Foraminifera from the Kara

and Greenland Seas,

and Review of Arctic Studies

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY P R 0f E*SS ...I O N A L PAPER 1070
Foraminifera from the Kara

and Greenland Seas,

and Review of Arctic Studies

By RUTH TODD and DORIS Low

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1070

Sparse and erratic fauna (111 species) 

of low diversity and strong dominances 

from the Continental Shelf of both seas 

and from slopes, basins, and rises 

of the Greenland Sea

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1980
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

H. William Menard, Director

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Todd, Ruth, 1913-

Foraminifera from the Kara and Greenland Seas, and review of Arctic studies.

(Geological Survey professional paper ; 1070) 

Bibliography: p. 

Includes index.

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1067

1. Foraminifera Kara Sea. 2. Foraminifera Greenland Sea. I. Low, Doris, joint author. II. Title. 

III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 1070.

QE772.T592 563M 77-608327

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 

Stock Number 024-001-03287-2
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract __________________._______________________________ 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

Previous studies in the area ___________________________________.___ 12

Analyses of faunas...................................................................................................................... 18

Kara Sea ........................................................................................................................... 18

Greenland Sea ..................................................................................................................... 18

Comparison of the Kara and Greenland Seas faunas.............................................................. 19

Diversity and density ........................................................................................................... 19

Summary ._________.__.____.__.__________._____.__________ 20

Faunal reference list..._________......___________________._________ 21

References cited.......... ...... .........-....................-..........................-................. ..................... 25

Index ......................................................................................................................................... 29

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 1 and 2 follow index]

PLATE 1. Arenaceous Foraminifera from Kara and Greenland Seas. 

2. Calcareous Foraminifera from Kara and Greenland Seas.

Page

FIGURE 1. Index map ..........................................................................................................................................................................^ 2

2. Map of Kara Sea....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas.............................................................................................................. 4

2. Locality and depth of bottom-sediment samples from the Kara Sea ___._____.________________________ 13

3. Locality and depth of bottom-sediment samples from the Greenland Sea................................................................................... 13

FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS, 

AND REVIEW OF ARCTIC STUDIES

By RUTH TODD and DORIS Low

ABSTRACT

Analyses of the Foraminifera found in 83 bottom sediment 

samples from the Kara and Greenland Seas showed a combined fauna of 111 species. All the Kara samples and half 

the Greenland samples were taken on the Continental Shelf 

at depths between 82 and 640 m. The samples from deeper 

parts of the Greenland Sea were taken from continental 

slopes, basins, and rises, at depths mostly between 2,195 and 

3,340 m.

The sparse fauna is erratic in distribution and has a low 

diversity but a uniformity of character over large areas. 

Many of the species appear to be eurybathyal. Many samples 

are strongly dominated by one or more species. Large robust 

arenaceous and porcellaneous species constitute a significant 

part of the population.

INTRODUCTION

Two lots of bottom sediment samples 47 from the 

northern and western parts of the Kara Sea and 36 

from the northern part of the Greenland Sea were 

selected for Foraminifera analysis from collections 

made during- oceanographic surveys in the late summer of 1965 (fig. 1 and table 1). These surveys were 

conducted by personnel from the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office on board the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter 

Northwind (WAGB-282) in the Kara Sea from July 

25 to September 29, 1965 and the U.S.S. Edisto 

(AGB-2) in the Greenland Sea from August 23 to 

September 12, 1965.

Most of the 47 Kara Sea samples were concentrated in an area between about lat 77°30' and 81°30' 

N. and between about long 67° and 88° E., but a few 

were taken from east of Novaya Zemlya as far south 

as lat 72° N. (figs. 1, 2, and table 2) . Depths sampled 

in the Kara Sea ranged from 82 to 640 m; most of 

them were between 188 and 541 m. Because the 

depths did not vary extremely and because depth 

did not seem to affect the foraminifer assemblages, 

we have arranged the samples in approximate order 

of geographic sequence from northeast to southwest.

On table 1 we have grouped the samples from 

Kara Sea as follows:

Arctic Ocean, northeast of Severnaya Zemlya

(North Land) (1 sample at 265 m) 

Off Taymyr Peninsula, between Taymyr Peninsula

and North Land (1 sample at 82 m) 

West of North Land (11 samples ranging in depth

from 188 to 412 m) 

East of Franz Josef Land (18 samples ranging in

depth from 216 to 640 m) 

South of Franz Josef Land toward Novaya Zemlya

(7 samples ranging in depth from 251 to 485 m) 

Bordering Novaya Zemlya (9 samples ranging in

depth from 223 to 499 m)

These groupings in the Kara Sea have little to 

unite them and set them apart from each of the other 

regional groupings except that the more southerly 

samples, toward Novaya Zemlya, show a lack or a 

decrease of Reophax nodulosus, Hyperammina elongata, Cribrostomoides subglobosus, and Aschemonella scabra.

In general, each individual fauna is small in number of species, and most faunas are dominated by one 

or several species. The overall picture does not show 

a consistent presence of many species, such as is 

characteristic of warmer waters. The most persistent 

species on the Continental Shelf are Psammosphaera 

fusca, Reophax scorpiurus, and Trochammina nana, 

and the first two of these are in positions of dominance in most of the samples. Cribrostomoides 

crassimargo and Saccorhiza ramosa are fairly consistent but very scattered east of Franz Josef Land ; 

they are not dominant, except that S. ramosa shares 

dominance with other species in several of the southern samples along Novaya Zemlya.

A total of 36 samples from the Greenland Sea 

were studied, most of them found between approximately lat 71° and 78° N. and long 20° and 1° W. 

(table 3). Three others were found near Spitsbergen 

at about lat 80° N. and between long 1° and 4° E. 

Depths sampled range from 45 to 1,825 fathoms 

(about 82 to 3,340 m). Those taken on the Conti-
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

Base from Central Intelligence Agency

FIGURE 1.—Index map of the north polar region showing place names mentioned in text.
INTRODUCTION

50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 95° 100° 80° 105° 110°

110°

105°

100°

70°

50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 

FIGURE 2.—Map of the Kara Sea showing the location of bottom sediment samples.
FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS 

TABLE \.-Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas

Adercotryma glomeratum

(Brady).

Ammodisdis gullmarensis

Hoglund.

Angulogerinafluens Todd

Aschemonella scabra

Brady.

Astacolus plamdatus

Galloway and Wissler.

Astrononion gallowayi

Loeblich and Tappan.

Biloculinella globtda

(Bornemann).

Bolivina rhomboidalis

(Millett).

Buccella inusitata

Andersen.

Budimina exilis Brady .....

Cassidulina norcrossi

Cushman.

svJjglobosa Brady

Cibicides bradii

(Tolmachoff).

lobatulus (Walker and

Jacob).

Comuspira involvens

(Reuss).

lacunosa Brady .........

planorbis Schultze .....

Cribrostomoides crassimargo (Norman).

jeffreysi (Williamson) .

subglobosus (G. 0.

Sars).

Cruciloculina ericsoni

Loeblich and Tappan.

Dentalina baggi Galloway

and Wissler.

decepta (Bagg) ...........

frobisherensis Loeblich and Tappan.

Eggerella advena

(Cushman).

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INTRODUCTION

TABLE I.-Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Adercotryma glomeratum

(Brady).

Ammodiscus gullmarensis

Hoglund.

Angulogerinafluens Todd ...........

Aschemonella scabra

Brady.

Astacolus planulatus

Galloway and Wissler.

Astrononion galloway <i

Loeblich and Tappan.

Biloculinella globula

(Bornemann).

Bolivina rhomboidalis

(Millett).

Buccella inusitata

Andersen.

Bulimina exilis Brady .. ___ . ...

Cassidulina norcrossi

Cushman.

subglobosa Brady ..................

Cibicides bradii (Tolmachoff) ..

lobatulus (Walker and

Jacob).

Cornuspira involvens (Reuss) .....

lacunosa Brady ....................

planorbis Schultze ................

Cribrostomoides crassimargo

(Norman).

Jeffrey si (Williamson) ............

subglobosus (G. 0. Sars) ........

Cruciloculina ericsoni

Loeblich and Tappan.

Dentalina baggi Galloway and

Wissler.

decepta (Bagg) ......................

frobisherensis Loeblich and

Tappan.

Eggerella advena (Cushman) .......

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FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS 

TABLE I.-Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Elphidiella arctica

(Parker and Jones).

hannai (Cushman and

Grant).

Elphidium bartletti

Cushman.

clavatum Cushman ...

frigidum Cushman ...

orbiculare (Brady) ....

Epistominella exigua

(Brady).

Eponidfs repandus

Montfort.

tener (Brady) __ .....

tumidulus horvathi

Green.

Fischerina sp .................

Fissurina kerguelenensis

Parr.

marginata. (Montagu)

serrata (Schlumberger).

Florilus labradoricus

(Dawson).

Globigerina bulloides

d'Orbigny.

pachyderma (Ehrenberg).

quinqueloba Natland

Globigerinita glutinata

(Egger).

Globobulimina auriculata (Bailey).

Globulina glacialis

Cushman and

Ozawa.

Hemisphaerammina

marisalbi

(Stschedrina).

Hormosina sp. of Parker .

Hyperammina elongata

Brady.

friabilis Brady ___

Islandiella helenae Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas.

islandica (N<rvang) ..

Jaculella acuta Brady .....

Lagena distoma Parker

and Jones.

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INTRODUCTION

TABLE 1.-Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Elphidiella arctica (Parker 

and Jones). 

hannai (Cushman and 

Grant). 

Elphidium bartletti 

Cushman. 

clavatum Cushman _ . _ ....

frigidum Cushman ............

orbiculare (Brady) .—.........

Epistominella exigua 

(Brady). 

Eponides repandus 

Montfort. 

tener (Brady) .....................

tumidulus horvathi 

Green. 

Fischerina sp ... . .... __

Fissurina kerguelenesis 

Parr. 

marginata (Montagu) . __

serrata (Schlumberger). 

Florilus labradoricus

(Dawson). 

Globigerina bulloides 

d'Orbigny. 

pachy 'derma (Ehrenberg).... 

quinqueloba Natland ..........

Globigerinita glutinata 

(Egger). 

Globobulimina auriculata 

(Bailey). 

Globulina glacialis Cushman 

and Ozawa. 

Hemisphaerammina 

marisalbi (Stschedrina). 

Hormosina sp. of Parker 

Hyperammina elongata 

Brady. 

friabilis Brady ...... _ ... _ .

Islandiella helenae FeylingHanssen and Buzas. 

islandica (N<rvang) ...........

Jaculella acuta Brady ..............

Lagena distoma Parker and 

Jones.

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FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS 

TABLE 1.- Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Lagena hispidula

Cushman.

laevis (Montagu)........

Laryngosigma hyalascidia Loeblich and

Tappan.

Melonis zaandamae (van

Voorthuysen).

Nonionella turgida digitata N0rvang.

