 

. 20 

.17 

. 29 

. 20 

Per ct. Per ct. l'a ct. 

7.5 11.5 0 

8. 5 10.9 0 

8. 3 11. 7 0 

. 05 7. s 12.0 0 

.11 .................. . 

: ~~ ~--~~~- --~~~~- ···--~ 

·.221----·· ........... .. 

. 18 ..... - ........ - ~- .. 

-24 7. 7 11. 9 0 

.25 

. 17 

: ~: 1--~~ ~- .. ~~~ ~- ..... ~ .16 -----· - --··--- .. ·-· 

.13 7.9 11.7 0 

. 21 

.25 

. 20. s. 2 11. 9 0 

. 27 

.33 

.10 

. 09 

., 7. 6 12.8 0 

6. 2 14.5 0 

43.64 

4.364 

.257 14.81 5.25 

'. 026 . 494 . 175 

S5.8 

7.8 

132.7 

12.1 I 

0 

0 

------'-----'------'-----~~----------·----..__ ____ _ 
514 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 32.-Regular and special observations on test of Indian Territory Nu. 3 coal, October 19, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Start, 7. 

8.06 ... 

9------

9.34---

10.17 --

11.10 ·-

11.49 --

12.34 --

1.17 ---

2.16 ---

2.58 ---

·3.41 ---

Time. 

43 ............ , 

--------------

--------·-----

--------------

............................ 

-- ........ --- .. -- .... 

.. -.. -.. -.... --- .... -

-.. ---- .... -.. ---.. 

--------------

-- .. -......... --- .... -

-------· ------ --------------

___________ ,.. __ 

-----------··-

4.26 ·--

5.29 ... 

Close, 5 .44 ........... 

Height of water. 

In tunk. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

39 2 

32 4 

33 3 

27 4t 

26 2~ 

35 3{ 

34} 2j 

3li 3~ 

35 3~ 

31! 2~ 

28 2i 

44 2t 

27 4~ 

35{ 2~ 

40! 2 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. Total. During; period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

1------------ -- ~ ~ ... ---.. .. .. ' .. -.. -.... -.. -.. .. .. ---... -.. --.. -

700 700 1, 611 1, 611 

700 1,400 5,367 6,978 

700 2, 100 3,628 10,606 

700 2,800 5,201 15,807 

700 B,500 4, 2i7 20,084 

700 4,200 4, 157 24,241 

700 4,900 4,735 28,976 

700 5,600 4,246 33,222 

too 6,300 5,646 38,868 

700 7,000 4,621:1 43,497 

700 7, 700 1!,216 47,713 

700 8,400 4, 737 52,450 

700 9,100 5,836 58,286 

45 9,145 1, 855 60,141 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. ~~im~ Observation. 

6.45 .. -- Boiler under a load. 12.55-- Fire sliced. 

7.------ Fire cleaned. 1.10--- Fire raked, 1:1 inches thick. 

7.43---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 1.40--- .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

8.20---- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 1.45--- Fire raked. 

8.52---- Do. 1.48--- Fire sliced. 

9.20---- .Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 1.57--- Cleaning fire . 

9.28---- Fire raked. 2.07--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

9.52---- Fire sliced. 3.15--- .Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

10,09--- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 3.51 ... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

10.25--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.13--- Do. 

10.39 ... Do. 4.17--- Fire sliced. 

10.47--- Cleaning fire. 4.52 --- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.58--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 5.08--- Cleaning fire. 

11.57 ... .Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 5.20--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick . / 

12.21--- Fire raked 8 inches thick. 5.44--- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

12.32 ·-- Do. 

-----'--~~~~-~-----·--- ----'"-~---'-------- --------- RefuHe dark and heavy. Coal caked considerably. Clinkers covered entire grate. 113 firings 

during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Ind:ian Territory No. 3 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAl,. 

Test number, 32. 

1\'Iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

515 

Principal. conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatuH operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indian Territory No. 8. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy, a. m.; fair, p. m. · 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water-tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 19, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ···············-·---------------------------------------hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIO"S"S. 

8. Grate surface ... _ ..... _ ...•.•.. _ ........ _ ......................... square feet .. 

8:1 Width of grate .... __ . _ ..... _ .. _ ..... _ ...... _ .. __ ... _ .................... feet .. 

3.2 Lengthofgrate .....................•.............. · .................... do ... . 

10.017 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

4. Height of fun~ace ..................... __ ................ __ ............ inches.. 26 

5 .. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ..... __ ...... __ ....... __ . __ ...... do .... 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ................................................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ...................... __ . __ .... ___ .. _ ...... feet.. 

6.8 I.ength of flue conneeting to chimney .......... , ......... _ ... _ ....... __ .. do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................... _ ......................... _ ............ _ .. . 

7. 'Vater-heating surface _____ ---- ___________ ... ,. ____ -------- _________ .square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............ _ ........... _ ..... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ................................................. __ ........... _ 

~ D" · b ( "d · ·d ) {inches .. 1.4 mmeter ot tu es outs1 e-ms1 e ............... _ ........ _ ......... . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................. _ ............... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .............. __ ............... __ .. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............. __ ... ____ ........ ____ __ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ___ . __ .. ___ . _____ : _______ . ______________________ {Inches of mereury .. 

. · .......... pounds .. 

Steam pressure by gage, per square inch ...... _ ... __ ......... __ ......... {-- do----

.. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water._ 

Force of draft in furnace ....................................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................................... do .. ,. 

a Absolute. 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

l~one. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

8.5 

8.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.:!8 

14.::!7 

86.2 

"100. 6 

. 49 

. 18 

0 
I• 

516 

15. 

.16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A YERA(; R 'l'E.l\IPERATURES. 

Of external air .......... _. __ .. ___ . _ ..... _. _ ......... __ ..... _. ___ .. _ .. degrees .. 

Of fireroorn. __ . _. ____ .. _. ___ ... _. _. __ ... _ ... ___ .. _ .. _ . __ ...... _ ..... _ .. do._ .. 

Of steam __ .. _. _. ____ .. ____ . ____ ...... ___ .. _ ..... _ ........ __ .. _ .. ____ .. do ... _ 

Of feed water in tank ___ ........ _ ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer._ .. __ .. __ ... __ ... _. _ .. _ . _. _ ... ___ ...... do ___ . 

Of feed water entering boiler. _ ...... _ .. _ ......................... _. _ ... _.do. __ . 

Of escaping gases from boiler-----------------·-------------- ............ do ... . 

72 

76 

328 

66 

158 

613 

22. {)f escaping ga~e::; from economizer ___ . __ . _____________________________ __ .do. __ _ I 

22.1 Of furnace ..... ______ ..... __ ......... ___ ................ ____ ............ do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; Hlack, 50 per cent; bright. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire .......... _ ........ __ .......... _._ .pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ...... __ .. _ ..... ____ . -----.------ ............ __ .... do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coal . _ .......................•............... _ ...... . 

Total weight of dry coal consurned ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ......... _ . . . . . . . . . . .............. _ ................. do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker. __ .... . ............ __ ... _. _ . ___ .. __ per ccn t.. 

None. 

9,145 

4. 19 

8, 707 

1,37H 

62 

I b 'bl d {pounds.. 7, 331 Tota com ustJ e consume ..... _ .. _ ...... _ .................. _ ...... . 

. . do.... a 7, 454 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ...... _ ......... _ ......... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 8 

PH.OXDIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ......................... __ .. _ .......................... . 

V nlatile matter ..... __ ................................................ . 

Moisture .. _ .. __ ._ .. _ .... ___ .... _. ________ . _. ________ . __________ .. _. __ _ 

Ash ............ _. ______ ._._. ___ .. __ .. _ .. __ .... __ ......... __ ...... -.. . 

Sulphur, separately determined _ .... __ .. _ .. __ . _ ...... _. _ ... _ .. _ ....... . 

UL'fll\IATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C)----------------------_-------. ____________________ -------. 

Hydrogen (H)-------------- _______________ . ____________ . _____ --. ____ _ 

Oxygen ( 0). _. ___ . ___ . __ ... _ .. _. _____ . _. ___ . __ .. _____ . ______ .. -... --.-

Nitrogen (N) ___________ . __ . ____ . __ ... __ . _ .... ___ . _ ........ __ •... ___ .. 

Sulphur (S) _. _ ... _ .... ___ ........ _ ...................... __ ........... . 

Ash .. _ .. _ ... _. ___ ......... __ ...... ____ ... __ .. ___ · ______ ........ ______ ;. 

Moisture in sample of coal as received .. _ .....•.....•.......•. -.•.••.•. -

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

47.58 

37.30 

4. 79 

10.33 

100.00 

56.05 

43.95 

100.00 

3. 93 ------ .... ---

71.03 

4.65 

7. 77 

1. 57 

4. 13 

10.85 

100.00 

4. 79 

79.67 

5.22 

8. 71 

1. 76 

4.64 

100.00 

·-------·----- a Calculated from chemistry of ash.· 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ______________ ----_-------_-----~------ ____________ --- _________ per eenL. 

45. Earthy matter . ____ . ____________ . ________________________________________ do- _ . -

FUEL PRR HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour __ . _- _________________________ . _______ . ____ pounds.-

47. Combustible consumed per hour _________________________ --------_-----{-- do .... · __ do ___ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour __________________________ do ___ _ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour __________ ·-{--do.--- . __ do ___ _ 

CALORIFIC YALUE OF FUEL. 

517 

22.40 

77.60 

869 

732 

a 744 

21.43 

.36 

a. 366 

50. Calorific value ·by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _______ . ______ 13, OOb 

51. Calorifie value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _. _________ 14,588 

52. Calorific value hy analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _________ . _______________ 12, 780 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U __________________ • __ 14,335 

QUALITY OF STEAM, 

54. Percentage_of moieture in steam.-------~------------- ------------·-·-----------

55. Number of degrees of superheating _________________ . _____ . ______ ._. ____________ _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) _______ ------------ ................ per cent__ 

WATER. 

.589 

None. 

99.55 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler _____________________________________ ,potmds' __ 60,141 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ___________________________ .do. ___ 71, 41:l6 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, correeted for quality of steam. _________________ .do. ___ 51:l, 769 

60. Factor of evaporation ________ .. _- _- _____________________ . _____________________ . 1. 1R88 

61. Equivalent water e\·aporated into dry steam from and at 212° ____________ pounds._ 71, 173 

WATER PF.R HOUR. 

62. "rater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ________________ pounds._ 5, 977 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ________________________ .do.___ 7, 105 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .. _._ ..... -_._._. ____ ._---_._._-._ ... _-_. ________ .. ___ . ________ pounds._ 3. 5 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower deYelope<l (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ... __________________ ------------- ........ ___ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . __ . _. _. _. ______ . ____________ ... _________ .... _. _. ___ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ____ . ______ .. ____ . _ ... _ .. ____ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

205.9 

210 

98.05 
518 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

,RCOXO:\IIC RESUL'l'S. 

68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound ?f coal as fired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) .... _ . _ . ___ . _ ....... __ ..... _ ... ____ . _ ... _ ... ___ . _pounds. _ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) _ . _ . ____ . _ ... _ . _ . _ • _ ...•. _________ . __ . _ ... ______ . ____ : ______ . _ . _ . _ . _ . 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 <-item 

27). ___ .... __ . _. _. _ ...... _ .... _ ..... __ .. _____ . _. _. _. _. _. _. _ .. _._._ .. pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~~~~~~~:·:~o~~t;io-~. ~~~I:l. -~~~- -~t- -~~~~ _ ~-e:_ -~~~~~-d- _ ~~ _ ~:>~~:~~~i-1:1~~{: ~~: ~: ~ ~ 

EF.FICIE~CY. 

72. Efficie~cy o~ ~he boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~nd of eom--{ per cent.. 

. bustrble drvrdcd by the heat value of 1 pound of combustrble) . _. __ . _ .. _.do .. __ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry eoal) ---··- ...... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (~ssumed) . _. ___ .... _ 

75. Qost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ... __ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ... __ . _ .. _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SliOKE OBSERVATIOXS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................. _ ... ___ , ......... .. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ...... ___ ........ _ ... ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter._ ... ___ ._ .... _. cubie inches .. 

lfETHODS OP FIRJNC:. 

6.58 

7. 78 

8.17 

9. 71 

a9.55 

64.28 

(t 63.22 

60.67 

$1.00 

$0.076 

$0.0643 

37 

. 018 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or eoking) ... _ ..... _. _. _. _ ... _. _ ..... __ ... _. Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire. ___ . __ .... _._ ... _: .. ________ . ___ . ___ ... ____ . ____ inches.. 8 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition _ .. __ ................. ___ ... __ ... ___ .................. minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking np .. __ .. _. __ ....... do._ .. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS 01<' THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02) ........................ __ .. __ ...... _ ........... per eent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) ... _ ....... _ .. _ ..... _ . ___ . _ ... _ ....... _ ... _, ................. do .. .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ..... _ ......... ___ ........................ -- ...... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ...... ___ . __ ........ _ .... _ ...... _ ............ do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) ... __ .. __ ......................... _ .......... do .. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

5.25 

30 

7.8 

12.1 

0 

80.1 

520 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR THSTJUBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBl'STIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ........... ;. _ ....... __ ...... 14,588 

B. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7.: ..•. _ ....... ~ ....... _ ....... _ ..... _. _ .....•. _ .. _ 9, 222 

2. Loss dge to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-'-

lOOX [(212-t)-j-966+0.48 ( T-212) J (t =temperature of air in the boiler 

room; T =that of the flue gases) .. _ .... _. __ ... _ .. _ ....... __ .. _. _ .. _ .. . 73 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to cmubustible -c--100 X 9 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ('I'- 212)]. _ 608 

4. Loss due to lwat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) ............................. _.. a, 262 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible co" +C0 x---- ---roo---- x 10,150 __________________ ...... o 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these .losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) .......... _ . ____ ................ _ ...................... _ 1, 423 

HE:M.\RKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.46 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepowei· hour= 4.27 pounds. 

----------------------------------------------- a Calculated from chemistry of aSh. 

Per cent. 

U63. 22 

0 50 

4.17 

22.::16 

0 

9. 75 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 521 

TEST No. 52.-Regular and spectal ob.~ervations on test of Indian Territory No. 4 coal, Novembe1· 10, 1904. 

Time. 

SteamJ>ressure 

gage, 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.217 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

--~---~-- -------~ 1-----c----- -----------

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Manometer pres- sure per square 

inch. 

Temperuture of steam. co. 

ln hood, ~af~- in in 

inches inches 

of of water. water. 

co,. o,. 

---------~ Pound-: ---:;.~----:;-- --::;;- --;Jounds. ---:;,------- Per ct. Per ct~ Per ct. 

7.57-............ 79 38 ..................... --·----- 0.55 0.07 ·--··· ·------~------

8 ............. __ I 79 38 615 .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 66 . 10 . . .. . . .. . .. . . . ... .. 

s. 20 .......... __ s2 53 648 ........ I.. . . . . . . . 69 . 11 .................. . 

8. 40 - . -.-. -- .. -. 88 37 53 610 0. 45 254 . 50 . 12 .. -.- .. ---- ... --- -. 

9 - . -.. --- ...... - 82 38 607 . 45 271 . 55 . 17 7. 6 12. 1 0. 0 

9.20 ............ 85 37 75 620 .45 272 .56 .23 ................. .. 

9. 40 ..... ---.... 85 38 67 598 . 47 271 . 55 .. 26 ........... -- ..... . 

10.............. 79 38 62 587 .50 260 .51 .24 ............. 1 .... .. 

10. 20 .. . .. .. .. .. 83 39 61 573 . 50 267 . 60 . 27 ................. .. 

10. 40 .. .. . .. . . .. 80 39 60 554 . 52 262 . 60 . 28 .... -- ..... --

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40-----------

12-.-----------. 

12.20--.-.- ·----

12. 40 - -.. - .. -- .. 

1 ... ------ .... --

1.20--.. -.. ----. 

1. 40 ... --- .. -... 

2- -· •••• - ··- ----

2. 20 ..... ---···· 

2.40 ------······ 

3 -- .. -- .. - .. ---. 

3. 20 --·· ----·-·· 

3. 40 - -- .. -.. -.--

4 ... ········--·-

4. 20----- -·· .... 

4. 40 .. -... -·.---

5 .............. . 

5. 20 .... -- ..... . 

5.40 ........... . 

6.10- -·· ·······-

Total ..... 

Average .. 

86 

79 

83 

84 

86 

85 

39 

39 

39 

40 

40 

40 

59 

59 

59 

. 60 

60 

60 

625 

600 

575 

660 

620 

600 

80 i 42 61 605 

83 42 63 620 

85 41 63 655 

84 42 62 615 

80 42 62 578 I 

84 41 62 630 

85 42 .. 62 637 

81 41 62 626 

83 41 63 630 

81 41 62 615 

82 40 62 610 

84 41 62 626 

83 40 62 603 

83 40 63 655 

.52 

. 55 

. 60 

. 66 

. 67 

. 68 

.70 

. 68 

. 70 

.68 

. 65 

.70 

. 69 

. 68 

.69 

266 

249 

265 

262 

272 

274 

268 

274 

275 

272 

274 

279 

264 

268 

267 

. 67 

. 70 

. 70 

.70 

. 58 

. 55 

. 56 

.44 

. 70 

. 45 

. 50 

. 57 

. 55 

. 63 

.58 

. 31 

. 36 

. 23 

. 28 

. 10 

.15 

6.4 13.4 .0 

5. 3 14.9 . 0 

:::~:J:::::: :::::: . 21 6. 6 

.12 

12.6 . 0 

. 27 

.10 

.16 

. 33 

. 29 

.30 

. 25 

8.6 11. 0 .4 

...... 1 ........... .. 

I, ...... --·--··j"""""" 

s. 6 111. 5 1. 3 

.69 272 .59 .28 7.6 12.0 .0 

.68 260 .66 .29 

. 68 261 i f)~ • 20 • !.._ ' - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - -

. 69 268 . 47 . 14 ....... -- ........ -- 1 

. 55 269 . 65 . 1 i ._ ..... I ...... ·j"" .. .. 

87 ... ,.. 621 6so .60 1 275 . 62 .15 ...... 1 _______ .... .. 

81 .. .. .. .. . . .. 550 ... --.... . .. .. .. . . . . .. 6. 4 113. 6 . 0 

1, 155 1, 722119, 02_7 /-1-7-.0-9---,-,4-9-1 -1-8.-2-1 -6-.-54- 5-7-.10,11_0_1_. -1- --1-. ,- 2,651 

82.8 40 61.5 614 . 61 268 . 59 . 21 7. 14 12.64 . 21 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--15 
522 OPERATIONS 0.1!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEHT No. 52.-Regttlar and special observations on test of Indian Territory Ro. 4 coal, Nove~ber 10, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

f:;tart, 7.57 .. ~ ____ . ____ _ 

8.22 -----------------

9.26 ........ , ....... . 

10.14 

] 1.04 -.............. . 

11.49 ............... . 

12.22 ----------------

1.00 

1.31 ................ . 

2.06 ................ . 

2.40 ................ . 

3.16 ................ . 

3.58 ................ . 

4.56 ................ . 

6.2::1 ·-··- ........... . 

Close, 6.10 ......... .. 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage gla ss. 

Inches. Incite.-;. 

35t 

39~ 

35l 

38 

37 

38~ 

38~ 

:~G§ 

36 

23~ 

26~ 

32 

36~ 

41t 

i)5~ 

35~ 

-----~---

2~ 

4 

2~ 

4~ 

31 2 

4 

51 

. 2 

4 

1~ 

6 

5 

5~ 

3 

3~ 

3~ 

2 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

--------

During periocl. rrotnl. During 

- ----

periorl.l- Totnl. _ 

Pmirul.<;, Ponnds. 

------------~------------

596 596 

1,200 1, 796 

600 2,396 

GOO 2,996 

600 ::1,596 

600 4,196 

600 4,796 

. 600 5,396 

600 5,996 

600 6,596 

600 7, 196 

600 7,796 

600 8,396 

GOO 8,996 

300 9,296 

Pow uls. j Ponnd.'!. 

-·----- -----~-----·------

48fl 

7, 753 

3, 571 

3,581 

3,625 

2,667 

3 ,8]() 

4,079 

2,959 

4,038 

3,244 

4, 40:~ 

4,629 

1,609 

4,860 

489 

8,242 

11,813 

15,394 

1H,919 

21,576 

25,392 

29,471 

32,430 

3(),4()8 

39,712 

44,115 

48, 744 

60,353 

5ti, 213 

}{ECORD OF FUHNACE CONDITIONS. 

----;---------~---------.----------------------- -

Time. Observation. 'l'inw. Observation. 

------------------------------------

Boiler nuder load during night 

7.15 .... Eire cleaned. 

7. 6 7 . . . . Test starte(l, 1 ~ inehes thick. 

8.20.... Fire raked, () inehes thick. 

8.35 . . . . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

8.50 . . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.19.... Do. 

9.40 . . . . Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

9.50 . . . . Fire sliced. 

9..')8 . . . . Fire raked 8 inches thick. 

10.11... Do. 

10.29 .. . Do. 

10.42... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

10.50... Fire sliced. 

10.66 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

11.26... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

11.30... Cleaning fire. 

11.41 . . . Fire cleaned, 2~ inches thick. 

·12.16... .Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

12.32 .. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.58.. Fire raked. 

1.19 . . . Fire sliced. 

1.21... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

2.00... Fire sliced, 11 inches thick. 

:2.:l6 .•. Fire ,raked, 8 inches thick. 

2 50... Fire sliced. 

2.53... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

3.10... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3. 25 .. . Fire sli(:e(l. 

4.25... Do. 

4.43... Cleaning fire. 

4.54... Fire cleaned. 

4 .• 55... Fire raked, 1 ~ inches thick. 

5.15 ... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

5.25... Fire raked. 

5.50... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

5.59 _.. Fire raked. 

6.10... Test closed, fire 1~ inches thick. 

Ash dark gray. 'coal burned freely with long flame. Thin clinker formed entirely over grate. 
/ 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te8t of Indian Territory No. 4 coal. 

CO:s'DITIONS OF ROILE}t TRIAL. 

Test number, 52. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Nlo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the ecotiomy of coal as a fuel. 

523 

Prineipal eonditions governii1g trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Indian Territory No. 4. 

Kind' of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

:Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number-of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 10, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .......................................... : . .. _ ........ horirs .. 

Dll\fENSTONS A~D PROPORTIOi\B. 

3. Grate surface ......... _ .... _ ..................... _ ................ square feet... 

:u Width of grate .... _ .. ___ ................................................. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ............................. -... _ ....................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace . _ ..... : .. ........................................... inehes .. 

10.217 

40.55 

G. 15 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surfaee ... · ....................... per cent.. 44 

fi.l Area of chimney .................................... ___ .......... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney .............. _ ..................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft. .................................. ~ .............................. . 

7. \Vater-heating surface·-- ....................... _ ............... _ ... square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to ou1.<5icle of heads) ...................... , ........ feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

D. f b . . I . 'd ) {inches .. 1ameter o tn cs ( outsit e-ms1 e ............................. _ .... . .. do .... 7.4 

7.5 I~ength of tubes exposed ................................................. feet.. 

8. Superheating surface .......................................... 0 ••• square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........... , .. 0 ..... _ .. _ .......... _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............ 0 ............. _____ • _ .... . 

A YERAG E J'RESSURES. 

11. Barometer ____________________________________________ 0 

___ {inches of mercury_ . 

.......... pounds .. 

11.1 b . h · · {--do .... Steam pressure y gage per square me ............. _ ........... __ . ___ . ..do .... 

12. .Force of draft between clam per and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 . 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.~67 

14.56 

il:?.S 

rt97. 86 

0 59 

Vl. Force of draft. in furnace .. 0 .............................................. do· ... _ . 21 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash 'pit._ .................................. _ ..... do.... 0 

---------------·- nAbsoiute. 
'524 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

i9. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A VER.AGE TE:MPEltATURF.R. 

Of external air ..................... _ ................................. degrees. _ 

Of fireroom ................. _ ...... _____ ..... _ ..... ___ ............. ____ .do .. _. 

Of stemn . ~ __ ., ................ __ .. __ .... _ ............ __ ... __ ....... __ .. do. __ _ 

Of feed water in tank ....... __ .......................................... do ... _ 

Of feed water entering economizer ... __ ........................ · .......... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ........ __ .............. ____ ................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler .................... _ ........................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from economizer ....... __ .............................. do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ........ · ....... __ ......... __ ............ ___ .. _ ......... __ ...... do ... _ 

FUEL. 

23. Sil'.e and condition: Nut, bright-60 per cent small, 40 per cent slack. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire .......... __ ...... __ .. ____ .... __ ... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .... _ ..... __ ........ __ .. , ............. __ .... ____ .. do __ .. 

Percentage of moisture in (~oal ............................ _ . _ ....... _ ... ___ .... _ 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ... __ ..... __ ......................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... _ 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................. ___ ............... per cent._ 

40 

61.5 

325.7 

57.8 

614 

None. 

9,296 

6.24 

8, 716 

1,041 

50 

. _ . {pounds.. 7, 675 30. Total com bust! ble consumed_ ............ __ .......... __ ... ____ .... __ .. .. do .... a7, 342 

31. Percentage of aHh in refuse in dry eo~l .. __ ..... __ ............................ __ . 11. 94 

R2. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

l'ltOXDIATE A};ALYSIS 01<' COAL. 

Fixed carbon ............................ __ ...... __ .................. .. 

Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

l\1oisture ............................................................ . 

Ash·------------------------- ______ ---------------· .... _ .. , ____ ..... . 

36. Sulphur, separately de~ermined ....................................... . 

ULTD-IATR ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ..... _ .... __ ................................... __ ......... . 

38. Hydrogen (H) .................. _ .................................... . 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .............................. __ ...................... ----

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ . 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

42. Ash .......... ·--------------------------------------------------------

Per cent Per cent of 

of euul. combustible. 

45.33 

35.44 

6.24 

12.99 

100.00 

56. 12 

43.88 

100.00 

3. 86 -------·-···· 

66.76 77.49 

4.53 5.26 

9.28 10. 77 

1. 46 1.70 

4. 12 4.78 

13.85 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coalasreeeived .................. · .............. :... 6.24 ............ .. ---------

aCalculated.from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAJ.YRIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ___ .. _____________ . _________ .. _ . ______ . _ .. _______ . _.- __ - _---. -per cent .. _ 

45. Earthy 1natter __ • __________________ . ____ -.-. ________ . ___ .- __ -.. ---------- .. do .. --_ 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour _____ . ____ .. __ . _ .. ___ . _ .. ______ . ____ . ______ pounds .. _ 

47. Combustible consumed per hour. __ . _________ .. _. ____ ._. __________ .. __ _ {

--do ... __ 

__ do ___ _ 

.48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surfaee per hour ______ . _____ . ____ . _. __ . __ .. do .. __ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ___________ _ {

·._do ___ _ 

__ do ___ _ 

CALORil<'lC VAI .. lTE OF I<'UEJ_,, • 

525 

15.94 

84.06 

853 

751 

a719 

21.04 

. 37 

«.354 

50. Calorific value by mcygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _____ .. _______ 12, 027 

51. Calorifie value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. 'r. U _____ . _____ 13, 961 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ___ .. ____________ . ___ . ___ 11, 968 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U _________________ . ___ 13, 892 

QUALITY OF STEAl\1. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ____ . __ ... _ . ____________________________________ _ . 897 

1\.5. Number of degrees of superheating ________ ._. _____________ . _____ . __________ . ___ . None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity). ______ . ______________ .. ___ ... _____ per cent__ 99.31 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ______________ · ________ ~ _______ . _____ .. pounds._ 55,213 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ______ . ______ . ___ . __________ .. do .. ___ 66,073 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam_._. __ . _______ ._._ .. do ____ 54, 830 

60. Factor of eyaporation .. _ .. _________________________ ... _ . __________________ ..... _ 1. 1967 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steai:::1 from an< I at 212° ___________ .pounds __ G5, 615 

6' 

63. 

64. 

WATEU PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. ______________ .. pounds .. _ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° _______ .. ____________ . ___ .. do ___ _ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,367 

6,422 

surface. __ -_. ________ - _ .... ____ . _____ . ___ .. ___ . ___ . _____ . ___________ . __ pounds__ 3. 16 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . ________ ~ ________ . ______________ . ____ . _____ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ______________ .. _. ___________________ . __ ... ______ -.- __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ______ . ___ .. _. _______ . ___ . ___ _ 

186.1 

210 

88.6 ------ ~-------------------------

a C~<lculated from chemistry of ash. 
526 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO.MIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) . _. __ . ___ . ____ .. __ .. ______ .. ____ .... __ .. ________ .pounds._ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) . ______ - _ .. _____ - _.- _. _______________ .. ____ . ______ . ________ .pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) -- _. ______ -- ______ ---- _. __ -------- ____ .. _______________ . ___ . ____ .pounds .. 

71. Equi\·alent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. J _.do. __ _ 

(Item 6l+ite111 30) ............ ________ .. ____ . _________ .... , ........ l..do. __ _ 

EPPICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of corn- {per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) . _ .. _ .• ___ .do ___ _ 

7'2. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, ineluding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .. ____ . _____ per cent._ 

COST 0.1<~ EYAPORA':fiON. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .. _________ _ 

75, Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions._. ___ . 

7G. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° . _. _______ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

8.1\JOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of sinoke as observed __ ... ___ .. ____ . ___ .. ___ ... ____ . _______ . __ .. ___ .. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _______ , .. __________ ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ________ .... __ .. cubic inches __ 

METHODS OJ<~ FIRING. 

5.94 

7.06 

7.53 

8.55 

"8. 94 

59.14 

a6J. 84 

60.46 

$1.00 

$0.084 

$0.071 

42 

SO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .... _ .. ___ .. ______________ ,........ Spreading. 

81. Average thicliness of fire .. ____ .. __ ............ ____ ...... __ .... ______ .. _ .inches.. 9 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in norina! condition __ ._ ..... _____________ ... _,. ___ .. ___ - ________ -.. ~ ... __ .. minutes.. 6. 6 

88. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up - - .. __ -- .. _____ -_do____ 19 

ANALYSIS 01•' THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...... _. ____ ..... _ ••• __ .- ...... ----- ... ---- •••••• per cent.. 

85. Oxygen (0) _____ ... ____ ... _ ........... _ ........ -.... -------------------.do ... ·. 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ............... _ .... _- .. -- -- .. - --- -- - -- --- .. -.. ---do- ---

87. Ilydrogen.and hydrocarbons ... ___ ...... _ .. __ --- ...... -... ---- ...... ---- .. do.--. 

88 .. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) __ .... ____ . ___ ... _ ...... __ :_ ---.--------- .... do .. -. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.14 

12.64 

. 21 

80.01 
~~~--~-,--~11~-r--~-,--~--~~--_~--~~,\--~----~--~--~~~~~~~ 

tr\ : I \ r7 

II 
528 OPERATIONS 01•' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRTBUTION OF THE HEATING VAJ.UE OF THE C01-!HUSTIRLE 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U _. _ ... __ .... , ..... _. _ ..... _ .. 13,961 

B.T.U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

com lmstible X 965.7 _ .• _. _ .......... ___ -.- _ ....... _. _. __ ..... _ .... _______ 8, 63:3 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustiblc-7-

JOO X [ (212- t) -[-966+0.48 ( 1'--212)] ( t = tmnperature of air in tho boiler 

room; T= that of the flue gases) . __ . ______ .... __ ... _____ .... _ .... _ ... _ .. 

:~. Loss due to moisture formed by tho burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

Per cent. 

(t 61. 84 

. 72 

hy<lrogen to combustible--;--100 X 9 X [ (212-t) +966+ 0.48 (T- 212)] .. _ _ 620 4. 44 

4: Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 _>< ( T-t) _ ••••• _, •. _. _. __ • __ . __________ .. ___ 3, 457 24. 76 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

co.~ cox per cent 0 \b~ombusti~lex 10,150------.:.------------------- 225 1. 61 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaceounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated I . _ .. _ ..... _. _ ... __ ..... _____ ... _ . _ . _ .. _ ... _ ......... _..... 925 6. 63 

HEl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3. 76 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower honr = 4.64 pounds. 

~--------------------------------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 529 

TEsT No. 45.-Regulw· ancl special obseruations on test of Iowa No. 1 coal, No1'ember 3, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration ol trial, 10.017 hours.] 

~~---------~-----------,----------,---------

Time. 

Stenmpressure 

gage. 

Tentperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

;outside. 

l!'lue Water In hood, I~a~~- Boiler gases, Steam separated in~~es . in ' room. base of discharge. iu 10 ol mches 

stack. minutes. ,Vater. w~t~r. 

Flue gases. 

C02. co. 

---------------------------1---- -------------

7.43 ------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8..10------------

9. ------'---·---. 

9.20 ------------

9.40 -------- ·---

10 --------------

10.20 _.---- -·--.-

10.40 ·--------·-

11---.----------

11.20 -----------

11.40 ---·-·-···· 

12--------------

12.20 --- -·-- ----

12.40-----------

1 ~- -. -- -.••• --. -

1.20 -- .. -· -·----

1.40 -----.- .. ---

2---. --·-----.--

2.20-.----------

2.40 • -----------

3.- -·- ·- ---·--·· 

3.20 ------ --·-·· 

3.40 - -... - - --.--

4 --·-·· -·--·----

4.20 ·-···-- -----

4.40 ------.-----

5 -------------·· 

5.20 ·-·- -··- ·- .. 

5.44 --·. ·-'-- -·-

Total __ .. _ 

Average .• _ 

Po~ind . .,. 0 P. ° F. 

81 --.--- -·- ---

90 45 52 

100 

90 

100 

92 

96 

97 

·89 

83 

81 

62 

82 

78 

84 

83 

79 

85 

71 

86 

64 

77 

90 

83 

82 

so 

80 

90 

79 

79 

49 

50 

52 

55 

58 

59 

60 

60 

60 

62 

62 

62 

63 

64 

64 

64 

65 

65 

65 

65 

66 

65 

65 

65 

63 

62 

61 

60 

54 

56 

58 

60 

63 

66 

66 

67 

67 

68 

69 

71 

70 

70 

71 

70 

71 

72 

73 

73 

74 

73 

72 

72 

71 

70 

69 

68 

83 -·-·-- -----· 

o P. 

fi25 

475 

517 

517 

483 

500 

514 

506 

fil4 

507 

507 

480 

532 

556 

524 

557 

553 

562 

562 

580 

552 

600 

528 

537 

539 

577 

575 

502 

537 

Ponnds. Po1<ndx. 

4. 48 0. 029 

----·-·· --------1 

4. 78 . 027 

4. 60 . 027 

3. 69 . 02 

4.12 . 035 

4. 00 . 029 

3.86 .026 

4.16 .02 

4.16 .039 

0.45 

. 22 

. 33 

.:H 

. 29 

.:n 

. 29 

. 36 

. :16 

. 39 

. 52 

.53 

.53 

. 36 

. 51 

.52 

.54 

. 52 

. 61 

. 68 

. 70 

.18 

.44 

. 44 

.54 

. 56 

. 61 

. 66 

. 66 

0.09 

. 07 

. 09 

. 09 

.11 

.11 

. 09 

. 15 

.13 

. 15 

. 27 

. 18 

.17 

. 10 

.17 

. 20 

. 22 

.14 

. 20 

.12 

.18 

.06 

. 17 

. 19 

.19 

. 25 

. 22 

. 23 

. 10 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

\l.4 !).5 0.0 

9.8 8.2 .3 

9.8 9.2 .4 

7.4 12.5 .0 

8.9 \J. 8 .2 

8. 7 10.8 . 0 

--'--- ----- _,_ ---.. --

8.0 11.6 .0 

9. 1 10. 1 .3 

8.8 10.8 .0 

6.8 13.8 :0 -----___ [ ___ -------------

2, 596 1, 756 

83.7 60.5 

1,956 16,.548 41. 80 I . 274 13. 45 4. 44 86. 7 106. 3 1. 2 

67.4 534 4.18 .0274 .464 .153 8.67 10.63 .12 
530 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TBsT No. 45. -Regular and special observation~ on test of Iowa No. 1 coal, "\'ovembu 3, 1.904-Continuecl. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

: Height of water. i Weight of ~oal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

~--In~-~ Tngagegla~~r:;;~:r:;;-- Tota-1.~ Duringpc::;:- Tota_l. __ 

---------1 Inches. -Inches. - Pounds. Ponn---;:- -Pounds.- --Pounds.-

Start, 7.4:5 ..... ______ .; 40 I 2! ...... -- -- - -- .. -- .. -- -1-- .. -- ---- --1------ ---- -- 8.08 _______________ __~ 31! .,.,~ I 7oo 100 1,632 1,632 

8.42 ...... -... --.... 26 700 1, 400 3, 409 5, 041 

9.14 ----------------- 27;\- 4!j- 700 2,100 3,182 8,223 

9.56 ---------------- 36§ 4! 700 2,800 3,978 12,201 

10.43 ---------------- 24!j- 5! 700 3,500 4,154 16, 3:55 

11.38 --------------- 31~ 3 700 4,200 4,.898 21, 253 

12.07 --------------- 26! 5 700 4,900 2,779 24,032 

12.50 --------------- 35! 2z 700 5,600 4,779 28,811 

1.29 ---------------- 29!1- 2~ 700 6,300 4,042 32,853 

2.20 ---·------------ 3oz 3t 700 7,000 4,R57 37, 710 

2.46 ---------------- 33~ 3~ 700 7, 700 2, li2 39,81!2 

3.16 ______ ,. __________ 32 3! 700 8,400 3,359 43,241 

4 ................... 24} 4 700 9,100 4,710 47,951 

4.42 ----------------- 27! 4~ 700 9,800 4,089 52,040 

Close, 5.44 ..... _ .... 40 3 531 10,331 5,333 57,373 

----------- ·--------------------------------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observ11tion. I Time. Observation. 

--1~-- ---------------

Boiler under a load d_nring night. 1.40... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

--------------

7. . . . . . . Cleaned fire. 2. _ .... , .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

7.43 .. _,_ Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

9.01. _. _ Fire rakecl, 7 inches thick. 

9.33.... Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 

9.d9 . . . . Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.14... Do. 

10.53... Do. 

11.10. . . Cleaning fire. 

11.23 __ . }'ire deaned, 3 inches thick. 

11.49... Fire raked, 6 inches thi.ek. 

12.27... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

12.47... Fire niked, 7 inches thick. 

1.06.... :Fire rake(!, 8 inches thick. 

2.03.. Cleaning fire. 

2.18--

2.44 .. 

3.10--. 

3.35-. 

3.57--

4.30.-

5.05 .. 

Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

Fire raked, R inches thick. 

. Do. 

Do. 

Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 

Fire raked. 

5.08.. Cleaning fire. 

5.20. _. Fire cleaned, 3 in(ohes thick. 

, 5.44 _.. Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

-------------------------'------ -------------

Refuse clark and heavy. Coal buruecl freely with long flatu e. 99 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Iowa No. 1 coal. 

COXDITIO:NS OF BOILER TKlAI.. 

Test number, 45. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine"the economy of coal as a fuel. 

531 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes appa-

_ratus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Iowa No. l. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

· 1. Date of trial, November 3, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

DDl.KXSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet.. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate ........................................................... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate .......................................................... do .. . 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

10.01 i 

40.55 

6.1R 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .... · ...................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ...................................... do .. . 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................ · ..................... _ ........... . 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

7. \Vater-heating surface_.--------- ___ --------------------------- ____ square feet.. 2, 031 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL .............................................. inehes .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

f b ( "d · "d ) · {inches .. 7.4 Diameter o tn es outs1 c-ms1 e .................................. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............................................... square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........................ ___ ..... _ .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .............................. _ ... _. 

A YERAG E PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer .................................. : ............. {inches of mercury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ...... -~·-·· .................. ·{·· do ... . 

· .. do ... . 

12. .Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. .Force of draft in furnace ................................................ do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

.42. H4 

21. ,')8 

116 

:~. 5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.61 

14.1.i3 

83. 70 

a 98. 23 

.46 

. 15 

0 
532 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE.:\IPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ........................ _ .............................. degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ..................................... ----- ................... do ... . 

17. Of steam ............................................... ------ .......... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ........................................ ~ .......... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ............ ; .......................... d9 ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases froln boiler .............................. __ .. ______ .... do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................ _._ ............ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnaee .............................................................. do ... _ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 80 per cent; slack, 20 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

60.5 

67.4 

326.3 

57.4 

195 

534 

None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do.... 10, 331 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 69 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds. . !:J, 433 

28 .. Total ash and refuse ----------------------------------------------------do .... 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

1,R75 

63 

30. Total eombustible consumed ......... __ . _________ . ___________________ -{pounds-- 7, 558 

.. do .... a7,292 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. 88 

PROXDIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. comtm"tible. 

32. . Fixed ·carbon ........................................................ . 39.89 54.66 

33. Volatile matter ...................................................... . 33.08 45.34 

R4. J\ioisture ............................................... : . ........... . ~.69 -.. --.------- 35. Ash ................ _ ...... ___ . _ ...... ____ . __________________________ _ 18.34 -------·-----

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . ~ ..............................• ~ ..... . 6.39 -------------

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .......... . 61.67 77.17 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................ _______ .......... _ ......... __ ... . 4.01 5.02 

39. Oxygen (0) ...................................... ______________ ..... . 6.26 7.83 

40. Nitrogen (N) -----·········------------------------------·-··········· .97 1. 21 

41. Sulphur (S) ............................. _ .. _ .......... ___ ............ . 7.00 8.77 

42. Ash ..................................... _ ... _. __________ .. ___ . _ . _ ... _ 20.09 -------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of mal as received .... : . ............... ~ .•••.•.••.•. 8. 69 ------------- -------~-~~----·----. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REI<'USE. 

44. Carbon _______ ... _. _ ... _. _ ... ____ .. __ ........................ -...... per cent.-

45. Earthy matter ........................ ___ ............... ---- ............ do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ....... _ .................................. pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour. ...... _____ .. _____ . _____ .... _ .. ___ .--{·- ·do .. ·· 

· ... do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ..................... __ .. do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour_ ........ -{·- do.·-· __ do .... 

CALORIFIC Y ALUE OF I<~UF.L. 

533 

13. 12 

86.88 

942 

755 

a728 

23.23 

. 372 

(/. 358 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... _. _... . . . . 11, 443 . 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..... _ ... 14, 320 

52. Calorific value by analysis, per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............ _ ......... 11, 257 

53. Calorific value by analysis, per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... _ ........ 14,087 

QUALITY OF STEA)I. 

Percentage of moisture in steam ... __ ....... _ ..... _ .......... __ ._ ... __ ... . . 651 

N urn ber of degrees of superheating ...... _ ..... _ ..... _ ... _ ..................... . 

54. 

55. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .......................... __ ...... per cent.. 99.5 

WATER, 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler._ ..... _ ............................. pounds. . 57, 373 

58. Equi ''alent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .. _ ........ _ ...... _ ........ do .... 68, 675 

59. '\v ater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ....... _ .......... do.... 57, 086 

60. Factor of evaporation ............. ·.............................................. 1. 197 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .... _ ..... _pounds .. 68, 332 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 690 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° __ ... __ .. _. ____ .. _. __ ... do._.. 6, 822 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .. _ ............... _ ............. _ ..................... _ ...... pounds.. 3. 36 

IIORf,EPOWER. 

65. Horsepower de_velopeJ. (34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ... _ ........... _ ..... _. ___ . ___ . ___ ... __ ._ ... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ...... _ ................... _ ........ _ .. _ ........... _ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _ ... _. _. __ .. ___ . _ ... _ ...... . 

197. 7 

210 

94. 16 ------~---.-~-~- ------ --~ ·----- <~Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
534 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

6R. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-7-item 25) _____ ------ ...................................... pounds.. 5. 55 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 21i) ........................................... ·_ ............... pounds.. 6. 61 

70. Equivalent evaporation from an<l at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-7-item 

27) ........... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... pounds .. 

71. Equh•alent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible.;- .do ... . 

(Item 61+item 30) ... -.............................. ---- ... ____ ... t. .do .. .. 

EFFICIENCY, 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) _ ......... do._ .. 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ....... __ ... per cent .. 

COS'!' OF F.\' APORA'l'10N. 

74. Cost of coal p~r ton of 2,000 pounds delJvered in boiler room (assumed) ......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ...... __ .. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S::UOKE OBSERVATIONS, 

Percentage of smoke as observed ........ __ .................................... .. 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ___ ............ __ .... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... -- ...... __ .. cubic inches .. 

, :METHODS OF FTRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ......... _ ... ~ .................... . 

81. Average thickness of fire .... _ ..... __ .. ____ ... ___ ... __ ..... ___ .. ___ . __ .. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace ~luring time when fires are in nor7. 24 

9.04 

''9. 37 

60.96 

<t63. 19 

61.10 

$1.00 

$0.09 

$0.0756 

50.4. 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ...................................................... minutes.. 6 

8:~. Averag-e intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

AXALYSIS OP THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ............. __ ..... __ .. __ .... ____ .. __ ...... __ .. per cent.. 

Oxygen ( 0) ......... _ ....... __ ........... _ ..... __ .. __ .... _ ..... __ ...... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................. ~ . . . . . . ........ do. _ .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons. __ .... __ ............... __ .... __ .............. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ...... __ ................ __ ..... __ .... __ ..... do ... . 

a Calculuted from chemistry of ash. 

8.67 

10.63 

. 12 

80.58 

536 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALAXCE, OR DISTRIBTTTIOS OJ.~ THB HEATING VALUE OJ.' THE CO.:\IBUSTIBLE, 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. 'r. U ___ .. _ . _ . _________ _- _ . _ . _____ . . 14, 320 

ll. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7. _____ ... _____ ·--- ___ . _____ ;_. ______________ . ____ .. 9, 049 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100 X [ (212-t) +966+0.48 ( 'l'-212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 'l'=that of the fine gases).---------------------·--------- 151 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = }Jer cent oi 

hydrogen to combustible-:-100X9X [ (212-t)+966+0.48 ( 1'-212)] _. _.. m2 

4. Loss due to heat <:arried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound ofeombustibleX0.24X(1'-t). ---· .... :. ______ .... __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 2,442 

5. Loss due to iiwomplete combustion of carbon = 

__ OQ__ per cent 0 in combustiblt,J 

C02+COx~- 10 150 100 X ' 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

107 

calculated) _ . ________ .. _________ .... _ . _________ . _________ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 999 

RE.:\fAHKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepo11·er hour= 3.91 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.82 pimnds. 

a 63.19 

1. 05 

3.99 

li.05 

. 75 

13.97 

100.00 

--------------- --- --------------------------

a Calculated frOm dtemistry of nsh. 
BOILER TESTS. 537 

TEST No. 67.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowa No. fd coal, November_ 28, 1904. 

Time. 

Steam· 

pressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.917 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

1-~~~----1--~~-- --~--1-----~--

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Iu fur· 

Flue Water In hood, uace, gases, Steam separated in in 

base of discharge. in 10 inches inches 

stack. minutes. of water. of water. 

co, .. o,. co. 

---~-~-1----- --------~ ---1---· -------------

7.29 , .......... . 

7.40 ---------·-- 8 ___ , _________ .. 

8.20 ...... ·--·--

8.40 ........... . 

9 --------------· 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 -------- .. --

10--------------

10.20 ------ .. ---

10.40 ---------- . 

11 ............. . 

11.20 -----------

11.40 --- .... ----

12--------.-----

12.20 -- .. -------

12.40 -- -- ...... -

1 ............. .. 

1.20 -- .. --------

1.40 ------ ...... 

2 --------------· 

2.20 ........•... 

2.40 ........... . 

3 .............. . 

3.20 . -- ...... -.. 

3.40 .. -...... - .• 

4 .............. . 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 ....... -.- .. 

5 .............. . 

5.24 

Total ..... 

Average .. 

Pounds. °F. op, 

85 ........... . 

97 

92 

91 

89 

81 

84 

81 

80 

78 

79 

80 

81 

77 

79 

85 

78 

83 

83 

82 

80 

81 

82 

83 

82 

75 

81 

82 

81 

81 

30 

32 

34 

35 

36 

38 

39 

40 

41 

43 

45 

48 

50 

51 

52 

52 

54 

54 

55 

56 

56 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

56 

50 

50 

51 

51 

52 

53 

54 

56 

57 

58 

59 

63 

63 

64 

64 

64 

65 

66 

66 

67 

70 

69 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

68 

68 

84 ...... ------

° F. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

615 

625 

650 

640 

610 

615 

635 

605 

605 

615 

615 

615 

630 

625 

635 

655 

620 

630 

600 

645 

570 

630 

650 

655 

655 

650 

650 

645 

635 

560 

645 

4. 51 0. 033 

4. 07 . 04 

3. 98 . 037 

3. 86 . 04 

.3.93 .045 

4. 05 . 034 

3. 81 . 04 

4. 05 . 02 

4.10 . 04 

0. 58 0.14 

. 59 .13 

. 62 

. 61 

. 57 

. 61 

. 53 

. 59 

. 61 

.59 

. 57 

. 16 . ------ - ----- •• -----

.].8 

.18 

.26 

.16 

.19 

.20 

. 22 

.24 

7.2 12.2 0.0 

8.9· 10.6 .0 

~0 11.7 .0 

.56 .17 7.6 11.8 .0 

. 57 

. 62 

. 68 

. 59 

.60 

.69 

. 68 

. 61 

. 66 

. 63 

. 15 

. 24 

.20 

. 20 

. 22 

. 22 

. 24 

.12 

.26 

.15 

8.8 10.2 .3 

8. 2 11.8 . 0 

7.5 12.3 .0 

. 70 . 25 8. 6 10. 7 . 2 

. 68 

. 68 

. 66 

. 68 

. 30 

. 30 

. 27 

. 22 

8. 3 11. 5 . 4 

4. 21 . 045 ------- ------ - ----- . ----- - ------

........ ........ .59 7.9 12.0 .o ~--·-1-~-1----1---- ----------

2, 557 1, 396 1, 798 19, 430 

82. 5 48 62 627 

40.57 

4.057 

.374 17.35 5.57 

.0374 .62 .21 

81.0 114. 8 

8.1 11.48 

.9 

.09 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-16 
538 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 67.-Regtdar and special observations on test of Iowa No.2 coal, November 28, 1904-ContinuPd. 

SPECl'AL. 

Time. 

Start, 7.29 .. __ .. __ 

7.57 -------------

8.27 -------------

8.56 -------------

9.46 -------------

10.22 ------------

11.16 -----~----·--

11.47 ------------

12.16 ------------

1.04 -------------

1.38 ------------.-

2.23 -------------

2.54 -----------·--

3 25-------------

3.57·- ------------

4.33 -------------

Close,5.24 ....... . 

I 

~ --. 

----

----

----

----

----

" ----

----1 

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Jncht:s. Inches. 

40 3i 

31 d -" 24~ 3 

30 3! 

26! 3! 

29~ 5! 

25 2 

30 2 

28 4! 

27~ 4i 

28~ 2i 

24 2f 

24 2 

20 2i 

30 4i 

30~ 4~ 

40 3! 

Weight of coal burned. 

During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. 

------------ -----------·- 700 700 

700 1, 400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,600 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

700 7, 700 

700 8,400 

700 9,100 

700 9,800 

700 10,500 

486 10,986 

Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During peri od. Total. 

Pounds. 

·--------- 2,17 7 

3,43 5 

0 

2 

6 

3 

0 

8 

8 

8 

8 

4 

9 

4 

8 

0 

2,76 

4,56 

3,04 

4,53 

3,51 

2,51 

4,29 

3, 79 

3,43 

2,79 

3,14 

3,16 

3,22 

4,62 

Pounds. 

2,177 

5,612 

8,372 

12,934 

15,980 

20,513 

24,023 

26,541 

30,839 

34,637 

38,07.5 

40,869 

44,018 

47, 182 

50,410 

.5.5,030 

--------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

~--

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

-----

Boiler under light load during night. 1.16--- Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

7------- Fire cleaned. 1.29--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.29---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 1.55--- Cleaning fire. 

8.50-- ·- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 2.05--- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

9.10---- Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 2.37 -·- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

9.43---- l<ire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.03--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.05--- Do. 3.32--- Do. 

10.16--- Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 3.50--- Do. 

10.36.-- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.12--- Do. 

10:55--. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.16.-- Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

n:o2 ... Cleaning fire. 4.46--- Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

11.12--- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 4.56--- Cleaning fire. 

11.50 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 5.05 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thi<:k. 

12:14--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.20 ... Fire raked, ·2 inel1es thick. 

12.44.-- Do. 5.24 ... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

1.09---- Do. 

Clinker dark and heavy. Firing deadened the fire. Coal did not burn freely. 106 firing~ 

during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stenm test of Iowa ~No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIO~~ OF ROILEJt 'l'HIALS. 

Test number, 67. 

"Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, :iVIo. 

Kind of boiler.(commercial name), Heine Safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

539 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, lowa No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

i\fet hod of starting and stopping the teHt, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 28, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ......... _ ................. _.: .. _ .......... -. _ .......... hours._ 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ................... _ ............... _ ... ·.-- ......... __ .square feet .. 

3. 1 vVidth of grate .................................. __ . _ ............ _ ........ feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate ............ _ ................ __ ............. _ .... -....... do .. _. 

4. .f!:eight of furnac;e .· ............. _ ...... _ ........ __ .... _ ..... _ .. _ ....... inches._ 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .......... __ ..................... do .. .. 

9.917 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ..... _:._ ................ per cent.. 44 

6. 1 ~'l.rea of chimney_... .. .. . ........................................ sq nare feet. .. 

6. 2 Height of chimney above grate ...... ___ ...................... _ ........... feet .. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6. 4 Kind of draft .. _ . , ..... __ ............. _ .............. _ ....................... . 

7. VVater-heating surface. _________ . __ . _______________ .. ________ .. ___ .. square feet._ 

7. l Out~ide diameter of shell .. _ ..................... ~ ..................... irwhes .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .. _ ........... _ ............... feet .. 

7. 3 Nuniber of ttibes ........... _. _. _ .......... _ ................................... . 

- D" . f b ( "d · .

1 ) {indies .. 1. 4 rametcr o tu es outsr e-lliSH e ............................... _ .. . · .. do ... 

7. 5 Length of tubes exposed ...................... 00 •• _ .... 00 ......... _ ....... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............. 00 .............. _ ...... 00 ....... square feetc _ 

9. Ratio of water. heating surface to grate surface... . .................. _ .......... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............ __ ...... 00 _ .... _ ...... 00 

A YERAG E PRESSURE. . 

11. Barometer ................... __ ....... __ .... _ .. _____ . ____ _Jinches of mercury·-

)_ ......... pouwls .. 

11 St b . 1 {--do .... 1 . cam pressure y gage per square me 1 ........ _ ....... _ . _ ...... _ ..... 

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler . _. _. _ ... __ .. _ ..... 0. 0 inches of water __ 

13. Force of draft in fn rnaee .... 0 ........ 00 _ 0 _ •• _ 0 .... __ ....... _ ............. do .. __ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........ 0. _ ..... 0 _ 0 ___ ............ 0 .. __ 0 .. do .. _. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,om 

42.94 

21 .. 58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

] :9.1 

29.23 

14.35 

82.5 

a 96.85 

. 62 

0 21 

0 

• 
540 

15. 

HI. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ___ . ___ • ___ ... _ ................ ______________________ ._degrees._ 

Of fircroom __ .......... __ ......... ____ ........... ____ . _ .. _______ ..... ___ do ___ _ 

Ofsteam .... _______ . ------ _____ . -- ___ . ____ -------- ____ ... ______________ .do. __ _ 

Of feed water in tank ... _._ ........ ___________ . _____________ . ________ . ___ do ___ _ 

Of feed water entering economizer ______ . _____ . __________________________ d6 ___ _ 

Of feed water entering boiler ....... __________ . ______________ ~ _____ ... ____ do ___ _ 

Of escaping gases from boiler ____________________________________________ do ___ _ 

l!l!. Of escaping gases from economizer ___________________________________ . __ .do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace . ___ ......... __________________ . _______________ . ______________ do ___ _ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; very dirty. 

48 

62 

325. 3 

48 

169 

627 

24. ·weight of wood used in lighting fire _______ ..... _______________________ pounds._ None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired--------------------------------------------· ...... do .... 10,986 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL._-_ .............. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14. 88 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................. __ ._ ... ___________ . pounds._ 9, 3i>l 

28. Total ash and refuse ----------------------------------------------------do ____ 1,629 

29. Quality of ash and refuse, clinker .............. _ .... ____ .. __________ ._ per cent._ 58 

" - . {pounds. . 7, 722 30. Iotal combustible consumed. ____ . __________ ... _____ . _______ •. _______ _ 

.. do---- "7, 294 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .................... _________ ... __ ... ___ . 17. 44 

PROXIl\IATE ANALYSTS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of Of COHJ. combn•tible. 

32. Fixed carbon ________________________________________________ . _______ . 33.73 48.83 

33. Volatile matter _______________________________________________________ _ 35.35 51.17 

34. Moisture ... ______________________ . ________ ... _________________ : ______ _ 14.88 --.-----... ---- 35. Ash ____ ... _____ ... _ .. _ ... _ ... _ .... _______ ... __ . ________ . _________ ... _ 16.04 -------------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .... ____ . __ .... ___ •........ ___ •..•..... _ 4. 73 -------------

ULTil\IATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) _________ .. ___ . ____ ... , ... _ .. ____ . ________ .... _________ ... _ 62.04 76.42 

38. Hydrogen (H) ____ .............. _-- ........... ___ ....... --- ---- . --.-- ~. 4.49 5.53 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ___ .... _ .. __ ... _ ... _ .. __ . _ .. _ ... _ ·- ___ . _ ...... ________ . _ .. . 7.59 9.35 

40. Nitrogen ( N) _____ .••••. _ ••• __ ••••• _______________ . ____ ••• ____ . __ . __ . _. 1. 50 1. 85 

41. Sulphur ( 8) ___ ...•... _ ...• _ . _ ..... ________________ •. _ .••.• _ .... _ .... _ 5.56 6.85 

42. Ash ___ . _ .......... --- . ----- .. -.-. -.--.-.----..••.. ------- ------ ------ 18.82 -------------

100.00 100.00 

14.88 ., ---... --------- 43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . __ ... ____ .. _____ ...•. _-_ ......•. __ 

a Calcul!lted from chemistry of Hsh. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND }{RFUSE. 

44. Carbon .............................. : ................ :, ............. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ........................................................... (lo· ... . 

l<'UEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ......................................... -.pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour ....... -.. -- .. ---------------:--------- . ..co 1 .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .......................... do .. .. 

{ 

.. do .. .. 49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ........... __ do. __ _ 

CALORIFIC V Al,UE OF' FUEL. 

541 

18.07 

81.93 

944 

779 

a736 

23.28 

. 383 

". 363 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ......... _·... . 11, 497 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U :· .......... 14, Hl2 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry eoal, B. T. U ......................... 11, 444 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..................... 14,097 

QUALITY OF STRA:\L 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ........... · ........................ .' ............ . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .......................................... : .. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steani=unity) ................................... per cent .. 

WATER, 

. 913 

None. 

99.3 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ............ : ........................ pounds .. 55,030 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ............................ do .... 66,394 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................... do .... 54,645 

60. Factor of evaporation............................................................ 1. 2065 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............. pounds .. 65, 929 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. "\Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds.. 5, 51 o 

63. Equivalent evaporatioll per hour from and at 212° ••.•••.. · ....... ' ........... do.... 6, 648 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface. ___ , ......................................................... pounds.. 3. 27 

HORSEPO\VER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°""'1 horsepower) ............................................. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................. . 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

192.7 

210 

91.76 
542 OPERATIONS O.B' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+-item 2.~) -------- .. _ --·-. __ ---- ____ .. , ___ ,_ .. __ .. _ ......... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61--citem 25) ____ --.-. ____ ---. __ ... ------- ________________ ..... ___________ potmds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61+-item 

27) _ .. _ ..... _ ............. ___ . __ ... _____ . _ . ______ . __ .. _ .. _______ .. __ . pounds __ 

71. 

E~ ~~::~e~1:+-~~::o:~t~~~1- -f~~:l~ _ -~~~~ _ ~~ __ 2_1_2_

0 

__ ~~~ _ -~~~~1~- -~f- _ ~~:1: ~~~~~~~-e~ t: ~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent __ 

bustible divided, by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)-------- .... do .... 

73. Effieiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _______ ... ___ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

7 4. Cost of coal per ton elf 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ________ . __ _ 

75. Cost of fmil for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions_ .. _ ... 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° __ . __ . ___ . _ 

SMOKE ORSERVATIOXS. 

77. Percentage of smoke as observed 

7S. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ....... ___ .. _ ... _ .. _.ounces._ 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter . ___ . __ .. _ •. ____ cubic inches .. 

1\IETHODS OF FIRING. ~ 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) . _ ............................... . 

81. Average thickness of fire .... ---· ____ --- .. -- .. ----·-.---- .. __ ---·------- .inches .. 

82. Average int~rvals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor5.01 

6 

7.05 

8.54 

a9,04 

58.23 

a 61.64 

59.22 

$1.00 

$0.0998 

$0.0833 

46.8 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition. ___ .. _ .. ___ ._ ....... _ ................................. minutes.. 5. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ....•.. _ ... -..... do.... 25 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS 01<' THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) -------. ___ •••• ---- ......... __ -- .. -- ____ ..... _ •• per cent.. 

Oxygen ( 0) .............. _ ........................... - -............ -.... do .. - . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) -- ........ --- .. ----- .. ----------- __ - --.--.----- .... do ... . 

Hyclrogmi and hydrocarbons ..... _ .. ____ ...... _. __ .... ·_. _ ..... __ .... -.- ... do ... . 

Nitroge1i ·(by difference) (N) .. _ ... __ : .... : .:.: __ ... :· .. :::: -------·.----- .. do .. --

----------------------------- u Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

8. 1 

. 11. 48 

.09 

80.33 
 b 

tl\ \ j_ 01 

H \\ l )> 

) 

0 \ 

I\ ! 

t _1_ lL 

' -· t- (' 

0 

l\ J J> 

r" () t 

~\ • 0 

" 

:z 0 g- ,-- ;n 

' )> 1> ... ... 0 3 r -; 

sr--~ :'1 c -\ 

l\ :! f" -a -a 0 D :0· Jl 

t 1-

~ 6 ~~-K,~ :n~ 

' c "' (}' (}' 

~~ ~ c c 

b-§ r-- 0 \ if ~- 0 ~ :i 2 2~ ~ 0 1C. 

1\g 0 

~ (/1 ,. :I c c j_ _, :ll 0 (;\ ~~--- 2 g- t 

~ g\~ \ ]> 0 3 () ['\ - 1- "' N -< 

"-~ b "' "'1 1\ :! 

~- ~r- -t ~ 'II 

v \ , 

::11 g 9; r.' 

~ (j\ 

t 3 c ,'1- Ul Jl _, 

, ~ -l 

~ 

3~ 

r--l~-~f'\ (/1 ' ;1\ 0 3 -1 

~r--~ JJ ~ ['\ 

p -\\ ~ ]> 

~·~~(b~~ 

~\ -< :I 

~ j ?i :ll 

' ~-~ :ll 

1\ f'l f'l 

I J N~~ "' 0 "' _1 c !, " I I 2 Jl 

"' _1_ J , 'H 

j -! 0 

-< 

0 -t 

1\ , 

(Jl 

()1 

\ l\ ~ "' 

"' ~ ~ 1 1 .L .. 1\ \ 0 

~ 

tr-~ 

1\ c 

~ 

\ u~~~ r! 

~"')> ~ : 

: 

t I'> L~ (> b 0 > ;;Q 
544 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCR, Olt DISTRIRUTIO~ OF THE HEATING VAl.UE OF THE CO)IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ........................... __ . 14, 162 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

I. Heat absorbed by the boiler= eraporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustibleX965.7 ... ____ . .. . .. . ...... .. .... .•... ...... ... . .... ... . .... 8, 730 "61. 64 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

3. 

4. 

5. 

IOOX [(212-t) +966+0.48 ( T--212)] (t=temperature of air in the boiler 

room; T=that of the flue gases) ...................•........ _ ...... _ ... . 

Loss due to mniBtnre formed by the burning of hydrogen=per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+100X9X [(212-t) -f-966+0.48 ( T-212)] ... __ ..• 

Loss due to heat carried away iii the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X( T-t) .................................... . 

Loss due to incomplete comlmstion of carbon= 

CO per cent. 0 in. combustible C02

+COX-------yoo----X 10,150 ........................... . 

6. Loss due to uneonsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

279 1. 97 

650 4.59 

3,137 22.1.5 

85 .62 

be calculated) ......................................................... 1,281 9.03 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 4.01 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.95 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ruili. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 545 

TEST No. 49.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowct No. 3 coal, November 8, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10. 033 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

romn. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Dmft pressures. 

In hood In furin ' nt~ce, 

inches in~~es of ol water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

----1--------------1--'---1--- ----------

7.46 ........... . 

8 ..... ·········· 

8.20 ············ 

8.40 ........... . 

9 ............. · .. 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ............. . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............. . 

11.20 .... : .... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 ............. . 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 .......... .. 

1.40 ----~-------

2 ............. .. 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 ........... . 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 ........... -

4 .............. . 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 ........... . 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 ········ ... . 

5.48 

Pott-nds. ° F. 

82 

78 

84 

84 

82 

83 

83 

83 

86 

78 

75 

82 

89 

85 

82 

78 

83 

84 

80 

83 

94 

so 

79 

90 

89 

95 

75 

93 

78 

90 

so 

47 

47 

47 

47 

48 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

57 

58 

.57 

57 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

55 

55 

54 

53 

52 

51 

49 

Pounds. Pounds. 

50 ..................... .. 

50 

50 

48 

49 

51 

51 

56 

58 

60 

64 

64 

66 

65 

66 

66 

66 

67 

68 

67 

68 

68 

68 

67 

67 

66 

65 

64 

63 

64 

63 

580 

625 

555 

550 

556 

560 

560 

555 

549 

525 

590 

600 

610 

595 

590 

580 

575 

570 

554 

565 

610 

620 

616 

603 

595 

57-l 

565 

550 

560 

600 

4.10 0. 043 

. . -....... ~- -- -.. ----

4. 08 . 038 

4. 08 -059 

4.10 .023 

3.91 .047 

4. 02 . 05 

3.81 .021 

4. 44 . 037 

4.44 .047 

0.12 

.69 

.73 

.47 

. 47 

. 47 

.55 

. 51 

.54 

.53 

.55 

.58 

. 66 

.59 

. 61 

.62 

.59 

. 67 

. 60 

. 60 

. 57 

.60 

.60 

. 67 

. 61 

. 60 

.59 

.64 

.70 

.60 

0.06 

.18 

.24 

. 21 

.15 

. 19 

.30 

. 18 

. 26 

. 22 

.10 

.19 

.18 

.19 

. 23 

.25 

. 26 

.29 

.32 

. 31 

.. 16 

.16 

.19 

. 20 

. 23 

. 22 

. 31 

. 35 

. 36 

.18 

Per ct. P~- d. Per ct. 

7. 2 12. 0· 0. 0 

8.7 11.6 .3 

8. 6 11. 1 . 1 

7.8 13.0 .0 

7.6 13.8 .0 

6. 7 13.4 .0 

6. 0 14.4 . 0 

6.6 13.6 .0 

6.8 13.6 .0 

5.8 14.7 .0 

Total . .. .. 2, 587 1, 656 1, 905 17, 337 36. 98 

Average . . 83.5 53.4 61.5 578 4.11 

. 365 17. 33 6. 67 71. 8 131. 2 

.0406 .578 .222 7.18 13.12 

.4 

.04 
546 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 49.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowa No.8 coal, Novembe1" 8, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

------------

Start, 7.46 ............ 

8.08 ----------------- 8.38 -----------------

9.13 ----------------- 9.40 ----------------- 10.17 ........................ ... 

ll.ll ----·----------· 11.42 ----------------

12.25 

1.08 

1.55 

2.43 

3 .24 

4 

4 

·.01 

.29 

~.28 

................................ 

-----------------

-----------------

-----------------

-----------------

____________ .. ____ 

-----------------

···--------------

c 'lose, 5.4S ........... 

Height of water. 

~ 

In tank. In gage glass. 

----

Inches. Inches. 

40 3 

42t 4t 38~ I 3 

43~ 5 

42l ~ ... 4 

39 2l 

"35 "3f 

33 3! 

35 3t· 

38i .H 

37~ 3 

42 3! 

42t 3 

44~ 5 

41 2~ 

35 4 

40 3 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

----------- During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-

Pmtnds. Pounds. Pounds. Pouni!.s. 

--·--------- ---,---------- .. -----.. ~ ---.. -----·------ 700 I 700 1,340 

\ 

1,340 

700 1,400 3,187 4,527 

700 2,100 2,823 7,350 

700 2,800 2,922 10,272 .. 700 3,500 3,821 . 14,093 

700 4,200 4,502 . 18,595 

700 4,900 3,~03 21, 798 

700 5,600 4,234 . 26,032 

700 6,300 3,975 30,007 

700 7,000 4,377" . 34,384 

700 i, 700 .3,281 . 37,665 

700 B,400 4,046 41, 711 

700 9,100 2,985" 44,696 

700 9,800 3,600 48,296 

700 10,500 4,278 52,574 

168 10,668 2,533 55, 107 

-------

RJ<~CORD 0~' FURN-ACE CONDITIONS. 

-----'---------~----,------------· --· -----

Time. ObservatioiJ. -Time. Obsermtion. 

·---__________________ ,, ____ ----·-----------

Boiler under a load during nig-ht. 

Fire cleaned. 

7.46 .... Test started, fire 1~ inches thick. 

8.32.... Fire raked, 5 inches thiek. 

9.05 . . . . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

9.27.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.58.... Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 

10.05... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.44... Do. 

10.50... Cleaning fire. 

11.01 . . . Fire cleaned, 4. inches thick. 

12.16 . . . Fire raked, 6 inc he~ thick. 

12.40. . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

12 .. 55. . . Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

UlO . . . Fire raked. 

1.41 . . . Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

2.01 ... Fire raked. 

2. 05 . . . Cleaning fire. 

. 2.14 ... .Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

2.40. . . Fire raked, 6 inGhes thick. 

3.12 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3.35... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

. 3.58... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.20... Do. 

_5.07... Cleaning fire. 

5.17... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.48... Test closed, fire 1 ~- inches thick. 

---------------------------------------------

Ash dark and heavy. Coal burned rapidly,_ with lcmg fiame. 88 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam iest of Iowa No. 3 coal.· 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAl ... 

Test number, 49. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fucl-testii1g plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. J,ouis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

547 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Iowa No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 8, 1904. 

2. Duration of t.riaT ........................................•.............. hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet... 

3.1 \Vidth of grate .................................................. · ......... feet. . 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent. . 

6.1 J\rca of chimney ................................................ · .. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............. , ............................. feet .. 

6.3 J,ength of fine connecting to chimney ...........•........................ do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ....... : . .......................... , ............................ . 

7. Water-.heating st~rface .............................. : ........... · ... sq~are feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .................................... ·. · .. · .. ·_ .... i~ci1e~ .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ................ _ ......... _ .... feet.. 

7.3 Nt1mber of tubes ........................................ _ .... _ .. _ .... · .... _ .. _. 

7 4 D. f b ( 'd · · 1 ) {incheH .. . mmeter o tu es outs1 e-msH e ................................... . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface , ............................................. square feet... 

9. Ratio of water-heating ~urface to grate surfaee .......................... _ ....... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft are:-t to grate surface ................................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. ~arometer ___ . _. _. _ .. ___ .... __ .... __ . __ . __ . ___ ... ___ . __ . __ {inches of mercury .. 

........... pounds .. 

111 st b . h { .. do .... . eam presssure y gage per square mc .............................. . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water.. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .................................................. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.033 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.45 

14.46 

8:3.5 

(t 97.96 

.58 

. 22 

0 
548 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

0 20. 

2l. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. • 

Of external air· ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .......................... .'~ ........................ do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ................................ , ...... do ... . 

Of food water entering boiler ............................................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler .. ·.· ........................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gaseA from economizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 O(furnace .............................................................. do .. .. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 70 per cent; slack, 30 per cent; dull. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do .. .. 

Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

53.4 

61.5 

326. 1 

56. 1 

190 

578 

None. 

10,668 

12.44 

9,341 

1, 431 

57 

30. Total combustible consumed ......................................... . . · {pounds.. 7, 910 

· .. do .... a7,283 

31. Percoutage of ash and refuse in dry coaL........................................ 15.32 

PROXIMATE ANAI .. YSIS OF COAL. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

33. Volatile matter ............ -.... -- ... -- .......... -.... -............... . 

34. Moisture ......................... ----~------- ... --- .................. .. 

35. Ash . _ ............................................................... . 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .................. -- .... -- ............ -,-

ULTIMATE ANAI .. YSIS OF DHY COAL. 

37. Carbon (0) ......................................................... .. 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...................... ' ..... -- .... -- ...... -- ...... , ... .. 

39. Oxygen (0) ................................. ~------------------------

40. Nitrogen (Nj ....................................................... .. 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................... ---- ... .' ...... : ... 

42. Ash ................ _ ........... ___ 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............ -- ................... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Percent 

of coal. 

35.77 

36. 14 

12.44 

15.65 

100.00 

6.07 

62.34 

4.56 

7.34 

.96 

6.93 

17.87 

100.00 

12.44 

Per cent of 

combnstible. 

49. 74 

50.26 

. ...................... 

.. ...................... 

100.00 

-------------

75.9 

5.55 

8.94 

1. 17 

8.44 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .....................................................•...... :per cent.. 

45. Earthy 1natter ..................................................... · ..... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........................................... pounds .. 

. {··do .. :. 47. Combustible consumed per hour ... , ..... ·:.---.... --- ... -------·----- .. do. __ _ 

48. Dry coal p~r square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... {::~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

549 

27.11 

72.89 

931 

788 

(! 726 

22.96 

. 388 

a. 357 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 11, 671 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14, 210 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 11, 605 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 14,130 

QUALI'fY 01' STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .............................................. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ..........................•.......... : ...... . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 978 

None. 

99.25 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 55,107 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler frof!l and at 212° ...••...................... do .... 66,035 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .............. , ... do .... 54,694· 

60. Factor of evaporation....... . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . 1. 1983 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .......•... pounds .. 65,540 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .• 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ............. , ........... do .. .. 

64. 'Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ....................... : ...................................... pounds .. 

HORSEPOWEH. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°.=1 horsepower)' ............................................ . 

66. Builders' rated l:lo_rsepower ................................••.................. 

6i. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

5,451 

6,532 

3.22 

]89. 3 

210 

90. 15 
550 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO.l!IC UESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57--;.-item 25) .... _______ .... ___ -----···-··---- ______ --- ....... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) • _ ............................ _ ............................ pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-:--item 

27) _. _ .. _ ............ _ ............................................. pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. f-. do ... . 

(Item 61-:--item 30) ____ ........ ------ ......... ----- .. ---------- .... 1. .do .. .. 

72. 

7:3. 

EFF1CIE~CY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)-----·· ••.. do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, ineludiug the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION . 

.74- Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed). ___ .... __ . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. __ •. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKF. OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ....... __ . __ ................. -- ..... --........ . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter _____ .• __ ..... ~ .. _ ... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter _______ ........ cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

5. 17 

6.14 

7. 02. 

8.29 

a9. 00 

56.34 

a 61. 16 

58.09 

$1.00 

$0.0967 

$0.0814 

34.8 

.. .............. ~·- . 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .. _ ......... ____ -"---------- ______ Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire .. ___ .. __ " ____ .. __ ._ .. __ .. __ .......... -- .. ___ .. inches.. 8 

82. Average intervals betweerr :firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal eondition ............ __ ... __ ... __ . ____ . __ .. : . .................. minutes.. 6. 8 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .. __ ...... __ •••• do.... 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) _ ............................................... per cent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) .. _. _ ...... _ .. ___ .. ___ .. _. _. _. _ .... __ ... __ .... __ ............ do .. .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ......... __ .......... -- .... ----· ................. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons_ •. __ ........... _ ..... __ ........... __ ..... __ .do .. __ 

Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) ............ _ ....... __ .. __ .................. do .. __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of a.sll. 

7. 18 

13.12 

.04 

79.66 
1\ 1 

1\ ;I 

~ 17 

' 

~\ ~ 

1\\ \ t 

\ ~- 1 ~ 

"' \ \ X 1\ !" 

\ ~ 

3 1/ :z 1\ ~ 

y~ 

c: 

I 3 

II "" --1 

I~~ \ \ ? H!~ i 

\~ f. \ 7f,." l~ , t \'6 \'1> J \ ,. 

.., 

-1 

0 0 

N 

\'7 \ 9; .... 

I ~ } ll r AI <l' ::;; ~ "' 1\\ (ft t l~ I 0 (JI 

G\ u; c ()\ "' Cl -l AI 

t "' c f'2 

Li :z AI r 

1\ IJ> r" 7 "' 'i- -l ::; ~ , 1-- "' ~ \ -< :z I 

1\ I :I 0 , 1\9. .. Q? "' 0 0 

"' -l . l 0 

.\ .. "' :Ill "0 r> 0 

"' 3 ... (I) .J> c :I J 

1 

\ "' \f6 "' ~ 1\ " :! "' .. l:\J 

b' ~ AI ·~ 

"" I ,. 

:;:! AI f'.-. 9 A 

, \ / 6 1 p AI 

"' 1> 

t 

\ 2 ,.._~ ~-

., 1J A r AI 01 c "' r--- c 

~ l r" 

" ~ 1\ " 0 c 9- t " I~ '\ :t; , (JI r" 

'" ... '" '2 :\--- t 

\ :I 

l\ 1\ .., -~ c ~ AI >-- ~ 

\ f\ v v 

X 2 

l> c 

" "' t 

' \ ....... ""' t 

/ l {Jj 

\ ~ I 1; ~ 

"' 1 \ I :I 

.. ~ 

"' :?: o' 0 

;~ .,rn ' C)> rn" "" ..,,. 
552 OPERATIONS OF 1'HE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE1 OR. DISTRIBUTION OF 1'HE HEATING VALUE Ol<' THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pounrl of combuHt.ibie, B. T. U. __ .. _ . _ ...... _ ... _ .. _. _. ___ .'. 14, 210 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the- boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustibleX965. 7. __ .............................................. __ 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to comlmstible-+-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 ('1'-212)] (t=ternP.,erature of air in the boiler 

room; T=that of the flue gases) ..... __ .. __ ...... _ ... _______ .... __ ... __ 

3. Loss due to moistnr<o. formed by the burning of hydrogen=per cent of 

hy<lrogen to combustible-+-100X9X [(212-1)+966+0.48 ( '1'-212)] ...... 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

• pound of combustibleX0.24X ( T-t) ____ .. __ ..... __ __ .: ____ . ____ . ____ .. 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= I 

CO per cent 0 in combustible OOz-(-COX 100 Xl0,150 -------- ____ ... _____ . ____ _ 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from whieh they may be 

8,691 

22B 

645 

3,222 

43 

Per cent. 

a61, l6 

1. 5i 

4.54 

22.67 

.30 

calculated) . __ .. _. ___ . ___ . _ .. __ ..... _ ... _ .......... _ . _ .. _. _ ... _.. . . . . 1, 386 9. 76 

RE~IARKS. 

Dry coal per indkated horsepower hour=4.03 potinds. 

Ory coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.97 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

•\ 

Hio. oo 

• I 
BOILER TESTS. 553 

TEsT No. 47.-Regulm· and speci.al obsen·ations on te~t of Iowa No: 4 coal, Novembel' 7, 1.904. 

REGULAR. 

[Dumtion of trial, 10 hours.] 

----------------- ---~-- ---- -----------~---

Time. 

8 .............. . 

8.10 . ----· -----· 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 ........... . 

9 ............... . 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 .... -.. -----

10---------.----

10.20 _. _. ...... . 

10.40 _. .. -.... --I 

11 ............ .. 

11.20 -- _. .. -----

]1.40 ------·----

12- ·- .......... . 

12.20 ----------. 

12.40 --- --- _. --. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 ........... . 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 .... -- ... -- -

3 ............. .. 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 .......... .. 

4 ............. .. 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 ........... . 

5 ............... · 

5.20 ........... .. 

5.40 .......... .. 

6 .............. . 

Tempcratur<.'s. Calorimeter. Draft pre3Sl1re~. Fine gases. 

SteampreRsurc 

gage. Outside. 

Ponncls. ° F. 

80 

95 

90 

95 

92 

89 

97 

87 

83 

87 

86 

94 

88 

88 

91 

83 

105 

83 

81 

92 

86 

90 

88 

86 

93 

80 

92 

82 

93 

83 

78 

49 

52 

48 

491' 

50 

52 

55 

60 

f\2 

63 

65 

66 

66 

67 

66 

66 

66 

65 

66 

65 

65 

66 

63 

61 

60 

59 

58 

56 

-1----c----- --- ·-~------·--

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of slack. 

oF. _o p_ 

Water In hood, 

Steatn separated in dischnrge. !n JO in~~es 

m1n~1tes. water. 

Ponnds. Po·unds. 

In furnace, 

in inches 

of water. 

C02. co. 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

50 .......................................... ------- ..... . 

50 

50 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

flO 

62 

64 

66 

67 

68 

70 

70 

71 

71 

71 

71 

71 

72 

72 

71 

71 

70 

70 

68 

67 

67 

66 

570 

560' 

575 

5o5 

535 

547 

5.53 

537 

532 

4. 55 0. 065 

4. o9 . 07 

4. 29 . 06 

0.50 

. 45 

. 47 

.48 

. 49 

.45 

.49 

.51 

.49 

0.09 

.19 

.14 

. 16 

. 27 

.19 

. 2() 

. 28 

.20 

------~------- ...... 

~ ----- ------- ------ ------ ·------ ------ 7.8 11.2 0.2 

8. 4 11.0 . 0 

--- ~-- ~~- .. -~ ~~ ... --_- ~~T-.-~;- --;_- ~l- ~~~~- -.... · ~ 

.. ..... ........ .47 .15 ................. .. 

................. 47 .19 ................. . 

4.m . 039 

4.42 .06 

4. 21 . 05 

4. 36 . 06 

4. 44 . 04 

4. 40 . 07 

.50 

. .51 

.50 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.40 

.40 

.45 

. 57 

.56 

. 60 

.59 

. 59 

.60 

. 50 

.52 

.21 8.4 11.0 .2 

. 22 

. 27 

. 26 

. 30 

. 31 

. 09 

. 06 

.10 

. 16 

.18 

. 19 

. 22 

.24 

. 27 

. 07 

. 21 

6. 4 14.0 . 0 

7. 8 12.3 . 3 

78 ------ ...... 

510 

.54.5 

57:i 

560 

560 

540 

527 

530 

523 

515 

510 

525 

567 

597 

600 

610 

603 

590 

578 

557 

590 

540 6.8 14.8 .0 

----11----',------------------

Total ..... 2,815 1,685 1,996 17,224 43.79 .564 14.5 5.6 53.4 86.2 . 7 

Average .. 88 60 64. 4 556 4. 379 . 0564 . 50 . 193 7. 63 12. 31 .1 

--------'-----'-----'---'-----'-----'--~-----'--__!__ __ _1'..._ _ _1_ __ 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-17 
554 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEs'r No. 47.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowa No; 4 coal, November 7, 1904-Continucd. 

SPECIAL. 

--------~------~--------~·~-----------------------------------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period.-/ ---T~ During period. ·Total. 

----------------1--------l---------l---------- ------1----------------- -

Start, 8 . _ ..... _ ..... . 

8.21 ............... .. 

9 .................. .. 

9.37 ................ . 

10.28 ······ ......... . 

11.24 .............. .. 

12- ......... · ........ . 

12.40 .............. .. 

1.19 ................ . 

2.46 ............... .. 

3.23 ................ . 

3.55 

4.33 

5.28 

Close, 6 ... - ......... . 

Inches. 

40 

31t 

38~ I 

35~ 

44~ 

40 

34 

35~ 

40! 

41{ 

35 

38~ 

42t 

39 

40 

Inches. 

4~ 

4 

2;t 

2~ 

4 

2~ 

3 

3 

2~ 

3 

4~ 

3 

.5t 

700 

700 

700 

700 

1oo I 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

285 

Pounds. 

700 

1,400 

2, 100 

2,800 

3,500 

4,200 

4, 900 

5,600 

6,300 

7,000 

7, 700 

8,400 

9, 100 

9,385 

Pounds. 

1, 923 

2,861 

3,519 

4,420 

3,436 

3,012 

4,228 

3,352 

5,013 

3,076 

2, 793 

3,701 

5, 779 

1,652 

Pounds. 

1,92:3 

4,184 

8,303 

12, 723 

16,159 

19,171 

23,399 

26,751 

31, 764 

34,840 

37,633 

41,334 

47, 113 

48, 765 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. 

----

7 ....... 

8 ....... 

8.50 .... 

9.35 .... 

9.59 .... 

10.25 ... 

10.39 ... 

10.57 ... 

11.08 ... 

11.57 ... 

---------- --

Olmervatioii. Time. 

Boiler under a load during night. 1.08 ... 

Fire cleaned. 1.37 ... 

Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 2.02 ... 

Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.08 ... 

Fire sliced. 2.43 ... 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.~ .... 

Do. 5.18 ... 

Fire sliced. 5.27 ... 

Cleaning fire. 5.53 ... 

_Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 6 ...... 

Fire raked, B inches thick. 

-----------

Observ :1tion. 

Fire raked, 8 inches 

Fire raked, 9 inches 

Do. 

thick. 

thick. 

Cleaning fire, difficu lt to remove clinker. 

Fire eleaned, 4 inch es thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 4 ineh es thick. 

Fire raked. 

Test closed, fire 3 in ches thick. 

Ash dark and heavy. Coal burned freely with long flame. 83 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Iowa No. 4 coal. 

CO.NlHTlO~S OF BOILER TRCAL. 

Test number, 47. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological S~rvey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler; Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

555 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

1. 

2. 

Kind of fuel, Iowa No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, dear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

Date of trial, November 7, 1904. 

Duration of trial .......... __ ........................... _ .. 

l>DlE;\SIUNS AXD PROPORTIONS. 

. . . _ ..... _ ... hours .. 

3. Grate surface .. • ....... _ ........................................... square feet .. 

3.1 'Vidth ofgrate ........................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... <lo ... . 

10 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.5g 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches.. 26 

fl. Approximate wiclth of air spaces ingrate ······-·--·-··----··-·--··-···-·-··do .... 

6. Proportion of air spaee to whole grate surface ................... _ ...... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of ehimney ................... _ ........... , ............. _ .... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney ahovelgrate ····-·-···--···-·--·····-········-··--·····feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue eonneeting to chimney _ ... _ ..................... _ ......... do .. _. 

6.4 Kind of draft .................... _ ...... _ .. _ . ___ .. _ .. _ .. __ . __ . _ ... _ ... _ . ___ .. _ 

7. Water-heating surface ......................... _____ ..... _ .. ___ .... square feet.. 

7.1 Outsi<le diameter of shell .. _ .. _ .... _ .... _ .. _ ... ___ ..• _ ...... -.- .... _ .... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads)------·-·-----------··---------feet .. 

7.:3 Number of tubes ...... _ ... _ ...... ___ . ___ ................... _ ..... _ ........... . 

. . . . . {inches_. 7.4 Dmmeter of \ubes ( outs1de--mmle) ....... _ .......................... . .. do .... 

7.5 I.ength of tubeH exposed .............. _ .. _ ....... _ ...... _ ............ _ .... feet .. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Superheating surface .................... _ ............. _ ........... square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface._._ ... _. __ . __ ........ _ .. _ ........ . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ... _ ............ _ .................. . 

A YERAtiE PRESSURE."!. 

Barometer . _______ . _. _________ . ___________ . _________ . ____ -{inches of mereury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

. {·.do .... Steam pressure by gage per square melt.: __ ...... _._._ ... _ ......... __ . . .. do .... 

Foree of draft between damper and boiler __ ...... _ ..... ~_ .. _._ .inches of water •• 

Force of draft in furnace .... _ ......................... _ ................. do ..•. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................... , ............. do ... . 

"Absolute. 

.0 

44 

7. 67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.45 

14.45 

88 

<t102. 5 

.5 

.193 

0 
556 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE1\IPERA1'URES. 

Of external air------ •.........•..... ---- .. -----. ___ .. ------ _____ ..... degrees .. 

Of fireroom _. _ ............... _._ .... if;'._._ •• _ ......................... . do .. .. 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ...................... . : .. ......................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ................................. : ..... do .. .. 

.Of feed water entering boiler .......................... _ ...... _ ........... do .. .. 

Of escaping gases fi·om boiler .................................... _ ....... do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ...... _ ................... _ ............ do .. .. 

22. 1 Of furnace ............. ---~.: ......... _ ............................... _ .. do ... . 

FUEI,. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lnmp, 30 per cent; small, 50 per cent; slack, 20 per 

cent; dull. 

60 

64.4 

329.3 

60 

. 181 

556 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .. _ ....................... ' ......... _ .............. do .. __ H, 385 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal................................................. 13.48 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ...................... · ........... -- .. pounds. . 8, 120 

28. Total ash and refuse .................................................... do.... 1, 302 

29. Quality ofash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 59 

30. . {pounds.. 6, 818 Total com bush ble consumed_ ........................................ . . _do .... a 6, 447 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 16. 03 

PROXU1ATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cen Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon .................................................... _ .... . 37.28 1)2. 2:1 

33. Volatile matter._ .. __ .. _ ... ___ .. ______ .. __ . _ . ____ . ___ . _______ .. ____ .. __ 34.09 47. 77 

34. Moisture_. _ .......... _ ..... _ .... __ . _ .. _ .... ~ . ____ . _. _ . _ . __ . __ . _. __ .. _. 13.48 ·------------ .35. Ash _ .. _ ..... _ ..... __ . _____ . __ . ____ . _____ .. _____ . __ . _ . ___ . __ ... ______ _ 15. 15 _ ________ ... ___ 

--~~--

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur separately determined .................. _ .................. ___ . 5.04 -------------

UI. .. TDL\TR AXALYSJS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ... _ ............... _ .............. __ ............ _ ..... _ .. .. 63.43 76.8H 

38. Hydrogen (H) .. ·._._ ........... __ ......... _._ ... ______ ...... __ ...... .. 4.35 5.27 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .' ...... -................ -............................ , ... . 7.92 9.6 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ . . 97 1. 18 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... .. 5.82. 7.06 

42. Ash _ ................. - . -.............. -..... -. -.... - - - . - -.... ---- ---. 17.51 -------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. . 13.48 ------------- --------------

a Calcnla ted from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon . _____ ..................................................... " .. per cent_. 

4.5. Earthy matter ........................... __ . _ ........................... do ... . 

FUEL l'ER HOUR. 

46. Dry eoal consumed per hour ... -............•.......................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .................................. __ . _ {

--do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .............. ___ ... _._ .. do ... _ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour. ___ ...... {:: ~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

557 

19.25 

80.75 

812 

682 

a645 

20.02 

. :3:36 

(t.318 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ....•.... ___ .. 11, 678 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of ~ombustible, B. T. U . ____ .... 14, 157 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 11, 545 

5:3. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U _ ........... _ ....... 13, 996 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .............•... _ ... 

55. Number of degrees of superheating-----------------------.---------------------· 

. 56. Quality of steam (dry stcam=unity) .................................. per cent.. 

WATER. 

1. 27 

None . 

99.03 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. .................................... pounds .. 48, 765 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ....................... ___ .do._ .. 58,289 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do.. . . 48, 292 

60. Factor of evaporation ... ------- .... ------ .... ---- .................. ------...... 1.1953 

61. Eqt1ivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........ _ .. pounds .. 57, 723 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 4, 829 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................ do_... 5, 772 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ...............•.•..................... -..................... pounds.. 2. 84 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pou,nds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _ ........ _ .................... __ ............ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .............................. ~ ................... . 

67. Percenta).!;e of builders' rated horsepower developed ........ _ ........ _ .......... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

167.3 

210 

79.7 
558 OPERATIONS OF THE COALcTESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently eYaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-:-item 25) ................................................. pouncts .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per poimd of coal as tired. (Ttem 61+ 

item 25) .................................... _ ........... _ ... _ .. _ ... pounds_ . 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coaL (Item 61-+-item 

27) ... · .................................................. _ .......... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combust.ible.J .. do. __ _ 

(Item 61~itcm30) ................................................ l..do .. .. 

EFFICIE~CY, 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (beat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of con1 bustible) ... _ ... _._do .... 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of l pound of dry coal)_ ..•• _ ... _ .. per cent._ 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

COST OF EVAPORATIOS. 

Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room ( aesumed) 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. _ .. . 

Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .. __ ..... _ 

S"IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .. __ ............... _ .......................... . 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..•.•.••••......... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter __ ............. cubic inches .. 

1\fF.THODS OF P1RING. 

5.196 

6.15 

7.11 

8.47 

as. 95 

57.78 

"61. 05 

58.79 

$1.00 

$0.0962 

$0.0813 

41 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............................ _... ... Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire .......................... _ ... __ ................ inches.. 8 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when tires arc in normal condition ..................................................... min'ntes.. 7.2 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 46 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

.ANALYSIS OF TilE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ... ~-- .......................................... per cent... 

Oxygen (0) ......... _ ............................... _ ....... _ .......... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................ _ ................................. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydroearbons _ ....... _ ............... ~ _ .................. do .. _. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N)' ... _ ...... __ ................................ do ... . -------------~ ~--~ ---~ --------

a Calculated from chemistrr of ash. 

7.63 

12.31 

.10 

79.96 
fl\ 

~ \ 

. ~ 

~ 

o' t 

0 

r 

t-"; 

~i~ 

r 

t -

• 

t 

t 

~ t 

~ " s :0 r n 

;;;· 

so 

"" 

E f 

r 

t 

r 

(p 

f 0 

.!ii 

'• 

·II' 

1\ 

\ 

\ 

\ I~ ~ " \ ~ ' 

H 

0 \ \ (': 

() 

0 

"7 

\\ 1\ 

\ 6 

7-

'\~ ., 

r 

c 

"' 

l% I 

G'l 

}> 

"' \~ i\~ -I 

" f'l 

,~ 'l 

~~ "1) 

1"'1 

>;':-- 0\J> Jl c 

.. T" c :'4 ~ 

~ ~ c 0 Jl 

"' :tl ..\ 

"' L 0 - 0 0 

"' l 3 

h " 

"' -1 

?J "' -1 'l 

\\~ " c "' " Jl 

,. 

.... 

\-a \ c 

JJ 

\ \\ \ li 

\ l 

\ 

\ 

~ 

I \ ;;: ~ 

1 \ l l , 

~~M~ l~~~ C' ;y pl 

-----t7 

1\ 

I 

r 

1'\ 

l/ 

J 1 

\ 

j I 

I 

I 

I I 

'\ 0 I 

1'\. (j; 

v Xg OJ 

c 

)J 

r> 

1 ::; 

"' i -< (\1 

Q[X .... 

r> 

~r-f-J CJ 

/ 0 0 " "' > " I>_., ,____ 

'~ f'l 1-J·~'r.{);: ::! -1 

~~ l ~ 

v "' U\ 

_./' (il 0> CJ> c c :tl 1- lj )J "' 

"' 'i 

~ 2 

" , 8 .... c: 

f'l 

?¥ ~L 

1]\ z ;u I 

rw r 

c 

" ~j ,. I ~ 

\ ' 

I 

L(" if 

~ 

/ 

"" _/ 1\. J 

\ 

I 
560 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DIS'l'RIRUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THB COl'tiBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U. _ ..... __ .... __ .... __ .......•. 14, 157 

R. T. U. , Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evapora~ion from and at 212° per ·pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................. ·_ ......... _...... 8,643 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-;-

100 X [(212-t)+966+0A8 ( T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the boiler 

room; T=that of the fine gases) . _. _ ........... _ .... ___ ..... _. __ . __ .. _. 242 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hy,!rogen;=per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-d00X9X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T--212)]...... 606 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) ...... __ . _ ... _ ................ __ .. 2, 906 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO · X per cent C in combustible X 10 150 CO,+CO 100 ' ---- --·-·--- .... ---· ·-----

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

101 

be calculated) .... ____ .... ______ .............. __ .... __ ... •-- .. __ ..... _ I, 659 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=3.98 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.91 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry ol ash. 

"61. 05 

1.71 

4.28 

20.53 

.71 

11.72 

,100. 00 
BOILER TESTS. 561 

TEsT No. 66.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowa No.4 coal (large briquettes), November 26, 1904. 

Time. 

I 

I 

Steampressure 

gttge. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.033 hours.) 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressure::!. J Flue gases .. 

-------.---.,---- ----------.---1 Infur- -------~--

Boiler 

room. 

J<'lne 

gases, 

base of stack. 

~Ianome- ln ~1ood~ wwe, tcr, pres- Tempera- . 1n in 

sure per tore of 1n0ch

1 

es inchc!-i sq uure steam. f 

inch. water. w~er. 

Outside. co,. o,. co. 

-----1---------------

7.44 ....... . 

8 .......... . 

8.20 .... ····i 

8.40 ....... . 

9 .•••. ·•···· 

9.20 ········ 

9.40 ....... . 

10 ......... . 

10.20 ...... . 

10.40 ...... . 

11 ......... . 

11.20 ...... . 

11.40 ..... :. 

12 ......... . 

12.20 .. ····• 

12.40 ······· 

1 ..... - .... . 

1.20 ....... . 

1.40 ....... . 

2 ..........• 

2.20 ....... . 

2.40 ....... . 

Poands. 

84 

100 

104 

102 

100 

103 

102 

102 

98 

100 

102 

97 

104 

99 

100 

103 

97 

97 

104 

101 

99.5 

98 

31.0 

32.0 

32.0 

34.0 

36.0 

36.0 

36.0 

37.0 

38.5 

38.0 

39.0 

40.0 

40.0 

41.0 

42.0 

42.0 

42.0 

42.0 

42.0 

o P. 

49.0 

49.0 

49.0 

4!l 0 

49.5 

50.0 

51.0 

52.0 

53.0 

54.0 

60.0 

60.0 

62.0 

. 59.0 

61.0 

63.0 

63.0 

63.0 

64.0 

64.0 

63.0 

° F. Pounds. ° F. Pa ct. Per ct. l'er ct. 

515 ............................................... . 

660 ............... . 

660 I· ______________ _ 665 ............... . 

645 ............... . 

615 ............... . 

603 

590 

600 

585 

665 

670 

655 

630 

600 

595 

600 

615 

615 

575 

660 

670 

0. 4 282 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.5 

. 2 

.2 

.0 

.2 

.3 

.5 

.5 

.4 

.5 

268 

277 

269 

283 

266 

274 

260 

265 

283 

278 

278 

282 

281 

0. 75 

. 56 

. 65 

. 60 

. 55 

.50 

.5ii 

. 60 

. 70 

.66 

. 60 

.60 

. 60 

.60 

. 65 

. 70 

. 60 

. 65 

. 55 

0.22 

.15 .............. ····· 

. 19 6. 5 13. 1 0. 1 

. 21 i. ·.· ............... . . 23 I_ ................. . 

. ~0 i 8. 7 11. 0 . 0 

. ~8 .................. . 

. 32 

. 40 

.11 

. 14 

. 20 

. 25 

. 30 

7.5 12.1 .0 

7.0 12.5 

. :l4 6. 8 

. 35 

13.2 .0 

.29 

. 33 6.2 14.1 .0 

.13 

. 60 . l(j 7. 0 13. 5 

3 . . . . . . • . . • . 97 42. o 62. o 650 . 6 278 . 5o . 16 ...... _·_ .... ·I· .... . 3.20 ........ 100 43.0 61.0 650 .5 278 .50 .16 ............ I 

3.40 . . . . . . . . 103 42.0 62. 0 650 . 5 280 . 55 . 19 8. 6 10. 8 . 5 

4 ....... -... 98 42. 0 62. 0 650 . 5 283 . 60 . 23 ........... . 

4.20 ........ 95 41.0 60.0 645 .5 279 .55 .22 ······I······ 

4.40 ......... 100 40.0 60.0 650 . 5 278 . 55 .18 8. 4 11.4 . 0 

5 . . . . . . . . . . . 89 39. 0 61. 0 635 . 5 278 ................................ . 

5.20 ........ 82.5 38.0 60.0 630 .4 267 .45 .07 ............. ! ..... . 

5.46 ......•. 83.5 .................................................... 8.2 11.0 I .0 

Total ... 3, 044.5 1, 047 ~ 1, 675.5 18,848 9. 2 6, 067- 15.97 S.-91 . 74.9- 12U ~---6-

Average. 98.2 38.8 57.7 628 . 42 276 . 59 . 22 7. 49 12.27 . 06 
562 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 66.-Regular and special observations on test of Iowa No. 1 coat ( lm·ge briquettes), November 26, 

1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

---

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to !Jailer. 

Time. ------------- ---------- In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

------------------------------------------- Inches. Inches. I Pottnds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.44 ............ 40 3~ ------------------------ ------------ ------------ 7.58 ----------------- 39 2i 600 ROO ·----···----~------··----

8.21 ----------------- 3% I 4t 6oo I 1, zoo 1,847 1,847 I 

8.49 ----------------- 3H 4i 600 1,800 3,377 5,224 

9.25 ..................... , ........ 34i 4i 600 2,400 3,629 8,853 

10.02 ---------------- 43!1- 4! 600 3,000 3,346 12,199 

11 ................... 34i 12 600 3,600 2,244 14,443 

11.26 ---------------- 24~ 6 600 4,290 3,985 18,428 

12.02 .. ------------- 27 5 600 4,800 4,010 22,438 

12.42 ---------------- 291 2~ 600 5,400 3,270 25,708 

1.24 ----------------- 2it 2 600 6,000 3,480 29,188 

2.15 ----------------- :q 4i 600 6,600 3,191 32,379 

2.44 -----------.. ·---- 28 3i 600 7,200 3,213 35,592 

3.16 ------------· ..... 38 4 600 7, 800 3,039 38,631 

3.54 -----------·----- 44 4 600 8,400 4,086 42,717 

4.30 -~ --- ------------ 23 51 600 9,000 3,882 46,599 

5.15 ----------------- 35 4 600 9,600 4,260 50,859 

Close, 5.46 ........... 40 2! 300 9,900 2,699 53,558 

' 

RECORD m' FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

-Time. -. -----~e::::,-. --------~~ Ti::-

___ Fire banked under boiler during night. llz.30 .. 

7.15 .... Fire cleaned. 12.48 .. 

7.44 .... Test started, :fire 3 inches thick. 1.15 ... 

8.04 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 1.45 ... 

8.15 .... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 1.55 ... 

8.26 .... Fire raked. 2.07 ... 

8.55 .... ];'ire raked, 10 inches thick. 2.08 ... 

9.37 ---· Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 2.27 ... 

9.43 .... Fire sliced. 2.35 ... 

10.06 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick 3.15 ... 

10~20 ... Do. 4.07 ... 

10.21 ... Fire sliced. 4.26 ... 

10.40 ... Fire nlked, S inches thick. 4.47 ... 

10.44 ... Cleaning :fire. 4.50 ... 

10.53 ... Fire cleaned. 5.02 ... 

11.22 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.10 ... 

11.30 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 5.35 ... 

11.49 ... Do. 5.46 ... 

12.21. .. Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Observurion. 

Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

Fire sliced. 

Do. 

Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

Cleaning :fire. 

Fire cleaned. 

Fire raked, 3 inches thick. 

Fire .raked, 8 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Do. 

Fi~e sliced and raked, 10 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 10 inr~hes thick. 

Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 2~ inches thick. 

Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

Refuse dark and heavy. Briquettes fell apart in fire; burned with long flame. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.qt of Iowa. No. 4 coal (briquettes). 

CO"NDITIOSS OF ROILEit TRIAl_,, 

Test number, 66. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. J,ouis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

563 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Iowa No.4 (briquettes). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant ,number), 1. · 

'£ypc of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 26, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND l'ROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet.. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate ........................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

10.033 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ............. , ................... do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of <;himney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ............................ -· ...... do .. .. 

- 6.4 Kind of draft ................................................. _ .... __ .. _ ..... . 

7. Water-heating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL .............................................. inches .. , 7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ......................... , ................................... . 

. · . . . {inches .. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes (o11tsJde-ms1de) ................................. .. .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet .. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Superheating surface . . .. .. . .. . . . .. ............................. :. square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ...... , ........................... . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .......................... _ ....... _. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ...... __ .... _ .... _ ............. _ ....... _ .... _ .. _.ruches of mercury .. .......... pounds .. 

b . 1 J .. do .... Steam pressure y gage per square me 1 ........... ~ .......... - ........ I 

.. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and hoiler ...................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace ................................................ do .... · 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................................... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

218.5 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.97 

14.71 

98.2 

a 112.91 

0 59 

0 22 

0 
564 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. c 

AVERA<;J<; TEMPERATUitES. 

Of external air· ____ ------- _________ . _____ .. ________________ .·----- .... degrees .. 

Of fireroom. __ ... _. __ . ___ .... _ ........ _ ....... _ .... _ .................... do ... . 

Of steam .................... __ .... _ .................................... do .. .. 

Of !ecd water in tank ................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........... _ ............................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and coiHlition: Large briquettes. 

. 38.13 

57.7 

336.5 

57.6 

628 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ............................. : ..... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of eoal as fired .................................................. do.... 9, 900 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 13. 24 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds.. 8, 589 

28. Total ash and refuse ........................................ ;- .......... do.... 1, 186 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 58 

30. · d {pounds.. 7, 403 Total combustible consume .......... __ .. , .......................... . .. do .... ct7, 078 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . 13. 82 

PHOXU!ATE .ANALYSIS OP COAL, 

Per cent Per cent of 

ol coaL oomlmstiblc. 

32. Fixed carbon ............................................... -.... - ... . 37.85 50.9 

33. Volatile matter .... _- _______ ................ _·,_ ........................ - 36.50 49.1 

34. :Moisture ............................................................ .. 13.24 ------------- 35. Ash ................................................................. . 12.41 ----·--------

------ 100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...................................... .. 3.9 -------------

ULTUIATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ......................................................... .. 69.25 80.82 

38·. Hydrogen (H) ........ _ ........................................... _ ... . 4.81 5. 61 

39. Oxygen (0) ....................... __ ............ _. ____ ............... . 6.28 7.33 

40. Nitrogen (N) ----·-···-----------------···----···-----·-····--···-·--· .86 1. 00 

41. . Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 4.49 5.24 

42. Ash .. _ ...... _. _. __ ..... _ ... ___ .•. ___ . _. _ ...... _ ... __ ....... __ ....... . 14.31 -------------

------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ...... __ ......................... . 13.24 ·----·-·'"·---- ----------------------------- a Calcuhtted from chemistry of nsh. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH A~D REFl!SE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ do ... . 

FURL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........ · .................................. pounds .. 

. {--do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour...................................... d • . .. 0 .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surfaee per hour ......................... do ... . 

· {--do .. .. 49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ........... _ do .. __ 

CAT~ORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ...... . 

565 

23.82 

76. 18 

R56 

738 

a 705 

21.11 

.364 

a.348 

12,546 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14, 641 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............... _ ... _ .. _ 12, 749 

53. Calori.fic value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U _. _ .. · ____ ....... _ ... 14,878 

QUAl,ITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .............................................. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................. . 

56. (Juality of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................ per cent .. 

WATER. 

.84 

None. 

99.36 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .......................... _ .......... pounds._ 53, 558 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° _ .. _. _ .. _ .. __ .. _ .. ~ _ .. __ .•. do ... _ 64,270 

59. Water actually evaporate<!, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 53, 215 

60. Factor of evaporation ....... _ ....... _._ .. _ ............ _ ...... _ .. __ ........ __ .. _ 1. 2 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .. __ .. __ .... pounds .. 63,858 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. '\Vatet' evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ... _.. . ..... _.pounds.. 5, 304 

6:3. Equivalent evaporation per hour from an<l at 212° _ .. _ ..................... do.... 6, 385 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3.13 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . ................... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............ _ ........ _ ....... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

184.5 

210 

87 .. 86 
566 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

F.CONO)I!C RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently ~vapornted under actual conditions per pound of coal aH fired. 

(Item 57-+- item 25) ...................................... _. __ .. _ .. _pounds .. ,, 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. · (Item 61 ~-. 

item 25) .. ----- ......... --- ... ----- ........................ __ ...... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pouml of dry eoal. (Item 61 +item 

27) __ ...................................... __ ............... _. __ ... pounds .. 

71. 

E~t;~:~~e~~ _:~::;:~~~~- ~~~~:~ -~~~- -~~ _ ~~~~ _ ~-e:_ -~~~1~:~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~~~~~i-~1~~ {: :~::::: 

EFFICIEXCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bnstible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .. _. __ ..... do ... 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler romr, (assumed). __ ...... · .. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. ·Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S)fOKE OBSERVA TIO~S. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ................ _ .. _ .. ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ........... _ ... cubic inebes .. 

:METHODS OF FlRIXG. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ...... _._ .. _. ___ .. _._. __ .. _ .. _. __ ... __ . ______ .. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

mal condition .... __ ·_ .......... _ ................... __ . ___ ........... minutes .. 

Average intervals between times of leveiing or breaking up ................ do ... . 

ASALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• :. per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ................. __ ................ __ ....................... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ........ __ .................... ----- .......... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) . __ ....... __ ....... _ ........................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

5.41 

6.43 

7. 43 

8.62 

a9. 02 

56.85 

a59.49 

57.18 

$1.00 

$0.0924 

$0.0778 

27.3 

Alternate. 

10 

20 

7.49 

12.27 

. 06 

80.18 
'\ 0:::.:: ~ 

' 0> 

81\\ 1\ ! )> 

~ 

t" T 

~\ \ 8 

'\ r 

j t w - \ ~ 0 0 )> 

~- 0 3 "]. 

0 

ar--t-

~ l -v 

;l) 

"' t '; .,t (}I 

\0 c f1' ;lJ 1\ = ':z \' f" 0 :&--- ~ Jl Jl )> ,. 6 ., ... ~ 0 

\ . ..., 

0 f\. 1l 1l 

t Jl f;l-

\~ [¥" 17 ()> 1ft 

Q 1ft 1ft 

~ c c t" 0 

y .. J9 1\ Jl ~-

"' 0 "' r z c z: _a 

"' (11 

t 

'~ I ::; ·.., 0 Gl 

1\ -< c~ )> 

)-~ I~ ~ ~-- t :U- \ 1/ ., 0 -i -l )> 

"' ~ ['1 

" fl' ['1 

~' :I (J1 ~"9- Cl 

\ ~ 1l I I J 3 

~- ~ "' 0 11111111 ~~--~ ~- :ll 7' )> ,. ~m,lf~ I" ~ --1 c "' % c 1\ >I Jl ;ll I ~ 

t ;l) 

1\0~ II g I 0 _j II 1->f-~ 0 

I~ :I 

\\ J 3 I -i 0 ;z 

~ "' ;;; , 3 

\ " ,.. 1l c f-f 1'1 

~-

' 

;lJ 

\ ~ I - Gl c )>· (>1 

\ ;» 

\ ~ Cl\ 

,.. ,... CJ1 

p ~ 

1\ 3 

f\ 17 \ .p 

' 7 

s 0 

1\ \ ~ 

~ 

t 

\ [7 r I 

'""1" 7 I 

t 

"' II 

: 

~~ )>, 

\. ~ ... <. .... -., ("If" 

b T JJ,.. ,.. , )> , a,. ... 10 

c ,.. ' 
568 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, UH. DISTRIBUT!OX OF THE HEATING YALUE OF THE CO.l\IBUSTTBLE. 

Total heat value of I pound of combustible, B. T. U----·----··---------

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pocnd of 

combustible X 965.7 _________ - . - __ --- __ -- __ - - _______ - ___ . -- ___ -- __ . __ _ 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = per cent of moisture referred to combustible 

-+- lOOX [ (212- t) + 966 + o:48 ( T- 212) ] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room, T=that of the flue gases) ____ . ____ . _____ . ________________ _ 

3. Loss due to moiRbwe formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-c-100 X 9 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] __ 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas 

per pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) _. __ .... ______ . _____________ _ 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of eat:bon = 

CO per cent C in eombustible 

C02+CO·X- 100 X 10,150------------.-----.-----

·6. Loss dpe to unconsmned hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, ::ml unaeeounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

B. T. U. 

8, 710 

235 

666 

3,621 

. 65 

14,641 

Per cent. 

a 59.49 

1. 61 

4.55 

24.73 

.45 

be calculated) _________________________ . ____ .. ___ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 344 9. 17 

REMARKS. 

·Dry coal per'" indicated horsepo"Yer hour = 3.80 pounds. 

Dry eoal per electrical horsepower hour= 4._70 pounds. 

------------------ a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 569 

TEST No. 55.-Regulm· and special observations on test of Jowct No. 5 coal, Novembe1·14, 1904. 

Time. 

I 

I 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.983 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. I Draft pn'"ures. Flue gases. 

----,-------------- [----;----.,.---

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water In hood, ,~.!c~r- gascs, Steam se~urated in~~es . in ' 

base of discharge. m 10 of · mches 

stack. ininutcs. water. wa~~r. 

co,. o,. co. 

Pounds. 0 P. 0 .F. OF. Pounds. Pounds. Per d. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.32 ------------

7.40 ---.-------. 

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------

9---------------

9.20 ---- -------· 

9.40 ---.---.-.--

10-- .. ------.---

10.20 ----.------

10.40 . :-- - ------

11--------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -.---.-----

12---.--.-------

12.20 ____ . __ .. __ I 

12.40 - . - - .. - -- --

1 ---------------

1.20 -------.----

1.40 ------------

2.--------------

2.20 ---·--· ·----· 

2.40 ---.--------

3 -------· ·-·----

3.20 -------- ·--· 

3.40 ---.----.---

4 -------· ·------

4.20 --- ·---·. -·-

4:40 ------------

5 --------------· 

5.20. -------.----

5.31 ------ ·-----

83 

• 88 

86 

84 

73 

81 

77 

f\6 

80 

85 

83 

78 

86 

81 

84 

82 

84 

79 

83 

79 

78 

80 

75 

79 

84 

83 

86 

80 

80 

81 

83 

82 

43 

28 43 

30 43 

33 43 

•35 43 

38 i. 45 

40 47 

41 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

45 

46 

46 

46 

46 

47 

47 

47 

47 

47 

47 

46 

46 

45 

45 

42 

40 

39 

48 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

56 

57 

57 

57 

57 

57 

58 

58 

59 

60 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

58 

57 

55 

54 

475 

512 

525 

510 

495 

530 

530 

505 

535 

540 

520 

520 

525 

520 

515 

530 

542 

515 

520 

540 

555 

535 

500 

525 

510 

575 

570 

530 

565 

560 

575 

565 

Total __ ._. 2, 613 1, 314 1, 710 16, ~69 

Average _. 81. 7 42. 4 53; 5 530 

__________ .. ___ -'.__ __ .__......;__ 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-18 

4. 21 0. 033 

4. 02 . 047 

4. 13 . 05 

0.40 

.44 

.48 

. 47 

. 36 

.52 

. 64 

. 50 

. 58 

.60 

. 66 

0.14 

. 15 

.18 

.19 

. 16 

.34 

.35 

. 32 

.24 

7.4 12.0 0.0 

7.8 11.8 .0 

.31 8.7 11.3 . 0 

.39 

4. 21 . 056 - - - - - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - . - - - - - - -- - - --

-- --(~- -- .. - - - ---- . 51 . 13 7. 6 12. 4 . 0 

4. 21 . 029 

4. 04 . 034 

4.16 . 05 

3.96 . 038 

4. 00 . 026 

. 49 

.50 

. 49 

. 58 

.57 

. 55 

. 67 

.56 

.19 

.18 

.17 

.29 

.24 

. 28 

. 34 

. 23 

. 36 .13 

.· 42 .15 

. 55 . 22 . 

. 53 . 21 

.56 . 26 

.59 . 34 

. 57 . 22 

8.3 10.1 .8 

8. 2 10.8 . 4 

7.9 11.8 .2 

7.3 12.3 .5 

7.9 11.6 .3 

4. 00 . 052 --- --- - ----.- . ----- - -- ---- ----.-

40.94 

4.094 

. 37 

.16 

.09 . 

.04 

7.2 12.5 

.415 14.68 6.48 78.3 116.6 

.0415 .51 .224 '7.83 11.66 

. 6 

2.8 

. 28 
570 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No . .5.5.-Regular and .special observations on test of Iowa No. s·eoal, November 14, 1904-Continued. 

ll.41 

12.09 

12.4.5 

1.18 

1..53 

2.47 

3.22 

4.02 -----------------

4.28 -----------------

5.24 -----------------

Close,5.31 __________ _ 

34 

27t 

2.5~ 

35 

29~ 

27 

32 

37~ 

31 

31~ 

40 

SPECIAL. 

4 

3* 

4 

3t 

3? 

4t 

3! 

4~ 

3 

3t 

41.'> 

2 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

7,000 

7, 700 

8,400 

9,100 

9,800 

10,.500 

11, 200 

3} ------------ ------------

3,726 20,543 

3,023 23,566 

2,848 26,414 

4,629 31,043 

2,781 33,824 

3,773 37,597 

4,944 42,541 

3,083 45,624 

_4,630 50,254 

2,834 53,088 

5,260 .58, 348 

73.5 .59,083 _ _c_ ___ ---'------'------~-- -------------'----

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. , Ob~ervatiOIJ. 

----- ~ --------- --~--- ---

Boiler under a light load during night. 

7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fire cleaned. 

7.32 _ _ _ _ Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.18 __ . _ Fire raked, .5 inches thick. 

8.41 . ___ Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

8.58 _... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

910 .... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

9.19.... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

9.36 __ .. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.53 .... Do. 

9.58---.

1 

Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

10.25 _ . . Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

10.35 _.. Do. 

11.. __ -. Cleaning fire. 

11.05 _.. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.30 ... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

J 2.43 _ . . Do. 

------------ Clinker dark and heavy. 94 firings during test. 

12 . .51 _ .

1 Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

1.06 __ -/ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1.42 ___ 1 Do. 

1 . .51 -.-I Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 

2.08 _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.10 __ . Cleaning fire. 

2.27 __ . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

2.41 __ . Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

3.11 __ . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

3. 38 __ . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.13 _ _ _ Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

4.40 _ _ _ Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

4.50 ___ Fire raked, 9 inches' thick. 

5 _ _ _ _ _ _ Cleaning fire. 

5.08 __ . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.31. _ -~ Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. __ _ 
BOlLER TESTS. 

Steam test of Iowa No. 5 coal. • 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TR.IAL. 

Test number, 55. 

i\iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, i\io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

571 . 

Prineipal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Iowa No. 5. 

Kir;d of furnace, hand fired. 

State iJ[ the weather, clear .. 

i\'l.ethod of starting and· stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 14, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .............................................. -........ hours .. 

DIME'NSIONS AXD 1'ROPORTJO::s'S. 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ........................................................... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace .... : ................................................ inches.. 26 

5. Approxin1ate width of air spaces in grate ..... _. ........................... do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air Hpace to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimiiey .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................ . 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................. .inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................ :. feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes, ......................... ~ .................................. . 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) .................................... inches .. 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .• 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface· ................. _ ....... _. __ ._ .. _ .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometer_. ___________________ .: ______ ~ ___________ . _____ --{inches of mercury .. 

. _ ......... pounds .. 

S l . 1 {··do .... 11. 1 team pressure JY gage per square mc 1............................... o 

, . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ... · .............. _ .... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................ do ... . 

14. Force of <lraff or blast in ash pit ....................... : .......... _ ...... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

44 

7. 67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.75 

14.6 

81.7 

a96. 3 

.51 

-22 

0 
572 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVF.HAGE TEMPERATURES. 

lfi. Of external air ................... _ .................................... degrees .. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

Of ftreroom ................ : ........................................... do .... . 

42.4 

53.5 

324.9 

51.4 

Of steam ................ : ....................................... · ....... do .. .. 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economiller ..................................... .'.do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ........... : . ............................... do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from economizer ....................... __ ... _ .......... do .. .. 

22.1 01' fu.rnaee ............................................................. do._ .. . 

PUEL. 

23. Sille and condition: Nut, medium bright-small, 6.5 per cent; slack, :35 per cent. 

lii 

530 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ............................. ·- ..... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .......................... _ .............. : ........ do .... 11,200 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal................................................. 16. 01 

27. Total weight of dry coal eonsumed .................................... pounds.. H, 407 

28. Total ash ancl refuse .................................................... do.... 1,:328 

29. quality of ash and refuse, clinker .................................... per cent.. 57 

30. . {pounds . . 8, 079 Total combustible consumed .. _ .................................... .. .. do .... a7, 700 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ...................................... . 14. 12 

PROXDIATE ASALYSIS OJ.~ COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combu,tible. 

32. Fixed carbon ................................................ _ ....... . 38.8:3 55.01 

33. Volatile matter ...................................................... . 31.76 44.99 

34. l\foisture ............................................................ . 16.01 ~ ------------ 35. Ash ................................................................ .. 13.04 -------------

-----· 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separ;:ttely determined ...................................... .. :3.09 

UJ,TUIATE ANALYSIS 01<' DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (0) ................................................ , ........ .. 65.21 77.59 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...................................................... .. 4. 71 5.6 

39. Oxygen (0) .................................................... _ .... .. 9.12 10.85 

40. Nitrogen (N) ....................................................... .. 1. 3:3 1. 58 

41. Sulphur (S) ........................................................ .. 2.68 4.:38 

42. Ash ................................................................ .. 15.95 -------------

----- 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............................... .. 16.01 

a Calcnlnted from chemistry of ush. 
• 

BOILER TESTS. 573 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .. _. _ .. __ .. _ ..... _ ............. _. ............................. per cent .. 15.49 

45. Earthy matter ___ ..................................... _ ... -.- .. -._ ... -- .do ... - 84.51 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .............................. --- .... _ ..... pounds .. 942 

809 

ani 

23.23 

47. · {·. do._ .. Combustible eonsume<l per hour ........................ _ ....•....... __ do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surfaee per hour ....... _ ... _ ..... __ ...... do. __ . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating Htuface per hour ..... _ ... {

·-do .... 

..do .... 

. 398 

".38 

"' 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry eoal, B. T. U .. _ ..•... __ ~. li, 963 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. __ .. __ . 14,233 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. _ ... _ ... _. ___ .......... 11, 848 

53. Calorifie value, by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U. _ .... ___ ... __ .. ___ . 14,096 

QUALITY 01<~ STEAl\(, 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .. __ .......................... ___ .. _ .... ___ ... _ .. 1 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ... _ ......... _ ......... _. _ . _. _ ..... _ ....... .. None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =tmity) ...................... _ ........... per cent.. 99.24 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ............... : ... _- ..... _ ......... pounds._ 59, 08iJ 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ... _ ...... _ .. ___ ..... _ ... _.do ... _ 71,065 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ..... _ ... _ ... _ .do .... 58,632 

60. Factor of evaporation . ." ................................... -- ......... -... _ .. _ .. · 1. 2028 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into <lry steam from and at 212°. __ ...... __ .pounds .. 70, 523 

WATER PER HOUJ!.. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. _._ ... _._ .. __ pounds.. 5, 873 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour fron1 and at 212° .... ___ .... _ .... __ .. _ ... do.... 7, 064 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot ohvater-heating 

surface .. _ ....... -...................... ___ ........ _ .. _: ......... _ .. pounds.. 3. 48 

HOHSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water emporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at_ 212° = 1 horsepo\\'er) ... __ ... _ .. : .... ___ . _ ........ __ ... _ .. __ .. _ . __ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ...................... _. ___ ... __ ................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rate< I horsepoWer developed ....... ___ ........ ___ ... _. __ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

204.75 

210 

97.fi 
• 

574 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO.:\IIC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under adual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) .... _ .. _ . ___ .. __ . _ ...... _ ....... _ , _ . __ . _ ... _ ..... pounds __ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and. at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) ..... ____ -.------- ___ ... ____ ...... __ . , ____ ........ -----.- .... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal.· Item 61 -o-itcm 

27 ................ __ ............. _ ................................. pounds:_ 

7l. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. f .• do .. .. 

(Item Gl-+-ilem 30) ------- ..... ___ .. _ .......... _______ ... __________ l__do ... . 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) . ___ . _ . __ .do .. __ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry opal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .. ___ .... ___ per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room ( assnmed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions._._._ 

7G. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° __ .. _____ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S)IOKE OBSERYATIOXS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ___ . ___________ . __ . _______ ... ______ .. _·_. ______ _ 

\Voight of soot per hour obtained frozi1 smoke meter ____ . ____ . _ ... _. __ .. ounces._ I 

Volume of soot per hour obtained. from smoke meter __ .. _. ____ . ___ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS 01•' FIRING. 

SO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ____ .. ______ ._ .. ____ . __ . _________ _ 

81. Average thickness of fire_ . ___ .... ________ ... _____ . ___ .. _______________ . inches. _ 

82. Average intervals between !iring for eacli furnace during time when fires are in nor-· 

5.28 

6.3 

7.5 

s.n 

b 9. 16 

59.23 

a62.10 

60.5-4 

$1.00 

$0.0947 

$0.0793 

49.5 

Alternate. 

9 

mal condition ________ ... __ .. _____ . ________ . __ ... ____ .. _---.· __ ..... minutes._ 6. 3 

83. Average intervals bet1yeen times of leveling or breaking up ___ .. ___________ do____ 22 

8·!. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88 . 

ANALYSIS OF THF. DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide· ( C02

) _____ • ___ ... _____________ .. ____ .. ____ • _____ • ___ per cent._ 

Oxygen (0) __________ .. __ . __ . __ . ___ . _. ___ . ____ . ______ ------ __________ .. do .. __ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) _________ .. _________ .. ___ .. __________________ . ___ do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons . __ .. _. ______ . ____ .. ____ .. ____ : ..... ______ .. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------do ... . 

7. 83 

11.66 

. 28 

80.23 

. ------------- ---------·---------------

"Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
'\ "'-.. <; 

tl\ 1 7 ·~ I ~ 

\r\ v 

t / 1 

'_\ I "\ 'I -!:1 

i\ \ I \ 

n j I _A 

"' 

~s 1\ l I ~ 

~- tr---

\ 0 

o· , 

h· ~ 

"-. 

0 

'il 

~ 

- \ ~- t jJ. 1/ / - ~.-' I ~ 

I b' 

I~ o <;. I"' I I 

8 0 i'9i 1/ '"' () 

-t lg_ '\?, 1\ j . ., - ..\ r t» 

' ~~ c 

rn I II I II ., I r G) .. -.~~ 

= 

v~ "' :I 

Q CJ 

"' ~<;>--

~~~ r~ ... >--

!5 1/ , 0 0 c (/>_, 

~ -t"-;~. LO. " I 

~\ r~ "' ;\) .:j ;>! 