Oolina hexagona (Williamson).

lineata (Williamson)

melo d'Orbigny..........

Parafissurina groenlandica (Stschedrina).

tectulostoma Loeblich and Tappan.

sp

Patellina corrugata

Williamson.

Pateoris hauerinoides

(Rhumbler).

Pelosina sp......................

Placopsilina bradyi Cushman and McCulloch.

Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady).

Protoschista sp...... ... ... .—

Psammatodendron arborescens Norman.

Psammosiphonella crassatina (Brady).

Psammosphaera fusca

Schulze.

Pseudononion sp..............

Pullenia bulloides

(d'Orbigny).

Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr.

rotalaria Loeblich

and Tappan.

vespertilio (Schlumberger).

williamsoni (Silvestri).

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INTRODUCTION

TABLE 1. -Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued.

Lagena hispidula

Cushman.

laevis (Montagu)...............

Laryngosigma hyalascidia Loeblich and

Tappan.

Melonis zaandamae (van

Voorthuysen).

Nonionella turgida digitata N0rvang.

Oolina hexagona (Williamson).

lineata (Williamson)

melo d'Orbigny.................

Parafissurina groenlandica (Stschedrina).

tectulostoma Loeblich and Tappan.

sp ..

Patellina corrugata

Williamson.

Pateoris hauerinoides

(Rhumbler).

Pelosina sp _ __ _

Placopsilina bradyi Cushman and McCulloch.

Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady).

Protoschista sp.......................

Psammatodendron arborescens Norman.

Psammosiphonella crassatina (Brady).

Psammosphaera fusca

Schulze.

Pseudononion sp....................

Pullenia bulloides

(d'Orbigny).

Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr.

rotalaria Loeblich

and Tappan.

vespertilio (Schlumberger).

williamsoni (Silvestri) .....

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10 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS 

TABLE I.-Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Pyrgoella sphaera

(d'Orbigny).

Quinqueloculina akneriana d'Orbigny.

Recurvoides laevigatum

Hoglund.

Reophax arctica Brady....

dentalinifonnis

Brady.

guttifer Brady.— .......

nodulosus Brady ........

scorpiurus Montfort

Rhabdammina abyssorum

M. Sars.

discreta Brady ...........

Robertina arctica

d'Orbigny.

Rosalina globularis

d'Orbigny.

Saccammina difflugiformis (Brady).

sphaerica M. Sars......

Saccorhiza ramosa

(Brady).

Spirillina vivipara

Ehrenberg.

Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and

Jones).

Stetsonia h&rvathi Green

Textularia earlandi

Parker.

torquata Parker.........

Thurammina papillata

Brady.

Tolypammina schaudinni

Rhumbler.

Triloculina trihedra

Loeblich and Tappan.

Trochammina conica

Earland.

cf. T. grisea Earland...

cf . T. japonica

Ishiwada.

nana (Brady)..............

quadriloba Hoglund

sp ______

Turrispirillina arctica

(Cushman).

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INTRODUCTION 11

TABLE 1. -Distribution of species in the Kara and Greenland Seas-Continued

Pyrgoella sphaera

(d'Orbigny).

Quinqueloculina akneriana d'Orbigny.

Recurvoides laevigatum

Hoglund.

Reophax arctica Brady. __ ....

dentaliniformis

Brady.

guttifer Brady..................

nodulosus Brady..............

scorpiurus Montfort

Rhabdammina abyssorum

M. Sars.

discrete Brady..................

Robertina arctica

d'Orbigny.

Rosalina globularis

d'Orbigny.

Saccammina diffliigiformis (Brady).

sphaerica M. Sars.............

Saccorhiza ramosa

(Brady).

Spirillina vivipara

Ehrenberg.

Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and

Jones).

Stetsonia horvathi Green

Textularia earlandi

Parker.

torquata Parker ______

Thurammina papillata

Brady.

Tolypammina schaudinni

Rhumbler.

Triloculina trihedra

Loeblich and Tappan.

Trochammina cornea

Earland.

cf. T. grisea Earland—

cf . T. japonica

Ishiwada.

nana (Brady)...........

quadriloba Hoglund

Turrispirillina arctica

(Cushman).

Greenland Sea

Greenland Continental Shelf

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12 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

nental Shelf came from depths between 45 and 194 

fathoms (about 82 and 355 m). Those taken on continental slopes, basins, and rises came mostly from 

depths between 1,200 and 1,825 fathoms (about 

2,195 and 3,340m).

On table 1 we have grouped the samples from 

Greenland Sea as follows:

Greenland Continental Shelf (19 samples ranging 

in depth from 45 to 194 fathoms [approx 82 

and 355 m])

Flank of mid-oceanic ridge (1 sample at 360 

fathoms [approx 660 m])

Flank of Jan May en fracture zone (2 samples, 

at 1,225 and 1,230 fathoms [approx 2,240 and 

2,250m])

Greenland Continental Slope (2 samples, at 900 

and 1,060 fathoms [approx 1,645 and 1,940 m])

Greenland Continental Rise (8 samples ranging in 

depth from 1,200 to 1,825 fathoms [approx 

2,195 and 3,340 m])

Greenland Basin (1 sample at 1,560 fathoms [approx 2,855 m])

Spitsbergen Continental Slope (2 samples, at 640 

and 1,380 fathoms [approx 1,170 and 2,525 m])

Wall of mid-oceanic rift (1 sample at 1,750 fathoms [approx 3,200 m])

Samples from the Continental Shelf off northeastern Greenland, between approximately lat 71° and 

78° N., contain faunas similar to, although sparser 

than, those from the Continental Shelf areas of the 

Kara Sea.

Kara and Greenland Seas Continental Shelf faunas 

are comparable except for Reophax nodulosus, which 

was not found on the Greenland Sea shelf. The three 

species found most often in the Kara Sea were likewise found most often on the Continental Shelf of 

the Greenland Sea—namely Psammosphaera fusca, 

Reophax scorpiurus, and Trochammina nana.

Comparatively deep areas of the Greenland Sea 

are inhabited by a distinctly different fauna from 

that observed at shelf depth. This change is due in 

part to the disappearance or the decrease of some of 

the Continental Shelf species, such as Hyperammina 

elongata, Psammosphaera fusca, Saccorhiza ramosa, 

Reophax scorpiurus, Rhabdammina abyssorum, and 

Trochammina nana and to the increase in abundance 

(that is, percentage at individual stations) of others, 

such as Cribrostomoides subglobosus and Globigerina pachyderma, plus other planktonic species.

In addition, this distinction is enhanced by the 

addition of the following deep-water species:

Cibicides bradii

Epistominella exigua

Eponides tener

E. tumidulus horvathi

Fissurina kerguelenensis

Parafissurina, groenlandica,

P. tectulostoma

P. sp.

Pyrgo vespertilio

Triloculina trihedra

Stetsonia horvathi

Finally, three deep-water samples collected west 

of Spitsbergen are generally similar to those from 

the deep-water samples of the Greenland Sea.

Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the U.S. 

Naval Oceanographic Office for the opportunity of 

studying these samples. Many colleagues contributed 

advice and criticism in the course of our work, in 

particular, David L. Clark of the University of Wisconsin, C. Wylie Poag of the U.S. Geological Survey, 

and Charles T. Schafer of the Bedford Institute of 

Oceanography. Robert H. McKinney photographed 

the larger specimens. The smaller ones were photographed by Ruth Todd, and all illustrations were retouched by Doris Low.

PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE AREA

Foraminifera have been studied from isolated 

areas in the Arctic regions for nearly 100 years. In 

an early assessment of foraminiferal faunas of the 

Arctic, Brady wrote, "The facts * * * appear to indicate that there is no very striking diminution in the 

number and variety of the Rhizopoda as we approach 

the North Pole" (Brady, 1878, p. 439). Three years 

later, in describing and listing the faunas from 6 

samples from the west side of Novaya Zemlya and 

10 samples from the shores of Franz Josef Land, he 

reported a total of 71 species (Brady, 1881). In the 

six samples from the west side of Novaya Zemlya, at 

depths between 100 and 400 m, a total of 54 species 

was reported, but no more than 32 species were observed in a single sample. In the 10 samples from 

around Franz Josef Land, taken at depths between 

163 and 265 m, the combined fauna consisted of 51 

species, and the richest sample there had 30 species. 

The assemblages reported by Brady contained many 

species as well as combinations of species identical 

with those found in the present suite of samples. One 

of his samples (sample G from 230 m, off Franz 

Josef Land) consisted almost entirely of specimens 

of Saccammina sphaerica. This feature is also* characteristic of several of our Kara Sea samples. In 

these samples, however, the abundant form is Psam-
PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE AREA 13

TABLE 2. — Locality and depth of bottom-sediment samples 

from the Kara Sea, July 25-September 29, 1965

Station -,.*., Depth >j- Latitude Longitude , f , 

1X1 °- ( meters )

1 ............ 72°11.0' N. 57°10' E. 499 

13 —— . —— ... 73°44.7' 59°37' 315

23 ............ 74°29.5' 62°06' 320

29 —— . —— ... 75°13.4' 68°34' 362

53 ————— . —— 77°32.5' 71°36' 223

55 ———————— 77°32.0' 67°00' 356

Oft 77°9Q 7' QG°Q7' CO

102 ———————— . 81°04.1' 87°32' 340

106 ———————— 81°27.5' 97°34' 265

107 ———— . —— .. 81°30.5' 87°39' 420

108 ———— . —— .. 81°30.5' 84°54' 410

110 ———————— 81°34.8' 79°52' 203

112 —— ..... __ 81°37.0' 75°20' 421

113 ——————— .. 81°36.0' 73°00' 640

114 ————— . —— 81°42.3' 70°46' 631

115 ———————— 81°35.5' 67°32' 567

117 ——————— .. 80°58.1' 69°34' 566

122 ... ————— . 81°08.0' 82"05' 268

123 —————— __ 81°07.0' 83°58' 298

131 —————— __ 80°41.1' 82°13' 202

135 ——————— .. 80°39.9' 71°43' 593

136 ———————— 80°42.9' 69*10' 549

137 ———————— 80°45.1' 66°48' 493

143 ———————— 80°00.0' 72°11' 538

147 79°34 9' 72°00' 521

148 ————— .... 79°35.0' 69°27' 532

149 .. —— ....... 79°35.2' 66°57' 526

151 ———— —— .. 79°06.2' 64°06' 260

mosphaera fusca, a species superficially similar to 

Saccammina sphaerica. 

Shortly following Brady's work, Goes prepared an 

illustrated catalog of the Arctic and Scandinavian 

species known at that time (Goes, 1894) and included with his synopsis a chronological summary of 

the various cruises and dredging excursions that had 

been carried out in the Arctic seas until that time. 

He pointed out that, even in spite of the various 

localities that had been searched, many new forms 

remained to be discovered. 

For a report on the Norwegian-North Atlantic Expedition of 1876-78, Kiaer examined more than 100 

samples, among which were 12 bottom samples from 

around Spitsbergen and 4 from near Jan Mayen IsTABLE 3. — Locality and depth of bottom-sediment samples 

from the Greenland Sea, August 23-September 12, 1965

Approx. Depth 

Sample Lati- Long,- depth f rom iog

No- tude tude (meters) (fathoms)

1 ___ ____ 70°54.8' N. 20°29.7'W. 330 180

2 __ _ . 70°56.8' 12°51' 660 360

3 ____ . ___ 71°53' 12°14' 2,250 1,230

4 . ________ 72°21' 11°56' 2,240 1,225

5 - - 73°14.2' 11°42.5' 2,855 1,560

6 _- - - 73°16.5' 12°30.5' 2,655 1,450

7 ____ --- ._ 73°14' 13°30' 2,545 1,392

8 . . . 73°23' 18°03' 230 125

9 .. - 73°25.3' 17°03' 330 181

10 . . ... 73°26.5' 15°22' 2,195 1,200

11 .„ _______ 74°15' 07°03' 3,340 1,825

12 . _ -. 74°30' 08°55' 3,295 1,800

13 . - 74°48' 10°34' 3,110 1,700

14 ---.--_ __ -. 75°17' 11°22' 1,940 1,060

15 - - _ 75°35' 12°50' 230 126

16 - - - 75°43' 13°27' 240 132

17 ----- ___ .- 75°51' 14°21' 260 142

18 . . 75°48' 15°16' 240 131

19 - ________ 75°52' 15°17' 165 90

20 . _. 75°43.8' 15°56' 165 90

21 - .. 78°20.2' 00°42.5' 2,965 1,620

22 -_ . .. 78°20.5' 04°12' 1,645 900

23 .- _____ -. 78°18.5' 05°40' 355 194

24 . 78°18.5' 06°53' 265 145

25 . __ ._ 78°20' 08°13' 196 107

26 - -. 78°22' 09°15' 248 135

27 ----- _____ 78°21' 10°43' 205 112

28 ________ 78°19' 11°56' 152 83

29 -_-_- _____ 78°20' 13°40' 132 72

30 --- ______ 78°21.5' 14°26' 82 45

31 _ -. 80°00' 04°15' E. 1,170 640

32 _- 80°00' 03°03' 2,525 1,380

33 - _ - 80°01' 01°07.5' 3,200 1,750

34 76°57.5' 08°01' W. 308 168

35 --- ______ 76°51' 07°10' 322 176

37 . 76°10.6' 05°04' 2,930 1,600

land (Kiaer, 1899). From the composite of his 12 

Spitsbergen samples, Kiaer reported 42 species, and 

from the 4 Jan Mayen samples, he found 39 species. 

His quantitative list of 166 species is typical of what 

is now known of the Arctic population; that is, 

sparse, erratic, and with a tendency toward strong 

dominance of certain species. He mentioned such 

dominating species as Saccammina sphaerica, Rhabdammina abyssorum, and Truncatulina [ = Cibicides] 

lobatulus. Many of Kiaer's species are undoubtedly 

identical with our species, though some appear under 

different generic names and a few under different 

specific names. 

Awerinzew (1911) reported the Foraminifera 

found in two samples from rather shallow water 

from the southern and eastern parts of the Kara Sea. 

His samples 2 and 3 from 37 and 38 m respectively 

are taken from much shallower water than any of 

our Kara Sea samples. Both his samples contained 

meager faunas, six and nine species respectively. Although reported under different generic or specific
14 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

names, the following species probably appear in both 

Awerinzew's and our assemblages:

Species of Awerinzew (1911) Species of this paper

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort .__-_ 

Haplophragmium nanum Brady ___ 

Nonionina scapha Fichtel and MollNonionina stelligera d'Orbigny ___

Haplophragmium canariense

d'Orbigny ______________________

Polystomella striatopunctata 

Fichtel and Moll var. incerta 

Williamson.

Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny ___

Hyperammina arboresccns Norman_ 

Trochammina nitida Brady ________

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort. 

Trochammina nana (Brady). 

Florilus labradoricus (Dawson). 

Astrononion gallowayi Loeblich and 

Tappan.

Cribrostomoides jeffreysi

(Williamson). 

Elphidimn clavatum Cushman.

IslandieUa helenae Feyling-Hanssen

and Buzas. 

Psammatodendron arboresccns

Norman. 

Trochammina cf. T. grisea Earland.

Stschedrina, in a number of papers, reported on 

the distribution of species in the Kara Sea (1936, 

1938, 1958), Greenland Sea (1947, 1964a), and 

Arctic Basin (1964b).

In a pioneer study of the Kara Sea foraminiferal 

fauna, Stschedrina (1936) summarized the results 

of analysis of the rich collections made during the 

years from 1929 to 1936 by two Russian expeditions 

into the region. She presented an annotated listing 

of 43 species found in the Polar Seas and included 

quantitative tables, in broad terms, showing their 

occurrences around North Land (nine samples between 24 and 52 m); in the southeastern Kara Sea 

between Sverdrup Island and Dickson (six samples 

between 17 and 28 m) ; Shokalsky Strait, within the 

island group called North Land (six samples between 

43 and 276 m) ; at Cape Cheluskina, the northernmost point of Taymyr Peninsula (two samples at 

47 m) ; and Vilkitsky Strait between Cape Cheluskina and North Land (eight samples between 100 

and 206 m).

As is true of our present samples, most of these 

Kara samples had few species; those bordering 

North Land and from shallow depths around Sverdrup Island and Dickson averaged only slightly more 

than two species per sample. The richest samples 

were found in the two straits, but even there the 

assemblages were not very diverse, the maximum 

number of species per sample being 16 in Shokalsky 

Strait and 10 in Vilkitsky Strait. The dominating 

species were mostly agglutinated, with one exception ; namely the richest sample from a shallow location in Shokalsky Strait, where Planispirina sphaera 

\Pyrgoella sphaera] and Cibicides sp. share 

dominance.

Besides cosmopolitan species, the following species 

recorded by Stschedrina (1936) seem to be identical

with those we have observed, though sometimes under different names:

Hyperammina elongata Brady 

Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars 

Hyperammina arborescens Norman 

Reophax dentalini/ormis Brady 

R. scorpiurus Montfort 

Triloculina bucculenta (Brady) 

Planispirina sphaera d'Orbigny 

Cornuspira involvens (Reuss) 

Elphidium incertum (Williamson) 

Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny 

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)

In a summary report, Stschedrina (1938) judged 

that the Kara Sea foraminiferal fauna consisted of 

102 species and divided her study area into eight 

regions, each characterized by certain species or 

groups of species from the three complexes of forms 

which compose the general population of the Kara 

Sea, namely: (1) species characteristic of shoal 

areas of cold seas, littoral zones and mouths of 

rivers, including species that can withstand considerable reduction of salinity; (2) cold-water arctic, 

species widespread in the Kara Sea, including cosmopolitan species; and (3) boreal-arctic, boreal, and 

northern Atlantic species, as well as abyssal species 

from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, a group of 

species referred to as the "Atlantic complex."

In a preliminary summary of the foraminiferal 

fauna of the northern part of the Greenland Sea, 

Stschedrina (1947) recorded quantitatively the occurrence of 91 species at 11 stations ranging in depth 

from 225 to 3,000 m. She recognized two complexes: 

(1) her previously described "Atlantic complex" of 

species, most of them abyssal, peculiar to the Greenland Sea and to certain other Arctic regions and (2) 

the "Arctic complex" of species, most of them eurybathyal and widespread all over the Arctic.

The samples upon which Stschedrina's analyses 

were made include some from depths shallower than 

any of our samples. Nevertheless, the fauna she reported is very similar to our listing herein. Most of 

the species in our assemblages are those typical of 

the "Atlantic" and "Arctic" complexes.

In 1958 Stschedrina reported on a core of 97.8 cm 

of sediment obtained from the Kara Sea, the lower 

two-thirds of which contained Late Cretaceous and 

Paleocene Foraminifera. In the upper one-third oi; 

the core a typical Arctic fauna provides evidence of 

a thin layer of modem sediment overlying the 

bedrock.

Two of her papers in 1964 list the faunas found in 

the northern part of the Greenland Sea (114 species) 

and in the Arctic Basin (162 species).
PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE AREA 15

In the Greenland Sea paper (Stschedrina, 1964a), 

the species are also recorded in separate check lists 

of agglutinated and calcareous species from around 

Spitsbergen, the Continental Shelf (5 samples from 

130 to 225 m) and the Continental Slope (6 samples 

from 659 to 1,825 m) ; from the central part of the 

Greenland Sea (7 samples from 2,581 to 3,835 m) ; 

and from off Greenland, the Continental Shelf (12 

samples from 51 to 259 m) and the Continental Slope 

(6 samples from 368 to 1,840 m).

In her Arctic Basin paper, Stschedrina (1964b) 

divided the species into three ecologically significant 

groups: sublittoral, eulittoral, and abyssal-bathyal. 

The first two groups contain, respectively, 8 sparsely 

represented species and 27 well-represented species 

and constitute the "Arctic complex." The abyssalbathyal group of species includes 25 well-represented 

species of the "Atlantic complex."

She also plotted the occurrences of these 60 species 

in shelf and slope habitats around Spitsbergen and 

around Franz Josef Land and in lower flat and 

ocean-floor habitats of the central part of the Arctic 

Basin. Her "Arctic complex" of species is that mainly occupying the sublittoral and eulittoral zones, and 

the "Atlantic complex" of species is that mainly occupying the abyssal-bathyal zone. But in this grouping of species there is much overlap; that is, not all 

the sublittoral species, such as Spiroplectammina biformis and Pateoris hauerinoides, are unknown on 

the continental slopes. Nor are all the eulittoral species, such as Saccorhiza ramosa, unknown in both the 

shelf areas and the lower parts of the Arctic Ocean. 

Moreover, representatives of the abyssal-bathyal 

group of species are found at shallow depths as well 

as the deepest, but only four species are found exclusively on the floor of the Arctic Ocean.

Nearshore species of several coastal areas of Spitsbergen were well documented by Nagy (1963) and 

Rouvillois (1966) and illustrated in the former report. Nagy reported 60 species from 45 samples at 

depths between 0 and 51 m. Rouvillois found 32 spe- | 

cies between depths of 0 and 25 m. Distribution is 

erratic and patchy.

Among species dominating in various samples 

were Astrononion gallowayi, Buccella frigida, Cassidulina crassa, C. islandica, Cibicides lobatulus, 

Elphidium davatum, Pateoris hauerinoides, Spiroplectammina biformis, and Tholosina bulla.