~ "' I 0 tn-~ r-- ~ . ;I I'"\ i If g _, c "' 1,., __ :z "' ;\)~- Ui ,. f'l c -{>--+ t 

\ (/1 

~ ~-t--- 3 ,.. ... 0 ;:J; f'l 2 ;\) ~ , )> 

c:$- ~ ~ :3: 

'! ~ (/1 

f-r~ :r ~I 7! ll ~--:1- ~ " \ I rn 

11 ~ 

\ \ c ! ;11 

f'l 

_\ \ 1\ J II 

l :\ ! 

t \ \ ~ 

\ 1/ r 1 

'' \ 1 ~ t ~ 1 ! 1\ ! _, 1\ ,--r-- l,'i 3 '11 

\ , ,., :1: \ I 1 "' 0 . ,.. 0 \o .!/ 0 ~ ~ ;Q 

)> c 

"' :>l Cl 
576 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCB, OR DISTHIBUTION OF THE HRATING VALUE OF THE COMBURTIRLR. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U __ , .. ___ ... _____ . _. ___ .. __ .. _ 14, 23::! 

R. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ___ . ________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1\846 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+· 

100X[(212-t)-/-966+0.48(1'-212)] (t=temperatnreof air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the fine gases) _______________________ . __ ._._.. 29Q 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combu~tible-:-100 X 9 X [(212-t) + H66 !- 0.48 (T -- 212)) _. 644 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases =.weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X ('1'--t) .... ~--·-------------------------- 2, 709 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible • CO,+COx-- --.-1

-

00 -xiO, loO ------ ______ ______ _ _____ _ 272 

6. Loss due to unconsm~ed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data arc obtained from which they may 

he calculatec!) ________ ·- ____________________ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 472 

RE::\-IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour~ 3. 77 poumls. 

Dry,eoal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.66 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

ll62. 1 

2.0::! 

4.52 

19.0::! 

1. 91 

10.41 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 577 

TEsT No. 6.-Regular ((nclspecial ob.senations on test of Kansas No. 1 coal, September 15, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.1 hours.] 

------~--- --- Temperatures. --,-Calorime~ Draft pressures. Fine gnses. 

---------------, - ---------,---

Time. 

:-~~-::::::::::::I 

9.20 ·----· ·--···1 

9.40 -.... --.- .. -

10 --·· -----. ··-· 

10.20 ---··.- -· .. 

10.40 -···--.- -·· 

11 -..... -.--.- .. 

11.20 --·-··-···-

11.40 ... -.-.-- .. -

12 -..•. -.. -.-- .. 

12.20 - .... -··-·· 

12.40 . ; -- ...... . 

1 .. -.. -.... -.. -. 

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 .. -- ... -- .. -

2 .. ---··.-- ····-

2.20 ·---- .... -·· 

2.40 --- .. ···-.-.-

3-. -· ... - --·. ··-

3.20 . ·---· ..... . 

3.40 . -.... -.- .. -

4 ··-····-·····-· 

4.20 ··-····----· 

4.40 -···-·- ... -· 

5 -····-····--··· 

5.20 -·· ........ -

fi.40 .. -.- .... --. 

6 ··--········-·· 

6.20 .. -- ..•.. --. 

6.40 -··· ··-·-.-. 

6.50 

Steam- 11z h d ln fur- i' 

pressure l-.lue "rater 1 . 00 ' nace, gage. Out· Roiler g-ases. Steam separated i ~\~es in 0 side. room. base of dischnrge. in 10 1 of inches C ,. · o,. · st~tck. mumtcs. water of I . .· water. 

• co. 

Pounds. ° F. o P; oF. Pounds. Ponnds. Per ct. Per ct. l'er ct. 

96 

94 

91 

85 

96 

100 

92 

86 

100 

83 

9:3 

H4 

1o:l 

94 

97 

90 

9H 

S5 

84 

71 

83 

79 

60 

7:3 

69 

61 

so 

96 

S7 

6:3 

6:3 

6:3 

65 

65 

66 

65 

68 

68 

68 

68 

68 

68 

69 

69 

70 

70 

70 

70 

71 

.71 

70 

70 

mJ 

70 

69 

69 

66 

63 

83 

64 

64' 

66 

68 

69 

69 

70 

71 

72 

7:3 

74 

76 

77 

78 

.77 

77 

79 

79 

80 

79 

79 

so 

79 

' 79 

76 

75. 

68 . 

66 

74 6:3 66 

68 62 64 

62 -... --- -···· 

660 

680 

680 

6S5 4.17 0.155 

670 , ............... . 

645 : ________ ....... . 

I 

578 1 4. 62 . 131 

I 

575 .· .... --- .... -.. . 

610 ............... . 

5.56 

555 

554 

562 

56:3 

562 

550 

560. 

550 

540 

528 

539 

565 

5:35 

518 

525 

52:3 

555 

535 

.5:35 

495 

500 

470 

4.42 .156 

4.98 . 144 

4. 65 .168 

:::::::: ::::::::I 

-----------------

4. 33 . 061 I 

3. 93 .147 

3. 70 . 145 

4. 82 .11 

3. 70 . 132 

·0.65 

.7:3 

. 71 

. 53 

. .'):3 

. 37 

. :31 

.40 

. 4:3 

.. 3.5 

.:30 

. 27 

.30 

.2S 

. 31 

. 33 

. 2S 

. 22 

. 31 

. :30 

. 32 

.40 

. 41 

.53 

. 51 

.53 

. 58 

.. 52. 

.. 55 

.55 

.59 

0.11 

• 1!) 

.17 

.12 

.18 

. 15 

. 21 

. 24 

.15 

. 27 

. 21 

.11 

.19 

.19 

. 2:3 

. 26 

.18 

. .12 

.22 

. 26 

. 22 

. 27 

. 35 

.46 

. 22 

. 42 

.H 

.:35 

.43 

. 22 

. 41 

6. 8 . 10. 6 0. 0 

9.7 .0 

8. 7 10.2 ..1 

9.3 8.7 .2 

7.1 9.2 .3 

8.1 12.2 .0 

7.6 12.9 .0 

5.0 16.5 .0 

4.1 17.0 .0 . 

Total .... - ~lz, 091 2, 257. 1-8-, -15-8-lc-43 ___ :3_2 -l--1-. 3_4_9_1_1_3_. -39- -7-. 5-· 5- 6-5--lo-.7- --. 6-

Average ... l · 84.S,67.5 72.S 567 4.3::! .135 ;4:3 .24 7.22 11.9 .07 

~----~--~--~--~ 
578 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 6.-Regular and special observat'ions on test fd Kanms No. 1 coal, September 15, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. ------.-----.--1--------c------------------

In tank. In guge glass. DurJ ng period. Total. During period. Total. 

-------------------------1·--------------

Tnches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pouruls. 

Start, 8.45- - - - - - -- - - -- 31 3~ ------------ ______ .. _____ ------------ ------------ 9.22 ----------------- 33 3! 

I 

700 700 3,223 3,223 

9.55 ----------------- 2li 3t 700 1, 400 4, 211 7,434 

10.35 ------·--------- 28! 3! 700 2, 100 4,689 12,123 

11.25 ---------------.- 29i 4 700 2,800 4,913 17,036 

12.15 ---------------- :35 2 700 3,500 4, 798 21,834 

12.50 ---------------- 29! 3t 700 4,200 2,910 24,744 

1.35 ------- ---------- 27 2t 700 4,900 5,633 30,377 

2.40 ----------------- 34~ 2! 700 5,600 4 , 629 . 35,006 

3.41 _____________ .. ___ :39 3! 700 6,300 3, 1,10 38, 116 

.5.21 ----------------- 3.5i 4! 700 7,000 6,360 44,476 

Clos~6.50 .... , .....•. 28 3f 222 7,222 :1,385 47,861 

------------- -------·-----------

REC(lRD OF FURNACE COi'\DITIONS. 

Time. 1 Ob~ervil tion. 

8.45.... Test started, fire 4 inches thick (after 2 

hours' running). · 

10 .. ___ . Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.45... Fire sliced. 

11.20 ___ .Fire raked. 

11..~0 _. _ Cleaning fire. 

12.06 __ . Fire cleaned, 6 ind1es thick. 

12.:~.5 _ .. Fire raked, IO·inches thick. 

1.46. __ . Fire raked. 

2.15 . __ . Fire sliced. 

·2.25 ___ . Fire raked. 

105 firings during'test. 

Time. Observation. 

--~-'-- ---· --

2.4.5 _ _ _ Cleaning fire. 

:~.13. _ _ Fire £leaned, 8 inches thick. 

3 . .53. _. .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.19 ___ Cleaning fire. 

4.53... li'ire cleaned, 8 inches thick; impossible 

to clean grate completely.· 

5.10. _ _ Fire sliced, molten refuse dropping 

through grate. 

5 . .55 . . . Fire raked. 

6.20 __ . Fire cleaned. 

6 . .50. _. Test closed, fire 4 inches thick. 
'· 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.~ts of Kan.~as No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 6. _ 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. T.oui~, Mo. 

Kind of boiler ( (~ommercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as ~ fuel. 

579 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jet~ not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of.boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

l. Date of trial, Septern ber 15, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ___________ ---·------ ___________ ---------------- _____ (hours)__ 10.1 

DDlE:SSIONS AND PROPOltTTONS. 

3. Grate surface. ____________________________________________________ .square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate. _______________________ .. _: ______________________________ .feet._ 

3. 2 T~ength of grate ______________________ .. _________ -. ______________ . _. ____ .. do_ ... 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace . __ .... ______ .. ____ .. __ .. _______________________ : ___ .inches._ 26 

5 Approximate width of air spaces in grate--------------------- _____ • ______ do .. ~- .5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface. _________ . ____ . _____ ._._ .per cent._ 4'1 

6.1 Area of chimney ______ . _ .. ___ .. ________ ... __________ .. _______ . __ .square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ___________ . _______________ .. ______________ feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney _____________ ... _________________ ... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft. ___ . _____ . ______________ ._. _____ · ____________________ .... ______ .. . 

7. Water-heating surface ___________________ : ______ ... ____ .. _. _______ .square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .. __ .... __ ... ____ ........... _ .. _. _. ___ ... _ .... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads). __ ... ___ .. _ ...... __ : .. __ ... __ .feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes.------- ......... _____ ... __ . ___________ .. ______ . __ . _____ ..... . 

7.4 

7.5 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Dmmeter . ( . . . {inches of tubes out.,udc-msllle) . ____ ... _ ..... __ . _ .... _ .. _, ... _ ... _, . • · 

.. do .... 

Length of tubes exposed _ ... _ .... ___ .: .. _ .. _ ....... __ .. _·_ .. __ .. _ .. __ . ___ .feet .. 

Superheating surface ... _ .. __ .~._ ... __ .... _ ... _ .. ____ ....... __ ... , .. square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface._ .. ____ "-· .... __ ... _ .... _. __ .. _ ... . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface . ·_ .. _____ : ..... ___ ....... __ .. __ ... --. 

AVERAGE PRESSUHES. 

Barometer _____ · _______________________ . __________________ -{inches of mercur

1

y .. 

... _. _ .... pounr ~-. 

Steam pressure hy gage per ~quare inch ________ ._. __ ... ______ .. ___ .. -{-- do.··· 

.. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ... _ ... _ .. _. ____ ... __ .inches of water._ 

Force of draft in furnace ... __ ... _ ...... , .. ____ .... __ . __ ._ .... _._ ....... _ .do ... _ 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit _ ..... _ .. ·_ ... _ ... ___ ..... _ .. ____ .. _ .. __ .. do. __ . 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

·Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

111J 

3.5 

3.21) 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:G.58 

29. 78 

14.G 

84.8 

a99.4 

.43 

0 24 

0 ~--- ~--- -~~~~ -~~--~~-~--~~~~-- ---- "Absolute. 

\ 

' 
580 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

Hl. 

2Q. 

:n. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A YERAC-m TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ..... __ .. _._ .. ___ .. _ .. _____ ._. __ . __ ..... _ .. _._ ..... ___ .degree~ .. 

Of fireroom .................................. _ .... _ .................. __ :do .... _ 

Of steam ............................ c .•.•........••......•..•.•...••••• do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ....... _ .. _ ........ _ ....... ___ ........ _ ............. do. __ . 

Of feed water entering economizer_ ....... __ ..... _ .. __ ................. _ .do. __ . 

Of feed water entering boiler ....... __ ....... __ .. _ ...•............ _ ....... do .. _. 

Of escaping ga~es from b<irler .. ___ .... :. __ . __ .. __ . _ ... _ .... __ ... _ .. _. ___ .do. __ _ 

:!2. Of escaping gases froru econon1izer _. __ . _______________ . _. _______ _______ .do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace._ .. _ ...... _. __ ........ _ .............. _____ .. _ .. _. __ .. _ .. _ .. _ .do._._ 

FUEJ. 

23. Size and condition: Lump, 60 per cent; small, 20 per cent; slack, 20 per cent; dulL 

6'7.5 

72.8· 

327 

75 

193.8 

567 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ............... _ ....... __ .......... pounds:_ None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .. _ ................................... ~ .... ~- ... _ .do.... 7, 222 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................ -.- _______ ._ .. _... 5. f) 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed._ .................. _ ...... ___ .... _ .. pounds.. 6, 796 

28. Total ash and refuse .. :_._._._ ........ ___ .. _ .. _. ___ ....... _ ........ __ .. _ .do.___ 732 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: :More clinkers than aHh. 

30. Total combustible consumed_. ______ ._~-- __ . __ · ____ . ____ . ____ . ___ -----{pounds.-

· __ do .. .. 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ........ _ ........ __ .. _ ..... _ ........ _ .. . 

PROXIMATE A"NAJ.,YSIS OF COAL. 

6,064 

ct5, 733 

10. 77 

Per eent Per cent of 

of coal. eombustible. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

Fixed carbon 

Volatile matter ....... ___ .. __ .. _. __ ................................... . 

:Moisture ... __ . __ .. _ .. ____ .. _____ . ____ . ___ .. __ .· . ___ . _ .. ___ . _ . ___ . _ . _ , _ . _ 

Ash ............ ----·--··--·-------------------------------------------

49.46 

33. 78 

5.9 

10.86 

100.00 

59.42 

40. ,58 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............................... _......... 3. 82 ........... . 

ULTDIATE A:\ALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ................... ~.· ...... -- ......... ~ ............... · ..... . 73. 15 82.69 

38. Hydrogen (H).'. __ .............. __ .. ______ ._ ...... __ .... . 

1 

.. __ • __ •• __ __ 4. 79 5.41 

39. Oxygen (0) -----------------------· -----···----------·----·------------- 5.31 6 

40. Nitrogen (N) .... __ ............................ _ ...................... . 1. 15 1.3 

41. Sulphur (S) ..... ------------ .......... ----- .......... -- .............. . 4.06 4.fi 

42. Ash ..... -............................................................. . 11.54 ------------

------ 100.00 100.00 

· 43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . ____ ...... _. __ . __ . __ ...... _ ...... . 5.9 ------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

( 

.r 

\ 
• 

BOILER TESTS. 581 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ______ .. _____ ....... ______ ... _. _ .. __ .. ___ ............•.•..... per cent.. 38. 3 

45. Earthy matter .... __ ........................................... -........ do.--. 61. 7 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .. _ .... c _·_ ••••• ~ ........................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ........... ---------------------------{--do ... . .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ................ ·- ....... ~ .do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ____ .. __ :-{- .do.··· 

.. do .... 

CALORIFIC: VALUE OF FUEL. 

673 

GOO 

n568 

l6.6 

. 295 

a, 28 · 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U.............. 13, 307 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per. pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... _ 15, 043 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ...... ·; ........ ___ ..... 13; 385 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ...... _. __ ... __ ... __ ·15, 131 

QUALITY OF STEA.M. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .. : ___ . _. _. _ ... ___ . _ . _____ . _. ____ .......... __ . __ 

55. .Num her of degrees of superheating _·_ · ... __ . ____ : ___ . __ : ..... __ ... ________ .. __ . __ 

56, Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .... __ .................. _ ........ per cent.. 

WATER. 

3.02 

None. 

97.66 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 47, 861 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........ _ .................. do ... _ 56,432 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam __ ... ___ .. ____ .. _ .do .. __ 46,741 

60. :Factor of evaporation ............. _ ..................... _ .................... _ _ 1. 1791 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ......... _ .. pounds .. 55, 112 

WATER PE.R HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ... _ ....... __ L _pounds._ 4, 628 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° _ .... ________ .. ___ ....... do. __ . 5, 457 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ........................ .' ................................... pounds.. 2. 69 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _ .. _ . ~ _ ..... __ ...... __ .. _ .. _ .. _ .... _ . _ .. _. _ _ ' 158. 2 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ....... _ ............. ___ ... _ _ _ 210 

67. Percentage of lmilclers' rated horsepower developed ___ ., ___ . ____ . __ .... ___ ... _ _ _ 75.33 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
• 

n82 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT., 

ECONOl\llC RESULTS. 

68. ·wa:ter apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+- iten; 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) . ·_ ...................................... , .................. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ............................................................ __ .. pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e;: ~:;!:r;~i;:l. -f~~~~- ~:1.c~ -~~ _ ~~~~- ~-e·r- -~~~~~- -~~ _ ~~~~~~l~~i-~1~: {: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efiicieney of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)_ .......... do. __ _ 

7:>. Effieiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

6.63 

7.63 

8.11 

9.09 

({ fl.f\1 

58.35 

rt 61. 69 

dry coal divicled by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ...... ____ .. per cent.. 58. 9 

COS'f OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 vmnds of water under observed conditions ____ __ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and. at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\lOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as oLserved ............................................. .. 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ......... _ ........... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING, 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................ .. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor-

$1.00 

$0.075 

$0.066 

23.6 

Alternate. 

10 

mal condition ...................................................... minutes.. 6 

SH. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 50 

ANAI.YSIS OJ<~ THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........ , ....... ·............................... ·.per ceut .. 

85. ·Oxygen (0) .......... ------ ... ___ .......................... ____________ do ... . 

86. Carbon·monoxidc (CO) ............... 1 ...... _ ........................ --.do .. .. 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. ____ .... _ ... __ ...... , ............. _ ........ do .. .. 

88. .Nitrogen (by difference) (N) . ___ ...... _ .... _ .......... -- .. __ ...... ---- .. do .. .. 

"Calculated from chemistry of as]) 

7.22 

11.9 

. 07 

80.81 
! 

~ 

)\\ lJ 

\' v 

J u t \ 1\ ~ 

"" \ \ \ .. 6 0 

= 

~ 

/ 1\ ' (\ 

t 0 

0•1\ \ " J :r - 1::' 1-'-

~ (]> 

\ --1 

" ~-

\ v ! ;;u c 

./ ['I f"' j t 

\ ~ , "\ :l (;'I 

H~ r t; c (Jl 

"' 1"'1 

1\ ,;;: (J' 

0 I 

/ 0 ~ l> 

~f-.---- r-;:\ ' :I ~~ 

"' "~ ~ l> 

tf---,----0 

"' ~ ::'1-

Ji~ :1 (Jl 

/ I ll --1 

r- \1 f--- f'l T'J 

~\ \ ::u. )> 

\ :~., lin ;:;: J> 3 (JI 

I;' ~ 

~- ~ 

~\ ' " ll 

L "' AI 0 ::0 

"' . r' 

L ll (]> 

r-~ .t 

1\ "' 1'\ :z ~ c -l 

~ -< I 

0 

\ _)7 0 

I 0 0 , 0 o> a 0-- ~ ., J !~ . ll 

0 0 

:r:-r~ c ;>; 

7 c _/ "' 0 

~~ CJI 1\ (J' 0 0 ;= 

i\ ~ \ "' "' 

"' ; --1 ' 

\ r '% I f'l 

" f I~ 0 I~ t 0 

v ~~ "' 3: 

"' i. / )> 

"' - .!> -l.---J 

~ c f"' 9. f'l 

"' :l (II 

f'l ll ~- ?-- : f'l 

If ~ Al 0 '{f.j ' ~ '1-

t c "' v 2\ AI c 

"' ~ 

"' ~ "'-...._ k'! o> ~ Gil .. I'-- I 

r;, ~ ~. :i ['..,_ 

'ti-- < 

~~ v r' 

AI 

l> 

0\ "' \~ ~v 

-l T / j "' , ~f-o~ ;:\! r> 

\s 1/ l· ::0 Cl 

t l> ::;: -!/ -l c c ~ Al r' 

"' ;;II 
584 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT ijALANCE, OR lHSTRIBVTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COl\fHUSTIBI,E. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, R. T. U ............................ , 15, 043 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.L ............................................. · ... . 

2. Loss due to moisture in eoal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-;-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t""'te!nperature of air in the. boiler 

room; T= that of the flue gases) ............ · ............................ . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning· of hydrogen=per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -;-l00X9X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] ...... . 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gas.es=weight of gaH per 

5. 

pound of combustibleX0.24X ( T-t) ................................... . 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

___(JQ__Xper cent C in combustihleXlO 1• C0 11 

2

+CO 100 . . ';-,, .......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons,' to ·heating the 

moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these 

losses may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which .they 

Jl. T. U. Per cent. 

9,280 ,, 61.69 

:j 

90 .6 

621 4. 13 

3,322 22.08 

81 .54 

may l)e calculated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 649 10.96 

REl\IA.RKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepowcr=3.49 p.ounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower=4.31 pounds. 

a Culcuiated from chemistry of nsh. 

100.00 

• 
BOILER TESTS •. 5!::15 

TEST No. 7.-Regular and special observations on test of Kansas No. 1-coal, September 16, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9. 7 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

-··---·------·----. - ---~-- ------;----.-

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Water Tn ~ood, I~a~~r- Steam separated . .~e in ' 

discharge. in 10 m~~ 8 inches 

minutes. water. w~fer. 

C02. co. 

----c------1----------- ----1-------------

8.46 ........... . 

9 .............. . 

9.20 .......... .. 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ··•··· ....... . 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ........ : .... . 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40 .......... . 

12 .............. ·· 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 ........... . 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 . ····-· ----· 

3.40 .......... .. 

4 .............. . 

4.20 ........... : 

4.40 ... ·.· ...... . 

5 .............. . 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.40 ........... . 

6 .............. . 

6.20 ........... . 

Pounds. ° F. 

104 

95 

84 

84 

85 

90 

so 

71 

87 

84 

97 

93 

100 

93 

82 

100 

90 

100 

102 

95 

91 

86 

87 

94 

98 

101 

104 

101 

94 

85 

68 

67 

67 

70 

70 

72 

74 

74 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

81 

81. 

81 

82 

82 

82' 

82 

82 

82 

82 

81 

81 

80 

79 

78 

74 

73 

68 

69 

70 

71 

73 

75 

78 

78 

80 

81 

83 

84 

85 

86 

86 

88 

88 

88 

88 

88 

88 

90 

91 

90 

92 

93 

90 

86 

86 

85 

op, 

646 

612 

614 

590 

560 

580 

565 

585 

58.') 

600 

610 

595 

598 

595 

595 

635 

620 

620 

612 

602 

'590 

.580 

615 

638 

645 

635 

635 

525 

630 

550 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 54 0.125 

4. 54 . 07 

4. 48 . 072 

4. 82 . 114 

4. 38 .125 

5.11 . 111 

4. so . 128 

4.65 .200 

5. 23. . 211 

0.64 

. 45 

. 56 

. 35 

.36 

. 37 

. 32 

. 33 

. 32 

. 31 

. 34 

. 33 

. 36 

. 36 

. 43 

.42 

.33 

. 37 

. 36 

. 37 

. 36 

. 36 

.39 

. 41 

. 41 

.43 

. 43 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

0.14 !""" ........... .. .15 ...... ---- ........ . 

.14 

. 17 

.17 

.18 

. 07 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.14 

.16 

. 17 

. 12 

. 12 

.12 

.12 

.11 

.17 

. 19 

.11 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.15 

.16 

(i. 8 11. 2 0.0 

6.6 12.5 .0 

7.5 11.7 .0 

8. 3 10. 8 . 0 

7.9 11.5 .0 

8. 2 10. 7 . 0 

7. 1 12. 8 . 1 

7.3 12.5 .5 

........ ........ .43 .19 ................. .. 

.. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . 45 .19 6. 6 13.0 . 1 

4.46 .095 .............................. .. 

6.28 .. : ........ . 92 ··-··· ···-·· ······· -- ...... ········ ······ .................... · ....•. ----------. -------1----------· -- Total ... .. 2, 849 2, 320 2, 498 18, 062 

Average .. . 91.9 77. 3 83. 3 602 

13-No. 48 pt 2-06-19 

47.01 

4.7 

1. 251 11.35 

. 125 . 391 

4. 07 66. 3 

.14 7.:n 

106.7 

11.86 

. 7 

. 08 
586 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 7.-Regnlar (tnd special obseruations on test of Kansa.~ No. 1 coal, September 16;1904-Cont·a. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of witter. Weight of coal burned. I Weight of w>tter fed to boiler. 

-In tank. In gage glass·. ~uring perio~. 'l'otal. I Duri11g period.! Tot~tl. 

--- ---- Pounds. Pounds. ! Pounds. --Pounds. 

Time. 

inches. Inches. 

Start, 8.46 ............ 

9.29 ---- ~ ------------ 10.21 ----------------

ll.l5 ---------------- 12.07 ---------------- 12.58 ---------------· 

1.45 -----------------

2.41 -... ~------ .. ------- 3.26 --------- , _______ 

4.28 ····--------------

5.24 .... _______________ 

Close, 6.28 -----------

40~ 5~ 

:>6 311-

38l I 3~ 

43 2i 

39 3! 

29~ 4~ 

37t 3 

4li 2! 

36t 2i 

34} 4~ 

33 4i 

36i 3z I 

············ ............ ) ............ 1······ 

7oo 7oo I 4,122\ 

7oo I 1, 4oo 4, 910 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

492 

2,100 

2,800 

3, 5CO I 

4,200 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

7,000 

7,492 

4, 44:1 

4,418 

4,540 

4,055 

6,182 

4,491 

5,138 

5,146 

5,704 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITTONS. 

- ---· ----------------;;-

Tjnu~. Observation. Time. • Observation. 

·----------

4, 122 

9,032 

13,475 

17, 89:~ 

22,433 

26,481'; 

::!2,670 

37, 161 

42,299 

47,445 

53,149 

8.46 .... Test started, fire 4 inches thick; boiler 3.15 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick; dinkerH on loaded 1 hour. 

9.05 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

10.26 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.41 ... Fire clea1wd, fi inches thiek. 

11 .... :. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

1.07 .... Cleaning fire. 

1.20 .... Fire eleaned, 4 inches thick. 

1.45 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

grate. 

3.30 . . . Cleaning fire. 

3.51 . . . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

4.15... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

5.52... .Fire sliced. 0 

6.16 . . . Cleaning fire. 

6.28... Test closed, fire 4 inches thick. 

-------- ---- -------"-------------

117 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Kansas No. 1 coal. 

CON})ITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL 

Test number, 7. 

·Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

587 

Prineipal eonditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes a'pparatus used. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, e\ear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

l. Date of trial, September 16, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .. ~ .................................................... hours.. 9. 7 

DDIENSIQ~;s AND PROPORTIONS. 

a. Grate surface ..................... ~ ................................ square feet .. 

3.1 ·width of grate ............. _ ............................................... feet .. 

8.2 Length of grate ......................................... ." .............. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ...................................................... inches .. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ................................... Jlo ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................. . 

7. Water-heating surfaee ........................................... ~.square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet.-

7.3 Number of tubes ................................. _ ............................ . 

f b ( ts.d · · 1 ) {inches .. 7.4 Diameter o tu es on 1 e-msK e .................................. . • .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet.. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURI<:S. 

11. Barometer ........................................................... pounds .. 

. b . h {·.do .... 11.1 Steam pressure y gage per square me .............................. . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or bla.st in ash pit .................................. ~ ....... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

llR. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,081 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

R.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

14.54 

91.9 

(t]06.44 

.3\l 

.14 

. 002 
588 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE 'fEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air .................. _____ . ___ ...... _ ........... : ......... degrees .. 

' 16. Of fire room . _ ...... _ ....................... __ ........................... do ... . 

J 7. Of steam ........................ · ........ _ ... _ · ................ _ ... _ .... _do ___ _ 

18. Of feed water in tank ...... ------_, ____ ............ ------_ ............... do .. __ 

19. Of feed water entering economizer. .... ___ ... ____ ... __ ........... _ ........ do. __ _ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler _ .. _ .. __ ..... _ ...... _ .. _ .. __ - __ -.... -_ ...... do ___ _ 

21. • Of escaping gases from boiler ____ .. __ ........ _ .. _ ..... ___ ........ · .... __ .. do. __ _ 

22. Of cseaping ga"E'R from economizer ___ .... __ ..... __ .. _ ...... _ ..... -.. -.. _ .do .. __ 

22.1 Of furnace ... ,. ____ ... __ .. __ ..... _ .... _ .. ___ ........ _--------:- .. -.. __ .. do._ .. 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 60 per cent; small, 15 per cent; slack, 35 per 

cent; dull. 

. 24. 

. 26. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

2fl. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fi~e ........... __ ... _ .................. pouwls .. 

Weight of coal as fired .. ___ ......... __ .. __ .. __ ............ _ ......... __ .. do .. __ 

Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ _ 

Total weight o~ dry coal consumed ..................................... pouiHls .. 

Total ash and refuse ................. _ ........... _ ....................... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ............... _ .................... per e~nt .. 

77.3 

83.3 

332.1 

74 

1fl2 

602 

. None . 

7,492 

4.8 

7,132.4 

1,014 

49 

30. . . · {pounds. . 6, 118. 4 Total combust1ble consumed ........................................ .. · . .. do .... a 6, 890 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .... _................................... 14.21 

PROXTl\:lATE ANALYSIS OF COAl,, 

:'12. Fixed carbon ................................................•........ 

33. Volatile matter .................. _ .......................... -- ........ .. 

34. Moisture ....................................... _ .......... _._._ ... __ .. 

H5. Ash ...••.. _ ........................ : . ......................... __ . _. __ 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............................. ~ ..... : .. .. 

UT.TUIATE ANAI.YSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)-----------------·----···----------: ...... · ................ . 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 

H9. Oxygen ( 0) . ___ ........ _ .. _ .. _ ...................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N).----···-·······················=···.··········--·-········ 

41. Sulphur (S) ..................................................... , ... .. 

42. Ash ...• , ................. . 

48. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. . 

"Calculittcd from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent of coal. 

48.57 

32.68 

4.8 

1H.96 

100.00 

4.94 

69.35 

4.58 

5.0}) 

1.13 

6. 19 

14.66 

100.00 

4:8 

Per cent of 

combust-ible. 

69.78 

40.22 

-------------

-------------

100.00 

-------------

81.26 

5.36 

6.96 

1. 32 

6.10 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

'ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. percent_. 

45. Earthy matter ......................... : .............. ; .. -.- ............ do ... . 

FUEl) PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per h_our .......................................... pounds .. 

{

-·do .... Combustible consumed per hour . -......... --------.-------- • ·-- · ·--- • -- ( 1 0.---

47. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ........................ do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ...... __ .{·· do.··· .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VAJ,UE OF FUEl,, 

589 

19.45 

80.55 

735.3 

630.8 

a607 

18.13 

. 31 

a.299 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 694 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14,874 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 737 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................•.• 14,925 

QpALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............... : •............................ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. percent .. 

WAT;ER. 

2.59 

None. 

98 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ..................................... pounds .. 53, 149 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 62,812 

59. ·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 52,086 

60. Factor of evaporation ...........•............ ~................................. 1. 1818 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 61,555 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 370 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .................. __ .... do.... 6, 346 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ....................................................... : ..... pounds.. 3.13 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .......... ______ .................. ______ .... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................. __ ............. __ . 

· 67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ..... _ ................ ____ .. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

184 

210 

87.4 
590 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item .57-+ item 2.5) . _________ ~ ..... _____ . __ . ___ . _____ .... _. __ . _____ poundR .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound oi coal as fired. (Item 61-oitem 2.5) ------ ___ ......... ______ -.--- ___ ...... ------ __ ---- _________ .pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry eoal. (Item 61-o- item 

27) ...... ____ .... _ .... _ ... _____ ...... __ . ___ . _ .. _ .... _ .. ______ ...... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. (Item 1- .do._ .. 

61-+ item 30) _ ............. ___ . ---- ... _. ____ ........... ____ ...... --1- .do._ .. 

EFFIClE.SCY. 

72. Efficieney of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible cliviclecl by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) __ . __ .. __ .do._ .. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal eli vicled by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .•.... _ .... _per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) __ ... _ .. __ . 

76. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ____ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporaying 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .... __ . _ .. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ...... _ .... ___ .... __ .... _. ___ ..... _. _______ .. _. 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter __ .... _ ..... ___ ._ ... ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter __ ..• _ ..... ____ cubie inches __ 

METHODS 01<' FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking). ____ ...... _ .. _ ............ _ ... __ . 

81. A vcrage thickness of fire ___ .. _ ...... _____ ..... ____________ .. _ .... ______ inches __ 

82. Average" intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.09 

8.22 

8.63 

10.06 

a 10.45 

65.31 

· a67. 8.5 

65.6.5 

$1.00 

$0.0706 

$0.061 

14.4 

Alternate. 

t) 

mal condition. ____ ........ ________ .... _ ... __ . _____ .... _. _________ .. minutes.. .'i 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up . _ ....... _ .. ___ .do.... 116 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANAJ,YSIS O>' THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,). _____ ......... ____ .... _____ .. ______ ...•.... ___ .per cent.. 

O~ygen ( 0) ___ . ____ ...... ____ .......... ______ ... ___ .... _. ____ ......... _do. __ . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .... __________ ... _ .. ~ __ .. _____ .••....... ____ ... __ do ___ _ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons . ___ .. -"-- ___ . _ .......... _____ --- ___ ._. ____ .do. __ . 

Nitrog()n (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------clo ___ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of a~h. 

7. 37 

11.86 

. 08 

80. 69_ 
,.....{ 

0:, 

1.0 

u:i 

E-1 

rJ) 

l'il 

E-1 

P'l 

,...., 

~ 

0 

p:j 

a 

., 

"' 

z 0 

·~ ~ ~ 2 u "' <f) ot:1 o, 0 

~ 5 ~ 3q? " 0 0 ~ 0 Q.. a. 

.B 0 ~ 0~ ~ z . 

"' ~ g ~ ~:! ~ 0 "' ~ ~ 

~~~z~._~ ..f::>' - z 

·:a:..~ 0 6 .n ~ o~co~NoS! 

OQ.. a. ~ 

~~2 3.~ ~00 wl- (f) ;:, 

.:I z ·If) 

orr 0 0 z III~ V U !0 Ooi) 

i3 ~ ~ ~~2~2~-t 'jW U 

o"' lo.O 

qA.M 

"' 

'\ 

'\ 

~ 

"\ 

''0. 

. 

__.. ... 'I 

lo fl 

1-

t>-o o-

/ 

~ _/ 

~ If 

\3::JILE.R_ R 

co ~ ~ 

............. ~ .-P . oEL 

10 H 

12M f 2 3 4 5 ~ 

DF~FT PRE:.ksuJ~ I~ Hobo 

- -

-6. ~AfT PRE:.SSU .E:. IN FL RNACE l 

CO, IN FL l!E. GASE:.? 

-3·% I 

2 - I - ;----... ' M01..5T ~RE:. IN TEAe 

P-o ()--< 

DENSITY OF 5l"OKE:. 0--0 o- 0--<l y--~ 

/ ~ / ~ I K [7 -= :-----., /.----.- ~ r-----. p 

~I/ "'-v BIE:.A M PRE:.S URE. .._____ ~ " 

v ~ 

__.. v f'LUE. GA T MPERATURE. I v ........ 

v ..- "'-.., v ......, 

/ 

. r ............. 

v TEM PE.RA URE v OM AYE RAGE. 

v~'~ot .....- CUTS! t:. EM PERATURE. _,__ [[0~ 

~ v WA 

y; ...o T MPEF 

'" 

E. 

.... boo p::::: ~ ~ ~ 

II" I 

UMP 10~" 

01'< C A.L .__ 

A ~ ~ ~· c. 

0 

12 2. 3 4 ·- ·- ~ - .. . "' --

FIG. '64.-Graphic Jog sheet, Kansas No.1 coal (run of mine, dull). 
592 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BA.LAXCE, OR. DISTRIBUTION OF \r-HE HEATING VAT~UE 0.1<' THE .COMBUSTIBLE: 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ... __ ... _ .. ____ .. _ .. _ ... _. __ ...•. 14, 874 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X I:J65. 7 _. _ •••••••• ____ . __ .••••••• _ ••. ___ ••••••••• _____ •• _ 10, 092 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

lOOX [(212-t) +966+0.48 (T-212)] (!=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) ........................ __ .... _. 

3. Loss due to moisture IurmeJ l!y the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to cornbustible+IOO X 9 X [(212 -t) +966+0.48 ( T- 212)] __ . 

4. Loss Jue to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases =weight of gas per 

76 

618 

pound of eumbustible X 0.24 X ( 1'- t) ... __ ....•... ___ ........... ____ . 3, 355 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO . per cent C in combustible . · C02

+COX lOO · X10,150.......................... 89 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these lo~ses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ......... ___ .......... ____ ....... _ .... __ .... _ .. , _ .. __ . __ 

REMARKS, 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3. 28 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.05 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

644 

Per cent. 

(! 67. 85 

. 51 

4.15 

22.56 

.60 

4.33 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 593 

TEST No. 5.-Regulm· and special observations on test of Kcmsas No. 2 coal, September 12, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 7 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

' --·-------

Stenm- In hood, ln furTime. pressure Flue Water nacc, gage. Out- Boiler gases, Steam separated m in 

side. room. base of discharge. inlO inches inches co,. o,. co. 

stuck. minutes. of of water. water. 

-------- ----~- ----- Pounds. op_ op_ op, Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

9.40 ............ 84 68 68 583 ------·- .. ............. 0.61 0.08 ------ .............. ---·-- 10 .............. 79 68 68 585 -------- -------- .43 .15 ------ 10.20----------- 96 68 68 595 4.78 0.155 . 43 .06 ------ :::::::I:::::: 

10. 40 .. - -- - --- -- 72 70 71 600 -------- .44 .10 ------ -------I ............ 

11 -------------- 71 71 72 602 -------- -------- . 47 .19 6. 7 11.5 0 

11. 20 --------.-- 77 72 71 611 3.98 .126 .48 .23 ------ ------- 11.40----------- 80 73 72 590 -------- ................ .49 .30 ------ ------- ------

12-.------------ 75 74 73 585 -------- ................ . 47 . 22 ---·-- ------- -----· 12.20 ·-·-- ------ 81 74 74 575 4.19 .162 . 50 . 33 ........... ------- ------

12.40 ·---- -----· 92 74 74 580 ................ ---·---- .50 . 33 ........... ------- ............ 

1 .............................. 85 74 75 553 .. ............ -------- . 45 . 13 6.6 12.2 0 

1. 20 - -.. -. - . - --• 86 74 75 564 4.42 .133 .44 . 28 ------ ------- -----· 1. 40--------- ... 95 76 76 605 ............... -------- .47 .16 ---·-- ------- ----·-- 2 --------------- 105 77 78 645 -------- -------- . 47 . 17 8.0 11.2 0 

2. 20------------ 95 77 78 6.53 4. 75 . 131 .46 .22 ------ ------- ........... 

2. 40------------ 86 77 78 630 -------- ·------- .47 . 20 -----· ------- ------ 3 -------.-.---.. 86 75 77 li09 -------- -------- .48 .26 7.3 12.2 0 

3. 20 ---. ------- ~. 85 75 77 n02 4.38 .119 . 47 . 27 ------ ............ --·--- 3. 40 ·------ ----- 84 74 76 612 ·------- ............. . 47 . 26 ··---- ------- ------

4--- --·--------- 83 74 77 607 ............... ---· ....... .48 . 32 7.3 11.9 0 

4. 20 •.•..... · .... 73 74 76 558 3.83 .08 .50 .:15 ....... ... ··--·-

4. -!0 . - . - . - . -.. -- 80 74 76 595 --·---·- -------- .44 .17 5.8 12.7 0 

------- --------- Total ...•• 1,850 1,613 1,630 13,139 30.33 .906 10.42 4.78 41.7 71.7 0 

Average . - 84 73.3 74 597 4.33 . 129 . 474 . 217 6.95 11.95 0 
594 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 5.-Regular and special observations on test of Kansas No. & coal, September 12, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time .. ---------------------- In tank. ln gage glass. During period. Total. During pcriod.[ __ ___'l'otal. _ 

-------------- -

Inches. Incites. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 9.40 ............ 24t ::li ··---------- -----·------ ---~~~1~~~--- .I.--~~~~:~~---. 10.21 .,., ------··-------- iJI 5t 700 700 2,913 2,913 

11.07 . ---.. ----------.. 33 5{ 700 1,400 4,040 6,953 

11.53 -.. ---- ... ---.. -.. -- 35~ 4 700 2,100 6,040 12,993 

1.47 -------·------·-- 31 5! 1,400 3,500 8,575 21,568 

2.36 ----------------- 23! 5 700 4,200 5,701 27,269 

3.25 ---------·------- 30!1- 4} 700 4,900 4,252 31,521 

4.20 ----------------- 29! 6 700 5,600 5,195 36, 716 

Close, 4.40 ........... 24! 5!- -------·---- ------------ 1,346 38,062 

. -----

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

·Time. Observation. "Time. Observation. 

'I 

9.40.--- Test started, fire 4 inches thick. 2.20 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.00 ... .Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.00 ... Do. 

11.07-.- Fire raked. 4.30.-- Fire cleaned. 

12.00- .. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4:40 ... Test closed, fire 4 inches thick. 

1.15 .... Fire cleaned. 

---------· ' 

82 firings during test. 

. ' 
BOILER TESTS. 595 

Steam test of Kansas No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 5. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1\'Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. • 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 2. 

Kind of furnaec, hand fired. 

State of the weather, dear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1.. Date of trial, September 12, 1904. 

2. Duration of triaL ....................................................... hours.. 7 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

:~. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ............ _ .......................................... _ ... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ................ _ ....................... _ ................. do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ....... _ ........................................ _ ..... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .. ,._ ............... ~ ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ... _ .... ' ....... __ ........... __ .................... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue eonnecting to chimney .......................... _._ ..... _ .do .. __ 

6.4 Kind of draft ........... __ ..... _ ..... _ ....................................... . 

7. Water-heating surface .. _ ... _ .................. _ ................... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............... _ .......... ~ .................... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ........... _ ............... ; ... feet.. · 

7.3 Number of tubes ...................................................... : ...... . 

7 n· f b ( "d . "d ) {inches .. .4 tameter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e .......... - ... -...... -- .... -- .· .. -- · .. do ... . 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ..... _ ...... _ ..... _ .............................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .. _ ....................... _ ................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........... _ ........... __ ... _ ... __ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ...... _ ..... _ ..................... .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ......... _ ... _ ..... _ ... _. _ . : . .. _ ........•....... {inches of mercury .. 

· .......... po'tmds .. 

11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ................. __ ...... _ ...... {-- do .. --

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................ _ ..................... __ ......... do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit._ ....... _ ............... _ ............ _ ... do .. _. 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 . 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21. .58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.71 

14.6 

84 

«98.6 

. 47 

. 22 

.021 
596 OPERATIONS OF TUE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVEU.AGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ____ . ________ ..... _. _ ..... _ ... _ -.- ...................... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ___ . __ .. _. ____ . ____ ------. __ --- .. __ ... __ .... ----- .. --- ....... do .. --

17. Of steam. __ . ____ . ___ . _______ ._ ... _ ... _ .................................. do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank._._. _____ ._._ ...................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler._------------------ .. --.--- .. -- __ ------- ... do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................... ; ........... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace _. _. ___ ..... _ .........••............................. -........ do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 40 per cent; small, 20 per cent; slar-k, 40 

per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire __ .. -.. __ . __ . __ .......... _ .......... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ... ___ .... __ ..... _ .... _ ..... _ ...................... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. . _ ... _ . _ .. _ .................................... . 

. 27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..... ---------------- ---------------POUnds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse_. _ ..................................... ·_ .... ' ....... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ... _ .... __ ._._._ .................... per eent .. 

73.3 

74 

326.6 

76 

187 

597 

None. 

5,600 

4.18 

5,366 

627 

60 

30. Total eombustible consumed . _ .. _ ..... _ ..... _ ......................... pounds.. 4, 73!l 

31. 'Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ........ _............................... 11. 7 

PROXIMATB ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of Of CO!ll. combustible. 

32. .Fixed carbon ... _ .... __ .... __ . ____ ... _. __ . _ .. ____ .. __ .. __ . _ ..... __ . ___ . _ 46.68 59.S 

:l3. Volatile matter ... _ .. _. __ . _ . ___ ... __ . _ ... __ . _ .. ___ ... __ .. ___ . __ ... _. ___ _ 31.23 40.2 

34. :Moisture ..... _._._._._. ____ .. _. ___ . __ ..... _ .. __ . ____ . _________ ... _. _ ... 4. 18 . ----.. -.. -.- 35. Ash _. _ .. __ .... _ ........... _ ..... _ ................ _ .... , ...•.•......... 17.91 ------------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . _ ................... . 6.27 ------------

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 01<' DRY COAl.. 

37. Carbon (C) .. _._, ... _._ .... ___ .... _ ... _._ ..... __ ._ .. _ .... _._ ... ___ .. ___ . 64.57 79.41 

38. Hydrogen (H)_ .. __ .... __ . _ ............ ~. _ ..... _ .......... _ ..... _ ..... _ 4.41 5.42 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ....... __ . _ .. __ ....•........... _ ..... _ .......... _ .... __ ... . 4.82 5. 93 

40. Nitrogen (N) ... _ ..... _ ... ___ . ~. _ .....•...... _ ..... _ ..... _ .... _ ..... _ .. . 96 1. 18 

41. Sulphur (S).--------------·····-----·-····-···--------------····-···--- 6.55 8.06 

42. Ash, car sample ..... _ ...................•..................•...... _ .... 18.69 .. -.... -...... -- .. ------ 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ...... _._._._ .. _. __ .... _.·_ .. __ .. _ .. _ 4.18 ·-----------

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
44. 

45. 

BOILER TESTS. 

AXALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

Carbon ............................................. __ . __ ............ per cent.. 

Earthy matter ........................................ . . .. ___ .......... do ... . 

FUEI~ PER HOUR. 

597 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .................... ____ ... ______ .......... poundH .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour __ ... ______________ .... __ . __ ......... __ .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. __ ...... ________ ... __ .. do .. .. 

767 

677 

18.\l 

4\l. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour'_._ ....... _ .. do. __ _ . 334 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific va;lue by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........ _. _ .. 12, 150 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, D. T. U ... __ .. ___ 14,943 

52. · 9alorifie value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ____ .................. __ 12, 019 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........... _ ..... _ .. 14,782 

QUALITY 01<' STEAl\!. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam __ .... ____ .... · ....... _______ ...... __ ....... __ ... 2.893 

55._ Number of degrees of superheating __ ..... __ .. ___ ..... __ .. : ........... ________ __ None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ..................... __ .. __ ...... per cent.. 97. 75 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler __ ..... __ .. __ . _______ ................ pounds; _ 38, 062 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .........•.•... ___ . ______ .. do. __ . 44,837 

59. }Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. __ ........... __ .do .... 37,206 

60. Factor of evaporation. _ ..................... _ .................. _ ... _ ..... _. ___ _ 1.178 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° _. _ ....• _ •. pounds .. 43, 829 

W ATElt PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ......... __ .... pounds.. 5, 315 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......... __ .. _____ .. __ .. do____ 6, 261 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per _square foot of water-heating 

surface ...... __ ............. · ____ ... __ ...... __ . __ ................. ___ pounds.. 3. 08 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . ____ .... _ ......... _ .. __ .. ________________ __ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .... __ .............. _______ ........ __ .... _____ .. , ___ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .......... _______________ . _ .. 

181.5 

210 

86.43 
598 OPERATIONS OF THE ·COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired 

(Item 57-+- item 25) _________________________ .. ____________________ .pounds._ 6. 79 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pourul of coal as fired.. (Item 61 ~ 

item 25) _________________________________ . ________________ . _______ . pounds__ 7. 82 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ·----- ------ -----·- --------- ___ ------ ___ . __ ·----- ___ --· _. __ . ____ .pounds__ 8.17 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. (Item 61-+-

item 30) ----- -----· ____________________________________ -----------.pounds.. 9. 25 

EFFICIENCY.\ 

72. Effieiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of combustible 

divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ____ . ___________ per cent._ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) __ . _________ per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) __________ _ 

75. · Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions _____ _ 

·76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212c __ , ______ _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed __________ . ___________________________________ _ 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ____________________ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ______________ .cubic inches._ 

:METHODS OF FIRI~G. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) _______________ . _____________ . __ ... 

81. Average thickness of fire. _____ . _______ . ____ .. ______ . ______________ . ___ .inches._ 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace d~ring time when fires are in nor59. 77 

64.93 

$1.00 

$0.074 

$0.064 

20 

Alternate. 

10 

mal condition. _________ : ____________ . _____ . ________________ .,.. _____ .minutes._ 5 

8:3. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ___ . ____ . _____ .hours._ 2 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS,OF TH~ DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ___________ . __________________ . ______________ . __ per cent._ 

Oxygen (0) .. _ ... _ ·-- -------- _ ----- ----·- __ .. __ ..... __ ... __ -------. _____ do ___ _ 

Carbon monoxide (CO). ____________________ . ____ . _ ..... __________ . ___ ~ __ do._ . _ 

Hydrogen m'ld hydrocarbons _______________ . ___________________________ .do .. _. 

Nitrogen (by differance) (N) . ___________ ------ ____ ------ _______________ .do. __ _ 

6.95 

11.95 

0 

81.1 
8 

"'1'-- r 

·~ 

l\ "' vv "' 

~ _/ 

t 

\1\ I~ ~ l 

\_\ ~ I i \_ \ ';; ~ 

\ ' 

(\ \ q t -. :l . \'t_ ~ r. 0 c 

J "' \ R ro --< I G .; 

\s ~ G' 

\ ;u 

\ .,. f'l "' t :! 

"' ~ 7 'i ~ -< 

!\ -,:.- ~- "' t -< :r 0> 

\~ ll 

~ I j 0 --1 

"' I . ~-- ('! _<:;; , 

)> f-- 0 

\~ f'! _, -,. 

r- c --< 

0 ;u ~ ~ ('\ -;_ f'l S'- r ::U " 0 0 Cl 

"'- 0 "' -z IS' 

"' ~- t 

~ " :i 1 II II 7 c ~ !ill ""' --1 

' ll v ~r' , 0 z 0 "' _/ ~~-- "' (J> J;;~ f-- ~ 7 

1\ 0> v c G' -< :r 2 ~/ J> 0 

* -~ "' , 0 

,S\ "' "' '-" 

0 

0 c 

1\ ;JJ 

i "' f" 

0 

\ c z :z 

t i'& \ , 

1 c 

I , 

\ )> 

~1 f-- < 

~ / I" 

z "' J>

\ \ I 0 G' 

_f: "' ., 

ro 

"' 

0 

' I ~ 

l> 

-< 

AI 

" 

-< 

:r 

"' 

ll 

ro 

"' 

~ c 

, 

ro ' 
600 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BAT,ANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VAl,UE OF THE COl\IBUSTlBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pot!nd of combustible, B. T. U •.•.•......•....•...•• __ ~ •••• 14,943 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................ ~................. 8, 932 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =percent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

3. 

4. 

5. 

100 X [ (212-t) + 966 -f- 0.48 ( T-212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

lloiler room; T = that of the flue gases) .......... __ .................. __ 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible~: 100X9X [(212--t)-j-966-t-0.48(T-212)] ... ~ .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X0.24X(T-t) ·----------------------------------

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

002-t-COX . 100 ---. -X10,150 ......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

69 

. 629 

3,536 

0 

be calculated) ...................... __ ....... _ ......... _. __ ........ ,.. 1, 777 

UEl\lAitKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.46 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.28 pounds. 

Per cent. 

59.77 

.46 

4.21 

23.6q 

0 

11.90 

100.00 
BOILER. TESTS. 601 

TEsT No. 13.-Regulm· and special observations on test of Kansas No.2 washed coal, Septembe1· 26, 190.f J 

Time. Steampressure 

guge, 

REGULAR. 

(Dnmtion of trial, ·9.38 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Out-

"ide. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Stettm separated 

base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft press11res. · },lue gases. 

In hood, In furin n~ce, 

inches in~Yl.es of of water. water. 

co. 

-~-----:----1-·-- ----------------·----------

7.37 ------------

8 -------------·-

8.20 ------ -----· 

8.40 ------------

9 ----·----------

9.20 ------------

9'.40 ------------

10-----------:--

10.20 -----------

10.40 - - --- - -- ---

11 --------------

11.20-----------

11.40-----------

12 .. --.- --------

12.20 -----------

12.40 - -- -- ------

1.---.--.-.-----

1.20 ------------

1.40 -------.---. 

2 ·-·------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 -----------. 

3---------------

3.20 .. -----.----

3.40 ------------

4---------------

4.20 ............ 1 

4.40 ------------

5 --····· --------

PoundR. 0 F'. 

95 

99 

81 

106 

89 

64 

106 

73 

98 

87 

83 

103 

99 

109 

109 

105 

83 

106 

98 

75 

88 

88 

82 

79 

75 

106 

72 

97 

76 

76 

76 

76 

77 

77 

77 

-78 

80 

81 

81 

81 

83 

84 

84 

86 

85 

86 

87 

87 

87 

87 

88 

88 

89 

89 

88 

88 

76 

76 

77 

79 

80 

79 

80 

80 

81 

83 

85 

84 

86 

87 

87 

89 

90 

90 

90 

92 

92 

92 

93 

H3 

93 

H2 

92 

91 

655 

594 

,599 

600 

580 

505 

600 

563 

570 

570 

540 

645 

622 

610 

585 

640 

612 

599 

624 

615 

635 

650 

685 

670 

680 

660 

640 

690 

Poumrls. Pnnnd.~. 

,4. 73 0. 013 

3. 58 '007 

---.. • ~ --.. -............ ... 

3. 91 . 012 

4. 57 . 021 

5. 13 . 01 

4. 31 . 015 

(a) (a) 

(a) (a) 

(a) (a) 

(a) (a) 

(a) (a) 

(a) (a) 

0.41 

'40 

'41 

'44 

'41 

. 50 

. 40 

.33 

. 37, 

. 19 

.44 

.40 

. 29 

. 25 

. 25 

. 36 

. 37 

. 31 

. 37 

. 39 

. 50 

. 36 

.46 

. 54 

.64 

. 34 

.50 

. 30 

0. 18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.11 

.18 

. 22 

. 17 

. 25 

. 05 

.24 

.15 

. .p 

. 09 

.11 

.19 

. 20 

. 08 

• 19 

. 26 

. 31 

. 07 

.12 

. 13 

'25 

. 09 

.14 

. 07 

Pe1· ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

9.0 9. 7 

7.7 11.7 

8. 9 10.0 

6. 9 12.1 

8. 7 9. 8 

6.5 11.7 

8. 4 10.4 

7. 6 11.8 

7. 8 11.5 

95 ------------ ----------------------- ------- ------ ----·- ------- ...... 1--'----1-----------------1-------------

Total_ .... 

Average .. 

2, 650 1'2, 322 2, 409 17,238 

91. 3 83 86 615 

26.23 

4.37 

'078 10. 93 4. 53 71. 50 98. 7 

.013 .39 .16 7.94 10.95 ------

a_'rhrottling calorimeter used to check separating calorimeter. 

13-No. 48, pt 2-{)6--20 
602 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 13.-Regnlar and special observations 'on test of Kansas No. 2 washed coal, 8eptemba 26, 

1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of wat I 

--'-T-ime_. _I er fed to boiler. 

Start, 7.:17 .......... J 

8.07 

8.41 

9.25 -----------------

10.0.5 --- ~------------

11-------------------

1 (43 ----------------

12.32 ---------- --- ~--

1.22 ------------~_-~ .. I 

2.06 -----------------1 

3.09 

3.51 

4.25 

Close, 5 ... , ......... _' 

-----

In t>mk. 

Inches. 

38~ 

37t 

42~ 

36 

30!f 

36 

28~ 

36~ 

34i 

30! 

38t 

39 

36 

33 

~ .. 

In gage glas". 

Inches. 

4! 

3! 

3~ 

3t 

5 

I 3t 

4t 

4 

it 

3t 

3t 

.Jo3 4 

4t 

2i 

During period. Total. During perio~-~ 

J>Ownds: Ponnds. Pounds. 

I -----.------ ------------ ------------ 700 700 2,240 '. 700 ... 1, 400 4,660 ,. 

700 !?,100 5,382 

700 " 21800. 3,474 

700 8,500 5,578 

700 4,200 4,528 

700 4,900 4,688 

700 5,600 6,250 

700 6,300 5,132 

700 7,000 5,233 

700 7, 700 3,895 

411 8, 111 3,524 

------------ ------------ 3, 122 

RECORD OF l'URN ACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

--- -- ---

6 ....... Fire started. 12.53-- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

6.30---- Boiler under full load. 2.35--- Cleaning fire. 

7.37---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 2.45--- .Fire cleaned, 6 inches thick. 

9.13---- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 3.3n ... Fire raked. 

9.55 .... Fire raked. 4.15--- Fire raked, 10 ind1es thick. 

10.30--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.28 ... .Fire raked. 

10.38-- .. Cleaning fire. 4.46 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.49--- Fite cleaned, 6 inches thick. 4.56 .: - Fire cleaned. 

11.20--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 5 ...... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

115 firings during test. 

Total. 

Pound8. 

2;240 

t1,900 

12,282 

15, 756 

21,334 

25,862 

:~o. 550 

36,800 

41,932 

47,165 

til, Ot10 

54,584 

57, 706 
BOILER ·TESTS. 

Steam test of Kansas No.2 coal (washed). 

CONDITIONS OF DOIT~ER TRIAL. 

Test number, 13. 

i\'Iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey.· 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, i\'Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

603 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus used. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No.2 (washed). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, rainy and cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Numberofboiler (plantnumber), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube: 

1. Date of trial, September 26, 1904. 

2. Durationoftrial ................................. : .............. ." ...... hours .. · 9.38 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet.. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ............... : ........................................... feeL. 

3.2 Length of grate ............... ·.·-·-·---·-·---.·.·---- ............. · ............. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ........ : ........................ do._.. . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole gra"te surface ......................... per cent._ 44 

6. 1 Area of ehimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .............................. -.- .......... _ .feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ....................... · ............. do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft .................... _ .. _____ ... _ . _. __ .... ___ . __ .. _____ ...... __ .. _ . . 

7. ·water-heating surface .................. _·_ .. : ...................... square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ....................................... ·_ ..... :inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .......................... : . .. feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

-

1.4 n· 1ameter o u f t b ( t . es on l . 'd ) {inches.- 81C e-11191 e .................................. . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of ti1bes exposed ................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ........................................ ~ .... square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ............................. _ .. _ .. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ............ ·.·.· .. __ ... _ .... _ ....... . 

A V EltAG E PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ... _ .. ·. ___ . ___ ..•••• ____ ._. ______ . _____ . ______ . -{inches of mercury .. 

· ........... pounds .. 

11.1 Stearn pressure bygage per square inch ..... : .. ·-----··'··------------{·· do ... . 

.. do ... . 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water._ 

13. Force of draft in furnace ...................... : ..... _ .................. _ .do._ .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. _ ...................................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.4 

14.43 

91.3 

"10.5. 7 

. 39 

.16 

0 
' 

604 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TElUPERATURES. 

Of external air ......... __ .................................. , ......... degrees .. 

Of fireroom· ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ...................... .' ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water Pntering boiler ............................................ do .. .. 

Of escaping 'gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ... ·. 

22.1 Of furnace ... : . ......................................................... do .. .. 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ....................................... : .......... do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

83 

86 

331.6 

' 72. 7 

164 

615 

None. 

8,111 

5.82 

7,639 

828 

43 

30. T t I · b t'bl d · {pounds.. 6, 811 o a com us 1 e consun1e .......................................... . 

.. do .... a6, 685 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. 10. 8 

PROXIl'tiATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................ ! ............................... . 51.22 59.88 

33. Volatile matter ............................. _ ........................•. 34.32 40.12 

34. Moisture .............................................................. . 5.82 -·-·------·-- 35. · Ash .............................................. _ .................... . 8.64 -------------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .............................. , ....... .. 3.77 -------------

ULTil\IAT.t:: ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon ' (C) .......................................................... . 74.99 82.56 

38. Hydrogen (H) .......... : .......................................... ' .. . 5.12 5.64 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... . 5.60 6.16 

40. Nitrogen (N) ....................................................... .. 1. 12 1. 23 

41: Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 4 4.41 

42. Ash ................................................................. . 9.17 .. ..... ----........ -- ------- 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. . 5.82 ...... -.. ----- .... -

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 605 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .. ________ ...................................... __ .. _ .....•... per cent .• 

45. Earthy matter .... ___ .. ---- ... --.---.--.- ... ---- .. _ ... -................. do •.• -

30.62 

69.38 

FUEl; PElt HOUR 

46. Dry coal eonsumed per hour ......... ~ .................. c ••••••• _ •••.• pounds· __ 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ________ . ________________ --····· ·--·---{- .(lo.- --

. ..do ..... 

814.4 

726. 1 

anz 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour _ ..........•..... _ ....... do_ . _. 20.08 

. 357 49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... -t ~~:~ ~ ~: "· 35 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, R T. U. __ . _. _ .•... ~ _ 13, 968 

51. Calorifie value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. 1'. U .. _ ... _ .. 15,378 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..... _ ............. _ .... u·, 811 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15, 205 

QUALITY OF STEA::'IL 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .... _. __ . ___ ... _ ... __ ... _ -.- __ .... _ ........ __ . _ .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating._ ......... _ .... ____ ._. __ .... ___ ._ .. ________ .. 

. 475 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .... ______ ........ -- ... __ ........ per cent .. 99-63 

WATER, 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..... _ ... __ .. _ ........ __ ... : . ........ pounds.. 57, 706 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212°------------- : ............. do .... 6R, 260 

59. ·wate~ actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ... _ .......... __ .. <lo. ___ 57,493 

60. Factor of evaporation._._ ... ______ .. ___ .. _._ .. _ ... _...... . ..... : . ... _ . ____ .... 1. 1829 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° __ ......... pounds .. 68, 007 

WATER PER HOUit, 

62. 'Vater evaporated per hour, correcteu for quality of steam._ ............. pounds.. 6, 130 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ....... _ ....... _._. ___ .. do._.. 7, 250 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface. ___ .. ___ ......... __ .. __ ... _ ... __ .... _ .... _ ................. _.pounds.. 3. 57 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) __ ... __ ... _ ..... __ . ______ . _ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 210 

66. Builders' rated horsepower __ . _ ..... _ ......... _ .... _ ....... __ ........... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 210 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed _ ... ____ . ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 

------------------ "Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
606 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT • 

. ECONOMIC H.ESULTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 --7-·item 25) _ .,----- _____ _-________________ ---·---- ------ ----P~mnds. _ 7.11 

6\l. Equivalent evaporation from ami at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 --7-

item 25) __________________________________________________________ .pounds._ 8. 38 

70 .. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212°per pound of dry coal. (Item 61--7- item 

27) _______ • _ --, _____ " " " _ , _ , _ , _______________________________________ pounds_ _ 8. 90 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. f- .do __ __ 

(Item B1 +item 30) ------ ____ . _______________ ----- _ ------------- _ .•• l..do ___ _ 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com-{ per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) _______ -._.do ___ _ 

73. .Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal _divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _____ . _______ per cent._ 

COS'!' OF EVAPORATION. 

7 4. Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 pounds, delivered in boiler room (assumed) _________ _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed ·conditions. ____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _________ _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~WKJ<J OBSERVATIONS, 

Percentage of smoke as observed ______________________________________________ _ 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ___________________ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ______________ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) _________________________________ _ 

9.99 

a 10. 18 

62. 73 

a 63.93 

61.53 

$1.00 

$0.070 

$0.06 

55 

. 033 

Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire _________________________ ~ ____________________ .inches.. 10 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition _______ ----- __ ---- _____________ ----- ______ ---------- .. minutes.. 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ____ - ___ - _______ do___ 60 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

S8. 

ANALYSTS OF '!'HE DRY GASES . . 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) _____________________ -- ___ - _- _---- _------~--- ___ per cent._ 

Oxygen ( 0) ____________________________________________________ -- ______ do ___ _ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) _______________ - ___ . ____ -- __ ----------.----- .. --.do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons _______________________ - _- ______ --- __ -_----.do __ __ 

Nitrogen(by difference) .(N) ______ ---- _____________ --------------------.do .. __ 

7.94 

10.:15 

81.11 

---------------------------------- -~---

a c"aiculatcd from chemistry of nsh. 

608 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, Oil DISTRIBUTION OF TilE HEATING VALUE OF THE COl\lHUSTIBLR. 

Tqtal heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ............................... l.'i, 378 

ll. '1'. u. 

J. .Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustibleX965. 7.................................................. 9, 830 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-o3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

, lOOX [(212--t)+966+0.48 ('1'-·212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the fine gases) ................................ . 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen=por cent of 

:hydrogen to eombustible~IOOX9 X [ (212-t) +966 +0.48 (T-212)] .. 

Loss due to heat earried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustihleX0.24X ( T-t) ........ ........................ . 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combpstible " 

CO,+COX-- ----w-0- --XlO,lvO ......................... . 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydroearbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ...................................................... . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= :3.18 pounds. 

Dry coai per electrical horsepower hour= 3.93 pounds. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

87 

652 

3,268 

0 

1,540 

Per cent. 

f!63.93 

c57 

4.24 

21. 2.5 

0 

10.01 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 609 

TEsT No. 3.-Regtdar and special observations on test of Kansas No. 3 coal, September 7, 1904. 

Time. 

Steam· 

pressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of triul, 9.91 hours.] 

Temperat11res. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

ln furFlue 'Vater In f~od, nace, 

{f,~::~r di~J~~~e. SCJl~r~Jed inches in~hcs stack. minutes. w~fcr. of water. 

Flue gnses. 

co,. o,. co. 

-------1------------

Pounds. °F. 

7.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

8.. .. .... ... . ... 81 

8.20 . . ..... ..... 66 

8.40 . . .. . . . . . . .. 67 

9........... ... . 67 

9.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

9.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

10 .... ~......... 72 

. 10.20 . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

10.40 . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

11 ·········· .... 82 

11.20 . .. . . . .. .. . 79 

11.40 . . . . . . . . . .. 76 

12 ............... ······· 

12.20 . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

12.40 . . . . . . . . .. . 78 

1 ............. ·.. 80 

1.20 .. . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

1.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

2 ... .. . . . . .. . ... S2 

2.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . S3 

2.40 . . . . . . . . • . . . 61 

3 ··············· 7S 

3.20 ............ 78 

3.40 ...... ...... 70 

4... .. .. . . . . . . . . 71 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 .. -- - - .. -.•. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.35 

56 

64 

70 

64 

78 

66 

66 

65 

66 

67 

72 

76 

77 

78 

79 

79 

80 

80 

80 

79 

80 

80 

80 

81 

81 

81 

S2 

80 

81 

81 

80 

80 

79 

78 

7S 

7S 

o.F. 

66 

67 

6S 

68 

69 

74 

79 

79 

so 

S1 

82 

83 

S4 

83 

83 

85 

84 

84 

84 

85 

S6 

87 

85 

86 

S6 

85 

86 

S5 

82 

85 

S5 

475 

476 

549 

560 

570 

585 

585 

600 

580 

587 

570 

605 

612 

595 

612 

595 

601 

570 

565 

565 

Ponnd8. Pmtnds. 

4. 30 0. 1 

3. 58 .19 

3.7 .14 

4. 19 .167 

3.6 .157 

4. 05 . 141 

4.07 .125 

620 ............... . 

615 L ............ .. 634 3. 87 . 199 

635 ............... . 

623 

612 

605 

586 

568 

555 

541 

3.62 .142 

3. 75 .17 

0. 34 0. 03 

. 39 . OS 

. 3S .05 

. 42 .16 

. 40 . 07 

. 43 .14 

. 41 .1 

. 44 .18 

. 41 .15 

. 41 .. 18 

.45 . 24 

.40 .14 

. 43 . 15 

. 41 .10 

. 45 .17 

. 41 . 2 

. 45 . 2 

. 42 . 26 

. 40 .13 

. 39 .09 

. 40 .13 

.42 .09 

. 44 .12 

. 45 .14 

.42 .09 

. 45 .19 

. 45 

. 45 

.45 

. 37 

. 35 

. 2 

. 25 

. 29 

.o:3 

.04 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

::::::::::::1::::: 

5.9 14. 1 0.0 

s.o 11.3 .0 

7.9 11.3 .1 

7.4 12. 7 .0 

7. 9 11. 7 '1 

7.5 12.6 .1 

7.6 12.ti .0 

7.9 11.9 .2 

7.6 . 12.2 .0 

--------------1----1----------- ----

Total . . . . . 2, 151 2, 391 2, 506 18, 051 

Average .. 71.7 77.1 SO. S 582 

38.73 

3.S7 

1.531 12.S9 4.4 67.7 110.4 . n 

.153 .416 .142 7.52 12.2 . 055 

---------~----~-~---~----~------~----~----~----~--~~------
610 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 3.-Regula1' and special observations on test of Kansas No. 3 coal, September 7, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In guge glass. 

Start, 7.40 .......... . 

8.23 . ·········· .... . 

9.10 ............... . 

10.05 

10.55 

12.46 

1.43 

;~.2::! 

4.11 

5.03 

Close, 5.:35 ......... . 

. 

. 

.I 

:I I 

109 firingH during test. 

Inches. Inches. 

25 2~ 

27 4! 

32 5~ 

26~ 6! 

35 3t 

3.5 5! 

35t 6~ 

33 4£ 

24 5~ 

13 4~ 

25 3! 

I 

Weight of coal burn ed. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

-

During period. Tot 

- ---

Pounds. Pou11 

. ........... 

al. Dnringperiod.l Tolltl. 

~-:·. . . . .. ~~:~~~~- .. -I- .. ~~:":~~- ... 700 700 2, 557 2, 557 

700 1 ,400 2,245 4,802 

700 2 '100 4,874 9, 676 

700 2 '800 5,130 14,806 

1,400 4 '200 8,638 23,444 

700 4 '900 5,425 28,869 

1,400 6 ,300 9,M5 38,464 

700 7 ,000 4,072 42,536 

700 'i '700 6,056 48,592 

............ , ....... 2,287 50,879 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Kansas No. S. coal. 

CONDITIONS OP BOILER TRIAJ,. 

Test number, 3. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. J.ouis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

611 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 7, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial -.........•............•.....•...••.•...•..• _ ••...•.... hours.. 9. 91 

DIMENSIO~S AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface . _ ............................................•...... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ...... : ....................................... _ ... ___ ....... feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate ...... _ ................ _ ..... _ .......... _ . _ . _ ..•........... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ......................... _ ...... _ .... _ ........ _ ........ inches .. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width.of air spaces.in grate ............. _ ...... _ .......... _ .do .. _. . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ................... _ ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............... _ ..... _ ...... _ .... _ ......... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ............. _ ..... _ ................ do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ............................................................... _. 

7. Water-heating surface .. : . .......................... _ ...... _ ..... _.square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell. ........................ , . ~ .. _ ... : ............ inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ... _ ....... _ ... _ .. __ .. _ .. _ .. __ .feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............ _ ...........•............ ___ .............. _ ...... . 

D. f b ( ·d · 'd ) {inches . _ 7.4 mmeter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e ...... · ............. _. _ ... __ .. · .. _. _. 

. ..do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ......... ---·-----------·-·-··-····---·····-··-···feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .......... _ .......... _ .. _ ..... __ .. _ .... _ .. ___ .square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... _._ .. __ ........ _ .. ____ .... __ .. . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ..... _ .......... ____ .... _ .. ____ . __ ._ 

AVEHAG R PRESSURES. 

·Barometer . ______ . ·. -- _ ~ ·. _-____ . __ ~ ... _________ . ____ . _ . ~ ____ -{inches of mercury .. 

: .......... pounds .. 

, . t J .. do .... Steam pressure by gage per square-me 1 •• _ •• _., •.•• _ ••• - •••• - •••••••• - ·t · .. do .... 

Force of draft between dam per and boiler. __ .... _ .... ~ _ ... __ ... inches of water._ 

Force of draft in furnace .............. ············---·-·-· .............. do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ............. _._ ......................... rlo ... . 

o Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

8.26 

17.875 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.64 

14.55 

71. 7 

a 86.25 

.416 

.142 

. 055 
612 OPI~RATIONS OJ<' THE COAL"TESTING PLANT. 

AVF.JtAGE TEMPERATU:RES. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of external air . _ ..................................................... degrees. . . 77.1 

80.8 

317.2 

76 

Of fireroorn ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam .............................................................. :do._ .. 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ ,do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boilm· ............................................. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from ~:>conmnizer ........................................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 40 per cent; small, 40 per cent; slack; 20 

per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire . , ................................. pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as tired ................................................... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. .................................. _ .. __ . __ . _ ... __ 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ................................ .-... per cent._. 

166 

582 

None. 

7, 700 

2.03 

7,544 

1,045 

50 

30. . · {pounds.. 6, 499 Total com bustlble consumed ......................................... . · .. do .... a6,292 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal...... . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . 13. 8 

PROX+MATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................................................ .. 50.99 60.4 

33. Volatile matter ............. _ .. _. _ . _ ....•.. _ .... __ .... _ .......... _ .... . 33.52 39.6 

34. Moisture .....................................................•....... _ 2.03 ····-------.. - 35. Ash ............ _ ... _ ....... _ ................ _ ..... _. _. _ .......•..•. _ .. . 13.46 --------------

100.00' 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ................... _. ____ ...••...•...... 5.39 -------.----. 

UTJTUIATE ANALYSIS OF TJRY, COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ................. _ ......................................... . 70.37 81.59 

38. 1I ydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 4.63 5.37 

39. Oxygen (0) ................................................... : . .... .. 4.53 . 5.25 

40. Nitrogen (N) .............................•................•. .' ....... . l. 22 1.41 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 5.50 6.38 

42. Ash ............................ , ... ~ ................. · .....•...••..... 13. 75 ------------· 

----- 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. . 2.03 -.. -------.. -- .. 

a Calculated from chemiHtry of ash. · 
/ ,' 

I 

BOILER TESTS. 613 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND RF.FUSE. 

44. Carbon ____ . . __ ... _ , __ .. _. __ . _ ... __ ...... __ .................•.... _.per cent.. 20. 6 

45. , Earthy matter ................... -......... _ .......................... __ .do .. _. 79.4 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........... : .....................•......... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ..•................. _ .•..... _ ........ . { 

.. do .... 

..do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ... _ ........... _ .......... do .... · 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ..... _ .... t ::::::: CALORIFIC VALUE Olo' FUEL. 

761.2 

655.8 

a635 

18.77 

. 323 

a.313 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........... _ .. 13, 010 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ... _ .... _. 15,082 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..... __ ...... _ ... -....... 12,985 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................. _. 15,055 

QUALITY OF ST~A1tf. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ................... _ ...... _ ................. _ .•. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ...............•...•.......................•. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam = unity) ............... __ ............. _ .. per cent .. 

WATEU, 

3.8 

None. 

97.01 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ............. _ ........ _ ....... _ ...... pounds .. 50, 879 

58. Equivalent _waterfed to boiler from and at 212° ....................... _ ... do.. . . 59, 78B 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ............... do .... 49,358 

60. Factor of evaporation .. _ ..... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 175 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ....•....... pounds .. 57,996 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 4, 981 

63. , Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .•. _ .................... do.... 5, 853 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................ -................. pounds.. 2.88 

HOltSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. _ ........... _. _. ...... _ ................... . 169.6 

66. Builders' rated horsepowe-r ............. _...................................... 210 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. __ ....... _ ... _.............. 81 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
614 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO::I-IIG RERULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(It~m57 + item25) ................................................ pounds .. 

6fl. , Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as tired. (Item IJl -7-

itern 25) ............................................................ pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) .......................... · ........ ,. ............................. pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::e; t :v~:e:~:~~~. ~~~~- -~~~ _ ~~ -~1-~~ -~~~ ~-o-1~r~~- ~~ -~~r~:~~~~i~~~:::: {: :~::::: 

B.FFICIF::NUY. 

Efficie~cy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed_by the boiler per po~nd of com- {per cent .. 

bustrble c).rvrded _by th\l heat value of 1 pound of combustrble) ........... do ... . 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST 01<~ EVAPORATION. 

74. ·Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pourids of water from and at 212° ......... . 

78. 

79.' 

Rl!:OKE ORSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ....••............... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

1\-IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ...........................•................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ........................................ · .............. minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between 'times of leveling or breaking up ................•..... 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ............ ·.···· ................................ do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .................................. : .......... do ... . 

88 .. Nitrogen (by !lifferencc) (N) .....•...................................... do ... . ---------~--------------- ~ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

6.61 

7.5:3 

7.69 

8.92 

a9. 22 

57.1 

rt59.03 

57.08 

$1.00 

$0.076 

$0.066 

] 7. 2 

. 00138 

Alternate. 

10 

5.5 

7.52 

12.2 

.055 

80.225 

·,, 1 

\ 

I, 

\ 
I / 

I \ 7 \ :p 

!> 

• I \ I 

~ \\. :; 

~ \ :\ r- ' 

'\ ~ C\ 0 

1\~ _). ~ 0 

\\ 0 IJl 

)> 0 t I"' 

~ ~ k ~ }J 

·~ I 

- :z )J 

\7- 0 '-" 0 t!l c I ::i 

\~ , I ~ r -·~ -l c ' ('I 

t ~ \~ :r 9 ~ 3: I .. (J\ Q 1l G\ <J\ -

fi '7 :iJ <J\ 

"' -l "' 1\~ )> )> c , :r 

- -1 -< 3 ~ r l 

\ G "' ""'-. 1:' 

8 0 AI :I 'i '" 0 ['I 1l 

"'- 1l .... )J G'\ t 

\ :;o 

I 1'1 

~ )> 

~ )> (JI ()\ -1. '-" 1'1 

"' c c c )> I- (JI 

-

- 2 ;o v , .i ro "' 0 

./ '-" I~ I-I-- ~ 

f\ "" 0 

c --1-- t ~ \[ ~ 0 

6 ;u 

"' l\ ~· , "' \ -1 -1 

1'1 ! 

1 :r ·~· v I "1) 1l 

/ }J 

"' '(.; "' 

- * > ~ " -1 c c \ !"--.. , ;o -C. (; 

"' \ I '" 

:z r -, [7 

' 2 

)J 1--- t 

\ z 

, 

.I:! {>.. 

~ \ v , \ \ 

1\. t 

1\ \ 

-1 '\ J IJJ r " I :I ....._ 

~ "1) 

~~ ~ II> t ~-t """' -1 l> 1"'1 ;u 

I 
616 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT llALANCE~ OR DISTRIBUTION O.P THE HEATING VALUE OF Till!: COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ............................ __ 15, 082 

1. Heat absorbed 'by the boiler = evapor;1tion from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .. __ . __ ...... _ .. _. _ .......... _ .. __ ....... _ .. _ ... . 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+-

lOOX [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temporature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) ... _ ...... _ ..... _ ......... _ .... . 

a. J,oss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = pter cent of 

R.T. U. 

8,903 

31 

hydrogen to combustible+- 100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966 +0.48 ( T- 212)].. 616 

4. LosH duo to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T-t) ............ ---- ____ ... . . ... . ... 3, 206 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO.+COx---- 100 ---X10,150.......................... 60 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and -hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) . _ .................... _ ............ _ ............ _ .. _. _.. 2, 266 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.68 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.55 pounds. 

a Calculttted from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

"59.03 

. 20 

4.08 

21.26 

.40 

15.03 

100.00 
.. 

BOILER TESTS •. 617 

TEST No. 4.-RegulO;r and special observations on test of Kansas No. 3 coal, September 9, 1904. · 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.4 hours.] 

Temperatures. ~ Calorime:er. -~aft pressure~.~-- Flue gases. 

Steam1 

h In fur- -------~--

gage. Out· Boiler gases, Steam septuated . m in CO 0 side. room. base of discharge. in 10 m~~es inches ,. 2· CO. 

Time. pressure Flue "rater n · ood, nace, I 

1 stack. minutes. water ot 

----~--i --~ ~-- ______ ---~ ____ ] __ ·_ water. __ ----/--

Pounds. ° F. ° F. ° F. Pomuls. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

8.01 .......... .. 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 .......... .. 

9 .......... : .. .. 

9.20 .......... .. 

9.40 ........•. · .. 

10 ............. . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ......... · ... .. 

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 ....... --- ... . 

12.20 --·-·---·--

12.40 .......... . 

1 ... ---.-- .. ----

1.20 -----------· 

1.40 . ----.----.-

2---------------

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 ---- .... ----

3---------------

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 ........... . 

4 .............. . 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.40 .......... .. 

6.01 .......... .. 

103 

98 

88 

84 

89 

88 

81 

80 

73 

68 

85 

71 

88 

79 

80 

67 

78 

70 

63 

68 

70 

60 

68 

68 

55 

60 

70 

82 

84 

79 

75 

66 

68 

70 

71 

73 

77 

77 

77 

79 

80 

80 

80 

80 

. 81 

82 

81 

81 

82 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

83 

82 

81 

80 

78 

71 

74 

76 

78 

80 

81 

83 

83 

83 

84 

85 

88 

87 

87 

89 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

92 

92 

92 

91 

91 

91 

90 

90 

89 

86 

535 

565 

579 

600 

614 

620 

591 

566 

560 

510 

530 

540 

585 

571 

562 

564 

540 

517 

508 

524 

4. 40 0.16 

4. 55 .13.5 

4. 05 . 07 

4. 10 . 112 

4.23 .146 

3. 87 . 113 

3.68 .092 

508 ........ ---· .... I 

470 ' .............. .. 

506 

529 

.520 

510 

3.68 

3.35 

.112 

.123 

510· ............... . 

486 

485 

452 

440 

4. 33 .138 

0.47 

. 50 

. 41 

. 46 

.43 

.47 

.40 

. 35 

. 39 

.40 

. 39 

.35 

.36 

. 38 

. 36 

. 37 

. 39 

.40 

. 43' 

. 45 

.42 

.20 

. 36 

. 43 

.4-.'l 

. 47 

. 48 

.48 

. 49 

. 45 

.40 

0.09 

. 17 

. 08 

. 19 5. 4 14. 2 : 0. 0 I 

.10 ................ .. 

. 19 . ----- .... --- .... -. 

. 07. 7. 6 10. 5 . 0 

. 15 

. 27 

. 32 8. 1 10.3 

8. 2 11. 3 

7.9 11.5 

7.9 11.6 

6. 4 13. 7 

6. 7 l.'l. 4 

5.9 14.5 

.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 27 

. 21 

.16 

.. 20 

. 21 

. 20 

. 29 

. 31 

. 36 

. 38 

. 35 

.11 

. 27 

. 31 

.30 

. 38 

. 39 

.40 

.44 

.40 

.15 4.8 15.8 .0 

6.24 ............ 78 ........................... 1 ...................................... .. 

--------------1--------~------

Total ..... 

Average .. 

2, 451 2, 453 2, 673 16, 597 

78. 5 79. 1 86. 2 535 

13-N o. 48, pt 2-06--21 

40. 24 i 1. 201 

4. 024 i . 12 

12. 77 

. 41 

7.72 

.25 

68.9 

6.89 

126.8 

12.68 

. 2 

. 02 
618 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

rEsT No. 4.-Regular and special observations on test of Kansas No. 3 coal, 8eP_tember 9, 1904-Continucd. 

SPECIAL. 

Heightofwa ter. 

Time ---

. In tank. In g age glass. 

---------------

Start, 8. 01. ____ . _____ _ 

8.43 -----------------

9.25 ------· __________ \ 

Inches. 

30! 

mt 

34i 

10.12 ---------------- 31~ 

10.57 ---------------~ 24i 

11..56---------------- 34 

12.45 -- - 0 ------ 0 -- - 0 0 32! 

1.45 

2.42 

3.52 

5.08 

31 

27!. 

28~ 

35t 

Close,6.24____________ 19~ 

I: nc/zes. 

4i 

5~ 

3i I _, 

v;r 

6t 

5! 

4i 

6!} 

51 

-3 

i)4 

4!\-

4~ I 

I 

I 

Weigh. t of w><ter fed to boiler. 

- --- -------

During period. Total. 

Weight of eoul burned. 

During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

·----------- ------------ 700 700 I 700 1,400 

2,048 2,041-l 

4,283 6,331 

700 2, 100 4,664 10,995 

700 2,800 4,494 l5,4tl9 

700 3,500 '1, 868 20,357 

700 4,200 4,080 24,437 

700 4,900 5,093 29,530 

700 5,600 4,440 33,970 

700 6,300 4,957 38,927 

700 7,000 4,438 43,365 

101 7,101 3,129 46,494 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

'rhne. Observation. I Time. Ob~ervation. 

I 

8.01 ____ Test started, tire 3 inches thick. ?.50 ___ Cleaning tire. 

8 .. 57---- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.10--- Fire cleaned, 8 inches thick. 

9.30 .... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.0:>.--- Fire raked. 

11.07 ... Fire sliced. 4.23 ... Do. 

11.20 ___ Cleaning fire. 4.36 ·-- Fire sli ccd. 

11.87--- Fire cleaned, 6 inches thick. 5.15--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.30.-- Fi_re raked, 8 inches thick. 5.23 ___ . Fire raked. 

12.55-0- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 5.47--- Fire cleaned. 

1.00---- .Fire raked. 6.24. .. Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

2.05----, Fire sliced. 

----

Coal contained too much slack and clinkered badly. It was difficult to separate the clinkers from 

the grate. 103 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Kansas No. 3 coal. 

CONDITIONS 01<' ROlLER TUIAL. 

Test number, 4. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, ·Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

'fo determine the economv of coal as fuel. 

' -

619 

Principal conditions goverriing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stoppin5 the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

-1. Date of trial, September 9, 1904. 

2. Duration o[ trial . _. _ ..... _ ... _. _. __ ...... _. _ ...........•••.•.••....... hours.. 10. 4 

DIMF.NSIO::"S A ~D PROPORTIO:KS, 

3. Grate surface _ .................... __ . _ ............................ square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ....... ------ ....... ____ ........ __ ..... ---- ................ feet .. . 

3.2 Length of grate ...................... _ ....... ' ................. _ ..... _ .. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace __ . _ ......... ~ .. _ ... _ .... _ ........................ _._inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .... __ ...•.. _ ........ __ . _ ..... _ .. do ... _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface_ ..................... __ ._. per cent .. 

6.1 A rea of chimney ... _ .. _ ........................................... square feet. _ . 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ... _ ... _ .. _ ....................... ~_ ....... feet .. . 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney"._._ .... _._ .. ___ .... ------------ __ .. do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ... __ .... _ .. _ ...... _ ... _ .. __ ....... _ .•............ _ . _ ...... ___ .. . 

7. 'Vater-heating surface ...................................•......... square feet. _ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ....... _. __ .. ___ ...... __ ..•.... _ ...... __ ...... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ___ ... _. ___ ..... _ ..... ________ .feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ...... _ ............. _ ........ __ ._ ..... _ ....... __ ....... __ . __ . _ 

. · f ( ·d · ·d ) . {inches._ 7.4 Dmmetcr o -tubes outs1 e-ms1 e . _ ........ _ ....... _ .. _ .... __ . __ .. __ _ • . .do ..•. 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................... _ ....................... ___ ... feet._ 

8. Superheating surface ................... _ ............ ---- ....... __ .square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .. _ ................... __ ._ .... ___ .. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ... _ ................... _ ..... _ ..... . 

. AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ________ ..••• ___ ... ___ • __ . ______________________ {inches of mercury._ 

. ----------Pounds .• 

• . {··do ..•. 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ........ , .. _-------------·------ __ do ___ _ 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler .. _ .................. , inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ............... _ ............... -.- .............. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit.·-------------------------·--·-··· ...... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.875 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.53 

14.49 

78.48 

a92. 97 

.41 

.25 
620 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE!\IPE;RATURES, 

Of external air .......... : ....... _._.~ .......................... _ ..... degrees .. 

Ot fireroom .... ----- ........................... __ ....................... do ... . 

Of steatn ............ __ ..... _. _ ..... _ .... _. _ .... _. _ ...... _ .. _ ... _ ... _. __ .do._ .. 

Of feed water in tank ...... _ . __ ..................... _ ...... _ ............ do_ ... 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ___ ..... ___ ..... __ , _ ... __ .................. _do .. __ 

79. I 

86.2 

. 322.5 

78 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ................................ : ....... _ ... do .. __ · 

197.2 

535 

22. Of escaping gaRes from economizer ........................................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ............................................................ do_ .. . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run, dull-10 per cent lump, 45 pe·r cent small, 45 per 

cent slack. 

24. Wetght of wood used in .lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. \Veightof coal as fired .................................................. do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal ....... _ .............................. _ ..... __ .. . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ................. ~ .................. per cent .. 

None. 

7, 101 

2.25 

6,941 

913 

60 

30. Total combustible consumed ........................................ .. {

pounds.. 6, 028 

..do .... a5, 764 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ....................................... . 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXUIATE ANALYSIS OF COAJ ... 

Fixed carbon .............•........................................... 

Volatile matter ..................................... : ................. . 

:Moisture ................ ------ .... -------- .. --------· ....... -- .. ------

Ash----- ... ------·----··-------·--·------··----~------·---·----······ 

36. Sulphur, separately determine<! ...................................... .. 

ULTDlATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ..... ___ ............................ _ .................... .. 

38. Hydrogen (H) ... ;· .................. --- ............................. . 

39. Oxygen (0) ............... -.. ------------ ...... -.................. ----

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... .. 

42. Ash ...................... -.. --. -- --.- ... -- . :. -.... - . -......... - ..... . 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .... · ............................. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent of coal. 

51.05 

34.30 

2.25 

12.40 

100.00 

4.8 

71.83 

4. 72 

4.62 

1. 23 

~4. 91 

12.69 

100.00 

2.25 

13. 15 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

59.81 

40. 19 

100. 00 

·-·----·--··-

82.27 

5.40 

5. 29' 

1. 40 

5.64 

-. ----.. ~ ----.. 

100.00 

-------------
BOILER TESTS. 

Al<ALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ___ . __ ... _ .... _ ........... _ .. ____ . __ .......................... per cent .• 

45. Earthy matter .......................................... : . ... -.......... do ... . 

FUEJ, PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............. _ ....................•....... pounds .. 

47. ·{ .. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ............................... -...•.. ..do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... -{::!::~~: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

621 

32.51 

67.49 

667.4 

580 

a 554 

16.45 

. 286 

a.273 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of rlry coal, B. T. U ..........•.. 13, 194 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ....• ' ... 15, 120 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . , ..................... 13,216 

53. Calorific value by_ analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..........•... _ ..... 15,137 

QUAI.ITY OF STEAM. 

54. Pl)lrcentage of moisture in steam .. _ .... _ .... __ .............. _ ................ _ .. · 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ...................................... _ ..... . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) . __ ......... _ .......... _ .... _ .... per cent .. 

WATER. 

2.896 

None. 

97. 73 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....... _ ............................. pounds._ 46,494 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ....... _ .......... _ ........ do .... 54,612 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam._ ................ do ... _ 45, 439 

60. Factor of evaporation._ .. _ ... · .................. : ..................... __ , __ ..... 1.1746 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° •......• _ .. pounds .. 53,373 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .... ·,- ..... _ ... pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........ _ ........•.. __ .. do._ .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

4,369 

5,133 

surface ........................... _ ...... --·-- ........ _. ............. pounds.. 2. 53 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ...... __ .: .. _ ..... _ ........................ . 

66. . Builders' rated horsepower __ .... ·. _ ......... _ .... __ .......... _ ..... _ ...... _ .. .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ... _ •.... _ .... _ ............ __ 

a Calculated from per cent of ash. 

148.8 

210 

70.86 
()22 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESIJLTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 51+ item 25) ................................................ pounds .. 

<69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+ 

item_25) ·······························.···························-Pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-,- item 

27) ...... --· ....................................................... pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e:: :;:~r;~~O~I-. ~~~~~-. ~~~- -~~ _ ~~~~ -~~~ ~J-~~~~- ~~. :~~~~~~i-~1~~ _ L ~::: ~ ~ 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ...... ~ .... do ... . 

'73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 poun·d of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION, 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2, 000 pounds delivered in boiler room ( assuwed) .......... . 

75. Co~t of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions.: ... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° __ ....... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIOKS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ................................. _ .......... _ .. 

\Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............................... _ .. 

81. Average thickness of tire ......................... -..................... inches .. 

.82. Average intervals between firing for eac~1 furpace during time when fires arc in nor6.55 

7.52 

7.69 

8.86 

a9, 26 

56.58 

a 59.14 

56.28 

$1.00 

$0.076 

$0.067 

45 

.0106 

Alternate. 

8 

. mal condition ..................................................... minutes.. 7 

.83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .......... __ .... do.... 120 

ANAI~YSTS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••• - ••••• - ••••• - ••••••••••••••• _ •• _ ••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ------··········-·--·-------------------------·-··········-do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............. _ ......... , ..................... do ... _ 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) -----------·····"··-------------------·-----do ... . 

u Calculated front per cent of nsh. -

6.89 

12.68 

. 02 

80.41 
co 

C'l 

~ 

w 

?ii 

r=:l 

H 

~ 

;j 

...... 

0 

>CI 

~ 

0 "' ..., ~ 

z 0 

<( 0· 0 0 

0 ~ "' w -- u "' VI ~ 0 0 'Z z"' z co :J o;t =>- Jr 0 0 

~0(1.00.. ~ o ~ o':f! z z ~ <( 

~ ~ ~!t 

. OwO ~ ~ 0 ~ ..,.., 

ztr2zn -~ c(:l -· ; 

£~o5.n~;O otrco- N o- 0~ ~ ;; 

O::i 0): D.. C::w.c ~2 I:oo wl- , :;::~ 

_, z "' -tr 0 z gw~U,~O..o ... Jr v w~< ·loU 

~~~·~ £·~~ t-0 3: u =>"' o'" t&.O 10 ~ 

6A.M 

p..,_ 

"""" 

I. 

i 

I>--

~ 

8 

q 10 II 12M 2 :5 4 -5 6 

DRAfT PRESS URE IN I 00( I ! ~ ...-' 

D 1\FT PREb5URE_ IN FUR\'\lc~ ;:::-- ~~ 

l CO~ IN FL E. GASES 

=~% 

I MOISIURE: IN ST 1\M 

o-f¢ 

}-a oe.~ S!TY Of s~r. 0~ 

~ 

i'----v 

""" 

I ~ ~ r-.... 

[7 ~ r---.... 

?-.... 7 \ 1"" I/ K !sTEAM PRESS URE:. 

~ v 

""" 

l/ ~ \ v 

\ v 

1.....- ~ - -- FLU -G 5 EMP RA URt:. \ 

..h" 

_:=-

k---V' 

E:MFIERAIUR£ _;... 

SQil!.E.R ROC M ;....---

FE:ED-WI';TI:. :JuTs DE. r.MRERI\TURE:. ....- AVE AGE: v v t TEMPE.RATURt:. "' ~ v -o-0 oo 1opo P.O'-'"E:. VP" 1 

MPTtON rr;:.._j:O--!-- -o;lo~ A c.c~"su - . I"~' ~,_. 

~¢17- j....-o 

r;. c.f'. 

\jli'-1V 

5.F. 

~ &·-~ ~ j!:-o 0 0 0 

--

·- A - ~ ~ 1'. . - ·- - .. .; .. ~ -- ,_ - ·- - ·- -- -4o 4 - .. 6 .::. .,. ,. 12 2 "" -5 .. Cj .... JO .. II 

FIG. 58.-Graphic log sheet, Kansas No.3 coal (run of mine, dull). 
624 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTHIBUTICN OF THE HEATlNG VALVE OF THE CUJIBURT1BLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, n. T. U. __ . _ ..... _ ... __ . _. _. _. ______ . _. _. _. _ 15, 120 

B.T.U. 

l. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

eomhustible X 965.7 __ . _ . _. _ .. __ .. _. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 942 

2. · Los~ due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100 X [(212- t) +9o6 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t=temperatmc· of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the fine gases) .................. : . ........... . 

Loss due to moi~t.urc formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to eom-bustible--o-100 X 9 X [ (212-t) + 966-1 0.48 ( T-212)] ... 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry ·~himney gases =weight of gas per 

pound of eom bustible X 0. 24 X ( T- t) . _ ... _ .......................... . 

Loss due to ineomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per eent C in combustible CO,+ coX----~--- X 10,150. _. _____ ------ __ ----- .... 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) .......... _ ..... _ ........ -........................ -•....... 

HE.liARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = :~.68 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.55 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

33 

3,168 

24 

2,347 

Per cent. 

a59.14 

. 21 

4.01 

20.95 

.16 

15.53 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

TEST No. 58.-Regular and special observations on te,qt of Kansas No. 4 coal, Novembe1· 17, 1904. 

Time. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.05 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood In fur- I 

Flue 'Yater in ' n~ce, 

625 

Steampressure 

gage. Outside. room. · base of discharge. in 10 m~~es inc

0

1

1

1es ,. o,. CO. 

Boi!el' gase", Steam separated . m CO 

1 stack. [ minutes. water. 

---1'-oi-J.md--; - 0 }-•• - - 0 }-'. - - 0-F-. _l_l-'o-ni-Hl-s. Ponuds. water. Per ct. Per ct. I Per ct. 

~-~~-::::::::::::1 :~ 41 ;5-: I ~:~ ::::::::~:::::::: o::~ -~--;~- :::::: :::::::):::::: 

:~_::::::::_ :_ ~ ~ ~ E 4:~:: ::0:02: : : _;_; ,;;1>; 

9.20 ____________ 87 51 61 505 4.as .o5 .. 46 .27 _____________ / _____ _ 

9.40 .. ---------- 85 51 63 490 

10 - - -- --- ---.. .. 86 52 65 525 

!'0.20 ---- •. -.-.. 87 53 68 520 4. 19 . OS 

10.40 .... -.. -- .. 82 53 68 485 

11 -------------- 88 55 69 498 

11.20 ...... ---.. 84 57 70 522 4.23 .045 

11.40 ____ _.______ 80 60 71 530 

1 2 .. ___ ....... _ .. s::~ 60 72 

12.20 ........... 82 60 74 

12.40 ---- .. -- .. - 83 61 74 

1 - - - - .. - - .. - - - .. 83 62 

1.20 ------------ 80 6B 

1.40 ------------ 80 62 

2 ..... - - - - - -... - 86 62 

2.20 -----·-----· 86 61 

2.40 - -.... ---- .. 83 61 

3 .... ------- -.. - 86 60 

B.20 ............ 88 60 

3.40 .. -------- -- 81 59 

4 -- - - - - - - -! - - - - - 88 58 

75 

76 

76 

77 

77 

77 

76 

75 

75 

74 

565 ---- ---· ·------. 

560 4.21 .068 

5451-------- --------

547 ----------------

527 3. 87 . 065 

495 -------- ----·--- ' 

477 ·----.-- .... -----

553 I 4. 29 . 033 

570 

55.5 

555 

550 

545 

4. 35 . 015 

. 45 

.44 

.50 

. 36 

.42 

.42 

. 4:~ 

. 64 

. 63 

. .52 

. 61 

.62 

.58 

.53 

. 61 

. 64 

.52 

. .54 

.5.5 

.56 

. 25 7. 9 

.25 

.30 

10.4 

. OB 7. 0 11. 9 

5.8 13.4 

.5 

.1 

.B 

.I 

.17 

. 08 

.20 

.33 

. 17 

. B2 

.21 

. 37 

. 18 

.05 

.15 

............. 1 ...... 

6. 3 12. 7 1 . 4 

............. 1 _____ _ 

.5.0 14.7 

-09 4. 3 16.1 

.17 ....... ------

. 20 

. 23 

. 27 

5.2 14.7 

.1 

.0 

. 2 

4.20 .. -------- .. I 

82 57 74 535 4.08 .067 .54 .28 -------------1------

4.40 ------------

5 ---------------

5.20 

5.40 

Total ..... 

Average __ 

86 .56 73 542 ------- ........ .5B .19 5.3 14.8 .1 

80 54 72 480 ........ --------1 .41 .07 ------- ..... . 

84 53 71 520 1 4. 44 . 08 : . 32 . 03 ................ -... 

82 52 70 510[----------------: .42 .08 4.6 15.7 .0 

2~:~~ 1, 6~: 2~~~: 16, ::~ ! :~~~ --: ~::-115: ~~ 5: ~: 5:.~ ~:~~: ~~~ I 
, 

626 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 58.-Regular and special observat'ions on test of Kansas No. 4 coal, November 17, 1904-Cont'd .. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. I Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. ·---

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. -~ During period. 'l'otal. 

------

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounrls. Pounds. 

Start, 7.37 ............ 40 2 ----·------- -----.... ----- ------------ ------------ 8.02 ................. 27~ I 5 700 I 700 1, 612.1 1,612 

8.34 ................. 32t 3~ 700 1,400 4,040 5,652 

9.09 ................. 34 3~ 700 2,100 3, 704 . 9, 356 

9.51 ----------------- 36 3!1- 700 2,800 3,599 12,955 

11.15 ---------------- 35l 2i 700 3,500 5,633 18,588 

11.50 ---------------- 36~ 3t 700 4,200 2, 755 21,343 

12.38 ................ 33 3 700 4,900 5,365 26, 708 

2.21 ----------------- 26 4~ 700 5,600 5,522 32;230 

3.04 ................. 28~ 5! 700 6,300 4,126 36,356 

3.57 ----------------- 27~ 5!1- 700 7,000 4,322 40,678 

5.15 ......... -· .. ---. 29 1! 700 7, 700 6,442 47,120 

Close, 5.40 ............ 40 2! 135 7,835 977 

I 

48,097 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. 1 Ol)scrvation. ':rime. Obseryation. ____ I ___ _ ------ -~--- ----------------

Boiler under a light load during night. 

7 ..... _. Fire cleaned. 

7.37. __ . Test started, fire 2 il1ehes thick. 

7.54.... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

9.06 _ .. , Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.45.... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.59.... Fire sliced. 

10.07 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.15.. . Fire sliced. 

10.21... Fire raked. 

10.31 ... Cleaning fire, clinkers adhered to grate. 

10.56 __ . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

12.19 . . Fire raked, 8 inches .thick. 

1.07... Fire sliced. 

1.41 .. _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

1.43... Cleaning fire, thin layer of clinkers adhered very tightly to grate, being very 

difficult to remove. 

2.13... Fire eleaned, 2 inches thick. 

3.25 _.. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

4.17 . _. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.38... Fire sliced. 

4.58... Cleaning fire. 

5.20... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

I 5.40... Test closed, fire 2 inche;,; thick. 

------ -------

Refuse dark and heavy. Coal burned very freely. 74 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Kansas No. 4 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 58. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as fuel. 

627 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear, a. m.; cloudy, p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number o(boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 17, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ............................ · ........................... hours .. 

DlMF.NSIONS AND PHOPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ............... : ............................................ feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ................... : ...................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ............................. __ .......... ~ ........... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ...................... _ .......... do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...... _ .. __ .... _._ .... __ .. per cent .. 

6;1 Area of chimney ...................... __ .......................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate __ ...... 7 .................. _ .... _ ........... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ................................ _ ... d0 .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ............................................................... .. 

7. Water-heating surface ......................................... --~ ,square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 .Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .............................. feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ......................................... , .................... . 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside)_ ................... · ............... -e~~~~:: 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet.. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of wat(:lr-heating surface to grate surface .. : ............................... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .................. _ ................ . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

jinches of mercury._ 

Barometer ...... -.... ------- ---- ·- ·------ ·- ·- · · ·- ·-- ·- · · · ·1 .......... pounds •• 11. 

8 b . h . {--do .... 11.1 - team pressure y gage per square me ............. _ ............... _ . .. do .... 

12. Foree of draft between damper and boiler _ ... _ ...... :. _ ........ inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .............................. __ ....... _ ......... do .. __ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........... __ ........ _ ................... do .. .. 

·a Absolute. 

10.05 

40.55 

6. 16 

6 . .58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

ll3. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

ll6 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50. 1:' l 

1:9. 1 

29.67 

14.57 

83.7 

a98. 3 

. 51 

.19 

0 

' 
t. 

628 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

22.1 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE1\IPF.RATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ......... : ................. ·_ ................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering econori1izer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............ ; ................................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

Of escaping gases from economizer .....•........................ · ......... do ... . 

Of furnace .................................... : ......................... do ... . 

FURL. 

2:~. Size and condition: Nut-small, 70 per cent; slack, 30 per cent; bright. 

56. 

69.6 

:~26. 3 

49.2 

152 

531 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do.... 7, 835 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27, Total weight of dry coal consumed ............................ : ........ pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

5.51 

7,403 

1, 028 

49 

30. Total combustible consumed ......................................... . . {pounds.. 6, 375 

• · . . .. do .... rt 6, 042 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ........................... ., . . . . . . . . . . . 13. 89 

PROXDIATE A1'-YALYSTS OF COAL. 

Percent Per cent of 

of conl. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ...................... · ................................... . 43.59 54.55 

33. Volatile matter .............................. _ ... : ... _ ................ . 36.32 '15.45 

34. Moisture .............................. : . .............................. . 5.51 ··---------- 35. Ash .................. · ................................................ . 14.58 -----· ·----· 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................................ . 8.46 ------------

ULTIMATE AXALYSIS OF DRY COAL, 

37. Carbon (C) ............... .' ............................ ; ........... _ .. . 65.21 77.11 

38. Hydrogen (H) .....•....... : .................................... -...... .. 4.66 5.51 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ........................................ _ ............ _ .. _ .. . 4.68 5.53 

40 .. Nitrogen (N) ......................................... ____ ........ ·~ .... . 1. 07 1. 27 

41. Suli>hur (S) ............................. · ............................. . 8.95 10.58 

42. Ash ................................................................. . Hi.43 ___________ ., 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................. . 5.51 .......... --- .. --- -----~--· 

a Cnlculated I rom chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS • 

. ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................... --- ....... _ ..... do ... . 

FUEL PRR HOU!:t· 

46. Dry eoal <~onsumed per hour .................... · ...................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .................................... .. {

--do .... 

..do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do .. .. 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... {:: ~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

629 

21.33 

78.67 

737 

634 

a60l 

18. 18 

. 312 

{t. 296 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .•..•........ 12,397 

51.· Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U . _ ... __ .. 14, 659 

52. Calorific value by analyHis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .............. _ ....... _ 12, 375 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. TJ •••••• · ••••••••••..•• 14, 633 

QUALITY O>' STEA~i'. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .............................................. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................ __ .. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

1. 376 

None. 

98.95 

'57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 48;097 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do __ .. 57, 981 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 47,592 

60. Factor of evaporation .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 1. 2055 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ..•...•.••• pounds.. 57, 372 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. V\1ater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 4, 736 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° . _ ...................... do.... fi, 709 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .......................................... : .................. pounds.. 2. 81 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam . 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .......................................... .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ..................................... , .............. . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................ . 

a Calculated from chemistrr of ash. 

165.5 

210 

78.8 
630 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+item 25) .... ______ ... ___ .... _ .. ___ .... __ . _. _. ____ ._ .. __ .pounds .. 

69. Equivahmt evaporation from and at ·212° per pound of coal as· firer1. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ................... _. _ .. __ ... __ .... _ ........... ____ .. ___ .. _pounds .• , 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 "'"'item 

27). ___ --··-- .... ---- .................... ------- _______ --·-- ____ .... pounds .. 

71. 

F,~~~:~e;: :~::~r;~~~ -~r~-~- ~~-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~- -~~~ _ ~~~-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~~~~i-~1~~ t :~:::::. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of con>bustible). ____ ...... do ..•. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (beat absorbed ,by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _____ .. _._.per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. _ ... 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ... _ •••. _. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSEUVATTONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ...... _ .......... _._ ............. _ ... __ .... _ ... . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_. __ ., ..... _._._~ .... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per bonr obtained from smoke meter __ .... _ ........ cubic inches .. 

:METHODS OF l<'IRI~G. 

6.14 

7.32 

7.75 

9.00 

a9.49 

59.29 

a62. 52 

60.37 

$1.00 

$0.0814 

$0.0683 

34.4 

SO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking).................................. Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ..... ------. __ . __ ...... ---- .....• ----·- ........ inehes.. 7. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition .. _ .................................................. minutes.. 8 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ......•......... do.... 35 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

RS. 

ANA•LYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••• - •••• -- - •• -- •••••••••••• per cent. -

Oxygen (0) ............................... --.-- ... -- ... ------------ .... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ...... __ .................. -.. - . -............... ~-do .. -. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ..... _ .................. : ......... --...... , .. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ........ -- ... --·-·. --···- .... -.----- .... -... do.---

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

5.9 

13:54 

.21 

80.35 
en[\ 

.1 

~ \\ 1/ \ 

~ 

1/ 

~ \ 1\. -~ ~1~,\~1\~~~~~~~~~~~,~~ 

t:~H-H\~~~~-r~~~~~~-r~-r-r-r~Hr~ 

0 

~ \ IL 

~ ' I ,g ~,~--~-*~1~-+--~~-+---+---+~~---+---+---+---+I!'~-+---+---P~-+--~--~--~--~ 

t·~-+--~6~~~~+--+--~~~-+--+--4--~--+--+--~~~~r-~~~ 

0 

\~ l\ ~ ~-~--~--~~~,_o-+--_.~~~---+---+--~---+---+---+---+~~,4---1---~--1---~~+-~~r-~'j 

110 ~ ~ 3 t:r--,r--4-t•~---9~~~-r---r~~e~~-+---r--;---+4~~~---+--;---1---++~~-4~~ 

t:r---~--~~~r---~~l'"i\~~ ~ .~.H----r~~~---r--~~+--9-~-·;0~ 

I~ \\ ~ _ ·~ ~ S ~ \ 1_'-o --+---4 ~·-t------F---1----H ~~+. -+-Jlf-3;-+----l-+-+-++--Kl>--rijl'-+ 

.ttf---"-t---t--11---+---K>--9+----+1,~1 . ~ ~ WJ a. ; ! ~ 
632 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION 01<~ THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ..........................•.. 14, 659 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

eombustible X 965.7 ......................................... : ...... .. 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

!00 X [(212 _:_ t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) .............................. .. 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to comlmstible-+-100X9 X [(212-t) +966-t-0.48 (T-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried a way in the dry ehimney gases =weight of gas per 

pound of eombustible X0.24 X (T--t) ................... · ............. . 

5. J,oss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

002-t-COX 100 Xl0,150 ......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating· the moisture in the air, to radiation, amd unaeconnted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

9,164 a 62.52 

87 .59 

626 4.27 

:3,508 23.9:3 

2{;9 1. 84 

calculated) .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1, 005 .6. 85 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.65 pounds. 

Dry eoal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.51 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash, 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 633 

TF~T No. 72.-Regular and special observations on test of Kansas No. 5 coal, December 5, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.9 hours.] 

-------,------------;-,--------,--------,--~~-----

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

In fur- nace, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

co,. 

Flue gases. 

o •. co. 

----1~---1- ----~--1-----~----

Pouncls. ° F. I . 0 P. 0 F'. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

8.04 ------ _-:_ ___ _ 

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------.-----

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 - --- --- -- -'-

1 L ••••..•.•••••• 

11.20 -----------

11.40-----------

12--------------1 

12.20 -----------

12.40-----------

1---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40------------

2---------------

2.20------------

2.40 ·-----------

3 ---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------

4 --------------· 

4.20 ----.--------

4.40 ........ ----

5 -- -...... -· __ -- -

5.20 ------------

5.40 .. -- .. - .. -- -

5.58 -- ...... ----

Total .... . 

Average .. . 

83 30 46 660 ------ .. -------- 0. 39 0. 10 

87 

83 

85 

83 

82 

83 

80 

81 

85 

82 

82 

86 

82 

82 

82 

86 

80 

81 

82 

85 

85 

81 

81 

85 

81 

82 

81 

82 

82 

83 

30 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

34 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

42 

41 

41 

41 

41 

41 

41 

39 

37 

35 

34 

33 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

49 

48 

48 

48 

49 

49 

53 

56 

55 

56 

58 

59 

61 

61 

60 

60 

59 

56 

56 

56 

56 

54 

55 

55 

568 

610 

620 

615 

600 

605 

600 

610 

625 

630 

620 

625 

630 

615 

615 

620 

645 

605 

610 

601) 

~ 620 

600 

590 

595 

595 

600 

640 

655 

4. 27 0. 012 

4.23 . 026 

3. 96 . 02 

4.21 .021 

4. 16 . 022 

4.29 .023 

4.23 . 013 

4. 21 . 03 

4. 12 . 021 

. 41 .13 

. 72 .20 

. 47 .15 

. 46 .12 

. 36 .12 

. 51 . 20 

. 66 . 27 . 34 . 10 

. 58 .19 

. 62 . 19 

. 57 . 18 

. 40 .16 

. 61 .18 

. 54 .18 

. 62 

.71 

. 45 

. 48 

.46 

. 64 

. 49 

. 48 

.50 

. 47 

. 45 

.16 

.22 

.16 

. 15 

.14 

.22 

.20 

. 21 

. 23 

.20 

. 28 

6.5 13.0 0.0 

8. 0 12. 3 . 3 

8.3 11.1 .2 

8. 2 11. 6 . 0 

8.0 11.8 .0 

6. 9 13. 1 . 0 

8.2 12.0 .3 

9. 1 10.6 . 1 

8.2 12. 1 . 3 

. 62 

. 57 

.48 

.17 ............. ------

.12 ------ ------- ------

.07 7.0 12.9 .2 

----1----------------1---------------

2, 565 1, 139 1, 648 19,037 

82. 7 36. 7 53. 2 615 

41.73 

4.173 

.2 

.02 

15.06 5. 00 

. 52 .17 

78.4 120.5 

7. 84 12. 05 

1.4 

.14 

. 13-No. 48, pt 2-06--22 
634 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

'!'EST No. 72.-Regula.r and .~pecial ob.~ervation8 on le8t of .Kansas No.5 coal, December 5, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

----------;-·- -- - '----~ 

Weigh~ of coal burned. 1~--H~ig_h_t of-~~ter_·---l----~----,,--- \\"eight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

1 ln tank. In gage glas~. 

Start, 8.04. __________ _ 

~:~~ :::::::::::::::::1 

10.04 ----------------

10.51 ---------.------

11.46 

inches. 

40 

38 

:3~~ 

37t 

38t 

401, 

12.30 ·--------------- 38 

L:~o 

2.07 

2.5:3 

3.40 

4.29 ·---- ------------

5.30 -----------------

Close, 5.5S __________ _ 

38~ 

:3:3 

~ 40 

Inche~. 

0~ 

-· Q3 V4 

2t 

3t 

4~ 

4~ 

5 

-2' '-" 

ga 

• 4 

2~ 

3 

3t 

3t 

2 

During period. 

Pounds. 

------------

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 I 

251 

Total. During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. JlOU'ttdS. 

------------ ·----------- ------------

700 2,141 2,141 

1,400 5,559 7, 700 

2,100 ,j, 775 12,475 

2,800 4,6Hi 17,091 

3,500 5,574 22,665 

4,200 4,417 27,082 

4,900 5,680 32,762 

5,600 3,422 36,184 

6,300 5,104 41,288 

7,000 5,449 46, 737 

7, 700 4,847 51,584 

8,400 5,398 56,982 

8,651 3,935 60,917 

HECOHD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

Boiler under light load during night. 1.12--- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

7------- Fire cleaned. 1.41.-- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.04 .... Test started, fire 2~ inches thick. 2.04 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

8.38---- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.27--- Do. 

B.28 ____ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 2.48--- Do. 

9.58---- Do. 3.12--- Do. 

10.31.-- Fire sliced. 3.51. .. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10 .. 50--- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 4.07 ... 1 Fire sliced. 

11.20 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.16--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.54--- Do. 4.56 ... Do. 

12.11. .. Fire sliced. 5 .. ---- Cleaning fire. 

12.43--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. .'i.ll.-- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.56--- Fire raked. 5.58--- Test closed, fire 2~ inches thick. 

l_ ______ Cleaning fire. 

Refuse dark ·and heavy. Coal burned freely; clinkered considerably, but fire handled rather 

easily. 99 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam. test of Kanscts No. 5 coal. 

CONDITIONS .OF BOILER TRIAL. 

'fest number, 72. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, o'l'lo. 

Kind pf boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

635 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general i·eport. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kansas No. 5. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy, a. 111.; clear, p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 5, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial-----------. _____ . __ ---_ ... _. __ ------------------- _____ hours.. 9. 9 

' Dll\IF.XRIOXR AND PROPORTIO~S. 

3. Grate surface __________ - ______ - ______ .. __ ... _. __ .......... _ ... _._;square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ......... --·-----------········ ....... ------------·----·---feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........... _ ..... _ ..................................... -.do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ................................................... _.inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .... "· ........................... do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of ehimney above grate ....... ----- ........... -- ... --------, __ .... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chi!l1ney . _ ...... _ .. _ ....... _. _ ... _ .... _ .. , .. do .. _. 

6.4 Kind of draft .. _ .. _ ...... _ .. · .. -.. _ . -.. _____ . _ .. -.. ___ .. _ ........ __ .. __ .. _ ~. __ . 

7. Water-heating surface .. _ ... __ . __ -.... __ ... __ ... -.-- .. _- .... __ .. _ .. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .... _ .... -...... _ .. _ .. -- ....... _ .... _ ...... _ .. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... __ ........... _ .. __ ... _. _feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes . __ ..... _. _. _ .... _ ...... _ .. __ .:: ....... _:. _ .. _ ............... . 

D. f ( .d . . I ) 1 inehes .. 7.4 mmeter o t.ubes outst e-mstt e .................................. . · . ..do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .............................................. _ .. feet._ 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

Superheating surface ..................... _ ........................ square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................. _ .. _ ...... _. _____ _ 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ......................... ___ ... _._ .. 

AVERAGE PRF.SSURES. 

. rinehes of mercl)ry-- Barometer ................................... _ ............ 1 · l- ......... pounds .. 

, . 1 _ {--do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square me 1 ...................... _ ... _ .. .. 

.. do .... 

40.55 

6.6 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

i. 67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. l 

29.75 

14.6 

82.7 

et97. 3 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water.. . .52 

13. Force of draft in furnace .......................... --- .................... do____ . 17 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................ -....... _ .... _ .. _ .do.... 0 

nAbsolute. 
636 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ..... __ ... _ ................... .- ........ _ ... __ .......... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ...................... _ ..... _ ....... _ .· .. _ .................... do ... . 

Of steam ....................... : . ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .... : ............................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economb:er _ ........... _. _ ........ , .. : . ........... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ................. _ ........................... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from e~nnomizer ... o ................................... do ... _ 

22.1 Of furnaee ............................................................. do .... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per eent; slack, 40 per cent; bright. 

36.7 

53.2 

325.6 

48.8 

li3 

615 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ....... _ ..... _ ........ __ ........... pounds.. None. 

25. Weightofcoalastired .................................................. do .... 8,651 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ............................................. _ .. . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

4.31 

8,278 

1,009 

56 

30. . {pounds.. 7, 269 Total combustible eonsumed ........................................ . .. do .... a 6, 985 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 12. 19 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSTS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 

Volatile matter ......................................................... . 

Moisture ....................... _ ..................................... .. 

Ash ................................................................. .. 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... .. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OJ<' DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........... _. ............................................... . 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... .. 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .................................................... __ .... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .................................................. · ....... . 

. 41. Sulphur (8) .......................................................... .. 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 

Per cent of coul. 

51.36 

32.42 

4.31 

11.91 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combuRtible. 