Green (1960) discussed the ecology of Arctic Foraminifera and based his conclusions on cores of the 

central Arctic Ocean, taken between 433 and 2,760 

m. His total assemblage consisted of 105 species of 

which he found 20 to be useful in depth zonation. He

recognized four depth zones—shelf, slope, apron, and 

abyssal—and listed a few species as diagnostic of 

each zone. Those we have in common with his central Arctic Ocean material are: Cassidulina teretis, 

C. islandica, Cibicides lobatulus, and Elphidium bartletti from the shelf; Trochammina nana and Cassidulina norcrossi from the slope; Eponides tumidulus 

horvathi and Triloculina trihedra from the apron; 

and Eponides tener, Quinqueloculina akneriana, Stetsonia horvathi, and Cibicides wuellerstorfi [our C. 

bradii] in the abyssal zone.

The above-mentioned species are not in all instances separable into the same depth zones. For 

example, Trochammina nana is found chiefly in our 

shelf fauna; Quinqueloculina akneriana is absent 

from our deeper samples and is present only sparsely 

in our shelf fauna; and Eponides tener and E. tumidulus horvathi are found together in our samples 

from the deepest water.

Because of its greater depth and its basinal rather 

than shelf origin, Green's fauna (1960) has only a 

small proportion of its elements in common with our 

assemblages.

Androsova (1962) reported quantitatively on the 

species present in a part of the Polar Basin, between 

the North Pole and northern Greenland and Spitsbergen. Seven short cores were studied, ranging in 

length from 4 to 20 cm, taken at depths between 

3,767 and 4,395 m. The fauna is meager, consisting 

of 13 benthonic and 6 planktonic species, and the 

population is predominantly planktonic. Only five of 

the benthonic species are the same as those that we 

have from the deeper parts of the Greenland Sea.

Some bottom sediments from the Kara Sea and 

around Franz Josef Land, obtained by several Russian ships between 1953 and 1958, were quantitatively analyzed and their Foraminifera assemblages compared with those in some outcrops and well drillings 

in the northern part of western Siberia (Basov and 

Slobodin, 1965). Pie diagrams (Basov and Slobodin, 

1965, text figs. 2-18) show graphically the abundance, diversity, species composition, and dominance 

for several areas. For the three sampled depths 

around Franz Josef Land, results were as follows:

Between 24 and 27 m Cibicides rotundatus Stschedrina [probably equivalent to our C. lobatulus] is 

dominant and is accompanied by several species of 

Elphidium in the sublittoral zone. These two groups 

together compose nearly three-quarters of the abundant fauna. A much less abundant but more varied 

fauna was sampled between 20 and 80 m in the Tikhaya and Yuri Bay areas where Spiroplectammina 

biformis and Haplophragmoides sp. are dominant
16 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

and are accompanied by various other agglutinated 

forms as well as by a few specimens of Cibicides, 

Cassidulina, and Elphidium. In the upper bathyal 

zone around Franz Josef Land, a moderately abundant and diverse fauna sampled between 220 and 500 

m is not strongly dominated by any species, but 

Adercotryma glomeratum, Haplophragmoides sp., 

Proteonina difflugiformis, and Spiroplectammina biformis combine to make up 59 percent of the assemblage. The balance consists mostly of other agglutinated forms and of species of Elphidium, Cassidulina, and Nonionellina [our Florilus].

In the northeastern part of the Kara Sea, bottom 

samples from 350, 70, and 40 m vary in abundance, 

but all show low diversity (seven, five, and eight 

species, respectively) but little uniformity. In the 

most northern sample, at 350 m, four species in the 

family Elphidiidae make up more than half the 

population; the balance is divided almost equally 

among species of Cassidulina [our Islandiella], Virgulina, Globulina, and Haplophragmoides. The sample from 70 m was moderately abundant in, and 

strongly dominated by, Eggerella advena (nearly 85 

percent). In the sample from 40 m, two species share 

dominance—Trochammina karica Stschedrina [our 

T. nana] and Globigerina pachy'derma (Ehrenberg) together making up 78 percent of the total 

population.

Two bottom samples in the southwestern part of 

the Kara Sea at 90 and 63 m showed moderate diversity (12-14 species), but no strong dominances. 

In both samples, Elphidium clavatum was the most 

abundant species. The other chief components of the 

faunas were additional species of Elphidium plus 

species in the genera Cassidulina [our Islandiella] 

and Nonionellina- [our Florilus].

In a sparse fauna represented by three bottom 

samples taken at depths of 23 to 40 m in the sublittoral area of the southeastern part of the Kara Sea, 

the assemblage was moderately dominated by Elphidium orbiculare, and most of the remaining species fell under the genera Elphidium, Cassidulina, 

Trochammina, and Globigerina. This assemblage has 

developed in response to the outflowing of freshwater from the Ob' and Yenisey Rivers.

The foraminiferal fauna of the Laptev Sea was 

sampled in 1963 and briefly recorded (Todd and Low, 

1966). In the analysis of 33 bottom-sediment samples, ranging in depth from 10 to 54 m, 16 arenaceous and 24 calcareous species were found. Most of 

the samples contained a sparse fauna of between 1 

and 5 species. The two richest samples, one at 22

m and another at 53 m, contained 18 and 19 species 

respectively.

The assemblage of 40 species represents Stschedrina's sublittoral group of species, which she described (1959) as characteristic of the Continental 

Shelf, subject to seasonal fluctuations that are related to a reduction in the salinity of bottom water. 

More than half the species are the same as those we 

have observed from the Kara Sea, but, of the dominating species in the Kara Sea, only three (Cribrostomoides crassimargo, Reophax scorpiurus, and 

Trochammina nana) are present in the Laptev Sea. 

In general, the Laptev fauna lacks the large robust 

forms that are typical of the deeper water of the 

Kara Sea.

Vilks (1969) studied the Foraminifera in the icecovered seas of the Canadian Arctic, between approximately lat 75°30' and 77°30' N. and long 109° 

and 116° W. In his quantitative analysis of samples 

taken between 17 and 458 m, he found two bathymetric zones on the Continental Shelf. Their common 

boundary at about 200 m separated the upper zone of 

Arctic surface water, inhabited principally by arenaceous species, from the lower zone of warmer and 

more saline water of Atlantic origin, inhabited principally by calcareous species.

His combined assemblage of 78 species contained 

many species in common with our assemblages from 

the Kara and Greenland Seas but lacked, or had only 

rare representatives of, several of our larger and 

more robust arenaceous and porcellaneous species, 

such as Aschemonella scabra, Pelosina cylindrica, 

Planispirinoides bucculentus, Psammosphaera fusca, 

Pyrgo vespertilio, and Rhabdammina abyssorum.

In a report on the Barents Sea, Digas (1971) 

studied the foraminiferal fauna of a small area in the 

central part of the sea. The study included 17 stations located between about lat 74° and 76° N. and 

long 30° and 411/2° E., at depths between 153 and 

335 m. Fifty-four calcareous species and 25 arenaceous ones are recorded, the arenaceous species being 

more abundant. The richest samples contain from 35 

to 42 species (25 to 30 calcareous species and 10 to 

12 arenaceous ones). Each of the samples is strongly 

dominated by one or several species, mostly by arenaceous species. One sample (No. 19) consisted of 70 

percent Adercotryma glomeratum. Conversely, one 

of the rich samples (No. 7) contains conspicuously 

fewer arenaceous species and specimens—21 calcareous and 11 arenaceous species—and the dominance is 

shared among Buccella frigida, Quinqueloculina sp., 

and Cibicides sp.
PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE AREA 17

In general, this Barents Sea fauna contains many 

species in common with the Kara and Greenland Sea 

faunas of comparable depths and, like them, is highly variable from station to station.

Slobodin and Tamanova (1972, tables 2-7 on p. 

25-30) made quantitative studies of the foraminiferal assemblages in six Kara Sea cores ranging in 

length from 2.44 to 5.37 m. Four of these cores were 

from east of the southern end of Novaya Zemlya at 

depths between 108 and 372 m, and two were from 

the northern part of the Kara Sea between North 

Land and Franz Josef Land at 304 and 482 m (Slobodin and Tamanova, 1972, map on p. 31). Hence, 

these cores may be compared to our present samples. 

Analyses of these cores show rich assemblages in the 

top sample of each core, with but one exception, and 

these quantitative records give a fairly detailed picture of the bottom fauna characteristic of this part 

of the Kara Sea, covering a distance of about 1,200 

km. From these cores we can see the predominance of 

agglutinated forms, elphidiids, and cassidulinids, and 

the widespread dominance of Trochammina karica 

Stschedrina [our T. nana]. This species has a strong 

position of dominance in two of the cores, shares 

dominance with another species in two more of the 

cores, and is present but rare in the other two cores.

Other species well represented in this part of the 

Kara Sea, as reported by Slobodin and Tamanova 

(1972) and present in our samples though some less 

abundantly, are:

Adercotryma glomeratum

Cassidulina islandica [=Islandiella]

C. norcrossi

Eggerella advena

Elphidium clavatum

Labrospira crassimargo [=Cribrostomoides]

Nonionellina labradorica [=Florilus~\

Recurvoides lacvigatum

Reophax scorpiurus

Rhabdammina abyssorum

Spiroplectammina biformis

Textularia torquata

The major species found by Slobodin and Tamanova (1972) that were not found by us (or not 

identified by these names) are Alveolophragmium 

karaensis Stschedrina, Hyperammina bradyi Stschedrina, Proteonina atlantica Cushman, Trochamminella bullata Hoglund, and Trochamminula fissuraperta Stschedrina. The number of species found by 

these authors, as well as their diversity, is comparable with our present samples.

In the same report, Slobodin and Tamanova also 

set down salinity and temperature tolerances for 44 

selected nonagglutinated species. They then drew 

graphs representing interpreted changes in salinity,

depth, and temperature in the upper (unconsolidated) parts of the cores they studied, and, for two 

cores, the lower (consolidated) parts as well. These 

graphs (Slobodin and Tamanova, 1972, text figs. 2 

and 3, p. 32, 33) represent change from a shallow 

brackish sea to the present normal marine environment of the shelf sea accompanied by cooling temperatures. All but one of the core graphs show this 

change to have been fluctuating. The indications of 

these earlier periods of shallow and brackish deposition are chiefly a decrease of the species at the tops 

of the cores accompanied by significant differences 

in their proportions.

Iqbal (1973) studied the sediments and Foraminifera in 40 grab samples from M'Clure Strait, mostly 

at depths between 250 and 400 m. He recognized 

three thanatotopes: one exclusively arenaceous that 

decreases in number away from shore and that seems 

to prefer finer grained substrates; one predominantly calcareous that increases away from shore and is 

found on silty and sandy substrates; and a third 

thanatotope characterized by a mixture of calcareous 

and arenceous species.

Iqbal concluded that the distribution of the 74 individual species that he found did not fall into any 

definite patterns but was more typical of mixing such 

as might have resulted from extensive turbidity currents and ice^rafting, which are the dominant means 

of sediment transport on the shallow continental 

shelf areas of the Arctic.

Finally, in an unpublished 1967 University of 

Wisconsin master's thesis by Sarah Stoll that was 

summarized by Andrew and Kravitz (1974), 34 of 

the same samples that we studied were analyzed 

statistically for their foraminifer content. These 

samples were restricted to the northern part of the 

Kara Sea (north of 76° N). All were taken within 

two north-trending open-ended troughs—St. Ann 

Trough near Franz Joseph Land and Voronin 

Trough near Severnaya Zemlya—that are separated 

by the shallow Central Kara Plateau upon which 

two small islands rise above the sea surface.

Stoll based her analyses on the 19 most abundant 

species found in the samples, and our subsequent 

findings agree in general with her results: arenaceous species are predominant over calcareous ones; 

individual samples are characterized by low diversity 

and high dominance of a single species, such dominant species being different from sample to sample. 

In addition, she noted that in the deep troughs she 

studied, abundance appears to be directly proportional to bottom temperature and pH and inversely 

related to oxygen content, free nitrogen, and organic
18 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

carbon. She concluded that other conditions, including depth, have no linear relationship with abundance and that this variable relationship may be due 

to the complexity of current patterns, which prevent 

bottom temperature from being inversely proportional to depth in the troughs.

ANALYSES OF FAUNAS 

KARA SEA

In the Kara Sea we noted 85 species, only 10 of 

which were found as major components in more than 

one sample:

Aschemonella scabra 

Cribrostomoides crassimargo 

C. subglobosus 

Globigerina pachyderma 

Hyperammina elongata 

Psammosphaera fusca 

Reophax nodulosus 

R. scorpiurus 

Saccorhiza ramosa 

Trochammina nana

Twelve additional species were found in significant numbers but each species was found in only one 

sample:

Cornuspira involvens 

Cmciloculina ericsoni 

Dentalina baggi 

Elphidium orbiculare 

Globigerina bulloides 

Globigerinita glutinata 

Nonionella turgida digitata 

Patellina corrugata 

PsammosiphoneUa crassatina 

Pullenia bulloides 

Robertina arctica 

Trochammina conica

The following 28 species have scattered occurrences, as shown in table 1, and, with a few exceptions (indicated by asterisks), are not abundant or 

dominating:

Adercotryma glomeratum 

Ammodiscus gullmarensis 

Astrononion gallowayi 

Buccella inusitata 

Cassidulina norcrossi

*Cibicides lobatulus 

Cribrostomoides jeffreysi 

Elphidium clavatum 

Florilus labradoricus

*Islandiella helenae

*/. islandica 

Jaculella acuta 

Melonis zaandamae

*Pelosina cylindrica

*Planispirinoides bucculentus 

Pyrgo wilJiamsoni

*Pyrgoella sphaera 

Recurvoides laevigatum 

Reophax arctica

*Rhabdammina abyssorum 

R. discreta

Saccammina difflugiformis 

Spiroplectammina biformis

*Textularia earlandi 

T. torquata

Trochammina cf. T. grisea 

T. cf. T. japonica 

T. quadriloba

The remaining 35 species were found as single or 

rare specimens in one or a few stations in the Kara 

Sea:

Angulogerina fluens 

Biloculinella globula 

Bulimina exilis 

Cornuspira planorbis 

Dentalina frobisherensis 

Eggerella advena 

Elphidiella hannai 

Elphidium bartletti 

E. frigidum

Fissurina kerguelenensis 

F. marginata 

F. serrata

Globobulimina auriculata 

Globulina glacialis 

Hemisphaerammina marisalbi 

Hormosina sp. 

Hyperammina friabilis 

Lagena hispidula 

L. laevis

Laryngosigma hyalascidea 

Oolina melo 

Pateoris hauerinoides 

Placopsilina bradyi 

Protoschista sp. 

Psammatodendron arborescens 

Pyrgo fornasinii 

Quinqueloculina akneriana 

Reophax dentaliniformis 

R. guttifer 

Rosalina globularis 

Saccammina sphaerica 

Spirillina vivipara 

Thurammina papillata 

Triloculina trihedra 

Trochammina sp.

GREENLAND SEA

In the Greenland Sea we noted 75 species, only 8 

of which were found as major components in more 

than one sample:

Cibicides bradii (deep) 

Cribrostomoides subglobosus 

Eponides tener 

Globigerina pachy derma 

Psammosphaera fusca (shallow) 

Pyrgo vespertilio
ANALYSES OF FAUNAS 19

Rhabdammina abyssorum 

Saccorhiza ramosa

Found in significant numbers, but mostly in single 

samples, are Pelosina cylindrica, Pyrgo rotalaria, 

and Rhabdammina discreta.

The following 29 species have scattered occurrences, as shown in table 1, and, with a few starred 

exceptions, are not abundant or dominating:

Adercotryma glomeratum 

Ammodiscus gullmarensis 

Angulogerina fluens 

Aschemonella scabra 

Buccella inusitata

*Cibicides lobatulus

*Cribrostomoides crassimargo 

C. jeffreysi 

Elphidium clavatum 

E. frigidum 

E. orbiculare

Epistominella exigua (confined to deep area) 

Eponides tumidulus horvathi (confined to deep area) 

Fissurina kerguelenensis 

Globigerina quinqueloba (confined to deep area)

*Hyperammina elongata 

Islandiella helenae 

I. islandica 

Jaculella acuta

*Melonis zaandamae

Parafissurina groenlandica (confined to deep area) 

P. tectulostoma (confined to deep area) 

P. sp. (confined to deep area)

*Reophax scorpiurus

Saccammina difflugiformis (confined to shallow area) 

Stetsonia horvathi 

Triloculina trihedra (confined to deep area)

*Trochammina nana (confined to shallow area) 

T. quadriloba (confined to shallow area)

The remaining 35 species from the Greenland Sea 

were found as single or rare specimens in one or a 

few stations:

Astacolus planulatus 

Astrononion gallowayi 

Bolivina rhomboidalis 

Cassidulina norcrossi 

C. subglobosa 

Cornuspira lacunosa 

Dentalina baggi 

D. decepta 

D. frobisherensis 

Elphidiella arctica 

Eponides repandus 

Fischerina sp. 

Fissurina marginata 

Florilus labradoricus 

Hormosina sp. 

Hyperammina friabilis 

Lagena distoma 

L. hispidula 

Oolina hexagona 

O. lineata 

0. melo

Psammatodendron arborescens 

Psammosiphonella crassatina"! 

Pseudononion sp. 

Pullenia bulloides 

Quinqueloculina akneriana 

Recurvoides laevigatum 

Reophax guttifer 

Textularia earlandi 

T. torquata

Tolypammina schaudinni 

Trochammina conica 

T. cf. T. grisea 

T. cf. T. japonica 

Turrispirillina arctica

COMPARISON OF THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS 

FAUNAS

The combined faunas total 111 species, the two 

faunas having 50 species in common plus 36 species 

found exclusively in the Kara Sea and 25 exclusively 

in the Greenland Sea. Two comparatively abundant 

species (Reophax nodulosus and Spiroplectammina 

biformis) were among those found only in the Kara 

Sea. On the other hand, the Greenland Sea contains 

two different faunas, the one from shallower water 

is quite similar to that of the Kara Sea, and the one 

from deeper water comprises in large part several 

species not found, or found only rarely, in the Kara 

Sea, such as Epistominella exigua, Eponides tener, 

E. tumidulus horvathi, Cibicides bradii, Pyrgo vespertilio, Triloculina trihedra, and the three species of 

Parafissurina.

The fauna in the Kara Sea seems not to be significantly different from that of comparable depths reported from other parts of the Arctic. It is, as already pointed out, very similar to that of the shallower samples from the Greenland Sea, The assemblages in the deeper samples from the Greenland Sea, 

likewise, are typical of those from comparable depths 

in the Arctic Basin.

Comparisons with Antarctic assemblages of comparable depths, however, show some generic similarities, but few species, other than cosmopolitan 

ones, are the same in the two regions.

DIVERSITY AND DENSITY

Diversity can be taken as a measure of different 

features of a fauna. Most simply, it can be measured 

as the number of species in an assemblage; that is, 

5 species or 50 species. But this measure of diversity 

does not take into account different abundances and 

is extremely dependent upon size of sample. Gibson 

and Buzas (1973) gave as an example one assemblage of five species having its species in the proportions of 0.90, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01 and another
20 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

having proportions of 0.46, 0.26, 0.16, 0.09, and 0.03. 

The second example would be regarded as having a 

greater diversity. A sample in which individuals are 

evenly distributed among the species gives a higher 

diversity value than a sample strongly dominated by 

one species, and the addition of rare species changes 

the diversity value only slightly.

Although the total number of species is the simplest measure of diversity, such a measure is extremely dependent upon size of the sample. For precise measurement of diversity, such as discussed by 

Buzas and Gibson (1969), it is necessary to work 

with a standard-size sample (or one that can be prorated to a standard size) and to determine, by splitting if necessary, the total population.

An approximate measure of diversity can be taken 

as the number of species whose proportions total 95 

percent of the total population (Walton, 1964, p. 

213) or 90 percent (Poag, 1975, oral commun.) Although our samples are not of uniform size and have 

not been picked clean, we have chosen to record a 

crude approximation of diversity by the latter method for several of our samples. Most of our samples 

are moderately to strongly dominated by one or several species. The few that are not so dominated 

usually have a larger number of species, as well as a 

greater diversity. The following tabulation lists five 

of the samples of greater diversity in order of number of specimens mounted:

Samples of 

this study

Total number 

of species

Number of species

making up 90 percent

of the population

Kara 77

Kara 122

Kara 106

Greenland 16 ____

22

21

19

25

24

15

11

10

15

19

Slobodin and Tamanova (1972) recorded quantitatively the specimens they found in six cores in the 

Kara Sea. With only one exception, they found their 

richest assemblages in the top sample of each core. 

For comparison with our samples, we have calculated an approximation of the diversity for the top 

sample of each of their cores, tabulated below:

Samples of Slobodin 

and Tamanova (1972) 

(core tops)

5 __ -_

27 ___ __ __

40 ___ __

104

153 __ _

175 _ _

Total number 

of species

oo

26

94

7

21

21

Number of species 

making up 

90 percent 

of the population

11

1 9

1 ^

c

1 3

11

D. L. Clark (Jan. 6, 1977, written commun.) 

pointed out that density figures can be strongly biased by shock waves preceding piston coring devices 

that blow away 10 to 25 cm of sediment from the 

surface where the coring device makes contact, so 

that the modern living population of the sea bottom 

is not represented in the core tops. This bias has 

been recognized by comparison between core tops 

from piston cores and those from box cores where 

the effects of shock waves are not felt. Even with this 

allowance, foraminifer populations on the floor of 

arctic seas are less dense than those in most other 

regions.