61.3 

38.7 

100.00 

4.4 ·-·········· 

}1. 42 81.58 

4. 72 5.39 

5. 72 6.53 

1. 09 1. 25 

4.6 5.25 

12.45 ------------ -·-- ----- 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................ .. 4.31 ____ ,. _______ 

--------- ---------- a Caleulated from chemistry of ash, 

I 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAT.YSJS OF ASH .AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ______ .. __ .. _. ______________________________________ . _-.-. ____ per cent__ 

45. Earthy matter _______________________ , _________________ . __ : _____________ do __ • _ 

!?UEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ________ , ________ . ____ . _. _________________ pounds .. 

47. Combustible · {·-do •... consumed per hour ___________________ .. ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . __ do ___ _ 

48. D!·y coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ___________________ --·-_ .. do. __ _ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-he~ting surface per hour _________ -{: ~ !:~ ~ ~ ~ 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

637 

26.02 

73.98 

836 

734 

a7o6 

20.62 

. 361 

a.347 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _____________ 13, 144 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combu~tihle, B. T. U _________ . 15, 013 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ____ •. _ .. _______________ 13, 057 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ___ . ________________ 14,914 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in stf•am ..• ---------------------------------------------

55. Number of degrees of superheating _________ ._. __________ . __ .. __ . ______________ _ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) __ ._. _____________________ . ____ : __ per cent__ 

\VATER. 

. 477 

None. 

99.64 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ___________ .. ___ . _ ... ____ .•.••.... ___ potmds. _ 60, 917 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from an<l at 212° __________________________ .do. ___ 73, 764 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. __ . _____________ .do. ___ 60,698 

60. Factor of evaporation _________ . ___ - - - _ .... ; -- - ___ . -- ... __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 2109 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam fr01n and at 212° ___________ .pounds._ 73,499 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated pe!· hour, correcte<l for quality of steam_ .. ____ ._ ... ___ pounds._ 6, 131 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° _________________ . ______ .do.___ 7, 424 

64. Equivalert evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface _____ ............. _______ - -.... - - - - - -......... _______________ pounds_ . 3.-66 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _: _______ . ________ . _________ . ___________ . __ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ________________________________________ .. " .. _ . __ •. _ 

67. Pereentage of builders' rated horsepower developed _______________ . ___ . _. ____ . __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

215.2 

210 

102.5 
638 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLAN'l'. 

ECONOMIC UESULTS. 

68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item57+item25) ................................................ pounds.. 7.04 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ............................................ ~ ................... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible-}- .do .. .. 

72. 

74. 

(Item 61 +item 30) ... " ............................................ L,do .. .. 

EFFICIENCY, 

Efficie~cy of. t~1e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler perpo~nd of com- { per cent .. 

bustlble d1v1ded by the heat valu.e of 1 pound of combustJble) .......... do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, including the <grate (heat absorbed by the boiler pe,r pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 

COST' 01', EVAPORATIO~. 

Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel use< I for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ..... : ... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S.MOK E OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .............. cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIIUNG. 

80. Kind of tiring (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............................... .. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

.82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in 

8.5 

8.88 

10.11 

a 10.52 

65.03 

"67. 67 

65.24 

$1.00 

$0.071 

$0.0588 

32.8 

Alternate. 

8 

normal condition .................................. " ............... minutes.. 6 

:83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ uo.... 28 

84. 

85. 

.86. 

87. 

.88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ............................................... per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) ...................... '....................................... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do .. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.84 

12.05 

.14 

79.97 

) 
CP 

rl\ 

tl' t\ 

\ y 

\ ~ 

~ 

: o: t-

_,---

~-

t 

iO 0~ 

t 

t 

- ro r 

t 

I" 

r 

t 

(,o 

r 

t 

:.. o; 

r 

t 

(>. 

x~ 

r 

t 

 

 

COAL CONSUMPl'lON\ IN THOUSAND POUNDS 

2 4 6 a 10 12 14 16 18 20 

I! 

1\ 

~ 

' ,. 

r 

~%B ~ I 

I\ l> 

{J\ 

[\ 1- "' 't l 1-- :l 

"' 1\\ 'I ;.! -I )> 

\~ yi>. c "' 

:n 

~- \1-

0 

~ 0 01 

0 0 

~- -a-~ 

0 0 :n q c c • 7:;- (j ~-!-----' ·"J 

J\o {J\ 

0 0 

f'l 3 

~ -l -l \tt j- 1'1 ~ 

\ J 1J ll c 

"' "' ~ ::0 ;o 

\ ~ ~ <l' 

c c \ :n- :n 

\ "' ['1 

~ 

\ 

1\ 

\ \ 

\ 

.... ~ 

"'"' )>~ 3 0 lll -< r'\ :<: "' ,J,. ;I) 

)> ~ )> 

.. "' C\ 

~ :n "' I" 

1\ 

\ 

1 

I~ C.AIJC.E NUMBER 

a 80 90 100 I 2 3 4 ~ r 2 4 6 8 j 2 4 6 ~~-

1\ II i 

I \ 1\ 

1/ 

1 

i 

X .L 

\ 

! 0 0 

:n :>J· )> 

~~ ... ] () ~ ~-

0 Q ~ 

~- ~c-:z -n 

;II 

(b \ 

c ,. "' ~r-~ ~4 <J> 

~I r--~- c c :n :z "' :n 

"' "' 0 (Jo ~ 1l 

"' _, {J\ 2 'i 

" ;z \,; r-:;: , :r- "' -~- {J\ J .<: •O IJ> -< :~ 'O c to_ ~\ 0 11> 

•('I .., :,. (1o 

1/ 3 

1\ 0 

~x v 

ll :t 

\ :..·tJ~ {JI, 

~ 

I\ 

:/ 

6 

\ II 

1 II 

I 

j I 

' 

1\ !T 

\ ll 

-

= 
640 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING YALUE OF THE CO.llBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. 'f. U ___ . ________ . ___________ . _____ 15,013 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 _. _____ . __ ..... _ .... _. ____ . __________ . ______ •.. ____ 10, 159 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = p<er cent of moisture referred to combustil>le-> 

100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212) ( t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) .. _ ... ____ . ___ . _____ .. __________ _ 68 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the lmrning of hydrogen=ver cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9X [ (212 -t) + 966 + 0.48 ( 1'-- 212)] _. 639 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X0.24 X (1'-t) ________ .. ____ -------- .. ____ ------ 3, 416 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

00 per cent 0 in combustible 

002 + c0 x---100-----xJ0,15o ------------------------- 145 

6. LoHs due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) __________ . _____ .. , __ ., ___ . _. ___ .. _. _ . __ . ___ ... . . . . . . • . • . 586 

HEMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.18 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3. 93 pounds. 

--- ---------------~-- ------- a Calculated from chemistry of a.sh. 

Per cent. 

<t67. 67 

. 45 

4. 26 

22.75 

. 97 

3.90 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 641 

TgsT No. 60.-Regular and special obse1·vations on test of Kenttteky No. 1 coal, November 18, ·1904. 

'rime. 

7.33 ------------

7.40 ----- -·-----

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 -----. ------

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10 --·--- --------

10.20 -----------

10.40 ---- -------

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12--------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 ------ -- ---

1 .............. . 

1.20 --------.---

_1.40 ------------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 .. -- -- -- -- --

3 --------·-------

3.20 ------------

3.40 -- -- -- -- -- _·-

4---------------

4.20 ---- --·------

4.40· --·- --------

5 ............. :. 

5.20 ------------

5.35 ------- .. ---

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of tri~l, 10.033 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Water In~~od, 

_Steam sei!arated inches 

d1scharge. ~n 10 of 

minutes. water. 

In furnace, 

in 

inches 

of 

water. 

Flue gases. 

co •. co. 

-----------1----1--- ----------

Pounds. ° F. ° F. oF. Ponnrls. Powuls. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

82 

86 

83 

83 

85 

83 

82 

83 

84 

82 

82 

84 

83 

84 

83 

83 

83 

84 

84 

81 

81 

85 

83 

85 

84 

82 

82 

83 

83 

82 

83 

82 

35 

36 

38 

40 

44 

49 

53 

54 

57 

59 

61 

63 

65 

65 

67 

67 

68 

68 

69 

69 

70 

69 

70 

69 

68 

67 

66 

62 

59 

58 

57 

45 

49 

49 

49 

51 

53 

56 

59 

62 

64 

66 

68 

71 

72 

74 

565 

570 

524 

525 

525 

535 

540 

520 

527 

530 

525 

545 

550 

525 

520 

76 545 

78 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

495 

550 

515 

560 

550 

545 

84 515 

85 

85 

84 

84 

83 

80 

77 

77 

550 

570 

550 

553 

565 

550 

550 

565 

3. 96 0. 027 

4. 10 . 021 

4. 00 . 022 

4. 13 . 026 

3.93 . 015 

4.08 .02 

4.08 .011 

3. 91 .. 017 

3.98 .04 

75 ------- -------- --------

0.45 

. 51 

. 47 

.40 

. 41 

.4-! 

.49 

.40 

. 39 

.42 

. 38 

.46 

. 54 

. 30 

.49 

. 32 

. 31 

.49 

. 43 

. 40 

. 41 

. 40 

. 33 

. 3() 

.42 

. 41 

.41 

. 35 

. 45 

.39 

.34 

. 04 

0.08 ------ --·----- ------

.17 

.18 

.14 

.16 

. 16 

. 20 

.19 

.16 

.21 

.15 

.22 

.24 

.15 

.17 

.04 

.10 

.15 

. 19 

. 13 

. 17 

.15 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.18 

.12 

. 20 

.02 

.11 

.0 

8.0 10.0 0.0 

8.8 9.0 .0 

8. 4 10. 2 . 2 

8. 6 10.5 .1 

8. 2 11.0 .4 

8.2 10.4 .4 

8. 7 10.7 . 3 

8.4 11.6 .5 

6. 7 12. 9 . 0 

1---------------;----1--- --~- ------

Total . . . . . 2, 659 1, 842 2, 266 16, 754 36. 17 

Average... 83. 1 59. 4 71 540 4. 02 

.199 12.36 4. 63 74 

. 0221 . 4 . 15 8. 22 

96.3 

10.7 

1.9 

.21 

-------~--~-~-~~--~---~---~---~-~---~--~--
642 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 60.-Regular a.nd special observat,ions on test of Kentucky No.1 caul, November 18, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of co a! burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

'fime. ----.--

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period.~ Total. 

- ----------- ~ -----

Start, 7,33 ........... . 

ncltes. Inches. l'ou11ds. 

40 !~ 100·-----;~~-

I 

--- ~~:~~~~---- ---~~:~~~~---.I .. -~~~:~~---- 8 .................... ! 24~ 700 2, 304 1 2, 304 

8.38 ............... .. 

9.20 ooo•OoOoooo 0 o•oo• 

10.05 .............. .. 

10.57 

11.51 

12.5:~ OooooooOoooooooO 

1.31 

2.18 

3.11 

4.10 

Close, 5. 35 ...... 0 •••• 0 

36 3~ 700 

22~ 4~ 700 

36~ 3i 700 

33~ 3 700 

31~ 3~ 700 

35~ 4 700 

29 4t 700 

30~ 3t 700 

30 3! 700 

26 3! 700 

40 2t 655 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

1,400 4, 103 6,407 

2,100 4,894 11,301 

2,800 5, 139 16,440 

3,500 5,508 21, 948 

4,200 5,656 27,604 

4,900 5,300 32,904 

5,600 4, 017 36,921 

6,300 4,780 41,701 

7,000 5,566 47,267 

7, 700 6,031 53,298 

8,355 7,906 61,204 

---- ---------------.....,-----;~---------- -------

Time. Observation. 'l'imc. Observation. 

Boiler under a light load during night. 12.18 .. 0 Cleaning fire. 

6.50 ·. 0.. Engine started. 12.34. 0 Fire deaned, 5 inches thick. 

7. 0 0.... Fire cleaned. 1.10 0.. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.33.... Test Rtarted, fire 3 inches thick. 1.54 0.. Fire raked, ll inches thick. 

7.55.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 2.09... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

8.30 ... 0 Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 2.29 0.. Do. 

8.57.... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 2.46... Fire raked, l::l inches thick. 

9.11.... Do. :3.21... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.34.... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 3.38. 0. Do. 

9. 57.... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 3.51 . . . Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

10.29... Do. 4.06... Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 

10.48... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 4.32 0 •• Fire raked, lUnches thick. 

11.15 .. 0 Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 4.46... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.22 0.. Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 4.56. 0. Cleaning fire. 

11.45 00 .j Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 5.14 00. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

12.13 00 -I Fire raked, 10 inches tll_i_c_k_. ~-------"---5_._3_5_._-. Test closed, 3 inches thick . 

. Refuse dark ·and heavy. 112 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

8temn test of Kentucky No. 1 coal. 

COXDlTIONS 01.<' BOILER '(RIAL. 

Test number, 60. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

643 

Principal conditions go\•erning trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kentucky No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 18, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial------·--····-·--········ .............................. hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AXD l'ROPOHTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .. _._ ...... _._ ... ___ . __ ... _ .... __ . _ ... ____ . _ .. __ . __ ._.square feet .. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate .... _ ........ ___ ..... _---· .... ____ ---_ .... _ ................ feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate . ____ . _ .... ____ . ____ . ___ .... _. _ ... __ ... _____ ......... __ .. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace. __ ........... _ ......... ___ ... __ . __ ........... _ ..... _ .inches._ 

10.033 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .. _. _ .. _. __ . _. _ .. _. __ . _ ... __ ._ ... do.___ . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .. __ .. _._ .... _ ... __ .. _. __ .per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney . ______________ . ____ . _________ . _. __ . _. ____ . ____ ._.square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ___ . ___________ . ____ . ____ . _________ . ______ .feet.. 

6. 3 Leugth of flue connecting to chimney ________________________ . ____ . ______ do._ .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ______ . ____ . ______ . ______________ . ___________________________ . _. _ 

7. ·water-heating surface ___ . _____________________ . ____ . ____ . ________ .square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL __ . _____ . ___________ . ____ . __ ._. ____ . ___ ,. _____ inches._ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ________________ . _________ . ____ feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes _. ____ . ____ . _. __ . ______ . ______________ . ________________ . ____ . _ 

7.4 D1ameter · of tube~ "d · · ) {inches._ ( outs1 e-ms1de __ . __ . ____ . ____ . ____ . ____ . ____ . ___ _ 

.. do .... 

7. 5 ·Length of tubes exposed ____________________ . ____________ . ________ . ____ . _feet. _ 

8. Superheating surface ___ . _. _________ . ____________ . _ . _ .. ___ .. ___ . __ .square feeL. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface. __________________ . ______________ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ___ . ____ . ________________ . ____ . ____ _ 

A\'ERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ______ . ____ . _________ . ___________ . ______________ {inches of mercury .. 

_. ________ pounds._ 

111ste b - h { .. do ___ _ . am pressure y gage per square 1nc ___ . ____ . ____ . __ . ______ . _______ _ 

__ do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ____ . ____ . ____ . ____ . ___ inches of water __ 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.65 

14.55 

83.1 

a 97.65 

.4 

13. Force of draft in furnace. ___ --., .. _--------_. __ : _____________________ .... do.___ .15 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit.. __ . _____ ._. ____ .. ____________________ . __ do __ ._ 0 

a Absolute. 
644 

15 .. 

16. 

] 7. 

lS. 

19. 

20. 

OPERATIONS 01!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................... , ... : .......... ;degrees .. 

Of tireroom .............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ................................................................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer .. , .......................... , .......... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ....................................... ·.· .... do._ .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economiwr ........................................ do.~ .. 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 65 per cent; slack, 35 per cent; very clean. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ............................. ·: .................... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................. . 

27. Total weight.of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ................................. ·_ .. per cent .. 

59.4 

71 

325.86 

49.9 

186 

540 

None. 

8,355 

2.89 

8,114 

626 

52 

T 'bl 1 ·{pounds.. 7, 488 30. otal comhnsti e consume< .....................................•.•• .. do .... a7,396 

31. Percentageof ashand refuseindrycoal........................................ 7.72 

PROXUt:ATE A}.~ALYSJS 6.1<' COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. cumbu,tible. 

32. Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 55.59 60.9-5 

·33. Volatile matter ............................................. · ........... . 35.61 39.05 

. 34. J\foistnre ................ " ....................... _ ..................... _ '2. 89 ------------ . 3-5. Ash .................................... · .............. : ............•... -5.91 ------------

------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...................................... _ .. 1. 19 ------------

ULTIMATE AX.AhY8JS OF VR~- COAL. 

37. Carbon (0) ........................................................... . 78.-54 83;63 

38. Hydrogen (H) ............................. ' ........................... . 5.17 -5.51 

39. Oxygen (0) ........................................................... . 7.12 7 .. 58 

40. Nitrogen (N) ..........................................•..•............. 1. 85 1.97 

41. Sulphur (S) ................ _ ................. _ ......... _ .. _ . __ ..... __ . _ 1. 23 1. 31 

42. Ash ...................... · ........................ _ .... _. __ ..... _ ..... . 6.09 ------------

~-----

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .••..••. _ ....................... .. 2.89 ------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS • 645 

. ANAI.,YSIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .............................................................. per cent.. 35. 8 

45. Earthymatter ......... · .................................................. do .... 64.2 

FUEL PER HOl~R. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour. ................ _. _ ............ :. _ .... _ .. ."pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .. _ .. _ ............ _ ........ _·_ .... _ ... -{·.do···-

.. do ... . 

809 

746 

ani 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ............... _ ......... do ... . Hl.95 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ... _ .... _-{·.do···· 

.. do .... 

. 367 

(/ .363 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEl ... 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. "C .•• _. _ •• ,. _ •. 14, 364: 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..... _ .... 15, 295 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 14, 128 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pounrl of combustible, H. T. lJ .............. _ ..... 15,044 

~UALITY OF STEA)f, 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... _ .546 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .................. _ ........................ . None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................... per cent .. 99.685 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water feel to boiler. .................................... pounds .. 61,204 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ............ _ ..... _ ..... _ .. do.... 73, 728 

59. ·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 61,011 

60. Factor of evaporation .................................... _ ............... _ . . . . l. 20462 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° . __ .... _ ... pounds._ 7:3, 495 

WATER PER HOUR. 

· 62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ....... ___ .. _ .. pounds.. 6, 081 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......... _ ....... _ ... _ .. do. __ . 7, 32o. 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .............. _ .... _ ......................................... pounds.. 3. 61 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water eYaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ......................................... __ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ......... _ ......................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower develope<! , ............................ . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

212.3 

210 

101.1 
646 OPERATIONS 01<' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

:ECO~Ol\IIC RE~UJ~TS. 

, 68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under aet.ual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57"'- item 25) ...... _ ......................................... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of. coal as tired. (Item 61-+· 

item 25) ..... _ ... _ ............................................ "·-- .. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ............................................................. : ... pounds .. 

71. 

Eq(~~::~e~ t ~~~~=~:~~~~-. f-r~-~- -~~~. ~~. ~~-~~. _r:~~. ~:)~~1-~. ~~. :~~:l~~:~~~i-~1~~ { ~ ~~:~::: 

EFFHJIENCY. 

72. Efficie~cy o~ t~1e !:)oiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~nd of com- {per <~ent. _ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound -of combustible) .......... do __ ._ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler p~r pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of ] pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 

COST 0\<' EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,P00 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ... _ ..... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

RMOKE OBSERVATin~S. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ........................................... __ .. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............ · ........ ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

.1\fETHODR <H~ .FJHING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................ . 

81. Average thickness of fire .............................. · ................. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each fnrnace during time when fires are in 

7.325 

8.797 

9.06 

9.81 

a9. 94 

61.94 

a 62. 76 

60.91 

$1.00 

$0.0682 

$0.0568 

64.8 

Alternate. 

J1 

normal condition .......................... _ ....................... minutes.. 5. 4 

· 83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ....... __ ... _ ... do.... 24 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSI~ OF THE TWY GASES. 

Oarbml' dioxide ( 002 ) • .. .. • .. .. • .. .................................. per cent.. . 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................. do .. .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do .... . 

IT ydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................. do .. .. 

a Culcuhtted from chemistry of ush. 

8.22 

](). 7 

. 21 

80.87 
3 ~ 

_ . I I 0> 

: '\ ' )> 

1 ~ 

,\ 

\~ ,, I 

t 

\ l .Sl ..., ! ~ 

\ 1\ t 

1\ \ I 

0 

\B \ 0 

~ 

~ r 

~ 

t ,( 

. \ :£ 

n r--= 

~- ,. ... 

0 ~~ 9 i 

t ~ ~ (\ 6 

J~ 1\0...,_ 

' 'i 

\~ (/> 

\;~- --< 0 "' N 0 v~ 3 ~ ;li "' /"' ::J ,..., q. "1l 0 I~ . ~ 

~ I'E 1\~ r~ :z 

I 

I~ :z OJ ~ 

(J> !!> ,. 0 U> t 

\'" \~ c .( ;..tJU 

"" c:\ :z r ;o 

L';; 1'1 D ;o I 

- .., 

- \ ~ I 

\ <:. 16~ :I l :ng )I 1 Q :J. 1l 

" _\ g-r---

1\ 0 e 8 ~~ ' ~ '7- 3 ['I ;u f'l <1> 

t 

' 1"1 lilr;;; 

' -l 

fV f'l :z )> f'l 3 ~ N 

~ IPJ J ~ .. ::0:. 

~ (J> ;n f'l .;, 

" ~· ·~ 

\ ~ . J 

~ .~ . ~ f'l 

(II 

\ !II 

\ \ 

1\ ~ 

\ 0 0 

~ " . \ . 1\ ~ 

\ 0 Cn , \ ~ 

"' lb d v 

t :I 

, ..
648 OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTIOX OF 'l'HE HF.ATING VALUE OF THF. CQ)!BUST1.!1LE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ........•. , ............ . 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 96.5. i ................................................. . 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t =temperature of air in the boiler 

room; 1'= that of the flue gaHes) .. _ .................................. . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of )1ydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustiblc_,_.100X9X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] ..... 

4. J,oss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T-t) .................................. . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+COx----100 Xl0,150 ........................ .. 

6. Loss 1lue to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and .unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itcmiJ:ed if data are obtained from which they lll!J:Y be 

B.'l'.U. 

9,599 

40 

627 

2, 768 

211 

15,295 

Per cent. 

a62. 76 

. 26 

4.10 

18.10 

' 1. 38 

calculated).... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 050 13. 4 

REM.-\RKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsep()wer hour= 3.12 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.86 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 64~ 

TEsT No. 57.-Regular and special observations on test of Kentucky No.2 coal, November 16, 1904. 

Time. 

Steam· 

pressure 

gauge. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10' hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressure. Flue gases. 

---,--~ ----1----~-- -------1---c---c--

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Stcu.m separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

d ln ft;r. In ~oo ' nace . 1ll in' mches inches , C02• 

of 1 ·water. w~ter. 

co. 

--------------------- ---------------------

Pounds. 0 P. oF. o P. Ponnds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Pact. 

7.35 .......... .. 

8 ............. .. 

8.20 ........... . 

8.40 ........... . 

9 ............. .. 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ............. . 

I 

10.20 -----------1 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............. . 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40 .......... . 

12 ............. . 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 .......... . 

! .............. . 

1.20 ······ .... .. 

1.40 ····--·--···! 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 ............ 1 

2.40 ........... . 

3 --·· ..... ··-··· 

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 ........ ··-· 

4 .............. . 

4.20 ___ , _______ _ 

4.40 ........... . 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.35 

83 .......... .. 

82 . 

80 

82 

82 

80 

34 

34 

35 

39 

42 

49 

50 

52 

54 

M 

()2 ........... . 

83 

83 

83 

88 

85 

82 

85 

80 

19 

73 

67 

82 

90 

87 

85 

85 

88 

88 

85 

86 

88 

80 

79 

47 

4\l 

52 

54 

56 

58 

59 

59 

60 

61 

60 

60 

61 

60 

61 

60 

60 

59 

58 

57 

56 

55 

53 

61 

62 

63 

65 

65 

67 

69 

70 

71 

72 

74 

74 

73 

73 

74 

74 

74 

74 

74 

74 

73 

71 

70 

88 ........... . 

580 

586 

552 

514 

493 

497 

420 

554 

577 

521 

534 

550 

505 

520 

540 

529 

52fl 

526 

515 

590 

561 

552 

539 

575 

592 

552 

582 

577 

587 

576 

565 

4. 05 0. 03 

4.08 .03 

4.00 . 025 

4. 21 . 024 

4.27 . 085 

0.32 

.40 

.49 

.37 

. 32 

.33 

0.13 

.13 

.15 

.14 

.16 

.13 

7. 3 12.2 . 0 

. 54 . 21 8. 4 9.9 .5 

.58 

.33 

.50 

. 38 

. 31 

. 35 

. 55 

. 25 

.13 

.15 

.20 

9.2 9.2 .4 

........ ........ .55 .24 9.0 9.6 .4 

3. 39 . 023 ............................ -.. . 

4. 38 . 021 

4.10 . 025 

.. -~--~~------~~--I ----·--·i······-· 

3. 93 . 042 

.68 

.55 

.30 

.45 

.45 

.44 

.47 

.49 

.48 

·.48 

. 52 

. 52 

.30 

. 75 

.19 

. 23 

.10 

.16 

. 1!:1 

.19 

.14 

. 18 

. 18 

.14 

. 18 

. 20 

.05 

. 12 

8. 2 11. 2 . 2 

9.2 10.0 .3 

8.3 11.::\ .0 

------------1---------------

Total . . . . . 2, 570 1, 499 1, 878 16,833 

Average .. , 82.9 53. 5 67 543 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-23 

40.54 

4.054 

. 275 13. 2 4. 69 69. 1 81. 9 

. 0275 . 46 . 16 8. 64 10. 24 

1.8 

. 23 
650 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 57.-Regular and spedal observations on test of Kentucky No. f8 coal, November 16, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

~----~--~--o--~~~------ ~----------~--~~- ----

Height ol water. Weight ol coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. -~- -~-~ ------- --~--~ ~--- --~-.-----~ 

In.tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. 

~~~-- ~-~~-~-

---~-

Inches. Inches. Pounrfs. ·Pounds. Pounds. 

Start 7.35 .. -.-------- 40 2t ------------ ------------ ·-----------

8.02 ---------- ------ 31~ 3t 700 700 2,868 

8.34- .. --. - '--- .. ~ .... ---- 35 2t 700 1,400 3,855 

9.07 ·--- --.-------.-- 3It 2~ 700 2, 100 3,378 

10.02 --------------·- 30 3 700 2,800 4,356 

10.38 --------------·- 34 31 700 3,500 4,035 

11.29 .. -------.------- 32~ 4! 700 4,200 4,fl04 

12.17 , _______________ :n 3t 700 4,900 4,871 

1.08 ---------·------- 32! 3~ 2 700 5,600 5,549 

1.37 ----------------- 31~ 41 700 6,300 2,288 

2.28 ---------------·- 34 4t 700 7,000 5,014 

3.13 ----------------- 30 3~ 700 7, 700 4,931 

3.58 ----------------- 35t 41 700 8,400 4,392 

4-.43 ----------------- 271 4 700 9,100 5,097 

Close, 5.3.'1 ........... 40 2~ 457 9,557 4,604 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. 

Boiler under a light load during night. 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7. 35 . . . . Test started, fire 21 inches ~hick. 

8.20.... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

9.18.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.40.... Furnace door open 5 minutes; damper 

closed; changing injectors. 

10.08 _ . _ Fire raked, 8 inehes thick. 

10.19... Fire sliced. 

Time. Observation. 

12.50.. Cleaning fire. 

1.02 ... 

1.44--. 

2.85 ... 

Fire eleaned, 3 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Do. 

::uo___ Do. 

3.35 _.. .Fire sliced. 

B. 52... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

5.04... Cleaning fire. 

5.17 . . . Fire eleaned, 3 iuches thick. 

Total. 

-~~~--

Pounds. 

_____ , _______ 

2,868 

6, 723 

10, 101 

14,457 

18, 4\)2 

2:~. 396 

28,267 

83,816 

36,054 

41,068 

45,999 

50, sm 

55,488 

60,0!:12 

11.26... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1 1.40... Fire sliced. 

I 5. 35 . . . Test closed, fire 21 inches thick. 

12.15 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. I - ~-------------~-

Refuse dark and heaYy. Coal burned yery freely. 82 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Kentucky 1Vo. 2 coal. 

coNDITIO~s OF BoiLER 'l'HIAL. 

Test number, 57. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geologieal Survey. 

At fuel-.testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. · 

651 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kentucky No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Nnrnber of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 16, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours.. 10 

DUIEXSIO~S AND PROPORTIONS. 

3.. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet .. 

:u Width of grate .................. __ ........ -.- .............................. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ................................................. : . ...... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ............................................ _·_ ........ inches .. 

.5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ..... ·.· ................... per cent.. 

6. I Area of chimney . . . . . . ........................................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chjmncy ........................ : ............ do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .................................... , .................... ~ ....... . 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL ......................... : . .................... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ........................ ______ .feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ................................................ ________ .... _. 

7. 4 Dmme . t f er o n .t l . ( t "d · ·d ) . ·{inches .. )CS on SI e-ms1 c .................... _ .............. . . ..do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................... _ ...... : ........ _ ............. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ..................... __ .. ___ . ____ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................. _ .... _ ... __ .... __ . __ 

AVERAGE PHESSUHES. 

11. Barometer. _____ . -------- ..................... ________ . --t~~~~~: _f_ ::;:t~~~~:: 

11.1 S team pressure b y gage per square me 1.. __ ......... _ ................ __ . . 1 · { .. do .... 

, .. do .... 

12. Foree of draft betwdm damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .................... _ ............................ do. __ _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ............. , ....... -.......... _. ________ do ___ _ 

a Absolute. ' 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7:67 

113. 25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29·. 8 

14.63 

82.9 

a97. 5 

. 46 

.16 

o. 
652 

15. 

16. 

li. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEl\IPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of Ateam ................... , ........................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ......... , ........................... ~ ............. do ... . 

Of feed ·water entering economizer ............................ _ ........... do ... . 

Offeed water entering boiler .......................................... : .. do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ............................................................... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 80 per cent; slack, 20 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

53.1) 

67 

325.8 

51.2 

191 

54:) 

None. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do.... 9, 557 

Percentage of moisture in coal..'............................................... 7. 76 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ....................................... pounds 8, 815 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do.... 959 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

30. {

pounds .. Total combustible consumed ........................................ . 

1 •• do ... . 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ....................................... . 

PROXIMATE .ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 45.75 

33. Volatile matter ...................................................... . 37.91 

34. l\ioisture ......... · .................................................... . 7.76 

.35. Ash ............•................•.................................... 8.58 

100.00 

"36. Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... . 3.37 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .......................................................... . 72.22 

. 38. Hydrogen (H) .................... --~---········· .................... . 5.06 

.39. Oxygen (0) ................................. , ....................... . 8.44 

40. · Nitrogen (N) ................... · .... , ................................ . 1. 33 

41. Sulphur (S) ······································:············: ..... . 3.65 

42. Ash .........•.•.......•.................••........................... 9.30 

100.00 

61 

7,85~ 

"7, 797 

10.88 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

54.68 

45.32 

···----------

-------------

---·--

100.00 

----·--·-----

79.62 

5.58 

9. 31 

1. 46 

4.03 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................•................. 7. 76 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

A~ALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ................................. ~ ......................... · .. per cent .. 

45. Earthy mattcr .................................................. · ........ do ... . 

FUET, PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ................................ ' ..... __ .. pounds .. 

. { .. do ... . 47. Combustible consumed perhonr ---------····-····----------········-· .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ... __ . __ ... _ .... _ ......... do. __ . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surfaee per hour ......... -{:: ~::::: 

CALORIFIC Y ALUR OF FUEL. 

653 

20.63 

79.37 

882 

786 

a7SO 

21.75 

. 387 

a.384 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U __ .. _ ........ 13, 374 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 14, 745 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ................ _ ....... 13, 136 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ___ . _ ............... 14, 483 

(,!UALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .... __ ........ __ ............................. __ __ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating. __ ........................... __ . ___ ........ .. 

56. quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ................................... per cent.. 

WATER. 

. 674 

None. 

99.487 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ................................... ___ pounds.. 60, 092 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .. _ ......... _ ............... do .... i2, 309 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................... do .... 59,784 

60. Factor of evaporation .. _ ............................ , ~. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2033 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............. pounds .. 71, 938 

WATER PJ<~R HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do. __ _ 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,978 

7,194 

surface ....................... --- ............... · .... · ................. pounds._ 3. 54 

HORSEPOWElt. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hOtir into dry steam 

from and at 212° =1 horsepower) __ ~ __ ........ __ ............ __ .... _ .. _ ... __ . __ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................................. __ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ...... _ .. _ ....... __ . _________ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

208.5 

210 

99.29 
654 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO~JTC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-;--item 25) .................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pouwl of coal as fired. (Item {il-: 

item 25) ............................................................. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61---c-item 

27) : ..................... , .......................................... pounds .. 

· 71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. (Item J ... do ... . 

61---c-iten, 30) ..................................................•.... l. .. d:J ... . 

EFFICIEXCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

·bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ...... _ ..... do ... . 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, ineluding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ......... _ ... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)._._ ... __ .. . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of wateF under observed eonditions. _. _ .. . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1, 000 pouruls of water from and at 212° ... __ . __ .. . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

f.:l\IOKE OBSRH\'ATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed _ ...... _ .. _ .......... _. _ .... _ .... _ ...... _ .. ___ .. 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ....... _ ............... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ...... _ ...... cubic inches .. 

1\fE'l'HOD.S OJ.~ FIHING. 

6.29 

7.53 

8. 16 

!l.l6 

"9. 23 

60 

a60.45 

58.92 

$1.00 

$0. 079.') 

$0.0664 

47.4 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............... _ ... _............... Spreading. 

81. Averagethicknessoffire ................................................ inches.. 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ..................................... --- ............... minutes.. 7. 3 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or Lreaking up .... _ ............ do..... 43 

84. 

85. 

86. 

8?. 

88. 

ANAI,YSIS OF THE ORY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••• __ •• _ ••••• _ ••• _ •••••••••••• , •••••••• _ ••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............ _ ............ _ .................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................. do ... . 

a Calculuted from chemistry of aRh. 

8.64 

10.24 

. 23 

80.89 
\ 

\\ 

\ 

\ t 

t 6 

~ 

0~ 

: 

~ 

t "' 

t 

t 

~-I~ 

~ 

f 

N 

. . 

t 

~ 

0~ 

t "' 

: 

t 

~~-r" .. 

\ 

\ 

1\ l 

i\ \ I I ~ I 

I I 

-1 ' I\ /j):> : 

\ i\ J 

\ \ 

\ \ ;.>. 

I~ ~ 

1\~ :~~ 7 I I 

] <l' 

\ T: G,. f\\ 

\\' ~ i 1/ ·I': \ 0 

\\11?------ ::>: ,.,. 1$ ~ ~ ··~•~>! 0 

!~ '!;, 1'1 -; 

I~ -H 

/~ ~~- ~ 11 i ~ ,., IAI I 

l% :tJ -~ 1-- 4~ 1-

'\ "' ~ 0 :>! J ~ . ) C I D ~ ./ ) 

" ' ~ ~ 

~~ 2v c 

~~~ 0 til 

i\ ~ I~ c c 2 [" :z _, r 

~ "' \' ""' l> 

~ " 3. I 

!l[i -~ 

I ~ g \ 0 

~ :! 

\ .. ~ "' ~ ?J 

_, :r 

\ ro c " (J> 

" "' "' "' c 1> 

f\ 1' "' ' _, ro c 

"' :z>---1-

\ I 

?;:"! 

\ I~ l> 

' 1\ 

\ I 

K f7 

I \ IJ I ;;j. I ~- i'o 3 l> c ll < 

"' 

Q> 

l> 

:I 

= 
656 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DTSTRJBUTION OP THE HEATING VALUE OF TUE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. D---------------------·-·-·----· 14,745 

ll. T. U. l'er cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .. ~. _ ............... _ ...... ___ . ____ . ___ ...... ~. .. . . ·s, 913 

2. LoRsdtietomoisture in coal=per centof moisture referred tocombustible-+-

100X[(212-t)-t966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature'of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) . _ ... _ .. _ ..................... .. 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning uf hydrogen =per cent of 

118 

hydrogen to combuHtible-+-100X9X [(212-t)-t966+0.48 (T-212)).. 638 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T-t) _ ... _ ...... _... ... .. .. .. .... ... .. . 2, 540 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible _ 00, +coX lOO X 10,1o0.......................... 209 

6. Loss due to unconsumed_ hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air; to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be ·separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

c~lculated) ___ ....... ___ ........ --- ....... --~.- ___ .. .... . ..... ... ..... 2, 327 

REl'tiARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.47 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.28 pounds. 

---------·-----. a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

aBO. 45 

.8 

4.33 

17.23 

1. 42 

15. 71 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 657 

TEST No. 76.-Re,qular and special observations on test of Kentucky No.2 coal (large briquettes), December 9, 

1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.817 hours.) 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

In hood, In furFlue Water in n'!ce, 

gases, Steam separated m base of discharge. in 10 inches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. co. 

--~-~~--1----1-------------------------------

Ponnds. °F. ° F. Pownds. Pound•. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7. 42------------

8 -- ·-----------. 

8.20------------

8.40------------

9 --------------· 

9.20------------

9.40------------

82 

82 

81 

83.5 

82 

82 

82 

10 ---- ------ -- -- 82 

10. 20 ----- ----.- 82 

10. 40 ------.---- 82 

11.............. 82 

ll.20 ........... 82 

11. 40 -. -.. - ---.. 82 

12 - - - . - . - . - . - - - - 82 

12. 20 .. -- .... --- 82 

12. 40 . -... --.- .. 82 

1 ... ------ .. ·--· 82 

1. 20 .. ·------.. . 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 .............. . 

2. 20 ---•••. -- .. -

2. 40 --- .. - .. ----

3---------------

3. 20 . - - --- . - - - - -

3. 40 .. ----------

4 .............. . 

4. 20 -------.----

4. 40 - - - - - - - -._ - - -

5---------------

5. 20 -- .. -. ---- .. 

5. 31 -----· ------

82 

82 

81 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

82 

83 

Total _ •... 2, 542 

A.verage... 82 

38 

38 

40 

40 

41 

42 

42 

42 

42 

43 

44 

45 

44 

43 

42 

40 

39 

41 

41 

40 

40 

42 

40 

42 

40 

39 

39 

39 

39 

50 

51 

53 

54 

54 

55 

55 

56 

-57 

.57 

57 

59 

59 

59 

59 

58 

58 

57 

57 

56 

56 

56 

57 

57 

58 

57 

57 

58 

59 

560 

625 

572 

590 

560 

575 

555 

560 

560 

4.18 0. 015 

0.49 

. 52 0.1:3 

. 70 

.55 

.56 

.42 

.45 

.42 

.47 

.42 

.12 

. 20 

.17 

.16 

.17 

. 18 

.14 

.14 

6. 7 12.8 0. 0 

8. 4 n. o .o 

9.2 10.3 .0 

545 4. 15 . 015 . 41 . 16 . --- .. --- ...... -.. -

560 ........ ........ .42 .13 -------------------

560 -------- ........ .44 .20 9.4 9.6 .3 

565 ·US . 017 . 41 . 16 •. _ •.. _, _ ... __ .. __ . 

562 - - - - - - . - . - -.. - - - . 56 . 23 - - - . . . -....... - - -- -

530 ------·· ..................... 10.0 9.0 .3 

562 4. 15 . 007 . 53 . 15 - --- .. --- .. -....... 

6:33 

580 

547 

574 

542 

557 

570 

585 

575 

620 

605 

583 

600 

4. 1.~ . 011 

4.10 . 010 

4.10 . 011 

4.26 .019 

. 75 

. 41 

. 22 

.39 

.45 

,41 

. 53 

.64 

.4:3 

. 72 

.64 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.16 

.12 

.08 

.14 

.18 

.18 

.15 

. 25 

.19 

.30 

.29 

.13 

.12 

8.4 11.2 .6 

8. 5 11.0 . 3 

9. 1 9.7 .3 

8. 8 10.5 . 2 

7.4 12.3 . 0 

1, 187 1, 636 16, 612 :33. 27 .105 14.71 4.73 85.9. 107.4 2 

40. 9 56. 4 573 4. 16 

I 

.0131 .49 .17 8.59 10.74 .. 2 

I 
658 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 76.-Regular and special observations on test of KP-ntucky No. B coal (large briquettes), December 9, 

1904-Continucd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boil er. 

Time. ---~-~~--~- --~·-~~--~~-

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-~~-~----- --~-- --~-- ---~-- ~-~--

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. I Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.42 ............ 40;\- 2~ .. -..... --.. --- ~ ------------~------------ . ----.. -.... 

8.07 .................................. 40t 3% 700 700 2, 194 2, 

8.47 ----------------- 40 3t 700 1, 400 3, 735 5, 

9.28 .................................. 34! 2 700 2,100 5,349 11, 

10.10 ---------------- 34~ 3 700 2,801) 4, 113 15,. 

194 

929 

278 

391 

674 

480 

396 

405 

641 

875 

345 

809 

226 

10.50 ----.----------- 41~ 2t 700 3,500 4,283 

11.28 ---------------- 34;\- 3~ 700 4,.200 

I 

3,806 

12.15 " 34 4 700 4,900 4,916 ---------------- 1.08 ----------------- 3.')! 5 700 5,600 4,009 

1.46 -.. -- ...... ------ .. -- .. 26{ 5! 700 6,300 4,236 

2.26 ----------------- 37~ 4 700 7,000 4,234 

3.12 ------ ---------- 39 5~ 700 7,700 4,470 

3.55 ----------------- 41! 5 700 8,400 4,464 

Close, 5.31 ----------- 40! 2 971 9,371 8,417 

--

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

------·--

'l'ime. Observation. Time. Observation. 

--~-·---------~ 1----,1-----

Boiler under light load all night. 

7. . . . . • . Fire cleaned. 

12.45.. Fire cleaned, 2 inches thick. 

2.24 _.. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

2.54 ..• Do. 

19, 

23, 

28, 

32, 

36, 

40, 

45, 

49, 

58, 

7.42. _.. Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.36. _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.07---- Do. 

3. 30 .. _ Fire sliced (hook), 11 inches thick. 

3.43... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.46.... Do. 

10.02 .. _ Fire sliced (hook), ~inches thick. 

10.42... Fire raked, 8 inch~s thick. 

11.07 ___ Fire sliced (hook), 8 inches thick. 

ll.38... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.08 ... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

12.31 .. _ Cleaning fire. 

4.02... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

4.10... Do. 

4.14. . . Fire sliced, ll inches thick. 

4.32... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.45 __ . Cleaning fire. · 

5...... Fire cleaned, 3~ inches thick. 

5.31 _.. Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

·~------------------~~-~~--~~---~---·----

Clinker dark anrl heavy. Coal burned freely with a long flame. Clinker formed on grate in one 

large clinker, very soft while hot. 97 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

8tea.m test of Kentucky No. 2 coirl (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS 01<~ ROlLER TRIAL. 

Test number, 76. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the ecomony of coal as a fuel. 

659 

· Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kentucky No.2, briquettes. 

Kind of furnace, l1and fired. 

State of the weather, rainy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 9, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

Dll\lE:KSIONS AND PROPORTIONS, 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate .......................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........................................................ do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ........................ : .per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............................................ feet .. 

6.:'l Length of flue connecting to chimney ................... : ................ do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ........... : ....... _ ........... _ .. __ . _ ........... __ ........ __ . __ . 

7. \Vater-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................ _ ................ . 

. . . . finches .. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes ( outside-ms1de) .................. ----- .. -- .. ----- .

1 .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .................... __ ........................ square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........................... __ .... .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ..... __ ........................... .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

1 L Barometer ___ ·. ___ . ___ .. ____ . _. _______ . ________________ . ____ {inches of mercury .. 

. .. .. __ .. __ pounds .. 

· { .. do .... 11. l Steam pressure by gage per square inch ............................. .. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between <lam per and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

9.8]7 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.21 

14.34 

82 

"96 .. '\4 

.49 

13. Force of draft in furnace ............................................. __ .. do.... . li 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ................... _ ...................... do. __ . 0 

a Absolute. 
660 

1.5. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES, 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do .. .. 

Of steam ................................................................ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering eeono!llizer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................................ do .. .. 

22. L Of furnace ............................... , .................... · .......... do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fires ................................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ................................................... do .... . 

Percentage of moisture in coaL .................................... --.-- ........ . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ... · ................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

40.9 

56.4 

324.9 

46.9 

174 

573 

None. 

9,371 

7.11 

8, 705 

1, 059 

57 

30. . · {pounds.. 7, 646 

Total combustible consumed ....................... -.-- .... · --------- d · .. 6 .... "7, 452 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ............. :.......................... 12. 17 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXDIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ...................................................... .. 

Volatile matter ........................................................ . 

Moisture .............................................................. .. 

Ash .................................................................. . 

Percent Per cent of 

ofcmtl. combustible. 

44.32 

37.07 

7.11 

11.50 

100.00 

54.45 

45.55 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............................... _ ..... _... 3. 71 ........... . 

ULTUJA'l'E ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .................................. , ... -..................... . 69.99 79.89 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... .. 4.50 5.13 

39. Oxygen (0) ........ ~ .... : ... ~ ....................................... .. 7.84 8.95 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ .. 1. 28 1. 46 

41. Sulphur (S) ...... , ..................................................... . 4.00 4.57 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 12.39 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of eoal as received .................. _ ....... _ ...... .. 7.11 .......... .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of o.sb. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSlS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ................ · .............................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PRR HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour. ......... , .. .' ............................. pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ..................................... .. { 

.. do .... 

..do .. _ .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... ·. 

49. Combustible per square foot of, water-heating surface per hour. __ ._ ... _ .. { .. do .. .. ..do .. .. 

CALORIFIC VA LlJE OF FUEL. 

661 

16 . .5.5 

83.4.5 

887 

779 

"7.59 

21.87 

.38.3 

".374 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .............. 12, 767 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible,_ B. T. U ....... ~ .. 14, 572 

52. Calorific value by' analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 12, 524 

.53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. 'f. U .................... 14, 295 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ......... '...................................... . 

.5.5. Number of degr~es of superheating ................... ~ ........................ . 

. 314 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .................................. per cent.. 99. 76 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ........ · ............................. pounds .. 58, 226 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 70,::\08 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................... do .... .58, 086 

60. Factor of evaporation.... .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 1. 2075 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 70,139 

WATER l'ER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, eorrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. .5, 917 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................ do.... 7,145 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surfaee ............................. , ............................... pounds.. 3. 52 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34t pounds of water evaporated per hour into 'dry steam 

from and at 212° = l horsepower) ..... -..................................... .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

207.1 

210 

\!8.62 
662 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 ~-

item 25) ...................... : .................................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 ~-item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e;; ~~=;r;~\o~- _f_r~-~- -~~~~ _ ~~- -2·1-~ _I:~~ _I:~~~l-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~-~~~~~~~~: {: ::::::: EFFICl ENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com· {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do ... . 

72. 

n. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water'under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S11f0KE OBSERVATIOKS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. _._ 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ............. _ ... __ .ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .............. cubic inches .. 

1\-fETHODS 0}' FIRTNG. 

6.21 

7.48 

8.06 

9.17 

a9. 41 

60. 77 

ct62.37 

60.96 

$1.00 

$0.0805 

$0.0668 

51.4 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or co kin~). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spreading and alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire ......................... _ ..................... inches.. 10 

H2. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ...................................................... minutes.. 6.1 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking 1ip •............... do.... 38 

A!\TALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

84'. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ). ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : ••••••••••••• per cent.. 

· 85. Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ........................ .' .................... do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.59 

10.74 

.2 

80.47 
~- ton [\ 

!I ~ 0 1 

t 

\I\ .1) 

~~ 

{)\ X 

~ 1\ t ,..-

{) 

\ 0 0 0 

at- :1. "' ~~ fJ> 

~ 1: 0 c , 

~~- :!. =i () -j 

.., 0 A 

\ -< ... ] 

t 0 0 -:; "' 1. " , ~- ., r ., "i i. ·~ ~ r c - :!A c Al-:: - 1\'1> ' 0 ,.., ¢-

0 •G\ Cs> 

l' l> -j ]', G\ :z r 0 

~i'~ "' r'1 ~ 

~~~- .-l I~ ['1 0 :r 

0 Q 't ['1 uo "' 0 

t ")> 0-

~~ c ~ I~ :r ..., , -< "11 )J 

z -j a 

'!! ~ -" rn "' 1-. t> 1~ )J (II 

- 0 I . 

~ "' "' rn ::0 

~ c "' ;t 

~ 8- ~-1--- c ::u \~ 

\ -< ~ "' c 

t~I· 

,.., 3 0 :...j.3",t..i, 

'"' ., 

:1 ~ 

"11 -j 0 ; .... 

"' "' 1\o't ::z : Jl 3 3 

- ~ ~ "11 ~- ~;'.' 

~· "' \\ }J U\. c -j ::0 

~ J !! i- ~- rn c \<.I' Jl ,.., () 

"' r" 

t 

l\ i\ 0> J "' --< 

.\ "' \ ., )> 

r :I 

t ~ 1\ 

\ (JI 

t ~ 

i' \ 1\ 

\ 

l' O' 1\ [\ 

\ f. 

~-I~ J 1/ 

\ II -j 

\ j~ ..,·l> 

-q-J> ... :~ 
664 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COI\-IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14, 572 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

eom bustible X 965.7 ______________________________________ · __________ _ 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+-

100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) _____________________ , ________ _ 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9X [(212 -t) +966+0.48 ( T- 212)]. _ 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) _______________________________ . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible _ C02+COX 100 X10,1t>O --------------------------

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

B.T.U. · Per cent. 

9, 087 a 62. 37 

113 . 78 

598 4. 10 

2, 798 19. Hl 

184 1. 26 

calculated) _________________________________________________________ . 1, 792 12. 3 

REMARKR. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.51 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.33 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 665 

TEST No. 64.-Regulm· and special observations on test of' Kentucky No. 3 coal, November 25, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.066 hours.] 

~-~--·~---c---.,------------,--.-- --------;--c---~---,-------

i Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

srtees~. mure-~~----,-----.,------1-----;---- -----------------

" Flue Water In hood, I~a~t guge. Out- Boiler gases, Steam separnted In ·n ' 

side. room. base of discharge. in 10 inches in~hes co,. O,. CO. 

stack. minutes. . t~r of ''n · water. 

Time. 

-------1---------- ----1----- ------------- 0 F. Pounds. Pounds. I 

7.29 ------------

7.40 ------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 -------- ----

9---------------

9.20 ------ -----· 

9.40 ------------

10 --------------

10.20-----------

10.40 ---- - ------

11 -- ·.- ---- -- --- -

11.20 -----------

11.40-----------

12 ~ -- -- --.... -- -

12.20 -----------

12.40 ----- -- ----

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ------------

1.40 ------------

2 --------------~ 

2. 20 -- --- --------

2.40 ------ - -----

3---------------

3.20 ------------ ' 

3.40 ------------

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 ----- --- -- --

5---------------

5.20 ___ ; _______ _ 

5.33 ------------

Pounds. ° F. 

81 

88 

90 

84 

85 

85 

83 

83 

86 

86 

82 

85 

88 

81 

85 

82 

85 

85 

85 

88 

87 

84 

82 

85 

85 

83 

81 

86 

86 

82 

81 

83 

33 

33 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

46 

47 

48 

48 

48 

48 

48 

49 

49 

49 

49 

49 

49 

48 

48 

48 

47 

46 

44 

44 

44 

43 

o.F. 

51 

51 

51 I 51 

52 

60 

61 

58 

60 

61 

62 

63 

65 

65 

65 

66 

66 

69 

69 

68 

69 

69 

67 

66 

66 

67 

68 

66 

62 

62 

63 

64 

620 

550 

560 

563 

550 

580 

550 

550 

550 

562 

580 

600 

590 

615 

605 

615 

610 

550 

624 

626 

600 

625 

640 

580 

620 

625 

642 

605 

602 

600 

590 

670 

4. 49 . 0. 055 

4.23 .03 

4. ill . 028 

4. 15' . 023 

4.35 .039 

4.23 .038 

4.35 .031 

4.18 . 026 

4.15 . 035 

4.12 .04R 

0.75 

. 51 

. 4:~ 

.51 

.46 

.50 

. 35 

. 19 

. 34 

. 33 

.39 

.50 

• 1(3 I 

.46' 

.45 

.70 

.47 

.48 

. 44 

.46 

. 55 

. 57 

.42 

. 57 

. 42 

. 69 

.40 

. 45 

. 70 

. 09 

. 72 

0. 16 

.10 

.16 

. lS 

.15 

.11 

. 10 

. 06 

.11 

.10 

. 10 

.12 

. 06 

.11 

.15 

.17 

.11 

Pa ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.4 10.6 0.0 

9.5 9.3 .5 

9.8 9.6 .2 

9. 0 10.5 . 0 

9. 1 10.8 .2 

.09 7.2 12.8 .6 

.11 

.11 

.13 

.l::l 

.11 

8. 4 11.3 . 4 

. 12 8. 2 11. 1 

.20 

.19 

. 13 

.13 

.19 

.02 

.10 

8.2 

7. 7 

11.4 

12.0 

. 4 

.5 

. 5 (,j 

Total __ ... 2, 702. 1, 385 2, 003 19, 049 42. 56 . 353 14. 48 3. 81 84.5 109.4 3.3 

Average _ _ 84. 4 44. 7 62. 6 595 4. 256 .0353 .47 .12 R.45 10.94 .33 

--------~-----------~--

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--24 
666 OPERATIONS OF THE COAI~-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 64.-Regular and special observations on test of Kentucky No. S coal, November 25, 1.904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of co:tl burned. Weight of water.fed to boiler. 

,Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

----~- ---------- ------

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pou'ruls. Pounds. 

Start, 7.2\l. ___________ 40 4} ---.. --.-.. --- ------------ ------------ ........................ 

7.54 ----------------- 37! 3} 700 700 2,396 2,ilflfl 

8.35 ----------------- 37 I 4! 700 I 1,400 4,121 6, .517 

9.15 3(} 41 700 2,100 4,342 10,859 ----------------- .!j" 

10.01 ---------------- 41! 4} 700 2,800 4,908 15,767 

1 0.48 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 5t 700 3,500 4,599 20,366 

1Ul7 ---------------·1 33!f 3 700 4,2JO 5,168 25,534 

12.22 ---------------- 34~ 4! 700 4,900 .5, 149 il0,683 

1.12 ----------------· 341 3~ 700 5,600 4,149 34,832 

1. 50----------------- 37 2 700 6,300 4,172 39,004 

2.28 -.. ----------- .. -.. - 38~ 3~ 700 7,000 3,837 42,841 

3.16 ----------------- 36 4t 700 7, 700 4,964 47,805 

3 . .54 ----------------- 38~ 2 700 8,400 4,41.5 .52,220 

4.42 ------·---------- 38! 5t 700 9, 100 4,609 56,829 

Close,.5.33 ____________ 41 4t 545 9,645 4, 6117 61,486 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---------------------------------------

Time. Observation. Time. Observatioii. 

--------,-------- ----- ~---- ----~--------

Boiler under a light load during night. 

7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fire cleaned. 

7.29 _ _ _ _ Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.18 _ _ _ _ Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

9.04 _ _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.42 _ _ _ Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

11.09 ___ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.26 ___ Fire sliced. 

11.54 _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick.· 

12.15 _ _ _ Do. 

12 . .51 _ _ Cleaning fire. 

1.02 _ _ _ Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

2.43 _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3.14. __ Do. 

4-.15 __ .

1 Fire raked,"lO inches thick. 

4-.44___ Do. 

4.51 _ _ _ Cleaning fire. 

5.04 _ _ _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.83 _ _ _ Test closed, fire 3 inches tl,1ick. 

-------------"--- ----------------------

Ash light in weight and of a gray color. Coal burned very freely with long flame. Fire 

handled easily. 108 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stewn test of Kentucky No. S coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 64. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological. Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the c.conomy of coal as a fuel. 

667 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kentucky No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 25, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .• 

DDIENSIONS AND PROPORTIONR. 

3. Grate surface ____ . ______ .......................................... square feeL. 

3.1 Width of grate. ____ ...................................... _ ......... __ .... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate_._ ....................... , .............................. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace .. __ ....................... __ . ___ .. __ .......... _ ..... inches._ 

5. A pproxirnate width of air spaces in grate _. __ ... ____ . ___ .... _ ..... _ .... _:.do. __ _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ..... _ .... _ .... __ . __ ...... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ................................... _ ... , ...... _._.square feeL. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........... __ ... ___ .. __ .. _. _ ........... _._.feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue <~onnecting to chimney _ ..... ____ .......................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .. _ .... _ ................................................. __ ..... _ 

7. Water-heating surface .... ~ ..... _ ..................... _ ............ square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ................. _ ........... _ ...... _. ___ .. __ .inches._ 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .............. _ .. _____ . _ .. _ .. _.feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ........................... : ........ _ ........................ . 

7.4 Dmmeter o tubes outs1 e-ms1 e .................. _ ... , .. _ .. _. _. _ .. · · f ( 'd . 'd ) {inches .. 

· .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ..... .1 .......................................... lfeet .. 

8. Superheating surface ......................... _ .................... square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ... "··._ ........................... . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .. __________ ..... __ ............... __ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer . _______________________________________________ {inches of mercury .. 

.... _ .... _ pounds .. 

1 . 1 · {--do .... Steam pressure )y gage per square me 1 .•••••••• _______ ••••• _____ • _ _ _ _ · 

__ do .... 

Force of draft between dam per and boiler . _ .................... inches of wate~ .. 

Force of draft in furnace ..................... ~ ............. _ ............. do .. __ 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit. ........... _ .... ___ .. , ...... _ ........ __ .. do ... _ 

«Absolute. 

10.066 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21. 58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29. 73 

14.59 

84.4 

a99 

0 47 

0 12 

0 
668 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGR TF.MPF.RATUHES. 

Of external air ....... __ .. _______________ ._. ____ .. ___ . __ .. _ ....... ___ .degrees._ 

Of fireroom~·- __________ . ____ . _ .. _______ ... _______ . ___ .. ___ . ___ . _______ .. do._ .. 

Of steam . ___ . __________________ . ____ . __ . _ . _ . ____ .. _ ... _________________ do .. _ . 

Of feed water in tank . ___ . _____ . __ . ____ .. _____ . ___ . _ .. _______ .. ________ .do .. _. 

Of feed water entering eeonomizer _ . ___ . _______ .. __ .... __________________ do __ ~. 

Of.feed water entering boiler _____________ . ____ .. _ ..... _ ... ____ -.--- ___ ._ .. do .... 

Of escaping gases from lJoiler __ .. ______ . ___________ . _____ . _______ . _._. ___ .do. __ . 

Of eecaping gases from economizer _. _______ . __ ..... _________________ .. __ .do .. __ 

22.1 Of furnace ___ ... _._, ____ .. _ .. _._. __ . ___ ..... _ ... ________ ..... _______ .... do .... 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 80 per cent; slack, 20 per cent; bright. 

\Veight of wood used in lighting fire _____ . ___ . _____________ ._ .. __ .. ___ .pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ________________ .... ____ .... ______ .... _ .... ______ .do .... 

Percentage of moisture in coal._. __ : ... _: .. __ ._._. ____ ... ___ .. ___ .. ____________ _ 

Total weight of dry coal consumed _____ .. __ . _ ... _ ... ____ .. _. _. _ .. __ ._.pounds._ 

Total ash and refuse. ________ .... _____ ... _ ... _ .. _ ... _. _. _ .. _. _ .... _ .. __ .do. __ . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ________ ._ .......... ___ ... _. _ ... __ .. per cent.._ 

. {pounds .. Total combustible consumed ___ . __________ . ___ . ________ . ___________ ._ .. ..do .... 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. __ . ___ .. _____________________ , ______ _ 

PROXBfATE ANAL,YSTS OF COAL. 

44. 7 

62.6 

326.9 

52 .. 5 

183 

595 

None. 

9,645 

7.92 

8,881 

916 

53 

7,965 

a 7, 742 

10.31 

Per cent Per cent of 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

Fixed carbon ________ . _____ . _ .. _______ . _ ... __ ... ______________________ _ 

Volatile matter ___________ .. _____________ . ___ . ___ ... ____ :. _________ . ___ _ 

J\'[oisture ... __ .. ___________ . ___ . _. ____ . __ . _. _. _. __ . ______ . ___ .. ___ . _____ _ 

Ash. 

of coal. combustible. 

44.84 

37.32 

7.92 

9.92 

54.58 

45.42 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined _____________________ . _________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 91 _______ .. __ _ 

ULTI:\IATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C).-.----------------------------·---------------------------· 70.68 79.21 

38. Hydroqen (H) _________ --._---._. __ .. __ .. ___ .. --- .. _______ . ____ --- ____ _ 4.89 5.48 

39. Oxygen (0) -- .... ------------ .... -----.-- ... ------ ... --- .. -------- ... - 7.90 8.85 

40. Nitrogen (N) . _____ .... ___ ....... _ .. ________ -- ........ _ ------ ...... ___ . 1. 51 1. 69 

41. Sulphur (S) .... _ ........ ----- ....... ______ ------ ..... ____ .. ------ ... .. 4. 2.5 4.77 

42. Ash _____ ---- ____ --------- ... -... ---_ ................. ____ .------. __ --- 10.77 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . ___ .. _ ....... __ .... _ .... _ .. ____ ... 7. 92 .. ----- ..... --------

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OP ASH A~n REFUSE. 

44. Carbon _______________________ -------- _--- ____ - _- _____________ - ____ -per cent.-

45. Earthy matter ________________ -------------_-_-- __ .-_- ____ :. _______ - ___ .<lo.---

FliF.L PEH HOUR. 

6_69 

19.R2 

80. 18 

46 .. Dry coal consumed per hour ----.--------------------------------------Jlonnds.. 882 

47. {

-_do ___ _ Combustible consumed per hour __________________ . _____________ . _. _ .. · __ do ___ _ 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ____________________ . __ .. do._._ 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ______ ._--{-- do_-·- __ do .... 

CAl,ORlFIC YALt:E OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ____________ _ 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ • __ • ___ _ 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. '1'. U _. ____ . _ ~ _ .. _____ .. ____ _ 

5:). Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ . ___ . _____ . ______ _ 

Qt'ALITY OF RTEA:\1. 

i'>4. Pereentage of moisture in steam ____ . _______ .. ______ . _- _- __ . _. _. ______ . _____ . __ _ 

5.5. Number of degrees of superheating _ . _. ____________________ .. _____ .. __ . ______ ... _. 

56. (luali t.y of steam (dry steam = unity) ___________________ . __ . _________ . per cent._ 

WATER, 

791 

"769 

21.75 

. 389 

"3. 79 

13,036 

14,609 

12,890 

14,446 

. 82 

None9'l. 37.5 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ... _ ..... ___ ......... __ ... __ . _______ ,_pounds._ 61, 486 

58. Equivalent water feel to boiler from and at 212°. _. _ .... __ ... _. __ . _._ ... _ .. do .. __ 73,917 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam __________________ do .... 61,102 

60. Factor of evaporation_ .... _. __ .... ____ .. __ ._ .. _ .... ____ .. _. ___ .... __ .. _ .... ___ . 1. 2022 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° . _ .. _ ... __ .pounds._ 73, 4.57 

WATER PER HOUR, 

62. \Vater ~vaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. ___ . ___ ... ___ pounds.. 6, 070 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212°. _. __ . _ ... __ ..... __ ._._ .. do._._ 7, 298 

64. .Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water:heating 

surface._ .. ____ .... __ ..... __ . __ .... _. _ .... _ . · __ , __ .. _ ... _ ..... _. ___ .. pounds._ 3. 59 

HOHSEPOWEH. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. _ . _ .. __ ..... _ ...... __ ....... __ ... _ . _ .. _. _. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower._ ... __ .. _ .... _ ...... _ .... _. _. __ .. _ .. ______ ... : _ .. _ .. _ 

Gi. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. __ ...... _. ___ .. __ ..... _. _ .. _ 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

211.5 

210 

100.7 
670 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO:!IHC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under a~tual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 +item 25) ....................................... -.- ........ potinds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per, pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25). ----- ..•............ __ ... : .. _ .. __ . _. _ ..... ___ . _ .•.....•.... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ....................•.. __ . _. __ ...• _ ..... _ ............. ; .•....... pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~:~e;t ::~~r:~~o~- :~~~: _ -a-~r~ _ ~~. ~~ ~~ _ ~~~ _ -~~~~~- . ~~ _ ~~~ ~~~~i-~1~: {: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat almorbed by the boiler per pound· of com- { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPOHATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~\JOKE O~SERVA'l'iONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Yolume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

~IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thickncs8 of fire ..................................... :._ ....... inches .. 

:82. Average intervals between firing for eaeh furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ................................................ _ ..... minutes .. 

:S.'l. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ..... ·_ .......... do ... . 

S4. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

AN.\LYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

' Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ---- , ... ------.-- .... ------ ....... ··: ................ __ ...... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ........ _ ............................. _ .......... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....... --·---- .......................... ____ .. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ------···-----------------------------------do ... . 

6. 37 

7.62 

8.27 

9.22 

a 9.49 

60.95 

a 62.73 

61.26 

$1.00 

$0.0785 

$0.0656 

47.6 

Alternate. 

8 

5.6 

46 

8.45 

10.94 

.33 

80.28 

--------------------------------------------------~-----------·----

a Cttlculated from chemistry of ash. 
·-- ·P 

' --- ,.Jl 

/ 

~ 0> 

i\ I > 

~ ~ 

\I\ t 

\ \ \ 

fl. J l 

\ lb [/ 

~~ -tf-- ~ \ ,\ 

\~ T r 

T~ 1\ l J t ·~ ~ \ ~ ........ 

:: 

\ I~ 1/ 0 f o" 116 '> 17 1~ [\ ~ ~'t II t 

~~ \~ 1\ ·tJ·~r. ~ 

~ 

= 

" r "~ ~ ~~ 

~ 1\ .. (J> r ~ 

_, c c f 

\ I\"~ f'1 

l~ ~ -<I/ I 

G\ 1l " t 

1 \~ j 

l> :z ~ I,:! (J> 

~~ (j\ 

'* t::l -l "' 

- -,-. 

1 \'?r\ "' ~ "' I ~ '" {)) :r. ~ Ji!l 0 0 ~ M 

c "' f .-

1\ ~ ~ r I r~ 

"' I" 

0 "' .; ;!! , I c "' t ill 

\P' 1 " JJ 2 -1 0 I 

"' 0 > :I 3 :t :1 ~ \ -, J I~ I" 0 

5J -1 0 

'" ~ _, ::t 

l\ 1 1 c lJ 

' I~ I~ (i\ 

t 

\ ~ \ I~ c 

;lJ (\\ 

1 \ ~ \ j l 

t 

1\ :! 1\ -I> 

\ i\ II • r 

I [\ I 

'I' 

\ v Y~ 1\ (.n 6!' 

' 1_/ 

( 

b 1 1\ ~ I~'""' f--.. 

t ~~ .... ~>~~ 

~rtoG\ c;ll'fll 
672 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

fEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRillUTJON OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, R. T. U .............................. 14,609 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................ .'.................. 9, 164 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

• 100 X [ (212 -- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] ( t = temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) ............................... . 

Loss due to m<.>isture formed by the buniing of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -c-100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966 + 0.48 ( 1'- 212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-- t) ...... _ ........................ .. 

Loss due to incomplete comlmstion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

co, t- coX --·--I()(}---- x 10,150 ........................ . 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ...................... _ ............. ~ .................. . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.42 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.22 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

125 

641 

2,862 

302 

1, 515 

Per cent. 

et62. 73 

. 86 

4.39 

19.59 

2.07 

10.36 

100.00 
1 

BOILER TESTS. 673 

TEST No. 62.-Hegttlctr and specinl obsermtions on test of Kentucky No. +coal, November 22, 1904. 

KEGULAR. 

[Dnmtion of trial, 9.933 hours.] 

~--~----~---~---~--~-- ---- -------~---- -~---

Calorimeter. i Dra~t pressures. 

Time. 

Temper~turcs. 

Stc&mpressnre 

gage. Outsic1e. 

Flue Boiler gases, romn. base of slack. 

~,luc gases. 

I --1 -------

. i In fur-

\Vater lin hood, naee, Steam septLr&ted . In . in 

discharge. !n 10 i m~~''" inches CO,. 

llll~lUtcs. l watBr. w::fer 

o,. co. 

I . 

·-·----------~ ---____ _! ~ ----------- --

7.34 ------------

7.45 ------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 . ------ ... ---

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10 --------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 -----------

11--------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12--------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 -----------

1 ---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40 - ------- ----

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3 ---·----- ------

3.20 ------------

3.40 -----.------

4---------------

4.20 ------------

Pounds. 

81 

81 

82 

81 

80 

81 

81 

82 

80 

83 

a .F. 

35 

35 

36 

39 

43 

46 

48 

50 

51 

.51 

oF. 0 P. Pownri:::.. Pounds. f 

,53 I 

53 . - -~~~- : : : : : : : : :. : : : : : : : i 

54 

51) 

57 

57 I 

60 

62 

63 

65 

.585 4.16 0. 0251 

575 -------- ·····---1 

G20 ........ --------1 

56S 

560 

.5\JO 

5S5 

5.50 

4. 12 .026 

::::::::1:::::::: 

4.07 .02 

0.76 

. 52 

. .51 

. 51 

. ()9 

.48 

.56 

. 60 

. 54 

. 42 

80 52 65 556 .. . .. .. . . ..... - . . 54 

so 54 65 599 1 4. 05 . 016 . 67 

80 55 67 580 .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 45 

0.18 

.17 

. 21 

. 24 

. 21 

. 24 

. 23 

.24 

. 20 

. 20 

. 22 

.19 

Per ct. Pe,· ct. l'er ct. 

7.2 13.4 O.G 

6.6 12.7 . 5 

82 56 68 55.5 . -- .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 44 . 17 -- .... - .... - ... -- .. 

82 56 69 552 4.16 .019 .48 .24 ...... ------- .... .. 

83 58 i 70 607 --- .......... - .. . 60 . 24 6. 5 12.9 . 3 

81 .58 71 575 -------- ........ .26 .12 ------ ------- ..... . 

70 58 73 570 3. 75 . 011 . 60 . 08 .. - -. - -.......... .. 

80 59 7 4 590 - - -.. -.. . ...... - . 50 . 20 5.5 14.4 .2 

s2 6o 1 14 55o ............ _ .. . . 56 . zs .. __ .... _ ........ .. 

78 60 74 585 4.00 .016 .33 .12 

80 60 7 4 625 .... -.. . -..... - - . 60 

81 60 74 620 ........ ........ .55 

~~ :~ ~: :: .. -~-- ~~ .1. --·_ ~~~. : :~ : ~~ . -; ~ ~ ... ~~~;. --.. _· ~ 84 60 73 580 -- .. -- .. -.. - - --- . 65 . 27 -.. - -- ... --. - . --- .. 

81 59 72 G50 4. 10 . o:n . 69 . 24 .. _ .............. __ 

81 57 72 600 --- .. - - . ---- - - . - . 52 . 17 6. 4 13. 6 . 5 

82 56 72 585 • . · . • .. • • . • • · . . . • 48 • 12 • • • • · . • • • • . • . I. • .- • • 4.40 ------------

5 ------·-------· 74 54 71 585 3.86 .021 ....... ------ ------ ...... .!. ..... 

::~~ ::::::::::::-: - ~ --:: - : :::: : :: :: : ;~ :~ ::_5-3 '15, 1-1--- ~ Total . . . . . 2, 571 1, 637 2, 147 18, 252 40. 32 

Average... 80. 3 52. 8 67. 1 589 4. 032 

. 207 17. OG 5. 84 51.2 107.9 

. 0207 . 55 . 195 6. 4 13. 49 

2.7 

.34 
674 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 62.-Regulm· and special observations on te8t of Kentucky 1Yo. 4 coal, N01;ember 2iJ, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

----------,---------------~---------------

· Hpight of water. Weight of eoal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In g11ge gl~tss. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

~------· -----------

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pound.'i. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.84 .... : ....... 40 31 ... ~ -. ---- ------·--------- ------------ ------------ 7.55 ---------------- ~0 

I 

3 700 

I 

700 1,944 

I 

1,944 

8.33 ---------------- 36~ 4 700 1,400 3, 714 5,658 

9.12 ---------------- 33~ 3t 700 2,100 4,2:l9 9,897 

10.01 --.. -.. ---.. ~ ----.. 34 0 

<J 700 2,800 5, 767 15,664 

10.49 ----·---------- 35~ 4t 700 3,500 4,555 20,219 

11.30 ___________ ., ___ 33 4t 700 4,200 4,587 24,806 

12.17 --------------- 37 4~ 700 4,900 4,667 29,473 

1.09 ---------------- 34~ 3t 700 5,600 4,452" 33,925 ;-, 

1.37 -------·-------- 34~ 2~ 700 6,300 3,357 37,282 

2.23 ---------------- 39 4! 700 7,000 4,2os 41,490 

:l.l3 ----------------- 38t 4! 700 7, 700 5,190 46,680 

3.55 ---------------- :l6 3~ 700 8,400 4,844 51,524 

4.34 ------ ~ ---- ~ ---- 38 3~ 700 9, 100 4,322 55,846 

Close, 5.30 .......... 40 3 286 9,386 4, 744 60,590 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Boiler under light load during night. 12.58 .. Fire eleaned, 3 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire eleaned. 1.25 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

7.34 .... Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 1.55 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.47 .... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 2.19 ... Do. 

8.04. ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3:06 ... Fire rake.d, 10 inches thick. 

S.41 .... .Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 3.26 ... Do. 

9.25 .... Do. 3.45 ... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

10 ...... Do. 3.1)2 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.58 ... Do. 4.14 ... I Do. 

11.25 ... Do. 4.39 ... 1 Do. 

11.53 ... Do. 4.47 ... Do. 

12.11 ... Do. 4.60 ... Cleaning fire. 

12.34- .. Do. 5.04 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.44.-. Cleaning fire. 5.30 ... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

Refuse heavy and dark. Coal burned with long yellow flame. 107 firings during test. 
BOJLEH TESTS. 

Steo,m tests of Kentucky No. 4 coal. 

CONDI1'TO:K'S OF BOILER TRIAL, 

Test number,. 62. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

675 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. f:lteam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Kenttwky No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, dear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of-boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 22, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ... _ ................. _ .......... _ ... _ ... _ .....•..... _._hours __ 

DD1ENSIO~S AND PUOPORTIONS.' 

·8. Grate surface ......................................... : ........... square feet .. 

8.1 Width of grate ................................. · .......................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........................... I. •.•••..•••••..••..••••••••••• do ... . 

9.938 

40.55 

G. 16 

G. 58 

4. Height of furnace ...................................................... inches.. 26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ......................... · ........ do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney ................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............ _ ........................ _ ..... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ......... : ... __ ...................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ............................................... · ................. . 

7. Water-heating surface ..................... ·........................ _.square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outsi(le of heads) ........... , .......... : .... _ ... feet.. 

7.3 Number of tnbes .............................................................. . 

· · b ( · ·

1 · . 1 ) {inches .. 7.4 Dmmeteroftu es outsl(e--ms1ce ................................... . 

.. do ..... 

7.5 Length of tubes expo"secl .......................................... , ...... feet.. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. Hqnare feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ......................... _ ........ . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ........................... _ ....... . 

• AVERAGE PRI!..'SSURES. 

11. Barometer _. _. __ . _ .. _ .. _ .... _. _ ....... _. _ ...•........ __ .. -{inches of mercury .. · .......... pounds .. 

11.1 c {··do .... Steam pressure by gage per square inch ...........•... -... : ............ _ do. __ . 

12. For~e of draft between dan~ per and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ............................................... do._ .. 

14. :Force of draft or blast in ash pit .................... : .............. : . .... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

7.G7 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,081 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.58 

14.52 

80.3 

ct94. 8 

0 

. 55 

.195 
676 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A \;.ERAGE TRMPERATURES. 

Of external air_ ........... _ .......................................... degrees .. 

Of fire room ................................ _. ___ .................. __ ... do_ .. . 

Of steam _ .. _ .. _ .... _ ............ _ ................ ; ..... _ .............. "do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer_ .. -.................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ...... _ ............. _ .......... , ............ do ... . 

Of escapi{lg gases from boiler .................... _ .. _ .................... do ... . 

Of es~Hping gases fron1 eeonontizer __ .. ________________ . _ .. :.. ____ __ ... ______ do __ ,._ 

22.1 Of furnace ............................................................. do ... . 

FUEl-. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, bright-SO per cent small; 20 per cent slack. 

24. 

20. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

ill. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

'Weight of wood used in lighting fire .............................. __ ... pounds .. 

Weight of coa as fired -----·-··-·--------·················--------------do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in eoal ...... _ ......... _ . ." ..... _ ..... _ .... _ ..... _ ...... . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed .............. _. .............. ·- ...... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse .................................................... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker_ .. _ .. ;._.................... . .... per cent.. 

· . . . {pounds .. Total com bustJ ble consumed .................... _ ........ _ .......... . .. do ... . 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ...................... _ ............. _ .. . 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS O.F COAL. 

1-'er cent of coal. 

Fixed carbon .......................... _ ... _.......................... 45. 74 

Volatile matter ..................•....... _~._ ..... _ .... _................ · 35. 65 

l\1oisture .................. ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 89 

Ash ............................... _ . _ .... _ .......... _ ............ :. . . 12. 72 

100.00 

52.8 

67. 1 

323.8 

51.8 

180 

589 

None. 

9,386 

5.89 

8,833 

1,152 

61 

7,681 

a7,355 

13.04 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

56.20 

43.80 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ......... _ .... __ ._ ....... _ ...... . 3. 72 ······ ·-·--·· 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS ,OF DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C) ............ _ ........ : . ..... __ ...... _ ......... _ ... _, _ ..... . ' . Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 

Oxygen ( 0) .. _ .... ~ .................................... _ ...... ; _ .... . 

Nitrogen ( N) .................. _ ..................................... . 

Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

Ash ................................................................. . 

43.\ Moisture in sample of coal as received ..... _ .... _ ...................... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

( 

70.20 81.17 

4.48 5.18 

6.50 7.52 

]. 35 1. 56 

3.()5 4.57 

13.52 -------------

100.00 100.00 

5.8\J -------------
BOILER TESTS. 

A:SATSSIS OF ASH A~D RF.FFSK, 

44. Carbon ......... _ .. _ .. _ ... ·- .......................................... per cenL. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL l'J•:k HOUH .. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .................................. ·: .... _.pounds .. 

47. · · {··do .... Combustible consumed per hour. ................ _. __ .. __ .... __ ..... __ __ do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. __ ...... _ .. _ ... _._ ..... do .. __ 

4H. Combustible per square foot of water-heating stu·face per hour_ .. ______ -{-· do.-· __ do .... 

CALORIFIC \'ALUE Oio' FUEl •. 

677 

24.65 

75.35 

889 

773 

(( 741 

21.9 

. :JSl 

a.B64 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U __ . _. _. _ .. __ 12,937 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U -.- .... __ . 14,960 

52. Calorific value by analysis per poliiHl of dry coal, B. T. U .... _. _. _. _ ....... _·. _ .. 12, 647 

53. Calorific value by analysis. per pound of combustible, .1:\. T. U 14, 62::l 

QUALITY OF STEA:\f. 

54 Percentage of moisture in steam._._ ........ ___ . _ .. _ .. _ ... _ ..... _ ........... _ .. _ . 51 

55. Number of degrees of superheating._ ........ _ ... _ ........ _____ ...... _ ...... ___ . None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ----------------------···---------Per cent .. 99.61 

WATF.R, 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .. _ ............ __ ........ __ . _ .... _ .. _pounds._ llO, 590 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ....... __ .... _ .. _ ... _ ... _ .. do .. _. 72, 828 

.59. \Vater actually evaporated, eorrected for quality of steam_ .. __ ........ ·. __ .. do .... 60, 354 

60. Factor of evaporation .... __ ... _ ....... _ ....... _ .. _ .......... _ . _. _ _ _ ..... _ .... _ l. 20198 

61. Equivalent water evaporate<! into dry steam from and al 212°. _ ...... _ .. _pounds._ 72, 544 

WATER PF.R HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. _ .... _ .... _.pounds._ 6, 076 

63. Equivalent .evaporation per hour from and at 212° ... ;. _ .... _ .... _ ...... ___ .do ... _ 7, 303 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .. _ .. _ ... _ ................ _ .......... __ ............ _. _. _ . __ .. pounds. . 3. ll 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34} pounds of ·water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. _ ... _ ..... _. _ .. _. _ ... _ .. ___ . _ .. __ .... _. ___ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .. _ ...... _ .... _ ... ____ ... _. _. _: .. ___ .. _ ... _. ______ . __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _._ ..... _ .. _ ... _._ .... _._._. 

a Caleulated from chemistry of ash. 

211.7 

210 

lOO.R 
678 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAJ~-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOl\IIC RESULT!;. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57_,_ item 25) .... : •............ __ ..................•.•....... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal a~ fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) .....•. _. _ .•.......... _ ... __ _ .: ...•.. _ ..... _ .............•. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) .. _ ..... _ .. _. _ ~ .... _ ..... _ ........ ; ............................. pounds .. 

E~~~:~~e~~t :~::~r;~~O~l- :~~:1: _ ~~-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~-o- ~J-~r- -~~~~1-~ _ ~~ _ ~~,:~~~~~i-~1~: {: ~~~:: ~: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Effieie~1r:y o~ t.~e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~nd ~f com~ } per cent._ 

bustlble d1 v1ded by the heat value of 1 pound of com bustlble). _ .. _. . . . __ do .. _. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal dividecl by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ......... __ . per cent .. 

COST OJ<~ EVAPOUATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ... ___ .... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ... _ .. _ .. . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKE, OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observe< I .................................. _ ... _ ..... _ .. 

~Weight of soot per honr obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from sinokc meter ... _, ........... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OP FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ...... ___ ._ .. ___ ............. _ ... _ 

81. Average thickness of fire ......................................... __ .... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor6.455 

7. 73 

8.21 

9.44 

au. 86 

60.94 

"63. 65 

61.28 

$1.00 

$0.0775 

$0.0647 

54,2 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ... ----- ....... ----- ............ ---- ......... --·-·---·minutes.. 5. 5 

83. Average intervals hetwoen times of leveling or breaking up .... __ .. _ _ ..... do.... 27 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THR DRY GASER. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••• : ••••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••• ____ • __ .per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) .... ----- .... ------ .... -- .............. --·- .. ----.----· .... do •... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ---------------------------.----------------------do .... 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....... _ ... _._ ....... __ .. _ ... _ .. _. __ .. _. __ ._ .do .. __ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------do .... 

a Calct!lated from chemistry of ash: 

li.4 

13.49 

. 34 

79. 77 
~·~1\~+--1--·~~t--+--4---~~·--+--4--~--~-+--4-~~~--~-+~~--~ 

~~~'rr--1--~~rl---~-+--~~~-+--~--+-~~-+--4---~-+---4+--~~--~~ 

~ 

~ "' ~ -1 

)5 

"' 

:z ~ ;l! 

t;: ! <b 

I/ -~ 

:0 

"' K r 0 

c 

-1 ' t 1-

!-> 1\ ~ 

l;;l 

3 

~ 

I' ~ I~ ~- ~ 

i1l c 

;Il 

"' I" 

r \ 

t 0~ 

"' l~ "" 1 1/ 

t 

(n H~ 

. 

" 

: 

I (I) ' 

' ' 

' 

' 1, 1 

1 b 

t 
680 OPFJRATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HF.A'r BALAXCF. 1 OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE CH' THE CO.:\"lBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... · ................. _ ... 14,960 

· n. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combnHtibleX965. '7 ............. _ ..... _. ___ ............................ 9, 521 

2. Loss d~w to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212--t)+fl66+0.4R (T-212)] (t=tcmperat.ure of air iu the boiler 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

room; 'I'= that of the flue gases) ....................................... . 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen=per cent of hydrogen to combustible-+-100X9X [(212-i)+966--!--0.48 ( T-212)] ............ . 

Loss due to heat carried away.iu the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X (1'-t) ....... __ ........... __ ...... __ . ____ . 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible co,+ cox- --ioo- --- x10,15o .. --.------.---------------. 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and nn~ccountecl for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) .......... __ ... __ .. __ . _ .... __ . ____ ................. __ ...... . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=3.44 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hom:=4.25 pounds. 

602 

3, 716 

416 

612 

ll63. 65 

. 62 

4.03 

24.84 

2.77 

4.09 

100.00 

--------- -----------------~ ------------ a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS •. 681 

TEST No. 12.-Regular and special observations on test of Jfissouri No. 1 coal, September 24, 1904 . 

. REGULAR. 

Time. 

Steam- . pressure 

gage. 

[Duration of trial, 10 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

----c----.--~-----.----- ----,.----- ------------

out-

! side. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated 

base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

inches . Ill 

of m~~es 

water. water. 

co •. co. 

--------·------------ ----~---- -------------

7.30 ------------

7.40------------

8---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------

9 ---------------

9.20 -----------· 

9.40 -------- --·· 

10 -------- ·----

10.20 ----------

10.40 ----------

11 -- ·--.-------

11.20 -- ·---- ----

11.40 ----··-----

12 -----.-------- 12.20 __ : _______ _ 

12.40 - -.. - - . - - - -

1 -... ·- --------

1.20 -----·------

1.40 ------.--.--

2---.----.------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ---- -·- --- -· 

3 ----· ·-------·· 

3.20 -------.----

3.40 ------ --·-·· 

. 4---------------

4.20 --·-··. -- --· 

4.40 ·- --.-- ·-· ---

5 -----·····----· 

5.20 ------------

5.30 ----------·· 

Pounds. ° F. 

6B .••.•• ----·-

72 

100 

83 

93 

88 

90 

69 

93 

82 

103 

97 

102 

100 

100 

105 

97 

87 

64 

69 

105 

83 

78 

87' 

83 

95 

83 

80 

107 

78 

82 

76 

77 

77 

77 

78 

78 

79 

79 

79 

79 

80 

76 

69 

64 

6.') 

66 

66 

67 

67 

66 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

79 

80 

82 

B3 

83 

84 

85 

861 

87 

86 

87 

86 

81 

78 

76 

76 

77 

77 

78 

77 

77 

77 

77 

77 

75 

78 

77 

78 

79 

78 

o P. 

602 

604 

653 

596 

630 

615 

630 

610 

625 

558 

537 

600 

635 

630 

615 

640 

635 

640 

575 

525 

670 

625 

565 

580 

560 

695 

645 

640 

637 

635 

630 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 63 0. 021 

4. 75 . 035 

4. 65 . 018 

4.63 .014 

4. 7 . 03 

4.14 . 021 

5. 03 . 02• 

4. 37 . 029 

4.18 . 011 

3.95 .011 

0.52 

.53 

.56 

. 37 

.42 

. 42 

. 41 

. 38 

.44 

.11 

.23 

.40 

.43 

.43 

.47 

.42 

.45 

. 45 

.15 

.19 

.54 

. 32 

.28 

.35 

.06 

.63 

.43 

. 45 

.48 

. 51 

. 52 

0.19 

.19 

. 21 

.16 

.16 

.19 

.15 

.15 

.19 

.00 

.06 

.16 

.19 

. 23 

. 27 

. 16 

. 20 

. 23 

.08 

. 07 

. 19 

.11 

.15 

.19 

. 01 

. 20 

.19 

.18 

. 22 

. 29 

.28 

75 . ---...• -- •• - . -.-- . -.•. -- .•... - ---. - -.- ... ----.-

Pa ct. Pel' ct. Per ct. 

9.3 10.0 0.2 

9.0 10.6 .0 

9.1 9. 7 --- --· 

8.8 9.8 -----· 

7. 8 12. 0 - --- .. 

7.9 12.2 --···· 

I 

8. 7 1 0. 8 - - - - . -

8. 7 10.4 ----·-

7.9 11.7 ...... 

8. 1 11. 8 -----. --~-1--- -------------1---------- ~~-

Total .. __ . 2, 798 2, 204 2, 482 19, 037 45. 03 2. 10 12. 35 5. 25 85. 3 109 .2 

Average . • 87.4 71 80 614 4. 48 . 21 . 40 . 17 8. 5 10. 9 .02 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-25 
682 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

·TEsT No. 12.-Regular and special observation.~ on test of J1Iissouri No. 1 coal, September 24, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

·~-c--- ---------------·---------------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time.' --------------------1------.------

In tank. In gage glass. During period. 'l'Otitl. During period. Total. 

------ ---------

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Ponnds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 33t 2 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 7.56 ----------------- 4-lt 3ll " I 700 700 2,243 2,243 

8.37 ----------------- 34 3~ 700 1,400 4,822 7,065 

9.21 ----------------- 36 4t 700 2,100 4,056 11,121 

10.01 ---------------- 39! 2~ 700 2,800 4,862 15,983 

10.3S ---------------- 4-0t 2!j- 700 3,.500 3, 657 19,640 

11.25 ---------------- 30i 4~ 700 4,200 4,383 24,023 

12.09 ---------------- 39~ 3.\- 700 4,900 4,361 28,384 

12.59 ---------------- 34!j- 2i 700 5,600 6,207 34,591 

.1.40 ----------------- 31!j- 2i 700 6,300 3,259 37,850 

3.03 ----------------- 38t 3t 1,337 7,637 8,331 46, 181 

3.51 ----------------- 4H 3.\- 700 8,337 4,275 50,456 

4.24 ----------------- 33t 4l 700 9,037 3,306 113,762 

5.17 ----------· ....... 22 4~ 700 9, 737 5,648 59,410 

Close, 5.30 .. 0 ........ 38~ H _____ .. __ .. ___ ------------ 1, 237 60,647 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

0----·-----~·--- --------,;-- ---~-----~--- --.---

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

--------------------11--------------------

6 ...... 0 .Fire started. 

6. 30 0 0 0 0 Railer under full load. 

7.30 0 0 0 0 Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8. 25.... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

9.14.... Do. 

9.34. .. 0 Do. 

10.09 0 0 0 Cleaning ii.re, clinker easily remover! 

from grate. 

10.20 0 0 0 Fire cleaned. 

11.30 0 0 0 Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.18 0 0 Fire sliced, 10 inel1es thick. 

1.110 0 0 Cleaning fire. 

1.25 .. 0 Fire cleaned. 

30 0 0 0 0 0 Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

3.16 0 0 0 Cleaning fire. 

.3.26 .. 0 Fire cleaned. 

4.13 0 0 0 Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

5.20 0 0 0 Cleaning fire. 

5.30 0 0 0 Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

_ __;.-__ _____ . ___________ _ 

127 firings during test. 
( 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of llfis,qom'i No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER 'l'ltlAL. 

Test number, 12. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase .Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

683 

Prineipal eonditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus used. 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, rainy and- cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 24, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _____________ . __ . ____ . _. _____ . ______ .............. _ .... hours._ 10 

DTMF.NSIONS A.NH l'HOPOHTIONS, 

:3. Grate surface .. __ -. ____ .. ____ . __ ._ .... _. __ .. ____ .......... _____ . __ .. square feet._ 

:3.1 ·width of grate .. __ ..... __ . __ .......... ____ ' .. ____ ._.-- ..•.. -- ____ . __ . ___ .feet._ 

3. 2 Length of grate .. _. _ .• .· ........... -- ............ _. _. _ ....... _ ..... _ ....... do .. __ 

4. Height of furnace .. _ ... _______ . ___ · ___ . __ ...... -- ..... __ .... _________ . __ .inc~hes. _ 

fi. Approximate width of airspaces in grate .... ~----------------------------do .... 

6. Proportion of air spaec to whole grate snrface ...................... __ .. pPr cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimney .... _ ................................. _ ........... square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ................................ __ .... _____ .feet .. 

6.3 I.ength of flue connecting to chimney ..... __ . ____ .. _ ... __ ..... ___ ..... __ .do._ .. 

6.4 Kind of draft. ___ .......... _._ ........ ____ ~ __ .. _ ........... ______ .... ________ .. 

7. Water-heating surface ................................... : .... __ ... ~quare feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL ...................... : .. _ ........ __ ..... ____ .inches._ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ........ ________ .. __ . __ ...... __ feet._ 

7.:1 Number of tubes .................... _. ............. _ ............ ____ .. _ .. __ ... . 

7.4 Dmmeter o tu cs outsH e-msH e ............. ____ .. __ ...... __ .. __ __ . f b ( · l · · 1 ) {inches . _ 

_ .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposeq ...... __ .......... : .................... ____ ...... feet .. 

R. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Superheating surface ........................................... _ ... square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .. __ .. __ ..... __ .. __ ..... __ . _______ _ 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .... __ ...... __ ... _____ . __ . ______ .. __ 

AVERAGE PRESSUHES. 

Barometer __ .... __ ............... ___ .. __ ._.-.. ___ . ___ . ____ . {inches of mercury._ · 

.......... pounds .. 

I . 1 

J--do ___ _ Steam pressure )y gage per square me 1 .•••.....•.•.••••••.. , • - .•.•... l . .. do .. __ 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water_. 

Force of draft in furnace ................ __ ................... _. __ ..... __ do .. __ 

.Force of draft or blast in ash pit ...... __ ...... ___ .... __ ........ _ .. _ ...... do .. _ .. 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6 .. 58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.59 

14.52 

87.4 

a 101. 9 

.40 

.17 

. ow 
684 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

.. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES, 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................ do .. .. 

Of steam ............................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water in tank ............................... ______ .............. do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ....... _ ............................... do .. .. 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ....... _ ................. _ .................. do .. .. 

21., Of escaping gases from boiler .. _ ............. __ .......................... do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................................ do .. .. 

22.1 Of furnace------------'- ........................... · .................... do .. .. 

FUEJ,, 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 60 per cent; small, 20 per cent; slack, 20 per 

cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do .. .. 

26. Percentage of moisture' in coal. ................. _ ............................. .. 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refnHe ............ _ ..... _. ___ .. ___ .. __ . _ .................. do ___ . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse, clinkfr ... _ ................... ------ ........ per cent .. 

30. · 

0 {pounds .. Total combustible consumed .............. __ ....................... .. ..do .. .. 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ..... _ .. ___ ... _ ...... _ ........ _ .. ___ .. .. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon ............ · ............................................ . 40.64 

33. Volatile matter . _. _ .................................... _ ... _ ......... _ 34.88 

34. Moisture. ______ -------------------------- .............. ____ ----- ...... . 7.28 

35. Ash ... _ .. _. __ .. ___ .................. _ .............................. .. 17.20 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ......................... : ............ .. 4.37 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ............................... :.: ........................ . 65.23 

38. Hydrogen (H) ______ -------- ______ ---------- ............ ----.------. __ . 4.62 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... . 5.81 

40. Nitrogen (N) .................................................. _ ..... . 1. 08 

41. Sulphur (S) ........................................................ .. 4. 71 

42. Ash ........ ' ........................................................ .. 18.55 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................ .. 7.28 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

71 

80 

329.5 

71 

174 

614 

None. 

9,737 

7.28 

9,028 

1, 720 

60 

7,308 

a 7, 012 

l9 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

53.81 

46.19 

~ ------------

~ ----. -------

100.00 

·------------

80.08 

5.67 

7.13 

1. 32 

5.80 

-------------

100.00 

-------------
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF .ASH AND ltEFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............ _. _ •....... _ ...... _ . ___ .... ___ . __ ................ per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ................ __ ....... _ ... _ ..... _ ...................... do ... . 

FUEl~ PER HOlJR. 

685 

19.85 

80. 15 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds.. 903 

· { .. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour ...... ----.-.------·---------·----··-- l . •• ( 0 •••• 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do· ... . 

{ 

.. do .... 49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour.......... __ do .. __ _ 

CALORU'IC VALUE OF FUEL. 

731 

«701 

22.3. 

. 36 

«. 345 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per poun<l of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 12, 109 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14, 867 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U __ .............•...•... 12, 096 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................ _ ... 14,851 

QU ALI'fY 01<~ STEAM. 

54. l'ercentage of moisture in steam ...... _ .... _ ..... _ .... _ ..... _ ... __ ........ _. __ .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .. _ ....... _ ..... _ ........................... . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ....... ___ ... _ ....... _. _ ... _ .. _ ... per cent .. 

WATER. 

.447 

None. 

99.66 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 60,647 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler frotn and at 212° _. _ ............... _. __ ._ ... do._._ 71,806 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do __ ._ 60, 441 

60. Factor of evaporation ............ _ ............. _ ........ :. _. __ .. __ ... __ .... ___ . 1. 184 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from ar\d at 212° .... _ ...... pounds .. 71,562 

WATER PRR HOUR. 

62. 1Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam._ .... _ .. _ ..... pot~nds.. 6, 044 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .. _ ... _ .... _ ........ _ ... do ... _ 7, 156 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water~heating 

surface .............................................. _ ... _ .........• pounds.. 3. 52 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (341 pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .. _ .. _ ............... _ ..... ___ .... __________ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . _. ___ .... __ .... __ ...... _. __ .... _ ...... _ .. _ .. __ .... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............... _ ..•.....•..... 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

207.4 

210 

98. 76 
686 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

RCONOMTC RESULTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-7 item 25) ____ . __ ... _______ ., _______________________ . ____ .pounds._ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) __________________ . ____ . __________ -.-- .. __________ . ________ .pounds .. 

70. Rqui valent evaporation from awl at 212° per pound of ch-y eoal. (Hem 61 ,.._item 

27) .......... -- ....... --- .......................... _ .... __ ...... , .. pounds .. 

Equi\~alCJ~t -~~apo~ation from and at 212° per pound· of comhnstible.{ .. do ... . 

(Item til~Item .~0) -----------------------------------------,---·-- .. do ... . 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

7'2. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler. per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible eli vided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) . _. ___ . ___ .do_ ... 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal eli videcl by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ... ___ .... __ per cent .. 

COST 01<' EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. __ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° . _ •. __ .. __ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

8:;\fOKE OB8ERVA'fiONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed _. _ .. _ ........ __ .......... __ ..... _ ... _ .... __ .. . 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... __ . _. __ . __ ....... ounces._ 

Y olume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter._ .. __ .. _._._ .. cubie incl1es .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............................... _ .. 

81. Average thickness of fire. ___ .. __ ........ _ .... __ ... _._ .. __ . ______ . ___ ... inches._ 

82. Average intervals between firing for each fnrnaee during time when fires are in nor6.23 

7.35 

7.92 

9. 79 

a 10.2 

63.54 

a66. 26 

63.18 

$1.00 

$0.081 

$0.068 

24.6 

.023 

Alternate. 

9 

mal condition ---------·-------------------------------------------minutes.. 4. 7 

83. Average intermls between times of leveling or breaking up._. __________ .. hours._ 1. 50 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••• __ ••• ___ ._.per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) --····-------------------·------------·----·······--··· ...... do ___ 

Carbon monoxide (CO). _ ...•......................... _ ... __ .. ____ .. _ .. _ . do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. ___ .... __ ... _ ... _. __ ........... _ .. __ .. _ .. _ .do._ .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) .......... _ ..... ---- __ ...... _ ......... --·-·-.do ... . 

----------------- ------------------- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.5 

10.9 

80.6 
C»\ I \ ------------------ \ 1- I / I ./ 

~\ \ I 

I 

""" \ 

\ ~ I I 

1 1 Jl 

I! \'.. 1\ 

1\ \ " v 1/ ~. "' / "' "' \ \ I ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 

\ r\ I~ 1/ 6 

~ / 

\ \ "' 1 ~ 

~ I " \ \ ~ I 

~ ''" -i \9 :I 

T~ - ,, ·~ 0 

:! r 

"' .., :I I §I T-i ~ Q E c ,, Jl lJ tl 

w I ~<' ~ AJ 

~ ....j 

~ 2 

N 

\~ \\ ()' ]-;:; I 1"'1• c \ _, 

8~ ['I ['I .,. . 3 ;u .. "' :! uo 

!: \~ l ~ \ rl 

/ 3 ~ "' (I 

t \; ~~ " "' v c .r ~ I(! / c :z-

'6 .... I ;JJ ['I 

\ :r I 

,~~ I 

~- ....-" "' r; g -

~ '6 / ... }.! .. :~> ~)> 

~0 "' hr "' ~· 

\1 \ 0 

c "' ,.., 

t ~ 3 2 

"';ll .j- '\ .....__ -- (to 

\ ;JJ ;; ~ .....____ 

r- 13 N ~ 

I fl ~ 

., v 0 

/ 

-. I (Jl 

1 .I r.· \ ./ :I 

·~ 

\ 

'""" 

"' \ (>l .. 9~ \ I \ J b . f '// 

!' I 1\ \ """~ .~ t 

I -/ /v I \ .!> 

I \ If !\ 

. \ -----1'---.. 

-t 

\ yl v 6> 

-~· 'l \\ ~! ·.? 
688 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VAJ.,lJE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, R. T. U. _____ .. _ .............. ____ .. _ 14, 867 

B.T.U. 

1. .Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .. __ . __ .... ____ .... __ . ______________ • _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9, 850 

2. I~oss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible~ 

5. 

6. 

100 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 (T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the fine gases) ___ ... ____ .. _____________ , _____ _ 

Loss due to moistm·e formed by Lhe burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible~ 100 X 9 X [ (212 -t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T--212)] _. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T -- t) _____ • ____ •• ____________________ _ 

Loss due to incompletc.combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible · 

CO,+ CO X 100 X 10,150 ------------------------

Loss c~ue to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may beseparately itemized i( data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) ______ --- ____ .. __ . ______ ................................. . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coai ·per indicated horsepower hour= 3.57 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.41 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

125 

656 

2,997 

0 

1,239 

Per cent. 

et66.26 

.83 

4.42 

20.16 

0 

8.33 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. ~89 

TEST No. 23.-Regular and special observations on test of Missouri No. 1 coal (large briqueUes), October 

8, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 5.1 hours.] 

--------~-- -.-----------:-- -----,--------c-----~--

Time. 

7.01 ------------ 7.20 -...... -·-- ... ---.. 

7.40 -----------· 8 ---.... -- .......... -.. - 8.20 ....... -.. -.... -- ... - 8.40 .... -.. -- ..... -.. -.. 

9 ---------------

9.20 -·-------·-- 9.40 .......................... 

10 -------------- 10.20 ....................... 

10.40 ----------- 11 -------------- 11.20 .... -.. ------.. 

11.40 --------·-- 12 ........................... 

12.07 -----------

Total ----- Average --

Steampressure 

gage. 

Pounds. 

82 

87 

82 

96 

87 

96 

77 

92 

9_4 

85 

97 

88 

95 

101 

97 

85 

82 

----

1,523 

89.6 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

---

op_ 

61 

61 

• 63 

65 

67 

70 

71 

74 

76 

76 

77 

79 

80 

81 

82 

82 

---

1,165 

73 

Boiler 

room. 

---

op_ 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

73 

74 

76 

78 

80 

80 

82 

83 

85 

86 

87 

------

---

1,214 

76 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

st.wk. minutes. 

---

op, Pounds. Pounds. 

570 -... -... -.. -.. -.. ------

505 4.11 0.02 

574 

544 :::::::1::::::: 

573 4.48 . 042 

520 -------- --------

540 -------- --- ..... -..... 

517 4.49 .039 

515 -------- --------

510 -------- -...... -...... 

485 4.42 . 031 

485 1-------- .... -- .... -- 554 -------- -------- 549 4.73 . 027 

543 -------- ................ 

520 -----·-- --------

------- -.. -- .... ~ .. 

---------

8,504 22.23 .159 

532 4.45 .032 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

co. 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

. h m In~f es inches 

water. \v~ler. 

-----· -------

Per ct. Per rt. Pe-r ct. 

0.51 0.15 .. .. .. --- ................ .. -.... -.. 

. 50 .11 ------ ------- .. -.. -.... 

. 52 . 15' ------ ------- . 22 . 08 6.9 13.3 0 

. 51 .19 ------ ·------ ............. 

. 34 .15 ............ ------- ------

. 53 . 23 .. ---.. - ------- ------ . 36 . 15 ------ ............... ------ . 35 .18 .......... ------- ------ .54 . 20 10.2 9.9 0 

. 29 .18 ------ ------- ------ . 29 .16 ... --- .. ------- .. ----.. 

. 52 . 24 9.9 9.6 0 

.52 .26 ------ ------- .. -.. --.. 

.52 . 28 ------ ·------ ------ .45 .04 8.9 11.4 0 

.. ............ .. ---- .. ------ ------- ------ ------------ 6.97 2. 75 35.9 44.2 

.44 .17 8.97 11.05 0 
690 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT • 

. TEsT No. 23.-Regular and special ob.~ervations on test of Missouri No. 1 coal (large briquettes), Octobe1 

8, 1904-Continued .. 

SPECIAL. 

--------,------------------------;----------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water feel to boiler. 

Time. - ------- ----------,-- ----1 

In tank. I In gage glass. 

---------

Start., 7.01. _________ , _ 

7.32 --.---------------

8.16 -----------------

8.56 -----------------

9.43 -----------------

10.34 ----------------

11.25 -------- -------·-

Close, 12.07----------

During period. Total. 

Inches~~-~ Inches. Pownds. Pounds. 

.,. 

"lf ------------ ------------ 42! 3~ 700 700 

19! 2! 700 1,400 

43! 3! 700 2,100 

39! 4! 700 2,800 

421 3! 700 3,500 

391 4! 700 4,p00 

41 3~ 300 4,500 

RECORD OF FURKACE CONDITIONS. 

During period. 

-------

Pounds. 

------------ 1,828 

4,323 

3,946 

4,807 

4, 704 

4,993 

3,921 

------------~- -----'-------,----------- Time. Observation. Time. 1 Observation. 

Total. 

Pounds . 

-----------. 1,828 

6, 151 

10,097 

14,904 

19,608 

24,601 

28,522 

---------- ------11--- -----------------

6.15 _ .. _ Fire cleaned. 

6.30 _ _ _ _ Boiler under load. 

7.01 . _ _ _ Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

8. _ _ _ _ _ _ Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

9.25 . _ _ _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.03 _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.46 _ _ Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

10.53 • . Fire raked. 

11.30 _. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

11.51 . _ Cleaning fire. 

12..... Fire cleaned. 

12.07.. Test closed, fire 2 inches thiek. 

Ash dark and heavy. Clinker dark and heavy. Briquettes burned well and did not crumble in 

fire. 59 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn tests of Jl,fi.~souri No. 1 coal (briquettes) 

CO~DITIOXS OF BOILER TRIAl .. , ..,. 

Test number, 23. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler ( comn:ercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

691 

Principal conditions goYerning trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 1, briquettes. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 8, 1\l04. 

2. Duration of trial .............. c •••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••••• hours.. 5. 1 

: DlME~STOXS AND PH.OPORTIOXS. 

3. Grate surface : ......... _ .......................................... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ................................. _ .... _ .................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate .............. _ .......................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace .. .. ..... . .... _ ........................ _ ............ .inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole •grate surfaee ......................... per cent. . 

6.1 Area of chimney ..................................... _: ...... _ ..... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney aboYe grate .............................. _- ............ feet.. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6:4 Kind of draft .... _ .... _ .... _ .. __ .......•... _ ..... _ .... _ .. _ ................... . 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feeL.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............. _ ......... · ...... _ .... _._ ......... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet. . 

7.3 Number of tubes ............ _ ................................................ . 

7 D. f b · l . 'd {inches .. .4 mmeter o tu es ( outs1c e-ms1 e) ..... _ .......... _ ................. . .. do ..... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet.. 

8. Superheating surface ................ _ ........ _ .................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................... _ .............. .. 

A YERAGE PHESSURES. , 

11_- Barometer ___________ . ____________ . _______________ ~ ____ .'_{inches of mercury .. 

... , ...... pounds .. 

b · {-- do .... 11.1 Steam pressure y gage per square inch ............................. .. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water.. 

13. Force pf draft in furnace ..................... : ... _ .... _ .... : ............. do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

. 40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

Nom·. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

1-jonc. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.62 

14.54 

89.6 

a 104. 14 

.44 

.17 

0 
692 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of externar air ............... , ........................................ degrees .. 

Of fireroom ........... ··---~ ............................................ do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ............ ~- ..............................•....... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer .................................. , ..... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ...... : ...................•............ _ ..... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

73 

76 

330.5 

69.1 

182 

532 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................•.................. do ... . 

22.1 Of'furnace .......... , ................................................... do ... . 

28. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

30. 

31. 

82. 

38. 

84. 

35. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ..............•.................... pounds .. 

·weight of coal,as fired ...........................•...................... do .... 4,500 

None. 

Percentage of moisture in coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 38 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ...................................... poundsc. 4, 218 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do.... 663 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ............................•....... per cent.. 47 

. {pounds.. 8, 5.50 Total combustible consumed ......................................... . .. do .... a3,468 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 73 

PROXIMATE ANAl .. YSIS 0}1' COAL. 

• 

Fixed carbon , .................. : . .. . 

Volatile matter ........................................................ . 

.Moisture ..................................................... , ........ . 

Ash ....................... - --.. · -· - · · -· - - -· · --· · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · • · -· · · 

Per cent of coul. 

41.85 

37.60 

6.38 

14.17 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

Fi2 67 

47.33 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . 4. 56 ........... . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) __ ..•. _ ... _ •.•..... _ ... __ .... _ ....... _ ••. _ •. __ . ___ .•....•.•• 

38. 

39 . 

40. 

41. 

42. 

Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . 

Oxygen ( 0) .... _ ...................................... _ .............. . 

. Nitrogen (N) ............•........ : ................................... . 

Sulphur (S) ....... ·_ ..... _ .•.................................. : . ...... . 

Ash .............. _ ................................................... . 

68.52 80.74 

4.63 5.46 

5.69 6.71 

1. 16 1. 37 

4:86 5. 72 

15. 14 

100.00 100.00 

43. l\Ioisture in sample of eoal as reeeived . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . • • . . . . 6. 38 ........... . 

------------·----- a Calcnl\tted from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 6\:!3 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .........•..•............................ : . .................. per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter· .......................................................... do ... . 

16.19 

83.81 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour ...................•............ ' ..•.•.... pounds .. 

· . {··do .... Combustible consumed per hour .....................•................ .. do ... . 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ..........•.............. do ... . 

Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ...... -.- .. {:: ~::::: 

CALORIFIC VAJ,lJE OF FUEL. 

826 

696 

<t680 

20.37 

.343 

a.335 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .....•....... 12, 676 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of corn bustible, B. T. U .......... 14, 938 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..... ~ .................. 12, 595 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 14,842 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............... 1 ............................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................. ,- ............... per cent.. 

'VATER. 

.71 

None. 

99.45 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ................................... :. pounds .. 28, 522 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ...................•....... do .... 33,836 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do. __ , 28,365 

60. Factor of evaporation.......................................................... 1. 1863 

61. Equivalent ,vater evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 33,649 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. 'Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 562 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ... : .. .................. do.... 6, 598 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of wa(er-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. 24 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated pe_r hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................................... .. 191.2 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
694 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOliiC RESULTS. 

68. "rater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-;-- item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 2.~) ....... -.- ....•............................................. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-;-- item 

27) ........... · ..................................••••............... pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e;; ~::~:r:~i;~. _ ~r~-~~~- -~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~ _ ~~-r- ~-~~~~- ~~ _ ~~~~~~~i-~1~: _ {: :~::::: 

EF_FICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com-{ per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do ... . 

73. Effieiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ... _ ........ per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under obs,erved conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS, 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. _. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

l\IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .... _ ...........•................. 

6.34 

7.48 

7.99 

9.48 

ct 9. 70 

61.29 

ct62. 71 

60.86 

$1.00 

$0.0788 

$0.0668 

18.4 

.02 

Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. · • 10 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ...................................... __ ............. minutes.. · 5. 2 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .. _ ............ hours.. 2 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do ..•• 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................ do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

8.97 

11.05 

79.98 --------,----------------------------.----- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
~--+-~--4-~--+--+--+--+~+--+--+--+--+--+--+-~--~-r~ 
• 

696 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCF., OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING• VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ......................... · ..... 14, 938 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 96.5.7................................................. 9, 368 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = per cent of moisture referred to combustible-;-

100 X [ ( 212- t) +966+0.48 ( T- 21 2)] ( t = temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the. flue gases) ............................... . 101 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hy,drogen to combustible -;-100X9X [(212-t) + 966 + 0. 48 ( T-- 212)].. 617 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T-t) ............ _ ................. :. 2, 4.52 

.5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible oo,+cox- 100 ---x10,1.50......................... o 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) .............................................. , . . . . . . . . 2, 400 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3 . .54 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4. 37 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 62.71 

. 67 

4. 13 

16.42 

0 

16.07 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

TEST No. 15.-Regular a.nd special observations on test of Missouri No. 1 coal (washed), Septeml>er 28,1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR 

[Duration of trial, 9.91 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood, In furin n~ce, 

inches in~hes of .of water. water. 

co •. o •. co. 

-------1---~- -~--- ------~----- ----------

8.02 ------------

8.20 ------. --~--

8.40 .. --.- . -- .. . 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 -----------· 

10 ---- ... --------

10.20 ---------·· 

10.40 -- .. -- -- ---

11 -.--:-- .. -.•.. 

11.20 -----------

11.40 ... -- .. - .• -

12 ---··--- ---- ·-

12.20 -···-··-··· 

12.40 •• -- ..••• -. 

1 . ----- .... ··--. 

1.20 ------------

1.40 ... -....•. --

2- ·-----·-··----

2.20 .......••••• 

2.40 . -..•... -.-. 

3 -- ..••.•. -..••. 

3.:30 •...•••••••• 

3.40 ..•.•.. -..•• 

4 ·······--······ 

4.20 ---- •.•. ---- / 

4.40 ·····-······ 

5 ·····-·······-· 

5.20 ······-···-· 

5.40 . ----· ... ---

5.57 ·-·····----· 

Total __ .. . 

Average .. . 

Pounds. ° F. 

89 -••. -- ••.. --

84 

79 

91 

104 

95 

78 

100 

94 

72 

87 

76 

84 

92 

82 

78 

82 

84 

77 

87 

93 

80 

101 

84 

71 

84 

90 

84 

80 

102 

79 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

91 

91 

90 

91 

91 

91 

91 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

89 

89 

89 

88 

86 

81 

83 

85 

87 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

93 

93 

92 

93 

93 

94 

94 

93 

93 

94 

94 

95 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

94 

92 

90 

612 

648 

655 

680 

651 

652 

620 

627 

6:!0 

575 

652 

604 

618 

610 

602 

555 

590 

680 

656 

680 

655 

620 

625 

610 

680 

660. 