In discussing Foraminifera population densities 

of the Arctic Ocean, Clark and others (1975, p. 63) 

calculated an approximate figure of 63 benthonic individuals per square meter as an average. Further 

speculations regarding lifespan, under conditions not 

conducive to reproduction of Foraminifera, led these 

authors to arrive at the figure of two live individuals 

per square meter during times of faunal scarcity 

(Clark and others, 1975, p. 64). They further suggest that this population density may be approximated spatially by one cow in 1,440 acres of 

pastureland. During times of maximum population 

the figure may rise to as much as 280 live individuals 

per square meter, still far from an abundant count 

when compared with the average density of 10,000 

tests per square meter on the outer shelf of the Gulf 

of Mexico (Loeblich, Tappan, and others, 1964, p. 

C119). Thus, the Arctic regions appear to be very 

sparsely settled with Foraminifera.

This general rule of increase in density and diversity has exceptions from the Arctic to the tropics. 

Gibson and Buzas (1973, p. 217) found low diversities south of Nova Scotia, in the Gulf of Maine, and 

on Browns and Georges Banks as well as in delta 

areas of the Gulf of Mexico; they attributed the 

anomalous figures to the environmental regimes being different from adjoining areas.

SUMMARY

The typical fauna known from shelf seas of the 

Arctic regions is well represented in the northern 

and western parts of the Kara Sea and in the northern part of the Greenland Continental Shelf. Its distinguishing characteristics are its sparseness, its 

erratic distribution, its low diversity, and the strong 

dominances present in many of the samples. The 

benthonic Foraminifera that compose the bulk of the 

fauna are almost exclusively agglutinated and mostly large and robust. In addition, the ubiquitous
FAUNAL REFERENCE LIST 21

planktonic species of the Arctic (Globigerina pachyderma) and various large robust miliolids make up 

most of the balance of the assemblage.

The faunas in 17 samples from the deeper areas 

beyond the Continental Shelf in the Greenland Sea, 

on the other hand, are distinctly different from the 

Continental Shelf faunas. Although they share 

sparseness, erratic distribution, and low diversity 

with the shelf faunas, and have half of their species 

in common, their individual samples seem not to be 

as strongly dominated by one or several species as 

the shelf samples are. Moreover, the large agglutinated Foraminifera do not occupy as prominent a 

position in these deeper sediments. Instead, smaller 

calcareous forms are characteristic.

FAUNAL REFERENCE LIST

The following alphabetical list of species will facilitate reference to the original description or to a 

descriptive or systematic treatise where each species 

is discussed. For each species that is illustrated, a 

reference to the plates is included. The samples in 

which each species was found may be determined by 

referring to table 1.

Adercotryma glomeratum (Brady). Loeblich and Tappan, 

1953, p. 26, pi. 8, figs. 1-4. (PI. 1, fig. 8).

Relatively small compact form distinguished by its 

longer dimension being parallel with its axis of coiling, 

and its aperture scarcely discernible.

Ammodiscus gullmarensis Hoglund. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 

14, pi. 2, fig. 9. (PI. 1, fig. 4.)

A minute and fragile species, orange in color.

Angulogerina fluens Todd. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 30, pi. 4, 

fig. 5.

Aschemonella scabra Brady, 1879, p. 44, pi. 3, figs. 6, 7. (PI. 

1, fig. 20.)

In this genus the axis of the test is branching and irregular. The chambers are irregularly bulbous. The wall is 

relatively thin and fragile, coarse and rough or fine and 

smooth, depending on the coarseness of the sediment in 

which the animal lived. Each chamber has multiple apertures, or broken-off connections to other chambers. The 

species is most often represented by disjointed segments.

Brady (1884, p. 272-273) mentioned that the long, many 

jointed tests are flexible in the fresh condition but become 

brittle, especially at the stoloniferous tubes between chambers, upon drying. Bathymetry rather than geography appears to be the governing factor in the distribution of 

Aschemonella. Brady reported the genus in the North and 

South Atlantic and the North and South Pacific at an 

average depth of 1,800 fathoms (extremes were 210 and 

2,900 fathoms).

Astacolus planulatus Galloway and Wissler. Todd and Low, 

1967, p. 22, pi. 3, fig. 5.

Astrononion gallowayi Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 90, pi. 

17, figs. 4-7.

Biloculinella globula (Bornemann). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 

20, pi. 2, fig. 14.

A large glossy brown specimen with an apertural flap 

that fills the aperture.

Bolivina rhomboidalis (Millett). Cushman, 1937, p. 138, pi. 

18, fig. 7.

A cosmopolitan species.

Buccella inusitata Andersen, 19521 , p. 148, pi., figs. 10, 11.

Bulimina exilis Brady. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 110, pi. 

20, figs. 4, 5. (PI. 2, fig. 3.)

This minute glassy species looks quite similar to specimens in the Arctic that have been referred to Virgulina 

cf. V. complanata (Phleger, 1952, pi. 14, figs. 15, 16) and 

to Cassidella complanata (Vilks, 1969, pi. 3, fig. 18) and, 

in fact, all three may be the same. The critical structural 

difference is that Bulimina is triserial throughout; Cassidella is triserial initially, becoming biserial and slightly 

twisted; and Virgulina is biserial and twisted throughout. 

These are transitional distinctions that may not hold true.

Cassidulina norcrossi Cushman. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 37, 

pi. 5, fig. 11.

At a superficial glance, this species can be confused 

with a species of Lenticulina. However, the loop-shaped 

aperture is diagnostic.

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, 1884, p. 430, pi. 54, fig. 17. 

A cosmopolitan species.

Cibicides bradii (Tolmachoff). Planulina bradii Tolmachoff. 

Barker, 1960, p. 192, pi. 93, fig. 8.

Similar to Planulina wuellerstorfi (Schwager) but thicker and not evolute on the umbilical side. Compared to Cibicides rugosa (Phleger and Parker, 1951, p. 31), which 

Barker suggested might be a synonym, these are less convex 

on the nonspiral side, and the rugose ornamentation is less 

strongly developed. The generic distinction between Planulina and Cibicides appears to be that the former is partially evolute rather than involute on the umbilical side, 

and that it is more strongly compressed than Cibicides. 

But both these morphologic features are gradational, and 

even some specimens of a single species could be placed in 

either genus. The present specimens are closer to Cibicides 

than to typical Planulina.

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob). Todd and Low, 1967, 

p. 34, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Cornuspira involvens (Reuss). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 21, 

pi. 2, fig. 11. (PI. 2, fig. 18.)

Cornuspira lacunosa Brady, 1884, p. 202, pi. 113, fig. 21. (PI. 

2, fig. 19.)

This species is characterized by crude longitudinal 

striations.

Cornuspira planorbis Schultze. Todd and Low, 1961, p. 15, 

pi. 1, fig. 9.

A cosmopolitan species, but more characteristic of shallow than deep water.

Genus Cribrostomoides Cushman, 1910

The most comprehensive history of the genus Cribrostomoides was given by Frizzell and Schwartz (1950). In 

addition to outlining the complex taxonomic problem, they 

illustrated the range of variation in the aperture. We 

agree that typically the aperture is an elongate slit near 

the base, but within the face, of the last-formed chamber. 

Later irregularities may develop in the apertural lip, or 

within the elongate slit, simulating multiple apertures. 

This phenomenon occurs commonly in the type species 

Cribrostomoides subglobosus (G. 0. Sars) but has not
22 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

been reported in other species such as C. crassimargo 

(Norman). 

Cribrostomoides Cushman, emend. Todd and Low

Test free, involute, planispiral-streptospiral, symmetrical to asymmetrical; periphery rounded; chambers simple, 

increasing in size as added; wall nonalveolar, arenaceous, 

fine to coarse grained; aperture interio-areal, elongate slit 

with upper and lower lips of finer material which may 

touch at intervals making a series of irregular openings.

The principal refinement to our emendation is the test's 

inclination to be asymmetrical. The original designation of 

Cribrostomoides Cushman (1910, p. 108) differed from 

Haplophragmoides Cushman (1910, p. 99) only in its apertural characters. Loeblich, Tappan, and others, (1964, p. 

C225) also gave this as the only distinguishing feature 

with no further diagnosis.

However, all species we have studied within the genus 

have a lack of symmetry in their coiling. The asymmetry 

grades from a slight warping tendency in the axis of 

coiling in specimens of C. crassimargo (Norman) to streptospiral coiling in end forms of C. subglobosus (G. 0. 

Sars), the type species. This is evident not only in thin 

section (Henbest, 1931, pi. 12, fig. 2 [Cushman Colln. No. 

24771]) but also in exterior appearance of the umbilici, 

which may be unequal. In the more twisted individuals, 

one umbilicus is flush and the other is slightly depressed.

In his 1931 study of wall structure, Henbest illustrated 

thin sections of "Cribrostomoides bradyi Cushman" (pi. 

12, figs. 1, 2), and his figure 1 has been republished several 

times to illustrates the lack of subdivision of the chambers 

(Maync, 1952, text fig. B2; Loeblich, Tappan, and others, 

1964, text fig. 136.2). Although Henbest's figure 2 revealed 

the tendency to streptospiral coiling, this feature was 

neglected by subsequent authors in their consideration of 

generic characters of Cribrostomoides.

Echols (1971, p. 162) noted the coiling abnormalities in 

his suite of specimens of Cribrostomoides subglobosus from 

the Antarctic. We do not agree, however, that the degree 

of twist in Cribrostomoides warrants suppressing the more 

contorted genus Recurvoides Earland, 1934, as was recommended by Echols.

Our reason for maintaining both Cribrostomoides and 

Recurvoides as distinct genera is that the type of coiling 

is fundamentally different. Recurvoides was originally described as consisting of two planispiral and partially embracing convolutions set at approximately 90° from each 

other so that the edge of the earlier whorl remains as a 

bulge from one umbilicus of the later whorl. Good illustrations of the type species of both genera by Loeblich, 

Tappan, and others, (1964)—Cribrostomoides subglobosus 

(fig. 136.1, USNM 12657a) and Recurvoides contortus 

(fig. 136.9, USNM 640980)—convincingly show their 

distinctions.

Cribrostomoides crassimargo (Norman). Todd and Low, 

1967, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 24.

Some of our specimens are attached to Psammosphaera 

fusca, or it may be that specimens of P. fusca were incorporated in the wall as sand grains would be.

Cribrostomoides Jeffrey si (Williamson). Todd and Low, 1967, 

p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 21. (PI. 1, fig. 3.)

A delicate, thin-walled species with inflated chambers, 

strongly depressed umbilicus, and broad low aperture.

Cribrostomoides subglobosus (G. 0. Sars). (PI. 1, fig. 7.) 

Synonymy:

Cribrostomoides bradyi Cushman. Henbest, 1931, pi. 12,

figs. 1, 2. 

Recurvoides subglobosus (G. O. Sars). Uchio, 1960, p.

52, pi. 1, figs. 26, 27. [See complete synonymy.] 

Cribrostomoides subglobosum (G. 0. Sars). Loeblich and 

Tappan, 1964, p. 225, figs. 136.1, 136.2. Echols, 1971, 

p. 162, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9. 

Haplophragmium latidorsatum Bornemann. Flint, 1899,

p. 276, pi. 20, fig. 1.

Test free, nearly circular, involute, planispiral-streptospiral, umbilical area may be slightly deeper on one side 

depending on degree of twist, periphery rounded; chambers simple, not subdivided, increasing in size as added, 

about six visible in last coil; sutures straight, mostly flush 

in early part, slightly depressed between later chambers; 

wall generally of firmly cemented fine sand and a few 

coarser clear quartz grains, surface irregular but smoothly 

finished; aperture an interio marginal slit, short, curved, 

with lip composed of fine cementing material, slit becoming 

longer in larger specimens with tendency of lip to seal 

intermittently, simulating multiple apertures. 

Cruciloculina ericsoni Loeblich and Tappan, 1957, p. 234, pi.

74, figs. 3-7. (PI. 2, fig. 13.) 

Dentalina baggi Galloway and Wissler. Todd and Low, 1967,

p. 22, pi. 3, figs. 10, 11. 

Dentalina decepta (Bagg). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 22, pi. 3,

fig. 6. 

Dentalina frobisherensis Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 55,

pi. 10, figs. 1-9.

Eggerella advena (Cushman). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 36, pi. 3, figs. 8-10.

This shallow-water species is rare in our samples, most 

of which were taken from water too deep for it. 

Elphidiella arctica (Parker and Jones). Todd and Low, 1967,

p. 34, pi. 4, fig. 15.

Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant). Cushman, 1941, p. 

35, pi. 9, figs. 5, 6.

The taxonomy of this species, of which we have only 

one worn and orange-stained specimen, is not firmly established (see Hopkins and others, 1974, p. 459, 461). Their 

suggestion (table 3 on p. 454) that it is presently restricted to the Pacific side of the Arctic is not supported 

by the occurrence of the similar if not identical species 

Elphidiella tumida Gudina in middle and late Pleistocene 

beds of western Siberia (Gudina and Evserov, 1973, p. 

107, pi. 14, fig. 3; pi. 15, figs. 1, 2). 

Elphidium bartletti Cushman. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p.

96, pi. 18, figs. 10-14. 

Elphidium clavatum Cushman. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 33,

pi. 4, figs. 16, 17. 

Elphidium frigidum Cushman. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 33,

pi. 4, figs. 9, 10. 

Elphidium orbiculare (Brady). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953,

p. 102, pi. 19, figs. 1-4.

Epistominella exigua (Brady). Todd, 1965, p. 30, pi. 10, fig. 

1. (PL 2, fig. 11.)

This minute species appears to be widespread in deep 

waters of both polar and equatorial regions. 

Eponides repandus Montfort. Todd, 1965, p. 20, pi. 7, figs. 3, 

4.

The one specimen we have of this widespread species is 

the compact repandus-form. It is broken and shows the 

effect of some boring predator.
PAUNAL REFERENCE LIST 23

Eponides tener (Brady). Vilks, 1969, p. 50, pi. 3, fig. 16. 

(PL 2, fig. 10.)

This widespread species is characteristic of deep waters. 

It is smooth and polished, unornamented, and very neatly 

constructed. The sutures meet in a star pattern at the 

center of the ventral side. The dorsal sutures, also, are 

radiating, not slanted. The aperture is bordered by a 

raised rim.

Eponides tumidulus horvathi Green, 1960, p. 71, pi. 1, fig. 5. 

(PI. 2, fig. 7.)

Test minute for the genus, dorsally high spired, ventrally open at the umbilicus; periphery rounded and lobulated; chambers inflated, very gradually increasing in size 

as added, six to eight composing the final whcrl; sutures 

distict, slightly indented, radiating, not oblique; wall 

smooth, polished, brownish-orange in color, irridescent; 

aperture inconspicuous under the ventral edge of the final 

chamber. Greater diameter 0.11-0.23 mm; height 0.06- 

0.10 mm.

This Arctic form seems closely related to Brady's species 

described as Truncatulina tumidulus from 2,740 fathoms, 

off the Canaries. It is similar in almost all respects, even 

to the brownish color. It differs chiefly in having more 

chambers per final whorl, in the ventral umbilicus being 

more widely open, and in lacking limbation of the early 

dorsal sutures.

Fischerina sp. (PL 2, fig. 12.)

The generic separation of Fischerinella from Fischerina 

on the basis of the coiling being trochospiral instead of 

planispiral seems inappropriate to us. Hence, we place the 

involute-evolute specimen we have in Fischerina. It is a 

thick but flat-coiled form in which only a small bulge of 

the initial coil shows at the center of the evolute side. 

Seven chambers comprise the final whorl.

Fissurina kerguelenensis Parr, 1950, p. 305, pi. 8, fig. 7. (PL 

2, fig. 9.)

This Antarctic species is found also in the Arctic.

Fissurina marginata (Montagu). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 77, pi. 14, figs. 6-9.

Fissurina serrata (Schlumberger). Loeblich and Tappan, 

1953, p. 78, pi. 14, fig. 5.

Fhrilus labradoricus (Dawson). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 35, 

pl. 5, fig. 9.

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny. Parker, 1962, p. 221, pl. 1, 

figs. 1-8.

Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg). Parker, 1962, p. 224, 

pl. 1, figs. 26-35; pl. 2, figs. 1-6.

Globigerina quinqueloba Natland. Parker, 1962, p. 225, pl. 2, 

figs. 7-16.

Globigerinita glutinata (Egger). Parker, 1962, p. 246, pl. 9, 

figs. 1-16.

Globobulimina auriculata (Bailey). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 

26, pl. 3, fig. 38.

Globulina glacialis Cushman and Ozawa. Cushman, 1948, p. 

50, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16.

Hemisphaerammina marisalbi (Stschedrina). Iridia marisalbi Stschedrina, 1962, p. 57, text figs. 4, 5.

Specimens formerly called Webbinella are placed in the 

genus Hemisphaerammina that was erected when it was 

found that the type species of Webbinella was in reality 

an attached polymorphinid. H. marisalbi, described from 

the White Sea, was originally placed in the genus Iridiella, 

which, like "Webbinella," consisted simply of a thickwalled, agglutinated hemispherical chamber attached to a

rigid support. Our material consists of two adjacent specimens, orange and rather coarse grained, attached to a 

broken fragment of an arenaceous tube.

Hormosina sp. of Parker, 1952, p. 395, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. (PL 1, 

fig. 15.)

Parker reported and illustrated a rare species found 

off Portsmouth, N.H., consisting of 3 or 4 chambers. We 

believe we have the same species occurring very rarely in 

both seas. Its two or three globular chambers are joined 

by tightly constricted necks, and the neck of the final 

chamber is slightly drawn out. This species is similar to 

Reophax guttifer, but its chambers are more globular and 

less separated from one another, and the wall is built of 

finer grains.

Hyperammina elongata Brady. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 6. (PL 1, fig. 18.)

Most of our specimens of this species lack the bulbous 

initial end. But the smoothly finished wall in which 

angular and moderately coarse grains are set in a fine 

orange matrix is easily recognizable even in small broken 

fragments. In his discussion of this species in the Challenger Report, Brady (1884, p. 257, pl. 23, figs. 4, 7-10) 

included both rough-surfaced and smooth, polished ones in 

his concept of the species. Since then, others have separated these two kinds into H. elongata for the rough-surfaced ones and H. laevigata for the smooth, polished ones. 

Hoglund (1947, p. 66-68, text figs. 22-31) presented a 

convincing argument for distinguishing between these two 

species. Our present material seems inadequate for clear 

separation. Hence, we use H. elongata for this slender 

tubular species that has a thin hard wall.

Hyperammina friabilis Brady, 1884, p. 258, pl. 23, figs. 1-3, 

5, 6.

This species is large, stout, and has a thick wall of 

rough and friable texture.

Genus Islandiella N0rvang, 1958

The distinction between Cassidulina and Islandiella has 

been clarified by Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas (1976) ; 

namely, that Islandiella possesses a free tongue, the extension of the internal tooth, that projects out of the aperture, rather than a platelike lip attached to the base of 

the aperture from which there is no connection back to 

the aperture of the preceding chamber.

Islandiella. helcnae Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas, 1976, p. 155, 

text figs. 1-4.

Studies by Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas (1976) show 

that the widespread Arctic species reported as Cassidulina 

teretis Tappan (Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 121, and 

many other authors) is not the same as the types of Cassidulina teretis from the Pleistocene of northern Alaska 

The modern Arctic species belongs in Islandiella, but the 

Pleistocene one is a true Cassidulina.

Islandiella islandica (N0rvang). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 118, pl. 24, fig. 1.

Our specimens, ranging from 0.16 to 0.19 mm, are somewhat smaller than normal for this species. Vilks (1969, p. 

49) found this species absent in depths shallower than 

about 200 m.

Jaculella acuta Brady, 1884, p. 255, pl. 22, figs. 14-18. (Pl. 1, 

fig. 17.)

Jaculella differs from Hyperammina in being tapering 

rather than cylindrical. Otherwise, they are quite similar 

and have the same kind of smooth and hard wall surface. 

In some specimens the axis of the test is arcuate; in 

others, straight.
24 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

Lagena distoma Parker and Jones. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 

24, pi. 3, fig. 18.

Lagena hispidula Cushman, 1913, p. 14, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3.

This cosmopolitan species differs from L. laevis in that 

the greatest diameter is midway of the chamber rather 

than toward the base and the body of the test does not 

merge into the long slender neck. From the Arctic species, 

L. fiatulenta Loeblich and Tappan, it differs in its wall 

surface being finely hispid instead of smooth hyaline.

Lagena laevis (Montagu). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 24, pi. 3, 

fig. 17. (PI. 2, fig. 1.)

Laryngosigma hyalascidia Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 83, 

pi. 15, figs. 6-8. (PI. 2, fig. 2.)

Melonis zaandamae (van Voorthuysen). Nonion zaandamae 

(van Voorthuysen). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 87, pi. 

16, figs. 11, 12. (PL 2, fig. 8.)

Nonionella turgida digitata N0rvang. Todd and Low, 1967, 

p. 36, pi. 5, fig. 8.

Oolina hexagona (Williamson). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 69, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2.

Oolina lineata (Williamson). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 

70, pi. 13, figs. 11-13.

Oolina melo d'Orbigny. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 71, pi. 

12, figs. 8-15.

Parafissurina groenlandica (Stschedrina). Androsova, 1962, 

p. 108, text fig. 3. (PI. 2, fig. 6.)

Parafissurina tectulostoma Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 81, 

pi. 14, fig. 17. (PI. 2, fig. 5.)

Parafissurina sp. (PI. 2, fig. 4.)

Test compressed, circular in outline except for the protruding aperture, moderately inflated; periphery subacute; 

wall smooth, opaque; aperture hooded, as typical of this 

genus. At first glance this could be one of the several 

species of Fissurina that are characteristically found in 

the Arctic seas.

Patellina corrugata Williamson. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, 

p. 114, pi. 21, figs. 4, 5.