665 

651 

640 

650 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 081 0. 013 

~~~~~:~~ ~~~~~~~~ 5.13 . 019 

4. 81 . 020 

4. 05 . 011 

4. 35 . 014 

3. 87 . 017 

4.57 .020 

5. 00 .021 

4. 20 . 013 

4. 04 . 022 

0. 47 0. 23 

. 47 .15 

. 47 .19 

·46 . 20 

. 47 .18 

. 45 . 23 

. 31 .17 

. 36 . 20 

. 32 

. 35 

. 31 

.29 

. 30 

.25 

. 25 

.22 

. 22 

.47 

.39 

.39 

.34 

.38 

.45 

. 33 

I • 51 

. 37 

. 37 

.40 

.41 

.40 

.17 

. 16 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.10 

.12 

.09 

.08 

.15 

.11 

.19 

.13 

.16 

. 21 

.19 

.16 

.15 

.15 

. 20 

. 21 

. 22 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

8.2 11.2 ··--·· 

8.2 11.2 ---··· 

8. 4 11. 0 ---- .. 

8.4 11.2 -----· 

7.8 12.0 -- ···-

7.6 12.3 ---··· 

7.9 12.3 ---··· 

7.9 11.7 ···•·· 

8.3 11.4 ------

80 ------------ ------- ---····· ··-···-· ·····-- ···-·· 7. 0 13. 2 .. - -.. 

-~- ------1---·1----------------

2, 664 2, 556 2, 648 19, 043 

85. 9 88. 1 91. 3 635 

44.1 

4.41 

.. 17 

.017 

11.18 4.88 79.7 117.5 

.36 .16 7.97 11.75 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-26 
6~8 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 15.-Regular and special observations on te.1t of Jfissom·i No. 1 coal (washed), Septembe; 28, 

1904-Cont.inued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tnnk. In gage glass. 

-

Inches. Inches. 

Start, 8.02 ...... . ----- 44~ 2~ 

8.30 .......... .. ----- 32~ 4! 

9.11 ........... . ----- 30t 4~ 

9.54 .......... .. ----- 32~ 4t 

10.35 ......... .. ----- 28~ ' 3~ 

11.16 ......... .. 

12.02 .......... . 

----- 40~! 3t I 

----- 31~ 4~ 

1.02 .......... .. ----- 39 4! 

1.45 .......... .. ----- 41! 4! 

2.35 .......... .. ----- 42 4 

3.21 .... --- .. --- ----- 32 3~ 

4.04 ........... . ----- 31 4 

4.50 .......... .. ----- 33 4} 

Close, 5.57 . ----- 41! 3t 

Weight of coal burned. 

-

During period. Total. 

------

Pounds. Pounds. 

............ , ............ 

700 . 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,600 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

700 7,700 

700 8,400 

641 9,041 

Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. Totnl. 

-------

Pound•. 

------------ 2, 716 

3,849 

5,027 

4,939 

3,817 

5, 061 

5,454 

2,832 

5,321 

5,204 

4,955 

4,866 

6,154 

1' ounds. 

.. ...... 

2, 716 

6,565 

~1,592 

16,531 

20,348 

25,409 

30,863 

33,695 

39,016 

44,220 

49,175 

54,041 

60,195 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS_. 

. Time. Observation. Time . Observation. 

-- --------------------1 ----------------------

6....... Fire started. 

6.30 .... Boiler under full load. 

8.02 .. .. Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

10.10 . • . Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

11.03... Fire sliced, 6 inches thick. 

11.48 . . . Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

12.30 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.46 . . . Cleaning fire. 

132 firings during test. 

12.56 .. Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

2.07 . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 

3.10 ... Do. 

3.49 . . . Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

5.30... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

5.47 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5.56... Fire cleaneq. 

5.57 . . . Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test-s of Uissonri No. 1 coctl (washed). 

CONDITIONS OF HOlLER TRIA J_,, 

Test number, 15. 

'Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

699 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 1 (washed). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 28, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial. ............................ __ ........... _ ............ hours.. 9. 91 

DUIBNRIONR AND PHOPORTIO:NS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3. 1 \Vidth of grate .......................................................... feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate ........................................................ do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ...................... ·.· ............................. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ......................... · ......... do .. .. 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ......................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6. 2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do .... . 

6. 4 Kind of draft ............... : .. ..................................... · ......... . 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7. 1 Outside diameter of shell ....................................... : .. .... inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7. 3' ,Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

· · b 'd · 'd ) {inches .. 7. 4 Dmmeter of tu es ( outs1 e-ms1 e ................................. .. · . . · .. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes exposed .. c.· ............................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. S<Jlmre feet .. 

9. Ratio of- water-heating surface to grate surface ................................. . 

10. Ratio to minimum draft area to g~ate surface .............................. · .... .. 

AVEltAG E PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ........................................................... pounds .. 

S b . h { .. do .... 11.1 team pni!ssure y gage per square me ............................. .. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do .. .. 

«Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

14.5 

85.9. 

"100. 4 

. 37 

.16 

0 
700 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE>fPERATUR.ES. 

Of external air ..•... _ ........................... _ .. · ...... _ ......... __ degreeH. _ 

Of fire room. __ ............................................... _ .......... do ... . 

Of steam ............................ _ ........... ___ ... ___ .. __ ... ____ ... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .....................................•.............. do ... . 

88.1 

91.3 

327.9 

75.2 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of feed water entering economizer ...... _.· .............. _ .... _ .. ___ ... __ .do .... · .......... __ 

Of feed water entering boiler ...... _ .. __ ......... __ ...... _ .. _ .. ___ .. __ .. __ do. __ . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases fi'Oln eeououlizer .... ____ ...................... p ... .... __ ...................... _do .... _ .. 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut--'small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired --····-···-··--··-·-~---··-·····--················do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ..... __ ......... _ ~ ............ _ .... _ .... __ ....... _ 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .... _ ... _ ............ _ .......... __ ... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ... ~ ..................... __ ........... _ ........ _ .. _ .. do ... _ 

173 

635 

None. 

9,041 

7.93 

8,324 

990 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ...... , ............ _ ..... _ ...... _ ... per cent.. 52 

30. {

pounds.. 7, 334 Total combustible consumed ........................................ . · · .. do .... a7, 191 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal. ..... _ ............. _ ....... _ ..... _...... 11. 9 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAT,. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 44.21 54.56 

33. Volatile matter ... _ ..... _ ..... _ ....... _ .......... _ .......... _ ........ __ _ 36.81 45.44 

34. Moisture ................. _____ ......•. ___ ......... ___ .. _ ..... _. __ ._._ .. 7.93 ------------ 35. Ash __ ........ :. __ ............. __ .. _ ... _ .. ___ ..... _ .. ___ ... _ ... ____ ... . 11.05 ----------·-

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................ _ ... _ ... _ .... ___ _ 3.58 ---.. --------

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)···/·---··--·--·-----··-·····---········----··,·····---······ 71.50 81.25 

38. Hydrogen (H)····--·-··-······---··········--··-····----·······-~····· 5.06 5.75 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .......................................... · ..............•... 6.37 7.24 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 1.18 1. 34 

41. Sulphur (8) .............................................. ~ ............ . 3.89 4.42 

42. Ash ............................................... -.......... -....•... 12 --- .. ---- ...... - ------ ---------- 100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal a~ received ..... _ ........ _ ................... _. 7.93 ------------

a Calculated from chemistrv of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 701 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFlJSE. 

44. Carbon -.- •. ___ .. _ .. ---~. : •. -. __ --.- .... _. ___ ,_. ___ •. __ ,. _ ,.-,-c ..... _ .. ,.per cent .• 

45.. ·Earthy n).atter .. _.,,,., • .,,,,.,,,,,,,,, _ •• ,,, _ •.. , •.•• , .••••.•••.... -.do.-~. 

13.53 

86.47 

FUEJ, PF..R HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .. _ .... _____ ... _ .... __ .. _ ....... _ ... _ ... _ .. pounds.. 840 

. { .. do.... 740 47. Combustibleeonsumedperhour ... ~---· .... : ......... -.:~: .. : .. : ..... :. ·

1 ·· ,,~ . ..co .... 125 6 

48. 

49. 

Dry coal _per squar~foot of _grate surface per hour ....... _ ......... __ ... _ ... do ... . 

Combustible per squar~ igot of water-heating surface per hour ..... _ ... -{ __ do .. ·- .. do._ .. 

20.71 

.364 

<t. 357 

CALORIFIC V 4-LUE OF FUKL. 

50. Calorific ~al~e ~y oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U.... . . . . . . . . . 13, 171 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14,967 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... __ . ___ .. _ .. _ .. ___ .... 13, 205 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. -T. U. _ .. _ ...... _.: ... _ .. 15, 006 

QUALlTY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam_ ......... _ ........... · __ ............. : ....... _ .. . 384 

55. N urn ber of degrees of superheating . ~ _ .•....... _ . _ ... _ ......... _ ............... _ None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ....... : .. ....................... per cent .. 99.702 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water· fed to boiler .......... _ .......................... pounds .. 60, 195 

58. Equivalent water fed to ·toiler from and at 212°. __ ..... _ .... _ ...... ~ ...... do .... 70,976 

59. Water actually e\•aporated, correeted for quality ot steam .................. do .... 60,016 

60. Factor of evaporation .................... _..... .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . 1. 1791 

6i. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ....•...... pounds .. 70,765 

WATER PElt HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per·hour, ·corrected·for quality of steam .. : ............ pounds .. · 6, 056 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do.... 7, 141 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .................................. : ........... , ... __ ......... pounds.. 3., 51 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from an<,! at 212°=1 horsep-ower) .................................. _........... 207 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ..................... __ ............. __ ...... __ .... __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _ .............. ·. _ ......... . 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

210 

98.57 
702 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESUi.TS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-7-item25) .... _ ..... __ ... _. __ .. _ ..... _ ....... ___ --· ___ ..... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61--;-

item 25) .... _ .... _ .... ___ ...... ___ ... __ ........... _ .. _ ..... __ ... _ .. pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) . __ ..... _ ......... __ .... __ .... _ .......... --· _. ____ . _ ...... _. ___ .pounds .. 

Equivalent _e~apo~ation from and at 212° per pound of r:ombnHtible.{ .. do ... . 

(Item 6l~1tem 30) -·---··---·-·-------------·-----------·-····-··· .. do ... . 

E.FFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .. _ ........ do ... . 

Efficiel!(:y of boiler, includi;Ig the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of-dry coal) .... _ ....... per eent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ... _ ...... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ......................... _ .............. .. 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... __ . . ........ ~ .... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_ .... ___ .... _ .. cubie inches._ 

METHODS 01<' FIRtNG. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, orcoking) .. --------------------------------

81. Average thickness of fire ... _ .. __ ._._ .... _ ........ _._ ... __ -.. _ ..... _ .... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires arc in 

6.66 

7.83 

8.50 

9.65 

a9. 84 

62.26 

a63. 49 

62.32 

$1.00 

$0.075 

$0.0638 

34 

.0074 

Alternate. 

R 

normal condition ......... ___ ... _ ......... _ ..... _. __ ............ __ .. minutes.. 4. 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up . _ ... _ ...... _-. hourA.. 1 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GA81'3S. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ................................................ per cent.. 

Oxygen ( 0) _. _ ................... : ..................... _ ...... -........ do.- .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................. _ .............................. do.--. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ................... _ ......................... do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............ ____ ............................ do ... . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.97 

11. 75 

0 

80.28 
 

.. 

"" J 1 )> 

t~ ' 1\ ~ 

:\\ 1/ 

~\' 

""' .0 

1 l\i . "'kr. r l \ )\ )Y 

.. 

1\l v 0 0 

[\ \\, F::::: r 1'----. r -\ ~~ / :I 

0 t 

1 "\( v U> 

./ -< 

c :: 

- o; ·y '~ ~ r f'l 

"-.._ 

r'X ~ 

\ I~ !-. / 0\ :: / -< t r;' "\ )> 0~ ::r (I 

"' iO "'\ .. )> (Jl 

: f~ !- ,--

: () f'l 

/ (Jl 0 :r :::j ~Nii 7. , t c AI ": "' 0 b'' 3 /( )> 

"' , !'> , -< )> 

- 1\ -" 

'" 0 0 " ;u 

~~ • 7. ~ f'l .. .r ~ 

\~ "' :z \ 'l I \ \ , t 

~ ~ Ill 

' 1/\ij c 

f'l to "' ~ f'l 0 ~ 

"' ~ 

1\ ~ ~t-¥ p 3 ~ c ~ <"ui " ·- . 0 

\ 6 ' z 0 

! lb'ij, p"' l 

f;\ • t 

\ ~ j " :/ 3 

"' "'ll .':'__c. (>I 

\ " [\ ~ 

! 'r "' " ~ ; h c : 

' ./v ~ 8 "' "' t 

\ \ / ~\ o:> .\ P' 4> 'I ~ ? f 

\ ·\ 0 

,\ t 

1\ \ I \ 

"' f\ r7 r 

: ~ \ ~ ~ t ~ r; v 
704 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

--HEAT JlALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

. ' . 

Tbtal heat v~lue of 1 pound of. combustible, 1L T. U . .' ..................... :, ..... 14; 967 

B. T, U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound_ of 

. combustible X 965.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 502 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= percent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [(212-t) +966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the ffue gases) ............•.........•......... 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

126 

hydrogen to combustible-o--100X9 X [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] ... 667 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) . . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • •• . • • • . . • • . • • . 3, 297 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

a63. 49 

.84 

4.45 

22.03 

CO per cent C in combustible · CO,+COX---·~----Xl0,150 ....•........... _........... 0 0 

6. · J"oss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) ...............................................•....•....... 1,375 9.19 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=3.33 pounds. 

, Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=4.11 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 705 

TEST No. 37.-Regular and special observations on test of Missouri No.2 coal, October 25, 1f!04. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9. 983 hours.l 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

d Infur- Flue Water In J:>oo • nace, gases, Steam separated . m in 

base of discharge. . in 10 mches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

-------1-------------,---1------·----------

7..41 -----------. 

8---------------

8.20 ·----------·-

8.40 ------------

9---------------

9 .. 20 ------------

9.40 ·----- ------

10--------------

10.20 ·----------

10.40 -----------

11----------:---

11.20 ..... ! ..... 

11.40 -----------

12 --------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 -----------

1 ---------------

1.20 ---' ------ -· 

1.40 ·-----------

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3 --------------. 

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------------

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 ------------

5---------------

5.20 ------------

5.40 ------------

Total ..... 

Average .. 

P01mds. ° F. 

89 

81 

92 

78 

87 

82 

91 

75 

77 

81 

90 

81 

79 

75 

76 

84 

81 

76 

96 

78 

82 

83 

83 

96 

75 

72 

88 

87 

86 

85 

47 

47 

47 

48 

48 

48 

49 

50 

52 

53 

56 

56 

55 

55 

54 

55 

55 

54 

55 

55 

55 

55 

55 

55 

54 

53 

52 

51 

50 

OF. 

53 

53 

53 

53 

54 

57 

56 

58 

59 

61 

62 

62 

63 

61 

63 

62 

63 

62 

64 

63 

63 

63 

64 

64 

64 

61 

61 

60 

59 

58 

° F. Pounds. Pounds. 

570 

645 

660 

641 

630 

543 

619 

601 

605 

560 

645 

625 

635 

575 

610 

630 

610 

535 

640 

631 

640 

610 

610 

660 

670 

655 

625 

680 

680 

640 

4.17 0. 025 

4.19 . 029 

3. 86 . 032 

3.95 .021 

4. 22 . 049 

4.14 . 042 

3. 99 . 03 

4. 46 . 017 

4. 29' . 021 

4.14 . 03 

0. 65 0. 15 

. 70 . 21 

.71 

.70 

. 67 

.36 

. 67 

.64 

. 65 

.33 

.64 

.60 

.61 

. 41 

.68 

.69 

.67 

.62 

.66 

.67 

.63 

.48 

.47 

. 70 

. 67 

. 61 

. 70 

. 70 

.71 

. 68 

. 24 

. 21 

. 30 

.17 

. 35 

. 05 

.13 

.11 

. 22 

.15 

.26 

. 30 

. 36 

. 07 

.18 

.13 

. 23 

.17 

.16 

.17 

. 20 

. 22 

. 19 

. 23 

. 25 

.10 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7. 6 11.5 .. 3 

7.6 1~6 .0 

7.2 12.8 .0 

8.6 11.2 .2 

7. 6 . 12.3 . 0 

7.4 .12.8 .0 

7.3 I 12.9 .0 

7. 0 13.0 . 0 

77 -----. -··--· ............ --- ................... .. 7. 0 13.0 . 0 

1----1--------- ---1----1--- ----------

2, 563 1' 519 1, 799 18, 680 

82. 7 52. 4 60 623 

41.41 

4.14 

. 296 

.029 

18.68 

.623 

.594 73.6 125.2 

. 198 7. 36 12.52 

.5 

.05 
706 OPERATIONS 'oF THE COAL~TESTING PLANT. 

'fEST No. 37.-Regular and special observation.~ on test of 1lfissouri No.2 coal, October 25, 1904-Cont'd. · 

SPECIAL. 

'fime. 

Start, 7.41. .... . 

8.06 .......... . 

8.40 ........ .. 

9.06 .......... . 

9.36 .......... . 

10.09 

10.58 

11.27 

11.58 

12.28 

1.09 

1.55 

. 2.37 

3.17 

3.51 

4.24 

5.01 

Close, 5.40 ..... . 

------

............ 

------

------

------

----·· 

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

Height of water. 

----~----------

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

40 2} 

35~ 3~ 

40~ H 

36 3} 

35} 3! 

' 44~ 2 

42~ 4 

38~ 2! 

20~ 3~ 

30~ 3~ 

44 3! 

35} 3 

31 4~ 

37~ 5 

42~ 2 

40~ 3~ 

411 3 

40 2} 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. Total. During period. Total. 

---~ 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

• ••••••••••• ! • .' ....................... : ............ 

700 700 1, 728 I 1,728 

700 1,400 3,578 5,306 

700 2, 100 2,820 . 8, 126 

700 2,800 3,039 11,165 

700 3,500 3,873 15,038 

700 4,200 3,852 18,890 

700 4,900 3,213 22, 103 

700 5,600 3,334 25,437 

700 6,300 3,214 28,651 

700 7,000 4,187 32,838 

700 7,700 4,585 37,423 

700 8,400 4,160 41,583 

700 9,100 3,245 44,828 

700 9,800 3,930 48,758 

700 10,500 2, 760' 51,518 

700 11,200 4,555 56,073 

450 11,650 4,230 60,303 

I 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. 

6.45 . . . . Boiler under a load. 

7 . . . . . . Fire eleaned. 

7.41 .... Test started, fire H inches thick. 

8.15 .... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

8.38 .. .. Fire raked, 6 im\hes thick. 

8.50 .... Do. 

9.16 . . . . .Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

9.25.... Do. 

9.47 .... Do. 

10.03 ... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

10.15 .. : Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.25 . . . Fire raked. 

10.31 . . . Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

10.38... Cleaning fire, heavy, thick clinkers on grate; cleaning difficult. 

----~ ----·-----

Time. Observation. 

10.52 . . Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

11.56 .. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

12.12 ... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. , 

12.49 . . Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

1.17 . . . Cleaning fire, same difficulty as before. 

1.28 . . . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

2.45 .. , .Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3... .. . Fire raked. 

3.05 . . . Cleaning fire. 

3.14 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

4.45 . . . Fire raked, 6 inches thick. " 

5.18 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5.27... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.40... Test closed, fire 1~ inches thick. 

Refuse dark and heavy. Coal burned rapidly with long yellow flame. Molten refuse frequently 

dropped into ash pit. 90 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Mi8souPi No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 37. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

707 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear a. m., cloudy p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), l. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 25, 1904. 

2. Duration of 'trial ............. _ .. __ .. _. __ ..... _ .........•.• _ ... _ •.•. __ .. hours .• 

DIMENSIONS A~D PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface _____ .... _. _____________ . _. __ . _ .. __ ... ___ ......... _ .. square feet.. 

3.1 vVidth of grate __ .. ___ .. _________ . ____________ . __ . _ .. ___ . ____ . ____ .. ___ . __ feet. . 

3. 2 Length of grate . __________ . __________ .. ___ , . _ . ____ .. ________ . _ . _________ do __ __ 

4. Height of furnace ___ ·- ___ . __________ ... _________ . ___ ....... __ ... _ . ___ ... inches_ . 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate _ .......... _ .... __ .. _ .. _________ .do. __ . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .. _ .. ___ ._._. ____ . ____ . ___ per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney ___ ... _____________ . _____________ . __ . ___ . ________ .square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ___ .. __ . ____ . ____ .. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ .. feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ... __ . _. ____ .. __ .. ________ . ________ .do .. __ 

6.4 Kind of draft _. _____ . _. ___ ......... __ . _. ____ .. ___ . __ . _. __________ . ________ . __ _ 

7. Water-heating surface __ . ______ ...... __ . _____ .. ______ . ___ . __ . _____ .square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell __ . _______________ .... ____ ...... _____ .. __ .. ___ inches __ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads). , .. ___________ .. ______ .. __ .. __ feet __ 

7.3 Number of tubes .. ____ .... __ .... __ .. _____________ ... __ . _____ .. __ . ___ .. __ .. __ . _ 

~ . . . . {inehes. _ 1..4 Dmmeter of tubes ( outs1de-ms1de). _. __ . _ .. ___ .. _. __ .. _. _. _ .. _ .. _ .. __ _ , .. do .. __ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .. ______ ......... __ .. _ ... __ .. _ .... __ .. ____ .... ____ feet .. 

8. · Superheating surface ____ . __ . ___ . _________ . ___ ·_ ... ______ . · _____ . __ . __ square feeL _ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ____ ... __ ..... __ .. _____ . ____ . ____ __ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface __________ .. ____ . __ . ____ . __ .. _____ __ 

AVERAGR PRI~SSURES. 

11. Barometer ____ ... _______________________________________ --{inches of mercury._ . _________ pounds . _ 

. {--do .. __ 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square mch __ ........... · ...... __ .. __ .... __ · .. do .... 

·12. Force of draft between damper and boiler_._ .... _. __ .. _ ........ inches of water_. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ...... _ .. _ .. __ .. __ ...... _____ ......... ____ . __ .... do. __ _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .... _____ .. __ ............. __ .... ________ .. do __ __ 

a Absolute. 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

. 5 

44 

7.67 

118.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.82 

14.64 

82.70 

ct97. 3 

. 623 

.198 

0 
708 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air __ :. _______ --- _____________ . ____________ .-_-- ___________ degrees .. 

Of fireroom ______________ . ___________________ . ______ . __________________ ._.do. __ _ 

Of stea1n ___ -. ____ - ______ -.. _________ . __ - _____ -- _- ___ - _- ________ -.- ____ ._.._do. __ _ 

Of feed water in tank __________________________ c ________ : ____________ · __ do ___ _ 

Of feed water entering economizer _____________ - ________ . ______________ . _do ___ _ 

Of feed water entering boiler ________________ - ____ - _____ - - _______________ do ___ _ 

Of escaping gases from boiler _____ . ____ - _____ - ______ - _____________ · ______ .do. __ _ 

22. Oi escaping gases from economizer _____________________________ . ________ .do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace. ___ . ________________ --.- __ -_-_-_----_-_----------. __________ .. do. __ _ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, dull-60 per cent small, 40 per cent slack. 

52.4 

60 

325.6 

58.5 

168 

623 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire. _______ . ___________________ .. ____ .pounds._ None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired---- ___________________________________ ----- ______ do ____ 11,650 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal __ .. _______________________________ ~ __________ .. _ 13. 09 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed. ___ ~ ________________________________ pounds._ 10, 125 

28. Total' ash and refuse. ____ : ______________ : ________________________________ do____ 2, 084 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker-'----------------------------- ______ per cent.. 63 

30. · {pounds._ 8, 041 Total combustible consumed __________________________________ .. _____ _ __ do ____ a7, 758 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal __________ .. ______________ • ______ .. ___ .. 20. 58 

PROXT>!ATE ANALYSIS OF COAl,. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible; 32. Fixed carbon _____ .. __ .. _. ___________ . ____________ ... _____ .. ___ ._. ___ .. 37.33 53.17 

33. Volatile matter ______________________________________________ .. _______ _ 32.88 46.83. 

34. Moisture.----- ___ . ______ -- _________________ . ____ : ____________________ _ 13.09 -- .... -.. -.. -- ..... 35. Ash __ • ______________ . ___________ . _____________________ . ___ _ : ________ _ 16. 70 .......................... 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ___________ - _______ ... __ - ____ _ : ________ _ 4.92 .......................... 

ULTlll-fATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)· ___________ -_-- _______ . _______ -.. -_-·- .. -.--.-- ___ . ________ _ 61.93 76; 6~ 

38. . Hydrogen (H) - _____ -.---- ___ - ---- _ -- - - _ - - ~ . -.. -- . -- --- --- _- ___ . --- _- _ 4.35 5.38 

39. Oxygen (0). ____ . _- _- -----. __ ----------.---. ---- .. -------- _- •. --- ----- 7.76 9.61 

40. Nitrogen (N) --------------------------------------------------------- 1. 09 1. 35 

41. Sulphur (S) __ '- --- -' -'------ '- .. --'--- - 7 '------------------------------ 5. 66 7.00 

42. Ash _ .. ___________ - _ . - _. - - _ . _- _------- -- --- --. ------ . ----- ---- -- --- _-- 19.21 .......................... 

100.00 100.00 

43. .Moisture in sample of coal as received __ - _.---.-----.-.--.- ____________ _ 13.09 .......................... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 709 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ........ 7 .. -------- •••• ·: ..................................... per cent.. 20.2 

45. Earthy matter ........ ·, ...... -.... ,, .................................... do.... 79. 8 

46. 

47. 

4&. 

49. 

FUEl. PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour .. : . .............................. : . ...... pounds .. 

· { .. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ..................... ,. . . . . ... . . .. .. . .·. . . ..do ... . 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......... , .......... _ ... do ... . 

Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ..•. _ .... )

1

-- do .. .. ..do ... . 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

1;014 

805 

a 777 

25 

. 396 

a. 383 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............ 11, 500 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........ 14,234 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .•.......... _ ..... _ .... _ 11, 333 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........ ___ . __ . _ ... 14, 028 

QUALITY O>' STEA>L 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ..... __ ............................... ____ .. __ .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................... : .......... __ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .....• __ .................... __ ... per cent .. 

WATER . 

.71 

None. 

99.455 

. 57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ....... _ ............................ pounds .. 60,303 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ...... , ............ _ .... _ .. do .... 72,098 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do. __ . 59,974. 

60. Factor of evaporation ......••••....................................... , .... _.. 1. 1956 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° •.......... pounds .• 71, 705 

WATER PER HOUR. / 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .... _ .......... pounds... 6, 008 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ............... _ .... __ ... do.... 7, 183 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ......... -...... -................................ __ ..... _ .. _. pounds.. 3. 54 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .... _____ ........ ___ .... _ ... _ ........... _ .. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ....................... · ..................... __ ... __ . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .. _ .................. _ ....... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

208.2 

210 

·99. 4 
710 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTR. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+item 25). _______________ .. _____ -----~'- --------- ·----·--·· pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ... __ . ______ .- __ ..... _. _. _____ . ______ . ______ . __ . _. ___ .. __ ... pounds._ 

70. Equivalent ev~poration from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) . _- .... _. _ ....... ___ ... ____ --- _ ... _____ . _. __ . _____ ....... ___ ._ ... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. J- .do .. __ 

(Item 61 +item 30) •... ; ...•••..•.••• _ •.. _____ .... _ ...•. _. _. __ . ___ .l. .do._ .. 

EFFICIBNCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent._ 

bustible didded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .. _. __ . __ .do._._ 

73. Efficieney of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pou!)d of dry coal). _____ . __ ... per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPOHATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed ~onditions. _. _ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SI\'IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .. _ .... __ . _. _____ .. __ . _____ ... _. _. _. ____ .. ____ . 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_._._ ... ___________ ._ ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter___ _ __________ cubic inches._ 

liETJIODS OF PIRING. 

5.17. 

6.155 

7.08 

8.92 

a9.24 

60.52 

a62. 69 

59.45 

$1.00 

$0.0966 

$0.0812 

30.4 

. 0128 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking). ___ . __ ._ ...... _ .. _____ . ___ ._ ... _. Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire. __ ._. ___ . _ - _ . _ . _ ... _. . ___________ . _. _________ inches. . 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each.furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ___________ . _____________________ . _. ___ ... _. ________ .minutes.. 6. 7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up_ . _. _____ .. _____ do __ .. 33 

84. 

85. 

R6. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS 01<' THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) _____ .... _. _ . --- ... -.- .. _ -.. _. _ ... ___ . _____ . _ . _ . per cent._ 

Oxygen (0) _ ----- _________ -----.- _. -· ---.-.--------------- ... --- ___ ---.do ___ _ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) __ .. - _- _ . -..... -.-- __ .- ___ . _ - _. ___ - _______ . ___ -.- _do-.- . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ..... _ ....... -. ____ ._. ___ .. - ___ ... _._-_._ .... do._-. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N). _ .......... ___ . _____ -.... _- _ .. __ -.... _ ... --.do.- .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.36 

12.52 

.05 

80.07 
[\_ 1/ ' 

\ ~ 

__ \\ v 

'\1\ ~ 

\ 7 I 1/ J , 1\ \ ~ 1\ 

\ \ v I 0~ l \ \ ~ 

1;1 I' \ 1 I t 0 

"' F~ 13, 

~ 

·""" - -. 

... 

1\~ , 7 r I r-

~ c 

18 l\ t'l 

"' I .... "' \ <;'\' "' :z l> ,. "' 

f \ l1> 

J~ -1 

-< -1 0 

" -,'j 1\ "' 

l "' N'~ 'r.QI () ~ Ill 2 'I ·, CJ\ ~? 1\ 0 r ,., i-f-.-- ~ "' "' ~0 

1\ ~ ~ ~ '\ .... r JJ 

l> 

> t. c 1\. , t -1 

1\ 0 :Q 

-~ [\ "' ll l 

I~ 

\ "' ~ J z ~ ~~ ~ 

J c 

tr-r~ ' , ,. il:- l "' \ ~~--- .... )I lt c .... ~ "' c: I?:, ll '1 

t ~ 

1\~ v )> 

,. ?y-

"' v "' 0 u> 

u> 0 .., c 0-

~ l ::u 

"' 

= :: 

t :z I>--

'\ , 

c 1- -t 

\ 1/ ., 

:z 9 (') 

"" 1-

r\ \ ""' 0 "' ~ c 1\ u: !'--.. t 6 

\ 1\ v "' ~ -; g 't 

"' l \ J ~ :z c ., " ,., 

"' ~ b " ~ 2 -1 

. !;; . "' 1\ 1\ -, ~ 

)> 

"' t 

\ ' ! fll 

' i\ r j ~"r-r:o 11 

-1 l> -t ~v "' < 3. 

·"' ·- ... ~ ,.;a 

"> rnl> ,., "'11> 2; ?~" 
712 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OB DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ................................ 14, 234 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 8, ~l23 a 62, 69 

2. Loss due to uroisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible 

-+-lOOX [(212-t)+966+0.48(T-212 )] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . 245 1. 72 

3. Loss due to moisture formen by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+-100X9X [(212-t) +966+0.48 (T-212)].. 637 4.47 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) ................................... 3, 457 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO~-~ coX per cent C i~~ombustible X 10,150 ___ . _. _____ . ___________ _ 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) .................•... : .................................... . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 3.99 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.93 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

53 

919 

24.28 

.37 

6.47 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 713 

TEST No. 44.-Regulm· and special observations on test r({ Missouri No. 2 coal, November 2, 1904. 

Tim~. 

SteampreRsnre 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.983 hours.] 

Tern peratures. Calorimeter. 

Out·· 

side. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In fur- in ' n~cc, 

inches in~h.es of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

--~ ------------------------------------

7.47 .......... .. 

8 ............. .. 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 ........... . 

9 ............. .. 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 ............. . 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ...... : ...... . 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40 .......... . 

12 ............. . 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 . ·-·· ·-·· .. 

1 .............. . 

1.20 ., ......... . 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 .............. . 

2.20 ........... . 

-2.40 .......... .. 

3 .... : ......... . 

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 ........... . 

4---- .......... . 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 .............. . 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.46 ............ . 

Pounds. ° F. ° F. 

82 ............ . 

90 42 46 

88 

103 

83 

81 

88 

85 

79 

79 

77 

77 

96 

88 

90 

91 

88 

80 

91 

81 

83 

90 

86 

83 

84 

78 

84 

77 

91 

98 

42 

43 

44 

45 

47 

49 

52 

54 

61 

63 

64 

65 

67 

6'7 

66 

66 

66 

68 

68 

69 

68 

68 

64 

6_4 

63 

62 

60 

60 

47 

50 

49 

52 

56 

58 

58 

61 

67 

69 

70 

70 

72 

72 

71 

72 

73 

73 

75 

77 

75 

75 

73 

72 

72 

70 

69 

68 

82 ........... . 

° F. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

494 

495 

522 

467 

463 

462 

462 

460 

472 

471 

466 

4i5 

487 

465 

465 

472 

458 

464 

466 

480 

485 

496 

486 

494 

5Hi 

492 

501 

490 

522 

507 

540 

4. 47 0. 035 

4.04 .019 

4.15 . 045 

4.02 .047 

4. 24 . 024 

3. 96 .. 021 

0.16 0. 05 

. 41 .13 

.12 

.11 

.09 

. 12 

9.4 9.6 0.2 

. 41 

. 27 

. 27 

.28 

.30 

. 28 

. 28 

. 30 

. 27 

.41 

.34 

. 27. 

. 16 10.3 7. 7 .0 

.36 

. 27 

. 30 

.37 

.12 

.12 

.16 

.10 

.14 

.12 

.10 

. 20 

.12 

.17 

. 21 

10.0 8.6 .o 

9.1 10.2 .o 

10.5 8.6 .5 

.. -- .. -- .. -.... - . 38 . 22 9. 8 9. 3 .4 

3.98 .047 ....... -----· .................. . 

4.08 .0?4 

4.26 .049 

4.51 .04 

. 38 

. 27 

. 28 

. 38 

.38 

.12 

.08 

.10 

. 13 

.12 

8.6 11.2 .0 

.40 .18 9.2 10.4 .2 

.34 

. 32 

.44 

.14 

.42 

. 16 

.14 

.20 

.03 

.07 8. 4 11.3 .1 

' 

--- _. ----------------------------

Total . . . .. 2, 653 1, 717 1, 912 14,998 41. 71 

Average . . 85. 6 59 66 483 4. 171 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-27 

. 351 9. 68 3. 89 85. 3 86. 9 

. 0351 . 323 . 13 9. 48 9. 65 

1.-4o 

.16 
7.14 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 44.-Regular and special observations on test of 1lfissonri No. 2 coal, November 2, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coni burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. -- In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-

Inches. Inches. Poun!fs. Pou11ds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.47------------ 40 3 1--~::~00 ----·------- ------------ ------------ 8. 15-- --- . -. -- -- -- -- -. 30~ 4 700 2,120 

8.54.-----.----------. 34! 4! 700 1,400 3,412 

9.27--:--------------. 33 3£ 700 2,100 3,500 

10.-13 ..... -----.---- .. 38 2t 700 2,800 4,657 

11.13- ------.. ----. _-- -- 31 3t 700 3,500 3,874 

11.46.---------------- 29 3 700 4,200 2, 740 

12. 31 .. -:--- ------ ---. 32! 3! 700 4,900 5,228 

1.16.-.--.--- _. __ ------ 29! 4 700 5,600 2,657 

2.18 .. ---------------- 23 4! 700 6,300 4,549 

3 ---·---------------- 32 2i 700 7,000 3,325 

3.44 .. ----.----------- 24~ 4~ 700 7, 700 3,647 

4.22 .. ---------.-----. 35t 4t 700 8,400 3,255 

5.22.----------------- 30t 4! 700 9,100 4, 733 

Close, 5.46 ............ 40 3 148 9,248 2,228 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONSTime. 1 Observation. Time. Observation, 

------'--------------------------------·11----------~-------------------- i Boiler under light load during night. 12.46. _I Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

I - I 7 ....... ' Fire cleaned. 1.14 -.. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7.47 ... ·[ Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 1.42 .. -~ Fire sliced. 

8.20 .... : Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 1.54... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

8.58 .... : Fire raked, 8 inches thick. , 2.01... Cleaning fire. 

9.06.... Fire raked. 

9.23 ... _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.14·.. Do. 

10.20.. Fire sliced. 

·10.38 .. 

10.50.-

10.59 .. 

11.22--

12.07--

12.14--

Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

Cleaning fire. 

Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Do. 

2.10---

2.47 ... 

3.50---

Fire. cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

Do. 

4.18 ~.. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

4.37... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

4.44 . . . Fire raked. 

4.59 . . . Cleaning fire. ' 

5.10 . . . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick, 

5.46 . . . Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

2,120 

5,532 

9,032 

13,689 

17,563 

20,30:3 

25,531 

28,188 

32, 737 

36,062 

39, 709 

42,964 

47,697 

49,925 

Refuse clark and heavy. Coal burned freely, with long yellow flame. 73 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS • 

• S1e(tm test of JfiBsou1·i.No. 2 coal. 

Test number, 44.' CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAl •. 

Made by boiler division, United. States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana.Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fneL 

715 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated . 

. Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand firecl. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler. (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 2, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ................... ~ ...... ____ ......................... hours .. 

DDIENSJO:SS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate stirface .. -- ..................................... __ ........... square feet .. 

8.1 Width of grate ........................................................ __ .f~et.. 

:3.2 Length of grate ............................................. __ ............ do .. 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in gr~te ................... __ ............ do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air ·space to whole grate surface ......................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .......................................... __ .. __ .. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .................................... ____ .. ~.feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ..... : ...... __ ... __ .......... ______ .do .... 

6.4 Kind of draft ....... __ .. · ............................... __ ................. __ __ 

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .................................... : . ........ inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ...... __ , ..... __ ............... feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes ..... __ ..................................................... .. 

7 4 D. · t f t b ( t 'd · 'd ) · {inches . mme er o u es ou s1 e-msi e ............... __ ........ __ .. .. .. . . . --

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ......................................... -- .. __ .... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water: heating surface to grate surface ........ : ......................... . 

10. Ratio of minimun~ draft area to grate surfaee ......................... · .......... . 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

1:3. 

14 .. 

AVERAGE PRF...SSURES. 

Barometer .. __ .... ___ ..... ______________ . __ . _____ : .. ____ --fnches of mercury .. 

· .......... pounds .. 

Steam pressure by gage per square inch ..... __ ...... __ .. __ ... __ ... ____ {" do ... · 

' .. do .. .. 

Foree of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. .. 

Force of draft or. blast in ash pit ... , ..................................... do .. __ 

a Absolute. 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2, 031' 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3. 2o 

17. 87' 

None.· 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.66 

14.56 

85.6 

a100.16 

.323 

.13 

0 
716 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air .............. __ . _ ...................................... degrees .. . 

Of fireroom ...................................................... _ .. _ ... do._ .. 

Of steam ..•............................................. : . ............. do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .....•.......................................... ~ .. do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ......................................... _ .. do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler .......................................... _ .. do ... . 

22. Of eseaping gases from economizer .... _._ ................................. do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ...•.................................... _·_ ................ _ .. do .. _. 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per cent; slack, 40 per cent; dull. 

59 

66 

:127.7 

57.8 

198 

483 

24. ·weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. (io.... 9, 248 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. 57 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds. . 8, 178 

28. Total ash and refuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ do... . 1, 310 

29. Quality of ash and refuse, clinker ..................................... per cent.. 68 

:10. Total com bus~i ble consumed ____ . __ . ____ .. ____ ..... _______ .. __ .. _. _ _ {pounds- - 6, 868 

. . do .... a 6, 355 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ............. -......................•.... 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXDIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Percent 

of coal. 

Fixed carbon ..........•.... __ . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. 76 

Volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. 77 

Moisture ........ · .......................... · ................... ___ ...... __ 

Ash .......•... -.---·: · · ---- · ·---- -· · ·-- · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 

11.57 

w. 90 

16.02 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

55.59 

. 44.41 

---- ------· 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ......................................... . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DltY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ...........•....•................•..........•...••........... 

38. Hydrogen (H) ......................... ~ ............ , ................... . 

39. Oxygen (0) ......•...............................•..................... -

40. Nitrogen (N) ...... : ...•................................. · ...•........... 

41. Sulphur (S) ........................•.................... -·-··· ..... --·-

42. Ash ...•.................................•.............................. 

100.00 

4.6 

62.38 

4.37 

7.84 

1. 10 

5.20 

19.11 

100.00 

100.00 

77.12 

5.40 

9.69 

1. 36 

6.4:1 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . 11. 57 ....•...... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon __ ......... ___ ........................... __ ,_ .................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .... __ ................. __ ..... ____ .. __ ........... -- ..... __ .do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dr~ coal consumed per hour __ ....... __ . __ .......................... -- . pounds_.. 

47. Combustible const~med per hour ... ___ .. ____ ... ___________ .. __________ -{-- do .. --

-- do .. __ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ..••...... _ ........ ~ ...... do ... . 

49. Comb~1stible per square foot of water-heating_ surface per hour ..••..... -{:: ~::::: 

CAI~ORIFIC VAI.UE OP FUEL. 

717 

19.8:3 

80.17 

819.2 

688 

a6:36. 6 

20.2 

.339 

a.313 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. ___ ......... _ 11, 561 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 14,292 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ____ .....•. ____ . __ .. _ ... _ 11, 385 

5:3. Calorific value b:y analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ .... ____ ... __ ...... 14, 075 

QUALITY O>" STEAM. 

fi4. Percentage of moisture in steam ____ ...... __ . ____ ...... __ ................. _ ...... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating_ .... ____ ..... __ . __ ........... __ ._ .... _ .... __ .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ...................•.•••........... per cent .. 

WATER. 

.834 

None. 

99.36 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....... __ ._ ................... __ ....... pounds .. 49, 925 

58. ~qui valent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ____ ............ ~ .... ___ .... do .... 59, 790 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, \;orrected for quality of steam . ___ .... _ ...... ___ .do._ .. 49,605 

60. Factor of evaporation ........................................... , . __ .. . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1976 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ......•.... _pounds .. 59, 407 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ... _ ..... _ ... __ .pounds.. 4, 969 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 2'12° ..... , ............ _ ....... do.... 5, 951 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .......................... __ ................. ' ..... ___ ......... pounds.. 2. 93 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .... : ..... ____ --------_·_ .... ____ ... ___ .. _ ..... 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ..... ___ ..•...•.... _ ..........•.... ____ . ___ .. _ .. _____ _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower ·developed ........... ___ ..•........ ____ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

172.5 

210 

82. 14 
718 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONomc RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-;-item 25) ........ ____ •.... ___ .............. __ .. __ ... ___ .. _.pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item ·61+ 

·item 25) .................................................. __ ........ pounds .. 

70. Equivalen"t. evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-;-item 

27) .........................................................• _ .. -.... pounds .. 

Equivalent 1waporat.ion from and at 212° per po)lnd of con1bustible. {·_ .. do .. _. 

(Item 61-;-item 30) ..•.....•.....................•........ _ .... __ . _ _ ... do ___ _ 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible):._ .. _. ____ do. __ _ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 poun_d of dry coal) . :, . _ .. ____ .per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATIO~. 

74.· Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ...... _ .... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of wat{lr under observed conditions ... _ .. . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .......... . 

Sl\-IOKE ORSERVATIONS, I 

?7. Pereentage of smoke as observed ............... _. _ .... ~ .... ___________ ... ______ _ 

78. · Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ................... _.ounces_. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ................ cubic inches .. 

MRTIIODS OF FIRING. 

5.4 

G.42 

7.26 

8.65 

a9. 35 

58.45 

a 63.17 

60.68 

$1.00 

$0.0926 

$0.0779 

51 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)................................... Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ........... .- ............................ _ ....... inches.. 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace c\uriiig time when fires are ·in n()rmal condition .... __ .......................... --.- ..... -- ............ minutes.. 8. 3 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................. clo.;,. 29 

R4. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ........................... ~ ..................... p~r cent... 

Oxygen ( 0) _ .. _ ... _. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . ' ......................... -.- ....... ; do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ........ ~ .......................................... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .............................................. do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) .............................................. do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

9.48 

9.65 

.16 

80.71 
I 

""' \' ~~ T 

\\ ~ 

\ _/ / 

' 

~ I ~ 

' \ :\ t 

T\ 

'\ 1/ ~ .. 

" I t 

1\\ \_ . 1~ \ 

f T -~ 

\ \ ~ b I en 1--._ t -1 1/ ~ rt 

::: = 

)> z 

~ _,I ~ II II 8 -1 

~$ .] -( N~ !J!& W 

1' ~ 

~\ "' ' c rt J:g z ~';. ~ ()\ 

~· (Jl (J> , 

l\ ~\16 E:; :!1 5· ·r 

~ c p -;. 1'1 " ,.., I'! 

·~l 0 ~ \\ . II ~ G\ 'I 3 0 )> -f 

r ~ I~ ~ 1l u; "' 0 

-~ \ ~ ~ I ,§ \ "' -a -:L 6 :;o (J\ :;o ('1 :!; [;_ t~ :i )> 

'1. i!l 

/ (}I 

~ 5i, "i I IC 6 1\6 i ,Fl- 7! 0 

"' ,:1! \?, . I\ y -1 ' II, ,.., I 1;2 :r ;II )> r -~ 'II :.. 

\~ \ , .. I :r ... d ;ll 0 > ~- t 2 

~- c 

;II ll' 

I ,... 

N 

1 1\ ! I 

y 

T 1\ \ 

t 

l / 

i,; 

1\ 1\ ~ r 

\ 17 ~ t 0 . ~ 

"" ~H "' X . 1.~ 1\ f\ 1/ I--

~ 

~;: \ v ;\ 't ~r!?~' 

~ i~ b b <I' 6 b 

c [itG'I 
720 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBU'I'ION Oli~ _THE HEATING VALUE OF THF. COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U. _____ ... _ .. ___ . _. __ . _____ . _. _ 14, 292 

B. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 _ .. __ . __ . _. _. ___ . __ . _. ______ . _. _____ .. _. ___ . __ . _.. 9, 028 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [ (212- t) -1-966 + 0.48 ( 1'- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1' = that of the flue gases) ___ .. ______ . _. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3. Loss due to moisture formed hy the burning of hydrogen= per cent. of 

hydrogen to combustible +100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] 0 0 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

201 

604 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T-- t) .o.oOooo o···oooo .. oooooooooooooo 1, 995 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

co.+coX 100 XlO,l50000o000000oOOo···oooo-oooo ·130 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losst>s 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) 0 _ 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0. 0 0 .. _ 0 0 _ .. _ 0. __ . 0 .. _ 0 0 __ . _. __ .. _ 0 0 .. _ . 0. _ 2, 334 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.9 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.81 pounds. 

u Calculated from chemiRtry of ash. 

Per cent. 

!t63.17 

1. 41 

4.28 

13.96 

.91 

16.32 

"-wo. oo 
BOILER TESTS. 721 

TEsT No. i'd.-Reynla.r a.nd speciCil observations on test of Jlfissonri No. 8 coal, December 1!!, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.95 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Water In hood, I~la~':.r· in • . Steam se~amted inches . in 

d1scharge. m 10 of mches 

minutes. water. w~ler. 

Flue gases. 

co;. co. 

--~----- ----------- ~-- --------- --~ ---------

7.50 .... -....... . 

8 ............. .. 

8.20 ·····•······ 

8.40 ........... . 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ............. . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............. . 

11.20 ... -- ..•... 

11.40 --··-····--

12---.....•.. -·. 

12.20 ·--···-··--

12.40 ...... -.... 

1 --·-··-·--·-·--

1.20 . -.... -..... 

1.40 ·----------· 

2 .............. . 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 .......... .. 

8 .............. . 

3.20 .......... .. 

3.40 ··---·-----~ 

4 ............. .. 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 -·--·····-·· 

5.47 

Total .... . 

Average .. . 

Pound.-;. °F. op, op_ Ponnds: Podnds. 

81 ................................. .. 

82 

79 

76 

75 

74 

72 

71 

78 

80 

77 

83 

76 

i7 

77 

80 

76 

7:3 

76 

78 

71 

67 

78 

' 86 

72 

88 

81 

82 

79 

76 

28 

24 

27 

26 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

26 

26 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

26 

25 

25 

24 

24 

23 

22 

20 

19 

42 

48 

• 43 

48 

48 

43 

44 

44 

44 

42 

42 

42 

41 

41 

42 

41 

41 

40 

40 

40 

41 

42 

42 

42 

42 

41 

40 

39 

39 

58fl 

612 

628 

578 

595 

537 

578 

590 

610 

595 

610 

600 

580 

530 

572 

615 

620 

4.1 0.017 

4.0 .026 

8. 81 . 082 

4. 08 . 02 

3.98 . 042 

3. 88 . 017 

627' ............... . 

595 

603 

494 

623. 

8. 77 

:~. 89 

. 013 

.014 

652 1 ............... . 

:~~ ~---~--;~· ---.-~;~c 

593 

582 

560 

540 

3.87 . 061 

81 ··-··- ..................... --···---

0.62 

.63 

. 68 

. 73 

. 71 

. 75 

0.24 

. 23 

.24 

. 28 

. 30 

. 72 .26 

. 73 . 29 

Per ct. Fer ct. Pel' ct. 

4. 9 15.2 0. 0 

5.3 14.7 .0 

.75 

.73 

.74 

.74 

. 72 

. 36 5. 0 15.0 .0 

.29 

. 37 

.30 5.9 14.5 .2 

. 37 

. 75 . 22 

. 75 . 37 

. 74 . 26 

. 69 .35 

. 76 . 33 

. 75 . 38 

. 76 

. 75 

. 75 

.·52 

.53 

.54 

. 73 

.61 

.26 

. 24 

. 25 

. 21 

. 23 

. 24 

. 37 

.15 

5. 1 14.9 .0 

5.0 14.4 .0 

5. 7 14.5 .0 

5. 7 14.4 . 0 

6.4 13.8 .0 

5.2 14.8 .0 1----1----------------1------------- --

2,402 

77.5 

704 1, 209 17,132 

25. 1 41. 7 591 

39.56 

3.956 

. 265 

.0265 

18.88 

. 7 

7. 33 54. 2 146, 2 

. 28 5. 42' 14.62 

.2 

.02 
722 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 78.-Regulm· and special observations on test of Missouri No. 8 coal, D~cembe1' 12, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

·Height of water. Weight of·coal burned. I Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. 

Start, 7.50 .... --------~ 

8.14 --- ·----. --- -·. --

8.49 . -.. --.- ........ . 

9.28 ............... .. 

10.07 ............... . 

10.46 ·········· ······ 

11.23 .............. .. 

12.01 ....•........... 

12.47 .. -..... -.•..... 

1.17 ................ . 

1.56 -----------------

2.42 ... ---- ... -- .. ----

3.10 -----------------

3.47 ............... .. 

4.33 ............... .. 

5.23 ................ . 

Close, 5.47 ... _ ..... __ 

Inches. 

40 

39:\ 

34~ 

35! 

34~ 

34 

31 

35 

34:! 

40 

44! 

39!f 

35~ 

42 

34! 

41:! 

40 

Inches. 

3~ 

5 

7 

7 

3! 

3~ 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

... --... ~~~ ·i·-.-.... ;~~-I--- ... ~.-~~~-~--- ... -.~.-~~~ 

700 1,400 3,124 4,542 

700 2, 100 2, 857 7, 399 

700 2, 800 2, 097 9, 496 

700 3, 500 2, 739 12, 235 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

328 

4,200 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

7,000 

7, 700 

8,400 

9,100 

9,800 

10,500 

1C, 828 

3,227 

2,421 

2,481 

2, 760 

2,033 

4,376 

1,554 

2,941 

3, 786 

3,237 

1,640 

15,462 

17,883 

20,364 

23,124 

25, 157 

29,533 

31,087 

34,028 

37,814 

41,051 

42,691 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---~---------- ------------ ~- ------------------

Time .. Obseryation. 

No load on boiler during night. 

7. . . . . . . .Fire cleaned. 

7.50.... Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.01 _... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

8.18 .... Do. 

8.47 .... 

1 

Fire sliced. 

9.18 .... 

1 

Do. 

9.35 . . . . Cleaning fire. 

9.47 . . . . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick .. 

9.59 _... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

10.3fi _.. Eire raked, 6 inches thick. 

11.. . .. . Do. 

11.11... Do. 

11.27 . . . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

11.33 .. -~ Fire sliced. 

11.58... .Fire raked. 

Ash dark and heavy. 87 firings dur.i.ng test. 

Time. Observation. 

12.15.. Cleaning fire. 

12.32 . . Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.45 . • Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

12.57.. :Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

1.23... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

1.40... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

2.09 _.. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.32 . . . Cleaning fire. 

2.4\l... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

8.22... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

4.43 . . . Fire raked, 8 i,nches thick. 

5.01 .. . Do. 

5. 05 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5.19 ... Fire cleanec'., :l incheH thick. 

5.47 _.. Test closed, fire 3 incheH thick. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of JfissouTi No. 3 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 78. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

KinO. of boiler (commercial name), Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

7::!3 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam· jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated: 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water•tnbe. ' 

1. Date of trial, December 12, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ..................... : ........................•••...... hours.. 9. 95 

DUlENSlONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ------------------··--··--···----·-----·------------.-square feet .. 

·3.1 Width' of grate ...... c .................................................... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ........................................ : ............... -- .do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ......................................... · ............ inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do .. .. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ... _ ....................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ......... _ .......................... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft----------~-------------------------------------···--··· .. ·------

7. Water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .......................... __ ..... _ ..... _ ...... inches .. 

7.2 T.ength of shell (outside to outside of heads) ...... · ... · ............. _ ........ feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

D. f b ( 'd · 'd ) · {inches._ 7.4 tameter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e .. __ ..... _ ....................... .. . . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .. _ ........... __ .... __ ..... ~ .... _ .. _ ............ .feet .. 

8. Svperheating surface ....................................... c ...... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface._ ..................... _ .......... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................. _ ..... ___ .. _. __ .. .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer . __ .. ___ . ____ .. __ . __ . _. ____ . ___ ·.· ______ ... _. __ -{inches of mercury .. 

. . .......... pounds .. 

11 1 8 b . 1 . . · {-- do .... . team pressure y gage per square me 1_ .......... _ .................. .. 

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler . _ ....... _ ............ inches of water .• 

13. Force of draft in furnace .... _ ..................... _-.-- ................... do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................... _ ....... ___ ·_ .... do .. .. 

«Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.213 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.61 

14.53 

77.5 

a92.03 

.7 

.28 

0 
724 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEl\lPERATURES. 

15. Of external air~---._ ... __ . ___ ...... ··- ... _ ............ _ ....... _ ...... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom. ___ ... _ ... _ ....... _ .............. · .......... · ...... _ ........ _ . do ..•. 

17. Of steam .. _ ... __ ....... _ .... , ....................... __ ................. do .. _. 

18. Of feed water in tank . _ ................ _ ......... __ . __ .. __ ... ----- .... _.do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer _ ........ _ ... _ ........ _ ....... _ ... _._ .. do .. _. 

20. Of feed water entering boiler. ........ __ ................. _ .... _ ... __ .. ___ .do._ .. 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler . _ ... _ .. ____ . __ . __ . _. ___ .. ___ .. _ .. · .... _._ ... do. __ _ 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer . ---.·. __ .. ___________ .•... __ ...... ·. __ .. do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .. __ .................... · ..... _. __ ........... __ ...... _ ... _ ... _ .do ... . 

FUEL. 

23 .. Size and condition: Nut, dull-50 per cent small, 50 per cei1t slack .. 

25. 1 

41.7 

321.6 

45.1 

159 

591 

24. 'Weight of wood used in lighting fire ...... · .............................. pounds._ None: 

25. Weight of coal as fired ..... , ................................ _ ...... • ..... do.... 10,828 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal................... . _ ... _ ....................... . 

27. Total weight.of dry coal consumed ............... : ....... .. : .. .. _ ..... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .... · 

18.63 

8, 811 

2,474 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ....................... _ ............ per cent .. 60 

· · {pounds.. . 6, 337 30. Total combustible consumed ............................... _ .......... . . .. do.... a 5, 683 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. 28. 08 

32. 

33. 

34. 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIR OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ................. ------ ................................. . 

Volatile matter ................................................... ----

Moisture .................................... _ ... _ .... ___ ........ _ .... . 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal, combustible. 

29.98 

26.18 

18.63 

.5::!.38 

46.62 

35. Ash .............. ·----'·--·--·---.................................... 25.51 

:36. Sulphur, separately determined .. · ................................ -'-----

UJ,TIJ!ATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ......................... : ................................ . 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...... ------ ................ _ ....... _ ... _._ ...... _ ..... . 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ......................................................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) ...... 7 ................. : ............................... . 

41. Sulphur (S) _ ............ __ .. ___ . __ ................. ___ .... _. __ . _ .... _ 

42. Ash __ .. __ .. ___ .. ____ . ___ ... ___ . _ ... _____ . ___ . ___ .. _ ...... __ .. _ . _ .... . 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .. _ .. _. _ .. _ ......... _ ~. _ ... __ ... _. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

1.00.00 100.00 

3.85 ··-·-········· 

52.55 

3. 75 

7. 10 

. ss 

4. 73 

30.9\l 

100.00 

18.63 

76.15 

·5.43 

10.29 

1. 28 

6.85 

.. --... ---.... --~ 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .............................. · .......... , ................. · ..... per cent~. 

45. Earthy matter ...................... · ....................... : ............. do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........................................•.. pounds .. 

47. { 

.. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ............................•.......... · .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .......................... do ... . 

49. · { .. do .... Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... . .. do .... 

CALORIFIC V A.LUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .... ~ ........ . 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... . 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .. ~ ..................... . 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... . 

QUALITY OF STEA>I. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ................................................ . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .................... : ........................ . 

56. Quality of steam ( drv steam=unity) ........•....... : .................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .•...•................................ pounds .. 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .' ......•.....•••...........• do .... 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................... do .. · .. 

60. ~actor of evaporation .......................................................... . 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam_ from and at 212° .......•.••. pounds .. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ...•.....••.•• : . .•...•... do •... 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heatin~ 

surface ........................ ·, ... · .................................. pounds .. 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .............•......•....•... , ............... . 

66. Builder~' rated horsepower .................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ............................. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7-25 

16.08 

-83.92 

886 

637 

<t571 

21.85 

. 314 

a.281 

9,535 

13,817 

9,_608 

13,\)22 

.665 

None. 

99.494 

42,691 

51,579 

42,475 

1. 2082 

51,318 

4,266 

5, 158 

2.54 

149.51 

210 

71.2 

/ 
72.6 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) .......... __ .. _ .. ___ ......... -~ __ ... ___ ------ .... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as. fired. (Item 61+· 

ite1n 25) ... __ ... __ . .. .. . . .................... __ .... -- ... __ ... : .. .. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+-item 

27) _ ..... _ ....... _. _ .... _ .. __ ... _ ..... _ ...... _ ............... _ ..... pounds .. 

E~~~::~~: t-+-~;:: o;~~i~~ -~r-o-r~1--~~~ __ a_t_ -~~~~ -~~~ ~~~~~- -~f- -e~-~~-~s-t~~~~-- {: ::::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ....• _. _._.do .. __ 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of I pound of dry coal) ....... _____ . per cent .. 

COST O>' EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ......... .. 

. 75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. _ .. . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .. __ ... _ .. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ..... _ ................. __ .. _. __ .. ______ .. __ .. .. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ........... ___ .. · ..... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..• _ •.. _._ ... _.en bic inches._ 

~IETHODS OF FIRING, 

3.94 

4. 74 

5.82 

8.10 

a9.03 

56.61 

a63.1l 

58.94 

$1.00 

$0.127 

$0.105 

80. Kind of firing (spreading; alternate, or coking).: ........... _ . ___ . ____ . _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire .. -............. -- ........... ---.--._. ____ . ___ .inche:>. _ 6 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in n~rrrial condition ... -.. -.. -- ... -- ... --.------ ......... ___ .............. minutes.. 6. 9 

83. Avera!!:e interv:tls between times of leveling or breaking np .. _ ... _ .... _ .... do .. _. 26 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. I 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ).- ••• - •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : • _ ••• _.per cent .. . 

Oxygen (0) ............ --- ............................... __ ............ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ·······------------------------··-------·--····--do .. .. 

Hydrogen a,nd hydrocarbons .. ____ .. ____ ... ___ .......... _ ... __ .. _____ .. :do ... _ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ........................ ___ ........... __ .... do.· ... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

5.42 

14.62. 

. 02 

79.94 
Ill 

I 1~ 

g 

F 

, 

I 

I 
728 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALAXCE, OH. DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATfNG VAIJUE OF THE COMBUSTIBJ.E. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, .B. T. U .. __ . __ ..... _ .. _. __ .. ____ ..... 13, 817 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible.x 965.7 ...... .. . .. ...... ..... .... ..... .... ............ .... 8, 720 a 63.11 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) ................................ . 

3. Loss dne to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

437 

·hydrogen to combustible -+-100 X 9 X [(212- t)+966 +0.48 ('1'-212)].. 644 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t)................. ... . . . . .. . . .. ... . 4, 528 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

co per cent 0 in combustible 

CO,+COX 100 X10,150........................... 28 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccomited for. (Some of these. losses 

may be separately itemized if data arc obtained from which they may 

be calculated). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . -540 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 4.86 pounds. 

Dry coal per e}ectrieal horsepower hour= 6.00 pounds. 

3.16 

4.66 

32.05 

.2 

--3. 18 

100.00 

- ---------------------------------------

a Calculatect from -chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 729 

TEsT No. 77.-RegulaT and specw. ooseTvations o~ test of .!tfissouTi No.8 coal (washed), Decemba 10, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.933 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Praft pressures. 

outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

d In furFine Water In\J-oo ' nace, gases, Steam separated . m in 

base of discharge. in 10 mches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. 02- co. 

---------------------

7.56 ---········· 

8.20 ············ 

8.40 ············ 

9 .............. . 

9. 20;-- .... ----. 

9.40 •........... 

10--------------

10.20 ......... .. 

10. 40 - -..... ----

11 ............ .. 

11.20-----------

11.40------- ... 

12 -----------.---

12.20 ......... .. 

12.'40 .......... . 

1 ---------------

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 .............. . 

2. 20 .......... .. 

2.40 ........... . 

3 .............. . 

3.20 ······ ..... . 

3.40 -- ....... ;--

4 .............. . 

4.20 -- ... -..... -

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.52 ·-······ .... 

Total ..... 

Average .. 

Po!tnds. °F. op, 

82 .......... .. 

87 27 41 

90 27 41 

80 

81 

80 

81 

77 

78 

77 

81 

83 

77 

80 

78 

79 

81 

77 

74 

82 

83 

85 

83 

82 

88 

85 

84 

27 

26 

28 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

31 

32 

31 

31 

33 

33 

33 

32 

32 

32 

34 

32 

32 

32 

31 

31 

30 

42 

43 

43 

45 

45 

41 

47 

50 

50 

50 

51 

54 

52 

52 

52 

52 

53 

53 

53 

53 

53 

52 

52 

51 

50 

oj.•_ 

637 

587 

619 

616 

615 

579 

600 

605 

600 

545 

580 

627 

676 

640 

610 

625 

600 

575 

540 

627 

648 

'660 

642 

635 

645 

627 

625 

620 

Pounds. Poltnds. 

4. 35 0. 023 

3. 91 . 016 

4.10 . 024 

4.12 .021 

3.96 .025 

4.12 . 019 

4.08 .023 

4.23 .027 

0.81 

. 42 

. 58 

. 55 

.57 

. 57 

.64 

.66 

.65 

0.17 

.12 

.16 

.16 

. 20 

. 28 

. 31 

. 29 

. 35 

.61 .18 

. 70 . 23. 

. 77 . 23 

. 71 . 35 

.59 . 30 

.64 .'34 

.64 .37 

.65 .40 

.63 

.73 

. 68 

. 66 

.64 

.65 

.64 

. 65 

.66 

. 17 

.22 

.22 

. 27 

. 26 

. 25 

.28 

.30 

.30 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.2 12.5 0.0 

&l 11.3 .3 

8. 0 11.4 . 0 

7.5 12.2 .0 

7.2 12.1 .0 

7.6 12.4 .2 

6.6 13.6 .3 

7.0 13.4 .4 

84 

72 30 50 536 3. 69 . 033 .. .. .. . .. .. .. 6. 6 13. 4 . 2 

82 ...... ...... ....... ........ ........ . 77 ------ ................. .. 

1----1----------------1--------------

2,433 

81.1 

856 1,377 17,741 

30. 6 49. 2 612 

36.56 

4.062 

.211 

.0234 

17.47 6.71 65.8 112.3 

.65 .26 7.31 12.48 

1.4 

.15 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--28 
730 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 77.-Regular and special observations on test of .hfillsouri No.3 coal ('washed), December 10, 1.904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

·---

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed t o boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. T otal. 

·.- ~---

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pou1uls. Po 

Start, 7.5G ..... ___ .. _. 40 2~ ...................... ........................ ------------ ----- 8.29 .................................. 34 3 700 700 2, 722 

9.02 .......................... ,.. ...... 34 21. 4 700 1, 400. 3,428 

10.07 ---------------- 29~ 3! 1,400 2,800 6,263 

10.40 ---------------- 37{ 4% 700 3,500 2,890 

11.28 ----·------- ....... 30 4£ 700 4,200 3,542 I 

11.54 ........................... 33 3£ 700 4,900 2, 703 

12.20 ----........ --- .. -.... - 33 3£ 700 5,600 3,171 

12.53 _______ ,. ________ 31£ 5! 700 6,300 3,366 

1.33 ----------------- 36 4 700 7,000 3,983 

2.32 ·---------------- 36! 4£ 700 7, 700 3,534 

3.07 --------------·-· 36 4t 700 8,400 3, 991 

3.45 ............................ 38 6 700 9,100 3,088 

4.20 ---------·----.. -- 31 5t 700 9,800 3,841 

4.58 -----------------' 34 6! 700 10,500 3,116 

Close,5.52 .... ___ ..... 40 2! 544 ll, 044 4,364 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. ObRervation. TinlC. ObEerva tion. 

No load on boiler during night. 12.39 .. Fire sliced. 

7 .. ·- ... Fire cleaned. 1.32--. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

7 . .56 .... Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 1.47 ... Fire raked. 

8.27 .... Fire raked, .5 inches thick. 1.53 ... Cleaning fire. 

9 ... ··-· Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.07--. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick: 

9.24 .... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 3.17 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

9.44 .... Fire sliced. 3.58--. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

10.25 ·--. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. "4.12--. Fire sliced. 

10.38 ... Do. 4.47 ... Fire rak"!d, 9 inches thick. 

10.52 ... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 5.05 ... Do. 

10.57. -· Cleaning fire. 5.09 ... Cleaning fire. 

11.07 ... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 5.25 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.09 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 5.52 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

uncl.s. 

2, 722 

6, 150 

1~,413 

15,303 

18,845 

21,548 

24, 719 

28,085 

.32, 068 

:1.5,602 

39,593 

42,681 

46,.522 

49,638 

.54,002 

Clinkers brown. Ash gray and heavy. Coal burned freely on a clean grate. 84 firings 

during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam tests of Missouri No. 3 coal (washed). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER 'fRIAL. 

Test number, 77. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purcha~e Exposition, Rt. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

7:n 

P~incipal conditions governing trial, sec general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kiu(l of fuel, Missouri No. 3, washed. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of Htarting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, watertube. 

1. Date of trial, December 10, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _ .. _ ~ _ ... _ ..... _ .............. _ ............ _ .............. _ ...................... _ ................ hours .. .. 

DDIENSIO'NS A~D PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface. _____ ...... _ ...... _. __ ....... _. __ .....• _ .. _ ... _ ...... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate __ ... __ . _. ____ .... -- __ .. _ .. _ ...... --- .... --. _ ... ---- .... -.feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate __ ._ .... - ___ .... _ ... ---: ....... _ .. -.-.-_ ...... _ .. -... -_ .. do .. _. 

9.933 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace .. --_ ... __ ........ __ ._._ ...... _.-- ....... : .... -- ...... inches.. 26 

5. .\pproximate width of air spaces in grate._._ ... _._ .. _. __ ._ ... _ ...... ~ ___ ... do.___ . 5 

6. Proportion of air spaec to whole grate surface._._ .. __ ... : .. ____ ._. ___ ._. per cent._ 

6.1 Area of ehimney __ , _____ .. _. _____ . _ -- ___ . _. ___ . _. _- __ . _. _. _____ ._.square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate _ .. ___ .. ______ ... ____ . _________ .. ______ . __ .feet._ 

6. 3 Length of fine connecting to chimney __ ...... __ .... _. _ .. _. _ . __ .... , ... __ .do_. __ 

6.4. Kind of draft_._ .... _._ ... , _ .... ·. ___ ...... _. _ .... __ ..... __ ....... __ .. _ .. ·. __ ... . 

7. Water-heating surface _. _ .... _ .... _____ .. _. __ ..... _. _ ..... ___ ...... square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .... ___ ..... __ ....... _ ..... ___ .... __ ...... ___ .inches._ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) _. _ .. _ ...... _ ...... _ ....... ___ .feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes __ ...... --· ..... __ .. __ . ___ ._ .. __ ...... __ ........ _ ...... _._._ .. 

· b (. -

1 · . ) finches .. 7.4 Dmmeter of tu cs outs1c e-ms1de . -.- ...... -- .. -... -- ... -.-- .. ·- ... ·]' . . .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ... __ ...... __ ...... ___ .... __ ..... __ ........ __ ... _ ..feet .. 

8. , Superheating surface . _ ...... ___ ..... _. ~ ..... __ ..... __ ..... _ ....... square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface. _. __ ... _ .. _ ..... _. _____ .. _. ___ . _ .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ...... _ ...... _ ........ __ .. _ .. ___ ._ .. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Baronieter ___________ . _. ___ . _. ___________________________ -{inches of mercury._ 

. ___ ....•. pounds .. 

11.1 b . {··do .... Steam pressure y gage per square mch __ ..... _ ...... __ ... _. __ •.... __ _ __ do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler . __ ..••.. _ ..•. _ ....•.. inches of water._ 

13. · Force of draft in furnace .................. ____ ••.. __ ..• _ --. ________ ..... do. __ _ 

14. Force of draft or blastin ash pit ----------·-·-----·--·-·-----------------do .... 

a Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.64 

14.55 

'31.1 

ct95. 65 

.65 

.26' 

0 
732 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE~fPER.ATURES. 

Of external air .................................. .- .................... degrees .. 

Of Jlreroom.: ........... __ .. ---- ........................ ___ ..... __ ...... do._ .. 

Of steam ..............•.... , ........................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .... -----------------·.------------- ................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler. ............................................ do ... . 

Of Jscaping gases from boiler ................ _ .... __ ............ _._ ... __ .. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gafleS from economizer .................. ___ .............. · .... do .. _. 

22. I Of furnace .............................................................. do ... _ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per cent; slack, 40 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used ill. lighting fire_ ......................... _ ........ pounds .. 

30.6 

49.2 

324.4 

45.2 

168 

608 

None. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

2!). 

Weight of coal as fired .............. ------- ................ ,_ ............ do .... 11,044 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

Percentage of moisture in coal. ..... _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. 78 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ............................... · ...... pounds.. 8, 749 

Total ash and refuse ................................................... _. do.... 1, 047 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker. .................................... per cent.. 55 

Total combustible consumed .................. _ ................... __ .. {

pounds._ 7, 702 

..do .... ai,530 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ....... _ ............ _ ..... __ ...... __ .. ,_ 11. 98 

PROXUIATE ANALYSTS <H' GOAL. 

Fixed carbon _ ............................................. __ ..... _ .. . 

Voiatile matter._ ............................................. __ ...... . 

lVloistn re .. __ .................................. _ ..... _ .... _ .... _ . _ .... _ 

Ash ....................................................... _ ....... · ..• 

Sulphur. separately determined .............. _ ..... __ ....... -------· ... . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS Ul<' DRY COAT. 

Per cent of coal. 

3\!.61 

31. 18 

20. 78 

8.43 

100.00 

2. 88 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

55.95 

44.05 

100.00 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................ _ ..... _ .•.... _. _. __ 70.03 78.37 

38. Hydrogen (H) ... _. _ ......... __ ...... _ .... _ .... _ . _ _ . _.... ___ ... ___ . _ 5.00 5.60 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ... ~· ......................................... _ ..... _ ... _. _. 9.52 10.65 

40. Nitrogen (N) ............. ; .................... _ ..... _ .... __ .... __ .. .. 1. 17 1. 31 

41. Sulphur (S) .................................. _ ... _ ..... _ ..... _ ...... _ .. 3.64 4.07 

42. Ash ............................................................. · .... . 10.64 

100.00 ·100. 00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .................. _............... 20. iS .... _ ....... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of nsh. 
BOILER TESTS. 733 

A~ALYSIS O.F ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .....................•..•..........•... : ....•....•...••...•.. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ..........•.......•.....................•................. do .... 

27.54 

72.46 

FUEL PRR HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

47. · { .. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ..................................... . ..do .. .. 

48 .. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ........•............... do ... . 

49. . { .. do .... Combustible per square foot of water-heatmg surface per hour ......... . ..do .... 

CALORI~IC VALUE OF FUEL. 

881 

77fi 

a753 

21. 72 

. 381 

{/ .373 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............ 12, 602 

51. Calorific value by 'oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 14,102 . ' 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ....................... 12, 695 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................... 14,207 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) ................................... per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 573 

None. 

99.565 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ................ ~ .................... pounds.. 54, 002 

58. EquiYalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .....•..........•.•.•....•. do .... 65,294 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 53, 767 

60. Factor of evaporation ....................................... ~.............. .. .. 1. 209! 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212,0 ••••••••••• pounds .. 65, 010 

WATER PER "HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 413 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° •........•...•.••....... do.... 6, 545 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................ pounds.. 8. 22: 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................ ~ ................. .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ...................•......... 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

189. 7 

210 

90.3 
J 

734 

tiS. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOl\IIC RESULTS. 

'Vater apparently evaporated under actua:I conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 --7- item 25) .......... ·_ ................. _ ................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal a,s fired. (Item 61 -7-

item 25) .................... · ....................................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-7- item 

27) ..................................................... : ......... pounds .. 

E~~~::~e;;:::!:r;~i~:~. ~r-o-~1- -~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~- ~-e:_ -~~~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~:~~~~~i-~1~: {:: ~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound ofcom- {per cent. .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ......... do .... . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .......... , .. per cent .. 

COST OF EY APORATION. 

Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 :tJonnds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. ~ .•• 

Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS, 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

4.89 

5.89 

7.43 

8.44 

a8.63 

57.8 

a59.1 

56.93 

$1.00 

$0.102 

:1'0.0849 

32 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ................. , ......... .-................... inches.. 7 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition···------------···· .................................. minutes.. 7.1 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ....•... __ ...... do.... 31 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

S4. Carbon dioxide ( C02) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : •••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ............•............................................... do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ....•............................................ do ... . 

87. 

88. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ........•.•...............................••. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ..........•...••.............•.••........... do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.31 

12.48 

.15 

80.06 

736 OPERATIONS , OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIRUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THF. COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U----------·----·--·--------;. 14,102 

B.T.'U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ____ .. ___________ . _. __ ..... __ ..... __ -·-. _. ___ . _. _. _ _ 8, 334 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible--;-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the flue gases)----·-----------·---·-·---·---- 387 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100X9X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)].. 665 

4. Loss <;lue to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T-t) •.•.•••....... _ ......... _ ... _. __ __ 3, 484 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO . per cent C in combustible 

C0 0 2 +CO X 100 X 1 ' 150 -- · ·------·-----·---- ·---

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

160 

Per cent. 

a 59.10 

2.74 

4.72 

24.71 

1.13 

be calculated) _____ .. __ ....•. __ . __ .. _ .. __ .. _. __ ... __ ...•.. _ .. __ . _ ... :.. 1, 072 7. 60 

REMARK~. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.81 pounds. 

Dry coal·per electrical horsepower hour = 4. 70 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 737 

TEsT No. 70.-Regular and special observations on te.gt of Missouri No. 4 coal, December 2, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.983 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. : Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

--~---- ----~-~--- ----

Time. 

7.54 ··--·--·-··· 

8 .....•. · ....... . 

8.20 ··--········ 

8.40 ··-··· ··-··· 

9 .. ·- ......... -. 

9.20 ····-·····--

9.40 ---- .. -. -.-. 

10 ---.----------

10.20 ··--····-·· 

10.40 ---··-----· 

11 ............. . 

11.20 ········-·· 

11.40 .......... . 

12 ............. . 

12.20 --···. --··· 

12.40 -- -.--. -.--

1 -------.. -.--- ~ 

1.20 -.- .. -- .. --. 

1.40 .......... .. 

2.20 ·····-·····-

2.40 -. -. --.. -.. -

3 .............. . 

3.20 -.. ----.- .. . 

3.40 ---····--··· 

4 --·-···-----·-· 

4.20 ··-·-···--·· 

4.40 --- .. -- .... -

5 .. ------- ... --. 

5.20 ---·-·---··· 

5.40 ···--· ..... . 

5.53 ············ 

Steampressure 

gage. 

Pounds. 

89 

85 

85 

85 

85 

83 

86 

85 

86 

85 

87 

87 

83 

85 

85 

83 

89 

84 

86 

84 

82 

83 

84 

83 

78 

81 

86 

Outside. 

oF. 

381 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

37 

37 

37 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

35 

35 

35 

34 

34 

34 

34 

33 

33 

33 

33 

78 33 

831 33 

83 ...... 

Boiler 

room. 

o P. 

52 

53 

53 

53 

53 

54 

55 

55 

56 

56 

5f) 

54 

53 

53 

55 

55 

55 

56 

56 

56 

55 

55 

_55 

55 

55 

55 

55 

54 

54 

55 

76 ........... . 

89 

h In furFlue Water In . ood, nace, gases, Steam separated . m in 

base of discharge. in·lO mches inches 

stack. minutes. of of 

op_ 

650 

627 

609 

610 

585 

600 

575 

589 

577 

577 

597 

622 

620 

581 

617 

598 

609 

666 

667 

670 

632 

636 

643 

640 

665 

656 

654 

665 

667 

597 

625 

666 

Pounds. Ponnds. 

4. 38 o·. 021 

4. 27 . 019 

4. 31 . 025 

4.31 .031 

4.16 .027 

4. 29 . 031 

4.10 .022 

4.00 .024 

4.12 . 04 

Wttter. water. 

0.48 

.51 

.52 

:53 

.44 

.44 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.46 

.45 

. 47 

. 45 

.47 

. 47 

.45 

. 56 

. 50 

.60 

. 75 

.44 

. 56 

. 57 

. 58 

.34 

. 57 

.56 

.73 

. 70 

. 47 

.71 

.50 

0.08 

.11 

.15 

.19 

.13 

.11 

.18 

. 18 

. 26 

.19 

.16 

. 17 

.16 

. 22 

.16 

.16 

. 22 

. 12' 

.14 

. 21 

.14 

.18 

. 15 

.18 

.08 

. 17 

.14 

. 20 

. 22 

. 10 

. 13 

.09 

co,. o,. co. 

Per ct. ·l'er ct.. Per ct. 

6.7 12.8 0.0 

7.9 11.6 .0 

8.2 11.0 .3 

8. 5 10.3 . 3 

8.1 10. 8· . 5 

.......... l:------ ------

7.8 11.5 .2 

8. 4 11.4 . 0 

8. 4 11.4 . 2 

8. 0 11. R . 0 

7.2 12.7 .0 

-----------1---------------------

Total ..... 

1 

2, 693 1, 030 1, 636 19, 992 

Average . _ 84 35.5 54.5 625 

37.94 

4.215 

. 243 116. 68 5. 08 

. 021 I . 52 . 16 

79.2 115.3 

7. 92 11. 53 

1.5 

; 15 
738 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 70.-Regular and spe!Jial observations on test of Missouri No.4 coal, December 2, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

------------- Height of w ater. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.54............ 40 4 ................... -- ...... -.... -...... .. . ... .. .. -.. ---.... .. ...................... 

8.28----------------- 28 5;\- 700 700 2,816 2,816 

9.08----------------- 20~ 2! 700 1,400 4,472 7,288 

9.48----------------- 27t 2 700 I 2,100 4,299 11,587 ., 

10.28 -------·-------- :nt 4;\- 700 2,800 3,402 14,989 

11.14---------------- 26 3~ 700 3,500 5,035 20,024 

11.58---------------- 31 3~ 700 4,200 4,779 24,803 

12.35 '···-----------· 28! 4t 700 4,900 3,682 28,485 

1.13----------------- 2H 4 700 5,600 4,142 32,627 

·2.52 ----------------- 30~ 4 1,400 7,000 10,429 43,056 

3.40 ------ - ------ ---- 27t 4! 700 7,700 5,009 48,065 

4.25 ----------------- 25 3i 700 8,400 4,914 52,979 

5.19----------------- 32 2~ 700 9,100 5,724 58,703 

Close, 5. 5:{ .. . .. .. .. .. 40 2 415 9,515 2,594 61,297 

-----------------'--

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

l'ime. Observation. Time. Observation. 

·--------------1.---

Boiler under a light load during night. 1.26--- .Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

7----- _._ Fire cleaned. 1.46--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

7.54---- Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 2.17--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.33' .. -- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 2.50--- Do. 

9.16 .... Fire raked, 8 il\ches thick. 4.13--- Do. 

11.44--- Do. 4.51--- Fire raked; 7 inches thick. 

12.06--- Fire sliced, no clinkers on grate. 5.05--- Cleaning fire. 

12.39--- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 5.16--- Fire. cleaned, 2 inch,es thick. 

12.47--- Do. 5.53--- Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

1.08 ..... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

----- ____ I __ ------------

Ash light in weight. Refuse dark in color. Coal burned freely with long flame; fire handled 

easily. 107 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of lfissouri No. 4 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 70. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purch~>ae Exposition, St. Louis; Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

739 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. H:~ghes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Missouri No. 4. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boile,r, water tube . 

. 1. Date of tria;l, December 2, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ................................ ----------------------·hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate .............................................. ------- ...... feet •. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ..•. 

4. Height of furnace .... --- ......................... --- .................. inches •. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .. : ........................ ~ ..... do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney .............. · .................................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4. Kind of draft ............................................. : . ................. . 

7. Water-heating surface ........... : ........... : .............. _ ...... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inchrs-. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Number oj tuhes ........................................................... -c .. 

D. f b ( 'd · 'd · · {inches .. 7.4 1ametero tu es outs1 e-msi eJ .... · ............................. .. ' .. do ..•. 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square .feet .• 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................. _ ....... ___ ..... . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface._ ............... _ ......... _ ....... . 

AVEkAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer _ .. ___ . __ · ______ . _______ , _____________________ ._.{inches of mercury .. 

. ........ ,pounds .. 

11.1 S team pressure b y gage per square me ............ _ ................. . . h {"do .... 

, .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between dam per and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. _ . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................... ---·---- ......... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

a.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.48 

14.47 

84 

a98. 4i 

.52 

.16 

0 
( 

740 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. "Of external air ...•. " ................. _ ....... _ ................. _ ..... degrees .. 

16. Of fire room .........•................................................... do .... 

17. Of steam .............................. ___ .............................. do .. __ 

18. Of feed water in tank ...... _ . _ .......... _ .. _. _ .................... _ .. _ . _do ... . 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ........................................ _ ..... do._._ 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ...........................•............ do._ .. 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEl,. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, dnll-70 per. cent small, 30 per cent slack. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ....................... , ............ pounds._ 

35.5 

54.5 

326.5 

46.2 

177 

625 

None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ................... , .................... ~ ......... do:._.. 9, 515 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal.................................................. 12. 24 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds._ 8, 350 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do.... 556 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 37 

{

pounds.. 7, 794 30. Total combustible consumed .....................................•.. _. . . . do .... a7, 676 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ................ _ ...•... _ .••. _ ...... __ .. 6. 66 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

PROXD:IATE ANALYSIS OF COAL, 

Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

Moisture .......................... _ ............ _ ...... _ ........ _ ..... _ 

· Ash ........•..................................................•...... 

Per cent of coaL 

42.11 

40.10 

12.24 

5.55 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

51. 22 

48. 78 

100.00 

Sulphur, separately determined ........•.........•............• __ ..•... 4. 98- _ ..... ___ .... 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS O.F DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C) .......................................................•... 

Hydrogen (H) ..... · ...................... _ ..................•.. _ .•.... 

Oxygen ( 0) ......................................................... . 

Nitrogen ( N) ...••. _ .. _ .............................................. . 

Sulphur (S) .........................................................• 

Ash ....................................................•....... 

Moisture in sam pie of coal as received ............•......•.•.•.......... 

a Calculated from chemistry of a..b. 

76.05 

5.42 

5. 75 

. 79 

5.67 

6.32 

100.00 

12.24 

81.18 

5.79 

6.14 

. 84 

6.05 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH .lND RF.FUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .................... --.-- ........... __ ..... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .................................... .. {

--do .... 

..do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do .. .. 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... . { 

.. do .. __ 

..do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

741 

26.17 

73.83 

837 

781 

U769 

20.64 

. 384 

a. 379 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 14, 197 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. _. _. _ .. 15, 155 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 206" 

53. C:iJorifie value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ............ __ .. ____ 15, 164 

QUALiTY OP STEAl\!, 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .............................................. .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ....................... ___ · __ ............... .. 

. 636 

None. 

56. ~uality of steam (dry steam = unity) ................................ per cent .. 99.518 

WAT!'R. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 61, 297 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .. __ 74,090 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... ,61, 002 

60. Factor of evaporation.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2087 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... po)lnds .. 73, 733 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 6, 111 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ..................•...... do ... _ 7, 386 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surfa?e ............................................................. pounds_ _ 3. 64 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................... ··-. __ .. ~. __ ..... __ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ......................................... ___ .. ____ __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .•••••.....•............. ___ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

214.] 

210 

102 
742 

68. 

69. 

70. 

il. 

72. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOl\IIC RESULTS. 

~Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+- item 25) ...•••..••.•.........•.•...•••..•................ pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) .•.........•••.•......................•.................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ........................ __ ......••.. __ ...••..... :. -~· ............ pounds .. 

E<~~~::~e;;:~~~:r;~~o~- -f~~~ _ ~~l~~ _ ~~ -~~~~ _ ~~~- -~~~~~- ~-f- -c~:~~~-s~~~~~-- {: :~::::: .. 

EFFICIENCY, 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ... _ .... _.do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

' dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent .. 

. COST OF EVAPORATION, 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1, 000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

·n. 

78. 

79. 

S:M:OKE OBSERVATIO~S. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ........... · ........................•.•...... _ ... . 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ............ _. __ .... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ... ------ .... cubic inches .. 

:\IETHODS 0~' FIRING. 

SO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .................... __ .... _ ...•.•. 

81. Average thickness of fire .........................•..................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ...... __ ........................... ___ ................ minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... . 

ANAI~YSIS OJ<~ THE DRY GASES. 

84. Ca~bon dioxide (C02 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• · •••• _. ___ •••••••• per cent,. 

85! Oxygen (0) ............ : ............... , ............................... do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide ( (~0) ................................................ _do ... . 

87. 

88. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons --------------------------------------------"0----

Xitrogen (by differenee) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

6.44 

7.75 

8.83 

9.46 

(/ 9 61 

60.28 

(/ 61.24 

60.06 

:Ill. 00 

$0.0776 

$0.0645 

56 

Alternate. 

8 

. 5.6 

43 

7. 92 

11.53 

.15 

80.4 
.. 

)> 

 

j 

t ~\ 

1\ 

~-\~'\ . ..Q 

:--- ~ 

"' \ ~~ g-o 

n '\ I~ 

~ ;;l 

b 

~ =r 

c;· 

r 

t. 

= 

r 

t 

~ !') 

t 

t -

~ 

t 

., 

r 

t 

'( 

t 

"' 

t 

t 

(n 

r 

t 

4' 

0~ 

ll' 

0~ 

r~ 

r~ 1\ 

\g .\ 

J. 8 

0 '~ ~ 

~ 

1\ ~\ 

l '-' 

c 

;u 

J 

I 

' 

~ ..; j; ~ 

J )> 

1l c-

"' "' ...... 

)>~~ C-1 

:IJI' 

"· 

I" 

.., 

r 

"' I 

G\ 

IJ, 

1\ :I "' 

'11 

"' \ ;!l 

)> 

.... 

l1. ';u 

"' ~ 

~1\ il 

I~ \ 1\ 1.-11 

lg 

u \, 

"' ~ 1\~ I~ ~ ~ <! ~ ;u 

\~ 

~ 

\ 

l 

\ 

I) 

\ 

"' , )> ., :I 

1l 1l 

;u ~- (J\ 

"' "' (J\ 

"' c 

S' ~~ ;o \" "' 

= 

J.•'(- ~ 

j_ ., :I r: 

\ c 0 : ... :~u~ "' 0 

- ~ :I• )> 

o• rJO 

a~ r-- ifl: (J\ 

"' 

- ~: ... ). ,{ 

Jin: ~ i Fi: "' ' 

I J [':: 0 0 7- r-~: -~ ro- ~ 

:I: .., 

... 

: ~~ I ~ 1/ ~,I_ 

7 

.. 

j_ 1, z 

)> ll' (\ 

I~ J 

\ \ 

1\ 1\ \ II 

\ v ~ 

~ ~ 1\ 1 

\ v 

"'- 1\ ~~ v 
744. OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COl\IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ............................. _ 15, 155 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965. I.................................................. 9, 280 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = per cent of moisti1re referred to combustible-c3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100X [(212-t)+966+0.48 (1'--212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1'= that of the flue gases) .......... __ ..... _____ ........ .. 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to eombustible--c-100 X 9 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( 1'- 212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (1'-t) .............. -·--------------·--· 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in com hustible - C02

+ COX . 100 -XlO, loO ......................... . 

Loss due to uneonsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be c~lculated) ....................................................... . 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.2 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horRepower hour = 3. 96 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

197 

689 

3,412 

153 

1,424 

Per cent. 

a 61.24 

1.3 

4. 5.5 

22.51 

1. 01 

9.39 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 745 

TEST No. 27.-Regular and special observat·ions on test of New l'tfexico No. 1 coal, October 13, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.05 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water In ~100(1, I~af,;'.,'"- gases, Steam separated ln in ' 

base of discharge. in 10 inches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

o,. co. 

- --Po_u_n-ds-. -oF.-.- --

0 -F.- --0

-F-.--I-P-ou_n_d_s_-I--P-ou_n_ds-.-l--- -- Per ct. I Per ct. Per ct. 

7.34 ------------ 87 ------ ------ 467 -------- -------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------ 8 .. - - - - - - -.. - - - - 85 56 60 564 4.29 0.034 

8.20 ·----------- 93 56 61 538 

8.40 ·----------- 101 58 63 517 

4. 561 . 029 

----------------

9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93 58 64 487 

9.20 ·----·------ 100 59 65 476 

--------1--------

3.87 1 . o:~o 

9.40 ------------ 95 59 66 466 

10 -.... - -- -- -- -- 75 60 66 458 

10.20 ----------- 76 60 67 582 

10.40 ··--------- 95 61 68 552 

11 --- -.. ---- ---- 85 62 68 577 3.HH .017 

11.20 .. --- .. --.. 87 64 

11.40 .. - -.. --- -- 84 64 

70 ------.-------- ·--- ----

70 ------- -------· ·-------

12 ...... ------ -- 79 66 

12.20 -·--------- 89 66 

12.40 ----------- 83 65 

l_______________ 84 65 

1.20 ------------ 85 65 

1.40 ------------ 72 65 

2--------------- 86 65 

2.20 ------------ 92 66 

2.40 ------------ 93 66 

3--------------- 100 66 

3.20 ............ 88 66 

3.40 ·----------- 83 66 

4--------------- 76 65 

4.20 ----- .. ---- 72 65 

4.40 ............ 81 64 

5--------------- 83 63 

5.20 ............ 97 62 

71 

71 

72 

7.3 

74 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

74 

74 

73 

73 

72 

71 

71 

436 

632 

558 

552 

537 

520 

582 

583 

594 

575 

555 

608 

617 

637 

640 

609 

643 

3.63 . 015 

4. 44 . 060 

4.37 .034 

4. 81 . 025 

3. 65 . 016 

4.18 .037 

0.42 

. 37 

.24 

. 21 

. 22 

. 20 

. 23 

0.09 

. 07 

.09 

.08 

.08 

8. 7 

. 09 10. 7 

.13 

I 

10.4 0.0 

8. 1 1. 1 

. 52 . 29 

. 27 

. 29 

.34 

.40 

.29 

.35 

.30 

. 38 

. 21 

. 22 

,34 

. 33 

.40 

. 31 

. 37 

.45 

. 56 

.55 

.56 

. 51 

. 51 

.13 10. 1 

. 16 

. 22 

10. 1 

10.4 

10. 1 

8.6 2. 1 

9.5 2.0 

8.6 1.4 

8.9 1.6 

. 17 

.14 

.16 

.11 

.18 

.10 

.10 

.13 

. 13 

.14 

.10 

. 15 

.15 

. 26 

. 22 

.18 

.13 

.06 

10. 2 10. 2 . 6 

9.9 11.0 .9 

9.1 10.9 1.2 

5.37 ------------ 88 ------ ------ -- - ---- -------- ---- ---- - ------ .. ---- 6. 2 14. 5 .2 

Total. __ .. 

Average __ 

2, 687 -1,-8-23- -2,-0-32-. -15-, 5-6-2 -41-.-,-9·!--. 2-9-7-l--10-.-35- 4. 04 95. 51100·~7- --u:I 

86. 7 63 70 556 4. 18 . 0297 . 358 . 14 9. 55 10. 07 11. 1 

-----~----

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-29 
746 OPERATIONS 01!, THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

T~~ST No. 27.-Regular and special observations on test of New 1l{exico No.1 coal, October 13, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Hei"ght of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of w11ter fed to boiler. 

Time. --- In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. TotaL 

Inches. In~hes. Pmtnds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.34 ............ 37 2t ----------.- ------------ ------------ ---·--------

7.59 ------·---------- 41~ 3! 700 700 2,184 2,184 

8.32 ----------------- 30 4! 700 1,400 2,463 5,647 

9.01 ----------------- 35~ 2~ 700 2,100 3,404 9,051 

9.33 ----------------- 30!- 3t 700 2,800 3,223 12;274 

10.05 ---------------- 38~ 3!- 700 3,500 2,682 14,956 

10.43 ---------------- 37~ 3! 700 4,200 4,539 19,495 

11.17 ---------------· 39 2 700 4,900 4,102 23,597 

11.53 ---------------- 29~ 3~ 700 - 5,600 3,851 27,448 

12.26 ---------------- 25~ 5 700 6,300 3,525 30,973 

1.07 ----------------- 30 4-i 700 7,000 3,753 34, 726 

1.52 ----------------- 26i 3~ 700 7,700 5,930 39,656 

2.40 -- ---------- ~---- 33~ 4£ 700 8,400 3,611 43,267 

3.23 ----------------- 28:£ 3:£ 700 9,100 4,427 47,694 

4 ____ , _______________ 34!- 3 700 9,800 3,737 51,431 

4.38 --------.--------- 39 2~ 700 10,500 4,329 55, 760 

Close,5.37 ............ 39 2:£ 463 10,963 4,914 60,674 

.... ... 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

6.45---- Boiler under a load. 1.15--- Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

7-----.- Fire cleaned. 1.28--- .Fire raked. 

7.34---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 2.17--- Fire raked, .5 inches thick. 

9.15---- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.20--- Fire raked. 

9.54---- Fire raked, 7, inches thick. 2.53--- Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

10.1"-. _

1 

Do. 3.37--- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

10.21 . . . Fire sliced. 3.50--- Do. 

11.03... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 4.10--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

11.15 ... Fire raked. 4.13--- Fire sliced. 

12.05--- Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 4.48--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

12.10--- Fire sliced. 4.55--- Cleaning fire. 

12.32--- Cleaning fire. 5.05--- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

12.44--- Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 5.37--- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

L ...... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

Coal burned freely with long flames. 126 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS . 

.Steam tests of New Mexico No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BUlLER TRIAL. 

Test number, 27. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

747 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated.. 

Kind o[ fuel, New :Mexico No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

~Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 13, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours •• 

DJMENSJO~S AND Pl~OPORTIONS. 

3. Grate stirface . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. : ......... ·c .... square feet .. 

. 8.1 Widthofgrate .......................................................... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ............................... , .................... ti' ... • do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ........................ , ............................ inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate eurface ......................... per cent .• 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ................... , ....................... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................... _ ............... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ...................... _ ........................................... _ 

7. ~Water-heating surface ............................. -~-- ............ square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .............................................. inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .......... · ........... _ ........ feet. . 

7.8 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

. . . . {inehes .. 7.4 Diameter of tubes ( outside-msidc) .................................. . · .. do .... 

7.5 I,ength oftubes exposed .................................................. feet .• 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet.. 

n. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................................. .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ....................... _ .......... .. 

AVEH.Afi E PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometer ____ . __ . _______ . _ .. ______________ .. ____ .. _ .. ___ .jinches of mercury .. 

....... _ .. pounds .. 

S b . h · {-- do .... 11.1 team pressure y gage per square me ........................ __ ... .. .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace .................... ~ ............................ do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................................... do .. .. 

bAbsolute. 

10.05 

40.55 

6.15 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.77 

14.61 

86.7 

a 101. 31 

.36 

.14 

0 

• 
/ 

74)) OPEHATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVRRAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ........................................................ degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ....................................................... ·.· .... do ... . 

17. Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do· ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from ep,onnmizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

PUEL. 

Size and condition: Mine run-30 per cent lump, 40 per cent small, 30 per cent slack. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired ................................................... do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ... ~ ................................ per cent.. 

63 

70 

328.5 

69 

171 

556 

...... None. 

10,963 

11.9 

9,658 

846 

43 

30. Total com bust1 ble consumed ......................................... . . {pounds.. 8, 812 

~' .. do .... "8, 342 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 76 

PROXll\IATB ANALYAIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon .........•................................................ · 41. 57 

33. Volatile matter......................................................... 37. 85 

34. 

35. 

Moisture ............................................................. . 

Ash ........................ ··········································· 

11.90 

8.68 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

52.34 

47.66 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... . .56 ········ .... 

lJl,Til\fATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL, 

37. Carbon (C) ......................... ~---······························· 70. 77 78.5 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . 4.97 5.51 

39. Oxygen (0) ...................... : ................................... . 12.63 14.01 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 1.15 1. 28 

41. Sulphur(S) ............ , ............................................... . . 63 . 70 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 9.85 . . -....... -.- ... 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ................................... . 11.9 ------------

a Calculnted from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAJ,YSIS OF ASH AND ltRFUSE. 

44. Carbon _ ............... _ .... _ ...................... _ .. _. _. _. _. __ .... per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter ...... __ .. _. ___ .. ___ .... __ ... _. _ .. __ .. _____ .. __ ..... _ .. _._do_ . _. 

FUEL PF.R HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour . _ .... _ ........... __ .... _ .•........ __ . __ .. potm~s-. 

47. · {·.do. __ . Combustible consumed per hour_ .. _ ...•.. ____ . __________ . ____ . ______ _ · __ do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface p~r hour._ .. _ .... __ .. _. __ ........ do ... . 

49. Combustible per square fo~t of water-heating surface per hour _________ .{-- do.-·- . .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF·PUEL. 

I 

749 

42.98 

57.02 

961 

877 

nS80 

23.7 

.432 

".409 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _ ... _ ..... _ .. 12, 573 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... _ .... 13,947 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. lJ ... _ ... _. _ .. __ . __ .. _. __ . 12, 422 

53. ·calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U •. _____ ... _ ..... ___ . 13, 779 

QUALITY 01<~ STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................ _._._ .. _ ........... _. 

55. _.Number of degrees of superheating ...... _ .... _ ..... _ ................ _ ... _ . __ .. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) ............. _ .......... _ ..... _ ... per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 705 

None. 

99.46 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ...................... _ .... __ ..... _._ pounds .. 60,674 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212°. _. __ . __ .. _. ____ .. __ ...• _ .. do. __ . 71,947 

59. 'Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. __ .. _ .. _._ .. _._ .. do. ___ 60,346 

60. Factor of evaporation .......... _ ................ _._ .. ___ .... __ ... _. ___ .. _ .... __ . 1. 1858 

61. . Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° _ .. _ .. ::-. __ .. pounds._ 71,558 

WATER PER ROUtt, 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. __ ... ____ .... pounds._ 6, 005 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hondrom and at 212°. ·.- .. __ ..... _ ..... _ .... _.do .. __ 7,120 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .................................................... _.; ...... pounds.. 3. 51 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steani 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower). _. _ .... _ ......... _ ..... _ ... _ ........ : .... __ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower. . _.:. _. __ .... _. _ .. _ ............... _ ...... _ .... _ .... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower cteveloped ........ __ .................. _. 

206.3 

210 

il8.5 ------------------_____ , ______ _ a Calculated from chemistry Of U8b. 
750 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

RCONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. 'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+item 25) ______________ ---.- __________________ ----- _______ .pounds._ 

6!1. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) ______ . _____ .. __________________ . _. __ . _. ___________________ pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coaL (Item 61+itcm 

27) ______ . ____ . _ .. _ ... _ .. - __ . _. ____ .. _____ .. _______ .. ___ . _____ . ____ pounds._ 

71. 

E~~~::~e~:~::~~~i~~- --~r-6-~1- ~~~. ~~ _ ~~~~. ~-e·r- ~~~:~~- _o_f __ c_o_I~I ~-~s-t~l:~~·. {: :~~:::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ___ . __ . _ ... do. __ _ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiier per pound of 

coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .. _ ..... _. ______ per cent __ 

COS1' OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)_. ____ .... _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. ___ . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ____ . ____ . 

SMOKJ< OBSERVATIONS. 

7i. Percentage of smoke as observed _____ . ___ , ______ . ____ ._. ___________ . _____ . ____ .. 

78. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_._._ ... _. ___ . __ . ____ ounces._ 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke mete.r. _- ____ . _. ____ .eubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)_._ .. ___ .... __ ... _._ .. _._. __ ..... _ 

81. Average thickness of fire .. __ ....... _ .. _ .... _. __ ._._ .. ___ . _____ ....... _.inches._ 

82. Average intervals b~tween firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor5.53 

6.53 

7.41 

8. 12 

as. 58 

56.22 

a59.3!J 

56.91 

$1.00 

$0.09 

$0.076 

64 

.03 

Alternate. 

6 

mal condition.---- .. -- __ ... _____ ... ___ ----- ....... ____ .... _____ . __ .minutes. 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveiing or breaking up: ..... _._. __ ._ .. do.___ 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSTS OF TilE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ..... _. ___ ...... __ .-. _ .... _. _. _ •• _ •• ___ ......... per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ... _. _. _ .. _ ..... _ .... -... -- .. -... -.--.-.- .... _. __ . ___ .. _ .... do.,_. 

Carbon monoxide (CO). ___ .......... _ ..... _--·.--- .. ---- .. _ ..... ______ .do .. _. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons._ .. _ .. _. __ ... ____ . _- _ .. _. _ ...... _ .. ______ .. do. __ _ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) _ .. _ .. __ . _ ........ _ .. _.: .... . _ .. _ .. ____ ._. __ do. __ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

9.55 

10.07 

1.11 

7!1.27 
~1\iy - J \ 

·~ lj, \ L l ~ I~ I~ \ 1 : ~0 .. 

1;:: /- I 

"' 

1\ 'J. ~.!r \ ::; ~ 

\ _\{6 "' J ;o 

t-- ~~ I-. 't 

-1 \ r- . ~ "' c v . 3 

r~ .. 0 

' ~ "' t ! 1\ :; )> 

c to ~ -. 0 _\ ;o 

~I'-- .. / \" 7. -1 

.. (JO 

"' 

0 

. ~\ l'ij 

/v !'1 ~_1 :>J 

\~ I -1 (JO 

=< , ·Ii_ -< ' 

r ' !" 0 

-i j , 11 ill (j, . " 1\ i v 3 ·~. 

~ .IS' OJ 6 

~ .. N 

\ 

"" ~ r 0 c \ ~ 6 

lf ()I 

~ \ 

=tl-i~ 9 1\ r -l 

\ .. \ .. Jl )> 

1 ~ ' 

_\ I 

c;- IJ <::.> 0 ., I ;;<! 

3 ;o 

l';;- ~ 

\ I ..!( 

\ v (JI ... L (JI 

.. c " t :l ;o 

II' " ~ "-.... [" :? I ,., "' [".. 9 Q_j_ (JO ;o 

~- l> 

1\ \ 6 .;! I -l ;o c ~ "' ?l ~ 

I "' .\ J 1 :z 

:;,-_a_ :I 

1 \ ~ ~ [( 0 

01 "' (,: 

~ l\ :\ v ! ~ >-7 , 

·5 3 P1f1

1 ~ L "' \ -l II _G) 

1 

~ I 

{j, ;;JI 

0 

l\ L_ 1 "' )> 

: Ul .. Jl 

\ I 11 )> 

c ;o 

~ I 

'"" 

~~ 

!ii 

\ \ X ~ ,., 

9o 7 

o" I \ "-., c 

!'-... !1~ 

A \/ -, 

4 f'1 
752 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF TH.E HEATING VAI~UE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U __ . ___ . ___ ... _ ... __ ... _. _ ... _. 13,947 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1 Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 . __ .. _______ ... _ .... _ ... ___ ...... ___ .. __ ... _ .. __ . _ 8, 284 

2, Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of rnoistnre referred to eombustible-+-

100 X [ ( 212-t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of ai~ ,in the 

boiler room; T=thatof the flue gases)---···--------------------------

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

191 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100 X 9 X [ (212-t)+ 966-t-0.48 ( T- 212)] .. _ 631 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

poundofcombustibleX0.24X(T-t) ··--···-····-···········-········ 2;142 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible · CO,+COX-----yo0

----X 10,150. __ .. ___ .. _. _ ...... _ ... __ . 

6. Loss due to unconsumcrl hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if. data are obtained from which they may be 

830 

calculated) .......................... _ ................. __ .... _....... 1, 869 

REM.<\RKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.96 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4. 90 pounds. 

a Calcul11ted from chemistry of ash. 

a 59.39 

1. 37 

4.52 

15.36 

5.95 

13.41 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 753 

TEST No. 26.-Regular and special observations on test of New Nexico No. 2 coal, October 12, 1904. 

Time. 

Stellmpressnre 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

h 1 In furFlue \Vater In i;:_o< ' nace, 

gases, Stearn separated inches in~hes 

~~:~~-f discharge. ml~~2es. of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

----------------------------1--

7.38 ------------

8---------------

8. 20 -- - - - --- .. ' -

8.40 -- - . -- -- - -- . 

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ---- ...... --

10 --------------

Pounds. 0 .P. ° F. 0 P. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

84 -------------------------:-----------------------------------,-----

86 .58 61 492 4. 3n 0. 012 0. 36 0. 21 __________________ _ 

83 

85 

82 

87 

84 

89 

59 63 534 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 48 . 27 -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

01 65 481 -------- ---- ---- . 26 . 12 7. 6 12. 5 0.1 

63 66 535 4. 29 . 015 . 54 . 25 

63 67 497 ---- . --- --- - --- - . 31 . 21 

65 69 -- 502 - --- ---- ----- -- - . 52 . 17 9; 2 10. 9 .0 

66 10 507 4. :~s . 017 . 53 . 1s _ ........... _1 _____ _ 

10.20 ___________ 97 66 70 574 ........ ........ .53 .20 ...... _______ I _____ _ 

10.40 .. ---- .... - 84 67 71 537 ---- .. -- .. ------ . 53 . 17 7. 2 13. 8 . 0 

11 -- .. ----- .. -- 100 68 72 575 4. 52 . 012 . 53 . ~2 .. ---- ------- .. ----

11. 20 -- -- - - - -.. - 93 69 73 562 -.. -- - - - -- - -- -- - . .')3 . 26 - - - - - - - - -.. -- .... --

11.40 - - -- - - --- -- 85 69 73 559 - - - --- -- -- -- -- - - . 51 . 28 8. 3 11. I) . 1 

12 ---- - - -- ------ 80 61) 73 507 4. 11 . 031 . 52 . 29 - - - --- ------ - - -----

12.20 ------- .. -- 80 69 73 ,')78 -- ........ --- .. - . 53 . 09 -- .. -- .. ----- ...... 

12.40----------- 89 68 74 566 ---------------- .54 .18 8.1 13.5 .0 

1 ---- .... -- .... - 82 68 74 557 3. 82 . 013 . 52 . 25 ------ -.. ---- -.. ---

1.20------------ 83 68 74 537 ---------------- .48 .33 -------------------

1.40 ------------ 90 69 75 554 -------- ------.. . 53 . 28 6. 9 13. 9 . 1 

2--------------- 82 69 76 557 ::l.96 .018 .52 .29 ------ -------------

2.20 -- .. --- -- -- - 93 68 76 562 ---- -- -- - -- -- -- - : 42 . 25 ------ ----- .. - -----

2.40 --- - - - - -- -- - 83 68 75 565 -------- - - - - - --- . 54 . 24 8. 4 12. 5 . 1 

3 .. __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 88 69 76 594 3. 89 . 01::l . 49 . 26 .... __ , __ .. ___ .... __ 

3.20 ------------ -so 68 75 570 ---------------- .51 .26 ------------------

3.40 ------------ 94 68 75 552 ---------------- .30 .13 7.6 12.5 .0 

4 .. ------------- 93. 68 75 565 4. 29 . 022 . 51 . 32 ----- ------- -- .. --

4.20 ------------i 83 67 74 558 ---------------- .50 . 28 --·-- -------------

4.40 ------------i 82 67 74 . 556 ---------------- .52 .32 i 8.0 12.9 .2 

5 ---------------~~ 81 65 74 542 3.91 .027 .48 .121--·--· ------------

::~~ ::::::::::::. :~ ---~~- ---~~- ---~~~- :::::::::::::::: -----~~- --~~~-~--~--~ --~~--~- ----.-~ Total _____ 2,671 ~926 2,086 M,803 ~ ~~~ 6.591ru 129.5 -~_~7 

Average .. _ 86. 1 66. 4 72 545 4. 15 . 018 . 486 . 2261 7. 79 1·2. 95 . 07 
754 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 26.-Regular and special observations on test of New ~Mexico No. 2 coal, October 12, 1.904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

-

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.38 ............ :19 4~ ··---.------- ------------ ------------ ------------ 8.09 ----------------- 40!1- 3 700 700 2,398 2,398 

8.39 ----------------- __ 38!/- 1 3~ 700 1,400 2, 2891 5,687 

9.21 ----------------- 30!1- 4! 700 2,100 3,847 9,534 

10.04 ---------------- 42! 4f 700 2,800 2,954 12,488 

10.42 ---------------- 37 3! 700 3,500 3,994 16,482 

11.18 -·-------------- 26 3l 700 4,200 3,905 20,387 

11.50 ---------------- 26 4! 700 4,900 3,375 23, 762 

12.29 ---------------- 26! 3 700 ' 5,600 4,204 27,966 

1.02 -.-- .. --· -------- 34! 3 700 6,300 3,079 30,045 

1.27 ----.------------ 32~ 5!f 700 7,000 2,330 32,375 

1.58 ----------------- 26~ 3% 700 7,700 3,662 36,037 

2.36 ----.------------ 251- 3!1- 700 8,400 3,777 39,814 

3.10 -------------.--- 28 3t 700 9,100 3,827 43,641 

3.43 ----------------- 36 4! 700 9,800 3,075 46,716 

4.17 . ---.------------ 31~ 2!1- 700 10,500 3,865 50,581 

4.51 ----------------- 32 4i 700 11,200 3,259 53,840 

Close, 5.38 . ___ ....... 39 4~ 670 11,870 4, 167 58,007 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. 

------------

6.45 ___ . Boiler underload. · 

7 _ . . . . . . Fire cleaned. 

7.38 .. _. Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

8.20 _ _ _ _ Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8. 25 . . . . Fire raked. 

8.47 ... _ Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.10 _... Fire raked, 10 i~ches thick. 

9.20. _ _ _ Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.36.... Cleaning fire. 

9.48.... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

10.35 _ _ _ Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

ll. 13 _.. Fire ~aked, 6 inches thick. 

11.45 _.. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

12.05 _ _ _ Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

Ash light colored. 128 firings during test. 

Time. Observation. 

12.13 _. Cleaning fire. 

12.26.. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

1.43... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.14 . _ . Cleaning fire. 

2.29... Fire cleaned, 4 inches thiek. 

2.58 _.. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

3.20. _. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

3.40... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3..'i5... Fire raked, 9 irwheR thick. 

4.10 ... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

4.25... Fire raked, 12 inches thiek. 

5...... Cleaning fire. 

5.16 ... Fire cleaned. 

5.38 _ _ _ Tt>st closed, fire :3 inches thick. 
BOILER TESTS. 

8teo.m test of New .3fexico No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 26. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

755 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, New Mexico No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear, a. m.; cloudy, p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

·1. Date of trial, October 12, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial __ . _ . .'. ____ . __ . ___ . _ . _ . __ .. _____ . _ ..... ___ .. __ ....... __ hours.~ 10 

DUfENSIONS AND PROPOR;TIONS. 

3. Grate surface ....... · ____ .. _. ____ . _. __ ...... _ ...... ____ ... __ .... _ .. square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ............. __ --------- ..... __________ ... _ .. ___ . ____ . ____ .feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate .. _ ... ____ ..... __ ._._ .. _____ .. ____ ._. __ ._._ .. _ .. _ ..... _ .. do .. _. 

4. Height of furnace . __ ...... _ .... _ .......... _ ...... _ ....... _. _. _ ....... .inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ... _ .... _ ...... __ ._._ .. __ ........ do ... . 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface. __ .. _. ___ ... _. ___ ._._ .. __ per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney _ .... _. ___ . _. _. ___ ... _. ___ ..... _____ .. _ ....... _ ... square feet.. 

6. 2 Height of chimney, above grate_ ...... _ .. _ .... _._._ .. _ ...... __ ... _ ........ feet .. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ...... __ ... _. __ . _ .... __ ... _ . _. __ . _ .... do .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ____ . ______ .... ________ . ___ .... ____ . __ ... _____ . ____ .... _· ________ _ 

7. ·water-heating surface. __ ._.' .... __ ·_ ..... _ ....... _ .... _. __ ... _ .. ___ .'square feet.. 

7. 1 Outside diameter of shell _ . _ . __ .. __ ..... ___ .. _ .• _ .. _. _ . _ . _. _ ..... _ .. __ . inches_. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) __ . _ .. __ .. _ . _ . ___ .. _ .. ______ . _ . feet._ 

7. 3 Number of tubes ...... -----. __ .. ______ ._ ...... __ ........ -------------- _________ _ 

~· · f b ( . . . ) {inches._ 1.4 Drameter o tu es outsrde-msrde .... __ . _ .... __ . _ .. _ ... _ .. _ .... ____ . _.do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed'._. __ ............... ___ .... : _ .. _. _ ... ___ .... _. ___ feet~_ 

8. Superheating surface . _. _ .... _____ . _ .... _. _ .. _. __ ...... _. __ . ______ .square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surfaee to grate surface .. _. ___ ._. ___________ . ____ . ____ . __ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surfaee __ . _ .... __ . _ ..... ______ .. __ . -. _ .. _ .. _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer _______________________________________________ -{inches of mercury._ 

... __ ... _. pounds .. 

b . · { .. do ___ _ 11.1 Steam. pressure y gage, per square mch .. ___ . ___ ...... ___ . ____ . _____ .. · .. do ___ _ 

12. Foree of draft between dam per and boiler. __ . ___ ........ __ .. _ ... inches of water_ . 

13. .Force of draft in furnace. ___ ._. ___ ...... ____ ...... ___ ._ .. ___ ._ .... ______ .do .... 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ... __ ... _____ .. _ ....... __ .. __ .. ___ . ______ .do .. __ 

aAbsolnte. 

7.67 

118.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.67 

14.56 

86. 1 

a 100.7 

. 49 

. 23 

0 
756 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ................................ , ...................... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

17. Of steam ............................................................... do ... ~ 

18. Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....... ___ .............................. do._._ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler .......... _ .................................. do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ...... _ ................... _ ................... do ... _ 

22. Of escaping ga~fls from economizer .. _ ...... __ ............................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ..............................................•............... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Pea-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; dull. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ................... · ....... ·: ...................... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ........................ , ............ pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

66.4 

72 

328.1 

70 

162 

545 

None. 

11,870 

9.92 

10,692 

2,695 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .............. : . .................... per cent..- 62 

7,997 30. Total combustible consumed ......................................... . {

pounds .. 

.. do ... . 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL ....................................... . 

PROXDIATE ANAI.YSIS OF COAL. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................................................ . 

33. Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

34. Moisture .............................................................. . 

35. Ash .............................................. _ . _ ..... _ ...... __ .. . 

Per cent of coal. 

36.11 

37.3 

9.92 

16.67 

100.00 

as, 029 

25.2 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

49.19 

50.81 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ....................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 13 ............ . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF .DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .......................................................... . 63. 79 78.27 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 4.67 5.73 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .................................•......................... 10.69 13.12 

40. Nitrogen (N) ...................................................... _ .. . 1.10 1. 35 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... . 1. 25 1. 53 

42. Ash ................................... , ...... · ........................ . 18.50 -----·-------

100.00 100.00 ·, 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .... ~ .........................•.... 9.92 ----------·-- --------- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS • 

.ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .....................••........................................ per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter ........................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour.: ............................... _ ........ __ pounds .. 

47. Combustible consume per hour ......... · ............................. _ · d · { .. do .... 

. · .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .......................... do ... . 

b 'bl f f h · f h { .. do .... 49. Com ustJ e per square oot o water- eatmg sur ace per our ........... _.do ___ _ 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

757 

25.39 

74.61 

1,069 

799. 7 

a802. 9 

26.37 

.394 

a. 395 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........ _ ..... 11, 468 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U. _________ 14,071 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .........•............... 11, 396 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..................... 13,983 

QUALITY OF STEA~I. 

. 54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................ ___ . _ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .............................................. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .................................. per cent.. 

WATER. 

.43 

None. 

99.67 

57. Total weight of water fed "to boiler ...................... ~ ............... pounds. . 58, 007 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ......... : .... : ...... ______ .do. ___ 68, 715 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................... do .... 57,815 

60. Factor of evaporation ........................................... __ . __ ........... 1. 1846 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° . ~ .......... pounds .. 68,488 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for, quality of _steam ................ pounds.. 5, 782 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......................... do .. __ 6, 849 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .................. ---- ........................................ pounds.. 3. 37 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ............................................ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ..................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .............................. . 

a Calcnla ted from chemistry of ash. 

198.5 

210 

94.5 
75~ OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57~ item 25) _________________________________________________ pounds._ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 ~ 

item 25) ____________________________________________________________ pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 ~item 

27) _______ ---------- ________ ---------- __________________ -------- __ .. pounds._ 

71. 

E~~:~e;; -=~::~r;~i)~~ _ ~~~r-~ _ ~~:~_ -~t~ -2·1-~ -~~~ _ ~~-~~~ _ ~-f- -~~~-~~~t-i~~~-- {: ::::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Ellicie~1cy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~nd of com- { per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustJble) __________ .do. __ _ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ____________ .per cent__ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ___________ _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating i,OOO pounds of water under observed conditions. _____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° __________ _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKR ORSERVA'ffONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ____________________________________ ~ _ : ________ _ 

'Veight of soot. per hour ·obtained from smoke meter ____________ -, ________ .ounces __ 

Volume of soot per hour ob.tained from smoke meter _______________ .cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

4.89 

5.77 

6.41 

8.56 

a8.53 

58.75 

a58.54 

53.98 

$1.00 

$0.102 

$0.087 

21.4 

.0113 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ______________________ "___________ Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire. _________________________________________ : _____ inches.·_ 8 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition _____________ ---- ____________________________________ .minutes._ 4. 7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up. _______________ .do.___ 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02

) ________________ • ________________________________ per cent_ . 

Oxygen (0) ---------------------- __ ---- ___ ----- ____________ ------ ___ ---.do ___ _ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ________________ : __ . ______________________________ do_ : __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. ____ ---- ___________________________________ .do ___ _ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ________________________________________ _. _____ do_ ... _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.79 

12.95 

.07 

79.19 
 \\<; "' j // "' 0 ·0 

I 

\:\\ ~~ 

\ I \\ -< ? "' ..a " r \ 6 

\>• -< J t\ !i . s 

~ ll 

\ 1\ "' 

t~r~ I~ 

1\ IV~ c 

\ r Jl 

0 "' i5 

\ \~ 1\ . \~ l v 

t "" /_ 

\q ~ ....... 

~ r 0 

- ~-- \ll 

\ / ~ - c ... \ 3 c \~ 1\ ['I ll 

I / " 

"' t 

1~ ~ 

1/ I~ [.\ :...Nlool..t. ~-

j (J> c I~ * ;q 

;:; 

\ 1-' M-Ol) 

\ ~. ~ "' J ;I 

~-f 1\ 3: 2 ll 11 ,.., 

~~~ \ 

~ f'l 

co\ Jl :r 

0 }> 0 0 

C---; -1 0 t 

.~ \ c: 

/~ " z "' AI 

1 ~ I <:) :l 

"' - \l' 11 -

~ Jl I ll ~ 0 

, }5 1\ -l J: )J 

-l -< 0 () ~ 

s 

_\ ~ ~ \ \ 0 -l. . -< .. c 0 

;u z ll 

1 

\ ; 

\ / J~ '" Jl ~ ,.., 

~ "' ::< (J> 

2 m 

"' 'lJ 

\ ~ c- ~"' 

" (JJ AI ;q Cl ["\ 

:-} )> .C)_ J>. 

-1 -~ c l> 2 ' I~ l~ / 3 

"' t G 

\ \ \ " ! r 2 

"' i'>r< f--C.O 

.\ v ("' 

~ :,-f--

1\ ·~ 

;/ 

t 

\ I \\ I ~ \ 0 

/ a ~ ~ 

\ \ I 9 t 

\ \ b 

I ~1 \ \ I~ . \ 

\ \ 
760 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .. ___ ...... ________________ . __ . __ 14,071 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ____________________________ . _ ... _ . ____ .. _____ .. 

2. LosH due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible 

-+-100 X [ (212 -t)+ 966 + 0.48 ( 7'-212) ] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the fine gases) ______ .... __ ... --. ______ . __ ... 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100X9X [ (212 - t) +966+0.48 ( T-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas 

per pound of combustible X 0.24 X (1'- t) _____________ • ____ .. ____ .. 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of car bun= 

CO per cent C incombustible 

CO, +CO X 100 X 10,150-------------------- ... 

6. Loss due to unconsumed ~ydrogen and hydrocarbons, to ·heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately iteiilized if data a:re obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ____________________________________ .. ___ . ___ . _ . _. __ _ 

REl\fARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 4. 41 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 5. 45 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. I 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

8,237 a 58.54 -

171 1. 21 

653 4.64 

2,804 19.93 

71 .50 

2,135 15. 18 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 761 

TEsT No. 30.-Regular and special observations on test of New Mexico No.2 cdal (.small briquettes), Octobe1· 

17, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 8.12 hours.] 

~mperaturcs. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

SteamTime. pressure Flue 

gage. Out- Boiler gases, Steam 

side. room. base of discharge. stack. 

---

Pounds. oF. 0 F OF. Pound•. 

' 8.2:~ . ----------- 83 ------ ------ 605 -------- 8.40 ------------ 80 62 608 -------- 9 --------------- 74 66 66 607 3.86 

9.20 ------------ 90 68 68 606 --------

9.40 ------------ 80 69 70 598 -------- 10 -------------- 78 70 72 607 3.90 

10.20 ----------- 90 71 73 ' 602 --------

10.40 ----------· 74 73 75 590 --------

11 -------------- 88 75 77 612 4.66 

11.20 ----------- 92 76 79 586 -------- 11.40 ----------- 95 77 79 638 --------

12 -------------- 100 78 80 635 4.63 

12."20 ----------- 81 79 -81 618 -------- 12.40 ----------- 85 79 81 597 --------

1 --------------- 70 79 82 578 3.62 

1.20 ------------ so 79 83 570 --------

1.40 ------------ 90 79 84 582 --------

2 --------------- 84 79 84 577 4.29 

2.20 ------------ 92 79 85 604 -------- 2.40 ------------ 82 79 84 607 -------- 3 --------------- 89 79 84 605 4.38 

3.20 ------------ 91 78 84 584 -------- 3.40 ------------ 81 77 84 568 

4 --------------- 86 77 83 552 4. 26 

4.20 ---- ------- 78 76 83 618 --------

4.30 ------------ "83 ------ ------ ---.---- --------

Total _ _ _ _ _ 2, 196 1, 742 1, 883 14, 954 33. 6 

Average _ _ 84.4 76 78 598 4. 2 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--30 

In hood, In furWater in nace, 

separated inches· in co,. o,. co. in 10 of inches 

Ininutes. water. of 

'vater. 

---------- ------- Pounds. Per ct. PC1'Ct. Per ct. 

-------- ------- -·---- ------ ------- ·----- -------- 0.48 0.19 _ .. ____ ------- ·----· 0.025 . 50 .16 ------ ------- ------ -------- . 52 . 23 8.0 11.9 0.0 

-------- . 50 .17 ------ ------- ·------ .026 . 51 .20 ------ ------- ------

-------- . 51 .18 7.6 12.4 .0 

-------- . 48 .15 ------ ------- ------

. 028 . 48 .15 ------ ------- ------ -------- . 39 .12 7.8 11.8 .0 

-------- . 63 . 20 ------ ------- ------

. 013 . 63 . 27 ------ ------- ------ -------- .61 . 26 7. 1 12.7 .0 

-------- . 62 . 25 ------- ------ . 014 .58 .35 ------ ------- ------ -------- .60 . 36 6. 1 13.7 

I 

.0 

-------- .53 . 17 ------ . 019 . 61 . 20 ------ : :~;_:~l: ::~~ -------- .54 .19 7.0 

-------- . 53 .17 ------ ------- . 031 .57 .32 ·------

-------- .57 . 31 6.7 12.9 

. 36 .09 ------ -------

. 026 .56 .16 ----·· ......... 

-------- .60 . 18 6.9 13.8 

-------- ------- ------ ------ -------

. 182 12. 91 5. 03 57. 2 101. 3 

. 0228 . 54 . 21 7. 15 12. '1 

------

------.0 

------

------.0 

------

.1 

. 01 
762 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

·TEST No. 30.-Regltlar and special observations on test of New Mex·ico No.2 coal (small briquettes), October 

· 17, 1904-Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

.. 

Height of' yuter. Weight of coal burned. Weight. of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

___________________ 

1 

___ T_n_tt_u_'k_. __ I_I ____ _ n gage glass. 

-

Inches. 

Start, S.23 ___________ _ 

8.49 - . - - - -.. - - -·- - - - - - 36! 

9.28 ----------------- 32 

10.05 

10.48 

11.26 

12.08 

12.53 

1.44 

---------------- ' 

29 

39! 

31l 

3.51 

32:1-

42~ 

2.30 -------.--------- 32 

3.1:l --.----- ----· ---. 33 

4.08----------------- 34 

Close, 4.30 .. _. _. _ .. __ . 39 

I Inches. 

1~ 

2~ 

2 

::Jt 

2 

4:1-

3i 

3~ 

4i 

4~ 

41 

2! 

1~ 

-------

During period. 

------

Pounds. 

-------·---- 700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

7QO 

700 

700 

65 

------

Total. Duriug period. Total. 

Pounds. Ponruls. Pounds. 

------------ ------------ ---- --------

700 2,347 2,::!47 

1, 400 ::!,596 5,943 

2, 100 3,::!21 9,264 

2,800 3,859 13, 123 

3,500 ::!,455 ]f), 578 

4,200 4,613 21,191 

4,900 4,498 Z5,689 

5,600 3,612 29,301 

6,300 4,292 33,593 

7,000 3, 747 37,340 

7, 700 4,535 41,875 

7, 765 2, 150 44,025 

I -----

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---------

~I Observation. Time. Oh~ervutiun. 

Fire raked, 11 inches thiek. 6.45 ____ 

1 

Boiler under a load. 12.47.-

7 ---.- ·, Fire cleaned. 1.02--- Fire raked. 

8.2:l.-- _, Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 1.16--- Do. 

8.33---- I Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 1.27--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

8.59--- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 1.29--- Cleaning fire. 

9.25---. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 1.40--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

9.53---. Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 2.30 ... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

10.20.-. Cleaning fire. 3.30 ... Fire rake'd, 8 inches thick. 

10.32--. Fire deaned, 3 inches thick. 3.31.-- Cleaning fire. 

11.30--. Fire raked, 8 inches thiek. 3.41.-- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

12.17--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.30 ... Test closed, fire :; inches thick. 

Ash heavy and of a ~ray color. Clinker of a gray color and light in weight. Briquettes burned 

freely and did not crumble in fire. 95 firings during test. 
• 

Test number, 30. 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of New Mexico No. 2 coal (briquettes). 

coNDTTIO~s o~<~ BOILER TRIAL. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

763 

Prineipal conditions governing trial, 8ee general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, New Mexico No.2, briquettes. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State _of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting awl stopping the test (alternate). 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 17, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial. ............ _ ... _ ......... _____ .. _, ______ .. ______ ...... hours .. 

DDt:E~SION8 AND PROPORTIONS. 

3 .. Grate surface .......... ------ .... _____ .--- ___ ... ------ ____ ---_ .... square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate_. _________ . ____ . _____ .. ________________ .. _______ .. ___ ..... feet._ 

3.2 Length of grate ... ,. _____________________ .. :_ .. '· .. ___ ... ________________ do .... 

4. Height of furnace. __ .. ____________ .. _____ ~ ___ .. ______________________ .inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .. --- _____________ .. __ ........ __ .. d(L __ _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ___ .... ____ .. ____ .. _______ per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney _______________ : __ .... _____ .. _______________ ... ___ .square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate. ____________ ..... _ ... _ .. _ ... _ .......... ___ .feet._ 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney._. __ .. ____ .... _ .. _. __________ . _____ .do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft ________ .. ______ .. · ....... _____ . ___ ... ____ .. _ _ _ _ ... __ ... _ .. ____ .. . 

7. ·water-heating surface. __________ ... _ ..... _ . _ ...... _ . _ . __________ . _ . square feet. _ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL _____ .. ___ ......... ____ ... __ ._. _______ . ___ .. _ .inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... _____ .. _______________ .. feet. _ 

7.3 Number of tubes .. _____ ... __ ........ _ .. __ .. __ .. _ .. _ ...... _________ ... ------ .... 

7 D. . · b ( 'd . ·d ) · · {inches .. .4 mmeter of tu es outs1 e-ms1 e . ___ .. _. ____ .. ___ . ____ . __ . ____ .. _ ... . . do ___ _ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed._ ... ___ ...... _____ ._ ... _. __ .. ____ ._ ......... __ .. _ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .. ___ . ____ .. _ ........ -.. ; ________________ ...... square feeL. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface _ .. _ ... ________________ .. ______ .. __ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ... __ . _ ... __ .. _ .. ___ .. _ .. __________ _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer .. ___ . ________ . __________ ~ ____ . ___ ._. _____ ... ___ -{inches of mercury_. 

. ____ ._._._.pounds .. 

11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch._ ... _ .... _________ ...... ______ -{·- do .. -- --do ___ _ 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler _____ ... ___________ . __ .inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ....... --- ______________ ........ __ ..... __ .. _____ .do. __ . 

14. .Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. __ ...... _____ . ___ . ______ . ____ ... _ ....... do._ .. 

a Absolute. 

8. 12 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

• -5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.59 

14.52 

84.4 

<t\)8. 9 

. 54 

. 21 

0 

• 
764 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air .................... · ................ , .................. <;legrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

17. Of steam ................................................................ do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economi7-er ........................................ do ... . 

20. Of feed -ivater entering boiler ........................................ ~ .... d~ ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

·22. Of escaping gases from cconomizer ........................................ do ... . 

·221 Of furnace ................................................•............. do ... . 

I 

FUEL. 

2::!. Size and condition: Sm~ll briquettes. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .......................................•........... do .... 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ............................. __ ................•. 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ................. ~ ......... _ ......... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ............... : ..................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

76 

78 

326.8 

67.2 

164 

598 

2,067 

7,765 

None. 

6. 75 

7,241 

1,726 

51 

30. Total combustible consumed ... ___ ............................. _. ____ ·{pounds.· 5, 515 

.. do .... a5, 453 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. 84 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS 01<' t:OAL. 

Per cent Per C8J1t of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 39.07 50.fl9 

3::!. Volatile matter ........................................................ . 37.56 49.01 

34. l\1oisture ............................................................ .. 6. 75 ... .......................... 

·35. Ash ..................................................•...........•... 16.62 ---·--------- ------ ----------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...................................... .. 1. 61 ------------· 

UI.T!MA'l'B ASALYSIR OF DRY COAl •. 

37. Carbon (C) ......................................................... .. 66. 73 81.19 

38. Hydrogen (H) ..................... ................................. . 4.92 5.99 

39. Oxygen (0) .......................................................... .. 7.95 9.67 

40. Nitrogen (N) ............................................. , ........... . . 87 1. 06 

41. Sulphur (S) .......... : .............................................. .. 1. 72 2.09 

42. Ash ................................................................. .. 17.81 -------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ........ _ ........................ . 6.75 -... -- ...... -- .. -.. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS Oil~ ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .... ______ . ________ ...... __ . __ ..... -·-_ .... __ .. _ ...... __ .... ___ .per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ..... _______________ . ____ ._._ .. _ ......... _____ .. ________ .. do._ .. 

FUEL PER HOUlt, 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........................................... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .. _______________________________ ------{··do ... . 

. ~.do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible pet: square foot of water-heating surface per hour_ ..... _. _ -{ · · do.-·· 

.. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

765 

28.79 

71.21 

892 

679 

a672 

22 

. 334 

"· 331 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .. __ .. _ ..... _ 12, 238 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T .. U ..... __ ... 14,890 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ...... __ ........ __ .. _ ... 12, 209 

53. Calorifie value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........ __ ....... ___ 14, 855 

QUALITY OF STEAM, 

54. Percentage of moisture in ste:Jm ................................. __ ........ ___ .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........... _ ..... _ .... __ ..... _. ___ ... _ ..... __ 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) .. __ ........ ___ ...... _. __ ...... _.per cent .. 

WATER. 

.54 

None. 

99.58 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ............ _ ....•................... pounds .. 44,025 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from arid at 212° ... _ ................... _._.do .... 52, 262 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ............... do .. __ 43, 840 

60. Factor of evaporation .............................. _ ... _ ..... __ .......... __ ... . 1. 1871 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ..... _ ..... pounds._ 52,042 

WATER PElt HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ..•.••••••.... _pounds. _ 5, 399 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° _ .. _____ ........ ____ ... _.do ... _ 6, 409 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface .............................................. _ ......•. ___ ... pounds .. 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ..... ___ ........ _ ..... ____ .. _ ... __ ._ .... ____ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .......................... _ ........ _ ........ _ , ..... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .... _ .... _ ... _ .. ____ ..... __ . _ 

Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

3.155 

185.8 

210 

88.4 
766 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. W"ater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item57+item25) ------------------------------------------------Pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) ........ ___ .. _____ .. ____________ . -------. ___ ... _______ . ___ .. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from aiHl at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-:- item 

27) ____ .. __ .... ____ . __ .. _. _____ ... _ .. _. ____ .. _ .. __ .. _ .... _ .. __ .. __ .pounds._ 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bust.ible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible). __ ... _ _ .. do .. _ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound 'of dry coal) .. _ .. __ .... _ per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPOUATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler ro~m (assumed)_ .. ___ ... ~-

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water nuder obse~ved conditions._. __ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water fro~ and at 212°. _____ .. __ 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

77. Pcrcen tage of smoke as observed .. _ ..... ___ . _ ...... ___ ... _ . ______ . _ ·_ r __________ _ 

78. ·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter . _ .. _. _. _. _ .. ____ ... ounces __ 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ...... _ . ____ .. _cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ..... ____ .. __ ._ ... ___ ..... _. ____ .. 

81. Average thickness of fire ......... ___ .......... _ ......... __ . ___ .. _. _____ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firiug for each furnace during time when fires are in nor5.67 

H.70 

7. 19 

9.44 

rt9. 54 

61.22 

(I 61. 89 

56.73 

$1.00 

$0.088 

$0.075 

16.4 

. 01 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ......... __ ... ------.---·- __ .. ___ ... ---- __ .. __ . __ . __ .. minutes._ 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .. _____ ....... _ .do. __ . 40 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF 'fHE DRY GASJ£S. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,) ............................................. _ .. per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ____ ... ----·- .... -------- ____ ---- ....... ------ .. _____ ........ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ..... ----- ....... --------- ........ --------------.do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .... ___ -----· .... ---------- .... ________ ... __ .do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) -------------------------------- ____________ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ush. 

7. 15 

12. 7 

.01 

80.14 

" 
/ ? j 
768 OPERATIONS 01~' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OH DISTRIBTJTION OF 'fHE HEATING VALUE OF THF. CO.l\IRUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of eombnstible, B. T. U .............................. 14, 890 

B. 'I'. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 216 

2. Loss due to'moisturc in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T~212)] (!=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gases) ..................... _ ......... . 113 

3. Loss due to moiRtnre formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966 + 0.48 (T~212)] .. 698 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T-t) ....... ~......................... 3, 497 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible co 00 x--~--10~-~~xro,150 ................ __ _________ n 2 ' 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois· 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ................................................ ------.-- 1, 860 

RF.::MARKS. 

Dry coal per indicatecl horsepower honr=8.93 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.86 pounds. 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

ct61.89 

. 76 

4.65 

23.49 

.08 

9.13 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 761) 

TEsT No. 33.-Regula.r and special observations on test of North Dakotct lignite, October 20, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of triul, 9.85 hours.] 

--~----------------~-----------------------------~----------~--------~ 

___ Temperatures. _ _ Calorimete-r. -I Draft pr~J--~],--'l~ue~. g-a-~e~s· __ _ 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

I 1 d In furFlue Water n i

100 ' nacc, Out- Boiler g~tses, Steam • separated inc~ in 

side. room. base of disr.harge. in 10 of es inches 

stack. mmutcs. water. of water. 

co,. o,. co. 

-----------1-~---- ----~ --------- -~-- ~ -----------------

7. 55---· ........ 

8. 20 ····--·---·- 8. 40 __ , _______ __ 

9 .............. . 

9.20 __ . ________ __ 

9.40 ···-·--·-··· 

10- •. ----·. -- --· 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............. . 

11.20 --·----·c--

11.40 ......... .. 

12---.... -- ..•• -

12.20 -·-·--···-· 

12. 40 ... -- .. -- .. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 .......... .. 

1.40 ........... . 

2 ............. .. 

2. 20 -----·-·- ·--

2.40 ----···----· 

3 -~-------------

3.20 ····-··-·-·· 

3.40 ·----------· 

4 ............. .. 

4. 20- ·-- ... --··· 

4.40 -··········· 

5 ............. .. 

5. 20------------

5.40 ---·--··-·-· 

5. 46 -- .... -- -- .. 

Total ..... 

Average .. 

PounclR. ° F. 0 .F. 

:: ~---~~-

88 56 

65 58 

76 .58 

76 

63 

62 

u2 

62 

62 

42 

43 

50 

48 

57 

6.5 

70 

7.5 

69 

61 

66 

u7 

51 

33 

35 

37 

56 

90 

59 

60 

60 

(;2 

u3 

(;4 

64 

62 

6.5 

67 

u5 

65 

64 

63 

62 

62 

63 

63 

61 

61 

60 

59 

.59 

.58 

57 

57 

58 

60 

60 

62 

6.1 

64 

6.5 

67 

68 

67 

67 

70 

70 

70 

71 

70 

70 

69 

69 

70 

69 

68 

67 

67 

67 

66 

65 

84 ------ ------

0 J( 

.582 

577 

578 

508 

516 

533 

512 

513 

507 

487 

464 

476 

480 

476 

468 

477 

.502 

497 

487 

484 

473 

497 

492 

462 

4.57 

472 

4.')5 

4.64 

473 

462 

Pounds. Pmt?>d8. 

4. 48 0. 031 

3. 56 . 0.54 

3. 21 . 030 

3. 43 . 048 

2.62 .04u 

3. 21 . 07.5 

3. 74 . 045 

-------- --------, 

--. ~: ~ 'l": ~~;- --------~--------

1. 85 . 033 

3. 32 . 086 

84 ------------------- ........ -------- 1------ ----------

1, 979 1, 718 1, 913 14,831 32.92 

64 61. 4 6(; 494 3. 29 

. .505 

.0505 

o. 65 1 o. 2o 

. 66_ . 30 

~ 

. I 

. 61. 

.60 

. 59 

.59 

. .59 

. 57 

. 28 

. 30 

.36 

. 31 

.30 

. 31 

. 33 

. 36 

. 3.5 

. 35 

. 29 

. 32 

. 31 

.37 

. 32 

. 31 

. 33 

. 33 

. 35 

. 33 

. 32 

. 35 

. 31 

.30 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

6. 8 13.6 0 

5.6 15.0 0 

.s.2 15.8 o· 

4. (; 16.2 0 

4. 4 lU. 1 I 0 

------ ....... 1 ...... 

I 

------ _______ f _____ _ 

4. 8 16.2 : 0 I 

4.4 1n.4 o 

4. 0 16.1 0 

. 57 

. 59 

.53 

.56 

-53 

. 56 

. 59 

.62 

.58 

-56 

. 5.5 

.57 

. 57 

.56 

. 53 

. 53 

.55 

.5u . 37 -----.I.-.--.- -.- ... 

. .52 

.57 

. 56 

. 33 

. 33 

. 37 

4. 2 16.7 0 

-55 . 38 3. 4 17.5 0 

17.84 10.07147.4 159.6 -0 . 575 . 325 4. 74 15. 96 0 
770 OPERATIONS OF THE COAirTESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 3H.-Regulm· and Bpecial obseTvations on test of North Dakota lignite, October 20,. 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

- ~--.--~----

H eight of water. Weight of, coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

'rime. · 

In ta 

Inch 

Start, 7.55 ........... . 

8.11 ................ . 

8.33 ................ . 

9 ............... .' ... . 

9.18 ...... ··········· 

9.56 ........... · ..... . 

10.27 ............... . 

11.06 ............... . 

11.43 ····-·-··-······ 

12.30 .............. .. 

1.03 ............... .. 

1.40 ................ . 

::! ................... . 

3.40 ................ . 

4.15 .... -.. -........ . 

~;~;;~~··········! ~-

nk. In gage glass. 

es. Inches. 

39 . 3 

41 1~ 

37~ 4~ 

29~ 2~ 

a2~ Hk 

22 2§ 

28 3~ 

31i 2!; 

28~ 1~ 

28 4i 

29} 4 

22~ 2f 

35 2i 

29~ It 

::!1 2 

37~ 4 

39 3 

During period. 

Pounds. 

~ -.. ---... -.. ---

050 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

650 

1,300 

650 

650 

650 

280 I 

Total. 

-----

Pounds. 

---------6 50 

00 

50 

1, 3 

1, 9 

2,6 oo I 

3, 2' 50 

3,9 

4,5t 

00 

50 

00 

50 

00 

50 

50 

00 

50 

00 

80 

5,2 

5,8 

6,5 

7,1 

8,4 

9,1 

9, 7 

10,4 

10,6 

·--~-

RECORO OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

During period.! Total. 

I 

Pounds Pounds. 

622 622 

2,109 2,731 

2,429 5,160 

871 6,031 

2,756 8,787 

1,830 10,617 

1,975 12,592 

2,504 15,096 

2,231 17,327 

I, 283 18,610 

2,064 20,674 

3,742 24,416 

2,579 26,995 

1, 725 28,720 

1,449 30, 169 

1,485 ::!1,654 

--- ------~-·~~-------------~-------~-----

.Time. l ______ o_b_s_er_v_a_tio_r_L ______ l, ~me. -------Observation. -----

6.45 .... i Boiler under a load. 

7 ...... 1

1 Fire cleaned. 

7.5: . ::. T~st started, ~re 2 inch_es thick. 

8.41 .... i F1re raked, 4 mches tluck. 

8.52 .... I Fire sliced. 

9.30 .... I Do. 

9.45 .... 1 Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

10.02 ... 1 Fire raked. 

10.17 ... ! Fire sliced, 4 inches thick. 

10.42... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

11...... Fire sliced and raked. 

11.22. j. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

11. 35 . . . Fire sliced. 

11.52 . . . Fire sliced and raked, 4 inches thick. 

12.27 ... 

1 

Do. 

12.46 . . Fire raked. 

1.02... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

1.18 . . . Fire raked. 

1.34... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

2.02... Fire raked and sliced. 

2.28 . . . Fire raked, 4 inehes thick. 

2.:38 . . . Fire sliced. 

3.20... Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

3.49... Do. 

4...... Fire Rliced and raked. 

4.40... Fire raked, 5 inches thiek. 

4.55... Fire raked. 

5.2.~ .. _ Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

5.46... Test dosed, fire 2 inclws thick. 

Ash white and light in weight; _clinker dark and heavy. Coal crumbled to dust in fire and 

stopped air passages through grate. Considerable <lnst fell into ash pit unburned. 88 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of North Dakota No. 1 coal (lignite). 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER T~lAL. 

Test number, 33. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of lignite as a fuel. 

771 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, North Dakota No. l. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear a. m., cloudy p. m. 

·Method of starting and stopping the t~st, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 20, 1904. 

2. Dnration of trial ... __ .. _ .. ___ . __ . _. _ ... __ ... _. _. _ . ___ .. __ • ____ ... ____ .. hours._ 9. 8~ 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ..... _ ......................... __ ........ '. __ ...... __ .square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate ................... ____ ,. .................................. feet .. 

::1.2 Length of grate .................................................. ; ...... do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ...................................................... inches .. 

40:55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per cent.. 44 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ..................................... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................. . 

7. Water-heating surface .............. _ ... _ ........................... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell. ............................ · .................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............................................................. . 

D. f b ( 'd · 'd ) {inches .. 7.4 mmeter o tu cs outs1 e-ms1 e ................................... . . --~0 •••• 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .............................................. ; ... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............................................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ........... · .................... ; .. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .................................. .. 

AVERAGE Pll.ES..'mRES. 

11. Barometer ..... __ .. _ ...... _ ............................. --{inches of mercury .. .......... pounds .. 

• . 1 { .. do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square me 1 ............................. .. .. do .... 

12. .Force of ctraft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

13 .. .Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ...................................... , ... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87-

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

2\1.28 

14.37 

62.9 

a 77.::1 

0 

. 575 

. 325 
772 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of iireroom .............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering eco-nomizer ........................................ do __ .. 

Of feed water entering boiler .............. , .............................. do .. .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ..................................... ~ ....... do .... . 

Of escaping gases from eeonomizer ............... _·_ ...................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do .. .. 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut., brown-70 per cent small; 30 per een,t slack. 

61.4 

66 

309.4 

66 

138 

494 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do .... 10,680 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27 .. Total weight of dry coal consumed ......... _ ........................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

35.84 

6,852 

784 

16.5 

30. . {poundR.. 6, 068 Total com bnsti ble consumed ................................ · ........ .. . .. do .... a5,389 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .................................... _ ... 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXI:l\fA'l'E ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ..... _ ........ _ ........ _ ... _ ..... _ ......... _ ...... .' ..... . 

Volatile matter ... · .................................. ___ .............. . 

l\1 oisture ................... _ .......................................... . 

Ash ............................... __ .............. _____ ............. . 

Per cent of coal. 

25.40 

28. 13 

35.84 

10.63 

100.00 

11. 44 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

47.45 

52.55 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............... : .. ..................... . 1. 68 .. -- .... -.. 0 • 

UJ.,TIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ......................................................... .. 60.'39 72.38 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 4.05 4.85 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ............................................ , ............. . 15.57 18.66 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ . 0 81 0 97 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... . 2.62 3. 14 

42. Ash ................................................................. . 16.56 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35. 84 ............ . 

a Calculated from ehemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE, 

44. Carbon .................... ~----····································-Percent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ........ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ................ _ ............... _ .... . { 

.. do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating eurface per hour .... ------{:::::::: 

CALOltiFIC VALUE Olo' FURL. 

773 

41.87 

58.13 

695.6 

616 

rt547 

17.15 

. 303 

"· 269 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 10, 402 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. D .......... 12, 466 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ...................... _. 10, 192 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 1?, 215 

QUAT, TTY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of d_egrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

1. 51 

None. 

98.814 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 31,654 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ..........•................ do .... 37,444 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 31, 278 

60. Factor of evaporation .................................................... , . . . . . 1. 1829 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ...•....... pounds .. 36,999 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ...... , ........ pounds.. 3, 175 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do.... 3, 756 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water· heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 1. 85 

HORSEPOWER. 

!}5. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ................................... · ........ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................. · ................................ .. 

67. Percentage of builders~ rated horsepower developed ............................ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

108.9 

210 

51.9 
• 

• 

774 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 

81. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+item25) ................................................. ponnds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired., (Item 61 -o--

item25) ........... _ ..................•.............................. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-,- item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

E~~~::~e:: ~~~::;~~~- . ~r~:~. -~~~. ~-t _ .2.1~-o- -~~e~- -~~~~~-. ~~. ~~~~~~~~i-~1~: { ~ ~ :: ~ ~ ~ ~ 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boibr (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate heat (absorbed by'ftw boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ...... _ .... . 

Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .......... . 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

_·weight of soot per hour obtai~wd from smoke meter ............. ·a.: -~unces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtamed from smoke meter .............. ~bic mches .. 

:1\-IETHODS OF }'IRING, 

2.96 

3.46 

5.,40 

6. 1 

(t 6. 87 

47.25 

a 53.22 

50.13 

$1.00 

$0.1689 

$0.1445 

None. 

.004 

Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spreading. 

Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. 4 

82. 'Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87 . 

88. 

mal condition ..................................................... minute~.. 6. 7 

Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 24 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

Csrbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• - ••••••••••• -.- ••••••••• per cent:. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ...................................... _. ........•. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....................•....................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............. · ................ , .............. do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

4.74 

15.96 

79.30 

• 
~ \ 

1'\ ~ 

'i K . 0' J I~ ~ 

_!) OJ 

... 

v• 

l\ ~ ~ 

0 

' ~ 

< ~ 0 

f'l 

/v \ -1 

"' a 0 3 

~ -. 

f'l 

~r-=1 >l 

-1 

~ c 

, t f" 

\ ) \ 

- -· 

.\\ > ;;:. I 

lg ~ 

~\' r 

v a k";>.~bl hi~ ~~ "' (/J f'l 

"' / -1 '2 t 0 

"' "' "' \H J) l> .... \_ 0 

8 3 -< :t 

;;; i\jt-1~ 

\,\ :J 

""' -. 0 () I :I g >l , -1 f" S' ·~ 

6 :I I 

K (J> 3 0 11 

~ c 0 2 ;:1 :t tl;; -~ r' 

" -t 

~\ \ :'; 

"] r 

I~ -{ c c j' f" Jl 

- .... 

t\ \ f'l 11 

il GY 1/ "' )> >l (J> ,n t "' /_ )1 0 -; 

" (J> 

';; ~,\ c 

Jl ' 0 f-0!-- ~- Jl 

'\ )> 1] 

!"'-, .., Jl d G:- t-o 

\ v 1\ "' 11 c Jl ~- l .._ 

~ (Jo 

.\~ (p 'Z c t 0 

~ :r "' h 3 0 " 

""" 0 rg_ (,j 0 u. 2 ~~ -1 , c c c ·~ 3 JJ ;II f--

11~ v f" z 

<a / 2 j!; r- ·t ,. 

\ \J ~ (J> 

/ .... 

M .f> - l> ~ 

3 " 0 

fi--

~ 1\ {'--- c 

\ ~ 1'---

Ill r-t---o 1------. ! -l 

1 r> '" 6 :I i '11 .,.- ~ . b 6 "' '1 

• 
776 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION O.F THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat valt,1e of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ______ .. ___ . __ . _______ .. ___ .. _ 12, 466 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7. ___ . _ .. _ .. ___________ . ___________________________ · 6, 634 

2. Loss due to moisture iq coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T--212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) _________________________ .. __ ... 

3. Loss due to moiRtnre formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible --;-100X9X [(212-t) +966+0.48 ('l'-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the (lry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of comhustible X 0.24X ('1'-t) ----------"----------------------

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

co.+coX 100 ·· -xiO, 150---------------------------

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) ________ ... __ . ___ . _________ . _ .. ___ . _ .. _ . _. ______ .... _. _. _. 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 5.24 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 6.47 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

835 

544 

3,842 

0 

611 

Per cent. 

a 53.22 

6.70 

4.37 

30.81 

0 

4.9 

100.00 
. BOILER TESTS. 777 

TEST No. !.-Regular and special observations on test of .Pennsylvania No. 1 coal, August 31, 1904. 

Time. 

Steam· 

pressur:e 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.9S hours.] 

Tempernturcs. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood, In fur- in nace,in 

inches inches 

of of co,. o,. co. 

water. water. 

---~---1---- ---~- -------1----·-----------

7.40 ........... . 

8 .............. -

8.20 .......... ··. 

8.40 ...... : . ... . 

9 .............. '. 

9.20 ···•·•······ 

9.40 ........... . 

10 ...... : . ..... ~ 

10.20 -----------1 

10.40 .....•..... 

11 ...•.......... 

11.20 ····•······ 

11.40 ......... . 

12 .•.•.......... 

12.20 ...•...... 

12.40 ...•.••.... 

1 .............. . 

1.20 ........•... 

1.40 ........... . 

2 .............•. 

2.20 .•••••...... 

2.40 .•••........ 

3 .... · .......... . 

3.20 ············ 

3.40 ..........•. 

4 ...••.......... 

4.20 ..........•. 

4.40 ...... ······ 

5 .............. . 

5.20 ...... ······ 

5.33 

Pounds. oF. oF. 

93 

86 

82 

72 

72 

59 

65 

67 

56 

51 

60 

64 

66 

88 

89 

84 

92 

94 

91 

90 

87 

101 

84 

89 

102 

100 

90 

95 

95 

89 

100. 

71 79 

72 79 

72 79 

73 78 

74 : 81 

75 81 

75 81 

76 82 

78 83 

77 83 

77 84 

79 ·84 

84 86 

84 86 

84 87 

84 87 

83 85 

83 S5 

82 86 

82 86 

82 86 

84 85 

83 ' 87 

82 87 

83 87 

81 . 88 

81 88 

cl 86 

80 86 

80 

79 

86 

86 

oF. 

405 

450 

430 

565 

590 

560 

565 

550 

600 

605 

640 

610 

660 

645 

640 

6:30 

590 

630 

610 

575 

610 

635 

5()0 

600 

620 

590 

590 

590 

595 

590 

590 

Ponnds. Pounds. 

3. 84 0. 08 

3.:37 .028 

4.:35 .06 

4.45 .127 

0.00 

.. 35 

. 47 

.58 

. 36 

. 40 

. 32 

. 49 

. 51 

.50 

. 60 

. 62 

.60 

. 55 

.59 

.60 

. 59 

. 59 

. 59 

.55 

.58 

.59 

. 31 

.49 

.48 

..40 

.42 

•. 42 

.44 

.43 

. 38 

0.00 

. 07 

.06 

.12 

.07 

. 1.') 

.11 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

5.:3 13.9 0 

3. 8 16.7 0 

.18 6.6· 12.8 0 

. 21 

. 25 

.17 7.2 12.2 0 

. 21 

.15 

.13 8.0 11.6 0 

.12 

.19 

. 20 

.17 

. 20 

6. 5 14.2 0 

.22 5.6 14.8 0 

. 22 

. 21 

.17 

.20 

6. 2 13.2 0 

.19 ······ ·····--~------

. 17 7 .. 6 12. 2 0 

. 20 

.20 

. 22 7. 4 12. 4 0 

. 21 

7.4 12.4 0 

1---------------·-----------------

Total .... . 2, 553 2, 461 2, 614 18, 120 

Average .. . 82. 4 79. 4 84. 3 585 

1:3-No. 48, pt 2....:.06--31 

16.01 

4 

. 295 

. 074 

14.80 

.48 

5.11 

.165 

71.6 

6.5 

146.4 

13.3 

0 

0 
778 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. I.-Regular and special observations on test of Pennsylvania No. 1 coal, August 31, 1B04-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

------ --------~------------- ----~---------- ------ ~---

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. I In gage gluss. 

-----~---~-----

In tank. D\lring period. Total. During period. Total. 

------ --~---~~--

Inches. Inches. Pounds. PO>mds. . Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.40 ........... . 31! 6! ----------.. ------------- ------------ ------------ 9---- ..............•. 26~ 5~· 716 716 2,708 2, 708 

10 .. , ............... . 19 4t 662 1,378 5,417 8,125 

11 ............. -.... . 17t 3! 867 2,245 5,425 13,550 

12 .................. . 17i 3t 715 2,960 7,048 . 20,598 

1 .................... . 30i 7t 700 3,660 4,207 24,805 

2 ................... . 34 7t 460 4,120 4,827 29,632 

3 ................... . 39!- 5! 690 4,810 5,267 34,899 

4 ..••...•......••..•. 36l 5~ 631 . 5,44-1 5,947 40,846 

5 .................... . 35! "1 

o,~ 678 6,119 5,193 46,039 

Close, 5.33 .......... . 35~ 3~ 246 6,365 2,968 49,007 

- -------------- '------- ------ ~------~ ~---· -----~---

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDI'l'IONS . 

. Ash contained small pieces of coal. 57 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Pennsylvania No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOU,ER 'l'RIAL. 

Test number, 1. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, L9nisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boilers, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

779 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Pennsylvania No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of sta~tirig and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, August 31, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ................................. _ ...... _ ..... __ ._._._.hours.. 9. 88 

DIME:s-SIOKS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface . __ ..... __ ........... _ ..... _ ...... _·_ .... __ ..... _ ... _.square feet.. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate .. __ ------- ........... ___ ...... ____________ ............ ___ .feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate .... _ ..... _ ........................... _ .... _ ..... __ ..... ·.do._._ 

4. Height of furnace ............... _. _____ .. _______ . ______ . ___ ........ _ ... inches._ 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in gnite ... ~ ............................. do ... _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate service. __ ... ___ .......... _ ... _ .. per cent.. 

6.1 A rea of chimney ....... ·- ................................ _ ......... square feet._ 

6."2 Height of chimney above grate _ ...... __ . _. ___ .... _. _ ... __ . _ ... ___ ._._: ... feet.~ 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ................... ___ ...... ___ . __ .. do._ .. 

6. 4 Kind of draft .......... _ .... : ................. _ ............... ___ .... _ ...... _ . _ 

7. · Water-heating surface __ . __ .... ____ ., .... __ .. _._ ...... __ .. _______ .. square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL .. _ ......................... __ ..... __ .. ____ ._.inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .. ___ . _ .. _____ . _ . _ .. _ . ___ ... __ .feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ........ ___ ........ ----- ... ___ .. ___ ._ ...... _________ .... ____ ._ 

7 D" f b ( ·d · "d) {inches .. .4 mmetero tu es outs1 e-ms1 e ----------------------------------- .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .....•.... ------ .............. __ ..... ___ ..... ___ .. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ..•..... _ ............ _ ............ _ ...... __ ._.square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................... _. _. _.: _. _ ... __ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface._ ........ _ ... __ ... _. __ .... __ ...... _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. . Barometer ____ ... ________________ . ___________ . ____________ {inches of mercudry __ 

----------roun s .. 

b . {··do .... 11.1 Steam pressure y gage, per square mch ... -.... -....... -.--.- .. ------ -- ( 1 0.---

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................ _ ............ _._._. ___ ........... do ... _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................ , ................ do ... . 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.875 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.6 

14.53 

82.4 

a96. 9 

.48 

.165 

. 026 
780 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ....•... ; .............................................. degrees .. 

16. Of fire roo1n ........•........................................ _ ... _._ .... do._._ 

17. Of steam ---------------------------------------------------------------do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank .................. · .................................. do ... _ 

19. ·Of feed water entering economiz-er_ ............................. ' .......... do .. __ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler _ ........................................... do ... . 

79.4 

84.3 

:l25.4 

76 

167.5 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do.... 585 

22. Of eseaping gases from economizer -.- ..................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ......•.................................. · ..................... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition:· Mine nm, dean and bright-40 per cent lump; 20 per cent 

small; 40 per cent slack. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .................................•. pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coal as fired-------------------·---·-------------- ............ do .... 6,365 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL ................................................ . 

2i. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..... , ............................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 

1.1 

6,295 

280 

3 

30. . · {pounds.. 6, 015 

Total combustrble consumed ....... ---.---.--------------------------· d · .. o .... a5,6 9 2 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4. 45 

PROXIMATE ANAJ,YSIS OF COAL 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75. 69 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

Volatile Inatter .. ____ . __ -- ..... ____ .. ____ ........ ________ .... __ .. ____ __ 

Moisture .......... __ .-- ............. --.-- ...... ---- .. -- .. --- ... --.----

A-sh ......................... , .................................... -- .. 

Sulphur, separately determined ....................................... . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF' DRY COAL. 

'37. ·Carbon (C) ....................................... ·.· ................. . 

38. Hydrogen (H) .. :, ........ __ ... : __ . __ ... __ .. _ .... _ .... __ . ____ . _. __ ... 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .... , ... -- -- -- ............ __ ........... __ ... -- .. __ .. ____ .. 

40. Nitrogen ( N) ................ -.- ................. , ..... _ .............. . 

41. Sulphur (S) __ .. __ ... -- ...... __ .. __ .. ____ ........ ______ ..... __ ..... __ .. 

42. Ash . __ ............ -- .. -- ...... -- ...... ----.-- ... -- ... -.--- ..... ---.---

43. Moisture in sam pie of coal as received ................................. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash . 

. ' 

15.80 

1.1 

7.41 

100.00 

1. 49 

82.88 

4.13 

2. 61 

1. 38 

1.51 

7.49 

100.00 

1.1 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

82. 73 

17.27 

100.00 

89.6 

4.46 

2.82 

1. 49 

1. 63 

-·-·---------

100.00 

-------------
BOILER TESTS. 781 

ANALYSIS OF A~H AND UEFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent.. 47 

45. Earthy matter .................. ~ ........... , .......................... do.... 53 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal eonsumed per hour: ...................... ·.· ..... ·,· ........... pounds .. 

Combustible eonsumed per hour ..................................... . 1 

.. do .... 

. . do.~ .. 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

' {·.do ... . Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ............ do ... . 

CALORIC YALUF. OF FUEl .. 

637 

609 

a.576 

15.7 

.3 

". 284 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .. •.· ......... 14,659 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 15, 848 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. 'r. U ................. · ....... 14, 4i4 

.53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... : . ............. ~ 15, 648 

QUAl.ITY OF STEAM. 

54. 1 Percentage of moisture in steam ..............................................•. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) .............................. : .. per <:ent.. 

WATER. 

1.1:\2 

None. 

98.58 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....•....... , ......................... pounds .. 49,007 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .......................... .'do .... 57, 706 

59. Water actually evaporated, correeted for quality of steam .................. do .... 48,311 

60. Factor of evaporation.......................................................... 1. 1775 

61. Equivalent water evaporatel~ into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds .. 56,886 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporat!ed per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 4, 890 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do ..... 5, 758 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................ ponndH .. 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 341 pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................................... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........................ ; . · ......................... .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ....••.........•............. 

u Calculated from chemistry ol ash. 

2.835 

166.9 

210 

79.48 
782 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 -c- item 25) ................•................••..•.•...•••.. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

i ten1 25) .................................•.................••..••.. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) .................•........................•.................••.. pounds .. 

E~~~::~e~+~::~o~~~i~:~_ .f.r~:~. -~~~~ _ ~-t· ~-1·2· • -~~~ _ ~~-~~ _ ~f _ ~~~~~~~i~l~:{: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of.l pound of combustible) . . . . . . . ... do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, includinl;\" the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ..... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SJ.lOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

~Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtainEJd from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF' FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................................. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ...................................... ~ ........ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

mal condition ...................................................... minutes.~. 

Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... . 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ....•........................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....... ·~· .................................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (b.y difference) (N) ..........................•... , ..........•.• do ... . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.7 

8.94 

9.04 

9.46 

a9. 99 

57.64 

a60. 87 

59.55 

$1.00 

$0.064 

$0.056 

Alternate. 

10 

6.5 

13.3 

0 

80.2 
/ ~ Ci 

l \ I ~ 

\ L I 

t. I 

I 

/ I 

l 

~ \ : ~~--

l :r ~ 19 ·'}. 

v l-1 

¥ \\ :2:. LL~ 

~~ rr v If" r" 

Ln t "' \~ ~ ~ li ~ 

a 

\D 3 

li I~ 

~ '6 -+ 

1\g 1\'t "' \ ,l 0 0 3 ~ :;tJ 

"' 'l J> 

rT- t , \h c 1'---- I I _, AI rt 0 :'i I b, _:n. -1-- 0 c ~ t~~~ ~ ~- 2 

1\ ;u 

"' <l' f'1 

~ (jl 

~ c ~-

·~ \ ~ 

u I ;u AI ':!; (l 

"' "' t ~ "' \ "' ~\ I~ 'i z ~ I L z- , g- ,t- c ., l1 l c AI :;tJ :;tJ 

lg I" ,., ., :z r: r 6 (jl 

v I c , 0 c 1'1 " 0 l\ :;tJ [" 

t b j I !], ., 

0 c _j _g_ -1 1\) c (JI I ()l 1. 6 .'fl, "' \ j 1 

' j -1 

."' "' t 3 

\ v 11 

_/ "' -/ {Jl , 

-1 

1\ I _\ \ c 

;ll 

t 

\ -~ t 

' j 

l .., IV 

i 

~ ,_. 

" 

~ 

~ l\ lL 

\ ~ t 

l I\ 

b \ v. 

f ...... \ I~ \ ~~ I 0~ 

t l)-0 

"'' < :;g:;: "' ~~ ll 

l> C"' 

"' "' 
784 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BAI,ANCE, OR UISTRIRU'l'ION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of l pound of combustible, B. T. U __ .... _.: .. _ .. __ ... _ .. _ .. __ . _ 15,848 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler'=o evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ___________ --------- ___ ... ___ ............... ------ 9, 647 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+ 

100X[(212--t)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air,in the 

boiler room; T=that of the fine gases). ____ .. __ ... _._._ ..... _;··.· ... ___ _ 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per .eent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+100 X 9 X [(212-t) +966+0.48 (T-212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dr.y chimney gases=weight of gas per 

15 

511 

Per cent. 

a60.87 

.10 

3.22 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) . ................ -----..... .. . .. . 4, 075 25.71 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible co.+ u

0

x------roo--- x 10,150 _. _ .. _____ . _____________ _ 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for, (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are -obtained from which they may 

0 

be calculated) ..... _ ............. _ .. _. _ ...... _ ....... _ ........... _ . _.. . 1, 600 

REMARKS. · 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hou;=3.11 pound~. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepow:r hour=3.84 pounds. 

0 

10. 10 

100.00 

------------------------------ «Calculated from-chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 785 

TEST No. 2.-Regular and special observations on test of Pennsylvania No. 2 coal, September 6, 1904. 

Time. 

Steamprc~snre 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.08 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Dmft pressures. Fine gases. 

----~----.----- ------~----- ---------- ----------------

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. n1inutes. 

In hood In furin ' n~cel 

inches iiJ~~es of of , water. water. 

C02. o,. co. 

--------------1----- ----~ ----- -------------------------

Pownds. ~F. op, ° F. Pmtnds. Punnds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.40 ------------

s ---------------

102 

105 

95 

6.5 

56 

71 

79 

77 

71 

75 

7.5 

77 

77 

7S 

66 

56 

75 

91 

7.5 

S7 

79 

77 

62 

S4 

64 

66 

6S 

6S 

6S 

69 

70 

72 

73 

74 

76 

so 

77 

7S 

7S 

79 

7S 

7S 

79 

so 

6R 

70 340 5. 21 0. 061 ------ - -- .... -- .... ------ - -- ----

S.20 ····--------

S.40 ------------

70 

;o 

9-- ------------ 72 

72 

73 

75 

76 

7S 

so 

so 

so 

S3 

S4 

S4 

S5 

ss 

90 

ss 

ss 

91 

90 

90 

87 

S9 

87 

S6 

S6 

S5 

S5 

435 

420 

.53.5 

605 

62.5 

575 

585 

.590 

600 

5SO 

.575 

540 

.515 

475 

5.50 

550 

.5.50 

3. 20 . 120 -------

0.13 

. 21 

. 23 

.20 

.19 

.16 

.14 

.20 

.16 

.16 

.14 

. 13 

.21 

.12 

. 23 

.11 

.08 

.09 

.11 

.18 

.15 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.19 

. 12 

.11 

.04 

2. 0 lS. 4 0. 0 

9.20 ---- .... ----

9.40 ---- -.. -----

10--------------

10.20 __ : ______ __ 

10.40 -- .. -------

11--------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12 ............. ·~ 

12.20 -------- .. -

12.40 - - - . - - - - . - . 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ------ .... .. 

1.40 -----.--.---

2---------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 .. -.... -- .. -

3---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 -- --·-- --.--

4---------------1 

4.20 ------------

4.40-- ........ .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 ----~-------

5.4.5 

. 67 

72 

6S 

74 

ss 

S9 

103 

so 

so 

so 

so 

so 

so 

so 

79 

7S 

77' 

7.5 

3. 77 . 005 

3. 70 .040 

3.S2 .120 

3.91 .160 

. 550 4. 22 . 169 

515 .. ------.-------

500 1----------------

500 3.50 . 193 

560 

560 

550 

560 

.570 

525 

520 

520 

3. 93 . 154 

4. 15 . 235 

Total _.... 2, 416 2, 344 2, 530 16, 07.5 

Average... 7S 76 S2 536 

39.46 1. 2S7 

3. 95 . 129 

0.61 

. 44 

.45 

.45 

. 52 

. 37 

. 37 

. 26 

.20 

.. 3S 

. 34 

. 26 

. 27 

.1S 

.18 

.19 

. 25 

. 31 

. 30 

. 31 

. 31 

. 32 

.19 

. 20 

.13 

7.6 10.5 .0 

S.4 9.9 .0 

9.3 9.3 .0 

8. 3 10. 8 . 0 

10.9 7.8 .3 

10.4 9.4 .1 

10.8 S.6 .0 

10.4 8.9 .2 

-----· -------------' 

7. 79 4. 29 7S. 1 

. 312 . 1.52 8. 7 

93.6 

10.4 

.6 

.07 

,. 
786 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TgsT No. 2.-Regular and special obse_rval'ions on test of Pennsylvania No. 2 coal, September 6, 1904-Cont' d. 

SPECIAL. 

----------------~~------------------~------------------~-----------------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

__________________ , __ r_n_t_an_k_-. __ 

1

_r_n_g_a_ge_g_l_as_s_.

1 

_n_u_r_in_g_p_e_ti_od_., ___ T_o_ta_l_. __ Dnringpetiod.l 

Inches. Pounds. Ponnds. Pounds. 

Total. 

Inches. Pounds. 

Start, 7.40............ 31 8t ------------ ------------ ------------ ·-----·----- 9.20.................. 30 ti~ 1, 075 1,075 3,996 3,996 

10.20................. 27~ 4~ 1, 025. 2,100 7, 121 11,117 

11.20...... ...... .... . 29! 3 782 2,882 7,374 18,491 

12.05................. 26~ 4~ 618 3,500 5,345 23,836 D 

1.04.................. 31 4~ 700 4,200 5,431 29,267 

2.20.................. 19! 6t 700 4,900 8,151 37,418 

3.20.................. 34! 3! 700 5,600 5,!)97 43,415 

4.20.................. 19i 

Close, 5.4:).. .... ...... 26~ 

4~ 

8% 

700 I 6,300 6,752 50,167 

535 6,835 7, 779 57,946 

----- -------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Ash and refuse taken entirely from ash pit. Ash contaiued small pieces of coal that fell through 

grate. 86 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Pennsylvania No. 2 coal. 

Test number, 2. CONDITIONS OF BOILER T~IAL. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

787 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Stearn jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, PE:mnsylvania No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, September 6, 1904. 

2. Duration of triaL .. ________ ._----· __ ._ .. _ .. _. ___ ... __ ................... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPOltTIONS·. 

3. Grate surface ....... _ ... ___ ._ ..... _ ..... __ .. _ .... ." ..... _ ....... _._ .square feet._ 

3.1 Width of grate ... _ ... __ ..... __ ... _ ................ _ ..... _ .... ___ . _ ....... feet. . 

3.2 Length of grate .............. __ . _ ......... __ .. _ .... __ .. _ .. _ ... __ ... _ .... do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ....... _ ......................... c. __ .. __ ...••... _. _ .. inches .. 

10. OS 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .... _ ... _ ....... __ ........ __ ..... do ... _ . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ....... _ .................. per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney ............................. _ ........ ______ .. _ ... square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .............. --.------ ____ ----------------- .feet .. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .... _ .. __ ...... _ ... __ _ : __ .. _. _. __ .. __ do. __ . 

6. 4 Kind of draft .. _ c ••••••••••••• __ • _ •••• · ••••••• _ •••••• _ ••• ______ ••••••• __ • __ •• __ _ 

7. Water-heating surface ........ _ ......... __ ............. _._ .... _ ..... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell. ........... _ ............. _. __ . _ ...... _. __ . __ .. inches._ 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads)-------------------------------fect.. 

7.3 Number of tubes . _ ..... _ ............. __ ... _ .... _____ .... _ .... _ ...... _. ____ . _ .. 

7 D. f t b ( · l · 'd ) {inches .. .4 1ameter o u es outs!( e-ms1 e . ___ . __ ........... __ .. ____ .... _ ... __ .. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes exposed .... _ ........... _ .. _ .... ___ ...... _ . , .............. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ........ ___ .. _ ... _ .... ___ .... _ ....... ____ .. ___ .square feet... 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grat~ surface._. ____ .. __________ ._ ..... _____ ._ .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ... ___ .: ... _________ . __ .... ____ ._. __ 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. -

Barometer __________________________ . ____________________ -{incl~cs of mercur'y __ 

. ----------POunds __ 

· . h · {··do .... Steam pressure by gage per square me ................... _. _ ........ . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler .... __ ............ ___ .inches of water __ 

Force of draft in furnace._ .. __ ---- _____ .. -- .... ---- ...... ---- ........ --- .do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit.. __ ... __ .. __ ........... ____ ._,_._ ...... _ .do., .. 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.875 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:6.58 

29.69 

14.57 

78 

a92. 57 

. 31 

.153 

.013 
788 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ...........•........................................... degrees.. 76 

16. Of firp,room ................•... , ........................................ do ... . 

17. Of steam ........•...................................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . ' ' 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of e~eaping gases from economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .......................... , ................................... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Mine run-lump, 40. per eent; small, 20 per cent; ·slack, 40 per 

cent; clean and bright. 

24. ·weight of wood used in lighting fire ...... ~- ............................ pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal ..................................... __ ......... . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ................ : .................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse ..... , ................................. __ ._ ... _ ... _ ... __ 

82 

322.2 

76 

176 

536 

None. 

6,835 

.59 

6,795 

223 

. {pounds.. 6, 572 30. Total combustlble consumed ......................................... . . .. do .... a6,274 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ....... , ............................... ; 3. 3 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ...................................................... · ... . 76.76 82.21 

33. Volatile matter .................................. , ..................... . 16.61 17.79 

34. Moisture .............................................................. . .59 ~ e e • • • '"• • •"' • 

35. Ash ...... : ............ -.............................................. . 6.04 .. ----- . -- ... -.. 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ........................................ . .91 -....... ---... ---. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OP DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ............................................................ . 84.45 89.90 

38. Hydrogen (H) .................................................. _ ..... . 4.25 4.53 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ........................................................... . 3.04 3.24 

40. Nitrogen (N) .................................... : . ................... . 1. 28 1. 36 

41. Sulphur (8) ........................................................... . . 91 . 97 

42. Ash ................ : ............................ ----- ... -- -... ------ -.- - 6.07 ------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample·of coal' as received .. .. • . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ........... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon . _ .................................... _ ...................... per cent .. 

45. Earthy I~atter. _ ................. _ ..... __ ............ -·- ... _ ......... __ .. do ... . 

FUEl~ PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .. ---·- ......... _ .. -----·. ______________ ... pounds .. 

47. · · · {·.do .... Combustible consumed per hour .... ------ ...... ---------------. ___ .. . __ do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .. ~ ..... _. __ .. _ . _ .. _. ___ .do ___ . 

49. Combu~tible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour _ .• _____ . -{· · ?o · ·-- ._do. __ _ 

CALORIFIC Y.A.LUE OF FUEL. 

789 

48.57 

51.43 

674 

652 

ct622 

16.6 

.32 

a .306 

50. Cal~rific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U. ______ ,. ____ 14,843 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. _ .. _ ..•• 15, 802 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... __ . __ ..... ____ ..... _ _ 14, 713 

53. Catorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ..•.. __ ........ _ .... 15, 664 

QUALITY OF STEA~I. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ........ __ ........ _ ........ _____ . _. _ . _______ ..•. 3. 16 

55. N urn ber of degrees of superheating _. _ .. _ .. __ . _ . _. _ .. _____ . _ •. _______ . __ .. _. ___ _ None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ... _ ....... _ .....•..... _-.- ...... __ per cent._ 97.53 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed t~ boiler ........... _ ...••••.••.••. _._ .• _____ . pounds._ 57,946 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .... ____ ....... ___ . __ ._ .. _.do. ___ 68, 185 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. ___ ._._ ... __ .. __ .do .. _. 56,515 

60. Factor of evaporation ........ -............................................ _ .. _. 1. 1767 

61. Equivalent. water evaporated into dry steam from.and at 212° .. _ •. __ ._ .. pounds._ 66, 501 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .... _._ ........ pounds._ 5, 607 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ~ .... _ ..... _ ... __ ... _._.do .. __ 6, 597 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............ ~ ............ -................................ · _ .. pounds_ . 3. 25 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) _ ......... _. ___ ........... ___ ...... ____ ... _. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........... _ .... ___ . __ ............ ______ .. ______ .. __ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ....... _ ... _ .. _ .... _ ... _ .. _ .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

191.2 

210 

91 
790 · OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLA,NT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fire<:\. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) -----------'-------------------------------------POUnds.. 8.48 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° ·per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 +-

itern 25). ----- ____ .. ------------ .. ___ ..... __ . ________ .. _ .. ·-------.pounds.. 9. 73 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61...;--item 

27) _ ...... _ .. ____ ....... ___ .... _ ... _ ........ _____ ........ ___ ....... pounds .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. f .. do._ .. 

72. 

73. 

(Iteii_~61+item 30) .. __________ .. ·-----. _____ . _______________ . ___ .. l .. do. __ _ 

El<'FICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent .. 

bustible di\·ided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .... __ .... do. __ . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal)_ ...... __ .. _ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) . _. _ .. ___ . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water.from and at 212° ......... . 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

9. 79 

10.12 

a 10.6 

61.85 

a 64. 78 

63.69 

$1.00 

$0.059 

$0.051 

77. Percentage of smoke as observed ..... __ ..... _ ... ·._._ ....... -.. _. Light smoke at time of firings. 

78. 

79. 

'Veight of soot. per hour obtained from smoke meter ___ .... _. __ . _ ..... _ .. oum~es _ . 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... __ ...... _ ... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80.' Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .... -- .... ---- ............. -- ... . Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire .... _____ . ___ . __ ----- ____________ . __ ------- .... inches.. 12 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in norrna! condition._. __ .... __ ._._ ... _. ____ .. _. __ . _. __ ........ _ .......... minutes.- .7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... . 

ANAJ-'YSIS 0.1<' THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ••• ___ ••••••• _ •• ___ •• _ •• _ •• __ ••••••••••••••••••• per cent.. 8. 7 

85. Oxygen(O). ____ ------ ____ ·----- ______________ -·: ______ ------------ _____ .do.--- 10.4 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ___ . __ .. ______ .. _ ...... ___ ........ ___ ............ do.... · 07 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....•...........................•.... :. ----.do.--- ------------

88. Nitrogen (by difference} (N) ---------··---·---------·--------------------do.... 80.83 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
>-----~ ; 

;r / ~-

----- ~ .. r\ / .\ 

~ ~~ \ ~ f 

~ 1' I\~ I,_ k>- i' 

1 -~~ J ~ 15 ,,'t, 

v R r \ 1\ ~ (J\ i () -j 

'1- "' ~ :!': 

-- \ -~ -u 

' :z '\ "' \ 

~- I!> ~ 01 ~c. lJI "':I--

\~ I~ ., c r ;<! 

c r" -;1 j;i ~~- \ "' 7 I ~ C1l 

' J. }> 

v -).Jb (n 

\ (J\ 

6 3~ 1- ~ 0 

l\ "' ~ 0 1'1 0 ::t u; -u -1 :Z-:-

- :'II 

~ rr 

"'~ c 0 AI c :':; :u () :z ('> 

0 6- I 0 

1\ c )7 " ll> ;n z g "' 'j_ t 

\ ""'~ 

,_,__ (JI 

-l ., g 1-E )-1-- ro 

\ [\ 7 ::I r" 

G'l 

' 0 }> 

I (J\ c \ rt 

~ (J\ t 

8 17 0 

~ / "' r= (,. 

" \ ....____ -l ;<I 

~ "' ~ 3 "' \ -u 0 

v r> 0 ~ ::t t -l 

1\ \ c -l ,;;u ~ .b. 1J 

\ ~ r :'< 

~ c \_ ;<I 

"' t \ "'~ b .. I r --<[:: 

1\ ~ 1"0 

:ll 

t jll-~ '1>' "o 

~ ~ ~ c" .. ;<I ~ r" r" 
792 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BAld.NCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ____ . ____ ... ____________ . ____ . 15, 802 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at ,212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ___ • _ •. _. _. ________ ... ___ .. _____ .. ____ • _____ ·-. _ _ _ _ 10, 236 a 64. 78 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100X [(212-,f)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1'= that of the flue gases)_ ... __________ ... __________ . ___ _ 

.Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen ~ per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966+"0.48 ( '1'- 212)] __ 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases =weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( -'1"--'- t) _. _ ... _ .••. ___ . _. ______ . ________ _ 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+CO X ---lo0---- X 10,150 ---···-----------------· 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if <lata are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ____ . _ ... ____ . ____ . ________ .. _ .. _ _ _ _ • ___ ... _. __ ....... . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.89 pounds. 

Dry eoal per electrical horsepower)wur = 3.57 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8 .05 

510. 3.23 

2,778 17.58 

73 .46 

2, 197 13.90 

100.00. 
BOILER TESTS. 793 

TEST No. 36.-Reguln·r and special ooservations on test of Pennsytvania No.3 cow ~anthractte; small 

briquettes), October 24, 1904. 

Time. 

7.51 

8 ---------------

8.20 ·-------·-·· 

8.40 - . - - - - - - - - - -

9 ----------·----

9.20 ------------

9.40 ----------- ~ 

10 ------ -· -.-----

10.20 ---·- ------

10.40 ------ - - - --

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12-------- ~-----

12.20 -----------

12.40 - -- - - - -----

1 ---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40 --------- -·. 

2-------- •. -----

2.20 -------- ---· 

2.40 -------·--·-

3- --------------

3.20 --------·-·· 

3.40 -- --·-- -----

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.083 hours.] 

•remperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

Steampressure 

gage. Outside. 

Pounds. 0 P. 

79 

86 

95 

85 

91 

74 

76 

79 

86 

84 

81 

91 

77 

90 

78 

85 

91 

82 

88 

71 

90 

82 

87 

87 

84 

57 

58 

60 

62 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

70 

71 

72 

71 

71 

71 

72 

71 

71 

70 

70 

69 

68 

Boiler 

room. 

oF. 

I In furFlue \Vater In t~od, n~ce, gases, Steam separated . h m base of discharge. in 10 me es inches 

stttck. minutes. of of water. water. 

Pounds. Pounds. 

C02. co. 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

57 ------- --- .. -.- -------. -..... - . -.-.- -- .. -- .. -- ... -..... 

58 

59 

59 

60 

61 

64 

66 

68 

70 

70 

72 

7.2 

73 

73 

73 

75 

75 

76 

75 

7.') 

75 

75 

75 

74 

628 

645 

638 

630 

645 

632 

630 

630 

635 

600 

635 

615. 

615 

594 

555 

615 

635 

630 

630 

635 

627 

644 

649 

624 

4. 3 0. 032 

3.83 .025 

4. 12 . 025 

4. 09 . 031 

4. 24 . 03 

4.15 . 02 

4. 07 . 026 

3. 92 . 02 

0.67 

.64 

.66 

. 66 

. 66 

. 64 

. 64 

.59 

. 61 

. 60 

. 63 

. 65 

. 62 

. 62 

. 55 

. 63 

. 65 

. 64 

. 62 

. 62 

.64 

'. 62 

. 63 

. 62 

0.22 

. 24 

. 30 

. 28 

. 26 

. 29 

. 35 

. 32 

.· 29 

. 32 

. 35 

.19 

. 23 

.· 19 

. 21 

. 25 

. 28 

. 31 

. 24 

. 25 

7. 0 13.0 0 

7.3 12.8 0 

7. 3 12. 7 0 

6. 8 13. 2 0 

6. 7 13.9 0 

7.6 12.6 0 

.28 7.4 13.2 0 

4 ---.. - - . - - - . . . . . 76 68 7 4 649 -... - -.... -.. - - - . 66 . 28 ...... - - - . . . . - - . -.. 

4. 20 - - -.• - •• -- -- 8 7 68 72 643 ...•.... - - - . - . . . . 62 . 20 . - -..... - . - - - -.•. - . 

4.40 ...•••...••. 78 66 71 645 4.00 .021 .65 .30 7.612.7 0 

5 .. -... - - - - . - - . - 95 65 70. 642 - - - - . - . . - . - - - - . . . 66 . 28 ... - - - -...• - - - . -.. -

5.20 ---········· 78 64 70 594 ........ --··-··· .62 .10 ....••. ··----· ··--·· 

5.40 ..... -.. . . . • 85 63 70 534 - - . - -- ... -... --. . 08 . 02 6. 6 13. 9 0 

5.56 ·······----· __ 78-~~~~ --······ --···:.-..:.~~~~~~ 

Total ...•. 2,676 2,017 2,157 18,7231 36.72 .230 18.4 7.51 71.4[131.6 0 

Average _. 83.6 67.2 69.6 624 4. OR . 0256 . 61 . 25 7.14 13. 16 0 

13-No. 48, pt. 2-06-32 
794 OPE~ATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 36.-Regular and special observations on test of" Pennsylvania No. 3 coat (anthracite; small 

briquettes), October 24, 1904-Continued. 

Time. 

Start, 7.51 ..... 

8.28 ----------

9.12 ----------

9.55 ----------

10.45 - --- --- - -

11.30 ---------

12.17 ---------

1.34 .: ...... .. 

2.23 ----------

3.17 .. - -.. - - - -

4.06 ----------

4.58 ------·- --

Close, 5.56 .... 

Time. 

-

--.---

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

···----

-------

SPECIAT,. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burne d. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

----

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total During period.( Total. , ______ _ 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Poun ds. Pounds. Pounds. 

40 2! ------------ -------- ---- -------- --- ------------ 22 2! 700 700 2,832 2,832 

18 31 700 J, 400 3,142 5,974 

28t 3 700 2, 100 3,995 9,969 

43f 3! 700 2, 800 4, 717 14,686 

31} 4! 700 3, 500 4,191 18,877 

32i 3 700 4, 200 4,804 23,681 

43i 2f 700 4, 900 6,412 30,093 

42~ 3 700 5, 600 4,394 34,487 

37 4i 700 6, 300 4,884 39,371 

35! 3 700 7, 000 5,070 44,441 

40i 2~ 700 7, 700 4,l:l37 4l:J,378 

'40 2,\- 312 8, 012 4,569 5~,l:J47 

--~----------- ---~-- ---·-

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

------- -----

observation. 'rhne. Observation. 

---------------------1---- ----------

Boiler under a load during night. 

7 .... -~. Fire cleaned. 

7.51 . . . . Test started, ihe 2 inehes thick. 

9:20 . _.. Fire raJ;;ed, 6 inches thick. 

9.34 . . . . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

9.47 __ .. Fire sliced, 7 inches thick. 

ll...... Fire raked, 8 inehes thick. 

11.10 . . . Fire sliced. 

11.44 _.. Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

12.16 . . . Fire raked, 10 inehes thick. 

12.32.. Fire raked, 10 inehes thick. 

12.38 . . Cleaning fire. 

12.51 . . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thiek. 

2.53 . . . Fire sliced, 6 inehes thick. 

3.51... Fire·sliced, 7 inches thiek. 

4.34... Fire sliced, 8 inches thick. 

5.10 . . . Cleaning fire. 

5.22 .. _ Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

5.56 . . . Test closed, fire 2 inches thiek. 

----------------------------------- ---··---- --

Ash gray and heavy:. Briquettes did not crumble in fire. Briquettes made a hot fire. 100 firings 

during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Pennsy[vania No. 3 coal (anthracite; smctll briquettes). 

CONDITION~ OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 36. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

795 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Pennsylvania No. 3 (briquettes). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Numb~r of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 24, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ........ __ ......... __ ......... ___ ._... _ ••••. ___ . ___ .. __ hours._ 

DIMENSIONS AND PltOPORTIONS. 

R. Grate surface. __ .. _ ............. _ .. -.... _ ..... -........... _ ... ____ .square feet._, 

3.1 \Vidth of grate .. ------------- __ .. ___ ... -------_ ......... -----_ .. __ ........ feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate _ .. __ .. __ . __ .. _ ..... _ ... ___ . _ ... _ .. __ ._. __ . ______________ .. do. __ _ 

4. Height of furnac~-. >---- ---------.---- ----·--- ______ .. ------ ____________ inches._ 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate __ .. _ .. _ ... ______________ . __ . __ .. do. __ _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ... __ . ____ .. __ . __________ .per cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimney ....... -.- -....... -. -..................... _ . _____ . square feet. _ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate _ .. _____ . __ ... _ .. ______ . _ .. ___ .. _______ . __ .feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue conneeting to chimney ...... __ .. _ ... _ .. ___ .. _____ . _. _____ .do .. __ 

6.4 Kind of draft _______ . _ .. ________ ... __________ . ______ . __ . _ : __ .. _______ ........ _ 

7. Water-heating surface .................... -.......... -... _________ .sqtiare feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell __________ . __ .. _______________ .. ______________ inches __ 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) . __ .. ___ ....... _______________ .feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes _ ....... ______ . ____ .... __ . __ ..... __ , .. _ ... __________________ : _ 

7 4 D . Jame . t f t b er o u es I , ou t s1 'd e-1ns1 . 'd e ) .. __ . __ .... ___________ . .. _ __ __ __ . __ __ {inches.- · .. do ___ _ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ... ____ . ____ -- _____ ...... __ . __ ....... ____________ .. feet._ 

8. Superheating surf:we ....... -- ............ -- ...... --.-- __ . ____ .. _ ... square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .. __ ..... __ ... __________________ . __ 

10. Ra~io of minimum draft area to grat\) surface ..... __ ... ______ ... __ .. ___________ __ 

AVERAGE I'R ESSURES. 

ll. Barometer _______________________________________________ _Jinehes of mercury __ 

1 ... --.--.. pounds ... 

S b . h {--do __ __ 11.1 team pressure y gage per square me _____ . ___ .... __ . __ . ____ .. ______ _ . __ do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler .. _ ............ __ . ____ inches of water __ 

13. Force of draft in furnace ....... __ ........... - ... -- ... ____ .... __________ .. do .. __ 

14. .Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. __ ... _ .... -- ..... ____ ... ______________ .do. __ . 

a Absolute. 

.. 

10.083 

40.55 

6.l6 

. 6. 58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.47 

14.46 

83.6 

a98.1 

0 

. 61 

.25 

.. 
.. 

796 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

22.1 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGF. TEMPERATURE~. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fire room ........... _ ................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............... ·--·-· ------ ............ -----· .................. do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .......................... ~ ......................... do .. .. 

Of feed water entering economizer __ ., .................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................. _ ............... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............... _ ......... _ ..... _ ... _ ......... do ... . 

Of escaping gases from economizer _ .. _. _ ........... _ ........ _ ............ do .. _. 

Of furnace .................. _ ..... _. ___ .......... ___ . ___ .---. ____ .... __ .do. __ . 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Small briquettes. 

67.2 

69.6 

326.2 

58.8 

153 

624 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire. __ .... ____ ..... ___ .. _.---- ........ pounds.. None· 

Weight of coal as fired ............... _.. . ................... _ .... _ ..... do.... 8, 012 

Percentage of moisture in coaL ............. _ .............. _ .............. , .... _. 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ................................... _. pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ... _ ... _ ..... _ ......... -............................. do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker._ ......... _ ..... _ .................. per cent.. 

7,772 

1, 616 

44 

Total combustible consumed ...... _ ................. -... _ ............ . . {pounds.. 6, 156 

. . . .. do .... a 6, 036 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .......... -............... -•.... ~....... 20. 79 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL 

Fixed carbon __ ........... __ ......•. _ -........ _ .. _ ...........•........ 

Volatile 1natter ....................... _ .. __ ........ _ .. _ ......... _ ... _ .. . 

Moisture. __ ._ ... _____ ...... ___ .. __ ._ .. _______ . ____________ ~ _____ . ____ _ 

Ash ........................ -..... -- _ .. __ -- ...... _ ·--- ......•. _ ..... _ .. . 

Sulphur, separately determined .. _ .. _ ....... _ .............. _ ... _ ... _ .. . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSTS OF DRY COAL, 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

55.00 

27.62 

3.00 

14.38 

100.00 

l. 13 

66.57 

33.43 

100.00 

.37. Carbon (C) .. _- ... - ~- .. _ ...... -.... -.................... -.-.-..... -.. . 74.09 86.97 

38. Hydrogen (H) . _ ...... _ ...... · _ .. _ . _ ............... _ ... _ ....... _ ... _ .. . 4.42 5.19 

39. Oxygen ( 0) . _ ......................... -............. - . __ .-... -. _. __ -. 4.44 5.21 

40. Nitrogen (N) ............................. -... -............. _.- ... __ .- 1. 08 1. 27 

41. Sulphur (S). _ ..... __ ......... _ .... _. _ ..... _ ... _ ................. _. _ .. . 1.16 1. 36 

42. Ash .. _. _ .. :';- ..... ___ .... _ ... ____ .. _ .... _____ . _. ______ . ____________ • _. 14.81 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received._.~_:_ ... _ .. _ .............. __ ..... -. :l. 00 ............ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAI.YSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .. , ......................................... -................ per cent .. 

45. ~arthy matter .......... _ ...... : .. ..................................... -do.: .. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ....................................... · .... pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour .. .. .. .. .. ......................... .. {

--do .... 

.. do .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do .. .. 

• 1 {·.do .... 49 .. Combustible per"' square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... . • ..do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

797 

36.12 

63.88 

771 

611 

"599 

19.01 

. 301 

• (t. 295 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter, per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 13, 289 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15, 599 

52. Calorific value by analysis, per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 223 

53. Calorific value by analysis, per pound of combustible, B. T. U ................... 15, 522 

QUALITY OF STEAM, 

.54. Percentage of moisture in steam ..................... ·........................... . 624 

56 .. Number of degrees of superheating ... -~ .................................. __ .. .. None . 

.56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) ................................. per cent .. 91!.52 

WATER . 

.57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. : ................................... pounds.. .53, 947 

.58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 64,494 

.59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... .53, 688 

60. Factor of evaporation ......... ~................................................ 1. 1955 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 64, 184 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 325 

63. 'Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......... : .............. do.... 6, 366 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of \Vater-heating 

' ··surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. l 3 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water eva,porated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1. horsepower) ............... · .... _. _ .. _ ................. .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ............................... _. __ .. _ .......... __ .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ......................... __ .. 

184.5 

210 

87.87 --------------------- ---------- a Calculated from chemistry 'of ash. 
798 OPEUATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68·. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired: 

(Item 57 +item 25) ..... --~--- ------ ................................ pounds.. 6. 73 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° 'per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ...............................•......•....•.........•.... :pounds.. 8. 01 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item· 

27) .....•...........•.. _. _ ... __ .... _ .. _ ..•... _ ..... __ ..•• _ ... __ .... pounds. _ 8. 26 

71. , Equivalent evaporation from and at 212" per. pound of combustible. J .. do. __ . 

72. 

73. 

(Item 61 +item 30). ----- .• ___ . -- _. __ .... _ .•.. _. __ . --.-- __ .•.. _ ... .1 .·.do .... 

EF~'ICIENCY. 

Efficie~rcy of_ t~re boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pou~d of com- { per cent .. 

bustrble drvrded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) •• __ •.. _ .. do. __ . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal)._· __ .. : __ . __ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ____ ._._-_ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water nn?er observed conditions . _ ... 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _. _______ . 

77. 

78. 

79~ 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .......... _- ............... - _ ....... -. _.- .. - _- .. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ....... __ ... __ .... ounces._ 

Volume of eoot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ...... _. __ .. cubic inches .. 

ItiF..THODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)------------'-------: .... · ....... . 

81. Average thickness of fire._._ ....... _ .. __ .... _ .............. __ .......... inehes .. 

82. 4 verage intervals between firing for eaeh furnace during time when fires are in nor10.43 

a 10.63 

64.57 

a 65.81 ' 

60.02 

$1.00 

$0.0744 

$0.0624 

1.8 

.014 

Alternate. 

7 

mal condition ................ c ... __ ............. __ ................ minutes.. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .............. -.. do.... 46 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANAI,YSIS OF THE ·nnY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C92 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - ••• per cent.. 

Oxygen (0). _ ............................... _ ........... _ ............. do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................ ~ ................................ do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydroearbons ........ : .. ................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

7.14 

13.16 

0 

79.70 

-------·-·----------------.------ ---- ----.-----.--

" Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
~ \ v 

t \ ' _/ 

,, \ -

~~\~~~~~~~~~-+-~r~~~-rTIT~~~ 

t '_1 \ 

'""" 

1\ 1\. II/ 

./ 

3 " 
800 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTlNG PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DTSTRIBlTTlON OF THE HEATING VALUE O}.~ THE COl\fBUSTIRLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of eom bustible, B. T. U ................ .' ............. 15, 599 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per ·pound of 

eom bustible X 965.7 ..................... , .............................. 10, 265 

2. Loss due to moisture in eoal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+. 

100 X [ (212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( 'L'- 212) J (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1' = that of the flue gases) ................................ . 47 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X H X [(212- t) + 9H6 +0.48 ( 1'- 212)].. 610 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combnstibleX0.24X (T-t) ......................... ,. ....... 4,026 

5. J"oss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible 

C02 X CO X 100 X 10,1[\0...... ............... 0 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to ractiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated)................... .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. ..... . .. . 651 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower l10nr = 3.42 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 4.23 pourids. 

Per'eent. 

(t 65.81 

.3 

3.Hl 

25.81 

0 

4. 17 

100.00 

------------ ~---------~ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 801 

TEST No. 74.-Regular and spe!Jial obBervations on test of PennBylvania No. 4 coal, December 7, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampresaure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.R83 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

In hood Iu furFlue Water in , n~ce, 

gases, Steam separated inches . m base of discharge. in 10 of mches 

stack. minutes. water. w~t~r. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

--------------------------------------- ---

i.53 ---- .· ... ----

8.20 ------------

8.40 --:--------. 

9-.---.-.. ------

9.20 .... --- ··-·· 

9.40 ...... - -- .. . 

10 ····•········· 

10.20 ·---- ------

10.40 -- -- . -- - -- . 

11 --···--------· 

11.20 --·--······ 

11.40 ......... .. 

12------.... ----

12.20 ----·--·---

12.40 --.----.--. 1 _________ _. ___ __ 

1.20 

.. 1.40 ------------

2 ........... ----

2.20 -----·-----· 

2.40 -----··------

3 ·--·-----------

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 -- -- . -- - --- -

4 ----------·----

4.20 ------------

4.40 -- -- -- -- -- --

5 .............. . 

5.20 -----------· 

5.40 .. ----- -- -- -

5.46 -- .. -- -- .... 

Pounds. ° F. oF. ° F. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

85 ...... -----· ....... -------- -------- 0.40 

86 

83 

89 

86 

87 

85 

85 

86. 

87 

85 

88 

84 

87 

83 

82. 

86 

83 

90 

86 

83 

85 

83 

83 

85 

85 

84 

85 

85 

83 

85 

34 

35 

36 

37 

39 

40 

40 

41 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

49 

49 

50 

50 

51 

51 

50 

50 

50 

48 

45 

43 

42 

41 

40 

45 

47 

49 

51 

53 

55 

56 

57 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

65 

66 

66 

66 

66 

67 

68 

68 

69 

68 

67 

66 

65 

63 

575 

570 

580 

540 

535 

515 

515 

545 

560 

545 

585 

545 

550 

585 

560 

590 

610 

600 

600 

604 

595 

600 

625 

565 

603 

590 

560 

575 

640 

4. 27 0. 02 

4. 31 . 012 

4.31 . 019 

4.48 . 015 

4. 27 . 018 

4. 21 . 02 

4.18 . 011 

4. 23 . 01'6 

4. 23 . 016 

.45- 0. 27 

. 47 . 22 

. 45 .18 

. 46 . 19 

.46 . 22 

.40 .19 

.39 .24 

.39 

.42 

. 37 

.45 

.34 

. 35 

.48 

.45 

. 37 

.54 

. 49 

. 51 

. 53 

.50 

.52 

.47 

.46 

.48 

.48 

. 19 

. 19 

.17 

.11 

.15 

.12 

. 22 

.17 

.14 

.18 

. 21 

. 22 

. 25 

. 23 

.19 

.16 

. 22 

.18 

.19 

6. 6 13.0 0. 0 

8. 2 10.2 .1 

9.5 9.3 .5 

9.9 8.8 .4 

9.5 9.9 .1 

9.3 10.3 .3 

9.3 10.2 .0 

9.1 10.3 .5 

-- .. ---- -.-----. ------ .. ---.. 9. 3 10. 41 . 5 

. -. - --- . - - - . - . - - . 50 . 21 --. - . . -- -- - - - . -... -

4. 18 -014 . 58 . 13 8. 0 11. 8 . 3 

62 ------- ---------------- ------------------1---------------

Total ___ .. 2, 639 1, 333 1, 839 16,662 42.67 . 161 13. 56 5. 34 88. 7 104. 2 2.7 

Average _. 85.1 44.4 61.3 574 4. 267 . 0161 . 45 . 19 8. 87 10. 42 . 27 
802 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TES·r No. 74.-Regular and special observat-ions on test of Pennsylvan·ia No. 4 coal, December 7, 19MContinued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

~---~~--

Start, 7.53 .......... . 

8.20 -- ... -.-.-------

9.11 -----------------

9.48 -.---- .... --.- .. - 10.44 ... -- - . -- -.- -. -

12.01 . --.---.-----.--

] . --.---.--.-.------

1.56 . ----.--------.-

2.47 .. --.--------.--. 

3.34.--- .... --- .. --·-

4.27----. -· ----- .. --

5.30 ----··· , ........ . 

Close,5.46 ........... . 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

------

Incites. Inches. 

40 2 

34! 4} 

38~ 3~ 

38 21" . 34} 3~ 

38 5 

35 4} 

34 5~ 

3it 3 

37 3 

34 3t 

42 3~ 

40 It ~---~-

Weight of coal burned. 

·-~~~~~--

During period. Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. 

~ . --. ------ -.. -- .... -.. -- .... 

700 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,600 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

700 7, 700 

------------ ------------ ' 

Weight of watc 

---

During period. 

Pounds. 

........................ 

2,105 

5,629 

4,264 

5,486 

6,975 

5,423 

5,426 

5,723 

5,103 

5,801 

·5, 784 

1,585 

r fed to boiler. 

Total. 

Pounds. 

2,105 

7, 734 

11,998 

17,484 

24,459 

29,882 

35,308 

41,031 

~6, 134 

51,935 

57, 719 

59,304 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

- ~~--~---~-- --~ ~------~---~-----

Time. Observation. Time. Oh~crvation. 

No load on boiler during night. 12.37-- Fire raked, 12 inehes thiek. 

7 .. -.. ---- Fire deaned. 1.09--- Do. 

7.53.--. Test started, fire 3 inchee thick. 1.20.-' Do. 

8.26- ···/ Fire raked, 8 inches tliick. 1.47--- Fire sliced. 

8.49 .. -.! Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 2.15 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thicli. 

9.08 .... : Fire raked, 11 inches thiek. 2.56 ... Do: I 

fUl0 ... -1 Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 3.20 ... Fire sliced (hook). 

9.41 .. -- Do. 3.53 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.12--. Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 4.25 ... Do. 

10.21 ... Do. 4.47--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

10.56 ... Do. 4.53 ... Cleaning fire. 

11.19 ... Do. 5.04 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

ll.H2 ... l''ire slieed. 5.17 ... Fire raked, 6 inehes thick. 

11.58. --I Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 5.46 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. , 

----~---

Furnace much hotter at close than start of test. Ash light gray, also light in weight. Coal 

burned freely; clinkered but little; caked. 98 firings during test. 

"' 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Pe:nnsylvan·ia No. 4 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAl.. 

Test number, 74. 

Made by boiler !livision, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

-To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

!:103 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jet~ not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Pennsylvania No. 4. 

"Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 7, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial. ...... -·---··------------------------------------·----hours.. \l.88 

DIMENSIO.NS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ...................... _. _ .............. _ ........... _.square feet .. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ----------------------------------------------------------feet .. 

3. 2 Length of grate ................................... ·- ............. _ . _ ... __ do .. _ . 

4. Height of furnace ... _ ......................................... _ ..... _ .inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate . _ ........... _ .... _ .. _ ... __ .. _ .. do ... _ 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface._ ... ___ ._._._._._ .... _ .. per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ............... : .................... _._ ... _ ... _._ .square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chiinney above grate ................................ _ ... _. ·_ ... feet .. 

6.3 Length of fiye connecting to chimney ........... _-___ . __ .. _ .. __ .... __ ._._ .do. __ . 

6.4 Kind-of draft ................... : . .............. _. _. _ . _ ....... __ ... __ .. __ . __ . _ 

7. Water-heating surface .... ____ ............... __ .................... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL ......... ___ . __ . ____ .. : ...... ___ . ______ ...... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell ( outsicle to outside of heads) ... _._._._ ..... _ ... _ .. _ ....... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ................ __ ....... .. : . .. ____ . ____ .. _. ____ . _, __ ------ __ 

, · {inches .. 7.4 Diameter of tubes ( outside-iuside) .. __ .. _. _ .... _ .... _. _ .. _. __ . _ ... __ . 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exp0sed ....... --------. ___ .......... ____ .. ____ .------ .... feet .. 

8. Superheating stu·face .................................. _ ............ square· feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... _ ..... _ ........... _._. __ . ___ ~ .. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ....... _ ........................ __ ._ 

AVERAGE PRESSURF..R. 

ll. Barometer ____________________________________ . __________ -{inches of mercudry .. 

, .......... poun s .. 

. b . h . {·- do.--- 11.1 Steam pressure y gage per square me ,-.---- .... --------------------- __ do. __ _ 

12. Force of draft between damper. and boiler . _: .......... __ ....... inches of water __ 

13. Force of draft in ft:q:nace. _. _ ................ _ ....... _. _. _. __ . _ ..... _ ..... do ... . 

14. Foree of draft or blast in ash pit._._._._._ ........... ____ ._ .... _ ..... _ .... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7. 67 

11:1.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2, 031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17~87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.51 

14.48 

85. 1 

1!99.58 

.45 

.19 

0 
804 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. .of extemal air ............................................. _ ... ____ .. degrees._ 

16. Of fireroom ______ .. ___ ... _. _ ... _ ... _. _____ . _______________ .. ___________ .do. __ _ 

17. Of steam ________ . ·_ . _ . __ > _ ._ ._ ._ ._____ . ____ .... __ .. ____ . ____ ~ .. ___ .. _ .__ do ___ _ 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

Of feed water in tank ............ _. ____ .. _ ... _ ........... _._. ___ ..... _ ... do .. __ 

Of feed water entering economizer . _. _. _. _ ........... _ ... _. _ ... _ ....... _.do. __ . 

Of feed water entering boiler _ . __ ... ____ ... ___ ... ___ . _. _ . _ . _____ . _ . _ . __ ._do_ .. _ - . 

Of escaping gases from boiler _. _ . _. _ ..... _ ................. _ .... ___ .... __ do .. __ 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ... _ ........................ _ .......... do. _ .. 

22.1 Of furnace------. ____ --------- _______ · ___ .----- ... ---.-----. __ .----. __ ... do. __ _ 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

>'UEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 40 per cent; slack, 60 per cent; bright. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire _________ ... ____ ... __ . _____ .. _____ .pounds .. 

Weight of co~! as fired .. ------------------.-----------_--------.-------- .do .... 

Percentage of moisture in coaL ..... _ . ______ .. ___ . __ . _ . _. _ .. __ .. ____ . :. ___ . ____ _ 

Total weight of dry coal coi1sumed .. __ ........... _ . _ .... __ . _. ___ . _ .. ___ .pounds._ 

Total ash and refuse._ ....• _ ..... __ ... ___ ... _._ .. • ___ ... _ ....... _ ....• _ .. do._._ 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker_._ ..... _ .. _. ___ ..... _ ..... _ ... _._ .. per cent._ 

44.4 

6L3 

327.8 

44.3 

170 

574 

None. 

7, 700 

2.9 

7,477 

632 

46 

30. . {pounds . _ 6, 845 Total combusttble consumed . _ .. _. _. _ ... ___ ....................... _ .. . . ..do .... "6,793 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ______ . _. __ . __ .. _ .. _. _____ . ___________ . _ 8. 45. 

32. 

,33. 

PROXIMATE ANAJ.YSJS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon _ ..... _ ..... _ ................ ___ . _ .. __ . _. _. _ ... ___ ... ___ . 

Volatile matter __ .... _ ....... _ ..... _ ........ _. ___ ... _ ... _ .. __ . _ . _ ... _ . __ 

34 .. Moisture ....... ___ ..... : ... -----.---------.------------ ... __ .--- .... .. 

35. Ash _. __ . ___ ... _ .................... _ ..... _ ..... _ ..... _ ........... _ .. . 

Per cent of coal. 

60.82 

28.70 

2.90 

7.58 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

67.94 

32.06 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined _ ............... _ ... _. _ ..... _ .... __ •... _ 1. 15 ..... _ ..... _. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS 0~ DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) .... -. -.. - - - - - - - - - - - -.... - - - - -..... - . : . -. -.. - -.. - - - -. - - - -.. 

38. Hydrogen (H) _____ ........ -.. _ .. -............ -.- _ ... _ . _ ... _. _ ... _. _ .. 

8!1. Oxygen (0) _ ........ -.-.-.-- ..... -.-.-.-.---.-.-......... ·: ......... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .. _ ........................................ _,_ .......... _ .. 

41. Sulphur (S) -------------·-·-·-·----·.--·-----------· ------'-·-----·; .. 

42. Ash ................................................ ---- ........ .. 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ... _ .. __ . _ ... _ ............ _ ... _ .. . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

79.86 

5.02 

4.27 

1. 86 

1.18 

7.81 

100.00 

2.9 

86.68 

5.44 

4.63 

2.02 

1. 28 

.. ........ _______ 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 805 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. · Carbon ............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ............................................... · ........... doJ ... . 

15.89 

84.11 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour. ............................ -... · ·-- · d . .• 0 .. .. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

7.'57 

69J 

a687 

18.67 

49. · {··do ... . Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ............ do ... . . 841 

a. 338 

CALORIFIC VAI .. UE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorifk value by ox-ygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 14, 400 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorime~er. per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15,619 

52. Calorific value by analysis, per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..................•.... 14, 447 

5::!. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 19, 671 

QUALITY OF STEAl\1. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .... : ............... ,- ...................... . 

. 876 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cent .. 99.716 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 59, 304 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ..... " ..................... do .... 71,811 

59. ·Water actually evaporated, correcterl for quality of steam ......•........... do .... 59,136 

60. Factor of evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2109 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam· from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 71,608 

WA'rER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .............. pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......................... do ... . 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,984 

7,246 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. 57 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (84~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into .dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . 210 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................. ~ ................. _. _ 210 

67. Perce11tage of builders' rated horsepower developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
806 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. ~Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired 

(Item 57-c-item 25). ______________________ : ________ ------------- __ .. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-citem 25) _____________________________________________ --- _ ---- _____ .pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-c-item 

27) _ , _____ : _________________ . _____________________ - - _ - - - _ - _________ pounds __ 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of combustible. /-.do. __ _ 

(Jtem 61 ~item :30) _______ - _ --: ____ ------ ____ ----- __ -------- ________ l__do. __ _ 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per .eent. _ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ________ .do. __ _ 

7:3. Effieiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbe,d by the boiler per pound of 

_dry coal divided by the heat value of J pound of dry coal) ___________ per l'enL _ 

COST OF EYAPOUATION. 

74. Cost of coarper ton of 2,000 pounds <lelivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions _____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at. 212° _________ , 

77. 

78. 

79. 

Sl\IOKE ORSEHYATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observc,d _________________________ -- __ - ________________ _ 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from Hmoke meter ___ - ______ - ________ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter _________ . ___ .. cubic inches._ 

~IETHODS OF FIRING. . ' 'i~- ~ .. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ________________________________ _ 

81. Average thickness of fire ____________________ : __________________________ ind1es, _ 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7. 7 

9.:3 

9.58 

10.46 

a 10.54 

64.67 

a 65. 17 

64.24 

$1.00 

$0.0649 

$0.05:38 

29.2 

Alternate. 

12 

mal condition. ____________________________________________ - ________ minutes._ 6 

83. Average' intervals between times of leveling or breaking np ________ .. _____ .do.___ 26 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

AXALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 )-- - -- -- - ----- _ - __ - -- - --- .. _ ---- - -:- _---- ________ per cent__ 

Oxygen (0) ---------------------- ___ --- _ --- .. -- ____ --- __ ---------- _____ do .... 

Carbon rnonoxide (CO) __ ----- ________ - __ - _________ .. ----- __ .. _________ .do .. __ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbon~- ____ .. ______ ... _ .. _ .. ____ ....... _ ...... ___ .. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ; ___________________________________________ do .... . 

8.87 

10.42 

. 27 

80.44 

-------------------- ~---- --------.. -----·--'-----

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
:\ 

-t .\ j 

.J) 1\ \ I 

\ \ f 

( 

\ \ 

t 

\ Q 

\ 0 

l I? " 10 0 

\ ~ 

:i --

\ 0 

, , r J> 

= = c ~ ('I -l 

r-r- 0 ~ ? jl- 0 

l~(\ b );? 

"' c' )> , (J> \)1 

t ~ r r-

"' t- s \~ IC;; v• 

id \ 1?4 ~~ i3 '> )> 

~ ,. t::;' !\~ (J> 0 z ;t ('I• 

t :l 

!~ 2 -.l 

\~ I" 

.r ~ .-1 ~;.,"'in 0 

0 ~ '(/. 0 -< :l 0- .,_ 

\-o r'l ()> 0 ;u 

~ ~ ; i c 0 q; ::u , 

- 0 I ;a f'l 

- 0 g 

~ \ (J> c 0 

% ('I ] ~- 1 ~ 0 r:- -l "' J~ 2 ~ \ -'1 (J> ;II 

t 0 

'g • fi. c )) 

\ll' \ ~ -:J_ 0 -l 

0 -l 0 "' tl "' :I 

l\ ] I ,,___, ~hl 

:z 

,;;I j ~ , t 'II 

"' J: 

\ ! .\ ~ ~ , 

"' t 

~ 

' 

;II )> 

2 "' -( 

"' c 

;II 

\ r'l @ 

r ~ 

-!" 

~ ~ ? ~ 

\ 6 

~ 

\ 

y 

\ t 

\ ' 

"-I~ ' 

' 

~ '"' ' ~ 

~ ll \ l .. ~ .lf.l~ ~ . II 
808 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATTNG VALUE 01<' THE COMllUSTillLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ......................... ~ .... 15, 619 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

comlmstible X 965.7 .............................. ----················.· 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212-t) /-966+0.48 ('1'-212)] (t=tCmperaturo of air in the 

boiler room; 1' = that of the fine gases) ....... : ....................... . 

3. Loss due to moisture fonned by Lhe burning of hydrogen= par cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T-.212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in tho <lry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0. 24 X ( T -- t) ................................ . 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO X per cent C in combustible 

002 +CO -----100----X 10,150 ....................... .. 

6. Loss due to unconsnme<l hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

inay he separately itemi~ed if data are obtained from which they may 

B.T.U. 

10, 178 

42 

682 

2,900 

259 

be calculated) _....................................................... 1, 608 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.95 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3.6.'\ pounds. 

------.---------- a Calcul!lted from chemistry of 11sh. 

Per cent. 

it 65.1i 

.2i 

4.04 

18. 5i 

1. 66 

10.29 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 809 

TEsT No. 22.-Regulur and special observations on test of Texas lignite briquettes, October 1, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 8.77 hours.] 

Tempemtures. Calorimeter. · Draft pressures. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

In hood, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

In furnace, 

in 

incheR 

of water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

-------1----------- -----1--~-1--- ---------

9.15 ------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 --.- ---·- ---

10--------------

10.20 ----.------

10.40 -----------

11 --------------

1.1.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12---.----------

12.20 -----------

12.40 .......... . 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 -----------· 

1.40 -----------· 

2--- .......... .. 

2.20 ------------

2.40 --.' --.-- . --

3---------------

3.20 -- .. --------

3.40 -- -- -- -- -- -·_ 

4 --------·------

4.20 ··········•· 

4.40 -- .. --- .. --. 

5 .............. . 

5.20 

5.40 ........... . 

6.01 

Total ..... 

Average .• 

Pounds. °F. op Pounds. Pounds. Pe;· ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

89 -- -.. . .. -.. - -- -.... -- .. -- .. -- .. -- -- .. -- -.. -- -- -- .... -- .... -.. .. .. --

83 

89 

87 

95 

90 

95 

97 

92 

76 

89 

91 

87 

91 

86 

91 

77 

91 

99 

92 

89 

86 

99 

99 

77 

94 

90 

59 

59 

59 

60 

60 

62 

63 

64 

64 

66 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

67 

66 

67 

67 

66 

66 

65 

65 

65 

65 

64 

59 

61 

63 

64 . 

66 

67 

67 

68 

69 

70 

72 

73 

73 

73 

74 

77 

74 

75 

74 

74 

74 

74 

73 

73 

72 

70 

420 

440 

421 

415 

425 

.430 

420 

405 

411 

406 

435 

410 

420 

424 

427 

400 

415 

417 

420 

420 

425 

427 

435 

420 

420 

430 

4. 41 0. 08 

4. 41 . 08 

4.37 .074 

4.44 . 072 

4.13 .04 

4 .. 69 .109 

4. 44 . 085 

4. 78 . 088 

0.55 

.56 

.55 

. 55 

. 55 

.55 

. 53 

. 51 

. 53 

. 51 

.53 

. 50 

.51 

. 52 

. 53 

.51 

. 50 

. 50 

.52 

. 51 

. 52 

.52 

.52 

.52 

.51 

.50 

0.30 

. 41 

.42 

. 41 

.40 

. 37 

. 33 

. 35 

. 33 

. 37 

. 38 

.36 

. 36 

. 30 

. 31 

. 37 

. 35 

.36 

.34 

.30 

. 34 

-32 

.34 

.30 

. 35 

.18 

3.8 17.2 0 

3. 7 17. 3 0 

3.0 17.7 0 

3. 7 17.1 0 

3.' 5 li. 1 0 

3.4 17.6 0 

4.1 17.3 0 

3.8 17.6 0 

90 ...... ------ .............................. ------ ................. .. 

1----1--------1----1----1-------------

2, 511 1, 674 1, 829 10, 938 

90 64.4 70 421 

35. 70 

4.46 

.628 

.0785 

13.61 

.52 

8.95 

. 34 

29.0 

3.63 

138.9 

17.4 

0 

0 

13-No. 48, pt 2--06--33 
810 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 22.-Reguhu· and Hpecial observations on test of Texl.tH lignite briquettes, October 1, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coni burned. i Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. --------.---'---1------,------·1---------- In tank. I In gnge glass. During period. Total. I During period. ;rota!. 

Inches.' Inches. Poutuls. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 9.11) __ -- ------- 28t 4l ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 10.10 ----------·---·- 42t 3% 700 700 1,924 1,924 

11.28 -------------· -- 42~ 5t 700 1, 400 1, 964 3,888 

12.52 -------··-------- 41~ 3~ 700 2, 100 2,604 6,492 

2.11 ----------.------ 37 5z 700 2,800 2,072 8,564 

3.27 ----------------- 44! 3% 700 3,500 2,117 10,681 

4.44 ----------------- 38z 3~ 700 4,200 2,285 12,966 

Close, 6.01. ______ . ___ ._ 281 4t 613 4,813 I, 841 14,807 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

9.15 •... Test started, fire 9 inches thick. 1.04 ... Fire sliced. 

9.23-- .. .Fi~e sliced. -1.25 ... Fire raked. 

9.25---- Fire raked. 1.38--. Do. 

9.43-- .. Do. 1.59--- Do. 

9.46 .... Fire sliced. 2.08 ... Do. 

10.04- -· Do. 2.30' ... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 

10.13 ... Fire raked. 2.38 ... Fire raked. 

10.21. .. Fire sliced. 2.54 ... Do. 

10.30 ..• Fircrakcd. 3.04 ... Fire sliced. 

10.55 •.. Fire sliced, 9 inches thick. 3.23 ... Do. 

11.13--- Fire sliced. 3.49 .. - Fire raked. 

ll.43 ... Fire sliced, 10 inches thick. 4.06.-- Fire slicerl, 10 inches thick. 

11.58 ... Fire raked. 4.31. .. Fire raked. 

12.22 ... Fire sliced. 4.56 ... Fire sliced. 

12.25 ... Fire raked. - 5.18 ... Fire raked. 

12.35 ... Fire sliced, 1 G inches thick. 5.43 ... Do. 

12.38- .. .Fire r'aked. 6.01. .. Test closed, fire 9 inches thick. 

12.48--- Do. 

-----

Briquettes would n9t make a hot fire and required frequent slicing. Briquettes crumbled badly. 

and considerable coal dust fell through the grate unburned. 49 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of Texas lign:ite ( b1·iquettes). 

CONDITIO~S OF BOILER 'TRIAL. 

Test number, 22. 

Maje by b~iler di\_:ision, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, .Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of lignite as a fuel. 

811 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Texas lignite (briquettes). 

Kind of furnaee, hand fired. 

State of the weather, elear. 

:vlethocl of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler-(plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

l. Date of trial, Oetober 7, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial . ___________ .. ________ ., _ .. _ .. ______ .. __ .... ________ .. __ hours.. 8. 77 

DDIENSIO;o;S .AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .. __ . _ .. __ .... _. _. ____ .... _ .. _ . _. _ ... _ ...... ___ ....... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate .. __ .... __ ...... ___ .. ________________ ... __ ... ____ . __ .. ____ .. feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate __________ .. _______ ....... _____ .. ___ .. ___ . _ ...... ____ ... _ .. do .. _ 

4. Height of furnace ____ ... ___ . _____________ . _____ .. _ .. ____ .... __ : .... __ .. inches .. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ....... ____ .. ___ ... ____ ... __ ...... do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...... _. __ ._ ... _____ . ___ ... per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney. ___ .... __ .. ______ ........ _ .... _. ___ . __ , ......... _ .square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ________ .. _ ...... _ .... __ .... __ ............ _ .feet .. 

6.3 Lengtli of fine connecting to chimney ... _ .. __ .............. ____ .. _ .... _ .... do .. . 

fi.4 Kind of draft . _ .... ____ .. __ .... ________ ...... :. _ ... _ ..... _____ ... _. ______ . __ . _. 

i. Water-heating snrfaec ..... ____ . _ ................ .; .... _._ .... _ .. _ .. square feet .. . 

7.1 Out,~id.e diameter of shell ........ ___ ........... _ .. ___ ..... __ .. __ ... _ .... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads)_ ... _ ... ______ ....... __ .... _._ .. feet .. 

7. 3 Number of tubes .... _ .................. _ ... _._--------- ..... ______ .... _______ __ 

. . . . {inches __ 7.4 Dmmeter of tubes ( onts1de-ms1de) _ .. ____ .. _ .. ___ .. __ .. _ ... ______ ..... .. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes exposed ___ .. _____ .. ____ ......... _ ... _ .. ____ ....... _ .. __ .. feet._ 

8. Superheating surface _ ... ___ . ___ .c ......... _ .. _ ..... ___ ....... __ .... square feet .. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface. _____ .. __ --- __ ._ .. _ ... _____ ._ .. _ .. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .. __ ..... ___ ...... _ .. _ .. ___ ....... __ 

AVEUAGF. PRESSURES. 

Barometer ..... ____ ._. ___ . _____ . ________________ •.. _____ . ___ -{inches of mercury._ 

_ .... , ..... pounds .. 

Stearn pressnre by gage per square ineh : ___ ... _. ____ . ________________ . {

--do .... 

.. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ..... _. ___ . _ .... _ .. __ .inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace ....... _ ... _________ ......... _. ___ . __ ... _ ........ do ... .. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. ____ . ___ . __ .. __ .. ___ .... __ .. ___ .. _____ .. do ... . 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None.' 

50.1:1 

1,9.1 

29. 7 

14.58 

<JO 

"104. 58 

. 52 

.34 

0 
812 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVF.RAHE TE~IPEUATURJ.:s. 

Of external air ....................................................... dPgrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do .. .. 

Of steam ..................................................... _._. __ . __ .do .. .. 

Of feed water in tank .............. ____ . __ ..... · ...... _ ........... _ ... ____ c1 o .. __ 

Of feed water entering eeonomizer .. _ ................... _ ...... __ · __ ...... do. ___ 

20. Of feed water el1tering boiler. .. _ ........................ · ................. < lo ___ . 

21.. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................... __ ......... __ . do._ .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........ _ .................... __ .. _ ..... do ... . 

22. 1 Of furnace ................................................ ____ .......... do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Large briquettes. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire . __ ..... __ ...... __ ............... ,.pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do .. .. 

Percentage of moisture in coal. ........................... __ .............. _ .. _ .. 

Total weight of dry coal consumed. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. _ ........ _ ..... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ............................ : .. _ .......... __ .... __ ... do. __ , 

tc[uality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent... 

64.4 

70 

330.8 

69 

14!1 

421 

None. 

4,813 

23.27 

:~, 693 

918 

s 

30. . {pounds.. 2, 775 Total combustJ ble consumed ................... __ ................... __ .. do .... a 2, 588 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . 24. 9 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXUIATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ............................................ _ ... _ ..... _ .. 

Volatile matter ........................................... _ ... _. _ . _. _ .. 

Moisture, ................... __ .............. ___ . _ .......... _ ........ .. 

Ash ............................... , .................................. . 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .............................. ;, •. _ ..... . 

ULTIMA'l'E ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........................... :-·---------·-----·····----·--·--

38. Hydrogen (H) ....................................................... . 

39. Oxygen (0) ................................... ' ..................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) ................................... -.----· ............... . 

41. Sulphur (S) ................................. _ ......................... . 

42. Ash ........................ '----· ................................... . 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ... _, __ ......................... .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Percent. 

of coal: 

29.44 

31.42 

23.27 

15.87 

100.00 

PAr cent of 

combustible. 

48.37 

51.63 

lOti. 00 

..53 ........... .. 

62.85 79.23 

3.94 4.97 

10. 73 13.53 

1. 10 1. 39 

.70 . 88 

20.68 ----~ --. -----

100.00 100.00 

23.27 ---··---------
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSTS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ..................... _____ ._ ... __ .·_ ....... _ ... _. ___ ..• _ •....•. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter_. __ ........ _._ .... _ .... _ .. __ ....... _ .. ___ ..... ___ .. __ .... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............................ _ ............. pounds .. 

47. Com busti Lie consumed per hour .................. _ ... _. . . . ......... . {

--do .... 

.. do ... . 

48. Dry C\)al per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

• 49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per honr ___ ...... -{:: ~~:::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

813 

37. 1:-l 

62.R7 

421 

316 

a. 295 

10.38 

.156 

a. 145 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. 'f. U ... __ ... _ .. _. 10, 886 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. 'f. U ......... 13, 724 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. 'f. U ............... _ .. _ ..... 10, 782 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. 'f. U .. __ .. _. _ ....... _ ... 13, 593 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .. _ ............... _._ .. _ ...... _ ............ _. __ . 1.n 

' 55. Number of degrees of superheating .......................... ________ ...... ___ .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=tmity) .................. -----------···-·Per cent .. 

None. 

98.67 

WATEH. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 14, 807 

.58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .... : ......•............... do .... 17,569 

59. Water aetually evaporated, eorrected for quality of steam .................. do.· ... 14, 610 

60. Fai!tor of evaporation ....................................... ____ ........... _... 1. 1865 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 17,335 

WATEit PER HOUR. 

6'~ \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 1, 666 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ............. _. _ ... _ ..... do .. _. 1, 977 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ........................... -.................................. pounds.. . 973 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (84~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ................ __ . _ ... _ ... _ ..... _ .. __ .. ___ .. '

66. Builders' rated horsepower.-·- ................................................. . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .... _________ ..... _ ......• ___ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

57.:3 

210 

27.29 
814 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECOXO.:HW RJ<:SULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under aetna! conditions per pound of eoal as fired. 

(Item 57+itern 25) _ .. _ .. _ .. __ . __ . ___ .... __ . ___ .. _ ... ____ . _ .. _ .. ___ . potmds. _ 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) ----- --·- ---·. -- ... ----·- ···:· ____ .............. _ ........... pounds .• 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Hem 61+item 

27) __ ......... _ ............ __ ........ __ ...... __ . __ ..... _ .. __ . _. _ ... poundH .. 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound oi comlmstible. f .. do._._ 

72. 

73. 

(Item 61+item30) .. _ ...... __ ......... __ .. _ .. _ .. ___ ....... ___ ... _. l_ .(lo. __ . 

El<'FICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.~ 

. bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)_ .... __ .. _.do. __ . 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler· per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal). ____ ._ .. __ . per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions .. _ .. . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212°. _ ..... _ .. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

81\.JOKE OBSERVATIOXS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ...... __ ................... ___ . _ .. _ .. _. _. _ .... . 

'Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter.._ .. ___ ... _ ..... __ .. ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .. _ ....... ___ . cubic inches .. 

1\[ETHODS OF FIRING, 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ................... _ ............. . 

81. Average thickness of fire ........................ ·-------···-------------inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition. __ .... _ ..... _. ___ ...... : ................. _ ........ _ .. minutes._ 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do ... . 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02) •••••••••••• _ •• _... • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent.. 

Oxygen (0) .... ------------ .... __ ...... ------ ...... -------- ..... : ...... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ............. __ .................... c •••••••••• - ••• do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ... _______ ... --- ............. ______ .. ---- .... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ____ . ___ . _ .. __ . _ ..... __ ..... _____ ....... ___ .do .... -

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

3.08 

3.60 

4.69 

6.25 

a6. iO 

43.9S 

a 47. 15 

41.61 

$1.00 

$0. 1623 

$0.1389 

2 

.0014 

Spreading. 

10 

11 

30 

3.63 

17.4 

0 

78.1:)7 
0 

0 

' 

0 

. 

' 

a . 

s . 

~ 0 

. 

. . ~ 

0 

~ ' 

0 

. " ' a 

a 

t 

't ~ 

~ 

s ~ ., 

~ 

0 

,. 

" 

1 

0 

' 

~ 

t 

1!1 

\ I 

~ I "' 

iJ; ·. 1\. ., 

" 

@ II I 

,. f\ -1 

7 "' 

\ 0 ~ iii ,. 

~ 7 c 

, " ,.,. ... v 2 r;; 

'" 

""' "' 

~ 

0 

• 0 ;z 

{J\ I I~ , I 

,.\ " c i/ )> -=< "' 3 -< G\ 

:;: l! 0 ~ , "' -1 

~\ 1\ ,. (JI ;II 3 

~ v 0 \ 

" 

"' 

~ f,)'J.f' ·);'t~ijj 

'* () 

0 

ll' 

~ ~ i' c Q 3 c 

-\ G- l 0 7 ' > '.-. ,L ;\) 0 0 )> 

0 1 ... ., 7 "' ;;\ ll 

I 0 ~ ,... ll 0 3 ;o , 11 

\) ::z ,... ~ 

~ (J> ;>) 

E. )> i ?. ll ... 

~ c .... "' " "' ;z ,. G / 2 

v ;!! 

~ >I 

z I 'I> 

\ II 7 . 

0 -

~~ " 

~ -

0 

, 

)> 

.. (Jl (-< 

ll 

I~ ;o 

,... 

f:Z :... 

LA 

rg 
816 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT . 

. HEAT llALA~CE, OR DISTRTRUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE CO)IBUSTIBLB. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 13, 724 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the_ boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7.................................................. 6, 470 "47.15 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal = per cent of moisture referred to combustible~. 

lOOX [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T =that of the fine gases) ............................... . 462 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -o-- 100 X 9 X [(212-t) + !166 + 0.48 ( T-212)].. 540 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t)................................. 4, 485 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO.+COX 100 X10,150 ......................... . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

0 

be calculated)........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 767 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per iiHlicated horsepower hour = 6.03 pounds. 

Dry coal-per electrical horsepower hour = 7.45 pounds. 

8.37 

3.93 

32.69 

0 

12. 86 

100.00 

----------------------------- a Calculated from ch~mistry of ash. 
.BOILER TESTS. 817 

TEST No. 24.-Regulctr and special observations on test of West T"irginia No. 1 coal, October 10, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.98 hours.] 

---- --~---------

Tilne. 

7.31 .......... .. 

7.40 ------------

8 .............. . 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 .... -- .... .. 

9 ............. .. 

9.20 -······---·-

9.40 ........... . 

10 ········-····· 

10.20 ......... .. 

10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............ .. 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40° .......... . 

12 ............. . 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 .......... . 

1 . ........ ·-· ... . 

1.20 ........... . 

1.40 .......... .. 

2 ............. .. 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 ············ 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 -- .. ·- ..... . 

4 - .~ ..... -...... . 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 ........... . 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 .......... .. 

5.30 ........... . 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

~--~--1---~--1--~----~--

Steam· 

pressure 

gage. Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Pounds. ° F. ° F. 

79 ---·-- ...... 

90 

84 

87 

88 

86 

85 

89 

87 

92 

86 

85 1 

841 

90 

89 

84 

87 

81 

91 

87 

96 

88 

91 

93 

85 

97 

93 

88 

89 

85 

92 

76 

74 

74 

72 

73 

74 

74 

74 

76 

78 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

84 

84 

86 

87 

87 

87 

87 

86 

86 

86 

86 

85 

84 

83 

82 

76 

77 

78 

i7 

77 

77 

77 

77 

79 

so 

81 

82 

83 

85 

86 

86 

87 

89 

90 

90 

9o 

90 

90 

90 

90 

90 

89 

89 

88 

87 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated 

baee t'f discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

° F. Ponnds. Ponnds. 

515 

545 

525 

515 

485 

480 

455 

490 

490 

500 

480 

463 

495 

476 

502 

498 

513 

497 

517 

503 

530 

475 

523 

533 

517 

538 

558 

558 

520 

588 

594 

4.42 0.03 

........ , ........ 

4.00 . 025 

4. 42 . 025 

4. 44 . 032 

4.08 . 02 

4. 20 . 022 

4.13 . 015 

4. 04 . 02 

4. 44 . 028 

4. 27 .03 

In hood In fnrin ' n~cc, 

inches in~~les of of water. water. 

0. 48 0.18 

. 36 .15 

.10 

.12 

~. 15 

.14 

. 13 

. 18 

.11 

.19 

. 18 

.16 

. 05 

.14 

.20 

.18 

. 12 

.09 

.13 

.09 

. 07 

co,. o,. co. 

Pe>· ct. Pe.- ct. Per ct. 

8. 3 11.3 0. 0 

10.4 8.2 .5 

10. 7 7. 9 . 9 

10.5 7. 7 .. 6 

10. 1 8.2 .4 

9.6 9.4 .2 

. 08 10.4 9. 0 . 5 

.141 .................. . .16 ................. .. 

. 14 10. 1 9. 5 . 4 

.12 ................. .. 

.19 

. 20 

. 25 

. 25 

. 27 

. 28 

. 29 

.21 

. 34 

.33 

.34 

.13 

. 38 

. 38 

. 39 

. 37 

. 25 

. 32 

. 21 

.17 

.19 

. 33 

. 39 

. 40 

. 42 

. QO 

. 35 

.48 

. 20 

. 17 10. 2 9.9 .6 

.08 

.04 

82 ..................... -- ........ -- ... ---- ...... -- 9. 2 10. 7 . 3 

--------------1------------------· 

Total .. . . . 2, 810 2, 425 2, 527 15,878 42.44 . 247 9. 46 3. 98 99.5 91. 8 4. 4 

Average .. 87.8 80.8 84.2 512 4. 244 . 0247 . 315 .133 9. 95 9.18 . 44 

-------~------L---~-~---~----~---~-~--~-~---------
818 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

Tw,;T No. 24.-Repular and special obserwtions on lest of West Vi1•pinia 1Yo. 1 coal, October 10; 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

-----------,------------------------

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

-·-------------1--:----·-

Start, 7.31 .......... . 

8.04 ······ .......... . 

8.47 ... -.---- .. -.. -.. 

9.35 ·-···----·-······\ 10.31 ............... . 

11.20 -- -- -- ------ -- --

12.18 ............... . 

1.21 ------ .......... . 

2.15 ................ . 

3.09 -----------------1 

4.03-----------------1 

5.10 -----------------1 

Inches. 

40~ 

34t 

37~ 

31!-

36 

30!-

36~ 

30t 

43 

36 

28 

24~ 

Close, 5.30 ...... _ .. --1, 40!- , 

Inches. 

2ft 

4 

3f 

3t 

4ft 

4! 

3t 

4~ 

3! 

4~ 

4~ 

2t 

2ft 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

-----

During period. Total.. During period. Total. 

-----·------------·----- Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pound.-,·. 

. ~ . -. -... ---- ------. ----. ------------ ------------ 700 700 2,4:32 2,4:32 

700 1,400 4,362 6, 794 

700 2, 100 4,806 11,600 

700 2,800 5,083 16,683 

700 3, 500. 5,668 22,351 

700 4,200 4,976 27,327 

700 4,900 5,617 :~2, 944 

700 5,600 5,481 38,425 

700 6,300 4,972 43,397 

700 7,000 6,812 50,209 

700 7, 700 6, 1il6 56,345 

118 7,818 1,853 58,198 

----------------------- ' ' 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIOX8. 

Time. Observation. 

--·---------------·----

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7. . . . . . . Boiler under load. 

7.31.... Test' started, fire 2 inches thick. 

8. 23 . . . . Fire raked. 

8.46.... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.07.... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

9.26.... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.54.... Do. 

10.20 ... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

10.43 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.56 .. . Do. 

11.22.. Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

12.49.. Fire raked, 10 incl;es thick. 

12.57.. Cleaning fire. 

1.08... .Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

2.15... Fire rakc<1, G inches thick. 

3. 20 . . . .Fire raked, S inches thick. 

· 4.18... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.51... Do. 

4.54 _.. Cleaning fire. 

5.03... Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

fi.30... Test closed, fire 2 inehes thick. 

--------------------------------------------

Ash ·contained small pieces of unburned coal. Ash dark brown. Ill firings during test. 
- __ BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test' of 1Yest Virginia No. 1- coal. 

COXDITIO~S OF BOILRR TRIAL. 

Test number, 24. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant., Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St.. Louis, l\'Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

819 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operate1_: 

Kind of fuel, '\Vest Virginia No.1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, rainy a. m., clear p.m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 10, 1904. 

2. Duration of triaL __ .. _._ .... _------- ... --- ............. --··· ............ hours.. 9. fl8 

Dll\lENSIOXS AXD PROPORTIO~S. 

3. Grate surface ..... __ ..... _ .... _ ... -... _ ............ __ .. _ ... __ ._ .... square feet._ 

3.1 vVidth of grate_._ ........ - ... _ ....... -- ... -..... _ .. _. _ ... _ ............... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate . _ .. __ ..... __ ... _ ..... --. __ . _. __ ..... ________ . __ ._. _____ .do __ .. 

4. Height of furnace ..... __ ......... ----.- ..... ___ .. ___ . __ . __ . __ ...... __ .. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate _ ... _ ... __ ..... __ . _____ .. _. __ .... do .... 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate B\lrface. ___ . ___ . ______ .. ___ ._. __ .per cent._ 44 

6.1 Area of chimney ... __ ........... -- .. ---- ..... _ .. __ ...... __ ... _ ... _square feet._ 

-. 6.2 Height of chimney above grate .. ___ ...... --_ .. _____ .... ___ .. __ .... ___ ..... feet.. 

fl.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ......... ____ .. ___ .... _ .. ___ . __ .. __ .. do .. __ 

6.4 Kind of draft ...... _ ............ _._ .... _._ .... _ .... _. __ ... _ ... _ ... _. _. . , _ .. _ .. 

7. \,Yater-heating surface . _ .. _.: .. ___ .. .. _ .... __ .... _____ .... __ ...... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ......... __ ..... ___ ... ____ ...... __ .......... __ inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ................... _____ ·_ ...... feet .. · 

7. 3 Number of tu bcs ................. _ .... _ . __ ......... _ .. __ .... _ .... _ ..... _____ __ 

. ( . . 'd ) {inches .. 7.4 Dtameter of tubes outs1de-ms1 e ....... _ ..... __ ............. _ .. _ .. _ .. do .... 

7. 5 l"ength of tubes exposed .... ___ .. ---- .... ---- .. : .. ------ .... -------- ...... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ........ __ ..... _. _ ..... _. _. __ ........ _ .... _ ... Rquare feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ... _ .. ___ .... __ .. _____ .. ___ ... _ ... _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ...... _, __ .. ___ .. _ ..... ___ .. _. ____ __ 

A YERAG E PRESSURES. 

ll. Barometer _________________ , ____________________________ --{inches of mercury __ 

..... ___ .. pounds __ 

. h {--do .... 11. 1 Steam pressure by gage per square me .... -........ __ ....... _ .... ___ _ ___ do .. __ 

7.67 

11:3.25 

None. 

Katural. 

2,031 

4~.94 

21.fiS 

116. 

:3.5 

3.26 

1i.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.36 

14.41 

87.8 

(t 102.2 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ........ _ ....... _____ .inches of water__ . :31 

13. Force of draft in furnace .......... -- ....... -........... _ ............. ___ .do.... ·. 13 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ...... -- .... __ ...... __ .... ___ ...... ___ .... do.... 0 

a Ab~olnte. 
820 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air __________________ ._. __________ . _________ . _______ . __ . __ .degrees._ 

16. Of fireroom _.- ... _ - _. ___ . _______________ . _. _____________________________ do ___ _ 

17. Of steam . ____ . _ .. ________ . ___________ . ___ .. __________ .. ________ .. _____ .do._ .. 

18. Of feed water in tank _ ... ___ . ________________________ . _. _. _____________ .do._,_ 

19. · Of feed water entering economizer _____________________________ .. ________ do ___ _ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler _____________________ . _____ . ____ .. _________ .do. __ _ 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler .. ______________ _' _______________ .. _ .. ________ do ___ _ 

22. Of escapiJig gases from economizer . ______________________ . _____ .. _______ .do. __ _ 

22.1 Of furnace. ___ .. ________________________________________________ .. _. ___ .do .... 

· FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, clean and bright-60 per cent small; 40 per cent slack. 

24;. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .. __ .. _. ___ .. __ .. __________ .... __ .. pounds .. 

25. 'Veight of coal as fired .. __ .... _. _. ___ .. __________ .. _______ .. ____ .. ___ _______ .do._ .. _ 

26. Percentage of moiHture in coaL. ________ .. _. ___ : _____ .. ___ .. ___ . _____ ._. _______ _ 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed. __________ .. __ .. __ .. __________ .. __ .. pounds._ 

28. Total ash and refuse .. ____ . __ . _____________ .. __ .... ______ .. ___ ._ .. _ ... __ .do., __ 

29. Quality of ash mid refuse: Clinker __ ... ____ . ____ . ___ . _____ .. ____ . ___ .. per cent._ 

80.8 

84.2 

329. l 

70.4 

170 

512 

None. 

7,818 

1.9 

7,669 

596 

54 

:30. . {pounds.. 7, 073 Total com bust1ble consumed_ .. _ .. _______ .. ___________ .. _ .. ___ ' _ . __ .. _ 

.. do .... a 6. 933 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. __ ..... _. ____ .... ___ .... _ .. _____ .... __ 7. 77 

PROXBfATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon ______ .. __ .. _._ .. _ .... _ .. ___ .. _ ... _ .. _. ____ .... _ ...... __ __ 

Volatile matter __ . ____ . _ . ___ . _ .. _ . _____ . ________ . _ . ______ . ___ . ______ . _ 

Moisture. ____ . ____ . _. ____ .. ___ .. _________ . __ . _ . ______ .. ___ ... __ . ____ . _ 

Ash···--····---·-·-··----··---------·-··-········-·---··--·-·-··-··-· 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .• ___ ... _. _ ... ___ .... _ ............. __ .. . 

ULTDfATE ANALY.3IS OF DRY COAL. 

:37. Carbon (C) ........... __ .......... __ ........ ____ .. ____ .. _ .. _. __ . _. __ __ 

38. Hydrogen (H)_ ... _ .. _ .... _ ......... ___ .:_ .. ____ . __ .. ___ ...... _ ...... _ 

89. Oxygen ( 0) _ ..... _ ... __ ... __ .... ___ .. __ . _ . _ .... ___ . _ .......... __ . __ .. 

40. Nitrogen (N) . ___ . ___ .... _ .. ___ .... _ .. ___ . _ ... _ .. _. ___ . _ .. __ ... __ . __ .. 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... . 

42. Ash··--····--···--···---··-···--·---··- .... -·-···-----···--···-·-·- __ 

4~. .Moisture in sample of coal as received ..... __ · .... __ .. _ ........ ---- ... --. 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent qf coal. 

56.25 

34.64 

1. 90 

7.21 

100.00 

Per cent of c·om bustible. 

61.89 

38.11 

ioo.oo 

. 98 ····--··· .... 

7R 53 

5.13 

6.43 

1_. 56 

1. 00 

7.35 

100.00 

1.9 

84. 76 

5.54 

6.94 

1. 68 

1. 08 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND P.F.FUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................................................. per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .................................... .' ..................... do .. .. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ..................................... _ .... poundR .. 

47. { 

.. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ..................................... . . .. do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour .......................... do .. , .. 

49. { 

.. do .. .. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ............ do .. .. 

CALORIFIC VALUE OI" FUEL. 

821 

28.99 

71.01 

768 

708 

<t694 

18.94 

. 349 

([. 342 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 14, 198 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15,324 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..................... , .. 14, 146 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15, 268 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ...................................... _ ......... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ............ : .................... per cent .. 

WATF.R. 

.58 

None. 

99.55 

57. Total weight of water feel to boiler ........... _ .......... _ .............. pounds .. 58, 198 

58. Equivalent water feel to boiler from and at 212° ...... _ ................ _ ... do .... 68,936 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for. quality of steam .................. do .. _ .. 57,936 

60. Factor of evaporation. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . 1. 1845 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from anq, at 212° ....... _ ... pounds.~ 68, 625 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 5, 803 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .................. _ ...... do.... 6, 878 

64·. Equivalent evaporatiol! per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. 38 

HO .. tSEPOWEk. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .................... _ ..................... . 

66. .Builders' rated horsepower ........................ _ .......................... _ 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ...... _ ...... _ ...•••... _. __ • _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

199.2 

210 

94.8 
822 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-;- item 25) ................................................ pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ....... · .................................................... pounds .. 

·iO. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~:~e~; ::::~r;~~o~- -f~~~~ _ -a-~c~ _ ~~ _ ~~~: _ ~~~. ~~~-~~ _ ~-f- ~~~~~~~~~~~~e:. t ~~:~::: 

EFPICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided. by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do .. .. 

72. 

78. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal eli vided by the heat value of 1 pound of d'ry coal) ........... .'per cent .. 

COST 01' EV APORATIOX. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75 .. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SliOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .............. ·.· .... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, oPcoking) ................................ .. 

fll. Average thickness of fire ...... , ........................................ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in 

normal condition .................................................. minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .......•••...•.. do ..•• 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASEs: 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .............................................. per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.44 

8. 78 

8.95 

9. 7 

<19. 9 

61.12 

a62. 38 

60.87 

$1.00 

$0.067 

$0.057 

50.6 

.033 

Alternate. 

10 

5.4 

43 

9.95 

9.18 

.44 

80.43 

. 824 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HE.-\ 'I' BALA~CE, OR DJSTRIBU'l'ION OF THE HEATING VALUE 01'' THE COliBUSTIBI,E. 

Total heat valne of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. ·U ________ . _____________________ 15, 324 

B.1'. U. 

· 1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 9fi5. 7 ______ . _. _____ . ____ . _____________________ . ___ . ____ _ 

2. Loss due to moisture in"roal =per eent of moisture referred to comlmstible+-

100X [(212-t) +966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gasc~) _______________________ . ________ _ 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible --c-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T-- 212)] __ 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases·= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T- t) ____ . _. ____________ • ____ ·-- ______ • 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible · OO,+COX--- ]](}---X10,150 ---··-·-·-··--·-·---·-··--· 

6. Loss due to unconsume<l hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separatel.v itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

9,559 

26 

617 

2,091 

363 

be calculated).-_·---- .. __ .. _ .. __ --·----- ____ ... _. ___ ... _ ... __ ------___ 2, 668 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.16 pounds. 

Dry eoal per electrical horsepower hour= 3.9 pounds. 

a Calculu ted from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a62. 38 

.17 

4.02 

13.61 

2.36 

17.46 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 825 

TEST No. 25.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia. No. 2 coal, October 11, 1904. 

Time. 

7.32 ........... . 

7.40 ........... . 

s ............. .. 

S.20 .......... .. 

S.40 ........... . 

9 ............. .. 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 .........•.. 

10 ............. . 

10.20 ...... ····· 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ........••.••. 

11.20 •....•••... 

11.40 ..•.•...... 

12 ··--------··-· 

12.20 ---.- .• -•.. 

12.40 ---·-·-----

1 ---··------·--· 

1.20 ........ ···-

1.40 .. -•.•... ---

2- ..•• ···- .•. ---

2.20 - ......... --

2.40 ........... . 

3 .............. . 

3.20 ........... . 

3.40 ........... . 

4 ............. .. 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 ------------

5 ............. .. 

5.20 ........... . 

5.45 .......... .. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.217 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter.' 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood, In furin n~ce, 

inches ill~~es of of water. water. 

co,. o •. co. 

------------1---·1---·----------------

Pounds. ° F. ° F. ° F. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

so ........................... ········ ...••....•.•. ·····• ...........•• 

so 

97 

84 

90 

S7 

S7 

92 

S8 

94 

90 

so 

8S 

90 

S1 

87 

91 

83 

80 

S2 

81 

8S 

94 

90 

75 

so 

83 

S3 

so 

78 

88 

63 

63 

64 

63 

63 

64 

64 

65 

65 

66 

67 

68 

6S 

69 

69 

69 

70 

71 

72 

71 

71 

71 

72 

7l 

71 

71 

70 

70 

69 

67 

67 

68 

69 

69 

69 

70 

70 

71 

71 

72 

72 

73 

74 

76 

76 

76 

77 

77 

7S 

7S 

77 

7S 

79 

79 

78 

7S 

77 

77 

75 

75 

522 

539 

547 

581 

55S 

562 

517 

524 

522 

525 

527 

552 

533 

52S 

562 

562 

534 

5S2 

586 

562 

556 

576 

462 

4S2 

532 

542 

545 

537 

530 

532 

4. 38 0. 015 

4.13 . 012 

4. 42 . 017 

4.07 .017 

4. 25 . 02 

3.S9 .013 

4. 00 . 017 

4 .. 29 . 01S 

4. 16 . 015 

4.00 . 012 

0.'52 0. 24 

. 52 . 22 

. 23 

. 17 

.14 

. 51 7.0 12.4 0.0 

.52 

. 26 

. 33 

. 34 

.3S 

.39 

. 41 

.54 

. 47 

.4S 

. 46 

.53 

.51 

. 3S 

.49 

.52 

. 51 

. 47 

. 32 

. 23 

. 37 

.48 

. 55 

.54. 

.54 

. 54 

. 55 

.17 9.4 9.9 .3 

. 21 

.19 

. 22 10.0 9.0 . 3 

. 24 

. 34 

. 26 

. 2'8 

. 28 

. 19 

. 22 

.17 

. 26 

. 27 

. 27 

. 23 

.15 

. 16 

.25 

.35 

. 25 

. 35 

.36 

.27 

.21 

9.2 10.5 . 1 

8.0 1l.S . 1 

&6 11.2 .4 

s. 2 11. 6 . 1 

8.4 1l.S .3 

7. 2 13.4 . 3 

6. 4 14.7 .1 

S1 ..•.•.. ····• ..................... -................................ . 

Total . . . . . 2, 732 2, 037 2, 226 16, 219 41.59 . 156 13.66 7.15 82.4 116.3 2.0 

Average... S5.4 67.9 74.2 541 4.16 . 0156 . 46 . 23S s. 24 11.63 .2 

13-No. 4S, pt 2-06-34 
826 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

T~JST No. 25.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia No.2 coal, October 11, 1.904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

-

Height of water. Weight of conl_burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. --- ---

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total: 

---------· ---------·----

Inches. Inches. Pounrls. l 1onnds. I Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.32 ............ 3H~ 31 ········ ................ ! ............ ··----------

8.05 33 51 700 

I 

i 

----------------- 700 1,600 1,600 

8.51 ----------- ·----- 32i 4§ 700 1, 400 4,925 6,525 

9.34 ----------------- 33 4! 700 2, 100 5, 057 11, 5il2 

10.24 ---------------- .32 3i 700 2,800 5,259 16,841 

11.14 ---------------- 27;\- 4 700 3,500 5,252 22,093 

12.13 ---------------- 401- 31 700 4,200 5,744 27,837 

1 .................... 291 3~ 700 4,900 5,678 33,515 

1.47 _______ ,. _________ 3')1 ~2' 3 700 5,600 5,743 39,258 

2.2il _______ .. _________ 36! 3~ 700 6,300 4,63i 43,895 

3.15 36t 4i 700 7,000 5,320 49,215 

4.08 :: :: ::: :: :: : mt 4~ 700 7,700 4,862 54,077 

Close, 5.45 ........... :3fl1- 3t 654 8,354 9,329 63,406 

--- --------

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

-c------------------'-------,..-- --c-------- ----------

Time. ----c;-----o ___ bs_e_"_'a-,ti-on_. ________ j_:me. _______ o_b_s_er_v_utr-·o_n_. ---~--

6.45 . . . . Boiler under a load. 

7. . . . . . . Fire cleaned. 

7.32.... Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

8.14 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.50.... Fire raked, 8 inehes thiek. 

U.24.... Do. 

9.57.... Fire slieed. 

10.35... Fire slieed, 8 inches thick. 

10.58 ... Fireraked. 

11.12... Fire sliced, 8 inches thiek. 

11.31... Fire raked, 10 inehes thick. 

11.47... Fire raked. 

11.50... Cleaning fire. 

12.02 ... -Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

12.36 ... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

1.19 . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1.41... Do. 

2.09... Fire raked. 

2.40 . . . Fire raked, H inches thick. 

3.06... Do. 

3.36 ... 1 Fire raked. 

3.58 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.02... Fire sliced. 

4.28... Fire raked, 10 incjhes thick. 

4.49. _-. Fire raked. 

5.01... Do. 

5.03... Cleaning fire. 

5.1H ... Firecleaned. 

5.45... Test dosed, fire 2 inches thick. 

I 

Clinker difficult to remove. Ash a dark eolor. Clinker dark and heavy. Coal coked in 

furnace. 126 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginic~ No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER. TRIAL. 

Test number, 25. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. I~ouis, 1\'Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

827 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy a. m., clear p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube: 

1. Date of trial, October 11, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .. __ ........................ _ .. _. _. _ ........ _________ .. hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ................. ·_ .............. ·_ .................. ·_ .. square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ........... ----.--------- ..... __ ............ ----. ______ ._ .. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........................ _ ............................... ~ .do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ......... ·_ ....... , .......................... _______ .. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ............. ____________ ._ .... _.do._ .. 

6. Proportion o(air space to whole grate surface .................. ___ ..... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ............................................. ____ .square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............ ___ .. ____________ ... _ .... _ ..... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ........ ____ ...... ____ .. __ .... _____ .do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft.. .....•................ ___ ..... _ ...... _ . _____ . ___________________ _ 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ... ___ . _____ -------- ... -------. __ .. __________ .inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .. __ ...... _______________ ... __ .feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes . -----.--- ____ .. ---------- .. ------.--- ______ .. _ .......... _ ..... . 

· b ( "d . · ) {inches .. 7.4 Dmrneter of tu es outs1 e--ms1de . _ ......................... _______ _ 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .............................................. ____ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............... ____ .... · ................. _____ .square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................. _._ .............. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface._ ...........• _. ____ ............... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES, 

11. Barometer _________________________________ • ______________ {inches of mercury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

. {··do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square mch ...... : . ...................... . · .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ..... : . ................................. _ ....... do ... . 

14. Force of draft or lilast in ash pit ....................•.........• __ .•.•..... do ...• 

a Absolute. 

10.217 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

..5 

44 

7.67 

113.2.5 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.38 

116· 

3 . .5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.55 

14.5 

8.5.4 

a 99.9 

.46 

.24 
828 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

'H. 

• 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE~IPERATURRS. 

Of external air ...•.......................... _. __ .............. · .. _ .... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ........................................................ _ .... do ... . 

Of steam ............................................. _ ................. do._ .. 

Of feed water in tank •....... · ................................ __ .......... do ... _ 

Of feed water enteriug economizer ..................... __ .......... __ .. __ .do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do._ .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ................. ___ ....... -........ _ .. _ ..... do. _. _ 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ..................................... _ .do._ .. 

?.2.1 Of furnace ................................... __ ................. _ ....... do ... . 

28. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Mine run-lumps, 20 per cent; small, 40 per cent; slack, 40 

per cent; clean and bright. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire .. ~- .. __ . __ ........ __ ...... -·-- ..... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .................... ___ .. __ ....................... do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coaL .................. _ ................ ____ ......... . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................. __ pounds . 

Total ash and refuse .................... __ ............. _: ... ___ .... _ .. __ .do. __ _ 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ............... _ .............. _____ . per cent.. 

67.9 

74.2 

327.5 

70 

.163 

541 

None. 

8,354 

2.01 

8,186 

808 

56 

30. Total combustible consumed .............. _ ..... __ ............... :. _ .. . {pounds.. 7, 378 

. .. do .... a7,104 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ....... _. _ ............ ,_ .... _ .......... _ 9. 89 

PROXIMATE ANA!,YS!S OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon .••.................................................... _ . 48. SO 

33. Volatile matter...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. 23 

34. 

35. 

Moisture ............................................................. . 

Ash ... --------~------·--······---···---·····-------------···---------

36. - Sulphur, separately determined._ ................ _____ .. _._ ...... _____ . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ..•...............................•.................... ___ _ 

38. Hydrogen (H) ............. _ .. ·: ..... __ . __ . ___ ..... _ ... _. ___________ . _ 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .............................. _ ........................... . 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ . 

41. Sulphur ( S) .. __ .............. ____ ......... ___ ....... _ .. _____ .... ____ _ 

42. Ash . __ ................................ -... -..... - . - -.... ---.- -- ... -.. 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ......... ____ ........... __ ...... _. 

a Calculsted from chemistry of ash. 

2.oi 

9.96 

100.00 

2. 71 

74.36 

4.93 

6.40 

1. 37 

2. 77 

10. 17 

100.00 

2.01 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

55.44 

44.56 

100.00 

82.78 

5.49 

7.12 

1. 53 

3.08 

··-··-------· 

100.00 

·--·---------
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............ · ................................................. per cent.. 

45. Earthy matter ........... : .............................................. do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... Combustible consumed p0r hour...................................... d •. 0 ..•. 47. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... { · · do.··· .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE 01<' FUEL. 

829 

30_.94 

69.06 

801 

722 

a695 

19. 75 

. 355 

"· 342 

50. Calorific value by oxygen _calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 13, 819 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... 15, 384 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 13, 489 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 15,016 

QUALITY OF STEA!I.l, 

54. Percentage of moisture ....................................................... ·. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

. 373 

None. 

99.71 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 63,406 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 75,104 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................. do.... 63, 223 

60. Factor of. evapor:ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1. 1845 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .........•. pounds .. 74,888 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .............. pounds.. 6, 187· 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° •.•.................•.••. do.... 7, 329 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds .• 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ........................................... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed •............................ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

3.608 

212.4 

210 

101. 1 
830 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RF.SULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired . 

. (Item 57-+-item 25) ................ ------ ___ ................ __ -- ... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at. 212° per pound of coal as fired. (I~em 61-+-

item 25) . ___ ............... ----------- ..................... --·--- .. pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +-item 

27) .......... __ .... _ ......................... · ..... -.--.-- ............ pounds .. 

71. E~~~::~e; t :~~:r:~~o-~ _ ~~~~- _ ~~~~- -~t- -~~~~ _ ~~~ _ ~~~~~ _ ~~. ~~~~ ~~~~i-~1~: {: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do .. .. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ......•. _ .. per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions_ ... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water-from and at 212° .. _ .... _. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

77. Percentage of smoke as observed ......... _ .................... _ .............. .. 

78. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. .:.· ....... ;_ ....... ounces .. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..... _----~--" .. cubic inches .. 

)IIE;THODS. ()F .i'IR)NG. 

80. Kind of firi1ig (spreading, alternate, or coking) ........ ~ ... : . ................ __ . 

81. Average thickness of fire .... __ ......................... _ .......... __ .. inches •. 

'82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.59 

8.96 

9.14 

10.15 

a 10.54 

63.71 

a66.16 

63.87 

$1.00 

$0.0658 

$0.0558 

51.2 

. 036 

Alternate. 

8 

·malcondit;on ...................................................... ~}inutes.. 4. 85 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................. do.... 25 

ANAT,YS!S OF THE DRY GASES, 

84. Carb~n dioxide (C02 ) ........................ _____ ,_ ................ per cent.. 

85. Oxygen (0) .............................. · ............................... do .. .. 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) .................................. _ .............. do ... . 

8i. Hydrogen· and hydrocarbons ......... __ ............. : ....... _ ............ do .. .. 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ...................... _ ..................... do .. __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash, 

8.24 

11.63 

.2 

79.93 
~1\ ~ 

"' Jiv _/ 

v 1 ~ 

b _\~ 0 \ c 

~~\~ (!) 

I ., t § ~ 

> ~ ., ~ \ ~- R t 

\~ ~ -- ~ " 

2 

i5 Q 0 jl f::> ., [\ r (') ~ c 

\~ 1\\ II G'l 0 l> 

't ? 

\~ \ I v [h -., 1 

- ::: c: 

~ 

- f'l - ~ I 

~ ~ IJ\ 

t 

v 1"'1 

r~ -i :i ~ '; 9 ?. (;; u 

~~ -a 

1\ b jij 0 ('1 

k ~ 

:8 "' • )> 

0 

I \ c \ 0 ... .. I' 

-a l':l ;11 r 

t '" (Jl 

l"z 0 

~ _/. ?~ § 0 Cl 3 AI 

- _, \ 1/ ~ 0 :;: 'I 

\ "' 0 ~ -i 3 (j; a -; 

\ '" 1\ "11 c ~ , ;q Jl ~[ ,. ;q 1'1 't 

_\ c \ 0> 

"' ~~ " 
 1Z 

"' 1\l "' c f'l-~ 

\ ~ -1 

"' ":!! 2 l> . \ 3 

~ \ /8 

~ 1\ I t I~ 

()I (II 

\ I \ /v .\ 

1\ \ \\ 

.. \ 

"' 

' !" 

I 

1\ _, \ (J> . '" f ~,\I ~ ! ~ :< 1-. ~ 

X C ~~A> ?:rz~""> 
832 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VAT~UI£ OF THE COMRUS'l'IBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U _ .................. _ ..... _.... 15, 384 

B. T. U. l'er cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X965.7 ......... __ .... ___ ...... _ ............. --- .......... 10, 178 "66. 16 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible~ 

IOOX [(2).2-t)-t-966-t-0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the fine gaAes) ............................... .. 29 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -o- 100 X 9 X [ (212 ;_ t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] .. 62:3 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) .. . .. . • . .. .. • .. .. • .. . .. • .. .. • .. .. . 2, 727 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= , 

CO per eent C in combustible 

CO,+COX 100 X10,150 ........................ .. 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) .................. , . ' .................•................. 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= :3.09 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3. 82 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

199 

1,628 

.19 

4.05 

17. 7:3 

1. 29 

10.58 

100.00 

/ 
\ 

BOILER TESTS. 833 

TEST No. 28.~Reyu.tar and special observat·ions on test o.f West Tr,iryinia No. 3 coal, October 14, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.97 hours.] 

Temperature. Calorimeter. 

Ontside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. · 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

inches irl~~es of of water. water. 

Fine gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

--------1-----------1---------------------

7.34 . ---·· ---··-

7.40 ·-----···-·- 8 ... : __________ _ 

8.20 

8.40 ·--- ···- ··--

9 ··----·-------· 

9.20 

9.40 

10 ·-·······----· 

10.20 - ·---. -···· 

10.40 - - -.. --.---

11 -........ --- .. 

11.20 . --- ... : . .. 

11.40 . ······--·· 

12 ..... ·-- ..... . 

12.20 -..• " •.... -

12.40 .. -.. - -- .. . 

1 .. -·.-- ....... . 

1.20 -- ... -... ---

1.40 ..•. --- .... . 

2 ····-·········· 

2.20 ··········-· 

2.40 •... --.- .... 

3. ··-· ..... ···--

3.20 ········-··· 

3.40 •..........• 

4 ·-·-····-····-· 

4.20 ·-·········· 

4.40 ..... -.. -... 

5- ..••...•.. ·--. 

5.20 ········- ..•. 

5.32 ··-····---·· 

Pounds. ° F. OJ?. op. Pounds. Pounds. 

81 ------ . ----- ----- .. -------- --.- -·-- -.- .•• 

83 ···-·· ·--··· 

95 51 56 

86 51 57 

83 53 59 

85 55 61 

84 

86 

82 

92 

83 

83 

84 

89 

85 

87 

90 

80 

73 

92 

80 

83 

90 

89 

84 

56 

58 

59 

59 

60 

61 

62 

64 

64 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

64 

64 

64 

64 

62 

63 

65 

65 

66 

66 

68 

69 

69 

70 

71 

71 

72 

72 

72 

72 

71 

71 

71 

568 

577 

582 

605 

607 

602 

617 

620 

615 

4. 44 0. 04 

3. 93 . 015 

4.11 .018 

611, . -.•.. -. ---- ·- •. 

562 4. 09 . 02 

572 . ·-- -· .. -- .. ·---

588 

587 

542 

508 

4. 40 . 027 

568 3. 96 . 022 

602 

626 

625 

593 

637 

620 

595 

3. so . 014 

4. 69 . 013 

0.54 

. 54 

. 54 

.55 

. 55 

.55 

. 55. 

.54 

. 55 

.56 

. 42 

.46 

.43 

. 31 

. 31 

.49 

.54 

. 54 

. 55 

.53 

. 53 

. 54 

. 53 

.40 

0. 16 

.16 

. 20 

.18 

. 21 

. 27 

. 22 

.20 

. 23 

. 23 

.18 

.24 

. 17 

.18 

.16 

.10 

. 19 

.19 

. 22 

. 20 

. 24 

.17 

. 21 

. 16 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.6 12.4 0 

7.2 10.6 0 

9.8 9.7 0 

9.0 11.2 0 

7. 1 13.3 0 

8.8 11.3 0 

85 64 72 592 •• - - • -...•••• -• . . 42 . 21 8. 9 11. 5 0 

83 64 72 . 568 4. 16 . 019 . 43 . 24 ....•• - . -... - -...•. 

84 63 72 578 .. -••..•. --• . . . . . 43 . 21 . . . . • • - . . . . . . . -..... 

84 62 71 600 •••.. --. • • • • . . • . . 56 . 25 8. 2 12. 0 0 

79 62 71 -587 3. 87 . 03 . 57 . 20 -•.••.... --- - .•••.• 

75 61 70 597 ..••• -••. -...... . 57 . 23 ...... -...... -.. --. 

81 ·••···· ·-···- --····- ··-----· ·••·•··· ······- -····- 5.0 15.9 0 

1-------------------------·-------

_ Total . . • • • 2, 700 l, 775 1, 967 17, 751 41.45 . 218 15.03 6. 01 71.6 107.9 0 

Average... 84.4 61 68 592 4.15 .0218 .50 .20 7.95 12.0 0 
834 OPE.RATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 28.-Regular and special observations on test of. West Virginia No. 3 coal, October 14, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

----

Height of \Vater. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. -· 

In tank. In gage glas.•. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

-

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Potmcls. 

Start, 7.34.----------- 43 2.8. " ---------.--- ---------··- ------------ ------------ 8.20 :::::.::::::::::::I 34! 4~ 700 700 

I 

2,986 2,98o 

9.05 30~ 3% 700 1, 400 5,015 8,001 

9.51 ----------------- 33~ 4! 700 2, 100 4,640 12,641 

10.40 ---------------- 35 3t 700 2,800 5, 703 18,344 

11.22 --------- ~ ----.... 28! 4! 700 3,500 4, 751 23,095 

12.13 ---------------- 33~ 3! 700 4,200 5,6W 28, 705 

1.12 ----------------- 32 3lj- 700 4,900 5,074 33, 779 

2 ---------- ·----- ---- 26! 4! 700 5,600 5,228 39,007 

2.48 ----------------- 30 2t 700 6,300 5,969 44,976 

3.43 ----------------- 30~ 3~ 700 7,000 5, 461 50,437 

4.37 --------·-------- 36 3% 700 7, 700 5,973 56,410 

Close, 5.32 ___________ 43 2~ 525 8,225 5,202 61,612 

HECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

__ T_im_e_. _________ o_bs_e_rv_a_ti __ on_. ______ 11 Time. _______ o_b_se_r_va_t_io_n_. ------

6.45.--- Boiler under a load. 12.31.- Cleanin~ fire. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 12.42-- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

7.34---- Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 1.01.-- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

7.47---- Fire raked. 1.22--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.16---. Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 1.43--. Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

8.33---- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.11--. Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

8.5L ... Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 2.29 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.12---- Do. 2.58--- Do. 

9.29---- Do. 3.23.-- Do. 

9.49 .... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.52--- Do. 

10.08-.- Do. 4.12--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

10.30--- Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 4.31.-- Do. 

10:55 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.50--- Do. 

1Ll4 ... Do. 4.52--- Cleaning fire. 

ll.41- .. Do. 5.03--. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

11.58 ... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 5.32--- Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

12.26 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Coal eaked in furnace. Ash white and of light wei~<ht. 120 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginia No. 3 coal. 

CONDITIO:S8 OF BOILF.R TRIAL. 

Test number, 28. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Pm:chase Exposition, St. Louis, l\'Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safet);. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

835 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No.3. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear, a. m.; cloudy, p. m. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 14, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours.. 9.97 

DUIENSIONS AND PROPOH.TIO"XS. 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate .......................................................... :feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ........................................................ do ... . 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

4. Height of furnace ..................................................... inches.. 26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface............... . ......... per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ........................................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ...................... : . ............ do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft . . . . . . . ..........................................•.............. 

7. ·water-heating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

·7.1 Outside diameter of shell. .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet .. 

7.3 Numberoftubes .......... " ................................................. . 

. . . . {inches .. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes (outs1de-ms1de) .................................. - .. co 1 .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................................. feet.. 

8. Superheating surface ................................................ square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ....... ~ ........................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer •.. ____ ._~ ____ .. _____ . _____ .... ____________ . ___ -{inches of mercury .. 

. ......... pounds .. 

·· {--do .... Steam pressure by gage per square inch .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . · · _ . .. do .... 

Force. of draft between dam per and boiler ....................... inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do ... . 

«Absolute. 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

] :9.1 

29.83 

14.64 

84.4 

a99. 04 

.5 

. 2 

0 
836 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE}!PERATURES. 

15. Of external air .......... : . ........................................... degrees.. 61 

16. Of fireroom .................................................. ___ ........ do .. .. 

17.· Of stemn ............................................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ................................................... do .. .. 

19. Of feed water entering economizer. .............. _ ........................ do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ........................................... do .. .. 

21. 

22. 

22.1 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................. do ... . 

Of e~eaping eases from economizer. .................... _ .................. do ... . 

Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; clean and bright. 

Weight of wood used in ligh~ing fire ................................... pounds .. 

·weight of coal as fired ........................................ c ••••••••• do ... . 

Percentage of moisture in coaL ............................................... .. 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. .. 

68 

326.8 

68 

170 

592 

None. 

8,225 

2.54 

8,016 

977 

29. l~uality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent.. 51 

. {pounds.. 7, 039 30. Total combustible consumed ........................................ .. .. do .... a6,875 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL........................................ 12. 19 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OJ;" COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon ........................................................ ·. 56.11 64.93 

33. Volatile matter ....................................................... . 30.31 35.07 

.34. l\ioisture .....................................•........................ 2.54 .. -.. -- ~ ...... -- .... 

35. Ash ................................... : . ............................ . 11.04 .. ..... • ................. 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...................................... .. 1. 38 . ......................... 

ULTIMATE ANALYSTS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................................... · 75.86 85.55 

38. Hydrogen (H) .......... · .............................................. ,. 4.78 5.39 

39. Oxygen(O) .............. , ........................................... . 5.17 5.83 

40. Nitrogen ( N) ......................................................... . 1. 44 1. 62 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................................................... .. 1.. 42 1. 61 

42. Ash ................................................................. . 11.33 . .... -.. -- ...... -.. -

100.00 100.00 

43. 1\Ioisture in sample of coal as received .................................. : 2.54 ··----·-----· ----------·----------------------------- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS 01-' ASH AND REFUSB. 

44. Carbon ....... ___ .. __ ..... __ ...... __ . __ ... __ ..... __ ..... __ .... , ....... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .............................. -- ............ -- ............ do.--. 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ____ .... ____ .... __ ..... -- .................. pounds .. 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per qour------ .... -------------------- ·-- ·---- __ do. __ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot <;>f grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating ~nrface per hour .. --- _., .. {: ~ ~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

837 

23.83 

76.17 

804 

706 

a 689.6 

19.82 

. 348 

a.34 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... __ .. __ ..... 13, 703 

51. Calorific value by oxye!l calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. __ .. ___ .. _ 15,454 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... ____ . __ •.... ____ .. __ .. 13, 653 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. _ .. ___ .. __ .... ___ . _ 15,397 

QUALITY Olo' STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .... _ .......... _ .... __ ........ _ .. _ ...... __ .... .. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ....... _ ................................. __ .. 

56. Quality of steam {dry steam =unity) ....... _ . __ ..... _. _. ____ .. ___ ... _.per cent .. 

WATER. 

.52 

None. 

99.6 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ....... __ ................ __ . __ ._ .... pounds .. 61, 612 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° __ ......................... do .... 73,090 

59. 'Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ................ _ .do .... 61,· 366 

60. Factor of e\·aporation ....................... _ ..................... _ .......... _ L 1863 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .. _. _ ...... pounds .. 72, 798 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .............. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212c .... _ ..... __ ......... _ .. do ... . 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212' per square foot of water-heating 

6,155 

7, 301.7 

surface .............................. _ ............................. pounds.. 3. 59 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (3H pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ........... _ .............. _· __ .......... _ ... _ 

66. Builders' rated horSepower .................................. _ ... __ , _ ..... _ ... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ......... ___ ....... ______ : .. _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

211.6 

210 

100.7 
838 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECOXO~HC UESULTS, 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57+item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ...........................................•............... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 6l~item 

27) ........................................................ -........... -.. . 

71. Equivalent evaporation from and at !H2° per pound of combustible.[ .. do ... . 

(Item 61-+-item 30) ................................................ ) .. do ... . 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) __ .... ·_._.do .. _. 

7::!. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ........ . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditionR .... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212n ........ . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE 9BSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .......... __ .. cubic inches .. 

l\IETHUDS 01<' PIRING. 

80. Kind of tiring (spreading, alternate, or coking) ..............•.....•............ 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.49 

8.85 

9.08 

10.il4 

a 10. il9 

64.61 

a66.18 

63.99 

$1. 00 

. $0.0667 

$0.056.5 

14 

Alternate. 

8 

mal condition ............•••........... : ................ _, ....... , .minutes.. 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 22 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASF.S, 

Carbon dioxide ( C02) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons . __ .... _ ......................... __ ......... do ... . 

Nitroj!;en (by difference) (N) ....... _ ............................... _ .... do .. _. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.95 

12 

80.05 
t'~-+-+-it--

tf---1---t---t--' 

....... 'l,, ·~ ... 

n 

0 

• 

2 

..., 

of--C 

§ ['1 

c G\ 

~-~ 

"' 'i (J) 

0> 

-1 

,. 

"' 

I 

\ 

\ 

o· 

;ll 

~ 

.... 

... 

Jl 

" 

01 

"' 

01 

co 

'I 

1'1 

r-)'-" ., 

c 

'I 

;z 

g 

!il-

)> 

.. 

~:L 

11 

;o 

[;:-

c 

"' 

~-

~ :X 

8 

o-

~~~~~4-~~~+-r+~~-r~~H-~ 

r·~~~~l~~4-4-~~\rt-+-+++-+-~~:~H1·~ 

t·~~~~~~~-+-+~~-1\,~~~~r-~rTHH~ 

~~~+W~+-~~B\IT-H~~~~m 

r·~~~-+~~-+-4-~-~~--~+-~-+~--r-+--r~-H14~ - r---

;:; 

]: 

.. 

"' 

~ 
840 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAT_I.NG VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U __ . _. _. _ ...................... 15. 454 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................................. 10, 227 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

lOOX [(212-1)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T= that of the flue gase~>) ............................... . 38 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+100X9X [(212-1)+966+0.48 (T-212)].. 627 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T__:_t) ............. _.................... 3, 353 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of <~arbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

00,--t-COX 100 X10,150.......................... 0 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and. unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ........... _ ..... _ ........... _ ............ _ ...... __ ...... 1, 209 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 3.11 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3.84 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

a 66.18. 

. 25 

4.06 

21.7 

0 

7.81 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 841 

TEsT No._31.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia No.4 coal, October ].8, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue .Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minntes. 

Draft pressnreR. Flue gases. 

In hood, In furin n~~e, 

in~~es inches 

water. Wt~ler. 

C02. co. 

-------I--Po_u_n-ds~.-l-o-F-.-~~ -o-F--.-~I--P-o-un_d_s_. ~-1'-ou_n_d-s. ------p,-,,-.c-t. -P-.e--r-ct-. -P-e>--c-t. 

7.43 -- •......... 

8 ..•..... -... --· 

8.20 -...... -... . 

8.40 .... -...... . 

9 ··········· ·---

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 ... --·.-- .. -

10-.--.. -.-.- --. 

10.20 . -- ... -•... 

10.40 .....•.•... 

11 ... -......... . 

11.20 -......... . 

11.40 .......... . 

12 .. -- .•........ 

12.20 .......... . 

12.40 ......... .. 

1 .............. . 

1.20 .......... .. 

1.40 ........... . 

2 .............. . 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 .............. . 

3.20 . ,. -- ...... . 

3.40 -- ......... . 

4 ---············ 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 -- ....••.••. 

5 .............. . 

5.20 .. ;. __ ..... . 

5.43 --- ..... --.-

Total .... . 

Average .. . 

84 ------ ...... 

79 60 60 

88 

87 

76 

82 

77 

97 

91 

87 

83 

78 

91 

100 

91 

85 

81 

92 

95 

90 

96 

97 

83 

92 

83 

80 

92 

83 

95 

82 

62 

65 

67 

68 

71 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

79 

79 

79 

79 

79 

78 

78 

78 

77 

77 

77 

76 

75 

74 

72 

71 

62 

64 

67 

69 

72 

74 

76 

77 

so 

81 

81 

83 

84 

84 

84 

86 

86 

85 

85 

84 

84 

83 

84 

84 

83 

81 

so 

79 

512 

577 

621 

618 

608 

617 

607 

596 

558 

562 

565 

588 

544 

526 

511 

537 

558 

554 

518 

527 

598 

562 

523 

600 

613 

628 

612 

613 

665 

593 

4. 48 0. 036 

3.83 . 02 

4. 64 . 01 

4. 02 . 025 

4. 7 . 021 

3.98 .014 

4.15 .015 

4. 32 .025 

4.32 .018 

4. 3 . 006 

0. 60 0. 23 

. 51 .16 

. 64 

. 63 

.63 

. 62 

. 60 

.58 

.45 

. 46 

.52 

.49 

. 32 

. 23 

. 22 

.43 

.45 

. 42 

. 27 

. 26 

.60 

. 32 

. 57 

. 48 

. 51 

. 52 

. 31 

. 53 

.60 

.56 

. 21 

. 27 

. 24 

. 25 

. 29 

.24 

.22 

.18 

. 23 

.15 

.13 

.10 

.10 

.13 

.15 

. 17 

.10 

.09 

. 21 

.13 

. 26 

.17 

.20 

. 17 

.10 

.18 

.16 

.14 

5. 8 14.3 0. 0 

8.4 11.3 .0 

9. 3 10.5 . 4 

9.6 9.9 .2 

9.3 9.8 .5 

8. 5 11.6 . 0 

9.6 9.6 .8 

9.5 10.3 .2 

9.8 9.7 .3 

6.9 13.3 .0 

83 ............ ······· ............................................... . -------------1-----------------

2, 700 2, 153 2, 282 17,311 

87. 1 74 79 577 

42.74 

4.27 

.190 14.33 5. 36 86.7 

. 019 . 48 . 18 8. 67 

110.3 

11.03 

2.4 

. 24 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--35 
842 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 31.-Regular and .~pecial observations on test of West Virginia No. 4 coal, October 18, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

Start, 7.43 ........ __ .. 44 2! 

8.14 ----------------- 36~ 2~ 

9 .................... 30~ 4t 

9.48 ····-------------- 29~ 3! 

10.34. ---------------- 29 4£ 

' 11.24 ---------------- 28 4! 

12.24 ---------------- 35 4! 

1.18 ----------------- 29 2~ 

2.11 ----------------- 31~ 3 

3.10 ----------------- 39t 2! 

4.03 ----------···----- 32z 3~ 

5.11 ------------·--·- 27~ 3 

Close, 5.43 ........... 44 2! 

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. 

-----

Pounds. 

----- ~ -. ----

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

195 

Duri~g perio~~-- Total. Totul. 

-----

Pounds. Pounds. I Pownds. I ------ ------r------ ...... ------------ 700 2, 213 2, 21 

1,400 4,054 6,25 

3 

7 

2 

7 

0 

5 

3 

6 

3 

7 

8 

0 

2, 100 6,205 12,46 

2,800 5,295 17,75 

3,500 5,943 23,70 

4,200 5,925 29,62 

4,900 5,408 35,03' 

5,600 5,383 40,41 

6,300 5, 557 45,97 

7,000 6,244 52,22 

7, 700 

I 

8,081 60,30 

7,895 2,342 62,65 

--- RECOlW OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

~Time. , ______ o_b_se_r_v_at-io_I_'·--~----I ~ime. 1-------0-b-se_rv_a_ti_·u_n_. ------

6.45 . . . . Boiler under load. 12.21 .. Fire raked, 12 inches thick.· 

7....... Fire cleaned. 

7.43 . . . . Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

7.55 .... :Fire raked. 

8.30.... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.44 . . . . Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

8.56 . .. . Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

9.11.... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

9.25 .... Do. 

9.38.... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.55 .... Do. 

10.13. .. Do. 

10.28 ... Do. 

10.45... Fire raked. 

10.54 ... Do. 

11.03 • . . Fire sliced and raked, 11 inches thick. 

11.17 ... Fire raked. 

11.54 ... Do. 

12.38.. Cleaning fire. 

12.50.. :Fire cleaned, 4 inches thiek. 

1.03... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

1.15... Do. 

1.31 . . • Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

1

1.58 . . . Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

2.27 . . . Fire raked, 10 inches thiek. 

2.43 ... Do. 

3...... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

3.24 ... Do. 

3.34... Fire sliced. 

3.45 . . . Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

4....... Do.· 

4.33 ... Do. 

4.53--. Do. 

5.02 .. . Cleaning fire. 

5.14 ... Fire cleaned. 

5.43 _. _ Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

11.37 ... 

1 

Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

--- - - ____ !!._ __ .!___ _________ ~--~ 

Coal burned freely, caked slightly; clinker dark and heavy. 120 firings during test. Ash white 

and of light weight. 
' 

BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginia No 4 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 31. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

843" 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No.4. 

Kind· of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, dear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 18, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ........... _ ..................................... _____ .hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ........ __ ......... _ ..... ____ . _ ...................... square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ................. ·...................... . ..... ___ .......... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate .................. _ .. _ ................................... do ... _ 

4. Height of furnace .................................... _ ........... ____ . inehes .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .... _ ..................... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ........ _ ......................................... square feet .. · 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............. _ .. ___ ................ _______ .feet .. 

6. 3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ... _ ................................. do ..•. 

6.4 Kind of draft ............... _ •... __ ............ _ ... _______________ . _________ . _ 

7. Water-heating surface ....•...... ---- ............... __ .. ----- ...... square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ......•...................... _ ................ inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .......... ______ ........... __ .. feet. . 

7.3 Number of tubes .............................. _· _____ ................. ;. ______ _ 

7.4 Dtameter o tu es outs1 e-mst e ........................ ___ ....... . . f b ( "d · ·d ) {inches .. 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ............................................. _._.feeL_ 

8. Superheating surface _ ........................................ _ .... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ................ ____ .............. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................ ____ .... _ .......... . 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ________ . ___ .••.. ____ . ______ . _________________ .-{inches of mercury .. 

......... pounds .. 

• ·. h . {··do .... Steam pressure by gage per square me ................ _. _ ........... . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler .................. __ .. inches of water .. 

Force of draft in furnace ............... _ .......•...................... _ .. do. __ . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit ..... _ ................ _. _ ................ do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

. 17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.52 

14.49 

87. 1 

a1QL6 

.48 

.18 

0 
844 OPERATIO.NS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air .......•............................................... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ............... ------ ........ --.--- ......... ---.----- ........ do .. -. 

17. Of stearn ........................................... -- ..... -...... -.. -.. do .. --

18. Of feed water in tank .... ------ .......... ------ ................. ----- .... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler .............. _·_ ............................. do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

74 

79 

328.7 

66.3 

163 

577 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......... ----------- .... ----.-- ....... do .... ---- ...... --

22.1 Of furnace ...... ___ ..................................................... do.... 2, 247 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 70 per cent; slack, 30 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ............ ____ , .................................. do ... . 

26. Percantage of moisture in coaL .................•............................... 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ................................. , ................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker., .................................. per cent .. 

None. 

7,895 

2.53 

7,695 

819 

50 

30. Total combustible consumed ........................................ . . . · {pounds . . 6, 876 

. . . do .... a6, 675 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. 64 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 59. 84 

33. Volatile matter........................................................ 27. 64 

34. l\ioisture ............................................................. .. 

35. Ash .......................................................... ~ ..... __ _ 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .......... : 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAI,. 

37. Carbon (C) ...............•........................................... 

38. Hydrogen (H) ..... ___ ................ _____ ................... __ ..... . 

39. Oxygen (0) __ ............ _ ....... __ ............................ ____ .. . 

40. Nitrogen (N) .. _ ............. __ . _ .... _____ ... __ ... ___ .. _ .... __ ...... __ 

41. Sulphur (S) ........•........... __ ............. _ .•...... _ .... _. __ .. _. _ 

42. Ash . _ ............ _ ................... _ ....................... _ ...... . 

2.53 

9.99 

100.00 

.96 

77.42 

4.69 

5.18 

1. 48 

. 98 

10.25 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

68.4 

31.6 

100.00 

86.26 

5.23 

5.77 

1. 65 

1. 09 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2. 53 .... __ ...... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of a~h. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANAl.YSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .......................................... ·.· ...... ---- .. -.... per cent.-

45. Earthy matter .... ___ ._ ..... _ .... -.............. ----- ..... ----.--.----- .do.---

FUEL PElt HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ....................... --- .. -.... :.-.--.. -- pounds.-

47. { 

.. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ...................................... . · .. do ... . 

48. :Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... --{::~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

845 

28.24 

71.76 

769.5 

687.6 

a667. 5 

18.98 

. ::!39 

a.329 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter, per po_pnd of dry coal, B. T. U ............ 14,002 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combusti"ole, B. T. U ......... 15, 601 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 13, 806 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .... _ ... _ ........... 15, 383 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ............................................ . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .................. _ .............. per cent .. 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .. .. 

59. 'Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam._ ...... _ ......... do .. .. 

60. Factor of evaporation ......................................................... . 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ... __ .. _ .. __ pounds .. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .•.••.. , ••.•.......•..... do .. __ 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

. 44 

None. 

ll9.66 

62,650 

74,470 

62,437 

1. 1887 

74,219 

6,::!44 

7,422 

surface .................................. -.......................... pounds.. 3. 65 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . _ ........ __ ... __ ..... : ....... ~ ............ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................................. .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ........................... _. 

a Calculated from chemistry of a~h." 

215. 1 

210 

102.4 
846 OPERATIONS 0.1!' THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 -+-item 25) ................................................. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from a1~d at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 +item 

27) ................................... _ ............................. pon,nds .. 

71. 

E~~~:::e~; _:~;::r;~~O:l .. f.r~~~:. ·a-~(~.~~ .. 2.1~-o- -~~r-. ~~~-n-(~. ~~. ~~~~~~~~~i-~1~: {: -:~::::: 

Efo'FICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler, ineluding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° .... 

77. 

78. 

79. 

S~lOKE ORRERY A'fJONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .............................................. . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obt;lined from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS 01<' FIRING. 

7.93 

9.4 

9.65 

10.79 

rt]l. 12 

66.79 

"68. 83 

66.55 

$1.00 

$0.063 

$0.0532 

34.4 

. 015 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking).................................. ·Alternate. 

81. Aver~ge thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. 10 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition ...................................................... minutes.. 5 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 19 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................. do .... _ 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .... _ ............. · ........................... do., .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ....................... · ..................... do .. .. -----------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.67 

ll. 03 

. 24 

80.0o 

848 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT ·BALAXCE, OH. DISTRIRUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF' THE COl\IBUSTIBLE. 

Total value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .. ___ ..... _. ___ .. _ ... ___ ... __ . __ .. 15, 601 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .. _. __ .. _ .... ___ .· .. _. _ .. _ ........ _ ..... _. ____ . _ .. _ 10,739 a 68.83 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to cornbustible-+-

100 X [(212- t) +966 + 0.48 (T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) ............................... . 37 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -;-100 X 9 X [(212 -- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)].. 600 

4. Lo~s due to heat carried away in the dry ehimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T- t) .- _____ ----: .. _ _. ___ .. __ . ___ ... __ . 2, 876 

5. Loss due to ineomplete combustion of carbon~ 

CO X per cent C in combustible 2

. C0 36 2

+CO - ~---X 10,150 ________________________ _ 

6. Loss dne to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois· 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itomi?:ed if data are obtained from which they may be 

.24 

3.85 

18.43 

1. 51 

calculated) .. ___ ...... ___ . _ .. _. ___ ........ ___ ...... __ .... _ .. _........ 1, 113 7. 14 

REMARKS, 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 2. 93 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3.62 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 849 

TEST No. 34.-Regular nnd .~pecial observations on test of West Virginin No. 5 coal, October 21, 1.904. 

Time. 

7.45 ------------

8 ----· ----------

8.20 -----------

8.40 ----·-- -----

9 ---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10 --------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 --.- - - ---- -

11 --------------

11.20-----------

11.40-----------

12--.-----------

12.20 -----------

12.40 ---- ------. 

1 ---------------

1.20 ------------

1.40 -------.----

2-.-------------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3 --------- ··-· --

3.20 ------------

3.40 . -----------

4---------------

4.20 ------------

4.40 ------------

5 ................... . 

5.20 ------------

5.40 ------------

5.50 ------------

Total---·-

Average __ 

Steam 

pressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.083 hours.] 

Temperature>. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated 

base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

inches in~~es of of water. water. 

J<'lue gases. 

co,. o,. co. 

Ponnds. -· o-J.-•. - _c_p ___ --o F-.-I-P-ou_n_d_s.-I-P-o_l_tn_d_s. ~--- ----1'-er-c-t. _P_e_r-ct-. Per ct. 

85 ------ ------

77 

70 

77 

88 

84 

96 

88 

77 

91 

94 

86 

90 

89 

78 

100 

76 

89 

91 

90 

89 

90 

82 

88 

92 

so 

83 

82 

66 

92 

. 99 

53 

54 

55 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

60 

61 

59 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

61 

61 

61 

61 

60 

59 

59 

56 

57 

57 

59 

60 

60 

61 

62 

64 

65 

66 

66 

66 

67 

67 

66 

68 

69 

69 

68 

69 

67 

68 

68 

68 

68 

67 

67 

58 65 

85 ------ ------

516 

596 

582 

585 

567 

595 

557 

589 

578 

587 

584 

587 

582 

592 

598 

589 

583 

612 

582 

597 

593 

618 

614 

625 

625 

619 

630 

604 

546 

627 

650 

598 

2,-744 1, 710 1, 880 19,007 

85. 7 59 65 594 

3. 83 0. 028 

4. 44 . 032 

4.14 .012 

4.56 .016 

4. 28 . 016 

3. 74 . 014 

4. 40 . 022 

4. 38 . 048 

0.11 

. 66 

. 64 

.651' 

.44 

.59 

. 33 

. 32 

.59 

. 50 

.59 

.50 

.46 

.60 

. 61 

. 23 

.42 

.64 

.33 

. 51 

.41 

.60 

.60 

.62 

.62 

. 58 

. 60 

.56 

.28 

.64 

.65 

.00 

0.04 

.19 

. 27 

. 25 

. 19 

. 20 

.16 

.15 

. 25 

. 21 

. 22 

. 20 

.18 

.26 

. 28 

.12 

. 15 

. 22 

. 12 

.20 

. 13 

. 24 

. 21 

.26 

.26 

. 22 

. 24 

.19 

. 05 

.16 

. 15 

.00 

7.0 ' 12.8 0.0 

9. 0 10.0 . 0 

8. 6 10.5 . 0 

8. 0 11.4 . 2 

7.9 12.0 .0 

8. 5 11.4 . 0 

8. 0 12. I . 0 

7.2 13.2 .0 

7.6 12.7 .0 

5.9 1~7 .0 

----1--- . --~- ------

33.77 

4.22 

.188 

. 0235 

15.88 5. 97 

. 51 .19 

77.7 

7. 77 

120.8 

12.08 

.2 

.02 

a Throttling calorimeter used to check separating calorimeter. 
850 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 34.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia No. 5 coal, October 21, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of \Vater fed to boiler. 

Time. - In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Inches. _Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pound.•. Pounds. 

Start, 7.45. __ ......... 39 2t ~ -............ -...... ...................... ..................... .................... 

8.22 .................. 32f 2{ ------------ ........................ 3,363 3,363 

9.12 ............ ~ .... - 25~ 3 700 700 4,778 8,141 

10.10 ................. 24 4! 700 1,400 _5, 900 14,041 

1102 ................. 28! 2~ 700 2,100 6,160 20,201 

12 .............•..... 29! 3! 700 2,800 5,177 25,378 

12.59 ................. 33! 4 700 3,500 5,397 30, 775 

1.44 .................. 26 2} 700 4,200 6,130 36,905 

2.46 .................. 29 2! 700 4,900 6,621 43,526 

3.4iL ................. 24 3 700 5,600 5,279 48,805 

4.35 .................. 25 3t 700 6,300 5,559 54,364 

5.40 .................. 31~ 2f 700 7,000 5,499 59,863 

Close, 5.50 ............ 39· 2t 700 7, 700 1, 088 60,951 

-· 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. 

6.45 .. . 

7 .... .. 

7.45 .. . 

8.30 .. . 

8.42 .. .. 

8.57 .. :. 

9.32 .. .. 

9.54 ... . 

10.19 .. . 

10.51. .. 

11.20 ... 

11.44 .. . 

12.15 .. . 

12.27 .. . 

12.37 .. . 

Observation. 

Boiler under a load. 

Fire cleaned. 

Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

Fire sliced, 5 inches thick. 

Fire raked. 

Fire raked, 7 inches thick. 

Fim raked, 8 inches thick. 

Do. 

Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

Do. 

Fire raketi. 

Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

Fire sliced. 

-

1'ime. Observ11tion. 

1.28 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2 ...... Do. 

2.15 ... Fire sliced. 

3.06 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

3.32 ... Fire raked. 

3.51. .. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.02 ... Fire raked and sliced. 

4.19 ... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.48 ... Fire raked. 

4.52 ... Cleaning fire. 

5.02 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

5.13 ... Fire raked. 

5.28 ... Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

5.50 ... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

/ 

I 

Ash light weig!J.t and white. Coal burned freely and did not clinker. 108 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginia No. 5 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 34. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing. plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, l\'lo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

851 

Principal- conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 5. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, rainy and cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

- Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 21, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ................. _ ........ _. _ ..... _ ........... __ ....... hours .• 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ...... _ .......... _ ................................... square feet.. 

3.1 Width ofgratc ............. : ................ : ........................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ............................. _ ........................... do .. .. 

4. Height of furnace ........ _ .. __ .. ____ ........ _ ................. _ ... _ ... inches .. 

10.083 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate .............. __ ................. do.... . 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface._ .. _: ........ _ ........... per cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimney .......................... _ ....................... square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .. _ .............. _ .... _ .... __ .............. feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .... _ ........................ _ ...... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft .. _ ....... _ ... _._ .... _ ........... _ ... _ ... _ ...... _ .... _ .. _ ... _ ... . 

7. 'Vater-heating surface ............................................. square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................. .inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ......................... __ .. feet._ .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .................................................. · ........... . 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) .... : .. ......................... __ . .inches .. 

7.5 Length of tnbes exposed ...................................... __ ....... __ feet._ 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

Superheating surface .................................... : . .. · ...... square feet .. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .......... : ..... _ ...... __ ..... __ .. . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

finches of mercury ... Barometer ............................... ·- ................ , 

~ .......... pounds .. 

· . {"do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square meh .............................. .. .. do .... 

44. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29. 14 

14.3 

85. 7 

a 100 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ...................... inches of water.. . 51 

13. Force of draft in furnace ............................... _ .............. , .. do.... . 19 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................... _ .............. do.... 0 

a Absolute. 
852 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEilfPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer. ....................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. (lo ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ..........•................................. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ..................................... :. do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; elean and bright. 

59 

65 

327.6 

63.5 

154 

594 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. Weight of coa1astired ................................................. do .... 7,700 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse .................... -·.· .............................. do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ...................................... per cent .. 

2.11 

7,538 

808 

36 .. 5 

30. {

pounds.. 6, 730 

Total combustible consumed.......................................... . .. do .... a6,544 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. 72 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Percent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon...... . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 58. 66 

33. Volatile matter........................................................ 28.95 

34. Moisture ..... : .................. ,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 11 

35. Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·ro. 28 

100.00 

66.96 

33.04 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined......................................... 1. 01 ............ . 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL 

37. Carbon (0) ................................... : ..................... .. 76.49 8-5.46 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...... _ ... : ............................................. . 4. 74 5.3 

39. Oxygen (0) ......................................................... .. 5. 76 6.43 

40. Nitrogen (N) ........................................................ .. 1. 48 1. 65 

41. Sulphur (S) ............................................... : .......... . 1. 03 1. 16 

42. Ash ..................................... · ............................ . 10.50 

100.00 100.00 

43. · Moisture in sample of coal as-received.................................. 2. 11 ........... .. 

a Cnlculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REF"USE. 

44. Carbon.... . . . . . . . .................................................. per cent._ 

45. Earthy matter .. _ ...... _ ..... __ .. _ . __ . _ . __ ... _ . _ . _ ... _ . _ ......... ___ . _ .. do_ .. . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ..... _._ ................ ___ .... -----. ____ .. pounds._ 

{

--do .... Combustible consumed per hour . _. _ ..................... ~- .......... . . .. do .... 47. 

48 .. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ................. ______ ... do .. _. 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .... _ ... _ -{:: ~::::: 

CAWRIFIC VALUE OF FUET, 

853 

25.01 

74.99 

748 

667 

(( 649 

18.44 

. :l28 

a. 32 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... _ ... _. _ ... 13, 854 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U. _. _ ... _. _ 15,479 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........ _ ... _. _ .. __ . __ .. 13, 660 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U . _ ........ _ ... _. _ ... 15, 263 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam •.• _ ........... _. _ ... _ ... _. _ ..... ____ ..... ___ .. . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................ _._ ... __ ... _. ___ ... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .......................... _ ...... per cent .• I 

WATER. # 

.58 

None. 

99.55 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .......•........................... _. pounds._ 60, 951 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ... __ ....... _ .............. do._._ 72,605 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ....... _ .•.... ___ .do.___ 60, 677 

60. Factor of evaporation.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1912 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ............ pounds._ 72, 278 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds. _ 6, 018 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .... ____ . __ . ___ .. _. ____ .. do.___ 7,168 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............. __ ................ ------ ........ --- ............ pounds.. 3. 53 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) .....•........ _ . _ ·_ ... _ ....... _ .. _ ...... __ .. __ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .....•.. : .. _ .................................. _ .. _ . __ 

67. Percentage ·of builders' rated horsepower developed ..... _ .. _ ....... _ . _ . _. _ . ___ . __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

207.8 

210 

98.95 
854 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per_ pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 +-item 25). __________ . _________ . _______________ . ____ ._. ____ pounds._ 

69. Equivalent evapqration from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 +-

item 25) ------···-·-···-····--····--····-·-··--····---··'-.····- .... pounds,_ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61 :-item 

27) - .. _ •.. _______ . __ • _ . _. _. ___ •. ____ . _. __ • ___ • _ • _ _ _ _ _ . __ . _ . _____ . _pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound bf combustible. {-.do._._ 

(Item 61+-item 30) __ --· ------ ..... ·---. ··-- ···--· -·-- __ ·-·- ........ do .. __ 

71. 

~FFICIEXCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { _ pereent. _ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .. ____ . ___ do_ ... 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, ineluding the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _ . _ .....••• per c~ent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed). ___ .... __ _ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporatingJ.,OOO pounds of water under observed eonditions .. _., _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212°. __ ... __ . _ 

S)IOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

77. Percentage of smoke r.s observed . __ .... _. _ ....... ___ .............. --- .. __ .... __ 

78. \Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _. _ .. _ .. _. __ .... _.ounces._ 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_ ... __ ......... cubic inches._ 

.METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .. ______ .. _ ......... __ .. __ .. _ .. __ _ 

81. Average thickness of fire. ______ ._ ....... _. __ ................... __ .. ___ .inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor7.92 

9.39 

9.59 

10.74 

a 11.045 

66.94 

a 68.91 

66.85 

$1.00 

$0.0631 

$0.0532 

19 

. 015 

Alternate. 

9 

mal condition .. _. ____ ... _ ... ___ --.- ____ ... -- ...... ____ .... ____ . ____ .tmnutes.. · 5. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up _ ... _ .. _ .. _____ .do.___ 25 

84. 

85. 

86. 

. 87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GAS}~~-

Carbon dioxide (C02

) __ .. _____ .... ___ .. -.. ______ .. __ ...... ___ ......... per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ---------------------···---------------------: .... --~-·-----do .... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) __ . __ . _____ .. _ . _ ... _____________ ....... _ .. __ . ____ do_ .. _ 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ________ ._ ......... _ ... ________ .. ____ ._._. __ .do .... 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) _. __________ .... _. __ ... __________ ........... do. __ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

7.77 

12.08 

. 02 

80.13 
1\ ~ 

.. 

0 

1\ 

""" .Q ~ 

\· \ j_ 1/ ~ 

. \ ." ':\. J .. \ / I l 

- 0 

I 

0 

\ / \ 0 

0 

' 1\ [! l}: 0 

I~ :l 0 , IQ -< ;ll 

t .. 1':': ~- .... 

~ -o .. c c () ;ll 1f ;o "' = 

- I 

- v "' I~ I~ ;;; G'l ./ I y c (Jl { }> z t--2 ;ll 

"' .. ~~ I"' 

\ " 0 

\~ "' "' ;;: , z ... r - t \.~ Po :l )> ,... , 1l :l 

~ tt- :J. "' N 

~· i\ ;; :/ lij; ~ 0 7 ... "' c (JI 

~ .-\ 

\P-~ ;o 

!'--- J 0 ['1 

t':-::, ~ tr--2~ :; 

'i -~ 

v ~'"1.11 ~~J. 

,\ :9, ~ 

- 1\~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

\g \1, (ll 

j .. IJ' 

"' t 7-

~ }> 

\ 0 3 

"' 1.2. N 

\ ' ::ii l'? 0 ,.. .;z <>~ c (JI 

\ "' l\ (}> 

i5 c -< rn _;: -< ~ ,. 

/ g ;;; tJl 

Q (/> (>! 

"' ~ ~x " II 3 ~ 

1\ .,. .. ' "' r~ 

\ II 0 ;ll 

~ 0 c 't " \ v 1\ I" .. . ~-

"' ~ 

I' .. 1\ 'u .. 1\ ;ll . ~ u j c 

;ll 

~ . "' ;~ 1 v j 

ct \ \ 

N ~ 0 -< 

I~ ~ ~ l "' .3 

• "l~;\1~ 1'>......-- 0 

d :>'"\it\ I"" 
856 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE ·CO~IBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .. _ ............ _ .............. 15,479 

B. 'f. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X- 965.7 ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 666 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

100 X [ ( 212 - t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] ( t = temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 'Z'=that of the flue gases) ............. : . ................. . 

Loss due to mois~uro formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible +-100 X 9 X [ (212- t) +966+0.48 ( T-212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X (T- t) . .••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••.. 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO Xpercent C in combustible 

CO,+ CO 100 X10,150.- .... -.-- .. --- .. ----- .. -.. 

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ............... ___ ... __ ...... __ .. __ ... __ •• ______________ . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.95 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.81 pounds. 

a Calculated trom chemistry of ash. 

81 

618 

3,450 

22 

692 

Per cent. 

a 68.91 

.20 

3.99 

22.29 

.14 

4.47 

100.00 
:BOILER TESTS. 857 

TEST No. 39.-Regular and spe!Iial observations on test of West Virginia No. 6 coal, October 27, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.95 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In furin ' n~ce, 

inches in~~es of of water. water. 

Flue gases. 

co, o,. co. 

-------1----1--------1---.------i -------------

7.37 ------------

8 -·----- --------

8.20 ------··---· 

8.40 -·----- ·----

9 ··-----····-·--

9.20 ·--·-------· 

9.40 . -----.- .... 

10--- --·-.-.-- --

10.20 . ··-- -· .. --

10.40 - --·- ... -.--

11---- ·- .. --.--. 

11.20 ·---···----

11.40 ---·-··----· 

12 --- ···-- -----· 

12.20 -·--·-- .. -. 

12.40 -------- ... 

1 .. -------.----. 

1.20 ---·-·------

1.40 -.-.---- .. --

2------- .•. ----. 

2.20 ---.--- .. --. 

2.40 ---· ··-- ·---

3-. -- -·.-- ------ . 

3.20 ------·-----

3.40 -.--.- .. ----

4- ·-------------

4.20 --·-··--·---

4.40 ...... ----·-

5 ··-------······ 

Pounds. 

81 

82 

90 

82 

82 

83 

81 

83 

87 

85 

85 

83 

83 

79 

88 

83 

87 

87 

90 

83 

81 

83 

86 

83 

83 

83 

so 

83 

86 

so 

op, op, 

42 46 

43 48 

44 48 

45 50 

46 52 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

53 

54 

54 

55 

55 

55 

55 

55 

54 

55 

55 

54 

54 

54 

52 

50 

49 

53 

53 

54 

56 

56 

58 

59 

6o 

60 

61 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

61 

61 

61 

60 

59 

58 

58 

op, 

627 

620 

645 

580 

590 

625 

575 

610 

623 

580 

518 

545 

540 

572 

579 

545 

525 

530 

581 

571 

540 

580 

595 

565 

610 

552 

574 

575 

585 

574 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 32 0.025 

4. 27 . 025 

4.17 .019 

4. 07 .026 

4. 24 . 023 

4.17 . 02 

4. 00 .02 

4.09 . 023 

4.02 . 025 

0. 50 0.16 

. 66 .17 

.66 .14 

.41 .14 

. 39 .13 

. 63 .29 

. 43 

.53 

.43 

.43 

. 37 

.39 

.48 

.40 

.46 

. 41 

. 26 

. 34 

.41 

. 42 

. 41 

. 57 

. 39 

.40 

. 69 

.54 

.46 

.34 

.'39 

. 21 

.16 

.15 

.15 

.19 

. 21 

. 25 

.13 

. 22 

. 21 

.08 

.15 

.16 

.10 

.17 

.24 

.13 

.15 

. 23 

.16 

.08 

.13 

.03 

4.07 ! 026 ' . 31 . 09 

Per ct. Per ct. · Per ct. 

7. 0 13.1 0. 0 

8. 4 11.4 . 2 

9. 4 11.0 . 0 

9.0 1Q5 .o 

8.4 1as .2 

8. 2 12.4 . 3 

8. 5 12.3 .0 

8. 4 13.6 . 0 

8.4 13.7 .0 

5.20 ····-------· 

5.34 -·----·---·- 81 ·----- ------ ···--·· ................ ···---- ..... . 7. 4 13.8 .0 

1------------------ ------· ----------

Total..... 2,593 1,483 1,665 17,331 

Average... 83. 6 5'l 57.4 578 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--36 

41.42 

4.142 

. 232 13. 51 4. 81 83. 1 124. 6 

. 0232 . 45 . 16 8. 31 12. 46 

• 7 

. 07 

.. 
85S OPERATIONS OF TliE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 39.-Regular and .~pecial obse1·vations on test of West Virginia No. 6 coal, October fd{, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

---

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

-

Inches. Inches. 

Start, 7.37 ............ 40 2!-

8. 09 . - --- - - --- --- --- - 33! 5 

8.54 -----·----------- 38t 3i 

9.43 ----------------- 39~ 3t 

10.33 ---------------- 35z 2i 

11.19 ------·--------- 39 3 

12.10 -----·---------- 34z 4 

1.11 ----------------- 39~ 4t 

2.13 ----------------- 45 3t 

3.12 -----------.... ---- 401 3t 

4.31 ----------------- 41:i 3t 

Close, 5.34 ... _ ....... 40 2t 

Weight of coal burned. 

-

During period. Total. 

Pannds. Pounds. 

------------ -.... --------- 700 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,600 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

406 7,406 

Weight of water fed to boile r. 

During period. 

Pownds. 

------------ 2,586 

3,949 

5,823 

o, 118 

5, 411 

4,986 

6,400 

6,558 

6,444 

7,695 

5,414 

Total. 

Ponnds. 

----------.. 

2,5 

6,5 

12,3 

18,4 

23,8 

86 

35 

58 

76 

87 

73 

73 

31 

75 

.28,8 

35,2 

41,8 

48,2 

55,91 ~o 

61,3 84 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

--

Time. Observation. 

6.45---- Boiler under a load. 

7------- Fire cleaned. 

7.37---- Fire started, fire 3.inches thick. 

7.48---- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

8.06---- Do. 

8.28 .... Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.39 .... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

9.02---- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.19---- Do. 

9 .38---- Fire raked. 11 inches thick. 

10.-.--- Do. 

10.05--- Fire sliced. 

10.26--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.53--- Do. 

11.07--- Do. 

-· 

Time. 

11.28--

11.35--

12.03--

12.30--

12.57--

1 04---

1.28---

I 2.22---

2.48---

3.39 ·--

4.40---

4.53---

5.02---

5.34---

Observation. 

Fire raked, 12 inches thi~k. 

Fire sliced. 

Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Do. 

Do. 

Fire sliced. 

Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

Fire raked and sliced. 

Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

Cleaning fire, light clinkers on grate. 

Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick 

Test closed, fire 3 inches th 

Furnace hotter than at star 

ick. 

t. 

Ash white and of light weight. Coal burned freely. 107 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginia No. 6 coal. 

O::ONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL 

Test number, 39. 

Maqe by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

859 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 6. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

:Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, October 27, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ........•................................ _ ............. hours._ 9. 95 

Dil'tiENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet .. 

· 3.1 \Vid th of grate ......................... ______ ............. ____ ....... ____ feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ...................... __ ... ____ ...................... __ .. do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ..................... __ .. __ ... __ .... __ .... __ ......... inehes .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ..... __ .... ____ ...... ____ . __ . __ .. do .... 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .......................... per eent.. 

6.1 Area of ehirnney ..................... __ ................... ____ . _· .. square feet.. 

6. <l Height of chimney above grate ............................ __ ............. feet.. 

.6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ....................... ____ ......... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................ . 

7. \Vater-heating surface ................ __ .. __ ....................... square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................... inches .. 

7. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .......................... ____ .feet.. 

7. :3 Number of tubes ........ __ ... ___ . __ ... __ . __________ . _________________________ __ 

· · b ( 'd · "d ). {inches .. 7. 4 Diameter of tu · es onts1 e-msi · e ............................ : ..... . .. do .. .. 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................... ___ ............ -.- ......... __ .. feet .. . 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to gratn surface .............................. ____ . 

10. Ratio of mini inurn draft area to grate surface ..... __ ........ __ .~ .. ____ . ____ . ____ _ 

A YERAG E PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ______ . __________ ... _______ . ___ ~ _______________ -{inclies of mercury .. 

. . ......... pounds .. 

b . . h . { .. do .... 11. 1 Steam pressure y gage per square me ....... , ............... _ ...... . . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ... : ......... : ......... inches of water •. 

13. Force of draft in furnaee ................................................. do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

40.55 

6".16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113. 25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

:3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.75 

14.6 

83.6 

"98. 2 

. 45 

. 16 

0 
860 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Ofexternal air ..... ___ ............ _ ............... _. ____ . ___ ._ .... _ .. degrees._ 

16. Of fireroom _ ............... ______________ ... _ ........... ______________ . _do __ .. 

17. Of steam ...... ___ ......... _____ . __ .... __ ........ __ .. _________ .... _ . __ .. do. __ _ 

18. Of feed water in tank ........ _ ..... _. ____ ......................... _____ .do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer .............. _. _ . _ .................. _ .. do ___ _ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler_ . ___ . _____ ............ _ ....... __ ... _______ .. do ___ _ 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler __ ........... _._ .... _._ ........ __ ....... _. __ .do. __ _ 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer._'_ .................... __ . ___ .-,- ...... _ .. do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ...................... _ ... ___ .. __ ._ ........•............. ___ .. do ... . 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 40 per cent; slack, 60 per cent; brigh~. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire ..... __ ..... ____ ......... ____ ..... _ pounds __ 

Weight of coal asfired ...... _ .. _. __ .. __ .. ___ .. ____ . ___ ... ___ . ______ . ___ .. do ... . 

I'ercentage of moisture in coaL ........... _ ... _._ ..................... ________ .. 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ........ _ ........... _________ .... __ .. pounds:. 

Total ash and refuse ............ _ ... _ .... _ .. _ ........ _ .............. _._ .. do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ........... _ ........ ___ .. ___ ..... _ .. per cent.. 

Total combustible consumed __________ .. __ . ___ .. _ ........ ____________ _ {

ponnds .. 

.. do .... 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal _____ ....... _ ... _ ..... __ ... _ . _________ ~ _ 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS 0}' COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

32. Fixed carbon ... ---- .. --.- .. __ . _ .. -·-. ____ -----------.-- .. - _ ........ __ . 70. 03 

33. Volatile matter _____ _. __ ---- - _____ .. _ ........ _ ... _ ........... ____ ...... _ 22. 38 

34. 

35. 

Moisture .. _. _. _ ... __ . ____ . ______ ... _____________________ . ___________ _ 

Ash-----------------------------------·---·--------------------------

2.14 

5.45 

51 

57.4 

326.3 

57.2 

182 

578 

None. 

7,406 

2.14 

7,248 

508 

45 

6,740 

a6, 639 

7.01 

Per cen-t of 

combusiil:fle. 

75.78 

24.22 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............. -.-----------.............. . 70 .. -- .... ___ .. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)._----- .. ---------- ___ ... __ ... __ ... ___ .------------. ___ .... 

38. Hydrogen (H) ________ .---- ___ . _____ .. __ ._.- ... -_._ ...... _ ........... _ 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ..... : . ........ _ ................. -..... -- .. --- __ . ____ .. __ _ 

40. Nitrogen (N) ..... ____ ... -- _________ . ~ ____ . __ .... __ ...... ___ .. ___ . __ _ 

41. Sulphur (S). --------------------------- .. ----.------------------------

42. Ash···--·--------------·--··-----···------------------·--------------

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ....... ____ . ___ -----.- ___ ...... __ . 

a calculated from chemistry of ash. 

83.71 

4.64 

3.67 

1. 'iO 

.71 

5.57 

100.00 

2.14 

88.65 

4.91 

3.89 

1.8 

. 75 

100.00 
., \ 

/\ '( 

BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS 01<' ASH AND REl''USE. 

~ 44. Carbon ................................................. ~ .......•... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ...........................•......................•....... do ...• 

-------#- ___.-~ 

• ...--- 46. 

FURL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per ho?r ...........•......•........................ pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ..•................................... { 

.. do .... 

..do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of 1vater-heating surface per hour ... ·_: ..... {::~::::: 

CALORIFIC VALUE O>' FUEL. 

861 

40.32 

t)\1.68 

728 

677 

a667 

17.95 

. 333 

a.328 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 14, 959 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U •........• 15, 841 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 14, 800 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .......•............ 15, 673 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

5.5. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cen.t .. 

WATER. 

. 557 

None. 

99.574 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds.. 61, 384 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212" ..........................• do .... 73, 486 

.59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do.... 61, 122 

60. Factor of evaporation.......................................................... 1. 19716 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 73, 173 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. ·water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ................ pounds .. 6, 143 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................... do .... 7, 3M 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water·hettting 

surface ...•....•......................•.............................. pounds.. 3·. 62 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ............................................. . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ...........................•.. 

a Calculated !rom chemistry of a~h. 

213.2 

210 

101.5 
I 

I 

/ 

I 

f 

r, ' I· 11(\\ 

i II 

\ / 

) / 

) 

862 OPERATION~ OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMiC RESULTS. 

1:18. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

·(Item 57--i-item 25). _____ . ___________ -- ______ . __ .- .... _ .... -........ pounds.. 8. 29 

Equivalent evaporation It-o:¥, and at 212° per pound of "0!!1 ss tired. (It.~m 81-;-. ~- -~- -~~----

item 25) ..... _ ... _ .......•.. ~- . . . . . . . .. , .......................... pounds_ . 9. 88 -....,..,. ______ 

69. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from ~nd at 212° per pound of dry coaL (Item 61+itcm 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

71. 

R~~~:~e;;:i::~o~~t~~~- _ f-r~-~ _ -~~~ _ -~t- -~~~~ . ~~~. ~~~1~-~ _ ~~. ~~~~~l~~i~l~~ {:: ~::::: 

EPFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustiblc divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ....... _ .. do ... _ 

72. 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal, divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ...... __ ... per eent. .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)_ ... _ ... _. 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions._ ... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ... _ ... _ .. 

S}IOKE OBSERVATI?NS .. 

10.09 

10.86 

a 11.02 

66.2 

a 67.18 

65.14 

$1.00 

$0.0603 

$0.0506 

77. J'ercentageof smokeas observed............................................... 23 

78. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .................... ounces .. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ........... _ ........ _ .. __ ... _ .. __ . 

81. Average thickness of fire ............... -. -............................. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor0 0088 

Alternate. 

11 

mal condition ..................................................... minu'tes.. 5. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up •••...•.•....... do.... 25 

ANAJ,YSIS Oli' THE DH.Y GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••• _ ......................................... per cent. . 

85. Oxygen (0) ............................................................. do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................ do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ................................ -.: ......... do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.31 

12.46 

. 07 

79.16 

·-
,. 

p 

12 

} 

s: 

" 

~ 

r;. 

"' 

p 

t 

~ 

: 

" 

~ 

t -

r 

t 

~~ f) 

.::) 

ffi. 

i 

" 

z 

'? 

C> 

0 

'"' 

E. 

r 

t -

r 

~ 

t> 

1 

t 

(,o 

l 

t 

... 

~ 

r 

• 

,\ 

\' 

\ 

\ 

v~ 

o;"; 

0~ 

!II 

~f-..1~ 

I! 

~ 

\ 

/ 

I ~ 

~ 1/ 

~ " 

~ 

1\ ~ X 'Z 

I r 

\ ~ 

' I !j; 

~~ ..1. "' ·- "' 

"' \ ~ 0 

·Ji:. 

\~ ,-:1 1 0 

"' t )> 

, 0 

1\\ ,I/ 0 a 0 , Jl , :l 

"' \~ ,. [\ i! "» '\>- ~-~ , "' c -< "' r 

"' ~ c ~ 

a- ~ ~- f'l -' 

/'fo ~ L -< f'l 6 c f. :l 

" "' :zi ~ 01 j ~ ~~ 2 r'¥ 0 u3. 8f--1 r 

~ ~ ~ 1 ~ (II 0 

"' -i 0 0 0 , 1\ "' "' I J> .?r- ~ 

\~ ~ \ :r , 

~ ~ 0 c 0 

"' ~ "'~" l If; \ ~ ~ ~ ~L I" 

J ~ :I 

i\ ! 11 

:II 

" 

~ ·~ c l f'l 

[\ j 

~ I l 

I ~ 

:\ 1/ 

\ 

'i L\. 

X 

l _l 

1 \V 

~~ ~ l > 

-,:l)oi'IAI 

~1r~ J>-1~:);. "' .. " 

01 

.,. 

;r 

0 

:: -
864 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COMRUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of eombustible, B. T. U ............................... 15,841 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................................. 10,642 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referr~d to combustible-+ 

4. 

5. 

6. 

• lOOX [(212-t) +966+0.48 ('L'--212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 'L' = that of the fiue gases) ............................... . 

Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -:-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( 7'-212)] .. 

Loss due to heat carried away in the .dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ('L'- t) .........••....•.•..•... · ...•..•• 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

. CO per cf,nt Q in combustible . CO,+OOX-.-1 . lOQ X10,150 ......................... . 

Loss due to uncon'stirn~d hJtdro'gen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois-

.ture in the air, t~ ra~iatiqn,_apd unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

'may be separately it~miz~d if data are oL'!ined from which they may be 

calculated) a 9 • • ~ ' a . • • ·,. '. • • • •. ' • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 0 0 • • --~---··········------·-····· 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 2.8 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.46 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

30 

573 

3,285 

75 

1, 236 

Per cent. 

4 67. 18 

. 19 

3.62 

20.74 

.47 

7.8 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 865 

TEST No. 43.-Regttlco· and special obse1-vations on test of West Virginia No. 6 coal, November 1, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressare 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.11\a hoJirs.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

In furFlue . Waters~p- In hood, n~ce, 

gases, Steam d1s~ a rate?- 111 in inches . tn 

base of charge. IOnnn- of water. mches 

stack. utcs. of wnter. 

Flue gases. 

co •. o •. co. 

-------1----------------"1----1--- --------"-

7.45 -----------. 

8 ---· ···--·-----

8.20 -----.- ---·-

8.40 -.-.----.-.-

9 --------·-·----

9.20 --------- --· 

9.40 ----- -"--.---

10.-------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 - -- • - --- --. 

11 ------"·-------

11.20 ----------· 

11.40 --·------·· 

12 ---·--------·-

12.20 ---·-----·· 

12.40 -----------

1--------.-----· 1.20 -------.----

1.40 ------.----. 

2---- •• ---- ••.•. 

2.20 -•. ---- ••••. 

2.40 ---- ------·-

8 ·--------------

3.20------ ------

8.40 ---------- .. 

4--------- ·--·--

4.20 ----·-----·-

4.40 ------- ·----

5-- ---- --·- ----· 

5.20 --------·--· 

5.56 -.--- •.•••.• 

Pounds. 0 1/. OF. 

78 ------ . ·-·--

76 

76 

85 

89 

81 

90 

87 

78 

85 

90 

83 

85 

88 

91 

89 

89 

79 

88 

84 

79 

80 

85 

88 

83 

83 

81 

88 

83 

80 

41 

43 

47 

49 

50 

53 

58 

58 

62 

64 

66 

67 

68 

67 

67 

67 

tiS 

69 

69 

69 

68 

68 

67 

66 

65 

63 

61 

59 

57 

49 

50 

53 

54 

57 

61 

64 

65 

67 

69 

70 

71 

78 

72 

73 

73 

74 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

74 

72 

69 

68 

68 

79 ----·· -- --·-

OF. 

486 

~07 

536 

538 

537 

487 

489 

496 

498 

512 

519 

508 

518 

522 

519 

517 

504 

497 

514 

577 

537 

512 

538 

512 

523 

540 

532 

"514 

536 

544 

592 

Pounds. Pounds. " 

8. 82 0. 083 

4. 38 . 031 

4. 24 . 021 

4. 51 . 031 

4. 24 . 027 

4. 4 . 023 

4.13 . 025 

4. 29 . 027 

4. 07 . 021 

4.13 .033 

-- .. --- ... -.. ) . ...... 

0.61 

.66 

. 67 

.54 

.47 

. 41 

. 31 

. 30 

. 45 

. 32 

.48 

. 31 

.50 

.48 

.42 

. 41 

.41 

.56 

.30 

. 6.'i 

. 61 

.40 

.49 

.38 

. 37 

.53 

.50 

.84 

. 51 

. 55 

.0 

0.07 

. 26 

. 25 

. 20 

.16 

.28 

.12 

.11 

.19 

.11 

.18 

.11 

. 21 

. 22 

.Hl 

.17 

.19 

. 26 

Pet ct. Pet ct. Pet ct. 

8. 4 12 0.0 

:::::J:::::J::::: 

I I 11.4 7.9' .4 

------ ----.-_I_---.~ 

10.8 8.3 .1 

10.6 9 .D 

10.2 9.4 .0 

. 12 10. 8 8.7 .tl 

.19 

. 26 

.. 15 10.4 9.5 .0 

. 17 ----.- -------I----"--

.16 -------------1------

.16 

.23 

.24 

.15 

.22 

.15 

.0 

11.1 9.1 .H 

10. 2 10 .1 

9. 3 11. 1 . 0 

1-----------------------------

'l'otal . . . • . 2, 590 1, 776 1, 971 16, 161 "42. 16 . 322 13. 89 5. 43 103. 2 95 .9 

Average... 83. 6 61 68 521 j 4. 216 . 0.322 . 463 . 181 10.32 • 9. 5 .09 
866 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 43.-Regular cmd special observations on test of West Virginia No. 6 coal, November 1, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. . Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. ~~----- ----------

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period., Total. 

----- -~-----

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.45 ... __ ....... 35 1£ -............ -.. -.. ~ ........................ -·---------- .. --- ...... -.... -- 8.19 -...... -- ........ -- .. ---.. 30~ 3! 700 700 I, 654 1,654 

9.03 ------------·---- 31 2 700 1,400 4,836 6,490 

10.03 ·----------···-- 29f 3f 700 2,100 5,814 12,304 

11.06 --·-------------1 21~ 2~ 700 2,800 6,622 18,926 

12 - - -- -- - - --. - - ---- -- 35~ 4!- 700 3,500 4,913 23,839 

1 __________________ -__ 30~ 3 700 4,200 6,430 30,269 

1.56 24 2~ 700 4,900 6,261 . ----------------· 36,530 

2.49 ----------------- 311 3 700 5,600 5, 726 42,256 

3.53 ________ ,. ________ 30 3 700 6,300 7,062 49,318 

4.51 ................................. 38 3 700 7,000 5,868 55, 186 

Close, 5.56 ---------·- 35 1f 264 7,264 6,279 61,465 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

'l'imc. Observation. Time. Observation. 

-----

Boiler under a load during night. 1.15--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. i.21. __ Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 

7.45---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 2.46--- Do. 

8.14---- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.16--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

8.27---- Fire raked. 3.42--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 

8.47---- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.15--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.14 .... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 4.38--- Do. 

10 .. ---- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 4.58--- Do. 

10.28--- Fire sliced. 5.07--- Cleaning fire. 

10.45 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 5.18--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

11.22 ... Do. 5.41.-- Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

11.58--- Do. 5.56--- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

12.32--- Do. Furnace hotter than when test started. 

-----------------'----~--~--- ------ ---~ ---

Ash white and of light weight. Coal burned very freely; caked a little. 91 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Vir.ginia No. 6 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 43. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy <;>f coal as a fuel. 

867 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general.report. · Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 6: 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 1, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _____________ . ____ .. _ ... ______________________ .. _. _____ hours._ 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIOXS. 

3. Grate surface _ . _______ . ___ . ____ . _ .. _ . _ . __ .. ___ .... ___ .. ______ . ___ . square feet. . 

3·.1 Width of grate .. _______ . __ .... ___ ... _ .. ___________ . ____________ ..... _____ feet._ 

3.2 Length of grate_ .................... _ .. _ ...... _ ... __ .......... ____ ...... do. __ _ 

4. Height of furnace . ___ ..... ___ .. ___ .. __ . _ .. ____ . __ . __ ... ____ . __ .. ______ inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate __ .. __ .. ___ . _ .... __ .. _______ .. __ .do .. __ 

· 6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .. _ ..... _ .. ____ ._ ...... _ .. per cent._ 

6.1 Area of chimn?y ....... ___ .......... _ ........ ____ ... __ .. _ .. _____ .. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate . ___ ... _________ ...... ______ ... __________ .. feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ... _ ..... __ . _ .. _ ..... __ . ___ . __ .. __ .. do .. _. 

6. 4 Kind of draft _ .... ___ .. _ ..... _. __ ...... _ ... ___ .......... _ ................. _ .. . 

7. vVater-heating surface ............... __ ...... _.- ... _ ... -.. _ .... __ .. square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL ............... __ ........... _. __ .............. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) _______ ... __ .. _____ . ____ .. _. __ .feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .. _ .................. -.......... -.......................... __ . 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) ......... __ .. _ ....... __ ........... . {

inches .. 

.. do .... 

7. 5 Length of tubes ex posed .... _ .......... _ .......... - .............. _ ....... feet. . 

8. Superheating surface ....... __ ...... _ ... _ ......... __ ...... ,_ ........ square feet._ 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .... _ .. _._ ....................... .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface __ ........ ___ ........... __ ..... : . .. . 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

AVERAGE PRF"''5SURES. 

Barometer._ .... ____ .. __ . __ : ________ · __ . ___ .. ___ .. ________ -{inches of mercury __ 

. _ ... _ .... pounds .. 

. J··do .... Steam pressure by gage per square mch-.- .. -.------. --.--- · ·---.--. · --l __ do ___ _ 

Force of draft between damper and boiler .. _ ................ _ .. inches of water_. 

Force of draft in furnace .... __ . __ .................... ___ ... __ .. __ ... _ .... do._ .. 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit. __ .. __ .... _. __ . _ ..• __________ . _________ .. do __ .. 

n Absolute. 

10.183 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

_None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.73 

14.58 

83.6 

agg_ 2 

. 463 

.181 

0 
868 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ...................................... _ ................ degrees.. 61 

16. · Of fire room ............... _ ...... _ . _ ..•................................. do .. _. 68 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

Of stemn . ------------ .. ____ ............. --------- ____ ....... __ --- ...... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................. do._ .. 

Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do .. _. 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................. · ................ do .. .. 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler .... _ ........................................ do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ....... ---------·· ___________ ................................ do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 40 per cent; slack, 60 per cent; bright. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Weight of wood used in lighting fire _ ............. __ ................... pounds .. 

Weight of coal as fired .· ...... ___ ............ ___ . __ .... , ................. do .. .. 

Percentage of moisture in coal. .............. __ . __ ...................... , ...... . 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... . 

Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ......... _ ......... , .............. ,. per cent .. 

326.3 

56 

196 

521 

7,264 

None. 

2. l1 

7,111 

498 

49 

. {pounds.. 6, 613 30. Total combustible con,sumed ......................................... . .. do .... a6, 532 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal ........... _ ... __ .................. _ .. .. 7 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXJ.l\lATE ANALYSIS 01<~ COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

Fixed carbon ..... _ ... __ ... __ . _ ... ___ .......... _ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71. 42 

Volatile matter ... __ . __ . _ . __ .. __ .... _ ....... _ ............ ___ .. . . . . . . . . . 21. 44 

Moisture ........... __ .. _ .... _ .......... _ ........... _.................. 2. 11 

Ash· ........ ___ . __ . __ ......... _ ......... __ .................... _. . . . . . . 1). 03 

Per cent of 

combustible 

76.91 

23.09 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ..... __ ....... _ ............. __ ..••...... . 64 ___________ . _ 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ......................................................... .. 84.16 88.72 

38. Hydrogen (H) .... __ ........... __ ...... _ ... _ ... _ ..... __ ...... __ ..... .. 4.66 4.91 

39. Oxygen (0) ... _ ..................................................... .. 3.68 3.88 

40. Nitrogen (N) .................................. ·-----'--·-------··----- 1.71 1.8 

41. Sulphur (S).· ...................... __ ........... ___ ................... . . 65 . 69 

42. Ash·········-······-·······-···-············--····-···--··-·-········ 5.14 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ..................... __ ........... 2. 11 .......... __ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND RE~'USE. 

44. Carbon ........•......•••••.•..•................................•... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter ......................................................... do ...• 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds .. 

47. . · { .. do .... Combustible consumed per hour .................................... . . · .. do ... . 

48. Dry coal per square foot of_grate surface per hour ........................ do ... . 

49. Comb~stible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour._ ...... -{· .do···· 

..do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

869 

43.02 

56.98 

698. 

649 

a641 

17.21 

.32 

a 3. 16 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .......... _. 15, 033 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U .. _..... 15, 848 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U....................... 14, 872 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustion, B. T. U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 678 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating ........................................... .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

.76 

None. 

99.42 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ..................................... pounds .. 61,465 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........................... do .... 73,660 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .............. _ ... do .... 61, 109 

60. Factor of evaporation ..................... _.................................... 1. 1984 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ....... _ .•. pounds .. 73, 232 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds., 6, 001 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ................. : . ..... do.... 7,192 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square f~ot of water-heating 

surface .............................................. · ............... pounds.. 3. 54 

HORSEPOWER, 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ............................................ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ... ·.. .. . .. . . .. . .. . ................................ .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated-horsepower developed ................... : ........ . 

a Calculated from chemistry of nsh. 

208.5 

210 

99.3 
870 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO~fiC RESULTS. 

68. 'Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+-item 25) ............................. : .................. pounds .. · 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61...;--

item 25) ........................................ _ ................ _.pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal.· (Item 61 +-item 

27) ............................. _ ........................ _ ......... pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e~ :~:~:;;~~~ _ ~~~~~-. ~~~-. ~~. ~~~~ _ ~~~. ~-~~~~. ~~. ~~~ ~~~~i~l~: {: ::~ :::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent.. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible)..... . . . . .. do .... 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ........... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ...•.. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ........ .. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............................................. .. 

'Veight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..................... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

8.46 

10.08 

10.3 

11.07 

a 11.21 

67.46 

a 68.31 

66.17 

$1.00 

$0.0591 

$0.0496 

22.6 

80. Kind of firing (spreadiqg, alternate, or coking).................................. Alternate. 

81. Averagethicknessoffire ............................................... inches.. 12 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in • 

normal condition .................................... , ............. minutes.. 6. 7 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ......•......... do.... 30 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ................................................ per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) : ........................................................... do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ................................................. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............................................. do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ............................................ do ... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ttsh. 

10.32 

9.5 

. 09 

80.0!) 
11 l 

t ,, " 1/ I'-., 

\ I 

J 1\ l / 11 ~ 

\ l ~ 

- IJ 

:t 

1\ \ 1 -~ 0 

\ v :z 

0 

' X r 

... ~ c 

"' 1'1 __j 

1\ \ ! ::o! 

\ _L (J> 

i . B 

\ .~·to. l)jb 

-~ 1:>;, 

] .. fr- :t 0 ., I ij\' 

li ~ -l ;;; c "' ~ 0 I' ., 

~\ ;o U> l> r "' "' r c c ~~ . I )> :z , (") 

:\ 3. b I" 0 Gl 

,. (II 2 2 -~- "' 11 't -C (} ,.1-:x- c; (;\ \ -i 

"' "' ['I c 0 :z ,. ] _g "' (JI ] ~ 0 11 :I 

~ (JI 

t p-

- .. r---1 5 ;c.. ~ "' -< \' ;o 1. ll 

~ . _j ~ ~r ~ 

'Z -l c . j_ ~ 

s. " J -! 5 11 

1\ j 0 \ 0 "' "' " 0 Jl 0 

"' 

tt til ,. I" 

\ j \~ ... 

c ;o ;o I 

t \'j [----·!" Jl 

i J v 0 

0 

~ t :l 0 ... \ 1\ "' "' .. :I(JI 11 \.Z.. \ •\: - :!: ~ 

c 

~~(\ j I& 1 Jl 

... t 

~ it. .f; 

lY I 

~/ lb j)_ 't 0 \ <n il'~> 

1~ ;;: ~~ t 

~ . t )> \\ .. "'~ .... < ;o-:.>·r>-rn 

\ . )> -1 I" ;lJ 

-f PI 0 l> 

)> 

 

3 

= 
872 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE OF THE COI\'IBUSTIBLF.. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible "B. T. U •••..... _ .......... __ ......... 15, 848 

B. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustibleX965.7 ................................................... 10,825 a68.3J 

2. Lo~s due to moisture .in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combus~ible-+-

100X[(212--t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the flue gases)................................. 29 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen=per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100X9X [(212-t)--j--966--j--0.48 ('1'~212)],..... 556 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X (T-t)......... ... ...... .... ....... ...... 2, 319 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO percent 0 in combustible co.-+- 00x ----100---x 1o,15o.......................... 7s 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may he separately itemized if data arc obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ...... __ ............ _ .. _ .. _ .. __ .. __ ... _ ..... _ .. _........ 2, 041 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=2.74 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower honr=3.39 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of aAh. 

.18 

3.51 

14.63 

.49 

12.88 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 873 

TEST No. 5l.::-Regula1" and special observations on test of lYest Virginia No. 7 coal, November 10, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.183 hours.] 

--~----------~-----

Temperatures. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

fOOlll. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Calori1neter. Draft pressures. 

h 1 In fur- Water In . OO(' nacc, 

Steam separated . m in 

discharge. in 10 mc~es inches 

tninutc~. w~ter of · water.· 

Flue gases. 

co,. co. 

------~-----1------ -------------1------1--------------

7.33 --.---------

7.40 ------.--- .. 

8.--- ........ ·-· 

8.20 ----------·· 

8.40 .. ----- .. ---

9---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10 --------------

10.20 ... --- .. ---

10.40 -----------

11 ----- --- .. ----

11.20 -----------

11.40 -----------

12 --------------

12.20 ---------.-

12.40 ----------- 1 __________ : __ __ 

1.20 ... -- ...... I 

1.40 ----------- 2 ____________ __ 

2.20 -----------

2.40 -------------

3 --------------

3.20 ------- .. --

3.40 ------ -.. -

4--------------

4.20 

4.40 .. ---- ---.-

5.20 ------------

Po,nds. °F. 

83 .. -- .. -- ----

83 48 

79 38 ------

82 53 

88 

82 

85 

85 

79 

83 

80 

86 

79 

83 

84 

86 

85 

80 

83 

85 

84 

80 

84 

85 

81 

83 

81 

82 

84 

83 

83 

87 

37 

38 

37 

38 

38 

39 

:39 

39 

:39 

:39 

40 

40 

40 

42 

42 

41 

42 

42 

41 

42 

41 

41 

41 

41 

40 

40 

40 

53 

75 

67 

62 

61 

60 

59 

59 

59 

60 

60 

60 

61 

63 

63 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

62 

62 

62 

62 

64 

62 

525 

555 

562 

558 

55.'i 

558 

570 

563 

557 

585 

573 

562 

560 

558 

565 

565 

565 

572 

563 

525 

560 

565 

600 

605 

600 

595 

583 

570 

59:l 

570 

560 

527 

Pounds. Ponnds. 

4.4 o.mm 

4. lB . 03 

4.12 .03 

4. 27 . 068 

4.36 .032 

4.16 . 04 

4. 1B . 045 

4.04 . 02 

4.10 . 042 

4. 27 . 043 

0.37 

. 5 

. 51 

. 5:3 

. 53 

. 54 

. 53 

.54 

.5:3 

.59 

. 61 

. 61 

.60 

.60 

. 61 

. 60 

. 60 

.17 

.41 

.45 

. 62 

.60 

.60 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.52 

.50 

. 52 

.:42 

. 47 

0.07 

.20 

. 25 

. 26 

'22 

. 28 

. 25 

. 26 

; 25 

. 24 

.26 

.:3 

'2 

.:3 

. 27 

. 29' 

. 28 

.0:3 

Pa ct. Pe1· ct. Per ct. 

8 10.8 0 

9.6 10.0 0 

9.0 10.8 0 

8.!) 11. 1 0 

.17 7.1 13.1 0 -

.19 

. 28 

. 21 

. 22 

. 22 

. 20 

. 26 

. 23 

.19 

.19 

.06 

.12 

7.4 12.1 0 

8. 6 11. 1 0 

8. 4 10.8 0 

-----· ------- ............. .. 

8. 0 11. 8 0 

5.40 

5.44 84 .-- -- -- -- -• -- -- - . -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- --

Total ___ .. 2, 741 1, 117 1, 770 18, 123 41. 98 

Average... 83 40 61 566 4. 198 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-:37 

. 38:3 16. 46 6. 74 75 101. 6 

. 0383 . 53 -217 8. 33 11.3 0 
874 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsr No. 51.-Regular and spee'ial observations on test of West Virginia No. 7 coal, November. 10, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height. of water. Weight of coal burned. Weigl]t of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

ln tank. ln guge glass. During period. Total. During period. 

----- ---------[----;--

Star~ ~33 ........... . 

8-----.--.-------- --· 

8.:37 ---------.- .. -:.-

Inches. 

40 

35~ 

41z 

9.31 ----------------- 38 

10.30 ·---------·--·-, 41 

11.24 ----------.----. 42! 

12.26 . --------------- 34jf 

1.43 ---- ---- -- -- . - --- 40t 

2.30 ----.------ .. ---. 39~ 

3.21 ---------·-·----- 36t 

4.07 -----------·----- 36 

5.39----------------- 38 

Close, 5.44 .. __ . _ .. __ .. 40 

Inches. 

4 

3t 

3z 

4 

2t 

3 

2z 

3! 

3! 

2£ 

2~ 

4! 

4 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

700 ·700 2,254 

700 1,400 3,5:34 

700 2,100 5, lOS 

700 2,800 6,763 

700 3,500 

700 1 4,200 

700 4,900 

5,979 

6,350 

6,221 

700 5,600 4,63!J 

700 6,300 6,070 

700 7;ooo 5,820 

700 7, 700 8,792 

~ . -------.. -- .... ---------- 480 

------------·--------------------'--

RECORD OF .I''URNACE CONDITIONS. 

Time. Observation. 

Boiler under a load during night. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 

7. 33 _ .. _ Test started, fire 3:} inches thick. 

7.55 .. :. Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

8.24 .... 1 Firerake<l, lOinehesthick. 

8.59 .. _ _ Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

9.23. _ .. 

1 

Do. 

9.52.... Do. 

10.05 .. _ Fire ~]iced. 

10.21... Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

10.57... Do. 

11.12 .. _ Do. 

11.21. .. Firesliced. 

11.35 _.. Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

Time. Observation. 

12.36-- Fire raked, 14 incheH thick. 

12.51.. Cleaning fire. 

1.13--- Fire cleaned, 6 inches thick. 

1.50-.- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

2.02 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

2.27--- Do. 

2.45--. Do. 

2.56 ... Fire sliced. 

. 3.15--- Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

3.55--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

4.15--- Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

4.35 ... Do. 

4.58 ... Cleaning fire. 

5.12--- Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

Total. 

Pounds. 

2,254 

5, 788 

10,896 

17,659 

23,638 

29,988 

36,209 

40,848 

46,918 

52, 738 

61,530 

62,010 

~-----

r 

11.52... Fire raked. 5.44 ... Test closed, fire 3~ inches thick. 

12.16 ... Fire raked, 14 inches thick. i 

I ------·--------------

Ash white and of light weight. 

during test. 

Coal burned slowly with short . white flame. 100 firings 

0 
BOILER TESTS. 

8teflm test of West Virginia No. 7 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 51. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Expositwn, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as fuel. 

875 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No.7. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of s~arting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 10, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial _ . ____ . __ . ____ .. __ . .. . . _ ..... ___ .. _ ..... __ ...... __ .... hours .. 

DJMENRIOKS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface _____ ... _____ .. : ... __ ......... ____ ..... ____ . __ .. _ .... 8qnare feet .. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ........ _ ....... _ .............. _ ................ _ .... _ .... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ... __ .. ______ ........ __ .. ____ . __ . ______ ........... · ___ .... do .. .. 

4. 'Height of furnace __ ...... __ ......... __ .... __ ... __ .... ____ ............. indws .. 

. 5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ........ __ ... __ .... __ ...... __ . __ .do .. --. 

6. .Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ......... ____ ._. __ .. __ . ___ per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .......... __ .... __ ... __ ..... _ .. _. _ .. __ . _. _. _. __ . _ .8quare feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate __ ......... __ ...... __ . ____ .. __ .......... __ .feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney . __ ........... _ ..... _ .... _ .... _._.·.do ... _ 

6.4 Kind of draft ......... __ . _ ........ _ .... __ . , ... __ ........ _____ .. __ .. _. _ ... ____ . 

7. Water-heating surface ........................................ ___ .. S!Jtiare feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell .... __ .. _ ................... _ ... _ .... _ ........ inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) _ . __ ... ____ .. __ .. _______ .. ____ .feet .. 

7.3 Num her of tubes ............. __ ...... ___ ... __ .. _______ ... __________ . _________ _ 

D. f b ( 'd · 'd . . {inches . _ 7.4 mmeter o tu es outs1 e-ms1 e) ____ ...... ____ .... __ .. __ .. _______ .. .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ... __ .. __ ............ ______ ...... ___ .. ___ ...... __ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ....... ___ ................ __ .... _ ... _________ .square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ________________ . __ ._. ______ . __ . __ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface _ ... __ ... __ __ _ _ __ _ .. ___________ ... _ 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ____________ . __________________________________ -{inches of mercury._ 

. .. .. _. .. __ .pounds .. 

11 Ste b . h {_-_do .... 1 . am pressure y gage per sq narc me .. __ .... __ ... __ ... _____ .. ____ .. . . do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ....... __ ... _. ___ · __ .... inehes of water._ 

13. Force of draft. in furnace .. ______ ........... __________________ .... ____ ._ .. do. ___ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ..... __ ..... _. __ .... _________ .. ____ .... __ do. __ . ----------------

"Absolute. 

10. 183 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

'44 

7.67 

l13.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. l 

29.67 

14.56 

83 

a 97. 56 

0 

. 53 

"217 
876 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TES'l'ING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERAO'URES. 

Of external air . __ , .•...... _ ................. __ . _ . _ . ________ . _______ .. degrees __ 

Of fireroom. _. __ . ______ .. ___ . _ .... ___ . _ ... ______________ .. _____________ .do. __ _ 

Of steam . _. _____________ . __ ... _. __ . ___ ... _____________ . ____ . ______ .. __ .do. __ . 

Of feed water in tank .... ____ .. _________________ . __ .. ____________________ do .... I Of feed water entering economizer ... ___ .. __ .. __ .. _____________ . _________ do._ .. 

Of feed water entering boiler . _________ . _____ ......... _____ .. __ . ____ . ____ do .. __ 

Of escaping gases from boiler ____ .. ____ .. __ . ____ . __ .. __ ... _________ .. __ .. do. __ . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer _ . ____ .. _____________________ .. __ .. ____ do .... 

22.1 Of furnace ................................ ____ ...... __ .. __ ... ______ ,. __ .do .. __ 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut, bright-small, 40 per cent; slack, 60 per cent. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .. ____ . ____________ ................ pounds._ 

25. Weight of coal as fired· ........ __ ... ____ .. _____________ ...... ________ . __ .do .. __ 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ... ________ .. __ .. __ .. ____ .. ____ ..... __ ........ __ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed. __________ ~ __ . ___ ..... _______ . ____ .. pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse., ____ . __ ... ___ .. ____________ .. ____ ...... _________ ... do .. _. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ______ .. _ ... __ . __ ..... _____ ...... __ .per cent .. 

40 

61 

325.8 

56 

566 

None. 

7, 700 

2.68 

7,494 

623 

62 

30. · · {pounds.. 6, 871 Total combustible consumed_ ..... __ .... __ . _ .. __ ................... --. __ do .... a 6, 599 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal. __ ..... _ ....... __ ............. __________ 8. 31 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAJ,. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon .. _ ... __ ......... _ .. __ ... _ ....... _ ..... ____ .. __ .... __ .. __ 68.27 77.14 

33. Volatile matter .... __ ............................. -- .. -- ..... -- ... -- .. 20.23 22.86 

34. Moisture .. __ ... _____ . ____ .. __ ....... ----..... -- ... --. --.--.. -- ... ---- 2.68 ----·-------- 35. Ash .............. , .. --.--•..... ------... -- .. ------- ------ • ----------- 8.82 -- .. ------.... -- 100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ......... _ .....•... _ ..•.. __ ..••.. _ ..•... 1. 52 --·----------

ULTIMATE kNALYSIS o~~ DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ......... ---- ........... ---- ..................... --.;: ...• : .. 79.27 87.17 

38. I-Iydrogen (H) __ .. __ .• __ ......................... ___ .. __ ......... __ .. . 4. 13 4.54 

39. Oxygen (0) .... __ .................... __ ............................ __ . 4.97 5.46 

40. Nitrogen ( N) ....... __ . ~ ...... __ . __ .. _ ........ __ .... _. __ .............. c 1.01 1.11 

41. Sulphur (S) .... __ ------ ---~ ---------------------- -----· ------ .... __ __ 1. 56 1. 72 

42. Ash ....... -- ........... -- ............ -- ........ -- ..... -- ............ . 9.06 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .. __________ ..... ____ ....... ____ . 2. 68 -------------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OP ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon •.•.....•.•••................................................ per cent .• 

45. Earthy matter ....•..................................................... do .... 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............... · ............................ pounds .• 

{ 

.. do .... 47. Combustible consumed per hour ................... ·.···-···----.. ···- d .. 0 •••• 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......................... do ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-hflating surface per hour ..•...... -{: ~ ~:~~ ~ ~ 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

877 

34.60 

65.40 

736 

675 

rt648 

18.15 

.332 

a.319 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ............. 14,305 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U~ ..•..... 15, 730 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ...•.....••....•......•• 13, 770 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .•••..••••..•...•••. 15, 142 

QUALITY OF STEA~,. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .•........•..........•.•••.•.•••.............••. 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .........•.......•..•.•...•......•........... 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam= unity) .......•..........••••.......•.•.. per cent .. 

WATER. 

.9 

None. 

99.31 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .......•....•.•....••...•..•......... pounds.. 62, 010 

58. Equivalent water fed to boilerfrom and at 212° ........•.•...•............ do .... 74, 307 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .......•.......... do .... 61,582 

60. Factor of evaporation.......................................................... 1. 1983 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 73, 794 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. \Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ........ • ....... pounds.. 6, 048 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........................ do.... 7, 247 

64. Equivalent evaporation per· hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ................................................... : ......... pounds.. 3. 57 

. HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour· into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ................... ~ .. : . ................... . 210.1 

66. Builders' rated horsepower . • . • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 210 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ..•••••...................... 100.03 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
878 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT •. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57 -o- item 25) ...............•................................ pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coil] as fired. (Item 61-oitem 25) ....... · .................................................... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+-item 

27) ...................................... : . ........................ pounds .. 

E~~~c~~~:~ei::~:~~~~:l. -f~:~~ _ ~~-~ _ ~~ -~~~~ _ ~~~ _ ~~~~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~~~~~i-~1~: _ t :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent~ .. 

· bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ....... .' .. do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler,-including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ... : .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .... _. _. ___ ........ _ .. _ ............... ___ ..... . 

"\Voight of soot per hour obtained from smo~e meter. ... _._ .. __ ._ ..... _ .. ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. __ .. ___ ._ ..... ~nbic inches .. 

~ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of tiring (spreading, alternate, or coking) .... _ .............. _ ....... _ .... . 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................ : .................. inehes .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires arc in nor8.0.5 

9.58 

9.85 

10. 74 

a 11. 18 

65.94 

a 68.64 

66.49 

$1.00 

$0.0621 

$0.0521 

20.4 

Alternate. 

l4 

mal condition .... __ ......... _ .. _ .......... _ ... _ .......... · .......... minutes.. 6.1 

83. Average intervals between tiincs of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 24 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ......... _ .............. _ .......... _ ............... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons.-.- .... · ...................................... do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ·······················--············.····-··do ... . 

u Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.33 

11.3 

80.37 . 
0> 

l\ r.-

~ 

!-

t~'~ :\ Jl \ 

\ 1/ r 

\ S> 

f 

t ~~ j 

\ I 11 

0 o" Q 

~ 

1\ ~ 

s \ !! 

tf-- J> 

' r 

1\ I? \l ~- 1\ 

- [~~ = 0 

1/ \ r "' ;. I'= \ I 3 ~ 11 1\ f 

~- ~ [\\ ll 1/ fi r 

~ "' iS 

:z ;o 

y I I g N"tlo~· ~ 

~ 

r a-r :11 ., s 0 

0 -< 0 ~ r 0 

l 

0 

0 ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ , - r. ·;p 

t ~ ., ""ll -1 

\i ~ I/~ ~ :~I// 1~ 

,., ;o 0 -< '~ "' 1J 

- c "' " n 0 ,.., , .2 

~~t~ ~ 

~ 0 -1 

I\ ":P 

~- ~ " 3 l."' 71 , "- [> Ul 

f -1 t- -1 ~ r~ c 1J "' c 

" ~"' Jl :P I'! 

Jl 

"' "' 3 >· "' t;\ =; 

1\ c "' ,i;'j , "' "' "' ' 1/ rl:l "' \ r ~ 

\ 1\ f l\ 

1 \ I 0~ 

I (.< 

1\ 

- \ 

1\. ! \ 

\ .!> 

\ 

\ ! 1~ \ "' -1 

7 1\\ ,. , 3 

'!!-:; < 

~ JME ~ <!! 

2 ~~ (j\ 

r 

t 
880 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE. HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ... : ...............•.........• 15, 730 

B. 1'. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ................................... .' .............. 10, 797 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [(212- t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

, boiler room; T = that of the flue gases) .................... ~ .......••. 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212-t) + 966-/-0.48 (T- 212)] .. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

39 

526 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) . • • . . . . . ... • • . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . • • • 3,146 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO~ CO X per cent C ~~;om bustible X lO, 150 _ ............. _ .......... _ 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, ~o radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

0 

a68. 64 

.25 

3.34. 

20.00 

0 

becalculated) ........................................................ 1,222 7.77 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.87 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.55 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 881 

TEST No. 53.-Regular and special obse1·vations on test of West Virginia No. 8 coal, November 11, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampres~mre 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.983 hoqrs.] 

. Temperatures. Calorimeter . Draft pressures. ~ Flue gases. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

In fur· 

Flue Water In !Jood, nacc, gases, Steam separated . m in 

base of discharge. in 10 mches inches 

stack. minutes. of of water. water. 

co,. co. 

-------------------------1---------------

7.36 ........... . 

8 ............. .. 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 .......... .. 

9 ............. .. 

9:20 .......... .. 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 ............. . 

10.20 .......... . 

10.40 .......... . 

11 ............. .. 

11.20 .......... . 

11.40 ......... .. 

12 -- ........... . 

12.20 ......... .. 

12.40 .......... . 

1 .............. . 

1.20 .... : ...... . 

1.40 ........... . 

2 .............. . 

2.20 ........... . 

2.40 .......... .. 

3 .............. . 

3.20 ..•...•...•. 

3.40 ........... . 

4 ...... , ...... .. 

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 .......... .. 

5 ............. .. 

5.20 ···•········ 

5.35 ... : .. ...... 

Pounds. °F. 

82 

80 

83 

80 

74 

85 

80 

86 

84 

86 

84 

85 

83 

83 

83 

82 

80 

85 

83 

83 

82 

82 

80 

80 

84 

84 

83 

84 

81 

77 

36 

37 

38 

39 

39 

40 

40 

40 

41 

42 

42 

43 

43 

43 

43 

44 

43 

43 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

42 

42 

42 

op. 

54 

55 

55 

55 

57 

57 

57 

58 

59 

60 

58 

59 

60 

60 

61 

62 

62 

61 

62 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

62 

62 

62 

61 

62 

62 

op. 

565 

570 

555 

535 

530 

545 

540 

551 

530 

515 

525 

550 

520 

520 

525 

518 

515 

550 

540 

570 

550 

560 

565 

530 

560 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 02 0. 02 

. 4. 0 . 021 

4. 29' .025 

4. 2 . 015 

4.08 .01 

4.1 . 015 

4.18 .015 

4.'26 . 02 

530' ............... . 

526 

515 

545 

590 

4. 24 . 018 

. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

0. 54 0. 08 

. 62 .18 

. 50 . 17 

. 47 .17 7.6 11.5 0.0 

.03' . 02 

. 26 .10 

. 42 .11 9.2 10.2 .0 

. 33 .13 

.46 '18 

.24 

.40 

.44 

. 37 

. 31 

. 28 

. 30 

. 39 

. 34 

. 29 

. 43 

. 28 

. 40 

. 35 

. 16 

. 35 

.42 

. 28 

.46 

. 35 

. 60 

.15 9. 6 \).8 

.13 

'17 

. 15 . 9. 4 9. 4 . 3 

.13 .•..... ····· ....•.• 

.ll 

.12 

.11 

.11 

. 08 

.11 

.08 

.12 

.11 

.06 

. 10 

.15 

.10 

.16 

.03 

.13 

10.0 9.2. .4 

9.6 9.8 .1 

8. 8 10.8 . 1 

8.0 11.9 .0 

7. 9 11.9 . 0 

82 ...... ·••·•· .............•...................... 7. 4 12.6 '0 ~~-- -----------1--·--- ---- ----------

Total . . . . . 2, 550 l, 214 l, 798 16,240 37. 37 . 159 ] 1. 07 3. 55 87. 5 107. 1 .9 

Average . • 82. 2 42 .59. 9 541 4. 15 . 0177 . 369 .118 8. 75 10. 71 . 09 
882 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TEBTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 53.-Regular and Hpecial observations on test of West Virginia No. 8 coal, November 11, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

-

Height of water. Weightofcoal burned. .Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. TotaL, During period. TotnL 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. 1'o1tnds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.36 .. _ ......... 40 3! ·······----- ·----------- ---·-------- --·--------- 8.03 ................. 16! 1! 700 700 2, 713 2, 713 

8.35 ................ : l4 2 700 1,400 3, 774 6,487 

9.32 .. : .............. 37~ 3t 700 2,100 6,427 12,914 

10.23 ................ 42~ 3! 700 2,800 5,324 18,238 

11.11 ................ 40 3 700 3,500 5,391 23,629 

12.03 ................ 38! 3 700 4,200 5, 161 28, 790 

12.56 ................ 42t 4~ 700 4,909 4,970 33, 760 

1.54 ................. 34 5 700 5,600 6,024 39, 784 

2.54 ................. 42 4! 700 6,300 6, 0.37 45,821 

3.50 ................. 35! 3 700 7,000 5,970 51,791 

5.04 ................. 35~ 3'f 700 . 7, 700 6, 717 58,508 

Close, 5.35 ........... 35 3~ 297 7,997 2,439 60,947 

I . 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

-------------------------------------------------

Time. Observation. 

Boiler under a load during night. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 

7.36 .... Test started, fir~ 3 inches thick. 

7.53 .... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

8.47 .... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9 ....... Furnace door opened for 5 minutes. 

jector not working. 

9.28 .... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

9.53 .... Do. 

10.12 ... Do. 

10.48 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10.52 ... Fire slice~. 

11.21 ... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

ll.40 .. - Do. 

InTime. Observation. 

11.59.. .Fire sliced, 12 inches thick. 

12.21 .·. Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

12.45 .. Fire sliced; some clinkers taken out. 

1.1 1 . . . Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

1.31... Do. 

2.08... Do. 

2.23... Do. 

3c09... Fire sliced. 

3.45 _.. Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.14 .... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

4.42... Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

4.53. _. Cleaning fire. 

5.08... Fire cleaned, 3 inches tliick. 

5.35... Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

Ash white, fine, and light. ·Clinkers light gray. Coal burned very freely, with long fiame; coked 

a little; fire easily handled. 100 firings during test. 

I 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Vi1·ginia No. 8 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 53. 

Made by boiler division, United .States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

883 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

·Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 8. 

iGnd of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 11, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial .. _ ..........................................•......... hours .• 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate s1irface ............... -..................................... square feet.. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ....................................... -..... , ............. feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ... _ ............................. ___ ......... _ ...... __ ... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ............... : ............... ; ................. _ .... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ........... _ ................ _· ..... do ... . 

9.983 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ..... __ .................. _ per cent.. 44 

6.1 A rea of chimney ............ _ ...... _ ....... __ ..... _ ... _ ........... square feet. . 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .. __ ...... _ ........... _. _. _ ................ feet._ 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney . ____ .. _ .. _ ..... ·. __ ... _ .... ___ ...... dq ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .. _ .. _ .............. __ .. __ . _. __ .. ___ ...... -~ _ ..... ___ . __________ ~ 

7. ·water-heating surface ... ____ . _ .... _. ____ ... _ .. _. _ ........ _._._ .. _.square feet.. 

7.1 Outside diameter of slmlL _______________________ . _______ .. _ ... ___ ...... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to oDtside of heads) __ .. _. ___ .. ____ ._. ___ ._ ........ feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ... __ . __ ... __ ...... _ .. ___ ... _ ..... __ ..... _. ____ ..... ___ ...... _ 

. · . . . {inches .. 7.4 D1ameter of tubes ( outs1de-msHle) ... _. __ ...................... _ .... . .. do .... 

7.5 Lepgth of tubes exposed ..................... _ .......... _ ...... _ ......... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .......... _ ................ _. _ .......... _ .. _ .. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface._ .. __ ._. __ ... _ .... _________ . _____ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ......... _ .......... _. ____ .... _ ... _. 

AVF.RAG F: PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer ______________ ; _ ~- ___ . ____________ . __ .. ___ . ____ ·{inchesof mercury_. 

· _ ---------pounds .. 

b · . · · · {··do .... 11.1 Steam pressure y gage per square mch .... __ .. ____ .. ______ . ____ . _. _. _ _ . . ..do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler . _. _ ... _. __ .. ___ . _. ___ inches.of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ........ ___ ....... __ ._ ........................ __ .do .. __ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit----····· -----·-----------·······--------do .... 

"Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.88 

i4.67 

82.2 

a 96.87 

.37 

.12 

0 
884 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20~ 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

A VEitAG}!; TElUPERATu'RES. 

Of external air ............................................. ·.· ........ degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ...........•................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank .................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ..... : . ...................•............ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ........................................... ~.do.: .. 

Of escaping gases from boiler .. : . ........................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ..........•................................................... do ... . 

FUEI .. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 50 per cent; slack, 50 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coaL .................................................. . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................. , ................. ipounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ...............................•.... per cent .. 

42 

60 

325.3 

54.8 

193 

541 

7,997 

None. 

5. 26 

7,_576 

754 

44 

30. Total combustible consumed ......................................... . . {pounds.. 6, 822 

. .• do .... a 6, 849 

31. Percentage of ash and ref~se in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 95 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon .............. · ........................................... . 56.68 64.5 

33. Volatile matter ........................................................ . 31. 19 35.5 

34. Moisture .............................................................. . 5.26 ---.-.------ 35. Ash ...........................................•....................... 6.87 -----.. -.. --. - ----------

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ...........•............................. . 74 ----.. -- ..... ---

ULTIMA'fE A.XALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) •...••................................•.................•... 80.37 86.65 

38. Hydrogen (H) ...............•........................................ 5.08 5.48 

39. Oxygen ( 0) ............................ · .......••...................... 5.12 5.52 

40. Nitrogen (N) : . ...••.......••.......................................... 1. 40 1. 51 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................•............•....................... . 78 . 84 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 7.25 ------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ........... .' ........•............. 5.26 -- .. -... -------

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ............................ , ................ -............... per cent .. 

45. Earthy matter .......................................................... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

885 

23.64 

. 76.36 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour .......................................... pounds.. 759 

47. 

48. 

49. 

Combustible consumed per hour ..................................... . {

--do .... 

.. do ... . 

Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ............ : ...... _ ..... do .. .. 

Combustible per square fbot of. water-heating surface per hour .•... _._ .. {-- do.--· .. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

683 

G686 

18.72 

.336 

a. 338 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U~ ............ 14,436 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........ _ 15, 564 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 14,474 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ........... _ ........ 15, e')5 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in ste<tm .. : . ............ _ ... .' ......... _ .... _. _ .... _____ . 

55. Number of degrees of superheating. ___ .............................. _ ......... . 

56. Quality of steam ( clry steam= unity) ................................. per cent .. 

WATER. 

.424 

None. 

99.68 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. .................................... pounds .. 60, 941' 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ............. __ , ........... do .... 73,100 

o9. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 60, 752 

60. Factor of evaporation ..........................................•.... _.......... 1. 1994 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ...... _ ..... pounds .. 72,866 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

'\Vater evaporated per hour, corre~ted for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour irom and at 212° ..................... _ ... do ... . 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

6,086 

7,299 

surface ............................................................. pounds.. 3. 59 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (3H pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° :== 1 horsepower) ........................................... . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower .................................................... .. 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ....... _ ................. ___ ._ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

211.56 

210 

100.74 

/ 
886 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

/ 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of· coal as fired. 

(Item 57--7- item 25) ___________________________________ . ___________ .pounds._ 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pomid of coal as fired. (Item 61--7-

item 25) _. __ -- _. ----- _. __ -------------------------------- __________ pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+ item 

27) . ___ ................ __ .. _____ ... __ .... __ .. _ ... _ . ___ ... _ . ___ ... _ . pounds __ 

Eq(~~::~e~1; :~::~r;~~o-~ _f_r~_n_r_ -~~~ _ ~t. -~~~~ _ ~~~- ~~~1-~~ _ ~~ _ ~~:r:~~l~~il~l~~ {: ::::::: 

EFFICIE~~cy. 

Etficie~cy o~ t_he boiler (heat absorbed bytbe boiler per po~nd of com- {per cent._ 

bustrble drvrded by the heat value of 1 pound of combu~trble) __________ .do .. __ 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat ausorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _ .. _ .... - __ per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .. ___ . __ . _. _ 

75. Co~t of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions _____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° _. _. ___ . _. 

77. 

78. 

7l:l. 

SMOKE OBS.:ERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed . __ .. __________ .. _ .... __________ . _________ . ___ . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .. __ ..... _- ________ .ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ___ ....... ____ cubic inches._ 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

7.62 

9. ]1 

9.62 

10.68 

a 10.64 

66.27 

a66.02 

64.35 

$1.00 

$0.0656 

$0.0549 

46.2 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)-.- ___ -_-_-_- ______ .•. _ .•.. __ .... _ Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire._.-------------_---_--------------------·---_ .inches._ 10-12 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition .. ---·- __________________ ------- _. __ -- ... __ ------ ____ minutes.. 6 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ______ .. _______ .do.___ 30 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02 ) _ :: _-- .. __ --. ___ ----- .. -.----- ,. - _-.-- •• ---_-- •• per cent._ 

85. Oxygen (0) ____ . _ .. ___ . ___________ - __ .. ---·-- -- _ ----- _ ·:- __ .. _ ---·· ___ .do .... 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) .. - _ - _ - _ --- _ - _ -.. -- _- .. _- _- .. _- _- . - ___ - __________ do ___ _ 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ________ ... ____ .. __ ---------- ____ . __ --- _____ .do .. __ 

88. 'Nitrogen (py difference) (N) ___ ... _______ -~--- _ ----· .. _ ----- _______ .do ___ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

' 8. 75 

10.71 

. 09 

80.45 
'-+\~\~~-+-~~~~r~rT~~~~ .J)~1 '" ~ \ ~ :\ ~H~·+-~\~~+-~-#-+-r~T_i/~~T-~-ffi~\~ 

g \ 1\ ~ h;H-\\--+--~\t--*-+-+--+---+1----'l---l--t---+-+-t--t----'l----t--H,---lt--H~-----1 a 

r~.~,,+-~\~~++:1~4-~~~~-~~~L 

tf--o;-t-\-\--t-----l>----1-1\\ , I .J ~~t+-~~~~---r-~~~--~+-~-+~--~l+-~-+-#~r-t_ 

r~\~~~~~l,_~~~~~~~ \ ~~ r~ t~-+--~---~~---~v~--~~#--+--4-~--~~1~~--T--r-~~-~~~-4 

r \'\ '§ ~ 8 

i'il-o; t-----l----+>-4:i.l!Fi---t----' \~---t--- 11--+---1--+--Hro-t-~--t--~----tc.,-,JTI--.'f-+H-t-----l;;; 1\9 2 ~ ~ 9: > II "_ o ~ 

I 

\~ ~ ... lr~1-+- ~--l---1---l---+9-:<'--+--+--1---+~_..;,+'-~~..2_ r-~~ ~~~ ~ ~ jl i:l?, t~o-;~-+-~4-\\6~~ri-~1~~~~4---4-~\rliv~~-~~---+--~~-~--ti~L4-~~~~,.,'---+-Q~r-~ ~---

~~~~-42~~3i--~-~~-~ \~'~+-~~-~--+-~-~~+--4-~¥-Th~+~~·-·~~~~-~~---- 2 ~ ~ 1\% -\ ~-< z ~ ~ ~·r--t--t-~~~!--~~~~r-~t---t\-'\~--t~~r---t-- +-r?-'---+---~·~~-1.,J---~-_i~~L_~ 

t·~~---+~~~~~~~~---+~H---+---~~----r~4---+--~~--+-~--~o~~\-Ro~--~ ~ , ~ ~ 0 

~~---~---~~~~~~~----~~1~\\4-~---4---~+-~--~--~b""--4~~+~~~---~ 

rr---~--~~~-~--t--~-~~~\-\t---~-t--~~-t--t---r--r--r~1~~~--__, 

t~--~--~-~-~--~--~-+--t+-~~--+--+--~--t--t--,r--,r-~r-r-~~~~~--~ c 

~I--4----+---~~·~--+-~~----+~T--+---r---4----+----r?~---+--~~~~~-~+--~~ \ 0 ~lj rl---r---+----+~~~---~~~~--~~H-\~---~~\---I---l----1--+~+--~~~~~-l-+---1 

t~~---~~~~~--4---4---H---~~~+---+~+--t~~-+~~-H~r--~ 

\ ~ 8 \ ~~---tt--+~~+-~~-+-H\H--~~--+~~+H;~~ 

rl--~--+---~~~-4---+--~~----+-~-+~r---~--+~---~~~\~~ 

1\ ~r--r--~~r-t--t--~t--t--t--~\-HI/~-t---r-r-~~~~ 

~r-~~+-~~-+~~tt-+-~~~~+-~bM-T-rH~~~ 

r~~~--~~--+--~---1--~~---+--+~~-r-1~+-~--t+~-i~ 

li ~ t~~~---~j-iL3~--~-L~~~~--~~~--~J__~~~J__~~ 

~~~~ ~-~,.:;;q 

cs,o~ 

~ I 1'1\ 
888 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEA:-T BALANCE, OR D!STRTBUTION OF THR HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .......... __ ...... _" _ ...... ___ . 15, 564 

B.T. U. 

1. ; Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .......................................... _ .... __ .. 10, 275 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (!=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the fine gases) ... ___ ......................... . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen= per cent of 

76 

hydrogen to combustible-+-100X9X[(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] ------ 629 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

pound of combustibleX0.24X ( T-t)................................... 2, 813 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent 0 in combustible · COz+COx-- 0 100 --X10,15 --------------------------

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

90 

be calculated) ... : .............. : ............. _ .........•........... _ 1, 681 

REMARKS, 

·Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour=2.94 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour=3.63 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 66.02 

.49 

4.04 

18.08 

.58 

10.79 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 889 

TEsT No. 69.-ReualM (uul special observations on test of West Virginift No. 9 coal, November 80, 1904. 

\ 

Time. 

7.49 ---- -·-----. 

8 ---------------

8.20 ---------- -~ 

8.40 ------------

9 ---------------

9.20 ------------

9.40 ·-------- ---

10--------------

10.20 -----.-----

10.40 -~------- .. 

11--------.-----

11.20 ---------.-

11.40 -----------

12--.----------

12.20 --------- -· 

12.40 - -.. - ------

1 --- ... ---- ... -. 

1.20 . -.- ... -.---

1.40 _______ _. ___ _ 

2. ·····---------

2.20 ----- --·-. --

2.40 ........ ---· 

3 ........... ----

3.20 ...... -.... . 

3.40 . -- ....... --

4. ______________ _ 

4.20 ...... ------

4.40 -.---.--.---

5 ------ .. -.--.-. 

5.20 . -.... -.----

5.49 -----.---- .. 

Total .... . 

Average .. . 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gasee, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

In fur- nace, 

in inches 

of 

water. 

Flue gases. 

co,. co. 

---1----1---~ ------------

Pounds. op 

83 

92 

104 

85 

90 

84 

93 

97 

99 

91 

85 

102 

95 

100 

101 

99 

91 

98 

97 

103 

101 

97 

99 

96 

97 

96 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

32 

33 

33 

35 

36 

37 

39 

38 

39 

39 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

op 

40 

41 

43 

43 

45 

46 

47. 

49 

50 

51 

53 

54 

55 

55 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

59 

566 

566 

565" 

600 

560 

580 

582 

563 

550 

572 

566 

612 

567 

567 

562 

602 

590 

569 

587 

592 

571 

576 

587 

572 

587 

602 

586 

Polknds. Ponnds. 

4. 61 0. 077 

4. 38 . 031 

4. 77 . 03 

4.56 .045 

4. 89 . 078 

4. 89 .069 

4. 92 . 022 

4. 84 . .042 

4. 72 .041 

0.57 

. 61 

.60 

.65 

.46 

.63 

.48 

.46 

.45 

.45 

.42 

.67 

. 42 

.42 

.48 

.48 

.51 

.58 

.45 

.45 

.41 

.52 

.46 

.38 

0.20 

.20 

. 24 

.17 

.18 

. 21 

.17 

.17 

. 20 

. 20 

. 13 

. 22 

.16 

. 16 

.19 

.13 

. 17 

. 22 

._15 

.17 

.18 

. 21 

.17 

. 17 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

8.2 11.9 0.0 

8.6 11.0 .0 

9.8 9.8 .0 

9. 0 10.7 . 0 

9. 2 10.6 .0 

9.0 10.9 .0 

9. 4 10.5 . 3 

----- -. ---... -.. ------

8. 7 10.6 .0 

. 58 . 30 8. 8 11.8 . 3 

.46 

.48 

.18 

101 I 39 . 20 

1

:: I ~I :; E ::;;;: ::::;::: ----:- -;~ :::': :

1

::: ::::-:: 

ss 1

. ____ .

1 

..... -I 586 _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . ___ . . 48 . og 

2, 935 \1. 04o 11,606117, s57 n.-1-9-l--. 5_3_5_1_1_4 __ 9-2-l--5.-4._5 s-1. 1--u-1-.1-o---_-6 

• 94. 1 I 36 53. 5 576 4. 12 . o535 . 497 . 182 s. n u. 10 . o6 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06-, -38 
890 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-'TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 69.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia No . .9 coal, November 30, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

Star t, 7.4!L ........... 

8.25 

9.11 

10.0 

10.55 

11.49 

12.4 

1.40 

2.42 

3.38 

4.46 

Clos 

-----------------

----------------

1 ----------------

------------·--· 

----------------

8 ----------------

-·-------------·-

-----------------

---··-------------

e~ ~~ ~~: : : : : : : : : : : :I 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

40 2! 

41 3 

23z 2~ 

30~ 3~ 

21! 4 

15!- 5 

29t 3 

20! 4i 

30~ 3 

18~ 4t 

27 6 

40 2~ 

·------ Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. Total. During period. Total. 

---------------- ---

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

------------ ·----------- ------------ -·---------- 700 700 2,855 2,855 

700 1,400 I 5,644 8,499 

700 2, 100 4,()52 13,451 

700 2,800 . 6,084 19,535 

700 3,500 5, 719 25,254 

700 4,200 6, 202 31,456 

700 4,900 5,005 36,461 

700 5,,600 6,972 43,433 

700 6,300 5,353 48, 786 

700 7,000 6,509 55,295 

464 7,464 . 5,356 60,651 

----

RECORD OF FURNACE CO:;<DITIONS. 

---

Time. 

-

7 ··-----

7.49 .... 

8 

9 

9 

. 19 .... 

. 22 .... 

.45 .... 

10.15 ... 

11.02 ... 

11.28 ... 

12.05 ... 

12.27 ... 

Observation. 

No load on boiler during night. 

Fire eleaned. 

Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 

Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

.Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

Fire mkcd, 9 inches thick. 

Fire mked, 10 inches thick. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. -

Fire sliced; no clinkers on grate. 

Time. 

1.02 ... 

1.52 ... 

2.22 ... 

3.02 ... 

3.25 ... 

4.10 ... 

4.53 ... 

4.56 ... 

5.04 ... 

5.49 ... 

Obscr\·ation. 

Fire raked. 

Fire raked, 8 inches thic 

Fire raked, 10 inches thi 

Do. 

Do . 

Fire raked, 9 inches thic 

Fire raked, 8 inches thic 

Cleaning fire. 

k. 

ck. 

k. 

k. 

Fire cleaned; no clink ers, only large 

pieces of free ash on gr ate. 

Test closed, fire 3 inches thick. 

Refuse light in weight and white in color. Coal burned freely, with a white fiame. Fire handled 

easily. · 94 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te8t of West Virginia No. 9 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test numbm, 69. 

~fade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant,_ Louisiana l'urchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

891 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes appa· 

ratus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 9. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, dear. 

~lethod of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 30, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ............... -........................•...•.......... hours.. 10 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIO"NS. 

3. Grate surface ............................................ _ .... _ ... square feet .. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate ..••....................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................... _ ..... _ ......... do ... . 

4. Height of-furnace ....................................... _ ... _ ......... inches .. 

5. .lpproximate width of air spaces in grate .................................. inch._ 

6. P~oportion of air space to whole grate surface .. · ....................... per cent .. 

6.1 A. rea of chimney _ ................. _ ...... .- ..................... _ .. square feet.. 

6.2 Height of ~himney above grate ....................................... _ ... feet.. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft ................................................................ . 

7. WHt!~r-heating surfaec ............................................. square feet .• 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ........... , ............................... _ .. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ............................... feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes .......................................................... . 

~ · . . . . . ) {inches .. 1. 4 Dmmeter of tubes ( outs1de--msJde ................................. . . ..do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ...................................... _ .... _ ...... feeL. 

8. Superheating surface .............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... . 

AVERAGE PRESSURE. 

11. Barometer ____ . _ .. __ .. __ . _ .. _ . __ .... _ ... ____ . _ ... ____ . __ ... {inches of mercury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

. {·.do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ........... _ ....••• _._ ......... . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler .............. _ .... __ .. inehes of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ....•.... _ ....................................... do ... . 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ........................... _ ............. do ... . 

«Absolute. 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

~l. 58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.61 

14.53 

94.7 

al09. 23 

.50 

. 18 

0 
892 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

OPERATIONS OE THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AYERAGF. TEMPF.HATURES. 

Of external air ................................................•...... clegrees. _ 

Of fireroom ..... , ....................................................... do ... . 

Of steam ---·-- ------.----- ----·--- ....... --------- .... ---. __ .. ---· .. · ... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank. ____ ----·----------- __ ... ___ . ___ .. __ .. ____ ----··--- .do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do ... _ 

Of feed water entering boiler .. _ .... _ ..................................... do_ .. _ 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler. __ ... _ ... _ .. _._ .... _ .... __ ... _._ .. _ ... __ ._ .. do. __ . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........ _ ... __ . ____ .----- .... -----·. ___ .do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .......................... · .................................... do_ .. . 

FUEL. 

2:~. Size and conO.ition: Nut-small, 30 per cent; slack, 70 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire .......... _·_ .................... _ .. pounds._ 

25.' Weight of coal as fired ...... ----·-------- ... __ .----------------· .... ____ .do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. .................... : ........................... . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................... ---· ............. pounds .. 

36 

53.5 

33-i 

48 

179 

576 

None. 

7,464 

3.42 

7,209 

28. Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do ... _ 573· 

29. Quality of aRh and refuse, clinker ... ·_ .............................. _.: per cent._ 43 

30. Total combustible consumed ....................................... _. . · . {pounds._ 6, 636 

, . _do._._ a6, 625 

3l. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal. ........................ _ .... _._ .. _._ .. _ 7. \!5 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

J•ROXlMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon .............................................. _ ......... _ 

Volatile n1atter. _. _ .... __ . _. _. _. ___ ..... _. _. _______________ • __ -.- ______ _ 

.Moisture ...................... ~ ............................ _. __ ._ ... __ 

Ash _ ........... ~ .. · .................................................. . 

Per cent of coni. 

59.47 

31. li 

3.42 

6.00 

100.00 

Per cent of 

comlmstion. 

65.64 

34.36 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined._._ .... _ ......... _ ......... _ .... ___ .. _. .112 . - "·-.------. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

TJT .. TDfATE ANALYSIS 01" DRY COAT ... 

Carbon (C) ....... _ ........... ·......................................... 80. 7 

Hydrogen (H).-----. ___ . ___ ------------ ...... --- .. -- ......... __ ...... 5. 01 

Oxygen (0) ... _ .. _. _ .................. · ........... : .............. _ ... _ 5. 57 

Nitrogen (N) ........ ___ .... ___ . -----· --- ... ---- ...... ---- .. ---- __ ____ L 66 

Sulphur (8) .......................................... -................ . 85 

Ash . __ •.......... _ .. __ .. _. _ .. _. _ .... _ .•.. ~ .•....... _ ......... _ ...• _. _ 6. 21 

100.00 

86.0-i 

5.34 

5.94 

l.77 

.m 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of eoal as received ........•. ---- ................... _ 3. 42 . _ .........•• 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
/ 44. 

45. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

50. 

51. 

52. 

.')3. 

i'i4. 

55. 

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 

60. 

61. 

62. 

li3. 

64. 

BOILER TESTS • 8~3 

.ASALYSIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

Carbon . ___ ... _ .. __ . _. __ .. __ . __ . ___ . _ . _ ....... --- .............. _ .... per cent... 

Earthy 1natter .. _. _ ...... _ .. _. _ ............... --, .......... _ ...... _ ..... do ... . 

23.68 

76.32 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour_ .. _ .... _ ................... _ ....... __ .. _._pounds .. 

Combustible consumed per hour_ ........ ----- ...... -- .. ____ ..... __ .. . {

--do .... 

__ do ... . 

721 

664 

a663 

Dry coal per square foot .of grate snrface per hour ... _ ... _ ... _·_. _ .. _ ... _. _ .(lo ... . 17. 78 

. {··do ... . Combustible per square foot of water-heating surtace per hour. _____ . __ _ 

... tlo ..•. 

. 327 

a.326 

CAI.ORIFIC YALUE OP FURL. 

Calorific Yalue by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coalr B. T. U .. __ ......... 14, 616 

Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ......... 15, 584 

Calorific Yalue by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _. _. _. _. _____ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. 14,445 

Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U. ____ ... __ .... ___ ... 15,401 

QUALITY OF STEA)I. 

Pereentage of moisture in steam ___ ..... ____ .. __ ...... __ ...... __ .. ____ ... _ .. ___ _ 1. 122 

Number of degrees of superheating. ________ .,. _____ ._, _________ ._ ... _____ ...... None. 

Quality of Hteam (dry steam= unity) . _ .. _ .. __ ........ __ . _. _____ .. ____ per cent._ 99. 155 

WATER. 

Total weight of water fed to boiler. ........... ____ .. ______ ... ______ . ___ pounds .. 60, 651 

Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212 ° ..... __ . _ ... __ . _: _. _______ .do .. __ 73, 339 

Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam. ____ ._. __ ... _ .. _.do .. __ 60, 138 

Factor of evaporation ... __ . _ ..... _. _ .... _. _ ... _ .... _. __ • _. ______ .. _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 1. 2092 

Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212 ° ___ . _______ pounds._ 72, 719 

WATER PER HOUR. 

Water evaporated per hour, c:)frected for quality of steam .. ____________ .pounds.. 6, 014 

Equivalent evaporation per hourfrom and at 212 ° ......... __ . __ . _____ ..... do.___ 7, 272 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212 ° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ...................... -............ · .............. _ .... _ : _ . _ .. pounds. . 3. 58 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212 ° = 1 horsepower)_._ ....... __ ...... ________________ .. ____ .. __ _ 

66. Builders' rated horsepower _ ...... _ ...... __ .... _. __ . ___ . _____ .. __________ • ____ _ 

67. Pereentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ...... _. ____ . _____ . _________ . _ 

a calculated from chemistry of ash. 

210.8 

210 

100. 38 
894 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC HESULTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+- item 25) .. _ ... _ ... ___ . ______ .. ___ . ____ . ___ .... _ .•. __ ._._pounds._ 8.13 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 ° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 01-+-

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

item25) ----------------------------------------------------·----,.pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+-item 

27) . __ .... __ ....... ______ _. . _____ ..... __ ...... __ .. __ ... ____ ........ pounds .. 

Eq(~::~e;;~;;:~:r~~~:r_ -f~-~~~: ~~-~ -~~ _ ~~~-o- -~~~ -~~~~-~ -~f- -c~-~~-~~s-t~~~~-- {: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficie~cy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~nd of com- {per cent .. 

bustJble drvrded by the heat value of 1 pound ofcombustrble ............ do ... . 

Eftlciency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat _value of 1 pound of dry coal) __ .. __ .. __ .per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed)._ ... _ ... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212 ° _ ..... _ .. . 

77. 

78. 

'79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed.- ..... -...... ---- .. -. -.. -- -- -- -- ----- ..... ----

·weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .......... -- ........ ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. __ ............ cubic inches .. 

l\IETHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .... _ ..... _ .... _ .. -- .... -- ....... . 

81. Average thickness of fire ........ __ ............ -............. ----- ...... inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition .. __ ............ _ .. , .. -- ....... -- .... -- ..... -------.. -- .minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up .. _ ............. do ... . 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSTS OJ." THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••• _ •••••••••••••••••• - •••••••••••••••••••• per cent. . 

Oxygen ( 0) . __ ....... __ .. __ .. __ ........................... -- .. -- - . -- -.. --do .. .. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) ...... ---- ............. ---------------- .. -- .. -- .. do .. .. 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ... -- ......... -- .. -- ...... -- ..... -- ...... --- .do .. .. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) • __ ..... __ ............. -- ........ ~--- .. ----.do .. .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

9. 74 

10.09 

10.96 

aiO. 98 

67.92 

a6S. 04 

66.66 

$1.00 

$0.0615 

$0.0513 

28.2 

Alternate. 

!l 

0.4 

38 

8.77 

11.11 

. 06 

80.06 
,, 

~" "-.. " I .. 

~ 

r v 1/ [\ t 

\ t 1\ ~ 

t \ \ J 

\ 1\ '\ . \ \ ..., 0 0 r-

\ '6 c 

"' ):> I 

:~ ,.. 

1\ I~ 

v P. (Jo 

1' 9 1- "' J ll' :l c; 

" = I~ 

1\ "' '~ ' ;u 

1\ .-\ .. ~r--Ho ... 

\ c lg 1- ;u J y [" t 

\ ., ,. ... 5 ll ;; 0 

0 

\ I>O<oll\~ ?l [,i ~ ~ ~~ t c \" "' r~ iii c •" ::z -< ;JJ 'f' 0 c "' "' 0 

"' ~g- t 

~ 1/ -< "' J> -< 5 ., :r 

- ~ _'\-~ ~ .. ;/ ~ _2_~ 1l 0 jj= 

" ;JJ 

r .. 15'-- -1 ;;; .i Oo p " ~ '!! 

IV " 0 ~ "' 17. c t '11 Oil t--

\ -! 0 

~ Jl ., "' "' r.: . '7 "' :I 01 .. " :l -! ~ \JI 

1/ "' ., '11 

"' c "' :I c; Jl ~Li. r 

~ f'l -! 

-~ 1 '\ (Jo ~-

c "' n 

"' (Jo '" t 

\ c 

:ll 

(< 1'1 

"' \ r 

\ 1 

t \ 

,1. 

1\ \ r 

\ ~ 1\ 

t 

/ I 1\ ! I 

Gt ~- I 

\ / ' I 0'' I 

I 

I -! 

\I II "' t J 

~b .4 ~ i "'I~ c' :;q >~~' :» 

~. ~~ ~ :0 .. c I .n 

~ 
896 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATI~G VALUE OF THE COJIRUS1IBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U __ . ______________ ----. _-- _____ 15, 584 

B. 'I'. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X. 965.7 ___________ ..... __ ........ -.... ~ .. -............... 10,603 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100X [(212~t)-t-966-t-0.48(7'~212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T = that of the flue gaS(jS) ____ .... ___ ....... _ ............ . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = pe~ cent of 

hydrogen to combustible+ 100 X 9 X [(212~t) + 966 + 0.48 (T~ 212)].-. 

4. J,oss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

49 

624 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T~t) ...•.. __ . _ ... ____ ................ 3, 364 0 5. Loss due to incomplete cornbustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible · CO,+ CO X 100 X 10,150-------------------- ·---

6. Loss due to t~nconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the mois- . 

ture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

59 

Per cent. 

tt68. 04 

. 31 

4. 01 

21.59 

.38 

be calculated) .. _ .. ________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 885 5. 67 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.8 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.46 pounds. 

100.00 

- -----~· -------------------------------- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 897 

TEST No. 54.~Regul~tr cmcl speciul obse;·wtions on test of West Virginic1 No. 10 coal, November 12, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Dnration of trial, 9.933 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft prcssnrP.s. 

In hood, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

In fur· nace, 

in 

inches 

of water. 

Flue gases. 

C02. c. 

o P. -~-;-~--:-;- l'onn;;: _P_o_ll_nd_s_. I---~- _P_er_c-t. _P_e_r-ct-. -P-er-c-t. 

7.37 ------------

8 ---------------

8.20 ------------

8.40 ------------ 9 ________ .. ____ _ 

9.20 -----------· 

9.40 . -----.-----

10--------------

10.20 ----- -----

10.40 - . - . - - -----

11 ------------.-

11.20 ----- ·----· 

11.40-----------

12-------- ---.·--

12.20 . ----------

12.40 ----------. 

1 .............. . 

1.20 . ---- .. ----- 1.40 _____ .. ____ _ 

2 .. ________ . ____ _ 

2.20 ....... : ___ _ 

2.40 ........... . 3 ________ ., ____ _ 

3.2Q ------------

3.40 ------ .... .. 

4 ............. .. 

4.20 _____ ..... .. 

4.40 ------------

5 ________ .. ____ _ 

5.20 ----------"-

5.33 ........ ___ _ 

82 

85 

83 

84-

84 

83 

83 

84 

83 

86 

83 

86 

86 

85 

87 

87 

82 

84 

84 

85 

83 

80 

80 

82 

82 

85 

88 

90 

81 

78 

81 

30 

30 

32 

32 

34 

35 

37 

37 

39 

40 

42 

42 

42 

43 

43 

43 

43 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

43 

43 

43 

42 

42 

40 

38 

37 

43 

45 

46 

48 

50 

52 

53 

54 

56 

58 

59 

60 

60 

58 

59 

58 

59 

60 

61 

61 

61 

60 

60 

59 

59 

59 

58 

56 

56 

56 

535 

530 

547 

516 

540 

517 

535 

553 

.~59 

525 

529 

530 

548 

541 

537 

569 

562 

552 

506 

500 

516 

508 

532 

558 

568 

536 

535 

525 

488 

487 

4. 00 0. 021 

4. 33 . 019 

4.10 . on 

4. 27 . 017 

4. 24 . 014 

4.10 .024 

4.13 . 026 

:::::::: ::::::::I 

4.00 . 021 

4.10 . 020 

4. 29 . 105. 

41.56 

4.156 

.29 

.029 

0.47 

.54 

.44 

.44 

.36 

.50 

. 57 

.43 

. 36 

.45 

.39 

.47 

. 41 

.34 

. 45 

.50 

.23 

. 23 

.25 

. 36 

. 31 

'. 48 

. 46 

. 27 

. 25 

. 20 

. 22 

.15 

. 69 

:09 

0.27 

. 25 

.23 

. 20 

. 19 

. 23 

. 28 

.20 

. 17 

. 23 

. 21 

.22 

. 19 

.15 

.16 

. 1!) 

'11 

.09 

. 12 

.17 

.17 

. 22 

. 20 

.12 

.11 

. 08 

.10 

. 03 

. 15 

. 01 

6. 6 11.2 0. 0 

8.4 10.2 .0 

9.0 9.8 .4 

9.4 10.2 .4 

I 

--~~~- ---~--~-1----~~ --~--~- --~~~;-,----.-~ 

------ -·-----~------

9. 4 10.6 . 4 

8. 4 11.8 . 0 

11. 31 5. 05 70. 3 84.0 

10.5 

1.7 

.377 .168 8.8 . 21 

Total _ _ _ _ _ 2, 596 1, 192 l, 684 15, 984 

Average . -I 83. 7 39. 7 56. 1 533 

·- ---- _ __,__ _ __;__~-'--~-J__ __ l.__ _ _.!_ _ ___,_ __ !__~-'----
898 OPERATIONS OF THE COALcTESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 54.-Regular and special observations on test of West Virginia No. 10 coal, November 12, 1904~ 

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

~:~~ ::::::::::::1 ----------------

----------------

----------------

----------------

·---------------

----------------

--------·-------

----------------

----------------

Start, 

8.06 -

8.47 -

9.35 -

10.25 

11.04 

12.06 

1.02 -

2.04-

3.05 -

4.05 -

Close '5.38 ________ · ___ 

Height of water. 

In ttu1k. I In gage gla". 

Inches. Inchei3. 

43t 3 

40 4 

39~ 3f 

37 4~ 

36~ 3 

29t 3~ 

37t 3 

25~ 3 

39~ 4~ 

41t 4~ 

39l 4~ 

43l 2t 

Weight of co~tl burned. [ Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. To~~ During period. Total. 

---

Pounds. Pounds. I Pounds. PoundR. 

·----------- -----------.I.----------- ------------

700 700 I 1, 751 1,751 

700 1, 400 4,554 6,305 

700 2,100 4,962 11,:!67 

700 2,800 5;616 16, 883 

700 3,500 4,031 20,914 

700 4,200 6,673 27,587 

700 4,900 6,429 34,016 

700 5,600 6,268 40,284 

700 6,300 5,573 45,857 

700 7,000 6,487 52,344 

441 7,441 6,750 59,094 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

---

Time. Observation. I 

I 

Time. Observation. 

----

Fire banked under boiler during night. 12.03 .• Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

7.------ Fire cleaned. 12.30-- Fire sliced. 

7.37---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 12.52-- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

7.45---- Fire raked, 3 inches thick. 1.07- .• Do. 

8.------ Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 1.24- •. Do. 

8.20 .... Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 1.42--- Do. 

8.34 .... 1 Do. 1.59--- Do. 

8.55 ..... Fire raked, 12 inches thi0k. 2.12 ... Fire rake<l, 14 inches thick. 

9.14---- Do. 2.40--- Do. 

9.50 .... Fire raked, 13 inchel-J thick. 2.48--- Fire sliced. 

10 ...... Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 3.01--- Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

10.10.-- Do. 8.22 ... Do. 

10.19--- Fire sliced. 3.51.-- Fire sliced. 

10.41 --- Fire raked; 12 inches thick. 4 51 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.50--- Do. 5.03 ... Fire cleaned, 5 inehes thick. 

11.15--- Do. 5.26 ... Fire raked, 5 inches thick-. 

11.30-.' Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 5.33 ... Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

11.52 ... Do. 

Ash very fine and light colored. Coal burnbd freely; fire easily handled. 102 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West. Virginia No. 10 coal. 

CONDITIONS OF BOiLER TRIAL. 

Test number, 54. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

899 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 10. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant humber), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, Novemberl2, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ........................................................ hours .. 

DIMENSIONS A~D PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface .................... · __ ................................ square feet.. 

3.1 Width of grate ... ------.---~--------- .................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do .. .. 

· 4. Height of furnace .............................................. ____ ... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ....................... __ ........ do .. .. 

9.933 

40.55 

6. 16 

6. 58 

26 

. 5 

6. Proportion of air space to whole .grate surface .......................... per cent.. 44 

6:1 Area of chimney .. __ .......................................... __ .. square feet .. • 

6.2 Height of ehimney above grate .............................. __ ....... __ .. feet .. 

6.3 Length of fine eonnecting to chimney .................................... do .. __ 

6.4 Kind of draft .............................................. ~ ..... ___ . _. _. ____ _ 

7. \Vater-heatingsurfaee ··-------~----------·------------------------square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ............................................ ~ .. inches .. . . 7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ................................ feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes ............. '-- ............................................. . 

· ( · 1 · "d ) { inches .. 7.4 Dmmeter of tubes ontsH e-ms1 e .............................. __ ... 

. ..do .. __ 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................................... __ ............ feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ............................................. square feet .. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surfaee to grate surface ................................. . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ........................ _ ...... __ .. 

A VERAG F. PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer . ___ . ___ . ___ .. __ . ____ .. _________________ . ___ .. __ {inehcs of mercury .. 

......... pounds .. 

11.1 . h · · { .. do .... Steam pressure by gage per square me ........ __ .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. do .... 

1~. ·Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................•. inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do ... . 

14. ·Force of draft or blast in ash pit ......................................... do •... 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.53 

14.49 

83.7 

a98. 2 

.38 

.17 

0 
900 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEl\JPERATUUES. 

15. Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom ............................................................ do ... . 

17. Ofsteam .......................... · ..................................... do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do ... . 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ....................................... do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ..........................•..................................• do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Nut-small, 30 per cent; slack, 70 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................••. pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ................................................ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed .................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse .................................................... do ... . 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker ............................ : ....... per cent.. 

39.7 

56. 1 

326.3 

54 

185 

533 

None. 

7,441 

1. 74 

7,312 

643 

41 

30. . · {pounds.. 6, 669 Total combustlble consumed ..................................... : .•. ..do .... rt6,582 

:n. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 8. 79 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

PROXIMATE AKALYSIS OF COAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

Fixed carbon ............................................• _. . . . . . . . . . . . 73. 84 

Volatile matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS. 23 

Moisture .................. : .......................... ·········'······· 

Ash .................................................................. . 

1. 74 

6. 19 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

80.20 

19.80 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ............. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ........... . 

ULTIMATE ANAI~YSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................................... . 84.92 90.63 

38. IIydrogcn (H) ........................................................ . 4.46 4. 76 

39. Oxygen (0) .......................................................... . 2.66 2.84 

40. Nitrogen (N) ......................................................... . 1. 06 1. 13 

41. Sulphur (S) .......................................................... . . 60 .64 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 6.30 ------------

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received ............................. . 1. 74 ----~--------

-------------·---.-·------------------------ a Calc~Iated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. \:lOl 

A=:\ALYSIS OF ASH A~D REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ........ __ .. __ .. _ ..... _ ....... _ ..... ___ ....................... per cent.. 41. 9 

45. Earthy matter ....... _ ..... _. _____ - _ . ___ ... ______________ . _. __ . _. ______ .do_... 58. 1 

46. 

+7. 

FUEL ~EH. HOUR. 

Dry coal consumed per hour .............. ---.---- .................... pounds .. 

Combustible consumed per hour ____ ... _ ..... _. __ ... _. _ .. ___ . _ . _ .. _ ... {

-.do .. _. 

..do ... . 

736 

6il 

"663 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour._ .. __ ... ___ . ________ ._ .. do ... . 

Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per-hour ....... ___ .{· .do.··-

18. 15 

0 33 

49. ..do .... ".326 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL. 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ... _ .. _ ..... 15, 015 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U. _....... 16, 025 

52. Calorifie value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ....... : .... ______ ..... 14,936 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U _ ....... _. _ ........ _ 15,940 

(,tUALITY OF STEA)I. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam . _. _ . _. _ .......... _ .. _ ....... __ . ___ ...... _ ... __ . -693 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .. ___ . _. __ . _ .. _. __ ...... · ....... _ ..... _____ . __ None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam = unity) ........................ __ . _ .... per cent .. 99.471 

_57. Total weight of water fed to boiler----------.--------- --············----POimds .. 59,094 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ........•. ___ .. _ ... _ ....... do .. __ 70,942 

59. \Vater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .............. ___ .do._ .. 58,781 

60. .Factor of evaporation .................................. __ .. _. _ .............. _ _ _ 1. 2005 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .......... _.pounds .. 70,567 

WATER PER HOUR. 

6'J Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .. _ ... _ ........ pounds._ 5, 918 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ...... : ........... ____ ... do ... _ 7, 104 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ................. -.. -.................................. _ ... _. pounds._ 3. 5 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower)' ................ _·_ ... __ ... : ......... __ ... __ 

~6. Builders' rated horsepower ................ _______ . ___ ... _ .. _ ........ _____ ..... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ... __ . _ , ........... _ ..... _. _ .. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

2Q5.9 

210 

98.05 
902 

68. 

69. 

70. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

'Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57-+- item 25) .............................•...•..........•••• pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61-+-

item 25) .....................................•..........•....•..... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) ... : .•.......................................................... pounds .. 

E~~~::e;; :~:!:~r~~~~- _£:~.~~- -~~~1- ~-t- ~~~~- ~~~. ~)-~~~~- ~~- -c~~~,l~-u-s~~~~~~-- {: ::::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- { per cent.. 

bustiblc divided by the heat v~lue of 1 pound of combustible) ........... do._._ 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) .... ·: ...... per cent .. 

COST OF RVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coai per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) .......... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

SMbKE OBSERVATIOXS. 

. 7. 94 

H.48 

!!.65 

10.58 

a 10. 72 

63. 76 

a 64.6 

62.06 

$1.00 

$0.062\J 

$0.0527 

77. · Percentage of smoke as observed .... _ .... : _ ........ _ ........ ~ _ ..... _........... 28 

78. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..... _ ............... ounces .. 

79. Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ... __ .. _ ... _._.cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ...... _ ... _ .. __ ............... _._.· Alternate. 

81. Average thickness of fire ...................................... _ ... _ .... inches. . 1 2 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires arc inno.rmal condition .......... _ ........... · ................................ minutes.. 5. 8 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ...... _ .. ___ ._._ .do.... 20 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide "(CO) ... · .............................................. do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ....................................... · ...... do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ........ ----------------········:···········do ... . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.8 

10.5 

. 21 

80.4\J 
r ' 

! ' 

~ 

i\ ~ 

\ 1\ .1) 

\ \ : 

t 1\ 

\ ii 0 

r 1 \ 

\() 1\ 1$ _l ~ t 

\i ' J, , 

"' 

-< 

= = \Jl 

1\ \ lJ c ;u 

r 3: 

:1] 

\ {J\ 

-1 {J\ 

t a c 2 AI 

f\ 1 

iO 2 7. i'>· () (JI 

\ I ~ 0 0 , r g- c r. c ~ AI 

o"' 51! ~ 2 !P '\l 0 1\ h. "' t 0 ~AI 

\ r 

J .w~g c . 0 c 2 _. g_ !" ~ 3 • 

- .'il>~ 0 

- -1 ~ 1\ o; 

is ;11 ... ro {J\ 12. c ('> r '1) 

i\ (n 

51 ,. ..f i-1. ... f" 

~ ro 

"' , , f" j> x 2r-2 

..., 

f ... 3 3 lJ 

~ 0 c ~r; {J\ , ;u 

if; 11 -1 .r 

"' 10 ;u {J\ G ~-to 

1 

~A "' -1 ,. ro {)\ 

;t-< 3 c {)\ 

"' ~- ~ 

~ g -~ ro ~ {J\ (JI 'Z f \'6 3 

1 o1 0 

" " (,o 

1~\ f" (II 

r ~ 

t \\ _2 

0~ 

~- \ 0 ~ ~ 

~ 

\ 1\ 2 \ ( 

\~ I 

~ -: 0 I~ 

1\ \1' v lb 

c.-c-I~ 

J 1 l """ & \' b ltL: ~ .. ~~~~ !(..fl'l> 

cPOG\ 

,. "' 
904 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT HALA~CE, OH DISTRIBUTION OF' THE HEATIXG YALUE OJ.' THE (:O:l\olBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pom:d of combustible, B. T. U _____________________________ 16,025 

ll. T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.1. _ . ___ .... _ . __ .. _ .... __ .. _ . _ .. _ .. _ .. _. __ .... _. __ . _ 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per eentof moisture referred to combustible-+-

IOOX [(212-t) -j-966-t-0.48 (1'--212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; 1'= that of the flue gases .... _ .... __ ..... _ ..... _._. __ .. __ _ 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible-c-100 X 9 X [(212-t) -j-066+ 0.48 (1'--212)]. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of mmbustible X 0.24 X ( 1' -- t). _. __ ...•. .- ..•................ _. 

5. Loss due to incomplete combu~tion of carbon = CO per cent C in combustible · _ -CO,+CO X-- 100------ X 10,lo0 _______________________ _ 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moiEture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

10,352 

24 

547 

2,861 

214 

be calculated)_ .. _. ___ . _ .. _____ ... _ .. ___ . ___ .. ___ ..... _. __ .. _ ... __ . . . . 2, 027 

RE;)JARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.0:~ poundH. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.62 pounds. 

Per cent. 

a64. 60 

.15 

3.41 

17.85 

l. 34 

12.65 

100.00 

--------------------- "Calculated from chemistry of ash . 

.. 
BOILER TESTS. 905 

TEST No. 56.-Reguim· and special observations on test_ of West Virginia No.·Jl coal, November 15, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 9.966 hours.) 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water 

gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 

'tack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. 

In hood In fur-

. in . ' n~~e, 

m~7es inches 

\\rater. Wt~t~r. 

Flue gases. 

~o,. co. 

-·--·-~-~ ------~--·- ----------1----------------

7.42 .......... .. 

8 ............. .. 

8.20 .......... .. 

8.40 ........... . 

9 .............. . 

9.20 ........... . 

9.40 .......... .. 

10 -------.-- .. -. 

10.20 ...... .-.. .. 

10.40 ......... .. 

11 ............ .. 

11.2.0 -----------

11.40 ......... .. 

12--------------

12.20 ..... -- .. -. 

12.40 . ---- . -- ... 

1 --------------· 

1.20 ------------

1.40 ............ · 

2 .............. . 

2.20 .......... .. 

2.40 _. _. _. __ . __ .

1 

.3 .............. . 

3.20 .... ____ .... 

1 3.40 ------ --- --. 

4 ............. .. 

4.20 ........... . 

4.40 : .. ...... ---

-5 ............. .. 

.5.20 .. -- .. -- --·--

5.40 ------------

Total .... . 

Average .. . 

Ponnds. 0 .F. op, 

83 ........... . 

84 

84 

78 

90 

82 

81 

83 

80 

84 

85 

84 

82 

82 

81 

81 

so 

79 

7.1 

87 

83 

81 

87 

81 

83 

78 

85 

80 

87 

79 . 

35 

39 

41 

45 

47 

48 

50 

52 

53 

54 

57 

57 

57 

57 

56 

56 

56 

56 

57 

56 

56 

56 

55 

55 

53 

50 

48 

47 

46 

47 

49 

51 

53 

56 

57 

59 

60 

62 

64 

65 

67 

68 

69 

69 

70 

71 

il 

70 

72 

72 

72 

72 

73 

73 

71 

68 

67 

81 ------ ...... 

a r·. 

603 

556 

568 

541 

555 

538 

564 

535 

556 

559 

553 

537 

544 

548 

548 

542 

563 

519 

556 

562 

562 

565 

581 

Pounds. Pounds. 

4. 38 0. 038 

4. 40 . 03 

4. 02 . 02 

4.27 .029 

4. 05 . 029 

4.05 . 031 

4.16 . 025 

4. 21 . 024 

0. 77 

.49 

. 58 

. 46 

.44 

. 39 

.51 

. 38 

.4fl 

.45 

.41 

. 43 

. 58 

. 42 

. 52 

0.29 

. 27 

. 31 

.20 

. 18 

.17 

. 21 

.15 

.17 

. 22 

.18 

. 22 

.26 

.16 

. 21 

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

7.0 12.2 0.0 

9.2 10.4 . 0 

9.6 10.3 .0 

9.6 10.2 .0 

. 58 . 22 9. 5 10. 4 . 0 

. 61 

. 57 

.42 

"50 

. 54 

.22 

<)Q . .. v. 

. 27 

. 22 

. 21 

. 22 

7. 9 12.4 .0 

7.6 12.4 .0 

601 ~---··--- ........ .69 . 29 ------ ....... ------

586 - -- - -- -- -- -- -- .. . 60 . 24 8. 6 11. 0 . 2 

572 4.02 .041 .54 .18 ............. ------

600 ........ ........ .61 .20 ....... ------

600 -- -- -- .... -.. .. . . 62 . 22 . 8. 8 11. 5 . 3 

558 4.05 .034 ............. ------ ............ . 

519 

528 

.46 

. 39 

. 20 .................. . 

. 08 8.0 12.4 .0 

----------1----1-----------------

2, 546 1, 449 1, 864 17' 319 

82. 1 51. 7 64.3 5119 

41.61 

4.161 

. 301 

.0301 

15.08 6. 25 

.52 .22 

85.8 

8.58 

113.2 

11.32 

.5 

.05 

13-No. 48, pt. 2-06--39 
906 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT .. 

TEsT No. 56.-Regular and special observations on test of We.gt Virginia .No. 11 coal, November 15, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of water. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

I 

Start, 7.42. ____ ... _ .. -I Inches. Inches. 

40 3~ 

8.10 -.--------------- 29~ 4 

9.10 ----.------------- 33 3 

10.07 ---------------- 26k 3t 

10.54---------------- 30 2;> 4 

11.52 ________________ ! 35 2i 

12.5fl ---------------- 30~ 3 

1.51 ----------------- 36 3 

2.30 ----------------- 34 3 

3.27----------------- 32 3 

4.2fl ----------------- 26~ 3~ 

5.27 ----------------- 36k 4t 

Close, 5.40 ... ________ 40 3 

---

Weight of coal burned. 

During period. Total. 

Pounds. Ponnds. 

~ ----------- --.---------- 700 700 

700 1,400 

700 2,100 

700 2,800 

700 3,500 

700 4,200 

700 4,900 

700 5,600 

700 6,300 

700 7,000 

700 7, 700 

- -.. -.. -----.... -------------

Weight of water fed to boiler. 

During period. 

---

Ponnds. 

------------ 2,352 

6,477 

6,007 

5,038 

6,048 

6,522 

4,749 

3,926 

6,458 

6,497 

6, 130 

I, 116 

Total. 

-·----

Pounds. 

----------- 2,35 2 

8,82. !) 

6 

4 

2 

4 

3 

9. 

7 

4 

4 

0 

14,83 

19,87 

25,92 

32,44 

37,19 

41,11 

47,57 

54,07 

60,20 

61,32 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIOXS. 

Time. Observation. 

R oiler under a light load during night. 

7 _______ F ire cleaned. 

7.42 __ __ T est started, fire 4 inches thick. 

ire raked, fl inches thick. 

ire raked, 8 inches thick. 

ire raked, 12 inches thick. 

7.49 __ .. F 

8.06 ·--- F 

8.17 .... F 

8.37---- F 

8.47----

9.04 __ __ F 

ire raked, 14 inches thick. 

Do. 

ire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Do. 

ire sliced. 

9.20----

9.26 __ __ F 

9.43 __ __ F 

10.05---

10.16 ... F 

10.32 ___ F 

10.49---

11.03---

11.17---

11.31---

11.45 __ _ F 

ire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Do. 

ire sliced. 

ire raked, 12 inches thick. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

ire sliced. 

·-

Time. Observation. 

12.02-- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

12.23-- Do. 

12.42-- Do. 

1.15--- Cleaning fire. 

1.28--. Fire cleaned, 5 inches thick. 

1.38 --- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

2.10 ... Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 

2.23 --- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

2.35--- Fire raked, 12 inche8 thick. 

2.56--- Do. 

3.16--- Do. 

3.34--- Do. 

4.03--- Fire sliced. 

4.24--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

4.47--- Do. 

5.01--- Cleaning fire. 

5.10--. Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick 

5.25--- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 

5.33--- Do. 

5.40--- Test cl~sed, fire 4 inches thick. .. 

Refuse light brown in color, also light in weight. Coal burned freely; fire handled easily. 101 

firings during test. 
:aOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Virginia No. 11 coal. 

CONDITIOXS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 56 . 

.:\'lade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, J\!Io. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

907 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 11. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, December 15, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial . ___ .. ___ .. _. __ . __ .... ____ . _. _. __ . ___ . _____ . _. __ .... _ .. hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ........ __ ....................... _ .................... square feet .. 

::!.1 \Vidth of grate __ ._ ............. __ .. _ .. _ ................. _ .. _. _____ .. _ .... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......... _._._ ........... _ .... _ .. _ ... _ ..... _ ......... _ ... do ___ . 

4. Height of furnace ____ .:. _ ... -. ...... •. __ ...................... __ .... __ .. inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ............. ___ .. __ .. _ .. __ ...... do .. .. 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .. _· __ .......... · .. _ ...... __ per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .......... : . .......... _. _ ........... _. _ .... _ . __ ... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate .. __ ................... __ . __ ............... feet._ 

6.::! Length of flue connecting to chimney .. _ .. __ .. _ ................ _. _____ ... do. __ . 

6.4 Kind of draft .... _ ............ __ ......... _ .......... _. ___ ...... _________ .. _ . __ 

7. \Vater-heating surface_ .. _. __ ... __ ............ __ ................... square feet._ 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ........... _ .. _ ...... _ ...... _ ....... _ ... ___ ... inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ....... _._ .. _ .................. feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .............. ; ....................................... __ ... __ . 

· f b 'd · · ) · {inches.·. 7.4 D1ametero tu es (outs1 e-ms1de ----------------------·---··------- .. do .. _. 

7.5 ·Length of tubes exposed .................................... ___ . __ . __ ...... feet .. 

8. Superheating surface .... _ ... _ ....................... _. __ ..... _ .... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface ............... _ .... __ ..... _. _____ . 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .......... _ ....................... .. 

AVERAGE ·pR&~SURES. 

finches of mercury .. 11. Barometer . -.. · .... -..... ----- ... ----------------------- · --1_ .- ________ pounds .. 

· . h {--do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square me .............................. . . __ do __ __ 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ................. ____ .inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................ -._ .......... _ ................. _ .do .. __ 

14. 'Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. _ .... _ ...................... ____ ....... do .. .. 

a Absolute. 

9.966 

40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7. 67 

113.25 

None. 

NaturaL 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50. 1:i 

1:9. 1 

29.71 

14.58 

82. 1 

a 96.7 

.52. 

. 22 

0 
908 OPERATIONS OF. THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

15. Of external air ................................. ___ ... _ ....... ~ ... _ ... degrees.. 51. 7 

Hi. _Of fire room ............................ _ ........... _ ... _. ____ ........... do ... . 

17. Of steam .................. _. _ ................. ____ ............. ____ .. _ .. do_· .. _ 

18. Of feed water in tank ............................. _ ... _____ ..... · ...... __ .do ... . 

19. Of feed water entering economizer ....................................... do. __ _ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler ............. ' ............................ __ .do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............. , .............................. do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .............. · ......................... do ... _ 

22 . .1 Of furnace ............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

23.. Size and condition: Nut-small, 20 per cent; slack, 80 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................. ; ................. pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as fired ......................... _____ .......... _ .......... do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal .... : ............... __ .. _______ . ~ ............. __ . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ................................. _._.pounds .. 

64.3 

325.2 

49.3 

188 

559 

7, 700 

None. 

4. 85 

7,827 

28. 

2!). 

Total ash and refuse ..................................................... do .. _. 1, 021 

Quality of ash awl refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent. . 4-9 

· {pounds.. 6, 306 

Total combustible consumed ... -.-------------------------·--··--·--·· . . < 1 o .... a 6, 253 

80. 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .......................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 93 

l'ROXIl\IATE ANALYSIS OF COAL. 

32. Fixed carbon ......................................................... . 

33. 

34. 

35. 

Volatile matter ........................................................ . 

Moisture .......................................................•....... 

Ash •........... · ...... : ............................•................... 

Per cent of coal. 

68.36 

16.31 

4.85 

10.48 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

80.74 

19.26 

100.00 100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .......................... : .......... c... . 47 ... _ ....... . 

l!LTIMATE ANALY~TS OJ<~ DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C)···-····-·····-··-··--··--------····---··················--- 80.34 90.28 

38. Hydrogen (H) .....................................................•... 4.00 4.49 

39. Oxygen (0) ............................... ; .......................... . 3.11 . 3. 49 

40. Nitrogen (N) ···-······················--------·················.······· 1. 05 1. 18 

41. Sulphur (S) ......................•............... _. .................... . .49 .56 

42. Ash ................. ! .............................•.•............. , .. . 11.01 

100. 00 100. 00 . 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . 4. 85 ..........•• 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon ...... _,_ ........••...•.....................................•. per cent •. 

45. Earthy rnatter ........ ___ ... _ ... _. __ .. _ ........................ _ ....•... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............................ ·- ....•..... _ .. pounds .. 

47. Combustible consumed per hour ......... _· __ .......................... {:: ~::::: 

48. Dry eoal per square foot of grate surface per hour ......... ; ...........•. _.do ... . 

{

-.do .... 49. Combl)Stible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour .......... __ do. __ _ 

CALORIC Y ALUE OF FUEL. 

909 

26.13 

73.87 

735 

633 

(( 627 

18.13 

. 312 

".309 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .. _. _ ..... _ .. 14, 180 

51. Calorific value _by oxygen calorimeter per pound of comb\]stible, B. T. U _ . ___ . _. _ 10, 934 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T: U ............. _. _.,. __ .. 13, 943 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U ... , ................ 15, 668 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ......•........................... ~ ............ . 

li5. Number of degrees of superheating .......................• ~ ................... . 

.718 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) .................................. per cent .. 99.454 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .•................................... pounds .. 61, 320 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° ..... ~ ..................... do.... 73, 890 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. do.... 60, 985 

60. Factor of evaporation ..................................... ·-...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 205 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° .. _ ........ poundR .. 73, 487 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds.. 6, 119 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ......•.•...••.......... do.... 7, 374 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot, of water-heating 

surface .•...........................•.......................... '..... pounds.. 3. 63 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed ( 34z pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° =one horsepower) ..•....•••......•...•.....••.............. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........•..........•• ~., .........••.•....•........... 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ........•....•.•..........•... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

213. 74 

210 

101. 8. 
910 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONO!fiC RESULTS. 

6R. Water apparently evaporated under actual eonditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57--7--item 25) ..........................................•..... pounds.. 7.96 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) .........•.....•.................•......................... pounds .. 9.54 / 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at p12° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61+ item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 10.03 

71. E~~i::~e~; ~:;:~r;~i~:l. -~r~~- ~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~- -~~~. ~~~~~~ _ ~~ _ ~~~~~~~i-~1~: t ~~:: ~ ~ ~ 11.65 

a 11.75 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficie~cy o~ t~e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per po~l}d of com-{ per cent •. 

bust1ble d1vrded by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

70.61 

a71. 21 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ........... per cent.. 68. 31 

cosT oF EvAPORATION, 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed). .. _ ....... . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used .for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ......... . 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ................................. _ ............ . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ..... _ ..... _ ...•..... ounces .. 

Volum~ of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. .•.•....••.... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) ............. _ .... __ •.. _ ... _ ..... . 

81. Average thickness of fire .............. _ .................. _ ............. inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in nor-

$1._00 

$0.0628 

$0.0524 

6.2 

Alternate. 

12 

mal condition ............... , .......•......... _ .... _ ........ _ ..... minutes.. 5. 9 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ........ _ . _ ..... do. . . . 18 

ANALYSIS 0~' THE DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••• _ •••••• _ •••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

85. Oxygen (0) ........................................................ __ .·.do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) _ .. _. __ .. _. _ .... _____ . _ ... _ ..•.. _. _______ .. _._ ... do .. .. 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ... _. __ . __ ._ .. _____ .. _ .. _ ... _, ___ . ___ :. __ ._ ... do._ .. 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) ( N) .... ___ .. ________ ........ __ . ___ ... __ .. ___ ._.do._._ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. · · 

8.58 

11.32 

. 05 

80.05 
v (b 

.l> 

7 

v 

1 ~ J) 

~ \ L 

1 6 I 

_j 

-. 

r 

- c 

"' 

G'l .b 

l> 

--1. 

"' :I 

11 

"' 

_, "' 

c 

,. 

" 
912 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION OF TJIE. HEATING VALUE OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B: T. U ___ .. _. __________ , ___ . ____ . _ .• __ . 15,934 

B.T.U. 

1. Heat abwrbed by the boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 ____ ------ ___ . _______________ ----. _____ -.----- ______ 11,347 

2. Loss dne to moisture in coal = per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

100X[(212-1,)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air in the 

boiler room; T=that of the flue gases) __________ . _____ : _______________ _ 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the ·burning of hydrogen = per cent of 

73 

hydrogen to combustible -+-100X9X [(212-t)+96ti+0.48 (T-212)].. 517 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pound of com bu~tible X 0.24 X ( T-~t) _________ .• ___ • ___ . _. ______ • _ _ _ _ _ 3, 087 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon = 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+COX 100 Xl0,150 -------------------------- 53 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Sot:(le of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ________________ - __ . _______ . _. ____ • ___ -.. --. --:--- --- --. 857 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower ·hour = 2.82 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 3.48 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 71. 21 

.46 

3.24 

19.37 

.33 

5.39 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 913 

TEST No. 46.-Regular and special observations on tests of West Virginia No. 12 coal, November 4, 1904. 

Time.· 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.133 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressures. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue 

gases, 

base of 

stack. 

Water In hood, I~a~~r­

. Steam sep_arated in~hcs . in ' 

d1scharge. ~n 10 of mchcs 

mmutcs. ·water. w~~r. 

Flue gases. 

C02- o,. co. 

------1----1------------· -~----"-------

7.42 ... -•.•..... 

8 .............. . 

8.20 .••... ···-·· 

8.40 ..•••....... 

9 ··············· 

9.20 ..•......... 

9.40 ....•.. ····· 

10 ....•.....•... 

10.20 ····· ····•· 

10.40 -......... . 

11 ... :. -.. -.-••. 

11.20 ··•·•······ 

11.40 ·····-·-·-· 

12 .....•••••.... 

12.20 •·•·····••· 

12.40 • - - . - -.. --. 

l ... - .. - .... - ... 

1.20 ........•... 

1.40 ··••········ 

2.20 •·••····•··· 

2.40 .••.•....... 

3 ····-·········· 

-3.20 •••.•••••••• 

3.40 • -•••••...•. 

4 .. -.•••...•••.• 

4.20 •.••••....•• 

4.40 -.•.•....•. -

5 ...•.....•.. -.• 

5.20 

5.50 

Pounds. ° F. ° F. 

83 

82 

82 

83 

82 

f/4 

86 

77 

82 

80 

94 

91 

88 

82 

!J2 

92 

94 

85 

92 

82 

88 

92 

94 

83 

92 

89 

92 

83 

77 

88 

53 

54 

55 

55 

56 

57 

57 

58 

59 

59 

61 

62 

62 

68 

64 

65 

66 

68 

68 

68 

69 

68 

68 

68 

68 

67 

66 

64 

63 

62 

60 

61 I 

62 

63 

63 

64 

65 

.66 

66 

67 

67 

69 

69 

69 

70 

73 

73 

"~ IV 

75 

76 

76 

75 

75 

75 

75 

74 

74 

73 

72 

71 

83 ...•••..•••. 

0 P. Pounds. Pounds. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 

512 

542 

5[i0 

543 

542 

547 

546 

542 

497 

532 

543 

545 

512 

536 

532 

-~25 

524 

49.'5 

537 

540 

527 

523 

524 

553 

557 

508 

536 

522 

507 

585 

568 

3. 98 0. 037 

4.12 .028 

4. 12 . 035 

4. 44 . 03 

4. 31 .. 032 

4. 57 . 034 

4.18 . 038 

4.27 .018 

----.-.... -,--- ...... -

0. 33 0. 03 

. 50 .19 

.49 .16 

. 51 . 26 

. 51 . 20 

.46 . 22 

~ 46 . 19 

.64 .28 

."27 . 14 

. 51 . 27 

. 38 .17 

.44 . 18 

. 35 .18 

.53 .27 

. 33 . 15 

.• 45 . 21 

. 33 .13 

. 33 .18 

. 331 .13 

. 38 . 18 

. 40 .18 

. 44 . 21 

. 35 .15 

. 63 . 22 

······ ···-----~------. 

...... ·······!······ 

--~~~- --~~~~-~---~~~ ······ ···----1------

10. 1 I 9. 7 I • 0 

11. 0 8. 8 . 0 

I 

10.7 9.1 .2 

10.5 9.3 .4 

10.5 9.3 .2 

. 46 ".16 9. 9 9.7 . 3 

4.27 .020 .38 .18 •..... ······· ....•• 

. . -.••..• - • • . • • . .. 49 . 23 ... - - . . ..........•. 

. . . . . . . . • .. . . . • • . 35 . 15 9. 7 .10. 0 . 5 

3. 64 . 019 ..•.... -.. -.............•....... 

-- ..•••. -.•.•. -. . 65 . 11 ........ -..•....... 

• . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 38 . 04 9. 1 11. 6 . 0 

1----1---------------1-------------- Total • • • . • 2, 684 1, 873 2, 093 16, 552 41. 90 . 291 13.06 5. 35 100.1 98< 40 l. 6 

Average • • 86.6 62.4 69.8 534 4.19 . 0291 . 435 . 175 10.01 9. 84 •. 16 
914 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEST No. 46.-Regular and special observal'ions. on tests of West Virgirl'ia No. 12 coal, November 4, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

-----------.,..----'-----~-____ .c._~-----------o--------------

/ Height o~water. Weight of coal burned. I Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. · ·In:gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start 7. 42 ______ ... _ .. 46~ 

32t 

36 

26~ 

31t 

33 

30 

35~ 

35t 

23 

25 

42~ 

2!· --- -- - -- -- -- --- -- - ---- -- --- -• - -- - --- - --- -- - -- - --

8.10 -----------------

8.50 -----------------

9.42 ------ --- --------

10.32 ----------------

11.37 ----------------

12.30 ----------------

1.27 --------------.--

2.22 ----------------. 

3. 25 --- -- ----- -- . --- -

4.18 ------ . --- . -- -- - - Close 5.50 __________ __ 

4 

2t 

3f 

2l 

3t 

4! 

5 

3 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

700 

399 

700 

1,400 

2,100 

2,800 

3,500 

4,206 

4,900 

5,600 

6,300 

7,000 

7,399 

1,509 

4,183 

5,118 

5,769 

6,699 

5,540 

5,758 

5,744 

5,863 

5,668 

8,615 

1,509 

5,692 

10,810 

16,579 

23,278 

28,818 

34,576 

40,320 

46,183 

51,851 

60,466 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

·Time. Observation. Time. Observation. 

Boiler under light load durin~ night. 12.20-- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

7.------ Fire cleaned. 1.15--- Do. 

7.42---- Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 1.25--- Fire sliced. 

7.55---- Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 1.41--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

8.07---- Fire raked, 6 inches thick. 2.02--- Fire raked. 

8.21.--- Fire raked, 7 inches thiek. 2.35--- .Fire raked, 12 inches thiek. 

8.38---- Fire raked, 8 inches thick. 3.05--- Fire sliced. 

9.08---- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 3.41 ... :Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

10 ..... Do. 14-37--- Do. 

10.26 ... Fire sliced and raked. 4.54 ... Cleaning fire. 

10.45--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 5.08--- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 

11.10 ... Fire raked', 14 inches thiek. 5.50.-- Test closed, fire 2 inches thick; furnace 

11.34 ... Fire raked, 12 inehes· thick. much hotter than when test started. 

11.49--- Fire sliced. 

Ash white in color and light in weight. Clinker brown and of light weight. Coal burned freely; 

caked a little. 72 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam test of West Jlirg·inia No .. 12 coal. 

CO:SDITIONS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 46. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St .. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

915 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 12. 

Kind of furnace,,haml fired. 

State of the weather, cloudy. 

Method of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 4, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial ....................................................... hours .. 

DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ....................................................... square feet .. 

3.1 Width of grate ........................................................... feet .. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do .. .. 

4.- Height of furnace ...................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. do ... . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ....................... .' .. per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney ................................. ~---·-··--·····--square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ......... : .. ............................... feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft .............. ~ ................................................. . 

7. vVater-heating surface ............................................. square feet_. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shelL .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ..... : ......................... feet .. 

7.3 Number of tubes .......... _ ................................................... . 

· 'd · · ) { inches .• 7.4 D1ameteroftubes (outs1 e-ms1de .................................. . .. do ...• 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ...........................•...................... feet .• 

8. Superheating surface ............................................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface ................................... _ 

11. 

11.1 

12. 

13. 

14. 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer ..................... _ .. _ ..... __ ........ __ ~-. ____ {inches of mercury .. 

. ..•••.••. pounds .• 

S · . h · {··do .... team pressure by gage per square me ................. ~ ............ . .. do .... 

Force of draft between damper and boiler ...•••.•.......•••.... inches of water._ 

Force of draft in furnace ..... ~ ........................................... do ... . 

Force of draft or blast in ash pit .......................................... do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.133 

40.55 

6.16 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.45 

14.45 

86.6 

a 101 

.435 

.175 

0 
916 OPERATIONS OF .THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE~IPF..RATURES. 

15. Of external air •............................................. · ......... degrees.. 62. 4 

16; 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do .... • 69.8 

Of steam .· .................. : ........................................... do.... 328. 3 

Of feed water in tank .................................................. do.... 57.3 

Of feed water entering economizer ........................................ do .. __ 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................. do. __ . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ........ _ ................................... do .. .. 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer ........................................ do ... _ 

22.1 Of furnace ................................ ___ ........... ----· ........... do ... . 

FUEL, 

23. Size and conrlition: Nut, bright-40 per cent small, 60 per cent slack. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ........... ~ .......... ." ............ pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal.as fired .................................................. do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal. ...................................... _ ......... . 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ......................... , ........................... do .. .. 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

197 

534 

7,399 

None. 

1. 58 

7,282 

584 

52 

30. . {pounds.. 6, 698 Total combustible consumed ....... _ .......................... _ ...... . ~ .. do .... a6, 660 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. ... . ... . ..... .... .. .. 8. 02 

PROXIMATE AXALYS1S OF COAL. 

Per cent Per cent of 

of coal. combustible. 

32. Fixed carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75. 33 80. 49 

33. Volatile matter ....................................................... . 

34. Moisture ............................................................. .. 

35. Ash .................................... _ ........ _ ....... __ ...... _ .... . 

18.26 

1.58 

4.83 

100.00 

19.51 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ................................••.•..... .59 ...... ····-· 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

ULTIMATE .ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

Carbon (C) ............................................................ 86.14 

Hydrogen (H) ......................................................... · 4. 41 

Oxygen ( 0) . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 56 

Nitrogen (N} ...................... .................................... l. 38 

Sulphur (S)..................... ........ ............................... .60 

Ash . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . • . . . . . . . . 4. 91 

100.00 

Moisture in sample of coal as 'received ................................. ~ .. I. 58 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

90.59 

;l. 64 

2.69 

l. 45 

.. 63 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND RE!I~USE. 

44. Carbon ___ : _____________________________________________ • ___________ per cent.-. 

45. Earthy matter __________ · ____ ._: __ -- __ .... _-.- .. __ .... __________ ._ ... -.. -.do .. -.-

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ___________ - - . __ --- ______ . _____ .. ___ . ----.pounds- -

47. Combuetible consumed per hour. __ .. _----.---- ___________ .. _____ -----{

--do ___ _ 

__ do. __ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ____ - ______ ._. __________ .do._'_-

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ____ .. ___ -{-- do.--- __ do ___ _ 

CALORIFIC VALUE Oh~ FUEL . 

917 

45.43 

54.57 

719 

661 

({ 657 

17.68 

. 326 

(( .324 

. 50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _________ . _ _ _ 15, 170 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ___ .. -.- _ _ 15,-953 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry ·coal, B. T. U ___ . _____ . _________ . ___ . 14, 990 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U __ : __________ . __ .. _. 15, 764 

QUALITY OF STEAM. 

-54. Percentage of moisture in steam _ .•. __________ - ___ .. - _____________ .- . - ____ - ____ -

55. Number of degrees of superheating __ _ .: __________________ ..... _. __________ . __ .. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam =unity) _________ . ___ .• ________ : _____ •.. -per cent._ 

WATER. 

.69 

None. 

99.47 . 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler.. ___ .. __________ . ____ ..• ________ . ___ pounds .. 60, 466 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° _ .•• _______________ • ______ .do. ___ 72,426 

59. 

60. 

61. 

\.Yater actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam _.: _ ... __________ .do. __ _ 

Factor of evaporation_. _____ .. _____________ . ___ .. _________________ .. _____ . __ _ : _ 

Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° __________ .pounds .. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

60,146 

1. 1978 

72,043 

·62. Water evaporated per hour, correcterl for quality of steam. __ . ___________ pounds__ 5, 936 _ 

·63. Equivalent evaporation per hour froin and at 212° ...... ___ • _________ • ____ .do.___ 7, 110 

·64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface_ -- ____ - _____ . _______________ -- _----- ___________ . ___ . ___ -.. ___ pounds__ 3. 5 

HORSEPOWER. 

·65. Horsepower developed (34! pouuds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) . _ _' _______________________ • _______________ __ 

-66. Builders' rated horsepower ________ . __ ••. ____ .. __ . __________ . ____________ . __ .. __ 

·67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed ____________________ . ________ _ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

206.1 

210 

98. 1 
918 OPE.RATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONoMrc REsuLTS. 

68. ·water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired~ 

(Item 57-+- item 25) __ . __ .. _. _. _. _____ .. ___ . ___ .. ___________ ._ .. __ .. pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ______ . __ . ____ .... ____________ . _____________ .. _ . ___ .. ______ pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (ltf.'m 61-+- item 

27) .. __ ...... __ ..... __ . ____ . __ ... _. __ . __ ... __ ............ _. ____ .... pounds._ 

71. 

E~~::~e~t~=~::u:r;~i)o~- -f~~~: _ ~~1-(~ _ ~~-- ~~~~- -~~~ -~~~~1-~ _ ~~ _ ~~~1~~~~~i-~~~~ {: :~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent._ 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) ________ ... do .... 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal).·. ___ -.- ____ .per cent._ 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) _________ ._ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions· _____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ______ • __ _ 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

8.17 

9. 74 

9.9 

10. 76 

a}0.82 

65. 13 

a65. 5 

63.02 

$1.00 

$0.0612 

$0.0513 

ii. Percentage of smok\3 as observed .. ____ . ___________ .... __ ..... ____________ .. __ .. - 23. 6 

78. 

79. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. ____ .......... __ ... ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter. ____ .. __ . __ ... cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) __ .. ______________________ .... __ __ 

81. Average thickness of fire. ______ ... _______ .. __ .. _____ __-- .. ______ .... __ inches .. 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition .... -- ............... -- ..... __ .... -- ...... --- ..... __ .. minutes .. 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up -- ________ ...... do .. __ 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES, 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) ____ ----. __ •• __________ •• __ ... --. __ .---- ______ .. per cent .. 

Oxygen ( 0) __ .. __ ... ----- . ----.------ .. ------------ .... -------.------ .. do .. --

Carbon monoxide (CO) ......... -- ..... -- __ .-- .. ---.--.------- __ -- ____ -- .. do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons .. ____ ....... ______ .. __ ---- .. ---- ......... __ .do ... . 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ________ . __ --. ____ .. ---- .. --,---- __ ------ .... do .. __ 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Alternate. 

12 

8.3 

29 

10.01 

9.84 

,16 

79.99 
. ~~-+--~~~~~~--~~r-++--1---~~--~--t--i---r--t--i~~t-t--i~ 

,~\\-~~~~~--~~--~~~~~~--~_,--~~t-i--i--t-ttt-t--1~ 

t~~~\~--~--~~·~~--~--~--+-~+---~--~--+---~--t---t---t---t---~~'r-~~~ 
~20 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIRUTION OF THE HEATING VALUE .OF THE COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U ... __ ............... --- •. __ .. 15,953 

B.T. U. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combnstibleX965. 7 .....••................. -- ...... -- .• ------ .• ---- ... 10,449 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustib:e+ 

lOOX [(212-t)+966+0.48 (1'-212)] (t=temperature of a~r in the 

boiler room; T=.that of the fine gases). ____ . __________________________ __ 21 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent •of 

hydrogen to combustible -+-l00X9X [(212-t)+966+0.48 ( T-212)] ____ __ 527 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight of gas per 

pounrl of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) ..... ______ .... ____ ... ______ . ____ .. 2, 481 

5. 

·6. 

Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

CO,+COX 100 X10,150-- ---- ... ------- ·----------

Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

calculated) __ .. ______ ... _ .. _. ____ .•.. ____ . ___ . ____ . ___ . _______ ..... ___ . 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour= 2.86 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 3.53 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry O! ash. 

145 

2,330 

Per cent. 

a65. 5 

.13 

3.3 

. 91 

14.61 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 921 

TEST No. 59.-Regular and sper,ial observations on test of West Virginia No. 12 coal (small.b1·iquettes), 

· November 17, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.25 hours.] ---

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pressure. Flue gases. 

-------· ------

Steam 

Time. pressur 

gage. 

Manom- In hood In fure Flue cter, Temper- in • nace,

1 

Out- Boiler gases, pressure aturc of inches in co,. o,. CO. side. room. base of per steam. of inches 

stack. square water. of 1 

inch. water. I-- ---- ---- -----

Pound s. 

7.59 ....... ..... H 1 

8.20 . .. . .. ... . . . s 4 

8.40 . • . • •. . . . . . . 8 3 

9 .•.... ......... 8 0 

9.20 ············ 8 7 

9.40 . . . . ... . . . . . 8 5 

10. .. . ..... ... . . 8 6 

10.20 .. . .. .. .. .. 8 7 

10.40 . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 

11 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 8 8 

11.20 . . . . . . .. . .. 84 

11.40 . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

12 ..... ······· .. 8 3 

12.20 . . . .. . . . . . . 82 

12.40 . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

1 ·····... .. . . . .. 83 

1.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . S<J 

2 ............... 86 

2.20 .. . ... . ... .. 86 

2.40 ·····-----·· 83 

3 ............... 86 

3.20 ............ 88 

3.40 ......... ... 81 

4 ............... 88 

4.20 ............ 82 

4.40 ............ 86 

5 ............... 80 

5.20 .... -. -- ... - 84 

5.40 -.. -- .. ----. 82 

6.14 ............ 80 

Total ... _ . 2, 590 

Average... 83.6 

I op_ 

41 

44 

46 

47 

51 

51 

52 

53 

53 

55 

57 

60 

60 

61 

61 

62 

63 

62 

62 

61 

61 

60 

60 

59 

58 

57 

56 

54 

53 

52 

------

--

1, 672 

56 

op, 

56 

56 

58 

59 

61 

63 

65 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

74 

74 

75 

76 

76 

' 77 

77 

77 

76 

75 

75 

74 

74 

73 

72 

71 

70 

---...... --

2,101 

70. 1 

13-No. 48, pt 2--D6-40 

--

op, Pound8. 

592 -------- 615 0.85 

565 .. 9 

580 .92 

587 .9 

590 . 95 

595 .95 

577 .9 

568 .9 

555 . 92 

555 .92 

553 .9 

557 .9 

548 .9 

550 .9 

593 .9 

580 .9 

605 .9 

624 .9 

610 .9 

598 .9 

603 .9 

600 .9 

610 .9 

640 .9 

630 .9 

605 .9 

604 .9 

615 .9 

577 .9 

580 -------- ---

18,261 26.21 

590 .904 

oF. ll'act. Per ct. Per ct. 

--.------ 0.65 0.17 ...... 

276 . 48 . 20 ...... 

271 . 30 . 091 ...... ... ---- .. ------ 276 .45 . 17 8. 8 9.2 0.6 

277 . 40 . 20 ........... ------- ------ 275 . 40 .11 ·----- ------- ------ 267 . 50 . 23 9.5 8.9 .1 

275 . 45 . 20 ------ ------- ------ 274 .45 . 19 ------ ------- ----·- 272 . 45 . 20 9.0 10.8 .0 

271 .40 . 10 -·---- ------- --·--- 276 .43 . 15 ------ ------- -·---- 267 . 50 .17 8.3 11.6 .0 

269 . 38 .08 . ------ ------- ------ 275 .37 .11 ------ ---·--- ----.... 

274 .65 .16 8. 1 11.5 .1 

280 . 35 .11 ------ -----·- -----.. 

264 . 50 .09 ------ ------- ------ 277 .50 .20 9.5 9.3 .6 

271 .40 .14 -----· ------- ------ 278 .35 .11 -·---- ······- ------

271 . 35 .12 10.0 9.4 .2 

274 . 35 .19 -----· -----·- ·----- 276 . 35 .16 ------ ------- --.--- 278 .20 .10 9.9 9.7 .1 

277 .43 .11 -----· ............ ------ 274 .35 .16 -·---- ------- ------ 278 .35 .15 9.2 10.6 .2 

276 .36 .15 ----·- ------- .. -- .. -.. 

268 .30 . 07 ------ ----·-- -...... --

-------- .30 .07 9.1 10.8 .1 

---------------- 7,937 12.'7 4. 46191.4 101.8 2. 

274 .41 . 14 9. 14 10.18 .2 
922 OPERATIONS, OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TES1' No. 59.-Regulm· and special Dbservations on test_ of West Virginia No. 12 coal (small briquettes), 

November 17, 1904-Continued. · · 

SPECiaL. 

·--------

Height of water. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

Jn tunk. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Totnl. 

-· 

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 

Start, 7.59 ............ 40 F 4 ------------ ------------ ------------ .... -- --- .. -~--

8.24 --------------·-- 33 3 600 600 2,510 2,510 

8.55 .. --- .... -- ........ -........ 37~ 2 600 1, 200 3,2581 5,768 

9.33 -·--------------- 30 2~ 600 1, 800 3,437 9,205 

10.30 .............................. 16~ 4 600 2,400 6,532 15,737 

11.30 .... --- .. -.... -.. ----.. 37~ 4~ 600 3,000 5,642 .21, 379 

12.36 -.. -.. -.. --- .. -........ - 34 4 600 3,600 5,458 26,837 

1.18 ----------------- 42 2~ 600 4,200 . 4,494 31, 331 

2.02 ................................. 38 4 600 4,800 4, 781 36, 112 

2.47 ----------------- 29 5 600 5,400 5,253 41,365 

3.40 .. ---- .. -- ...... --- .. -.. 33 3 600 6,000 6,177 47,542 

4.26 ---·--------- ·--- 43~ 3 600 6,600 5,088 52,630 

5.17 ----------------- 33 4~ 600 7,:wo 5,078 57, 708 

Close, 6.14 __________ . 40 lt 315 7,515 4,916 62,624 

--·----

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

Thnc. Observation. ·Time. Observation. 

--- ·---------·· 

Boiler under light load during night. (15 --· Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

7- ·-- •. - Fire cleaned. L38 .•• Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 

7.59---- Test started, fire 4 inehes thick. 2.00--- Do. 

8.38---- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 2,11.-- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

9.02 ---· Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 2.20--- Do. 

9.12---. Dq. 2.30 ·-- Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 

9.28---- Do. 2.41 ... Fire sliced, 13 inches thick. 

9.41-- .. Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 2.45--- Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 

9.53 .... Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 2.58--- Fire raked, 14 inches thick. 

10.03--- Du. 3.08--- Do. 

10.20--- Do. 3.20--- Do. 

10.27 ... Do. 3.40--- Do. 

10.42 --- Do. 3.58--- Do. 

10.51--- Do. 4.15--- Do. 

11.01 --- Fire sliced, 14 inches thick. 4.19 c .. Fire sliced, 14 inches thick. 

11.10 ... Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 4.36--- Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 

11.26--- Do. 4.41 --- Do. 

11.40--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 4.56--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. 

11.45--- Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 5.04--- Fire raked, 13 inches thick. 

11.58 --- Fire raked, 9 inches thick. · 5.15--- Do. 

12.03--. Cleaning fire. 5.27--- Fire raked, 10 inches thick. 

12.15--- . Fire cleaned, 4 inches thick. 5.:-lO __ . Cleaning fire. 

12.30--- Fire raked, 9 inches thick. 5.38.-- Fire cleaned, 4 inches thiek. 

12.51--- Fire raked, 12 inches thick. ~ 6.14--- Test closed, fire 4 inches thick. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Steam te.1t of West Virginia No. 12 coul (briquettes). 

CONDITIONS Ol'' ROlLER 'IRIAL. 

Test number, 59. 

i\iade by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Loui,~, .Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fueL 

~23 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets operated. Hughes apparatus 

operated. 

Kind of fuel, West Virginia No. 12 coal (briquettes). 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of weather, partly clear and cloudy. 

i\iethod of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 1. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 17, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial . _. _ ................ _ ............. __ ............. ____ .hours .. 

DIMENSIOXS AND PROPORTIO}IS, 

3. Grate surface ............................................. --~ ...... square feet .. 

:3.1 Width of grate ........................................................... feet .. 

:3.2 Length of grate ........ _ ........................................ _ ....... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ....................................................... inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaees in grate ................................. do ... . 

fi. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...................... _. ... per cent .. 

6.1 Area of chimney .................................................. square feet .. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ............................................ feet .. 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney .................................... do .. .. 

6.4 Kind of draft ................ ·.: ............................................... . 

7. 'Vater-heating surface ........ ·.· ................................... square feet.. 

·7.1 Outside diameter of shelL .............................................. inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ... _·_ ....................... _ .. feet.. 

7.3 Number of tubes ................................................... : . ........ . 

7.4 Diameter of tubes (outside-inside) .................................. .. {

inches .. 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed .................................................. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ........... _ ............................... _ .. square feet.. 

!l. 

10. 

11. 

Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface .................................. . 

Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .......................... _ ........ . 

AVERAGE PRESSURES. 

Barometer _________________ . ____________ . ____________ . ___ ·{inches of mercury .. 

.......... pounds .. 

· {--do .... 11.1 Steam pressure by gage per square inch ......... _ .................... . .. do .... 

12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ....................... inches of water._ 

13. Force of draft in furnace ................................................. do .. .. 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit ...................... _ .................. do ... . 

a Absolute. 

10.25 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

- None. 

Natural. 

:!,om 

42.94 

. 21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.67 

14.57 

83.6 

a 98.17 

. 41 

.14 

0 

I 
924 

15. 

Hi. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAG.I!; TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ... _ ................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ...... ----- .............. __ ...... _·_ .......................... do ... . 

Of steam ............................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ........ _.._ ......................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economi~er ........................................ do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ....................................... ____ ... do ... . 

Of c~caping gases from boiler. ....... _ ...........................•......... do._._ 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .......................•................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ................................•.................•........... do ... . 

FUEL. 

23. Size and condition: Small briquettes. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fires ....................•........•... pounds .. 

25. Weight of coal as iired .......................... _ ........................ do ... . 

26. Percentage of moisture in coal ............................ _ ................. _ .. 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 

28. Total ash and refuse ..............................................•...... do .... 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker .................................... per cent .. 

56 

70.1 

326.3 

52.9 

590 

None. 

7,515 

2.32 

7,341 

760 

60 

30. . {pounds.. 6, 581 Total combustible consumed ................................. _ ........ . .. do .... a6,626 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry <~oal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. 35 

82. 

33. 

34. 

R.'i. 

PROXll\J A'f E AN A LYSIS OF GOAL. 

Per cent of coal. 

Fixed carbon ............................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67. 46 

Volatile matter . . . .. . . ... •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02 

:Moisture............................................................... 2. 32 

Ash ...................................................... :............ 6.2 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

73.74 

26.26 

100.00 

36. Sulphur, separately determined .....................•.............•....• .84 .......... .. 

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

37. Carbon (C) ..................•.................................••..•.•. 84.82 90.56 

38. Hydrogen (H) ....... _ ......................................•........•.. 4.95 5.29 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .... , .............. _ ............. _ ............ _ ..... _ l. 67 1. 78 

40. Nitrogen (N) ................................................ __ . 1. 35 1. 44 

41. Sui phur ( 8) ........................................ _ ....•......... _ .. . .87 . 93 

42. Ash .................................................................. . 6.34 

100.00 100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as receh·ed .............................. . 2.32 ........... . 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
BOILER TESTS. 

ANALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .......•................... __ ... _. __ . _. _. ___ . _. _. __ . _ ... _ ... _per cent.. 

45. Earthy watter ....... __ ....... _ .•.... __ ..... __ . __ . _. __ , .. _ .. _ .. __ .. _ .... do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ... _ ...... __ ..... _____ ... ___ . _ .... _. _ . ____ pounds .. 

{

·-do .... Combustible consumed per hour ..... - .... -. - -.. ---- --- --- ---- -.- ----- -- l 1 0.- •• 

47. 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour _. _. _. _ .. ___ . __ . __ ._ .. __ .do ..•. 

Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ... ___ .. _.{·· do.··· 

. . do ..•. 49. 

CALORIFIC VALUE OJ<' FljEL. 

50. Calorific value by_ oxygen _calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U .... _ ...... _. 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _ .... _ ..•. 

. 52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U . _ .... __ ...... ____ ..•.•. 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U _. _ ........... _ .•... 

QUAI-'ITY OF 8TEA::'tl. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam .. _ ...... _._ . _ .. ___ .. _ .. __ . _ ... ___ . ~. _ . __ ...... _ 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .. _ ..... ___ . __ . ___ ...... __ ..... _____ ..... _ .. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity) .... _. _ .... __ ... _ .. __ ... __ . __ ._ ... per cent .. 

WATER. 

925 

32.77 

67.23 

716 

642 

a646 

17.66 

. 316 

((. 318 

15,235 

16,266 

15,305 

]fl, 341 

.59 

None. 

99.55 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler .... _ ............. __ ....•... _ ..... ___ potmds .. 62, 624 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° _ .. __ ...... __ ...... __ ...... do .... 75, 249 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do. ___ 62,342 

60. Factor of evaporation..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2016 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212°· ........... pounds._ 74,910 

62. 

63. 

64. 

WATER PER HOUR. 

\Vater evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ................. _ ...... do._ .. 

Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

6,082 

7,308 

surface .... _ ........................................................ pounds.. 3. 6 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34~ pounds of water eyaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212°=1 horsepower) ., ................. ~ ...................... .. 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ................................................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower deYeloped ................ ." _ .......... . 

---·-------·------ a Calculated from chemistry of 11sh. 

211.83 

210 

100.87 
926 OPBRATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

F.CONOl\UC RESULTS. 

68. · Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Itelll 57 +item 25) .. ______ ------ ___ .. _____________________ .. ___ ... pounds __ 

69. Equivalent ev;~poration from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) _. __ . _ .. __ .. ___ . __ .... ______ . ~ ___ . ___ .. _ .... ___ . _. ___ . ____ .pounds._ 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61-+- item 

27) _ ... __ ........ _· ____ ------ ________ .... _. ___ .. __ -~- ------ __________ pounds .. 

71. 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficie~1cy o~ t~1e boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per_ponnd of com- {per cent __ · 

bust1ble dn·1ded by heat value of 1 pound of combustible. _________ . ___ .do. __ _ 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) _____ . ______ per cent __ 

COST OF RYA!'ORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ____ , ... __ 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions _____ _ 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating I, 000 pounds of water from and at 212° ____ . ____ _ 

77. 

78. 

.79. 

:so. 

81. 

.82. 

:83. 

:84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

SJIOKE OBSERYATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed. ___ .-_ .. _._ ....... _ .... ____ . ___ . __ ._ ... __ . ___ _ 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter_ .. __ ... ____ . _______ .ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ____ . _____ . ___ cubic inchee. _ 

l\IETHODS OF FIRING. 

Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)_ .. _.- .. _- ..... ___ . __ .. -... __ . __ --

Average thickness of fire .. ________ --_.- ..... ---.- . --.- .. -- ... -.--------inches.-

Average intermls between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in 

normal condition ... _____ . __ . __ -. _ .. _ ... _ .. - __ -- _--.---- ...... ----.minutes.-

Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up. _____ ._.- __ .. _.do.- __ 

ANALYSIS OP THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide (CO,).----·---- ... _ ..... --·_ ....... -.. -----.- __ - __ -.. per cent._ 

Oxygen (0) _ ..... _____ . ____ . _____ .... _. __ .. -......... ---------- .. - _____ do.---

Carbon monoxide (CO) ___ .-. __ .. ___ .---.-.. -- .... -... ------ .. -----.- ... do.---

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons---._ .. __ ... --- ....... ·.-.---.--.--------- ... do ___ _ 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------do .... 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

8.333 

9.968 

10.2 

11.38 

a 11. 31 

ll7.56 

a 67.15 

64.65 

$1.00 

$0.06 

$0.0502 

45.4 

Alternate. 

13 

14 

9.14 

10.18 

.2 

80.48 
-1' ~ 

t i\ 

~ ~ .., 

\ \ r 

' 

\ . t 

i\ 

ii 

·~ 

h-- ('\ ~ 0 

)> 

\~ r 

= " I" 0 \~ -. "J_ I r 

0' 

I~ c :- 3 I 

" t G'l 

l> tr--:- -\ 

v~ (J\ 

0 4 

ii 

I~ ,'1 ['I 

~ :r 

I~ r -

~~~ lg JJ 

l> 

-1 

t c 

~ \~ ;u 0 ['I 

I~ ,__ 

- g"l r 

\ JJ 

"' I 1\\.l' ~ . ~ ;11 

\ ·, 0 

D 

t :I 

' \ ~ -1 

,.., I" 

,~ :I 

1\ 11 

"' r ;n 

\ \~ '!; 

c t-o!" JJ 

l\ I" 

(,. 

\ ~ 

1\ t 

\ "' 

r[-a~ 

t 

Cn 

l 

-t x~ 

Fl 

I'T "' ll < 

r"J'"l\ ~ 

~1~· ~ ..... "' C]l 

"' I I" 

"' 

1\ 

' \ 

I 

1 b \ 

\ 

\ g 

I 

\ \ 0 

b JJ 

)> 

.... 

':jt 

7 "' ~ 

01 

-~ JJ 

I ,.., .. - -1 II ,.., 6 [:. )> ., )> c :r ~ (J\ 

~Ir- ,;J !=< I" r- ,.., 

.! "' ~~ c 

"' I/~ ~ 'i'~ b"'IC, 

t!' tJ 

JJ 

\~ \ ~:_ ~ 

fi " 1\ JJ 

,.., 

i>- ~-

1 ~ c 

JJ 

r>-

~ 7 

"J_-

0 

~ 0 

0 

\ 

1/ ~ I ~ 1/ I) 

I g I\ 

\ 

II 19 

1\ 

\ II 

I I 

I I 

' I 

\ ; ~ 0 

.Q 

0 -

"' :I 

" 
928 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALANCE, OR DISTRIBUTION 01<~ THE HEATING VALUE OP THE. COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U •••••......................... 16, 266 

R. T. U. Per cent. 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler=evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible X 965.7 .................................................. 10, 922 a 67. 15 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal=per cent of moisture referred to combustible-7-

100X[(,212-t) +!l66+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperatnre of air in tho 

boiler room; 'I'= that of the fine gases) ........................... -- .. .. 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen=per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible -+-100 X 9 X [(212- t) + 966 +0.48 ( T- 212)]. 

4. Loss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases=weight of gas per 

poun<l of combustible X 0.24 X ( T-t) ......... : ..................... .. 

5. Loss duo to incomplete combustion of carb.on= 

CO. pe; cent 0 in combustible · CO,+COX 100 X10,150 ---------------------------

6. LoH8;<lue to nnconHnmed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and un~ccoimted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may be 

.2 

614 3. 77 

3, 011 18.51 

197 1 .. 21 

calculated) ...... ______________ .. ___ .. _________________ .... ____ ·_. _ .. _ 1, 489 9. 16 

REl\IARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepow~r hour=2. 77 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horHepower hour=3.42 pounds. 

a Caleulated from chemistry of ash. 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 

TEsT No. 68.-Regula1· and special observations on test of Wyoming No. 1 coal (lignite), Norember 23, 1904. 

REGULAR. 

[Duration of trial, 10.15 hours.] 

~~ -----------------------------

Time. 

7.:36 -------0----

8 --------------· 

8.20 --- ----· -·-. 

8.40 .. - -.. -- -- .. 

9-- ..... --------

9.20 .......... .. 

9.40 .. - -- -.. - - - -

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 -----------

11 --------------

11.20 ......... .. 

11.40 ......... .. 

12--------------

12.20-----------

12.40 ......... .. 

1 ............. .. 

1.20 ·-·· ···-···· 

1.40 .. 0---------

2 ............. .. 

2.20 ------ .. -- .. 

2.40 ........... . 

3 ............. .. 

3.20 --- .. -.... --

3.40 ------------

4---------------

4.20 .......... .. 

4.40 -- --- .. -- -.. 

5 .............. . 

5.20 ........... . 

5.45 

Total-----~ Average .. 

---

Steampressure 

gage. 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. Draft pre!<sures. Flue gases. 

Outside. 

Boiler 

room. 

-------- --I,-, f-ur:--~----~--

Flue \Vater In 1llC:od, nace, 

gases, Stcmn sel!1trated inches in~es co2• o2. co. 

lmse of diecharge. :n 10 ·

0 f . of 

stack. m1nutcs. water. water. 

-------~--------'-----------·-

l'Oll>Ul~- ° F. ° F. 0 F. Ponnd.<. l'onnd8.f l'cr ct. l'cr ct. Per ct. 

82 57 585 ........ ---- -.. - 0 .. 55 0. 15 .. - -- - -- -- -- -- 0 

83 .31 ------ .. : .... , .. :.:: 

80 

81 

81 

79 

79 

80 

80 

.so 

85 

76 

75 

79 

84 

80 

85 

86 

85 

82 

81 

83 

8:3 

80 

83 

8:3 

85 

79 

76 

81 

81 

40 

41 

43 

45 

49 

51 

,'),) 

57 

(jQ 

62 

6:3 

6:3 

64 

64 

65 

65 

65 

65 

6.') 

65 

65 

64 

64 

6.'3 

63 

62 

60 

58 

57 

58 685 4.2:3 0. 041 

59 ----··· ········ ---·-·--

60 

60 

62 

63 

64 

66 

68 

71 

78 

75 

76 

7'3 

82 

84 

84 

83 

88 

84 

83 

82 

81 

80 

79 

78 

77 

76 

77 

76 

60.5 

580 

590 

585 

.560 

4. 23 . 026 1 

4. 05 . 042 

575 -----.-- -.-.---. 

57.5 [ ...... __ I __ .. __ __ 

575 3. 98 1 . 035 

570 -------- _____ _. __ 

565 ---- ---· -----0--

::~ I_ --~-: ~~. -- - ·_ ~~-- 575 

630 

660 

665 

660 

645 

610 

640 

625 

625 

685 

645 

635 

535 

650 

625 

4.40 . 029 

4. 18 .m 

4.07 .024 

4.18 .04 

:::::::: ::::::: :j 1 3. s6 . os 

.73 

. 15. 

.75 

. 61 

. 60 

. 59 

.61 

. 61 

. .58 

. 59 

. 60 

. 61 

.59 

.60 

. o3 

.68 

.69 

. 65 

. 78 

. 65 

. 65 

.67 

. 64 

. 66 

. (}9 

. 65 

.05 ------1------- ------ . 30 

.:30 

.30 

. 27 

. 36 

. 33 

\-l. 9 i 8. 2 1. 4 

8.3 10.5 .4 

. 31 7. il 12. i . 0 

.34 -----+-----

.28 ------'------- ------

.32 7.s 1a.o 

.26 

. 31 

. 29 7. 2 13.2 

. 26 ______ 

1 

_____ _ 

.15 ...... , ...... 

. 191 9. 0 10. () 

. 18 --- .. - .. - - .. -

. 21 

.10 

.22 

.12 

. 24 

. 25 

. 22 

8. 7 10. 7 

'8. 2 12. 3 

.0 

.0 

.il 

.4 

.0 

. 88 . 24 8. 0 12. 4 . 0 

. 67 . 10 ------ ------- -.. ---

. 45 . 04 7. 4 13. 8 . 0 

---------- --------1--~ --------·---

2,517 1,768 2;279 18,285 

81.2 59 7~5 810 

4.104 

4. 104 

. :317 

. 0317 

18.61 

. 62 

7. 0 

• 2:3 

__ .__ _ _,_I _ _,____ ---~---- ~--

81.8 

8. 18 

117.2 

11 7'> • 

-· ·~ I 

2.5 

. 25 
930 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

1'EST No. 63.-Regular and special observations on test of U~yoming No.1 coal (lignite), November2S, 1904-

Continued. 

SPECIAL. 

Time. 

Start, 7.36,: _ ...... _ 

7.51 --------------

8.13 ------ -·- -----

8.40 

9.02 

9.40 ------ -· -··· --

10.17 ------·--·-·· 

10.56 ............ . 

11.45 ............ . 

12.49 ........... .. 

1.21 

1.49 

2.29 

3.04 ............ .. 

3.38, ............ .. 

4.17 ........... : .. 

5.08 ··----·-------

Close,5.45 ........ . 

... 

... 

...... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

--. 

... 

---

... 

---

---

... 

... 

... 

Height of water. 

In tank. In gage glass. 

Inches. Inches. 

40 2! 

30 3! 

41~ 4!l 4 

34~ 4 

28 5! 

36 2 

37 3i 

1m 4t 

31~ 4 

4M 2! 

35~ 2! 

33~ 3 

3-1 I 'I 5 

40 3t 

32 4~ 

33! 4t 

39 !l 

4 

40 1! 

---

Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Durin<r period. Total. During period. -Total. 

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Ponnds. 

-----------· ----------·- ------------ ......................... 

700 700 1,053 1,053 

700 1,400 1, 978 3,031 

700 2,100 3,208 6,239 

700 2,SOO 1,223 7,462 

700 3,500 3,813 11,275 

700 4,200 2,513 13, 788 

700 4,900 2, 971 16,759 

700 5,600 3,610 20,369 

700 6,300 4, 971 25,340 

700 . 7,000 3,638 2H,978 

700 7, 700 3,033 32,011 

836 . 8,536 4,152 36, 163 

700 9,236 3,624 39, 787 

700 9,936 3,214 43,001 

700 10,636 3,819 46,820 

700 11,336 4,665 51,485 

610 11,946 3, 190 54,675 

-----

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

------------~------,-------~--------------------

Time. Observution. 

Boiler under a light load during night. 

7. _... . . Fire cleaned. 

7.36.... Test started, fire 2 inches thick. 

9.37 . __ . Fire raked, 4 inches thick. 

10.06 ... 

10.32 ... 

11.26 .. . 

11.37 .. . 

Fire sliced, thin clinkers on grate .. 

Fire sliced. 

Do. 

Do. 

12.10 ... Fire sliced, 6 inches thick. 

Time. Observation. 

12.16 . . Fire raked, 5 inches thick. 

12.23 . . Cleaning fire. 

12.35 .. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

2.55 . . . Fire sliced. 

3.22... Fire sliced, 5 inches thick. 

4.14 _ . . Fire sliced. 

4.53... Cleaning fire. 

5.06 . _. Fire cleaned, 2 inches thick. 

5.45 . _ . Test closed, fire 2 inches thick. 

-------------------------------------·-------'-------------------------------

Ash white and of light weight. Coal burned freely, with long flame. 85 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn test of Wvoming No. 1 coal. 

CONDITIOXS OF BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 63. 

Made· by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase ExpoHition, St. Louis, Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

931 

Principal conditions goveniing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated. Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Wyoming No. 1. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

Method of starting imd stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 2:3, 1904. 

2., Duration of trial ............................................ · .......... hours .. 

DIME5SIOXS AND PROPORTIONS, 

3. Grate surface ...................................................... square feet.. 

3.1 \Vidth of grate ........................................................... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate ......................................................... do ... . 

4. Height of furnace ...................... ~ .............................. inches .. 

10.15 

40.55 

6. 16 

6.58 

26 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................................. inch. . . 5 

6, Proportion of air space to whole grate surface .................... _____ .per cent_. 44 

6.1 A rea of chimney ... __ ...... ___ .............. _ ..... _ .... ________ ... square feet.. 

6.2 Height of chimney above grate ..................... _ .. _. ___ . _ ............ feet.. 

6.3 Length of fine connecting to chimney ....... -_ ... __ .... _ ............. ____ .do ... . 

6.4 Kind of draft. _. __ ............. _ ....... __ . _________ . ______ .. __ ....... ________ _ 

7. ·water-heating surface .... _ ... _ .......... _.: ____ .... _. __ ........ _ .. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ..... _. _. _. _. _____ . _. __ . _. _____ . __ . ___________ inches .. 

7.2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) ...................... ________ feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes ........ __ ._._ ......... ___ . __ .......... __ .. __ ... __ .. _ ... __ ... .. 

7.4 Dmmeter o tu es outs1 e-msH c _ . _ . ___ ................ __ . __ .. ___ . _ . f b ( "d · · 1 ) {inehes .. 

· .. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ................ _ .. _____ ... ___ ........... ___ .. _ .. feet .. 

8. Superheating surface ........ _ ....... ___ ........................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface . ________ ... _ .. _. __ .. _. _. _ ..... _ .. 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface .. __ ... _. ______________ . __________ __ 

AYER.\.GE PRESSURES. 

11. Barometer __________________ . ____________________________ -{inches of mercury._ 

. . ... _ ..... pounds .. 

S b . 1 { .. do .... 11.1 team pressure y gage per square me 1. __ . __ . _____ .. ___ ... __ . _ .. __ .... 

.. do .... 

12. Force of draft between dam per and boiler ....... _ . __ . ___ ... ____ . inches of water .. 

13. Force of draft in furnace ....... _ ................. ______ ... _____ .. _. _____ .do. __ _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit. .... _._ ... _ ... ___ . _____ ._._. ____ .. _____ .. do. __ _ 

a Absolute. 

7.67 

11:3.25 

None. 

Natural. 

2,031 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9. 1 

29.42 

14.44 

81.2 

a95. 64 

.62 

. 23 

0 
932 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TE:\IPERA'fUilES. 

1.5. Of external air _______ .... _____ ._ .... __ .. ________ ..... ____ ..... _ ... __ .degrees .. 

16. Of fireroom. _ .... _. _________ . _ _ _ _ . ___ . ___ . _ . _____ . ____ ...... _ .......... do ___ . 

17. Of steam --------------·-------·-·------·-------------------·-----------do ... . 

18. Of feed water in tank.-·----. ______ .-----· ________ . _____ . __ ._------- ____ .. do ... . 

HI. Of feed water entering economizer ... _. ___ ... ____________ ...... _ ... _ ... __ .do. __ _ 

20. Of feed water entering boiler._~ _____ ._.... ___ ..... ____ . ___________ ..... _do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ___ ._. ________ .. __ . ___ . ___ ... _._. _________ .. do ... . 

:n. Of escaping gases from economizer ·····-----------------'-----··----------do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace ..... ____ .... _. ___ .. ___ .. __ ...... __ . ________ ..... __ .... ___ .. _ .do. __ _ 

FljEL. 

2:3. Size and condition: Nut-small, 80 per cent; 8lack, 20 per cent; bright. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire _____ .. ________________________ . ___ pounds .. 

.59 

73 . .5 

324.R 

.51. 5 

182 

610 

None. 

25. \Yeightofcoalasfired --------------------------------------------------do .... 11,946 

26. Percentage of moistvre in coaL ... ____ . __ ... _______________ ....... _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21. 81 

27. Total weight of dry coal consumed _____ . _________ .. _________ . ___ . ______ pounds._ 9, 341 

2S. 'rotal ash and refuse .. ________________ . ___ . _____________ .. _. ___ ..... _ .... do.___ S10 

29. Quality of ash and refuse: Clinker __ . ____ ....... ____ . ___ . __ .... _____ ._per cent._ 25 

30. Total combustible consumed ... __ ._ ... _______ . _____ ................. __ {

pounds._ S, 531 

. . do .... a 8, 138 

31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coaL. __________ .................... _______ .. 8. 67 

32. 

33. 

34. 

3-5. 

l'ROXIl\IATE A~ALYSIS OF COAL. 

Fixed carbon .................. -....... : . ................ _ ........... . 

Volatile matter ___ .... ___ ....... ________ .. _. _. ___ ........ _________ ... _. 

1\ioisture .. _ . _________ ........ ___ . _____ ... ____________ ... __ ........... . 

Ash ..... _ .................. __ .................. __ .. ______ ........... . 

36. Sulphur, separately determined ______ .. _ .... ___ .. _________ .. _ ...... _ .. . 

l~LTJ:MATE AXALYSlS OF DRY COAl,. 

37. Carbon (C) ........... ---.--------;------:---·---·-···-···--·-·--··---

38. Hydrogen (H) _______ ...... _____ . _ ..... __ ... _______ ..... __ . __ . _. _ ... _. _ 

39. Oxygen ( 0) . _ ....... _ .. ___________ .. ___ ....... __ .... ______ .... ___ . __ _ 

40. Nitrogen ( N) .......... _ ...... _ ... ______ ..... _ . ___ . _ ..... _ ... _ . ____ . _ . 

41. Sulphur (S) __ ..... ______ ......... _. _. _ ...... _______ .... _ ... _ ... __ .... _ 

42. Ash ................. _ ....... __ .. _ .. _ ................. __ ......... __ .. . 

:\Ioisture in sample of coal as received ..... ____ .... ____ . ___ . _ ... _. _ ..... . 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent of coal. 

31.61 

40.56 

21.81 

6.02 

100.00 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

43.8 

56.2 

100.00 

-63 -------------

69.46 75.2.5 

4.90 5.31 

1.5.83 17.15 

l. 30 1..41 

. Sl_ -88 

7.70 ------- .... --... 

100.00 100.00 

21.81 
BOILER TESTS. 

AKAT~YSTS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44. Carbon .......................... __ ...... __ . ___ .. ,. ..... __ ........... per cent.. 

45. Eart.hy matter ........ __ .. ___ ...... ____ .. __ . ___ ............ _ ........ __ .. do ... _ 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............................ _ ............. poun<ls .. 

47. · {·.do .... Combustible consumed per hour . __ ...... __ ... ____ .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . _ ... .. do .... 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate Httrfa"e per hour .... __ ..... _. _ ... _ .... __ .do .. __ 

49. { 

.. do .... Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ........ -. __ do. __ _ 

CAT.ORIFfC VALUE OP FUEI ... 

.. 

933 

59.81 

40. HJ 

920 

840 

a R02 

22.69 

.4B 

a. 395 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _ ........ _ ... 12, 316 

51. Calorific Yalue by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U _ ... ___ . _ 13,343 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U _ .. _. _ .. __ .. _ ... _. _ .. _. _ 11, 947 

.53. Calo_:ific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. l' .. _ ....... __ ........ 12,944 

QUALITY OF STEA}!L 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ...................... ___ .. _ .. _ .. _. __________ .• _ 

55. Number of degrees of Huperheating ------------ -----------------·---------------

. 767 

None. 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam.= unity) .. __ .-..................... _ ...... per cent .. 99.41 

WATER, 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler. ............................ __ ...... pound8 .. 54, 675 

58. 

59. 

60. 

Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212° .............. _ ............ do_... 65, 7 47 

·water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam ............. _ .... do .... 54, 352 

Factor of evaporation __ .... ____ . __ . __ ....... __ ..... __ .. __ ........ __ .... : ... __ .. 1. 2025 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 65,358 

WATER PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam .... ___ .... __ .. pounds .. 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° ........ __ ........ __ .. _ .. do. __ . 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

5,355 

6,439 

surface .................................................... __ ....... pounds. . 3. 17 

HORSEPOWElt. 

65. Horsepower developed (34i pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ....................... :. __ ... ___ ... __ .. ____ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower_ ........ __ ................... _ ..... _ ........... _ .. __ 

67. Pereentage of l;)uilders' rated horsepower developed ......... _ .... _ .. _. _ ....• __ .• _ 

«Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

186.6 

210 

88.8 
934 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOJIIC RESULTS. 

68. \Vater apparently evaporated under ac~ual conditions per pound of coal as tired. 

(Item 57+ item 25) ............................................... pounds .. 

69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61 + 

item 25) ........................................................... pounds .. 

70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coaL (Item 61 +item 

27) ................................................................ pounds .. 

71. 

E~~~::~e~; -~-v~~:~~~I~. ~~~~1- -a~~_~~_ ~-1~-o- ~~r- -~~~~~~- ~-f _ ~~~~: ~~~I~~~~l~:. {::: ~::::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

72. Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of CO Ill· { per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combustible) .......... do ... . 

73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler_ per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ............ per cent.. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assumed) ...... _ ... . 

7.5. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water under observed conditions ..... . 

76. Cost of fuel used for _evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ....... _. _ 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SMOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed ............... ~ ....................... :. 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .............. , ...... ounces .. 

Volume of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ............ , .. cubic inches .. 

1\-IETHODS OF FIRING. 

4.58 

5.47 

7.00 

7.66 

rt8.03 

55.44 

a58.12 

54.89 

$1.00 

$0.109 

$0.091 

21.6 

RO. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .............................. _... Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. a 

R2. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when fires are in normal condition .................................................... _ .minutes.. 7. 3 

R8. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ................ do.... 51 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

ANALYSIS OF THE DRY GASES. 

Carbon dioxide ( C02 ) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• per cent .. 

Oxygen (0) ............................................................ do ... . 

Carbon monoxide (CO) .......................... -...................... do ... . 

Hydrogen and hydrocarbons._._ .......................................... do .. _. 

Nitrogen (by difference) (N) ..... _ ..................................... do ... . 

8.18 

11. 72 

.2.5 

79.85 ~~--~---------~ ----- a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 
* 

i') 0 

; 

t 

~ t 

!' 

t 

N 

0 

" 

t 

"'1-~ !' 

.. ~ . ~ 

t 

~ 

0 

tf--J 

~ 

" 

r. 

l) 

j 

1\ 8 

:/ \ 

1 
936 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEAT BALA~CE, OR DTSTRIBUTIOX OF THE HEATING YALUE Oli' THE COMBTJRTIBLE .. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, B. T. U .............................. 13, 343 

1. Heat absorbed by the boiler= evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

combustible-X 965.7 ................................................. . 

2. Loss due to moisture in coal= per cent of moisture referred to combustible-+-

IOOX [(212-t)+966+0.48 (T-212)] (t=temperature of air iu the 

boiler room; T =that of the flue gases) ......................... : ..... . 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen =per cent of 

hydrogen to combustible--c-100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966+0.48 (T-212)] .. 

4. Loss <lne to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases= weight "of gas per 

pound of combustible X 0.24 X ( T- t) •.•••...•••••••...• ~ ••••..••..... 

5. Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon= 

CO per cent C in combustible 

co, +-cox- Joo ___ --xi0,150 ........................ . 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unaccounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

B.T. U. 

7, 755 

392 

619 

2,81i2 

226 

be calculated) ..........................................•............. 1,499 

REMARKS. 

D~y coal per indicated horsepower hour= 4.04 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour = 4.99 pounds. 

a Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 58.12 

2.94 

4.64 

21.37 

1. 69 

11.24 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 937 

'fEsT No. 61.-Regular and suecial observations on test of Wyoming No. 2 coal, November 19, 1904. 

Time. 

Steampressure 

gage. 

REGULAR. 

(Duration of trial, 9.95 hours.] 

Temperatures. Calorimeter. 

Outside. Boiler 

room. 

Flue Water gases, Steam separated base of discharge. in 10 stack. minutes. 

Draft pressures. Flue gases. 

In hood, In furin n~ce, 

inches in~hcs of of water. ''rater. 

co,. o, co. 

------- --~- -~ ~---~ ---- ---~ --·------ --~ ~--

7.31 ------------

7.40 ------------

8---------------

8.20 -----· ------

8.40 ------------

9- ·-------------

!).20 ------------

9.40 ------------

10--------------

10.20 -----------

10.40 - ------- -- -

11 --------------

11.20 -----------

11.40-----------

12--------------

12.20 -----------

12.40 ------- ---. 

1 -----------.---

1.20 

1.40 ------.-----

2 , ..•.•. --------

2.20 ------------

2.40 ------------

3 ---------------

3.20 ------------

3.40 ------.-----

4---------------

4.20 -----· ------

4.40 ------------

5---------------

5.20 ------------

5.28 

Pounds. ° F. oF. 

80 

84 

82 

82 

81.5 

78.5 

75 

76 

83 

85 

86 

83 

83 

86 

85 

84.5 

82.5 

so 

83 

so 

80 

84 

86 

83 

82 

76.5 

84• 

81 

so 

75 

81 

80 

44 61.5 

53 

55 63 

55 64.5 

58 65 

60 61. 5 

61 62. 5 

62.5 70.5 

63 72 

64.5 74.5 

66 74. 5 

67.5 76 

68 77.5 

69 78 

69 79 

69.5 I so 

70 so 

70.5 81 

71 81.5 

70 82 

70 82 

69. 5 81 

68 82 

67.5 83 

66 82.5 

65.5 82.5 

64" 81.5 

63 so 

62 79 

63 78 

oF. 

500 

545 

555 

570 

555 

575 

572 

582 

Pounds. Pnnnrls. 

. 4. 05 0. 035 

3.93 . 026 

0.40 

.38 

. 45 

. 42 

. 46 

. 51 

.44 

0.08 

.13 

. 14 

.14 

.13 

. 14 

.11 

. 52 I .15 

Per ct. Per ct. l'er ct. 

6. 6 12.8 0 

7.2 11.9 0 

505 4.00 .045 ----·--- ------ .. , ... -------------

.545 - -- - - --- --- - ---- . 49 . 11 6. 9 12. 2 0 

550 -------- ------·- .48 . 18 ------ ------- ------

580 3.93 .021 .47 .13 ------------- ·-----

612 . 61 .15 7.3 12.1 0 

602 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 62 . 17 - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - -• -

602 3.96 .029 .47 .15 -------------------

:~~ ::::: ::: :: :::::: --- ~ ~~- --~ ~~ J- ~ ~ ~- --~~~ ~- ----. ~ 582 

565 

600 

598 

590 

5!)2 

590 

572 

617 

645 

605 

617 

545 

605 

608 

4. 02 . 049 

4. 00 . 026 

.53 

.56 

.51 

. 52 

.52 

. 15 

.19 

.18 

.16 

.17 

6. 4 13.4 0 

6.1 13.6 0 

---------------- .51 .16 ------ ------- ------

4.10 .056 ------- ---·-- ------------- ------

.49 

.56 

.15 

.18 

6.2 13.7 0 

4. 05 . 021 . 55 . 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 

:::::::: :::::::: : :~ I : ~: --~-- ~- --~ ~~ ~- -----~ 3. 77 . 037 -- ---- - --- --- - ----- - - - --- -

.48 

. 41 

.14 5.9 14.0 0 

.09 ······ ------------- ---------------'----1---~-~---~---~ 

Total ..... 2, 612. 5 1, 925 2, 196 18, 56:3 

Average... 81. 6 64. 2 75. 7 580 

13-No. 48, pt 2-06--41 

39.81 

3.98 

.$45 

.0345 

13.67 4. 02 

.49 .14 

65.8 

6.58 

129.8 

12.98 0 
938 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TEsT No. 61.-Regular and special observations on test of Wyoming No. 2 coal, November 19, 1904-Cont'd. 

SPECIAL. 

Height of 'vatcr. Weight of coal burned. Weight of water fed to boiler. 

Time. 

In tank. In gage glass. During period. Total. During period. Total. 

------------- -----------

Inches. Inches. Pounds. Pounds. Ponnds. Pound•. 

Start, 7.3L ........... 36 3 ------------ ------------ ........................ ------------ 7.55 ----------------- 18~ 4 700 700 1,324 1, 324 

8.25 ----------------- 16~ 6 700 1,400 2,604 3,928 

9.02 -------.---------· 28! 2t 700 2,100 4,227 8,155 

9.36 ----------------- 37!t 3! 700 2,800 2,437 10,592 

10.19 ---------------- 302 5! 700 3,500 2,915 13,507 

10.45 ---------------- 31t 5~ 700 4,200 2,377 15,884 

11.20 ---------------- 35t 4! 700 4,900 3,364 19,248 

11.50 ---------------- 361 6 700 5,600 2,511 21, 759 

12.25 ---------------- 251 7~ 700 6,300 3,956 25, il5 

1.09 ----------------- 36 33 4 700 7,000 3,838 29,553 

1.40 .... -.. -.. --- .. --........ - 38~ 41 700 7, 700 2,680 32,233 

2.14 ---------------·- 35~ 4 700 8,400 3,606 35,839 

2.47 -·--------------- 33~ 5~ 700 9,100 2,776 38,615 

3.30" ................. 33 5! 700 9,800 3,285 41,900 

3.58 --------·-------- 33z 2! 700 10,500 3,366 45,266 

4.30 ----------------- 39 31 700 11,200 3,137 48,403 

5.15 ----------------- 38! 2! 700 ll, 900 3, 700 . 52,103 

Close, 5.28 ........... 36 zz "128 12,028 965 53,068 

RECORD OF FURNACE CONDITIONS. 

'l'ime. Observation. Time. Observation. 

---- -------

Boiler under a light load during night. 12 ..... Fire sliced (hook), 12 inches thick. 

7 ....... Engine started. 12.16 .. Fire sliced (hook), 13 inches thick. 

7 ....... Fire cleaned. 12.38 .. Cleaning fire. 

7.31 .... Test started, fire 3 inches thick. 12.55 .. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

8.42 .... Fire raked, 11 inches thick. 1.55 ... Fire sliced (hook), 12 inches thick. 

8.53 .... Fire sliced,. 10 inches thick. 2.25 ... Do. 

8.59 .... Fire sliced (hook). 2.55 ... Cleaning fire. 

9.21 .... Do. 3.11. .. Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

9.41 .... Fire sliced (hook), 12 inches thick. 3.55 ... Fire sliced (hook), 1l inches thick. 

10.02 ... Cleaning fire. 4.16 ... Fire sliced (hook), 10 inches thick. 

Hi.lO ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 4.52 ... Cleaning fire. 

11.06 ... Fire sliced (hook), 11 inches thick. 5.09 ... Fire cleaned, 3 inches thick. 

11.29 .... Fire sliced (hook), 10 inches thick. 5.28 ... Test closed, fire 3 im~hes thick. 

Ash light colored.. Coal burned freely, but so much ash collected on grate that it was impossible 

to keep boiler up to rating. 98 firings during test. 
BOILER TESTS. 

Stearn te8t of Wyoming No. 2 coal. 

CONDITIO~S Oli' BOILER TRIAL. 

Test number, 61. 

Made by boiler division, United States Geological Survey. 

At fuel-testing plant, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, :Mo. 

Kind of boiler, Heine safety. 

To determine the economy of coal as a fuel. 

939 

Principal conditions governing trial, see general report. Steam jets not operated.· Hughes apparatus operated. 

Kind of fuel, Wyoming No. 2. 

Kind of furnace, hand fired. 

State of the weather, clear. 

i\Icthod of starting and stopping the test, alternate. 

Number of boiler (plant number), 2. 

Type of boiler, water tube. 

1. Date of trial, November 19, 1904. 

2. Duration of trial . __ ................ __ .................................. hours.. 9. 95 

DDIE~,-SIONS AND PROPORTIONS. 

3. Grate surface ....................... _ ............ _ . _ .. _ ........... square feet.. 

3.1 'Vidth of grate .............. _ ............ ____ ... _ ............ _____ ....... feet.. 

3.2 Length of grate _ ............ _ ....... _ ............ __ .................. __ .do ... _ 

4. Height of furnace ......... _ .................... __ .................... __ .inches .. 

5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate ................... _ .. ____ ....... do_ .. . 

6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface ...... ________ . o •••• __ •••• per cent.. 

6.1 Area of chimney .... __ . __ .. __ .............. _ ...................... square feet._ 

6.2 Height of chimney aboye 'grate ..... ___ ................. ____ ...... __ ...... feet .. · 

6.3 Length of flue connecting to chimney ..... _ ..... ____ . __ .... _ ..... __ .. __ .. do. __ _ 

6.4 Kind of draft. . _ .......................... _ .. _ ... __ .... _ ...... ___________ .. ___ _ 

7. ·water-heating surface ............. __ .................. __ ..... ___ .. square feet .. 

7.1 Outside diameter of shell ........................................... ___ inches __ 

i. 2 Length of shell (outside to outside of heads) .... _ ....... ___ . ___ ........ ___ .feet._ 

7.3 Number of tubes--------------------- __ . ________________ . ___ . ___________ .. ___ _ 

-74 n· t ft b ( t "d . "d) . {inches .. . 1ame er o u es ou SJ c-1ns1 e .. _ ......... _. _ .................... _ 

.. do .... 

7.5 Length of tubes exposed ....... _ ......... __ ............... _ ... __ . ________ feet._ 

8. Superheating surfacf\ ....... __ ............... _ ..................... square feet.. 

9. Ratio of water-heat~ng surface to grate surface .. _ ... _____ ._ ...... _ .... _______ . __ _ 

10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface. __ ._ ................. ___ . __________ _ 

AVERAGE PRES.'5URES. 

ll. Barometer _______________________ _. ________________________ ruches of mercury __ 

.. ____ .. _. pounds .. 

b . {··do .... 11.1 Steam pressure y gage per square meh ... _ ... _ ............... ___ .. _. _ __ do .... 

12. Force. of draft between damper and boiler ......... __ ~ __ .. _ .... _inches of water._-

13. Force of draft in furnace .................. ______ ... _ ...... ___ .... _______ .do. __ _ 

14. Force of draft or blast in ash pit .. __ ........ ____ . __ . __ . _____________ . ___ .. do ... . 

«Absolute. 

. 40.55 

6.16 

6.58 

26 

.5 

44 

7.67 

113.25 

None. 

. NaturaL 

2,o:n 

42.94 

21.58 

116 

3.5 

3.26 

17.87 

None. 

50.1:1 

1:9.1 

29.49 

14.47 

81.6 

a 96.1 

.49 

.14 

0 
940 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES. 

Of external air ....................................................... degrees .. 

Of fireroom ............................................................. do ... . 

Of steam ............................... : .................. _· ............ do ... . 

Of feed water in tank ................................................... do ... . 

Of feed water entering economizer ...........................•........... do ... . 

Of feed water entering boiler ............................................ do ... . 

21. Of escaping gases from boiler ............................................ do ... . 

22. Of escaping gases from economizer .............. ·- ........................ do ... . 

22.1 Of furnace .............................................................. do ... . 

FUEL. 

Size and condition: Nut-small, 60 per cent; slack, 40 per cent; very dirty. 

64.2 

75. 7 

324.7 

53.9 

166 

580 

23. 

24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire ................................... pounds.. None. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

Weight of coal as fired ................................................. .-do .. .-. J 2, 028 

Percentage of moisture in coaL................................................. 11. 10 

Total weight of dry coal consumed ..................................... pounds .. 10, 693 

Total ash and refuse .................... ·_ .........................•...... do.... 3, 037 

Quality of ash and refuse: No clinker. 

. ' {pounds.. 7, 656 Total combustible eonsumed ......................................... . .. do .... a8,014 

Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. 4 

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL, 

Per cent of coal. 

Per cent of 

combustible. 

32. , Fixed carbon ................ _ . ___ ....... ___ . ___ .... _ .. ___ .. ___ . ______ . 34.58 49.31 

33. Volatile -matter .................................... _ ................... . 

34. l\ioisture ..................... _ ........ _. ____ ... __ ... _ .. ___ . ___ . _ .. ___ _ 

35. Ash, .................................. __________ : ____________________ _ 

36. Sulphur, separately determined 

trLTil\fATE ANALYSIS OF DRY COAL. 

35.55 

11. 10 

18. 77 

100.00 

3.87 

50.69 

100.00 

37. Carbon (C) ........................................................... . 58.16 73.72 

38. Hydrogen (H) ........................................................ . 

39. Oxygen ( 0) .................. : . ...................................... . 

40. 

41. 

42. 

Nitrogen (N) ......................................... ____ ...... _ .. _ .. . 

Sulphur (S) ................................................ ________ ... . 

Ash------------- ..... _____ -------------··-----------------·-----------

4.47 

11.07 

. 84 

4.35 

21.11 

100.00 

5.67 

14.03 

1.06 

5.52 

100.00 

43. Moisture in sample of coal as received .......... ·......................... 11. 10 .. _ ... ___ .•• 

a Calculated from chemistry of ""h. 
BOILER TESTS. 

A:<ALYSIS OF ASH AND REFUSE. 

44·. Carbon ............. ___ ........ _ ....................................... per cent.-

45: Earthy matter --·-·--·----·-·-: ............ · .............................. do ... . 

FUEL PER HOUR. 

46. Dry coal consumed per hour ............................................ pounds .. 

47. , { .. do .... Combustible consumed per hour ........ - - --.. ~ - - --. ---· - -- - -- - -· -· · -· _ _ do. __ _ 

48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour ............... · .. , ....... <lo ... . 

49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour ......... . { 

.. do ... . 

.. do .... 

CALORIFIC VALUE O>' FUEL. 

941 

13.86 

86.14 

1, 075 

769 

aso5 

26.51 

. 379 

a.396 

50. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ..... : ....... 10,897 

51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter per pound of combustible, B. T. U ....... ~. 13,813 

52. Calorific value by analysis per pound of dry coal, B. T. U ........................ 10, 552 

53. Calorific value by analysis per pound of combustible, B. T. U .................... 13,376 

QUALITY OF ..... STEA:M. 

54. Percentage of moisture in steam ............................................... . .859 

55. Number of degrees of superheating .............................. _ ............. . 

56. Quality of steam (dry steam=unity). ~ ..•............... ---- .......... per cent .. 

None. 

99.34 

WATER. 

57. Total weight of water fed to boiler ................. ___ .......... · ....... pounds .. 53,068 

58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212°. _ ........ _ ....•.......... do .... 63, 692 

59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam .................. do .... 52,718 

60. Factor of evaporation ............................ _ ........... _ ............. _ . . . 1. 2002 

61. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 212° ........... pounds .. 63,272 

WATER .PER HOUR. 

62. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam ............... pounds._ 5, 298 

63. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° .......... __ ............ do.... 6, 359 

64. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212° per square foot of water-heating 

surface ............................................................. pounds. • 3. 13 

HORSEPOWER. 

65. Horsepower developed (34! pounds of water evaporated per hour into dry steam 

from and at 212° = 1 horsepower) ............................................ . 

66. Builders' rated horsepower ........................ -- . :. _ ....................... . 

67. Percentage of builders' rated horsepower developed .......................... _ .. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

184.3 

210 

87. 76 
94.2 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

ECONOMIC RESULTS. 

'\Vater apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound of coal as fired. 

(Item 57~ item 25) ..•......... _ .......................... _ ... __ .... pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal as fired. (Item 61+ 

item 25) ........................................... _ ...... _. __ .. _ .. pounds .. 

Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of dry coal. (Item 61+item 

27) ... : . ......................................................... _ .. pounds .. 

E~~~::~e;:~~:~~~;;~~~: -~:-~:~. ~~1-~ -~t- -~~~~. ~~~. ~~~~~. ~~. ~~~~~~~i-~1~:. {: :~: :::: 

EFFICIENCY. 

Efficiency of the boiler (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of com- {per cent .. 

bustible divided by the heat value of 1 pound of combus,tible) .. _. _ .. _ .. do .... 

Efficiency of boiler, including the grate (heat absorbed by the boiler per pound of 

dry coal divided by the heat value of 1 pound of dry coal) ......... __ .per cent .. 

COST OF EVAPORATION. 

74. Cost of coal per ton of 2,000 pounds delivered in boiler room (assmned) ...... _ .. . 

75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water-under observed conditions ... _ .. 

76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° ..... _ ..•. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

SlUOKE OBSERVATIONS. 

Percentage of smoke as observed .................. ~ ...................... _ .... . 

Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter .. _ ........ __ .... _ .. ounces._ 

Volume of soot per hou-r obtained from smoke meter ...........••.. cubic inches .. 

METHODS OF FIRING. 

4.41 

5.26 

5.92 

8.26 

a7, 89 

57. 75 

a 55.16 

52.46 

$1.00 

$0.113 

$0.095 

42.6 

80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking) .................... _ ...... __ . . . . . Spreading. 

81. Average thickness of fire ............................................... inches.. 11 

82. Average intervals between firing for each furnace during time when. fires are in 

normal condition ............................................. __ ... minutes.. 6.1 

83. Average intervals between times of leveling or breaking up ...... __ ...... _ .do ... _ 35 

ANALYSTS OF THF. DRY GASES. 

84. Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ............................................... per cent .. 

85.· Oxygen (0) ........................... , ..... ---- ....... ---- ............ do ... . 

86. Carbon monoxide (CO) ___ ....... --- ... ----------- .... ---- .............. do ... . 

87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons ............. -- ............................. do ... . 

88. Nitrogen (by difference) (N) --------------------------------------------do ... . 

u Ca!ctih1tcd from chemistry of ash. 

6.58 

12.98 

0 

80.44 
o\\ ~ . 

.$:>1-;--j:i~·~::,it-~,-=~~:~:==:=:~=:=:==:=~==:~l~~=:~'i'~~=:=:~~:~~=~ t \ ~- 1 0 0 

t~-+4-4\~C~~~--t--t'--~-i~-t--f--i---r~t--t--i-~r-~t-~~ ~· \1\\ \e, ~r-o \1 \ ~r---t\>-lrl -+----+-r--++---+-t--t--t---J41-\ _-r-t-t-tt--rtm 

~~--~4-~--~--~-tt---r---r---r---t---t-t-t---t---t--Jrt~~c r--- ~~ L J ·~ o ~'~~l--4--+-4r-,_-+--+--I--;~T--T~~~-TI~~ 

[~ ll~ c~ "--- = r--+--~\~6-r~~ ~ I 

~ \OJ. /) ?--

\7. 01 ['\ 

tr---r---r-1-r---~~r---r---r---~~~r---r-~r---r-~~~+-~b+---+--r~--r9--~-1 

\~--1-~#---+---~--~~r-+---+---+---+--=~+-?-+---+---~~~+-t?_,~s-N ~ 0 \ ~ ~ 0 ~.1~ ~I I 3 

tl------i--t--~~~- c~-~-t---t-----jr--t--t----r----t-~ ,_ !l 1 ~-

o [16 ~ 11 -< \ij ~ 5 I I I .(; 

tl---'16 ~'n~-1----t---tT \<l'·-tf:*~\-lt--t--~ ~~--1--'--1---t--t--;f'lil-t<l/;>---+-~ y ~ Q I \ ~-

<?-~-\-!--!--~ ::0 , -r-- ::0 -t~"j -+~--li"--i 

rJ----1--t----t-J+-t~ yo- ~ ~ L\ ~+- ;_,+'z+~+-:---~ \ "' r 1\ 1"1 1/ --., :r 

tr---+---1~~~---_l~· ~~~:~r~~~~"+---~--+---+----+----+---~--+--~~X+----t~J ~ r-- § __ 

Nr--+---t--T--;~~~-+--~~-4---l-~-+-~-~~-+---r--t-q\~~~ +'r-?-~~ 

rr---r---r-~r---t-t?-1-Ji>~-l-----!1-l\<---+--+--+~+--+--+?-+--+--+--\H- U> +-¢~-lr----1 

tr---r__,r--_,___,~~~~---~~~---~~---1---1-~r~~~r--~-1---~-+~~_, 

~r~+-_, ___ ,___,~l~~~---+-~I\---~~---1---1-~~-1-~6---,__-+~++1--T~~ 

f~+-~-+-4~*--+-~~~--+-~-r~~r--+-~-ft~·~r-1 

\ l\ j J t~--4~~~--+-+--+T\~~~~tt-\T--T-r~l~~ 

~·~-+-~#4~~+---~~,\-t---~--tl~~b~\~~~~ 

r~~~4H\-~~+\r+~~~~J~-~ 

t~~~~-*-~,+-+-J~+-~~~L~4oz-r-r~~1~r~ 

CR I ~-r-+-- ~ ~+,-1?:-(1---\-t---t--<\H--+--.PI \r--+--+-<\H---t--+--+-~-J-+1 -ll--1('" 

~ 1..---L--.l.--~ ! ~.~>-4-~~--1~-+--L--L.-'1"r--"-~r----'--:'--'---'t---''t-d+ d----' 

~~ ~ j'.l 
944 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

HEA'f BALANCE, OR DISTRIBU~ION Ol<' THE HEATING VALUE OF THB COMBUSTIBLE. 

Total heat value of 1 pound of combnHtible, B. T. U ..... _ ........... _ .......... __ 13, 813 

B.T.U. 

1- Heat absorbed by tht; boiler = evaporation from and at 212° per pound of 

- combustible X 965.7 ...•........................ "..................... 7. 619 

2. Loss 'due to moisture in ooal =per cent of moisture referred to combustible+ 

100 X [(212 -t) + 966 + 0.48 ( T- 212)] (t =temperature of air in the 

boiler room. T =that of the flue gases) ............. · .... _ ........... __ 202 

3. Loss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen = per eent of 

hydrogen to combustible -7- 100 X 9 X [(212- t) +966+0.48 ( T- 212)].. 653 

4. Loss due to heat earried away in the dry chimney gases = weight of gas per 

pound of combustil.Jle X 0.24 X ( T-t) . __ .. __ .......... __ ...... ___ .. _.. 3, 341 

5. Loss due to ineomplete combustion of carbon o= 

CO per cent C in combustible _ CO,+COX - 100 -X 10,1o0 .. __ ...... _ , _____ .. ____ . __ 0 

6. Loss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to heating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and uhaceounted for. (Some of these losses 

may be separately itemized if data are obtained from which they may 

be calculated) ..................... __ ............... _ ...... __ ....... __ 1, 998 

REMARKS. 

Dry coal per indicated horsepower hour = 4.77 pounds. 

Dry coal per electrical horsepower hour= 5.9 pounds. 

"Calculated from chemistry of ash. 

Per cent. 

a 55.16 

1.46 

4. 73 

24.19 

0 

14.46 

100.00 
BOILER TESTS. 945 

SUUUARY OF RESULTS OF THE COAL TESTS IN 'l'HF~ BOJT~ER PI.ANT. 

The following table gives the important items ttnd results of all the tests made 

in the boiler plant. These are arranged alphabetically by Sbttes, according to the 

general plan of all the reports of the several divisions of this work. The average 

results of the several States have also been calculated and are shown in this table-a 

matter of minor importance. The numbers at the head of the columns refer to the 

corresponding items having the same numbers in the complete reports. 

This table will enable one to compare the performance of the coals from the 

various States and to trace such items as rate of combustion, horsepower developed, 

temperature of escaping gases, evaporation per pound of combustible (or efficiency), 

which are the items of chief interest to engineers. 
.... 

<ll 

.0 

s 

" 01 

Kind of fuel. State of weather. 

Summary of se1!enty-eight coal tests. 

... 

<ll 

.0 

s 

z " 

Average pressures. Average temperatures (° F.). 

. Steam Force of draft Date of DuratJOn pressure · Barom- (inches of water). 

Fire 

room . 

. of trial [ b:v ge eter E tnal. (hours). . . gad (pounds 1----,----1 ter~~l 

I 

(P~~~ 8 per I air. 

Feed 

water 

in 

tank. 

Feed 

water 

enter- Escaping 

gases. square s_quare Hood. , Furnace. inch). mch). 

ing 

boiler . 

----____ , ____ ---------------------------

2 11 11.1 12 Io Ill 18 20 21 

-1----------1--------------------------------------------

17 

21 

16 

14 

8 

l1 

29 

35 

40 

42 

41 

Alabama: 

No.1 ................... Cloudy·-···-·····--···-·-·····-··· Sept. 30 10.03 85.1 14.57 1 0.36 0.18 76.5 82.5 1 77.2 153.0 643.0 

No.lbriquette ......... IC!ear .............................. 2 Out. 6 8.25 1 88.0 14.661 .46 .18 60.0 6.5.4' 71.0 167.0 548.0 

No.2 ........................ do ............................. 1 Sept.29 10.02 86.6 14.56 .39 .17 86.0 89.0 76.0 178.0 644.0 

-----------------------------------

ArkanAsav~:rage · · · · -- · · -- · · · -~' · · -- · · · ·- · ·- · · · ·- · · · · ·- · · ·· · · ·- · ·- · · · · · · · · ··-· · · · · -· · · · ··-- · 86.6 . 40 .18 .... _... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . 612.0 

~ = :::::::=::::::: ~ ====== ===-=::= =====:::::::::: = =======- :===== 

No.1··--·· ............. 

1 

Cloudy............................ 70.8 

~~: ~ ~:::~:~:-:: :::::::: : ~;;~i~::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~:: 

73.2 186.0 601.0 

73.8 1 180.0 624.0 

72.4 188.5 571.0 

71.6 184.5 608.0 

No.3 ........................ do···-·······-···········--···· 70.6 67.0 156.0 582.0 

Ko. 3 briquette .............. do............................. 1 Oct. 22 10.08 81.0 14.48 .60 .22 54.6 61.3 61.0 144.0 597.0 

No.4 briquette .............. do............................. 1 Oct. 281 9.95 85.6 14.54 .45 .19 59.2 65.0 57.81189.0 560.0 

No. 4 lJriqnctte .............. do_ .... _ ........... _.......... Oct. 31 7. 03 82.3 14.61 . 54 . 26 60.0 64.0 56. f\ 165.0 498. o 

No. 5 ........................ do ..... -•-..................... Oct. 291 10.13 82. 2 14.58 . 53 . 28 61.0 66. o 57.3 190. o 538. o 

Average ... ___ ............. ------ .... __ . .. .. ..... ....... ... . . .........•. 1 ........ _.. 86.8 !.. •. .. . . .. .44 .19 .. ___ ... ------ ....... ·-I-....... 575.4 

75 ColoradoNo.J ... Clear.............................. 2 Dec. 8 9.97 79.2 14.42 .66 .33 47.8 64.4 45.5 168.0 549.0 

18 

19 

38 

48 

50 

73 

Illinois: 

No.1 .... __ ... _. _____ . _. Clear __ ..... _ ..... _ ...... ----·-_ .. . 

~~:! :~~'~1C:d:::::::::: -I:::::}~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: No.4.----- .. ____ ....... Rain. __ . __ .----------- ............ . 

K::e~~~-~: ::::::::::::: . ~-~~~~::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::I. 

2 Oct. 3 9. 93 83. 7 14.51 . 40 .18 70. 3 74. 2 74.4 185. o 564. o 

Oct. 41 9.97 86.61 14.47 .42 .15 73.1 77.7 74.3

1

178.0 554.0 

Oct. 26 10.10 84.4 14. 56 . 58 . 21 56.3 61.7 58. 6 181. o m7. o 

1 Nov. 7 10.07 87.7 14.45 .55 .16 60.0 66.0 60.0 --·-----~ 618.0 

2 Nov. ~ 10.02 83.0 1 • 14.39 .52 .21 41.5 52.0 57.0 186.0 570.0 

2 Dec._-.~ -1-- ·--~: ~~- ::: :~1---- ~~: ~-' ::: I ::: --. ~~: ~- -. --~~:~ .... ~:-.). ~~~-- ~-~ ::::: 
Kind of fuel. State of weqther. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

.... 

,0 " 

s 

Date of trial. 

Duration I Steam of trial pre~sure 

(h bygage ours). (pounds 

per 

square 

inch) . 

Average pressures. Average temperatures (°F.). 

Barom-[ 

eter 

Force of draft (inches of water). 

(pounds 1--------,---- Ex- per ternal square air. 

inch). Hood. Furnace. 

Fire 

room. 

Feed I Feed water water . enter- Ill ing tank. boiler. 

Es· 

caping 

gases. 

~~ _· ~1~- --2~--~1-1~ ~~-~-2-~~~~·~~~ 

Indiana.: I 71 No.1briquette ......... Cloudy ............................ 2 Dec. :3 6.60 83.00 14.65 O.M 0.14 31.0151.0 46.9 171.0 616.0 

68 No.1 washedc .......... Clettr .............................. Nov. 29 9.93' 83.30 14.43 .48 .13 50.5 64.1 47.0 174.0 616.0 

65 No.2 ........................ do ............................. 2 Nov.26 ~~~~~-·_16_~_!!!_:2_~ 191.0 ~ 

10 

20 

32 

52 

45 

49 

47 

63 

55 

Average.............. ...... ......... .... .. ............ .... ...... .......... .......... 88.05 .......... .51 .14 .... .... .... .... ...... .. ........ 609.7 

Indian Territory: ::::=:::=== ==== = == == ============ No.1 ................... Clear ............................. . 1 Sept. 22 9. 75 94. 80 14. 64 . 31 . 12 68. 3 71. 8 71. 6 171. 0 600. o 

No.2 ........................ do ............ · .............. · ... 2 Oct. 5 10.17 91.00 14.51 .34 .12 70.4 76.2 73.0 180.0 538.0 

No.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. Cloudy a.m., clear p. nL ........ .. Oct. 19 10. 02 86-.20 14. 37 . 49 .18 72. 0 76.0 66.0 158. 0 613. 0 

No.4 ................... Cloudy .......................... .. Nov.10 ~~~---·_59 ____ ._21_~~~.:.:..:.:..:.:. 614.0 

Jowu.: 

Average.............. ...... ......... ............. ...... ... .. .... .......... .......... 88.70 ...... .... .43 .16 .. .. .... ........ .. .. .... ...... .. 591.2 = ==:::_ ====:=::::::::: ===::== == === ===== ===: ===== .:::=:=::=::::: 

No. 1 ................... Cloudy ............... _........ .... 2 Nov. 3 10.02 83.70 14.53 . 46 .15 60. 5 67.4 57.4 195.0 034.0 

No.2 ........................ do ............................. 2 Nov.28 9.92 82.50 14.35 .62 .21 48.0 62.0 48.0 169.0 627.0 

No.3. .................. Clettr.............................. Nov. S 10.03 83.50 14.46 .58 .22 53.4 61.5 56.1 190.0 578.0 

No.4 ...... · .................. do ............................. , Nov. 7 1 10.00 88.00 14.45 .50 .19 60.0 64.4 60.0 • 181.0 556.0 

No.4briquettc .............. do ............................. Nov.2G 10.03 98.20 14.71 .59 .22 38.8 57.7 57.6[· ........ 628.0 

No . .'i ........................ do _______________ , _________ ,_ 2 Nov.14 ~~_l±._(i(J_~ ___ ._22_~~~ 177.0 530.0 

Kans~~-emge ...................................................... _2 __ -S--e·p·t·.-1-~- ----1·0·.·1·0--' 

86

84 .. 

2

8

7

]----1·4·.·6-0-- ·.4

54

3

1 

·.

2

2°4 --·6·7·.·5--~---~~2·.-8 .. ---~,5-.-0-- --1·9·4·.·0-- 556

75

7 .• 50 

6 No.1 ................... Clear.............................. u 

7 

5 

13 

3 

4 

58 

72 

No.1 ........................ do ............................. , Sept.16 9.70 91.9 14.54 .39 .14 77.3 83.3 74.0 192.0 602.0 

No.2 ........................ do............................. 2 Sept. 12 7.00 84.0 14.60 .47 .22 78.3 74.0 76.0 187.0 .597.o 

No.2 wttshed ........... Rain and eloudy .................. 1 Sept. 26 9.38 91.3 14.43 .39 .16 83.0 86.0 72.7 164.0 615.0 

No.3 ................... Clear.............................. 2 Sept. 7 9.91 71.7 14.55 .42 .14 77.1 80.8 76.0 166.0 582.0 

No.3 ........................ do............................. Sept. 9 10.40 78.48, 14.49 .41 .25 79.1 86.2 78.0 197.0 535.0 

No.4 ................... Cleara.m.,clondyp.m ........... 2 Nov.17 10.05 83.7114.57 .51 .19 56.0' 69.6 49.2 152.0 531.0 

N::e~,~~-~::::::::::: :: t~~-t~~y- a~-~·: _cl-~a~ -~·- ~::::: ::::::: __ .. ~- _ ~~~: .. ~- .... _ ~: ~~- ::: 7 __ .. ~~-- ~~: :!! : ~;- .. -~~::t_.~~: ~- __ -~~-- ~-~ .. ~~~: ~- ~~: ~ 
60 

57 

76 

64 

62 

12 

23 

15 

37 

44 

78 

77 

70 

2 

36 

H 

Kind of fuel. State of weather. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Date of trial. 

1 

Duration 

of trial (hours). 

2 

Steam 

pressure 

by gage (pounds per 

square 

inch). 

11 

Average pressures. 

Barometer 

Force of draft (inches of water). 

(pounds I-----.---- per 

square 

inch). 

11.1 

Hood. Furnace. 

12 13 

Average temperatures (°F.). 

Ex- I Fire f !:i~r !;{~r I E~- au. tank. ~rr~r. gases. te~nal I room. in e'?ter- capmg 

15 16 18 20 21 

Kentucky: ----------------~---- -------------------

No. 1 ................... Clear.............................. Nov. 18 · 10.03 83.1 14.55 0. 40 0.15 59.4 71.0 49.9 181i. 0 I 540.0 

No.2 ................... 1 ••••• do ··················.··········· 2 Nov. 16 10.00 82.9 14.63 .46 .16 53.5 67.0 51.2 191.0 543.0 

No. 2briquette ......... ' Rain............................... 21 Dec. 9 9.82 82.0 14.34 .49 .17 40.9 56.4 46.9 174.0 573.0 

No.3 ................... Clear .............................. , 2 Nov.25 1 10.07 84.4 14.59 .47 .12 44.7 62.6 52.5 183.0 595.0 

No.4 ........................ do............................. 2 Nov. 22 9. 93 80.3 14.52 . 55 .19 52.8 67.1 51.8 180.0 589.0 

Average......................................................... .. ....... ~ --s2.5' :-== --_-4_7_ ---_-1_6_ ~ ~ ~ ~ -----ru 

Missouri: 

No.1 ................... Rain and cloudy ................. . Sept. 24 

No. 1 briquette......... Clear ............................ .. 2 Oct.· 8 

No. 1 washed ................ do .... : . ..................... .. 1 Sept. 28 

Oct. 25 

Pennsylvania: 

===========.:::::========== === 

10.00 87.4 ·14.52 .40 .17 

5.10 89.6 14.54 .44 .17 

9. 91 85.9 14.50 .37 .16 

9. 98 82.7 14.64 .62 .20 

71.0 80.0 

73.0 7ti.O 

88.1 91.3 

52.4 60.0 

71.0 

69.1 

75.2 

58.5 

174.0 

182.0 

173.0 

614.0 

532.0 

635.0 

No.1 ...... · ..... ." ....... Cloudy............................ 2 Aug. 31 9.98 82.4 14.53 .48 .165 79.4 84.3 76.0 1G7.0 585.0 

N 0. 2 . . . . . . . . . Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sept. 6 10. 08 78. 0 14. 57 . 31 .153 76. 0 I 82. 0 76. 0 176. 0 536. 0 

No.3 briquette .............. do............................. Oct. 24 10.08 83.6 14.46 . 61 . 25 67.2 69.6 58.8 153.0 624.0 

No.4 . ." ...................... do............................. 2 Dec. 7 ~~~~~--·1_9_1__±!:.±..~~~-170.0 I 574.0 

Average ...............•.................................................... .:.:.:..:.:.:.: 82. 3 .......... : . 46 . 19 .. ·.:_· .. ·I· ...... ~ ........ 1 580. o 
Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

~ . ~-~ ·s 8 Date of trial. 

I 

Average pressures. Average temperatures (°F.). 

D t' -St-.e-an __ l __ B_a_r_o_m ______ F_o_r_c_e_o_f_d_r_af-t-·l-~-------------~------~-----

ura wn pressure (inches of water). Feed Feed of tnal by gage eter Ex- .water Es- (hours). (pounds (pounds 1--------,-------! ternal r;~:. w~~er enter- caping 

per per air tank. ing gases. square ~quahr)e Hood. Furnace. . boiler. 

Kind of fuel. State of weather. .o ·" 

,.C! ~ -~ O::: 

@ ~ inch). me • i t ----1--- ----2--- ---1-1---~ ~ ---1-3---~ I-;;---;;;---;;;----;;-

'l2 Texas No.1................. Clear .............................. \---:;-~ 8. 77 90.0 14. 58 . . 52 . 34 64. 4 70.0 69.0 149. 0 421. 0 

24 No.1 ................... Clear.............................. 2 Oct. 10 9. 98 87.8 14.41 o. 315 0.133 80.8 84.2 70.4 170. o 512.0 '\Vest Virginia: I I 

25 No.2 .................. ·. Cloudy a.m., clear p.m........... 2 Oct. 11 10.20 85.4 14.50 .46 . 24 li7. 9 74.2 70. 0 163. 0 541.0 

28 :Ko.3 ................... Clear a.m., cloudyp.m........... 2 Oct. 14 9.97 84.4 14.64 .50 .20 61.0 68.0 68.0 170.0 592.0 

31 

34 

391 

40 

51 

fi3 

69 

56 

46 

59 

No.4 ................... Clenr.. .... .. ... . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Oct. 18 10.00 87.1 14.49 . 48 .18 74.0 79.0 66.3 163.0 I 577.0 

65. 0 63.5 154.0 594. 0 

57.4 57.2 182.0 578.0 

68. 0 56. 0 196, 0 521. 0 

No. 5 ·-······----

~~>7' I 1 Oct. 21 10.08 85.7 14.30 .51 .19 59.0 

No. 6 ·········-···-····· Oct. 27 9. 95 83.6 14.60 .45 .16 51.0 

No. 6 ................... 2 Nov. 1 10.18 83. {) 14.58 .463 .18 61.0 

No. 7 ····-·············· 2 Nov. 10 10.18 

No. 8 --···········-----· 2 Nov. 11 9. 98 

No. 9 ··················· 2 Nov. 30 10.00 

No. 10 .................. ..... do ............................. 2 Nov. 12 9.93 

No.ll .-...................... do ........................... .. 2 Nov. 15 9. 96 

Ko. 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cloudy ........................... . Nov. 4 10.13 

88.0 

82.2 

94.7 

83.7 

82.1 

14.56 

14.67 

14.53 

14.49 

14.58 

14.45 

.53 . 217 

.37 .12 

.50 .18 

.38 .'li 

. 52 . 22 

. 435 .175 

40.0 

42.0 

36.0 

39 . 7 

51.7 

62.4 

61.0 

60.0 

53.5 

56.1 

64.3 

69.8 

::: ~ ~~~--~·1 :~~: ~ 48.0 179.0 . 576.0 

54. 0 185. 0 . 533. 0 

49. 3 188. 0 559. 0 

57.3 197.0 534.0 

No. 12 briqnette ............. do............................. 1 Nov. 17 10.25 88. G 14. 57 . 41 .14 56.0 70.1 52.9 590,0 86.61 

63 Wyo;;~;"~-~::·: .:::::: .: ... ~1~~::::::::. ·::::: :::::.::.:: :.::· .. --~- -~~~-- -~~- .. <~:~~- :~.: I "~ : I : I :, 0 ~ 'I .. -~~--~-~--~~~--~. :~::: 61 No.2.... .. ........ do ............................. l 2 Nov.19 ~~~~~·4_9_~~~·1_4_~~~~~ 166.0 ~ 

Average ......................................................... ----------1----------, 81.4 1... ...... .05 .18 ........ 1 ........ 1 ........ 

1 

........ 1 595.0 

.· 
... 

.0 "' s 

§ 

17 

21 

16 

9 

14 

11 

29 

35 

4o 1 

42 

41 

Kind. 

Alabama: ' 

Fuel. 

Size and condition . 

8wrnmary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Proximate analysis of coal (per cent). Ultimate analysis of dry coal (per cent). "" . ...... ~ 

.::< 

..c: Q) Q...... d ~ I ~2:: . 

-oo~_.:_ ~~~ ~8€ ~ g 2~~ " ~-~5 s'g~ d'E~ ·?] ~ ~ Q) @ 0,) ~ ~ ~ <l.l ~ Q) ~ ...: ...... := QJ Q) 

...... ;::::: - ._. ro Co o <l> :; ::; o..C d 9.t:l;l ...... <l) :::::! ::1 o:S >. o -ro::l JJ-o~ ::::::'"0~ '0 :3+<> ...... '"O~s..-:- 0 ..... Q) b() ...c: o.-...j.J ..c: ~ 

.;:; 0 5~ :§55 ~ ~ ~ .~ ...... ~d ~ -<:-s.· <l) ~o.9 of rc ~ B .§' ..C: 'E fB ~ 1:.; ~ w ~""" rn''"".._. ~ ......., "'" -~-o,J:;;. a: t· >4 ....... ,...., oo d o..C d dl---------l-"'-- _o ___ -< __ -"'-----~ ___ "-_____ o ____ "" ____ o __ __.:_ _w __ l_-< ___ o ___ ~ __ 

23 29 31 32 33 34 3fi . 31! 37 38 39 40 I H I 42 37. 45 

I 

------·--'-------

No.1 ............. Nut; bright.......... 1,375 I 64.0 16.3 52.52 31.00 2.56 13.92 62.88 72.02 4.78 6.45 1.661 0.80 14.29 84.03 73.8 

No.1 briquc·tte .. -~ Lar~;e briquette• . .. .. 8471 58. 0 13 3 50.96 33.00 2. 63113.41 60.69 72.65 4. 71 6. 49 1. ~2 . 96 13. 77 84.25 81.2 

No.2 .. : .......... Minerun; bright.. ... l1,201 ~~- 48.65 32.98 ~ 13.54 59.60 69.83 4.54 ~__1~~--=--=-~~ 81.42 ~ 

Average ........ 1 ................................ 61.0 14.5 50.71 32.33. 3.34 13.62 ........ 71.50 4.68 1

1 

__ 7.18 1.55

1

1.00, 14.10 

1

........ 79.97 

Arkansas: 

No. 1 .. .. . .. . .. .. . Lump; bright . .. .. .. . 877 52. 0 12. 6.') 66. 36 18. 61 1. 99 13. 04 78.1 76.37 3. 90 3. 71 L49 1. 23 13. 30 88.08 81. 92 

No. 1 briquette .. . Large. briquettes...... 870 55.0 11. 40 67.65 21. 2J . 94 10. 20 76.13 79. 76 3. 91 2. 70 1. 58 1. 75 10.30 88. 92 76. 98 

No. 2 .. .. . .. . .. .. . Lump; bright........ 559 44.0 8. 67 73.65 ~6. 86 1. 07 8. 42 81.37 81.40 4.11 2. 58 1. 43 1. 97 8.51 88.97 68.13 

No.2briquette .... Largebriquettes ...... 939 45.0 13.60 60.30 22.49 4.88 12.33 72.83 76.65 4.06 3.40, 1. 54 1. 39 12.96 88.06 89.45 

No.3 ............. :Minerun; bright ..... 1,011 52.0 12.64 72.74 16.04 1.97 9.25 81.93 79.17 4.12' 4.35 1. 60 1. 32 9.44 87.42 57.81 

1. 42 1.44 18.49 

1.42 1.71 10.52 

~o. 3 briquette ... Large briquettes...... 1, 488 54.0 17. 76 62.04 17.35 2. 60 18. 01 78.14 72.47 3. 46 2. 72

1

· 88.91 85.73 

No. 4 briquette ........ do................ 1,169 51.0 14.93 I 71.'98 14.06 3. 85 10.11 83.66 80.89 3. 50 1. 96 90.40 53.60 

No.4 briquette ... Small briquettes ...... 1,258 30.0 24.81 66.03 18.60 3.18 12.19 78.02 78.31 \ 3.93 2.10 1.32' 1.75 12.59 89.59 40.£5 

No. 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. . Nut; bright . .. .. .. . .. 1, 956 1 52.0 22.23 73. 68 12.54 2. 22 11.56 85. 46 78.43 3. 66 2. 27 1. 42 2. 45 11.77 88. 89 57.95 

=====: =-==-= ---- ==== =:::=::::::= = ======= === =::::= :::::::==.= == = = = Average ........ ~ ..................... : .. ~~---;:5.4 68.2717.532:'52-u:68~ 78.16 3.85~""1.47-:L6711.99~ 68.0'2 

75 Colorado No.1. ....... , Nut; bright .. .. .. .. .. 1, 023 23.0 14. 2I 39. 00 35. 85 19. 78 5. 37 52.10 71.30 4. 96 15.11 1. 42 . 52 6. 69 76. 40 37. 06 

18 Illin::~:l. ............ 1 Nut: dull ............. 1,780 66.0 17.70 38.21 36.91 9.69 15.19 50.86 64.10 4.54 8.56 1.11 :-~~ 116.82 77.06 81.78 

19 No.2 washed ..... Slack; dull........... 930 55.0 10.40 41.72 37.77 10.45 10.06 52.48 69.39 5.12 9.50 1.01 B.1o 11.23 78.17 80.43 

38 No. 3 ............. Nut; dull............. 1, 370 57.0 15.70 48.75 31.19 8. 51 ll. 55 60.98 71.52 4. 53 8.18 1. 52 1. 64 12.61 81.84 66.27 

No.4 ............. Lump; dull .......... 1,171 164.0 14.44141.59 33.48 13.47 11.46 55.40 69.90 4.59 9.48 1.31 1.48 13.24 80.56 83.39 

No.4 ............. Nut: dull............. 1, 29\J 67.0 13.82 43.63 32.44 12.58 11.35 57.35 70.02 4. 60 9. 51 1. 33 1. 55 12. 99 80.47 80.44 

No.6 .................. do ................ 1,387 64.0 15.45 39.62 32.31 13.19 14.88 55.08 63.04 4.49 10.04 1.28 4.01 17.14 76.08 84.16 

48 

Average ........ ! ................................ [ 62.2 14.6 j 42.25 34.02[11.31 12.42 ........ 67.99 4.65 9.21 1.26 \ 2.88 14.00 ........ 79.41 
Summary of seventy-eight coal test8-Continued. 

Fuel. Proximate analysis of.co~tl (per cent). Ultimate analysis of dry coal (per cent). ·~.a '""' 

'""' ..c::o ~..c::~. ~-;. ~ _.!;, ~o.,!, I ~s :§~. 

~~i ~-t:g- 1f ~ S . f~~ ~ . 8~ S'2~ ~ Size BJ1d condition. ..... ~a ·;::: F-< g ~ t'ig g ~ ~ ~ 5 ~.c ci ~ d § ~ = O:C . d ~ <J) ~~5 }ire~ ~-o1.- -o ~...., B r03)S,...:.. o B ~ ~ .J:~ o~~ ,Q'.o~ .c Kind. 0 ~8 ~ § o. ,... ~ ~~ ~ ~ ·8 ~ ~ ~o;3 £ -o >. P I P. ..d i: a:> ::l ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~-~--- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~--Q a ~· s z £ < 8Q.O ~o:~ 

.:: 1----~----1---

_!_l---------1----2-3----1--2-8- 29 31 = 32 33 34 3ii 31! 37 38 39 40 I 41 I 42 37 41> 

Indiana: · 

71 No.1 briquette ... Large briquettes...... 44~ 47.0 7. •59 43.23 38.79 11.74 :· Z: 52.71 75.77 4. 91 8.48 1. 471 2. 30 I 7. 07 81.531 79.59 

68 No.1 washed ..... Nut; dull............. 801 45.0 8.94 40.41 35.17 16.59 1.83 53.46173.02 4.97 8.58 1.43 2.61 9.39 80.59 79.65 

65 No.2 .................. do ................ 1,015 49.0 12.02140.40 38.04 9.11 12.45 51.50 68.08 4. 78 7.56 1.35 4.53113.70 78.89 82.76 

Average ........................................ 47.0 9.56 41.35 37.33112.48 8.84 ........ 72.29 4.89 8.21 1.4213.15 10.05 ........ \ 80.67 

Indian Territory: 

10 No.1 ............. 

1

l\>Iineru_n; bright ..... 1,104 48.0 14.50 I 46.30 ~3:96

1 7.65 12.09 57.69 70.82 4.79 8.04 1.31 1.95' 13.09 81.48 67.77 

20 No. 2 .. .. .. . .. .. .. Nut; bnght........... 1, 073 60.0 12.10 50. 31 32. 61 3. 71 9. 77 58.15 74.00 4. 97 7. 66 1. 78 1. 44 10.15 82.36 79.04 

32 No.3 .................. do ................ 1,376 62.0 15.80 47.58 37.30 4.79 10.33 56.05 71.03 4.65 7.77 1.57 4.13 10.85 79.67 77.60 

52 No.4 .................. do ............... 1,041 50.0 11.94 45.33 35.44 6.24 12.99 56.12166.76 4.53 9.28 1.46 4.12 13.85 77.49 84.06 

I 

A v_erage........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 55.0 13. 6 47.38 _ 34.83 5. 60 11.29 . .. . .. .. 70.65 4. 74 8.19 L 53 2. 91 11. 98 .. . . . . . . 77.12 

owa: 

45 No.1 ............. Kut; dull............. 1,875 63.0 19.38 39.89 33.08 8.69 18.34 54.66 61.67 4.01 6.26 .97 7.00 20.09 77.17 86.88 

67 No.2 ............. Nut; very dirty ...... 1,629 58.0 17.44 33.73 35.35 14.88 16.04 48.83 62.04 4.49 7.59 1.50 5.56 18.82 76.42 81.93 

49 Ko. 3 ............. Nut; dull. ............ 1,431 57.0 15.32 35.77 36.14 12.44 15.65 49.74 62.34 4.56 7.34 .96 6.93 17.87 75.90, 72.89 

47 No.4 .. . .. . . .. . . .. Mine run; dull....... 1, 302 59.0 16. 03 37.28 34.09 13.48115.15 ' 52.23 63.43 4. 35 7. 92 . 9715.82 17.51 ·1 76.89 80.75 

66 No. 4briquette ... Largebriquet!es ...... 1,186 58.0 13.82 37.85 36.50 13.24 12.41 50.90 69.25 4.81 6.28 .86 4.49 14.31180.82 76.18 

55 No.5 ............. Kut; medium bright. 1,328 57.0 14.12 38.83 31.76 16.01 13.40 55.01 65.21 4.71 9.12 1.33 3.68 15.95 77.59 84.51 

Average ........................................ 58.7 16.1 37.22 34.49 13.12\ 15.16 ........ ~ 63.99 4.49 7.42 1.10 5.58 17.43 .... .... 80.52 

5 

13 

3 

4 

58 

·72 

Kansas: --------------- ---~--- ---------------------------

No.1 .. . . .. .. . . . .. Lump; dull . . . . .. . .. . 732 . . . .. .. 10.77 49.46 33. 78 5. 90 10.86 59.42 73.15 4. 79 5. 31 1.15 4. 06 11.54 82.69 61.70 

No.1 ............. 1finerun; dnll ....... 1,014 49.0 14.21 48.57 32.68 4.80 13.95 59.78 69.35 4.58 5.09 1.13' 5.19 14.66 81.26 80.55 

No.2 .................. do................ 627 60.0 11.70 , 46.68 31.23 4.18 17.91 59.80 64.57 4. 41 4. 82 . 96 6. 55 18.69 79.41 

Ko. 2 washed ..... Nut; dull............. 828 43.0 10.80 51.22 34.32 5.82 8.64 59.88 74.99 5.12 5.60 1.12 4.00 9.17 82.56 69.38 

No.3 ............. Minerun; dull. ...... 1,045, 50.0 13.80 50.99 33.52 2.03 13.46 60.40 70.37 4.63 j 4.53 1.22 5.50 13.75 81.59 79.40 

No.3 .................. do................ 913 60.0 13.15 51.0.5 34.30 2.25 12.40 59.81 71.83 4.72' 4.62 1.23 4.91 12.69 82.27 67.49 

No.4 ............. Nut; bright .......... 1,028 49.0 13.89 43.59 36.32 5.51, 14.58 54.55 65.21 4.66 4.68 1.07 8.95 15.43,77.11 78.67 

No.5 ................. do ................ \ 1,009 56.0 12:.19 51.36 32.42 4.31111.91 61.30 71.42 4.72 5.72 1.09 -4.60 12.45 81.58 73.98 

Average........ . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . 52. 4 j. 12:.6 49. 11 33. 57 4. 35 12.96 . .. .. . .. 70. 11 . 4. 70 5. 05 1.12 5. 4 7 13.55 . .. . .. .. 73. 02 
Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Kind. 

GO 

1 

Ken:~~y: ............ Nut; very clean...... 626 --:.:--:: 55.59 35.61 2.89-= 60.95 78.54 ~--=-=--=~ 83.631 64.20 

57 No.2 ............. Xut; bright.......... 959 61.0 10.88 4~.75 37.91 7.76 8.58 54.68 72.22 5.06 8.44 1.33 3.65 9.30 79.621 79.37 

76 No. 2briquette ... Largebriqucttes ...... 1,059 57.0 1~.17 44.32137.07 7.11 11.50 54.451 69.99 4.50 7.8411.28 4.00 12.39 79.89 83.45 

64 No.3 ••........... Nut; bright.......... 916153.0 10.31 44.84 37.32 7.92 9.92 54.581 70.68 4.89 7.90 1.51 4.25 10.77 79.21 80.18 

62 No. 4 .................. do................ 1,152 61. o 13.04 45. 74 35.65 5. 89 12.72 56.20 70.20 4. 48

1 

6. 50 1. 35 3. 95 13. 52 81.171 75.35 

Misso::~rage ......... ·.·· ................... -~-- ~-~-~-~\-----~--~ ..... -~ 57.0 I[ 10. 82 47.251 36. 71 6. 31 I 9. 73 . . . . .. . . 72. 33 -4. 82 I 7. 56 1. 46 3. 42 10.41 . . . . . . . . 76. 51 

12 Xo.1 ............. Minerun; dull ....... l1,720. 60.0. 19.00 40.64134.88 7.28 17.20 53.81 65.23 4.62 5.8111.08 4.71 18.55 80.08 80.15 

23 No.lbriquette ... Largebriquettes ...... 663147.0 15.73 41.85 37.60 6.38 14.17 52.67 68.52 4.63 5.69 1.16 4.86 15.14 80.74 83.81 

15 No.1 washed ..... Nut; dull............. 990 52.0 111.90 44.21. 36.81 7.93 11.0.5 54.56 71.50 5.06 6.37 1.18 3.89 ~2.00 81.25 86.47 

37 No.2 ............. l ..... do ................ l2,084\ 63.0 20.58 37.33132.88 13.09 1fi.70 53.17 61.931 4.35 7.76 1.09 5.66 19.21 76.661 79.80 

44 No.2 .................. do ................ 1,310 68.0 16.02139.76 31.77 11.57 16.90 55.59 62.38

1

4.37 7.84 1.10 5.20 19.11 7<.121 80.17 

78 No.3 ............ -~-- ... do................ 2, 474 I 60.0 I 28.08 29.98 26.18 18.63125.21 53.38 52.55 3. 75

1 

7.10 . 88 4. 73 30.99 76.15

1 

83.92 

77 No.3 washed .......... do ................ l1,047 55.0 11.98 39.61131.18 20.78 8.43 55.95 70.03 5.00 9.52 1.17 :>.64 10.64 78.37 72.46 

70 No.4 .................. do ................ 556 37.0 6.66142.11 40.10 12.24 5.55 51.22 76.05

1

5.42 5.751 .79 5.67 6.32 81.18 73.83 

. A ve~age .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55. 0 116. 24 39. 441 33. 9.:.. 12. 24114. 40 ....... ·1 66. 02 4. 651 6. 98 1. 06 4. 79 16. 49 ....... ·1 80. 80 

27 l>e,~e;:~~~----··--· Minerun; clean ...... ! 846 4~.0 I 8.761 4~.57 1 ~7.8.5 11.90 I 8.68 52.34

1

7?·:714.97112.6311.15 .~3 9.85 :8.50 ~i-~2 26 N"o. 2 ........... Pea; dull. ............ ! 2,69o G-.0 25.20 1 

35.11 37.30 9.92 16.67 49.19 63. ,9 4.67

1

10.69 1.10 1.25 18 .. )0 ,S.271t4.ul 

30 No. 2briquette SmallbriquetteH ...... 1,726

1

51.0 23.84139.07 3i.Ci6 6.75 16.62 50.99 66.72 4.92 7.951 .87 1.72 17.81 81.19 71.21 

Average....... . ..................... 

1 

.... --..:_: 52. 0 119. 27 38. 921 37. ~ 9. 521 13.99 ....... ·1 67.0914.85110.42 1. 04 1. 20 15.39 ........ 

1 

67.61 

33 North Dakota No.1 Nut; brown.......... 7841 16.5 11.44 i 25.40 28.13 3fi.84 1 10.6:l 47.4.) (i0.39 

1 

4.05 15.571 .81 2.62 16 .. 16 72.38 

1 

58.1:l 
Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

I 

Fuel. Proximate analysis of coal (per cent). Ultimate analysis of dry coal (per cent). 1·::! iil 

,_. 

w . l.o:~ ".TJ::::..-:._ ~.;;~....:.~' ~El--.;> .E=:i~ 

;q. 2 ci I'.!. ~ I I l.:c:.,. 

2~~ . I I I 0.. 

~s· ..-:.. ~~. ~Z-oz- 1 ~~.:d ~a;~ ~ ~ ~ s . .... ~ ~ :::: . .........g <l.l s = ~ 

~ ~ Sizeandcondition. -;:s -~~~ 'g.~-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~s~ g ~ I g ~ ~ s2~ E =~ .c Kind. _. ~ 8. ~ ~ 8. ~ .-. 8. ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~o~ £ ~' ~ 2 ~ ..0 .o §; 1:~ ~ 

-~ E ~ "'~ a"~ < ;::~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~-o.o ~ ~· 8 ~ I ~ ~ ~ o.O ~ d~ 

~ ~ 23 _2_8_---;--~-;-~~-;;-;,-1~---;---;-~~~~--;;-~ 

~ Penn,sylvania: . . -------~---~-~---~--~--" ) No.1 ............. Mmerun; bflght..... 280 3.0 4.45 75.69 15.80 1.10 7.41182.13 82.88 4.13 2.61 1.38 1.51 7.49 89.60 53.00 

>~'-- 2 No.2 ................. do................ 223 0.0 I 3.30 76.76 16.61 .59 6.04 82.21 84.4514.25 3.04 1.28' .91 6.07 89.90 51.43 

':" 36 ~o. 3 briquette ... Small b:iquettes...... 1, 6:6 4~. 4 ~:0. 79

1

55. ~ 27. ~2 3. 00 114.38 66.571 ~4.09 ~- 42 4.4: 11.0811.16 1~ ~1 I 86. 9_7 63.88 

74 lS o. 4 .......... --~ Yut; bnght .. .. .. .. .. 632 46.0 8. 45 60.82 28. 10 2. 90 7. 581 67. 94 19. 86 •'· 02 4. 21 l. 86 1.18 1. ,1 8b. 63 84.11 

Average ................................ !== 23.0:-9.25 67.07 22.18 ~ 8.85 =-:-:-:- 80.3214.451 3.:,g l:401:191----g:Q5~

1 63.11 

2 T~xas~~o-_1._ .......... Large briquettes ..... / 9181' 8.0 1:!4.90 29.44131.42 23 27115.87 48.37

1 

62.85 3.94,10.i:J 11.10 .70 20.G8 79.23 62.87 

24 "es~~-~~~~~~: ........ N~ t; bright -_- ........ I 596 54.0 I 7. 77 56.25 34.64 ~- 90 I 7. 2~ 161.89 :s. 531 5.131 6. 43

1

' 1. 56 l. 00 I· 7. 35 84.:61 71.01 

25' No.2 ............. :rv;mc r~n; brtght ... --1 sn:: 56.0 .9. 89 !8. 80 39.23 -· 01 9. ~6 55.44 14.36 4.:3 6. 40 l. 37 2._77

1

10.17 ,82. 18 69.06 

28 Yo. 3 ............. }I ut; bnght .. .. .. .. .. 971 51.0 1 12.191 o6.11 30.31 2. 54 11.041 64.93 75.8614. 181 5.17 I. 44 l. 42 11.33 85.50 I 76.17 

31 No.4 .................. do ................ l 819 50.0 10.64 59.84 27.64 2.53 .

1 

9.99 68.40 77.42 4.69 5.1811.48 .98 10.25 86.26 71.76 

4 No. 5 .................. do................ 808 I 36.5 10. 72 58.661 28.95 2.11 10.28 66.96 76.49 4:74

1 

5. 76 1. 48 1. 031 10.50 85.46 74.99 

l9 No.6 .................. do................ 508 45.0 7. 01 70.03 2'2. 38 2.14 5. 45 75.78 83.71 1 4. 64 3. 67 1. 70 1 

• 71 5. 57 88.65 59.68 

:~ ~:: ~ ::::::::::::· :::::~~:::::::::::::.. :~: :~:~ ~:~~ !~:::,I ~~:::I ~:~~I ~:~~ ~~:~~I ~::~~ ::~: ~:~~ ~:~~ 1::~ I ~:~: !~:~~ ::::~ .53 No. 8 .................. do................ 754 44. o 9. 95 56.68 31. 19 5. 26 6. 87 64.50 80. 37 5. 081 5.12 1.40 . 78 7. 25 86. 6~ 76.36 

69 Ko. 9 .................. do................ 573 43.0 7.95 59.47 31.111 3.42 6.00 65.64 80.70 5.01 5.57 1.66 .85 G.21 86.04 76.32 

.4 No. 10 ................. do................ 643 41. 0 8. 79 73. 84 18.23 1. 74

1 

6.19 80. 20 

1

84.92 4. 46 2. 66 1. OG . 60 6. 30 90.63 58.10 

6 No. 11 ................. do................ 1, 021 49.0 13.93 68.36116.31 4. 85 10. ,18 80.74 80.34 4. 00 3.11 1. 05 . 49 11.01 90.28 73.87 

6 No. 12 ............ --_- .. do --_-............. ~~ 52.0 8. o: 7~- 33 18. 26

1 

l. 58 4. 331 ~0.49 86.)4 4. 41 I 2. 56 1. 38 . 60 1 4. 91 90. 5~ 54.57 

9 No.12briquette .. Smallbnquettes ...... 160 60.0 10.3o 61.46 24.02 2.32 6.20 13.74 84.82 4.95 1.67 1.35 .87 6.34 90.56 G7.23 

Wyo~~~~:~ge ....................................... '49.0: 9.47 63.61126.00 I 3.721 7.74~~--------~80.51 4.69

1

4.4311.40 1.02 7.96 ........ <i7.9G 

3 No. 1 ............. Nut; bright .. .. .. .. .. 810 25. o 8. 67 31.61 40.56 21.81 I 6. 0'2 43. so 69.46 4. 90 15.83

1

1. so . 81 7. iO 75.25 40.19 

1 

1 

No. 2 .. . .. .. .. .. .. Knt; very dirty ...... -~ 3, 037 0. 0 28.40 34. 58 I' 35.55 11.10 18. 77 49.31 I 58.16 4. 47 11. 07 . 84 4. 35 21.11 73. 72 86.14 

Average ................................ ==li0-18.53 ""'83.09 38.06] 16.46 12.39~~63.814.68"[13.45 1.072.58' 14.41 ~~~ 

• 
Summary of .~eventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

I Fuel per hour Calorific value of I (pounds). fuel by oxygen Qualityofsteam Water per hour Horsepower 

it. t I ~ . a :'·"~·~ ;., ~~;, 1 ~ '"~"''H I ! • ~ e&::..cl C ....., a.> ..8.~ ~ ;~ ~ .~ o- ~- O> 

-ci .c· ~ ~ e ~ e 6 ~ ~ ·~ ·; ~ 

1 

~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ E: Q) ~·o·-... o $:::~ ~$~ -;~ ~ ~ ~._. ,... ~g5 o oo "Cla.> a S~· '4-1. ;.oo 0",_._ ::n. ~ -~- o c.~_t; :o ~- ~ :;::::> 

p oo~ f ~ rn ~ oo p o o .5 $ ·z ~& ~ 2:: . ~ 'I ~~ ~. ~ 8-~ §-t ~:a ~ 00 

h ~. s s ~~ ~ N~ &Sl 8.~ 3 ·s ~ ~ ;;: 8 C)~ g~ ~~ ~~~ ,0 3 ....., S 3 e- I ~§' ~~ ~ g.s ~ 0?: 

§ ~ :3'5 ~ $~ ~~·s ¢ '0 c rn r:. ~a; ! .E;z~ ·~ Q)g_ 

Kind of fuel. 

~ § 2 2~ 8 2 ~ n ~ i 8. § ~· i ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~,g (.) ~ ~a = :§~ ~~~ '0 rg i ~ ~ ~ & § § ~; -g I ~~ 

s t· @ ~ c ~ § ~~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ g &~~ I ~ fi) :; o o I o 0 o o "- ll. ll. CJ P, :::: f"l f"l P il< 

_i_l·-------------- .. u 47 H 48 49 49 ;;o ol 04 56 so u2 63 64 66 I 61' 

17 

21 

16 

9 

14 

8 

11 

29 

35 

40 

42 

u 

75 

Alabama: I X o.1 .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 840.8 703. 7 684.8 20.72 0. 346 o. 337 . 12,937 15,094 o. 620 99. 52 1.1768 6, 030 7, 096 3. 49 205. 7 97.95 

No.1 briquette .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 769. 5 666. 9 644. 4 18. 97 . 328 . 317 13, 102 15, 194 . 870 99. 32 1. 184 5, 728 6, 782 3. 34 196. 6 93. 62 

No.2 .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. 873. 6 754. o 731. o 21.54 . 371 . 360 12,555 14,638 . 432 99. 66 1.1784 6, 335 7, 465 3. 67 216.4 103. oo 

Ark:;:~~~~~.::::::::::::::::::::· .. ~~~·~· .. ~~~:~· .. ~~:~·~ ::::~ ::~: ::::I :::::I ::::: .. ~:~~~· .. ~~~~· ... ~:~~~~· .. ~:~~~· .. ~:~~~· :::: 1

1 

'~"I :::" ~~:~ ~~~:~~t.t~.::::::::::::::::: ~~~:~I ~::~ ::~:~I ~::~~ :~:~ ::~I ~!::~I ~:::~~ 12::: :::~~ ~:~:~: 6,02~ ~:~~~ !:~~I ~::: ::~: No.2 briquette .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. 702.0 608. 0 601.0 17.31 . 299 . 296 13,554 15,572 . 485 99.63 1.1841 :: !~: 16, 540 3. 22 190.3 90. ~ 

~~: ~ ~~;~~~~t~:::: ::::::::::::: :~: ~ I ::~:~ :~: ~ II ~~: :~ :::: ::~: I ~~: ~:~ ~:: :~: I : :~ ::::: I ~: ~~: :::: :::~ :: :~ I ~~~:: 1~::: No.4briquette ................. 787.0 669.0 650.0 19.41 .329 .320 13,954 15,595 .556 99.,58 1.1972 6,18117,400 3.64 214.5 102.14 

No.4 briquette ................. 721.0

1

542.0 524.0117.78 .267 .258113,905 15,908 .932 99.29 1.1977 4,805 f•,754 2.83 166.8 79.43 

No.5 ........................... 86~.e 685.0 675.0 21.42 .333 ~ 13,617 ~~~ 99.61 1.1968 5,836

1

6,984 3.441202.4 96.37 

""'~~:~" I:~: I ~'" ~~:! ::: : :I :.:: ::.:I '"I ~~ ',;., .. ~:I·'·~ ::I ,:,. ::· 
Kind of fuel. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Fuel per hour (poulldsi. 

Calorific value of )Qualityofsteam fuel ~y oxygen (per cent) Water per hour (pouuds). Horsepower. 

calorrmeter.. I · 

. '0 .8 0 0~ p d 11 .~ rO 'd ~ 'd 

~ f: ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ a ..... § §$ ~ Oil • Oil -e g S'n . . 

1 

$ ·" "' s ·s ~ .... ~'ffi 0 .8 ~ -~ 8 ~ rn ~ .8 .§ .§o .. '"g 

. ..o~ ~~ ~~~ ~ .... .s es ~~ ~E ~ S0 .£ ~ ~ ~.5 aj g ~ ~ t' g ~ 5 .§ :3.2 ~ ~ -g ~ ~b e ~ ~biJ I g~o 0 ~ ~ S_:_ - 0

_t) ~a· ~ ~ . ~ ::l 0 

8 ~ g·~ ~$ ~§ ~ :~ to ~ ·~ §.~ ~ 15'0 &~ 8.~ ~ ~ .0~ ;; 8 ~ g~ A5 A.s.~ rc o 0 ~::l o. "Et- ~~ ~£"~ .c o; s. :a ~-a ~ 00 z~ :ai ~ o c ~ ~ g_:; .:; ! a;~ .s <D & 0 ~ :C s ~ ~~ i.Z~ 'd '8 ~ 0 0 ~g. § § ~biJ 'g t.Qdl 

...: ~ ::l [§ 2 ~ ~ ~ ::l § o::l "§ a d) a3 ~&.6 . ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 .0 .o- 0 s.... .0~ ~ 0.. A - ..... B t ·S .?:c:1~ ~ 8-Cl 

a t- § § t· o § ~.:: ~ lii ~ 01~ ~ ~ ~ &~~ ~ ~ ::s A o o A o o p., p., p., "- ;> ~ ~ A p., 

-~-l--------------l-4-s_ 47. 47 48 -~ 49 I 49 &o 51 04 . 56 so 

1 

62 . 63 64 65 67. 

18 

19 

38 

48 

50 

73 

n· 

68 

65 

10 

20 

32 

52 

Illinoio: · I • I . No.1 ······················-~---1,012.0 832.0 809.0 24.90 0.410 0.398 11,855 14,252 0.446 99.65

1

1.1794 6,183 7,292 3.59 211.4 100.7 

No.2washed ................... 907.0 814.0 787.0 22.3il .401 .388 12,569 14,159 .418 99.68 1.180316,145 7,253 3.57 210.2 100.1 

No.3 ........................... ! sm.o · 726.0 707.0 21.2:> .357 .348 12,857 14,712 .796 99.39 1.1959 5,786 6,919 3.41 200.6 95.52 

No.4 ........................... 805.0 689.0 679.0 19.81 .339 .334 12,427 I 14,323 99.0 1.1952 4,963 5,932 2.92 172.0 81.86 

No.4 ........................... ! 938.0 809.0 791.0 23.13 .398 .389 12,459 114,3191 .698 99.471 1.19731 5,700 6,8251 3.36 197.8 94.2 

No.6 ........................... / 906.0 I 764.0 728.0 22.3~~~~~~~ 99.56 ~ 5,521 6,702 ~ 194.3 92.54 

Average ...................... :··--···]·----··· ........ 22.3~ .369 .380 12,293 14,293) ........ -----·--!···--·---- ........ ........ 3.36 ........ 1 94.15 

Indiana: 

No.1 briquette................. 880.0 812.0 811.0 21.70 .400 .399 13,635 14,672 .513 99.61 1.2077 6,357 7,678 3.78 222.55 105.98 

No.1 washed ................... 908.0 ~27.0 807.0 22.39 .407 .397 13,377 14,763 .713.

1

99.46 1.2076 6,363 7,684 3.78 222.70 106.0 

No. 2 ........................... 1 832. 0 732. 0 701. 0 20. E·1 . 360 . 345 12, 452 14, 428 1.123 99. 16 1. 2076 5, 527 6, 674 3. 29 193. 40 92.1 

India::::::t:r·;,-------------------1:_:------! ................ 21.f! .380 .389 13,155~~ ................ ,.......... ........ ........ 3.621······-- .101.36 

N o.l ........................... 

1 

778.0 664.0 639.0 19.17 . 327 . 314 12,834 14, 767 . 635 99.51 1.1849 5, 672 6, 720 3. 31 194.7 91.8 

No.2 ........................... 872.0 767.0 762.0 21.b0 .377 .375 13,414 14,929 .413 99.68 1.1824 6,211 7,344 3.62 212.9 101.4 

No.3 .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 869. 0 732.0 744.0 21.43 . 360 . 366 13,005 14, 588 . 589 99.55 1.1888 5, 977 7,105 3. 50 205.9 98.05 

No.4 ........................... 853.0 751.0 719.0 21.04 .370. .354 12,027 13,961 .897 99.31 1.1967 5,367 6,422 3.16 186.1 88.6 

Average ...................... j ........................ 20.'~ .352 .3fl9 12,820 I 14,561 ........ ........ .......... ........ ........ 3.40 ........ 94.96 
Summary of .seventy-eight coal te.sts-Continued. 

Fuel per hour (pounds). Calorific value of IQunlityofstenm 

~~f~r~J;e~!lgen (per cent). 

Water per hour (pounds). Horsepower. 

"g ~ '0 oe ~ s :J .9 "8 I ] B § ~ ~ 0 0 §, ~ ,q ~ s ] s s., "' 

-' 

·~ ~~ Q.l ~ ..2 ~ ~~ ~ ... - ~~.d ~ ~ ~ ~ :0_~00- .:: ~ .... ~ t' . 8 ~g ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ 0 g ..... 

~l 03 s s... =: ~ ~ __, d ~ '0 .§ e:~ ~ :tj-...; . ~ > Kind of fuel. .g ~ ~ b' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ 8 .E ·s - _:_ "'§ .-o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 2 .E ~ s - = .;s ..... .;:: ~:§ - c E ,.. E ~ z. o &8 Q g5 ~ ·s ~ 

~ ~ ~! ; ~ ; ~ ; ~~ ~ ~. ~ ~ '§ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ [~ ~ : ~ ! ~ :§ s '"- §$ §~~ 'g 'g ~ 'S ~ ~g. § "''"-bo ~ oo~- ~ o - OJ 2 l !!! "' !!! ~ s g , § t- .S s ~ ~&.s g. ~ ~ 

:~ :~: ~:::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: :::: ~ ~~!:~ :~~: ~ ~!:: o: :;~ o: :~: ~~: ::~ ~:: ~!~ o: :~! :::: ~:~~:~ I ~::~~ :::!! !:~~ ~:~: ~ ~~: ~~ 49 No.3 ........................... 931.0 788.0 726.0 22.961 .388 .357 11,671 14,210 .978 99.25 1.1983 5,451 6,5321 3.22 189.3 90.15 

47 No.4 ........................... 812.0 682.0 64!i.O 1 20.02 .336 .318 11,678 14,157 1.270 I 99.03 1.1953 4,8291 n,772 2.84 167.3 79.'7 

66 No.4 briquette ................. 856.0 738.0 I 705.0 I 21.11 .364 .348 12,546 14.,641 .840., 99.36 1.2000 5,304 6,3851 3.13 184.5 I 87.86 

55 No.5 ........................... 942.0 809.01771.0 23.23 .398 .380 11,963 14,233 1.000 99.24 1.2028 5,873 7,0641 3.48 204.75 97.5 

5 

~~i;"~ No.2 ........................... ;: 

767.0 

;,:1 

677.0 ........ 

;: ;;; 

18.90 .334 

; ·~ ;;; 

12,150 

;1:4":_;94~31 :;.II··~·~· 2.893 97.75 :.::::'::;.!:·~: 1.178 5,315 6,261 ;; 

3.0~ 

:: 

181.5 

1 86.43 ;~ 13 No.2 washed ................... 814.0 726.0 712.0 I 20.08 .357 · .350 13,968 15,378 .475 99.63 1.1829 1

1 6,130 7,250 I 3.57 210.1 100.0 

No.3 .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 761. 0 656.0 635. 0 18.77 . 323 . 313 13,010 15,082 3. 800 1 97.01 1.175 4, 981 5, 853 2. 88 169. 6 I 81.0 

4 No.3 ........................... 667.0 580.0 554.0116.45 .286 .273 13,194 15,120 2.8961 97.7:> 1.1746 4,R69 5,133 2.fl:> 148.8 70.86 

58 No.4 ........................... 737.0 G34.0 601 o 

1

18.18 .312 .29? 12,397 14,659 1 1.376 98.95 L2055 1 4,736 5,709

1 

2.81 165.5 78.8 

72 No.5 .......................... 886.0 734.0 706.0 20.62]~~~ _13,144 ~~ .477] 99.64~~~~ 7,m ~ 215.2 I 102.5 

Average .................... [-------- ........ --------118.47 I .308 .32~ 1 1!,983 1.5,014 .. ------~-------- .......... ) ........ ! ........ \ 3.04 --------1 85.29 

==1====1======1=1==•= 
Kind of fuel. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Fuel per hour (pounds). I 

Calorific value of fuel by oxygen calorimeter. 

Quality of steam (per cent). Water per hour ~poup.ds). Horsepower. 

~ ~ o I 0"2 ~ s 11 .s ~ 'g ~ ~ '"' ~ ....:> +"'"" ~ ~ tZ s d et:!~ ~ ro. bD 0 oS'o 0 ~ ea '? s sg: '"'· ~-9 ~ .E: a:; 1 .E~ ~ ~ ~ .S '"" .~... o..,.::; '0 

- d 0 ~~ P:i 6 .s z ~ 8 _., - 0 ~ C,) 

'i -go ~ ~o; ~~-~ :S e ~ .:1 ~~ ~- §g ~~ -d ~ ~C· C,)a:; ~~ Sf=o ~ ~ ~ ~~ :3 (_)(ll ~o -~~ ~ ~~ I s ~1 U ~~ ~~~- , ~- § -~ !~- i l~- ~~ H~ 2 ;i 

2 ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~u ~ ~ l 0 ~ ~g ~ j~~ ~ ;~ ~ ~ 2 _g.g ] 2 ~ .E~ § ~ 8. g ~- 2l ~ ~ -~~~ ~ ~~ 8 ~· § @ ~ § @ ~~ ~ ~ ~ § ~ ~ & ~~~ G ~ 

~ 1--------------ll __ :_s_ :, :, A" :. I u" :, ;, ;, ~,. :, I :2 ::l I~ 64 :., ~~7 Kentucky: I I 60 

57 

76 

64 

62 

12 

23 

15 

37 

44 

78 

77 

70j 

No.1. .......................... 809.0 746.0 737.0 19.95 0.387 0.363 14,364 15,2951 0.546 99.68511.20462 6,081 7,325 3.61 212.3 101.1 

Ko.2 ........................... 882.0 786.0 780.0 21.75 .387 .384 13,374 14,745 .674 99.487 1.2033 5,978 7,194 3.54 208.5 99.29 

No.2 briquette................. 887.0 779.0 759.0 21.87 . 383 . 374 12,767 14,572 . 314 99.760 1. 2075 5, 917 7,145 3. 52 207.1 98.62 

No.3 ........................... 882.0 791.0 1 769.0 21.75' .389 .379 13,036 14,609 .820 99.375 1.2022 6,070 7,298

1 

3.59 211.5 100.7 

No.4 ........................... 889.0 773.0 741.0 21.90 .381 .364 12,937 14,960 .. 510, 99.610 1.20198 6,076 7,303 3.60 211.7 100.8 

Average .............................................. 21.44 .381 . 373 13,296 14,836 ........................................ .. 3.57 ........ 100.1 

Missouri: =.-==========,==,== 

No.1........................... 903.0 731.0 701.0 22.30 .36 .345 12,109 14,867 .447 99.66 1.184 6,044 7,156 3.52 207.4 98.76 

No.1 briquette................. 816.0 696.0 680.0 20.37 . 343 . 335 12,676 14,938 . ilO 99.45 / 1.1&i3 5, 562 6, 598 3. 24 191.2 91.00 

No.1wttshed ................... 840.0. 740.0 726.0 20.71 .364 .357 13,171 14,967 .384 99.71Y2 1.1791 6,056 7,141 3.51 207.0 98.57 

""o. 2 ........................... 1, o14. o sos. o 1n. o 25. oo 1 . 396 . sss 11, wo 14,234 . no 99. 4-55 1.1956 6, o88 7, 183 3. 54 2o8. 2 99.14 

Ko.2 ........................... 819.0 688.0 ,~ 637.0 20.20' .339 .313 11,561- 14,292 .834 99.36 1.1976 4,969 5,951 2.93 172.5 82.14 

No.3........................... 886.0 637.0 571.0 21.85 .314 .281 9,535 13,817 .1165 99.494 1.2082 4,266 5,158 2.54 149.5 71.20 

No.3wttshed ................... 881.0 77fi.O 1 758.0 21.72 .381 .373 12,602 14,102 .573 99.565 1.2o91 5,413 6,545 3.22 189.7 90.30 

No.4........................... 837: o 781. o I 769. o 20. 64 . 384 . 379 14,197 15,155 . 636 99. 518

1

1.2087 fi, 111 7, 386 3. 64 214.1 102.00 

Average ...................... :_:~ ............. :_:~·.... 2l.li0 . 36 . 346 12,169 14,547 ~-- ....................... -1-- ........ : .. ---1 3. 27 .. .. .. .. 91.64 
27 

26 

30 

33 

1 

2 

36 

. 74 

22 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Calorific value of I fuel by oxygen Qualityofsteam 

calorimeter. (per cent)·· Fuel per hour (pounds). Water per hour (pt;~unds). Horsepower. 

~ £ 0 0~ ~ E II .£ ~ I 'g ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~a ~ E-i 5 s @ s~ ~ . ~,ci '5 .8 ~ .8~ E-i ~ ] • ~ ~ ] 0 ~ - ~ -~ ~~ Q) O,ci ~ .£ ~..: ~'§ ~§ 'C 'go .8 a:! ::I ~·:,)en - ..0 ~ ~ . t: § .s § g "d~ 

~ S >. Q) ~ g.oo g.~.: ~ ~ ~ ~ . .§ g~ _... . ~~ ~ ~ ~ .g <!J §~ ~;; :.~ :Sl~ "' "" ·a a-;: ~ .,j:: ~~ 5~oS ~ 2.§ s o o·a 5.1:: ~~ ~~·~ ~ ~ s :Z·S o ~ ~ ~:! ~= ~ :§ '-; ~ = c.J ,,c,.J ~ rn ~ ......... ~ .... - "0 ._, ~::I A ~~ > oj ~ g~ 0,:: § ~ Q)-'= s Q)-7 Q):e·s o c: o g; s.;; Q) Q) H = .s Q) a <:J - ~ ~ A ~~ :0 a) a;. '0 ..... ~ 0 ~ ~ = "E ~ ~ oo 00 btlW 

';; ~ oo o ~ oo ~ ~.Z-§ § ~ S o ~ 0' C) $o-~ ~ ~ ~ 

8 ~ .5~ <:) .5 ~ .5~ § & & § g B 2 ~ -~~~ ~ ~ ~ § § t' § § ~.::: ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ d . & &d~ ~ ~ _A ____ u ____ '-'____ A____ u___ u ____ ... ____ .,.. ___ "-__ __ cJ __ 

1 

__ .., __ __ ::: ___ r4 ___ r4 ___ A ____ .,.. __ 

------------l--"'-s ___ 4_'l ___ "'_'_~~~~-~--+-~.~~~I--6-0-~~~~~~~ New :Mexico: I I No.1........................... 961.0 877.0 830.0 23.70 0.432 0.409 12,573 13,947 0.705 99.46 1.1858 6,005 7,120 3.51 . 206.3 98.5 

No.2 ........................... l,069.0 soo.o.l 803.0 26.37 .394 .395 11,468 14,071 .430 99.67 1.1846 5,782 6,849, 3.37 198.5 94.5 

No.2 briquette................. 892. o 679. 0 672. o 22.00 . 334 . 331 12,238 14,890 . 540 99.58 1.1871 5, 39~ 6, 409 3.16 185.8 88.4 

North:~:~:; ;~; ;~ ; ;;; ; ::: :I :: :::: :::: ; ~ ~ ,;: ' ;;, ;:;;; ;:;;, :: ' '~ ' : : = ::::=:::::::::: ===:::::: ====== == =:::==.. ==::::::::::::= =:::::::==' = ===- = = ====':.::::::=::::== 

Pennsylvania: 

No. I, .......................... 637.01609.0 576.0 15.70 .3 .284 14,6.59 15,848 1.820 98.58 1.1775 4,890 5,758 2.83 166.9 79.48 

~0.2 ........................... 674.0 652.0 622.0 16.60 .32 .306 14,843 15,802 3.160 97.53 1.1767 5,607 6,597 3.25 191.2 91.00 

No.3 briquette ................. 771.0 611.0 599.0 19.01 .301 .295 13,289 15,.599 .624 99.52 1.1955 5,3251 6,366 3.13 184.5, 87.87 

N::~;~~· ::::::::::::::::::::: .. ~~~~ ~- .. ~~~: ~- .. ~~~~ ~- ~:: :: . :::: :::: ~:: ::: ~:: :~: ... ~ ~~~- . ~~: ~~~- ... ~:~~~~ ... ~: ~~~-: .. ~~2~~-' :::: .. ~~~-. ~-~ ~::::: TexasNo.1 ........................ 421.0

1 

316.01295.0 10.38 .156 .145 10,886 13,72411.73 '98.67 1.1865 _ 1,666[~1,977 .973 57.3[ __ 27.29 
63 

61 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Calorific value of Quality of steam! Water per hour Fuel per hour (pounds). fuel by oxygen H~usepower. 

calorimeter. (per cent). (pounds). 

"" "' c I~"" ::i s II ... "" '0' 

1: "" "' 0"' .2 " :=Sl "' .., ~~ ::i 8 "' s " .. ~ 

" ~ ... s"' "" "' 0 tl "' "" s ~.g 0 • o"' !'< rri "' 2l o;;: .,; 0 -"' -'f 0 0 " .s ;; . ., 0 ~ .;:0 -~ ~ "' "'"' "' .. .,; rri Bs ""'- 0 ... ~ ""'.O 

~ 1: ~ " ::::~ <1)0 ..... "'""' "' "'o .s "" ::;j..s~ ";)-

~- " ~"' 0 :3-E ""~ 

.,; § ~ ~· O>oi 0'" "'"- 0 

~ 0 c.;_s ~o· ..; ~~ Kind of fuel. "'"" :r-~0 0 st. -.:: ·"' ""' "' ""' "' "'"" "" ~:§ ... "'~ .0 "' ""'- ... "' ....... """"' r! ""' "'" t· 0..-< 0<0'-' ~ 

~ 8s .,_ Q CD~ s s ... ~ ... 25~ "'"' "'"0 ... 0 0'" "'"' ~,c-;:1 ""' 0 "'" 0 ""' !Z c<.S .0 0 -"' "' ~51 "' 0 0 i;;P "' g~ ""' o;;: Q)-.:1'§ 0 "' P.r.$-! .5 § "' "'"' "'"' 0 " "' "'"" 0 

::0 -;EO '-' 

~E :O~a> Q) 0 Q) "'"' -;: """''" ""' "'"' 0 "' 'CI ""' "" "'" ""'!ll) ~~ ';l ~ -as ';l ~.z.g " " !l - """ Q) ,.9:: a~:= Q) 

~2 ]; " " b 0 Q) ';l "' ~~ 0 c .5~@ 0 0 " ... ... " ~~~ 0 0 ,0 .o- 0 ~.::: "' Q) 

~ $ 2l ·::; ·s~ s " >. 8 s :-. s @:::~ 0 ... ... ... 0 > ;:; 

~ "' 0 0 

~ 0 "' 0 Q) & "' :;:: 0' """'"' Q) 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ I'< "' "" "" A I'< 

. 3.65 213.1 102.40 

3.53 207.8 I 98. 9.5 

3.62 213.2 i 101. 50 

3. 54 208.[) 99.30 

3. 57 210.] 100. o:J 

==::::::::==:::::: = =::::: ~ .:::==::::::. ===== =::::::::=:::-::::=::::::::: ==- =====:::; ::::::=:::::::= = = ===- = 

Wyoming: I • No. 1 .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 920. 0 840. 0 802. 0 22. 69 . 413 . 395 f2, 316

1

13, 343 . 767 99. 41 1. 2025 5, 355 6, 439 3. 171. 186. (i 88. 80 

No.2 ........................... 1,075.0 769.0 805.0 26.51 .379 .396 10,897 13,813 .859 99.34 1.2002 5,298 6,359 3.13 184.3. 87.76 

Average ..................... ==~~~ 24.6(J~~ 11,607 ~~~~==~==---s.15'~ 88.28 

\;· 
Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Economic results (pounds). I Efficiency (per cent). 

1

1, 

~ ~ ~ ~ I 

-

§] ..... oII -o ~~ I 

..... 

U ~ :: -~ I' :: -~ ~ ,; ~ ~ .g i ;§ g,o.s ~! -~ ..... ~ ~ ~.§ Sro ::lro ::::: 0 ~ . "E . ~ 0 :2. ~ gj e §~. 

I ~~~ ~oa i' i i U ~~ 1 ~~ § : ~ ~~! ~~ Kind of fuel. f:: g e; o. ~ ~ 8. ~ ~ '0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 .a a;; ~ -;. ~ -+-"' cd ~\~ dcv cd"-~ ..O~t' ...... ::::~ ..... 8 Kindoffiring. ~ ~~;B a;o 

I 

Sc;;a; ~~ ~P< ~~ ~tE ] 2.!J _g ,: ::::: >Q.)ro ~~ :::o: I ~~ g & ~, & & s·s ..... o-o s -o c ~ ~ s § ~-_§~ .... -""'...... _...,.....t ~,......, ...... 1"""'1 Q.) C) ill ~ ~·.o 0 ...... ...::::::: "'~ 0.. d 0 :::::: C'l .I ~ C'-1 ::::: C'l :l:i ~ .=:: >.. h..C: >-. 01:! £ ~ - Q,) <1) ...... 

,_;I d ~'g ~~~ ~~ . ~~;§ 'i 0 ~ I' §" ~ ~ & -~-~~ %1H ~ § I § ~ 2 ~~ g .~-g~ .3;:~ .~-g~ ~ ·s ·5 ·s ~ ill Q.):: o ~-·a ~ 

1 

~ .P -·~ s I ,_a:.= 0.. g.d ~ zyd 0 &:::~..5 ~ e ¢3 e ~ ~ >"d:::: > o-- : "" ... --

~ i A4o.m.. .

1 

::::68 ~ 69 1

1 

~ 10 ~ 71 I ~1 I ~, ,

1

. ', I ~3 ~~""'~:1~~:::~~~~~~8~0~~~~~-~----:~1~ ~«:~8~2~~ ~~~8~3~~ ~~8-~-4~= ~~:~5~=~~~,:~:~~ =~:=~8~= 17 No.1.............. 7.02 8.22 8.44 10.08 10.36. 64.49 66.28 63.01 40.0 Alternate......... 8.0 6.0 I 60 . 8.3111.43

1 

0.0 I' 80.27 

21 No.1 briquette... ~.29 8.58 1 8.8~ 10.17 10 .. 5; II 6~.86 6:.641 ~~-93 20.0 ..... do ............ 10.0 5.0 33 8.3 11.70 .1 79.90 

16 No.2.............. ~-9'2 ~~~--=~10.2~ 65.~8~~ 6o.~8 ~- ..... do ...... , ..... ~~~ 8.2111.70 .0 

1

. 80.10 

Average........ '· 08 8. 31 8. 60 10.05 10. 3t 

1

65.58 66. 11 64. 54 38. 0 .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8. 7 5. 6 64 ~3 11,61 1-:0:J ~ 

9 Ark~:~: .'............. 7. 59 8. 86 9. 05110.36110. i2 63. 90 I 66.13164.39 2. 5 Alternate ........ ·I' 5. 0 I 6. 0 I 60 - 8. 0 112. 30 I . 08 I 79. 62 

14 Ko.1 briquette... 7.90 9.28 9.37 10.57 10.76 66.17 67.33 65.39 18.6 ..... do ............ 12.0 I 5.0 90 9.39 10.57 .0 80.04 

8 No.2.............. 8. 29 9. 63 9. 73

1

10.65 10. 97 66.05 68.041 65.96 5.14 ..... do . . . 8. 0 I 6. 0 I 75 7. 74

1

11.80 . 06 80.40 

11 No.2briquette ... 7.51 8.86 9.31 10.75 10.88 66.66 67.47 66.32 5.5 ..... do::.:::.::.::IIO.O 5.5 150 8.44 11.82 .033179.707 

29 No.3 .............. 1 7.87 9.311 9.50 10.88111.15 67.24168.91 64.83 9.6 ..... do ............ 10.0 I 5.2 30 8.90 11.17 .07 79.86 

35 No.3 briquette... 6.84 8.12 8.34110.14 10.56 62.91 65.51 163.48 2.6 ..... do............ 9.0 5.8 19 7.52 12.94 .o 79.54 

40 No.4 briquette... 7.59 ~.04

1 9.40 11.06 11.39 68.49 70.5:J 65.05

1 

4.6 Spreading ........ 12.0 10.0 35 8.87111.08 .05 · 80.00 

42 No.4 briquette---~ 6.50 7.73 7.98 10.61) 10.98 64.41166.6.'i 55.42 3.2 ..... do............ 8.0 9.6 32 7.84 11.97 .0 180.19 

41 No.5.............. 6.60 I 7.86 8.041 10.34 I 10.20 64.70 63.821 57.02 2.0 ..... do............ 6.0 7.7 40 8.29 11.62 .09 80.00 

Average ........ 1 7.41 8. 741 8.97 10.60-~10.85 65.61 I _6?·15 I 63.10 I 6.0 .................... \· 10 .. 0. 6.8 59 · 8.33 11.70 .04

1

1 

....... . 

75 ColoradoNo.l. ....... , 4.811 5.78j 7.211 8.41 1 8.551 60.19 61.261 55.36 5.8 Spreading........ 6.0

1 

7.2 67!. 6.64 13.76 .05 79.55 

I Analysis of the dry gases (per· . cent). :Methods of firing. 
Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Economie reonlt~ (pounds). Effieiency (per cent). 1\Iethods of firing. Analysis of the dry gases (per 

cent). 

'· ,_; 

.0 '" 

E 

" 

w "' 

!'-< '" 

Kind of fuel. 

"0~ 6'd I Si'; s~ s s .,; g) I~~ "'"" '" <;l·~ 

~"" s" oo 2'0 . 8 § .§ .§ 2 " ";jO)~ 

goc .!::"' ... .0 

-- -co '" C) ""'"'" ·~ 00 0 0 

"0 '0 '0 '" 2 :§_ o:~'"- ~.§ §~ '" '" ... "'0 :0'0 ~ ~.5 .... ~~ "" 0 

;;...:<;:..0 .s;::: :§§ 0'0 ~~ ~ "" w '" .Q./0:: 

0)~ 2 ~:;; ':0::::::' ~., ~ ., ... ~-.:: s '"'" do "' .,~ """' "' "" ....... ~g; " ,..o C>"'- a& ~0 ~o "' - Ol:O~ 

~"" "' 0"'- ,_; ... -"' 0 .00):0 ... o.,.. ...... .2l .El>- '" 0 w 

.;~:3 "''" <li " ., '"'" "''" A>- =§ ~ Kind of firing. '" o;o @C2o; ~~ "" ~ .... ·s ·~ ... '" <li iii"'" >"' ~ .. ~ o..., "' > .......... e., ·;; ""'" ,Q .a.!!l ~B8 "" '""'"" ~ 0 0 0 SE -a 0 -"' ~~g 0 

"" "" 0 - -~· ~;§~ "· "' §:~- .., .... ...,,...; ""'"" 0'" 0 '" .::;_ """ ~"" :::;:1 c.i "'" 5 .s 0 

"' 0 ~.g "· ;>..0 >- "" -~ 00~ .,..,<l)Cll a '""" Q).,..;.rd "'"" ~~;§ "' "'"' "' !< "' ~~~ "' >i " I -~'" ";;"' "' " " " "" ~-a§ § " ~~ § "'- ... " "' .~rg; -~~~ -~~~ " " "" 0 

~ I " .~ " " d-.:: 0 -+->::::::'0 "' "' ... ~.§ g ~ .... s -e "" ;.:r::: ~ &cj C) g.;;,o ~ -e 5 ;0 ·- ~ ... '" >- ~~~ - "' '" > >0~ "' ,. ~ ~ ~ 00. ~ ~ "' z "" "" -<: -<: < 0 0 0 

------------------ ------------------

68 69 70 n 71 72 72 73 77 80 81 82 83 84 Sli 86 88 

18 

19 

38 

48 

50 

73 

71 

68 

65 

10 

20 

32 

nu~~:~=l. ............. -:-:-:--:-:-:~--=:- b8.73 37.0 Alternate ......... 7.o ---=-~--60--=- 11.14 ~ 80.32 

~::~.~-a-~h~~.::::: ::~: ~:~ ::~~ ~::~ ::~~ :~:!~ ::~~ :~::~ ~~:~ :::::~: :::::::::::: ~:~ ::; I :~ ~:~~ ~~::~ :~4~ ~~:!~ No.4.............. 5.39 6.38 7.37 8.61 8.74 58.05 58.93 57.27 9.2 ..... do............ 9.0 ........ 33 6.52 13.80 .0 79.68 

No.4.............. 5.34 6.36 7.27 8.44 8.63 .56.92 58.20 56.35 ........ Spreading ..... •... 7.0 7.0 46 7.40 12.60 .07 79.93 

No.6.............. 5.32 6.43 7.40 8.75 9.20 60.39 63.50 61.64 ............. do............ 7.0 6.91 75 6.73 13.35 .04179.88 

Average .. .. .. .. 5. 65 6. iO · 7. 55 8. 84 9.10 59. 66 61. 47 ' 59. 31 . 21.1 1....... . .. . . .. .. .. .. 7. 2 5. 7 49 I 7. 44 12. 62 _ . 032 ........ 

Indiana: I 

Ko.1briquette ... 6.40 7.70 8.73 9.45 9.47 62.20 62.33 61.76 39.6 Spreading ........ 9.0 7.1 57 8.70 11.02 .08 80.20 

No.1 washed 5. 87 7. 06 8. 45 9. 2~ 9. 52 60.76 62.27 61.00 46.4 Alternate......... 8. 0 5. 3 35 8. 98 10.43 . 32 80.27 

No.2........ 6. 091 7. 29 8. 02 9.14 9. 53 61.11 63.79 62.19 33.2 ..... do............ 8. 0 6. 3 38 7. 65 11.98 1 

• 09 80.28 

Average........ 6.121 7. 35 8. 40 9. 29 9. 51 61. 36 62.80 61.65 1 39.7 .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8. 3 6. 2 '· 43 8. 44 11.141 .16 ........ 

Indian Territory: ' I No.1. ............. 

1

, 6.76 7.98 8.64 10.11 10.51 6611 68.73 65.01 31.6 Alternate......... 8.0 5.0 36 8.53 11.33 .0 80.14 

No.2.............. 6.88 8.11 8.42 9.58 9.64 m 97 62.361 60.61 55.2 ..... do............ 8.0 5.2 38 9.45 1U.17 .31 80.07 

No.:J.............. 6.58 7.78 8.17 9.71 9.55 64.28 63.22 · 60.67 37.0 ..... do............ 8.0 5.3 30 7.80 12.10 .0 80.10 

521 No.4.............. 5.94 7.06 7.53 8.55 8.94 59.14 61.84160.461. 42.0 Spreading ........ ! 9.0 6.6 19 7.14 12.64 ,21 80.01 

Average ........ 

1 

6. 541 7. 73 I. 8. 19 9. 49 9. 66 62. 8~ I 64. 04 61. 69 41. 5 .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 8. 2 5. 51 31 8. 23 11. 56 i .13- ........ 
Summary of seventy-eight coal test.~-Continued. 

Economic results (pounds). Efficiency (per cent). Methods of firing. 

"=''"' Is~ E ~· s· s s ..,; 

""' oS ~"'- oo 8"=' 0 0 "' ! > 

"' ~~~ ~0 .t .t ... ti~ -~ ~" 0 " .,'0 ""' ""' ll "'-o """' ~ . "' 0 "'·M >~ . o"=' ~..d ~§ 0'0 0-"l 

""' 00 

o;a~ ·p~ :01=1 """' ~~ " " "" do "'" :;::;~ "'"' "' I t• ~A «o >.~~ ~'0 " 8."'- ,.; ..,-o ... ,!4 

~Q:n 

~~ -"'>- " ~~ "' 0 

" '" "" , ... ~";"Q; >'-' >A >" ~b ~ :s ~ <ll:O. "a . 2.~ "'"' s·§ -"' -"' =Eo 0 "' 0 - -s 0 0 P.o" ~"' ~c:1 i""' "'"' 0 Oo "' il'"o I "" . ~..c: "' >..<: >. 

~~ -@d~ "'~ ~~:o "" "'" " "" " 1l ~'" ~"0 a .t"CCQ:l -~~~ "' " " " " >'0,.....; "' "' "' "' --~o ,o:=oo ·~~g ,oc.o "' s "6 "6 "6 " IE ;a <a ... d:::::! Po o<d d """""' " ~ I'< I'< I'< w. I'< I'< "' "' p.., 

~ ::::::·::: too~ • I "'A ~ :::::1 

-= ~?:!~ ~!)o g " ~=t1 == om::::: , ~~ " ~~·s Em ... 

"' 0 ~=; .8~ gj 00 Q.J 0 00 

"' ~~:g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'S ~tiD 

.s ~sc ~=,..:, 

£ £~.:I .S~E. 

"' ~~d ~g;;:: "" "' a:J·c ~ =-.s ... 

> "' ~.§ § Eo~ -< -< -< 

Kind of fuel. Kind of firing. 

--------------------------- ---

Analysis of the dry gases (per 

cent) . 

~ 

" " 

~ 

"' "' .; ""' !1:: .M ;a :s 0 "' ~ " 0 0 e :e ci s ~ § § .0 "' 

~ .0 "" 0 

... ... !:J '" ~ 

::.:> 0 ::.:> "'z ------------

68 69 ?0 71 71 12 ?2 73 i7 

---------------------

,---

81 82 83 84 85 86 88 

~1---1-- Iowa: 

45 No.1. ............ . 

80 

---~----~-- --------------

5.55 6. 61 7. 24 9.04 9.37 60.96 63.19 61.10 f>O. 4 Alternate ......... 8.0 6.0 30 8.67 10.63 0.12 80.58 

67 No.2 ............. . 5.01 6.00 7.05 8.54 9.04 58.23 61.64 59. 2"2 46.8 ..... do ............ 8.0 5.6 2.5 8.10 11.48 .09 80.33 

49 No.3 ............. . 5.17 6.14 7. 02 8.29 9. ()() 56.34 61.16 58.09 34.8 Spr.eading _ ....... 8.0 6. 8 30 7.18 13.12 .04 79.66 

47 No.4 ............. . 5. 20 ' 6.15 7.11 8.47 8. 95 57.78 61.05 58.79 41.0 . .... do ............ 8.0 7.2 46 7.63 12.31 .1 79.96 

66 ~o.4 briquette .. . 5.41 6. 43 7.43 8.62 9.02 56.85 59.49 57.18 27.3 Alternate ......... 10.0 20 7. 49 12.27 . 06 80.18 

55 No.5 ............. . 5.28 6.30 7.50 8. 73 9.16 59.23 62.10 60.54 49.5 ..... do ............ 9. 0 6. 3 22 7. 83 ll. 66 . 28 80.23 

5 

13 

3 

4 

58 

72 

--------------------------- --------------------- Average........ 5.27 · 6.27 7.23 8.62 9.09 58.2:3 61.44 ·o9.15 41.6 .................... 8.5 6.4 29[ 7.82 11.91 .115 ....... . 

Kan::::~:::::::::::::: ~:~! ~::~ ~:~. 1~:~: 1~:~ :::~ :~::: - :::~ ~::: .~~.t~':,'~~~::::::::: 1~:~ ~ 1: I ~:~ -~~:: :~~ !~::~· ;~:~·,~~;~~~·::::: ~:;: ;::~II ::~~ :::I"~~:~~· ~~:~~ 63.93 ~~:::I !~:~ :::::~~ :::::::::::: ~~:~II ::~ ~~ ~::! ~~::~I :~ :~:~~ No.3.............. 6.61 7.53 7.69 8.92 9.22 57.10 59.03 57.08 17.2 ..... do ............ 10.0 5.5 ........ 7.52 12.20 I .055 80.225 

No.3.............. 6.55 7.521' 7.69 8.86 9.26 56.58 59.14 56.28 4.1.0 ..... do.~.......... 8.0 7.0 120 6;89 12.68

1 

.02 80.41 

No.4.............. 6.14 7.32 7. 75 9.00 9.49 59.29 62.52 60.37 34.4 Spreading........ 7.0 8.0 35 5.90 13.54 .21 80.35 

No.5 .............. • 7.04 ~~ 10.11 10.52 65.03 67.67 65.24 32.8 Alternate ......... ~~~--28-~~ 12.05 -~ 79.97 

A vernge ...... _. 6. 75 7. 87 j 8. 23 9. 41 9. 82 60. 52 63. 12 . 61. 25 30. 3 ............ _.. . . . . . 8. 6 5. 9 76 7. 20 12. 14 I . 072 j- .... _ .. 
00 

57 

76 

64 

62 

12 

23 

15 

37 

44 

78 

77 

70, 

Economic results (pounds). 

Xind of fuel. 

Kentncky: 

No.1. ............ . 7. 32 8. 80 9.06 9.81 

No.2 •............. 6. 29 7. 53 8.16 9.16 

No.2 briquette ... (i. 21 7.48 8.06 9.:7 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Effieiency (p.:;r cent). 

9. 94 61. 94 62. 76 60. 91 

9.23 60 .. 00 

9.41 60.77 

60.45 

62.37 

58.92 

60.96 

Methods of firing. 

Kind of tiring. 

Analysis of the dry gases (per 

cent). 

---1-------1--------------

so 81 82 83 84 So 86 88 

---1-------11---------------

64.8 Alternate ........ . 

47:4 Spreading ....... . 

11.0 

7.0 

10.0 

5.4 

7.3· 

6.1 

24 

43 

33 

8. 22 

8.64 

8. 59 

10.70 

10.24 

10.74 

0.21 

. 23 

.20 

80.87 

80.89 

51. 4 Spreading a n d 80.47 alternate. 

No.4.............. G.45 7.73 8.21 9.44 9.86 60.94 63.65 61.28 54.2 .... rio •..... : ..... . 

8.0 

8.0 

5.6 

5.5 

46 

27 

8.45 

6.40 

10.94 

13.49 

. 33 

.34 

80.28 

79.77 

No.3.............. G. 37 7. 62 8. 27 9. 22 9. 49 60.95 62.73 61.26 47.61 Alternate ........ . 

---------------·-------------- --------------------- Average........ 6. 53 7. 83 8. 35 9. 36 9. 59 00. 92 62. 39 00.07 53.1 ................... . 8.8 6. 0 35 8. 06 11.22 . 26 

========- = ====== ·= ==== -== :::::::::::=::: ====== --- Missouri: · 

NN"0

0

-.1

1

.b·r·

1

_-q·

11

··e·t-te···.·.·.l 6.23 7.35 7.92 9.79 10.20 63.54 66.26 63.18 24.6 Alternate......... 9.0 4.71 90 8.50 10.90 .,0 80.60 

6. 34 7. 48 7. 99 9. 48 9. 70 61.29 62. 71 60.86 18. 4 ..... do ............ j 10.0 5. 2 120 8. 97 11.05 . 0 79. 98 

No.1 washed..... 6. 66 7. 83 8. 50 9. 65 9. 84 6>:. 26 63.49 62.32 34.0 ..... do . .. . . . . . . .. . 8. 0 4. 5 60 7. 97111.75 . 0 80.28 

No.2 .............. 5.17 6.15 7.08 8.92 9.24 60.52 62.?9 59.45 30.4 Spreading ........ 7.0 6.7 33 7.06 12.52 .05 :;o.07 

No.2.............. 5.40 6.42 7.26 8.65 9.35 58.45 63.17 60.68 51.0 ..... do............ 7.0 8.3 29 9.48 9.65 .11l SO. 71 

:~:!:,~~~~~~:::::: :::: f ~: ~: :~ !: ~ !. ~~ ~;~ ~~ :~: l~ :~: ~! · · ·:!:. ~- : ~l:t~~~~~:: ::::::: ~: ~ ~: r !~ 

1 

~: ~~ i~: :: : ~~ I :~: ~~ Average........ 5.63 6.70 I 7.60 9.06. 9.45 60.09 62.72 60.30 j 35.2 .................... 7.8 6.1 54 7.87

1 

11.81 .0661····· .. · 
27 

26 

30 

33 

36 

74 

22 

Kind of fuel. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Economic results (pounds). Efficiency (per cent). Methods of firing. 

N & : §·8 s ~ I § il s -~ '2 ill ~-S . ~ §' ~ rn ~~ ,g~ ~ 3 .§; ~ 2 ~ .g :5 ~i' :;3 tm 

Analysis of the dry gases (per 

cent). 

&§ ,... o ~~ I ~ c: ~ -o ~ ~ :§. ~ :~ ~.s 

~~.g erg· .s s :§"g ~.g ~.g -o ~ e ~ e.s ~~ ~ 

»§~ g & ~ & H ~~ ,; ~~ ~ ~ ~ ]§~ I ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ .C:t" ~ ~~ ~ ~ Kindoffiring. ~ .$~.~ ~~ a5 ~ ~ §g~ ~: ~: ~~ ~$ :§ .a.~ :g - ~ ~:~ tbo '0 ~ ;a ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ,~ S S 0 0 ~ 0 ~ -~ B S § ~.:=.-:. ·~ a p_ ~::io ~C'I. ,...,C'I ,...-.-._.., z~ >- >-~ >- bD :o: .~ro~ .9~~ .:=: S - ~"d ~~~ .§d ~~~ ·;Q C) ~e) ~ 5 Q) Q.lbo"'; Q)~~ '0 :::J ~ 

~~ § .~ro~ -~-s~ .;:rg~ ~ § a; ·8 § ~ ~-§ ~ ~.-..s § ~ g ~ :d§8. g.;;~ g.;;g g."'"' ~ ~ ~ !S ~ ~ ~,gg ~'02- ~ ~ ~ ::! 

~ ~~ 69 '~ ~a ~ : ~2 ~ ~ so 81 I <s2 <sa :4 :5 I :6 :s 

------1-- 1----1-. -----r----,----1------1--

Ne''::.:~~~~~ _........ 5. 531 6. 53 7. 41 8. 12 8. 58 I 56.22 59.39 56. 91 64.'0 Alternate......... 6. 0 I 5. 0 30 9. 55 10.07 1.11 I' 79.27 

No.2.............. 4. 89 5. 771 6. 41 8. 56 8. 531 58.75 58.54 53.98 21.4 Spreading........ 8. 0 4. 7 30 7. 79 12.95 . 07 79.19 

No.2 briquette... 5.67 6.70 7.19 9.44 9.54 61.22 61.89 56.73 16.4 Alternate......... 8.0 5.0 40 7.15 12.70 ~01 ' 80.14 

Average ........ l 5.36 6.33: 7.00 8.71 1 8.88 58.73

1 

59.94 55.87 33.9 .................... 

1 

7.3 _ 4.9 33 8.16 11.91 .40 ....... . 

North Dakota X o. L. ·1 2. 96 3. 46 5. 40 I 6. 10 6 87 47 25 1 53. 22 50. 13 .. .. .. .. Spreading .. .. . .. . 4. 0 6. 7 24 4. 74 15. ~6 . 0 79. 30 

Pen;:,~~~~-i~---------t 7.70 8.94 9.04 9.46 9.99 57.64 60.87 59.55

1 

........ Alternate ......... l1o.o JO.~ ........ 

1 

6.50 13.30 .0 180.20 

No.2.............. 8.48 9 73 9.79 10.12 10.60 61.85 64.78 63.69 ............. do ............ 

1

12.0 7.0 ........ 8.70 10.40 .07 80.83 

No.3 briquette... 6.73 8.01 8.26 10.43 10.63 64.57 65.81 60.02 1.8 ..... do............ 7.0 6.0 46 7.14 13.16 .0 79.70 

"'o.4 .............. ~~~~ 10.54 .~ 65.17 64.24-=-:._ ..... do ............ ~___={)_~~~~~ 80.44 

Average .. .. .. .. 7. 65 .

1 

8. 99 9. 17 I 10.12 10.44

1 

62.18 64.16 , 61. 88 15. 51.................... 10.2 7. 4 36 7. 80 11.82 . 085 ........ 

Texas No.1........... 3.08 3.60 4.691 6.25! 6.70 --:;3.98 47.15_[ 41.61 .2.0 Spreading ........ 11o.o I 11.0 30 3.6;;- 17.40 I .0 ,-78.97-

'·. 

0 

0 

~ r 

8 

t:r;j 

00. 

8 

H 

z 

0 
24 

25 

28 

H1 

34 

:>9 

43 

51 

53 

69 

54 

56 

46 

59 

63 

(i] 

Kind of fuel. 

Kn.5 ............. . 

No.ti ............. . 

No.6 ............. . 

No.7 ............. . 

No.8 .............. . 

~To.9 .......... ... . 

Ko.10 ........... .. 

No.11. ........... . 

No.12 ........... .. 

No.12 briquette .. 

Economic results (pounds). 

7.~4 

7. 59 

7.'49 

7. 93 

7. 92 

8. 29 

8.46 

8. 05 

7.62 

8.13 

7. 94 

7. 96 

8.17 

8. 33 

8. 78 

8. 96 

8.85 

9.40 

9.39 

9. 88 

10.08 

9.58 

9.11 

9. 74 

9. 48 

9.54 

9. 74 

9. 97 

8. 95 

9.14 

9. 08 

9. 65 

9.59 

10.09 

10.30 

9. 85 

9. 62 

10. ()9 

9.65 

10.03 

9. 90 

10.20 

9. 70 

10.15 

10.34 

10.79 

10.74 

10.86 

11.07 

10.74 

10.68 

10.96 

10.58 

11.65 

10.76 

11.38 

Summa'l'y of seve:nty-e:ight_ coal tests-Continued. 

Efficiency (per cent). 

9. 90 

10.54 

10.59 

11.12 

11.04 

11.02 

61.12 

63.71 

64.61 

66.79 

66.94 

66.20 

11.21 67.46 

11.18 65.94 

10. 64 I 66.21 

10.98 

10.72 

11.75 

10.82 

11.31 

67.92 

63.76 

70.61 

65.13 

67.56 

62.38 

66.16 

66.18 

68.83 

68.91 

67.18 

68.31 

68.64 

66.02 

68.04 

64.60 

71.21 

65.50 

67.15 

60.871 

63.871 

63.99 

66.55 

66.85 

65.14 

66.17 

66.49 

64.35 

66.66 

62.06 

68.31 

63.02 

64.65 

Kind of firing. 

50.6 Alternate ....... .. 

51.2 ... do ........... . 

14.0 .... do ........... . 

34.4 ..... do .......... .. 

19.0 ..... do ........... . 

23.0 ..... do ........... . 

~~: ~ I:::::~~:::::::::::: 46.2/ ..... do .......... .. 

28. 2

1 

..... do ........... . 

28.0 ..... do .......... .. 

6.2 ..... do ........... . 

23.61 ..... do ........... . 

45.4 ..... do ........... . 

1~: ~ I ::: 8.0 5.0 

10.0 5.0 

9.0 5. 6 

11.0 5. 6 

12.0 G. 7 

14.0 6.1 

10-12 6.0 

9.0 6.4 

12.0 5.8 

12. o I 5. 9 

~~:~ .... ~:~. 

Average ........ · 7. 95 9.46 29.5 .................... 10.8 5. 9 

=::== = ==== ::::::==::::::: =::::::=::::::. ==========. = = ==:::::: 

Wyoming: ' 

No.1. . . . . .. .. .. . . . 4. 58 5. 47 7. 00 7. 66 8. 03 55. 44 58.12 54. 89 21. 6 Spreading ....... . 5.0 

11.0 

7. 3 

6.1 

43 

25 

22 

19 

25 

25 

30 

24 

30 

38 

20 

18 

29 

14 

26 

51 

35 

9. 95 

8.24 

7.95 

8.67 

7. 77 

8. 31 

10.32 

8.33 

8. 75 

8. 77 

8.80 

8. 58 

10.01 

9.14 

9.18 

11.63 

12.00 

11.03 

12.08 

12.46 

9. 50 

11.30 

10.71 

11.11 

10.50 

11.32 

9. 84 

10.18 

8. 83 10.92 

8.18 

6.58 

11.72 

12.98 

0.44 

.20 

.0 

.24 

.02 

. 07 

. 09 

.0 

.09 

. Oli 

. 21 

,().') 

.1G 

. 20 

.13 

.25 

.0 

(per 

80.43 

79. 9:) 

80.05 

80.06 

80.13 

79.16 

80.09 

80.37 

80. 4[> 

SO.Oli 

80.49 

80.05 

79.99 

80.48 

79.85 

No.2.............. 4. 41 5. 26 5. 92 8. 26 7. 89 57.75 5b.16 52.46 42. 6 80.44 

1 

...... do .......... .. 

A vemge.: ...... ']4:49 ~ ~~""7.96 ~~- 56.59 56. 641 53. 68 ~~ .................... -8-.-0 .

1

--6-. 7- ---43- --~-,.-38- --12-.-35- --_-1-25- -.. -.-:-.-. -.. 
17 

21 

16 I 

9 

14 

8 

11 

29 

35 

~0 

42 

41 . 

75 

Kind of fuel. 

No. 4 briquette· .................. . 

No.5 ............................ . 

Su:nmary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Heat balance, or distribution of the heating value of the 

combustible (in B. T. U.). 

,_; 

2 

·;:; 

"' 

;S " 

'"' .c 

'0 

" "' ,_ 

] 

.... "' "' 

~ " 

1 

10,603 

9,850 

d 

0 

'-' 

.5 

2 

~ ·s 

8 

B 

" "' "" w 

@ 

>-'l 

2 

47 

33 

'0' "'e 

§~ 

-2-" 

~'0 z, 

·s.s 

sE 

.S"' "' 

"" "'-" 

~:g 

§"'"" 

----

fill 

540 

526 

497 

450 

507 

474 

""'"' 

·~" "'" ::8 

~:a '-' ""' ~>. 

,c'O "'"' 

o" 

~:e 

we ,._ 

"0;;:... rTi 

tn;~ ;§~bo 

...< ----

3, 283 

3, 265 

2, 978 

3, 765 

2, 996 

:!,94i 

2, 9R:l 

s 

0 

'-' 

.s~ Q)Q 

-.o .,..., 

g~ ""' 

.:::0 

·~ c oo 

~:o 

Q)W 

"" """' 

.., ~ 

----

69 

35 

69 

51 

97 

"" .::: 

" " 0 

]~ 'Ow 

..,_ dO 

... QQ) 

.... -s e>O 

'0 "' 

~ .:::1 

----

1,804 

1, 997 

Heat balance, in per cent of total heating value of combu"-

tible. 

,_; '0' 

2 

·c; " '-' 

0 E~ 

'"'"' .c .;:: o~ 

~- " 1: "'~ :5 ... o 

E Boo '"' .0 ·8 -~ ::l 

"" o·~ 

" 8 9E 

"' "' ... .s B-" 0 

E Q) "" " " ;::.Q 

"" '0 ..... 

~ ~ tT. >.~ Q) ;g..ob.o :rl ...< ...< 

""'"' s ""' ·s § 0 

'-' 

5:a ~d 

" <l!O 

-.o <;0:-, .,_,_ 

"'"' 8" ..C::'O o" 

o"' '-'- .:::O -5 -~ c 

"" £:3 ,.~ Q)W 

"d >.00 :::"' "'"' """' ~~~ g] 

0 

...< >-'l --------

4 f> 

3.34 22.151 .57 7. 62 

3.28 19.75 . 0 9. 55 

3.28 21.08 . 44 7.06 

67.47 . 49 3. 46 20.97 .22 7.39 

68.91 .18 3.37 19.06 .4<1 8. 04 

65.51 .28 8.19 24.19 .0 6.88 

70.53 .37 2. 89 19.21 . 33 G. 67 

66.65 .3 8.19 18.53 .0 11.33 

63.82 . 21 3.07 19.33 . ()3 12.94 

3.86 

3. 78 

3.59 . 

3. 71 

3.68 

4.19 

3. 72 

4.38 

4.34 

1----1----------------------------------------

Average .............................................. ··········-··················· ........... 

1 

.............. c •• : •• ~··········:·········· .......... 

1 

3·Hl 

Colorado No. 1 .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. 8, 256 . 336 609 _ 3, 287 , 581 932 61.26 2. 49 4. 52 24.38 \ . 431 6. 92 4. 85 
' 

71 

68 

65 

Kind of fuel. 

· Surnrnary of seventy-e1:ght coal te.~ts-Continued. 

Heat ba1ancc, or distribution of the heating value of the • combustib:le (in B. T. U.). 

.,; '0' ., ... s "' "0 "'"' s:: 0 s-Ci .E § 0 

" " ...... " .::: o~ 5:E '"- s:: -- ..... s:: <l>O 0 <I) ~0 " ... ~:,.... -.o A,.. ~00 

~ ~~ "'" S"' ;a~ "'"' o"' dlO ·s ·o·a " "'- ,.._ s::O a a::: .......... 

O.D -~ s:: 0~ 

.8 _s.S 00 ..... -§ 

'"" --.o 

'" '"'" .,.~ '"'" <l)O 

" "'"' '0 >.00: ,5.5 " "' '"d ... = "'" "' "' , rn >.-:.l r::::~ ~ :5 ;:?..aM ~dt.o 0 2 ..< ..< ..< ..< ..< 

Heat balance, in per cent of total heating value of ~ombus­ tible . 

..; OJ 'g6 '0>. 

" ""' :s 0 s-Ci ·sa "' ~ p.-, .D .::: o~ 

~:0 "' -- -s <I) <1)-

... "' ,..o "';l.., 

"' ~ _g.,., .D '"" ·s.s "'"' ·s "' '" '" a se o~ 

..... ~ -B .s .s.E 0 ol'l 

Jl '" "''" .,-~ 

" ""' "CCp.-.T. " "' ~:g "'"' ..... 

"' 2 ~~! "' g.ob!l P1 ..< ..< ..< 

6 "' s:: 0 "' " <l)' 

..... s:: :§. <1)0 

-.o A,.. 

§5 ·~"' ""' "'"' "- f:§ 

.s ~ .8~ 00 ....,:c -5 0>0 ""' "" " "' "'"' 

~ "' w 

0 ..:; ..< --- ---~ ---~ ---~ ---~ ---~ ---~ 1---~ ~--~ ~--~ ~--~ 

2 3 4 0 6 1 2 3 4 

4. 38 18.49 

4 .. 64 18.65 

64.20 .96 4.18 26.60 

58.93 1.71 4. 34 28.16 

58.20 1.5 4.32 23.14 

63.50 1.73 4.61 27.14 

1----1-------~--~ ~--~ ~--~~--- ~--~ ~---1-----1---

4. 73 

4.80 

4. 72 

Average ............................................................................... :.................................................................... 4.64 

Indiana: 1===1·=======:~====1====== 

No.1 briquette ................... 9,145 189 584 3,129 75 1,549 62.33 1. 29 3. 97 21.32 . 51 10.58 4.00 

No.1 washed ..................... 9,193 287 (\45 2, 855 281 1,502 62.27 1.94 4. 36 18.94 1.90 10.59 4.13 

No.2 ............................. 9, 203 152 651 3,265 93 1,064 63.79 1. 05 4.51 22.63 .64 7.38 4.35 

1----1--- -~-- ~--~ ~---~--- ~--~ ~--~----1-----1---~ ~--~~---

, I ,.';;~::;., ~~-=--=·=-1=· ~=.·=~50= .. =· I=·=· =--=·=1=-~=~ ....... 6~~- .... ~~ ~~~- ............ · .. · ~~~ · .... ~- ~~ · · .... -: ~~ · .... -~.- ~~ · = ..=.= .. =~=~=: ~=·=·,=·= .. =·=·=· :=~=-- --.. -~- ~~- :: :: 

20 No.2............................. 9,309 M 626 2,332 265 2,343 62.36 .36 4.19 15.62 1.78 15.69 4.15 

32 No.3............................. 9,222 73 608 3,262 1,423 63.22 .5 4.17, 22.36 .o 9.75 4.27 

52 N::e~~~:::::: ::::::::::::::::::I ...... ~·-~~~- ...... ~0~ ...... -~~~ ..... ~:~~~- ...... ~~~-~- ..... ~~~- .... ~~: ~~ ....... ·-~~- =1 ..... ~~-- ~~-~- .... ~-. ~~- ..... ~: ~~-~ :: :; 
8mmnary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Heat balance, or distribution of the heating value of the 

combustible (in B. T. U. ). Heat balance, in per cent of total heating value of com bus. 

tible. 

"0 ~- s ·~ ""' 0:: 0 t:E " ·5;a ~o:: "'. 

" 0>0 

~C> -.o o.,_ 

'E" '..C::'"= o" 

oS "'"" o::o ~:::: 

:;j•..-1 

<1>0:: 3~ 0)00 

"0 >. 00 oo 

00 ""' ~~ """" 00 

~=~:m ~ 

0 ..:l ..:l 

4 5 
60 

57 

76 

64 

62 

12 

23 

15 

37 

44 

78 

77 

70 

Kind of fuel. 

Summa'I"'J of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Heat balance, or distribntion of the heating value of the combustible (in B. T. U.). tible. Heat balance, in per cent, of total heating value of eombus-j 

~ -;j il8 ~ ~ ~ -g ~ ~- j1~ -~ ~- I ~ I ~ :§ 8 ~~- 'E S ~ aa :g o ~ ~· ~ ~ .s .z.::= 5:a ~ g § ~ .9 .s~ 5:a ~ g I § 

-5 

>. .; 

~ EM fO +J(,; 

~c A£ Sa3 ~~ "'~ ~ ~ ::;:! 

~ _....,. ~~-- ~~. ,.,..., .Z.-e saa I rem ~~ ~ ·§ ·[§.S _c:ro oQ ~~ E: .~ ·8.5 ;::;ro oQ i:.£ 

15

0

,. s ~] s~ -~~ ;~ ~ s s § s~ .a~ ~ :B ; aJ~ ~·s. ~~ (l)o ~ ~ ~~ §.S ~-~ ~o ~ ""' ;;_.c: '0:---.rn ::~_g ,g ~ ::l .§-5,-: "0~.~ ,g,E .C .._. '; ;:~i ~~ 'd d ~. ...,. ~ 00 rn 

~ ~ ~.c ~o ~;; ~ ~ ~ Q) o ~E·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,S ~. 

: < -"';---"~ _ ", ", _ -':- : ~~~H~~:I~~~~:~~-H_-_ .. ~~~~,I~~~~i)~~~~~~-G--_-_- ~~A_,. ______ _

Kentucky: 1 

No. 1 ..................... ___ ..... 9, 599 40 627 2,768 · 211 2,050 62.76 . 26 4.10 18.10 1. 38 13.40 s. 86 

No.2............................. 8,913 118 638 2,546 209 2,321 60.45 .80 4.33 17.27 1.42 15.73 4.28 

No.2briquette ................... 9,087 ua 1•98 2,798 1S4 1,792 62.37 .78 4.10 19.19 1.26 12.3Q 4.33 

No. 3 ................... _......... 9,164 125 641 2, 862 302 1, 515 62.73 . 86

1 

4. 39 19 59 2. 07 10. 36 4. 22 

·::.::~; '~' ·= om •n• .,. I "' ""'r='": '"' ~"' ·~ <OO :: 

Missouri: 

No.1 ............................ . 9,850 

No.1 briquette ................. .. 9, 368 

No. 1 wa•hed ................... .. 9,502 

No.2 ............................ . 8,923 

125 

101 

126 

245 

656 

1517 1 

1367 

•637 

2, 997 

2,452. 

3,297 

3,457 53 

1, 239 

2, 400 

1,375 

919 

66.26 

62.71 

63.49 

62.69 

.83 

.67 ' 

.84 

1. 72 

No.2.......... .......... ........ 9,028 201 604, 1,99.; 130 2, 334 63.17 1.41 

No.3 .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 8, 720 437 644 4, 528 2~ -540 63.11 3.16 

4. 42 20.16 . 0 8.33 4.41 

4..13 16.42 .0 16.07 4.37 

4.45 22.03 .0 9.19 4.11 

4..47 24.28 . 37 6. 47 4.93 

•1. 23 13.96 . 91 16.32 4. 81. 

4.66 32.05 .20 -3.18 6.00 

No. Swashed..................... 8, 334 387 665 3, 484 160 1, 072 59.10 i. 74 4. 72 24.71 1.13 7. 60 4. 70 

N::e:~~~ ::::::::::::: :·:::::::: :: ...... ~·-~~~-~-- ... ~~- ...... ~~~F .. ~:~~~- ...... ~~~-~- ... ~:~~~-~- .. -~~: ~~- ..... ~: ~~- ~ ; ..... ~~-- ~~- ..... ~--~~- = :::: 
Summa'I"!J of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued . . 

Heat balance, or distribution of the heating value of the Heat balance, in per cent of total heating value of combus-1 iii 

combustible (in B. T. U.). tlble. I i 

I 

"0 • "0 >. ·e "0 ~ I • "0 • '0 >. 

1 

. "0 .z; . 

~ ] s~ -~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ s 2 -~ ~ g ; _g~ 

:g ·= ,EE ~~ ~ d § .c ·= .E~ ~~ I ; d ~ I -; ~ ~ ~ I B'O ~~ -a-€ ~t .S ~ 2:!'0 ~- ~_g ~w ~8 

Kindoffnel. ~ ~· 1-~ :! @

5 ]~ ~ i ~-S ~~· @~ ~~ I ~t; 

~ .

1 

t i I i~ ;~ U I ~~ i I i H :~ . ~~ I :~ ~i " i ~ I ~;~ :n I ~" ~ ; ~ I!~ ;n rl 11 I ; 

~~ : ! _,_, __ s_.--~ ~.--~~,-- -~-r~- . . ". . __ 6_._

1 

___ . 

~~NewMexico: ~------~--- 21 .• No.1............................. 8,284 191 631 2,142 830 1,869 59.39/ 1.31 4.52 15.36 5.95 13.41 I 4.90 

261 No.2 ................. :........... 8,237 171 I 653 2,804 71 2,135 58.54 1.21 4.64 19.93 .50 15.181 5.45 

30 I ::~:a::~~~~~~::::::.::::::::::::l ...... ~:~~~- ~_ ...... ~~~- .... ~--~~~- ....... ~~- .... ~:~~- .... ~~--~~-! ...... :~~- ..... ~:~ ...... ~~:~~- ...... :~~-~-- .. -~--~~-~ ::: 

3.1 

/1 Pennsylvania: 

NorthDakotaNo.1.................. 6,634 

------------.---------

~~~~~~~~~~ ----~----437 30.81 .0 ~~ ----~----

1 No.1_ ............................. ! 9,647 15 511 4,075 1,600 60.871 .10 3.22 25.71 .0 10.10 3.84 

2 No.2 ................ _ ....... _.... 10,236 8 510 2, 778 73 2,197 64.78 .05 3. 23 17.58 . 46 13.90 I 3. 5 

361 No. 3 briquette .................. ·1 10,265 47 610 4. 026 651 65.81 . 30 3. 91 25.81 

1

. . 0 4.17 4. 23 

74 No.4............................. 10,178 42 ~~~~~~--·-27-~ 18.57 ~~.~ 

Z2 ~ Texas::::~.~:::::::::::::::::: ::::::1 ...... ~--~~~- ...... ~~~l .. ---~~- .... ~--~~~- :::::::::: .. --~.-~~~-~----~~.-:~·:· ····::~~-; --·-~--~~- ·····~~--~~-~- ..... _.~--~ .... ~~--~-~- ::: I =====~====·=====~= == 
24 

25 

28 

31 

34 

39 

43 

51 

53 

69 

54 

56 

46 

59 

63 

61 

Kind of fuel. 

Summary of seventy-eight coal tests-Continued. 

Heat balance, or distribution of the heating value of the 

combustible (in B. T. U.). 

...: " "' :s 0 

.0 " .::: 

;; "f 

£ t5 " 

"" ·::: 

11 .a ... s 0· 

$ "' " " "" ~ !ll " "' 0 iJl..:I 

"='' 'Q>. s "" OJ!; i ""' 2,· S"" ·t:: ~ 0 ....... 

,£.<:: :0.~ " 2i:d ::: ".C OJO .,_ 0 

'-<0 ~" -"' ~® "' ...... ""'" -& -~~ "'" a= 0·~ 

,J:;'Q 

"-o" ~£ SE o"' "0 ... +>-5 ·~::: 0<!> o" s,g ..,-5 ..,;Q 

"" ~-= "'"' QJO 

.§5d '0 ~00 "" " ""' "',..., oot:::~ """' 00 "" ill ~..0 bO ~c:di:.O ~ 0 ..:I ..:I ..:I ..:I 

----------------

1 2 3 4 0 6 

----------------

9,559 1 

10,178 

2,668 

1,628 

10,227 1,209 

10,739 1,113 

10,666 692 

10,642 1, 236 

10,825 2,041 

10,797 1,222 

10,275 1,681 

10,603 ' 88.') 

10,3521 

11,347 

10,449 

10,922 

Heat balance, in per cent of total heating value of combustible. 

...: 

~ "='' "" ... s "' "E ""' =s E-g ·s m 0 

.0 " " .::: ,£.<:: 5;.a ~= '-' " OJO 

" ,_ -5 «0 5t· -.o ... ...... B " .. S"' "· ~ .. .0 "' ·5.5 ..o:"=' o" ·s· " "- "" s sE o.C "0 

~ .s.B ..,.., ·~::: 

s £.3 11l.S iil "' "'"' " . ~[§ "' " "-"= '0 >. 00 " "" -;:g ""' '0.0 

"' ~ 00~~ ~ "' ~..0 bO ~=w :II ..:I ..:I ..:I ..:I 

------------' 

1 2 3 I 4 0 

-------- I --I 

----,'------------

-1--61-· 62.38 .17 4.02 13.61 3.90 

66.16 .19 4.05 17.73 3.82 

66.18 .25 4. 06 21.70 3.84 

68.83 .24 3.85 18.43 3.62 

68.91 .20 3.99 22.29 3.81 

67.18 .19 3.62 20.74 3.46 

68.31 .18 3.51 14.63 3.39 

68.64 . 25 

66.0'2 . 49 

3.55 

3. 63 

3.34 20.00 I 4.04 18.08 

68.04 .31 4.01 21.59 3.46 

3. 41 17. 8.'j 

t:>:j 

0 

..... 

t" 

t.".l 

1:!:1 

1-3 

t.".l 

rfJ 

1-3 

'fl 

• 
972 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

TABLES AND CURVES SHOWING SPECIAL RELATIONS. 

A large number of special relations have been graphically por~~·ayed on crosssection paper and have been made the subject of study. It could not be expected 

that coals of such varying nature as those tested would give very continuous curves. 

Even when tests are co~fincd to the same coal the variations are often provokingly 

scattered. In most of the relations plotted the result was what some one bas 

0 _<:> 

r' f.- ) 

1:-, -;: IO -- --

I-'" 

6 5 

r. I 

i ~~~ 1,; 

I <P lt11C~;j, ) 10 

~ ~~'I c. 

v 

II' 

v 

I 

I 

5 I 

v 5 

RELATION OF EFFICIENCY 

TO 

PER CENT OF FIXED CARBON IN COAL 

- 5 0 ~ 

) 

5 30 3 40 5 50 55 60 65 0 75 80 

FIXED CARBON 

FIG. 99.-Diagram showing relation of efficiency to per cent of fixed carbon in coal. 

appropriately termed a " shotgun " curve. It has not seemed worth w bile to 

reproduce many of these charts. 

The possibility of obtaining a higher efficiency by using coals containing a 

large per cent of fixed carbon is well recognized. The results of these tests only 

confirm that fact, and the accompanying graphic charts (figs. 99, 100) are given to 

illustrate this relation for t.he coals tested in this " World's Fair" series. 
BOILER TES'I'S, 973 

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE TRIALS. l 

J One of the most serious defeets of this series of trials, its far as the sneaming 

tests in the boiler plant were concerned, was the. lack of opportunity-for ~naking 

several tests· with each kind of coal. As has been observed elsewhere, the ,;,alue of 

the boiler-plant tests lies in the completeness of the individual trials, enabhng the ,, 

' I 

; 

; 

lr ~ 

70 ' 

~I" 

l! .,.. ~~~ 

65 ~ I <P ~-

t:l'~ ~ 

l~tJ~ I <D [C 

I< lc b: 

v ~ ,· 

~- v ) I 

5 5 

RELATION OF EFFICIENCY ' 

TO 

PE R CENT OF FIXED CARBON 

IN COMBUSTIBLE IN C04L 

5 

h 

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 

FIXED CARBON 

FIG. 100.-Diagram showing relation of efficiency to per cent of fixed carbon in combustible in coal. 

performance of each coal to be ~arefully studied: Everyone, however, mpst admit 

that the opportunity to test and compare coals in the four important ways p~ovided 

in these trials, especially when the coals have been selected under known cori,ditions 

at the mines, constitutes in itself a very ?istinct ad,;ance in this field of ecbnomic 

research. In future trials by this division arrangements will be made for making 

at least three trials with each kind of coal tested. 
974 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

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BOILER TESTS. 975 

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FIG. 102.-Graphic log sheet of heat balance. 
976 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT, 

It must be borne conti_nually in mind ~hil-t the object of these tests is to compare 

the steaming value of the various coals when burned under ordinarily favorable 

conditioi_Js.. ~tis probable that some\yhat higher efficiencies might, after a careful 

study, be-obtained with any .-o:f the co!J,is:: te$ted--if:it ·were possible to adapt the 

grate area and the bafiling to the evident i·equirements of the several coals. On 

the other hand it is doubtless true that, with the facilities available for knowing 

the existing conditions of any test, the coals tested were burned with more economy than is secured under the average boiler. 

There a1;e. many things for which provision could be made and should be 

made in future tests. Prominent among these are: 

(a) At least three trials with each coal tested. · 

(b) The provision of controlled draft of sufficient intensity to' burn the small 

sizes of .coal. 

(c) The installation of continuous registering apparatus for son!e of the 

important observations. 

(d) A central observation board, bringing the important teadings to one point 

for the convenient reference· of the expert running the trials. 

(e) More complete arrangements for gas :tnalysis. 

There are also several important features relating to boiler performance and 

to ftirnace construction that might well be investigated before abandoning this 

plant, provided as it is with suc_h excellent facilities for research work in certain 

lines. Under this head Hhould be induded: 

(a) Tests of the several types of boilers with the same coal. 

(b) The effect of a forced circulation on the evaporation of a boiler. 

(c) Tests with powdered fuel. 

(d) The compat~ative efficiency of different types of automatic stoket·s and 

their performance compared with hand-fired furnaces. 

COJ\fP A1U80N O:E' STEAl\1 AND .PRODUCER-GAS TES'.rS. 

The following table showing the comparative results of burning the various 

coals under the boiler anrl in the gas producer is of much interest and value. 

It must be remembered that the steam generated by the boiler was used in a 

simple noncondensing engine of the Corliss type, whose "water rate" was 26.3 

pounds of steam per hour per horsepower developed; that this engine was belted to 

the electric generator, rtl]d that the mechanical efficiency of this combination of 

engine and generator was 81 per eent. 

With these figures available it will be an easy matter to ealculate the number 

of pounds of coal which would have been required to prodw}e an electrical horsepower provided a more eeonomical type of steam engine had been used, or if the 
1:-

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PER CENT rl)<£0 CAR80!V IN CoAL~ ORY AND rFU:£ FRON ASH· 

IDENT!· NU'd/U:R NAO£ BY f'JCATION T£:3T5. 

L.QRQ ANO OOMCRMCIR0 18 (/ . .$.6.f?. WORLDS FA'R S~Rt£6 

• .s /..ORDANO HA~S 

PocAHONTAS CoAL 

X ,3.S NAHJ.ER 

.... 6 J.ORDAND ./1195 

AII£RAG£ R£SULT..5 

@ 13 HOUGHTON 

* -4 St..O:Sl>ON ""D C..O).t;WRN 

Av£RAG£ R£SuLT.S 

Fw. JOa.-Sng~<esterl mnrlification of Mahler cnrvc, "hawing relAtion of heating value to percentage of fixed carbon. 

\ 

,. ~00 

15 

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, .. 

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> 

IZ 

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t+o ::; 

.. 88<> Ill 

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II 

II 6lf;O 

/II 

/0 800 
978 OPERATIONS OF THE COAL-TESTING PLANT. 

electrical generator had been directly connected to the engine with the resulting 

advantage of a higher mechanical eili.Giency. 

If, for example, the steam generated had been used by a steam en:gine capable 

of generating 1 horsepower with 18 pounds of steam per hour, and if the engine 

and generator had been direct connected, giving as high a meehanieal efficiency as 

90 per emit, then the "total dry eoal per electrical horsepower per hour" would 

have been 1:ednced from +.3 pound,.;, as given in column 13, to very nearly 3 pound~.· 

\Yhile these figures are frequently and easily attained hy steam ei1gines operating in large units, it will be conceded that in plants of from 200 to 250 horsepower 

they are but seldom reached. 

Cornparatice sunmw·ry of lead·ing resull-1-of coal tests made in boiler trials and in gas-producer t1·ials. 

---.-------.-----,-----,-------

Water Electrical \Total drycoul 

Duration of trial inevapo- H. T. 1!. per horsepower perelectricaJ 

Coal. 

rated pound of dry delivered to horsepower 

,from coal used in- switch-board per hour used 

and at trials of- I _'_'_l_"-_" .---,--- 212° F. -~-;----

per I 

Dry eo11l Total dry coal burned per consumed per square foot of hour by-a grutc surfuce per hour inGots- Gas- Gas- Boiler pro- Boiler pro- Boiler pro- plant. ducer plant. ducer plant. ducer plant. plant. plant. 

-----,----1------------

:1 ~ 5 6 

poun<i G f d tts- Gas- Gas- goal ii; Hoil<·r pro- Boiler pro- Boiler pro- boiler plant. d 1wer 

1 

plant. duccr plunt. ducer 

plant. plnnt. plunt. plant. 

I s 10 I 11 12 

----------------------- --~r·· --- ~- ------, 

llonrs. lfonrs. J.bs. l.bs. Lbs. Lb,, Lbs. Lbs. 1 Il,., 

Alabanm No. 2..... 10.02 43.00 SH 328.7 21.54 7. 78 8. o5 12, f>55 13, 3i;5 213. 7 200.6 4. 08 L 61 

ColoradoNo.l. ......... 9.\17 30.00 722 341.7 17.80 7.56 7.21 12,57712,245149.1200.2 4.84 1.71 

Illinois No.3 ...... _____ 10.13 30.00 861 356.7 21.23 8.41 8.04 ·12,857 13,041 198.1 199.61 4.34 bl.i9 

lllinoisNo.4 ............ 10.'02 30.00 938 348.5 23.13 7.96 7.27 12,459 12,834 195.4 198.4 4.80 1•1.76 

Indiana No. L. ____ ... __ 9. 93 29.67 908 38•1. 8 22.39 9. OS 

IndianaNo.2 ........... 10.13 7.00 832 312.0 20.51 7.13 

llidian Territory No. L _ 9. 7.1 31.00 1 778 374.0 19.17 8. 95 

Kentucky No.3__ 10.07 30.00 

1

, 882 381·. 2 21. 75 8. 92 

~fissonri ?>o. 2 .. __ ...... 9. 98 4. 33 t, 014 339.6 25.00 7. 96 

West Virginia No. 1..... 9. 98 24. QO 768 815.6 18.94 7. 36 

\Yest Virginia ?>o. 4..... 10.00 9. 00 770 258.2 18.98 5. 96 

WestVirgini>tNo. 9 ..... 10.00 6.33 721 320.1 17.78 7.60 

WesiVirginhtNo.12 .... 10.13 30.00 719 300.5 17.68 0.92 

Wyoming No.2 . .. .. . .. . 9. 95 30.00 1, 075 416. 5 26.51 9. 50 

8. 4.5 13,377 ' 13,037 220.0 199.9 

8. 02 12,452 i 12, 9~~ 191. 0 201. 0 

8.64 12,834' 13,4.1-1 192.3 204.0 

8. 27 10, Oilti 10, 226 208, 9 200. 5 

7. 08 J I , .500 J I, 882 205. fi 198. G 

8.95 14,198 14,39(} 19fi.7 200.4 

~- 13 1>1. 93 

~.35 1>1.55 

4.04 1.83 

~- 22 1·1. 91 

4. 90 bL 71 

R. 90 1. 57 

9. G-5 14,002 14,202 212. :) 199.7 3. 62 1. 29 

10.09 

9. 90 

5. 92 

H,6lti 1-1,580 

15, 170 14,825 

10,897 I 10, Goo 

208.2 201.0 

203.61199. 8 

182.0 201.2 

S.~G 

3.53 

5.'.10 

1.59 

1>1. 50 

2. 07 

a In gas-producer plant tlli~ ineludcH the coal consumed in the producer nnd the coal cquin1lcnt of the stea1n used iu 

operating the profluecr. 

b Gas-producer hopper leaked during these tests. 

It should be mentioned that the labor required· would be the same for the operation of either the boiler plant or the gas-producer plant of the capacity under tests. 

In either plant two men would be sufficient. 

In considering the possible increase in efficiency of the. boiler trials, if a compound' engine were substituted for the simple engine used, the fact should not be 

overlooked that a corresponding increase in the efficiency of the gas-producer trials 

may be brought abot1t under more favorable conditions. The gas engine is passing 

/ 

I 
~OILER TESTS. 

\ 

I 

979 

through a transition period. In the larger sizes the vertical single-acting engine is 

being replaced by the horizontal double acting. Other changes and improvemei1ts 

are constantly being made which tend to do for the gas engine what compounding 

and tripling the expansions have alread.v done for the steam engine. 

The gas engine used in the trials recorded is a vertical three-cylinder, sing·leacting engine with no means of changing the ignition while the engine is running·. 

A brief consideration of these points will lead at once to the conclusion that the gas 

engine and steam engine used in these tests compare very favorably, and that any 

increase in efficiency in the boiler trials that might result from using a compound 

engine can be o~set by the introduction of a more modern type of gas engine. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to those who have been 

associated with him in these t,ests. They have one and all given hearty and generous servicP, and have taken a real interest in the trials. Especial thanks are 

due to Prof. D. T. Randall for his constant personal attention to the entire series 

of tests, as well as for many valuable suggestions and for a part of the descriptive 

mattm contained in this report. From his assoeiates in charge of the work of the 

other divisions and from the committee having charge of the entire work has come 

at all times the most· cordial support, all of which has rendered the work of the 

writer most agreeable and pleasant. 

0 

L~BRAQ 

j .J u! . : ~< ·._; ~~ ; ~:~ ~ ~·l fl r~ 

;_ : ~ ~~ ro~o r-t -v ~ :; J t:'. A i~ (:.. (-1 AS~. 

JUt~ = 1 1971 

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