Pateoris hauerinoides (Rhumbler). Loeblich and Tappan, 

1953, p. 42, pi. 6, figs. 8-12; text figs. 1A, B.

A quinqueloculine Miliolwella (=Scutuloris) without an 

apertural flap. In classifying miliolids, apertural characters seem to be more important than type of initial 

coiling.

Pelosina sp.

Rare specimens, in which a thin flexible chitinous lining 

of an elongate tube, coated loosely with sand, collapses 

when dry into a sandy ribbon.

Placopsilina bradiji Cushman and McCulloch, 1939, p. 112, 

pi. 12, figs. 14, 15.

A cosmopolitan species. 

Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady). Parr, 1950, p. 287, pi.

6, figs. 1-6; text figs. 1-5. (PI. 2, fig. 17.) 

Protoschista sp.

A branching Reophax, our specimen is large, rugged, and 

coarse grained.

Psammatodendron arborescens Norman. Barker, 1960, p. 58, 

pi. 28, figs. 12, 13.

Slender, irregular, finely arenaceous tubes. 

Psammosiphonella crassatina (Brady). Astrorhiza crassatina Brady, 1884, p. 233, pi. 20, figs. 1-9.

Avnimelech (1952, p. 64) erected Psammosiphonella to 

include certain species formerly placed in the tubular 

genera Bathysiphon, Marsipella, Astrorhiza, and Rhabdammina. Psammosiphonella differs from the first two of 

these genera in that the wall is composed of mineral 

grains, mostly quartz, instead of sponge spicules. It differs 

from the other two genera in lacking radiating arms. 

Whether or not these distinctions are valid remains to be 

seen, but that question is beyond the scope of this study. 

Nevertheless, it seems convenient to use this generic name 

for the friable species originally included under Astrorhiza, 

which was described from dredgings at 640 fathoms in 

the Faroe Channel. This species differs from other species 

of Astrorhiza in lacking distinct arms. Our specimens are 

large (4-5 mm), coarse-grained, and so loosely cemented 

and fragile that it is impossible to determine the size of 

the living cavity, the wall thickness, and whether the wall 

was solid or labyrinthic, and whether both ends of the 

tube were open.

Psammosphaera fnsca Schulze. Brady (part), 1884, p. 249, 

pi. 18, figs. 1, 5-8.

This species normally consists of a single arenaceous 

sphere, but specimens may be attached to foreign objects 

or even to each other. Its rough but firm surface, smoothly 

finished inside, is like that of Saccammina sphaerica M. 

Sars from which it differs in lacking a defiinite aperture. 

It appears to be cosmopolitan in deep waters.

Pseudononion sp.

This tiny, compact but inflated form of about seven 

chambers has a depressed and open umbilicus. Greater 

dimension 0.17-0.23 mm.

Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny). Todd, 1965, p. 48, pi. 18, fig. 

6.

Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr. Barker, 1960, p. 4, pi. 

2, fig. 7. (PI. 2, fig. 16.)

This circular Pyrgo has a wide and almost noncurving 

flap filling the aperture that results in a narrow elongate 

apertural slit. The test is large, well-rounded, and plump.

Pyrgo rotalaria Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 47, pi. 6, figs. 

5, 6. (PL 2, fig. 20.)

Pyrgo vespertillio (Schlumberger). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 

21, pi. 2, fig. 24. (PL 2, fig. 21.)

Pyrgo williamsoni (Silvestri). Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 

48, pi. 6, figs. 1-4. (PL 2, fig. 14.)

Pyrgoella sphaera (d'Orbigny). Todd and Low, 1967, p. 21, 

pi. 2, fig. 20. (PL 2, fig. 22.)

Quinqueloculina akneriana d'Orbigny. Todd and Low, 1967, 

p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 22.

Recurvoides laevigatum Hoglund, 1947, p. 150, pi. 11, fig. 6; 

text figs. 117-119.

Test minute for the genus, compressed, periphery 

rounded, not lobulated; chambers indistinct, not inflated, 

five or six making up the final whorl; sutures indistinct, 

straight not much indented; wall composed of rather large 

grains for the small size of the entire test, smoothly 

finished, polished orange in the early part of the test, clear 

later; aperture not observed in the unbroken final chamber, 

a very small opening into the penultimate chamber is observable near the base of the septa in two specimens in 

which the final chamber is broken. Greater diameter 0.20 

mm; thickness 0.10 mm.

Reophax arctica Brady. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 21, 

pi. 1, figs. 19, 20.

Reophax dentaliniformis Brady, 1884, p. 293, pi. 30, figs. 21, 

22.

A more delicate species than R. scorpiurus Montfort and 

having a straight, not curved, axis.
FAUNAL REFERENCE LIST 25

Reophax guttifer Brady. Brady, 1884, p. 295, pi. 31, figs.

10-15. (PI. 1, fig. 14.) 

Reophax nodulosus Brady, 1884, p. 294, pi. 31, figs. 1-9. (PI.

1, %. 16.) 

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort. Todd and Low, 1967, p. 14,

pi. 1, figs. 13, 14. 

Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars. Brady, 1884, p. 266, pi.

21, figs. 1-13. (PI. 1, figs. 13, 19.)

Built of fine to coarse sand grains, the surface is rough

but firmly cemented. 

Rhabdammina discreta Brady, 1884, p. 268, pi. 22, figs. 7-10.

(PI. 1, fig. 12.) 

The surface is identical with that of R. abyssorum M.

Sars but the test shows constrictions. 

Robertina arctica d'Orbigny. Cushman, 1948, p. 61, pi. 6,

figs. 16-18. 

Rosalina globularis d'Orbigny. Douglas and Sliter, 1965, p.

155, pi. 2, fig. 2; pi. 3, figs. 1-5; text fig. 2. 

Saccammina difflugiformis (Brady). Reophax difflugiformis

Brady, 1884, p. 289, pi. 30, figs. 1-5.

Our specimens are built of moderately coarse grains. 

Saccammina sphaerica M. Sars. Brady, 1884, p. 253, pi. 18,

figs. 11-17.

Characterized by its produced aperture. 

Saccorhiza ramosa (Brady). Hyperammina ramosa Brady,

1884, p. 261, pi. 23, figs. 15-19. (PI. 1, figs. 21, 22.) 

Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg. Loeblich and Tappan, 1953,

p. 112, pi. 21, figs. 2, 3. 

Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones). Loeblich and

Tappan 1953, p. 34, pi. 4, figs. 1-6. 

Stetsonia horvathi Green, 1960, p. 72, pi. 1, fig. 6.

A minute rotaliform species having a transparent wall.

Five chambers separated by opaque suture lines comprise

the final whorl. 

Textularia carlandi Parker. Phleger, 1952, p. 86, pi. 13,

figs. 22, 23. 

Textularia torquata Parker, 1952, p. 403, pi. 3, figs. 9-11.

(PI. 1, fig. 11.) 

Thurammina papillata Brady, 1884, p. 321, pi. 36, figs. 7-18.

(PI. 1, fig. 10.) 

Tolypammina schaudinni Rhumbler. Parker, 1954, p. 485

pi. 1, fig. 15. (PI. 1, fig. 9.) 

Triloculina trihedra Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 45, pi. 4,

fig. 10. (PI. 2, fig. 15.) 

Genus Trochammina Parker and Jones, 1859

This genus is fairly consistently present in our material,

but all the species are relatively small and fragile. 

Trochammina conica Earland. Phleger, 1952, p. 86, pi. 13,

figs. 35, 36.

Originally described from the Antarctic. Diameter 0.2

mm.

Trochammina cf. T. grisea Earland. (PI. 1, fig. 1.)

Our specimens, although much smaller, compare well 

with this flat-spired species described from the Antarctic 

(Earland, 1934, p. 100, pi. 3, figs. 35-37). 

Trochammina cf. T. japonica Ishiwada. (PI. 1, fig. 2.)

Our specimens are moderately high-spired, and five 

chambers (or rarely four) make up the final whorl. They 

seem close to T. japonica described from Toyama Bay 

(Ishiwada, 1950, p. 190, pi., fig. 2). 

Trochammina nana (Brady). (PI. 1, figs. 5, 6.) 

Haplophragmium nanum Brady, 1884, p. 311, pi. 35, figs.

6-8. 

Trochammina lobata Cuchman, 1944, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 10.

Trochammina karica Stschedrina, 1946, p. 147, pi. 3, fig.

16.

Test small for the genus, trochoid, composed of 2 to 2V2 

whorls, dorsal side flat, ventral side convex but depressed 

toward the umbilicus, periphery subacute, entire in the 

early part, lobulated in the later part; chambers, six to 

eight in the final whorl, depressed dorsally, inflated ventrally and progressively more so as added, the final one 

extending inward with a large lobe that fills the umbilicus; 

sutures distinct, dorsal ones flush, curved, and oblique, 

ventral ones incised, straight, and radial; wall thin, built 

of large sand grains for the size of the test but smoothly 

finished and glossy, orange in color; aperture under the 

umbilical lobe of the final chamber and extending to the 

periphery. Diameter 0.25 to 0.60 mm; thickness 0.10 mm.

This appears to be a highly variable species in which 

several different forms have been given different names. 

Large suites of specimens show the unity of the variants. 

The features that serve to unite this large plexus of morphologic types are, first, the extreme flatness of the dorsal 

surface; second, the lobulation of the latter part of the 

adult whorl; and, third, the lobate extension of the final 

chamber as a flat tongue into the umbilicus.

The variable features seem to be chiefly the irregularity 

in shape and disposition of chambers and the degree to 

which the chambers expand as added. Gradual expansion 

results in a nearly circular test, and rapid expansion results in an oblong shape.

Trochammina quadriloba Hoglund. Trochammina pusilla 

Hoglund, 1947, p. 201, pi. 17, fig. 4; text figs. 183, 184 

(renamed T. quadriloba because of homonymy).

Characterized by a pointed dorsal spire and rough 

surface. 

Trochammina sp.

A tiny attached flake, having many chambers. The 

sutures are straight, riot slanted.

Turrispirillina arctica (Cushman). Loeblich and Tappan, 

1953, p. 113, pi. 21, fig. 1.

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Andersen, H. V., 1952, Buccella, a new genus of the rotalid 

Foraminifera: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 42, no. 

5, p. 143-151, figs. 1-13.

Andrew, John A., and Kravitz, Joseph H., 1974, Sediment 

distribution in deep areas of the northern Kara Sea, 

in Herman, Yvonne, ed., Marine geology and oceanography of the arctic seas: New York, Springer Verlag, 

p. 231-256, figs. 1-16, tables 1-6.

Androsova, V. P., 1962, Foraminifery donnykh otlozhenij 

zapadnoj chasti polyarnogo bassejna [Benthonic Foraminif era of the western part of the Polar Basin], in 

Issledovaniia po programme Mezhdunarodnogo Geofizicheskogo goda, L. G. Vinogradova, ed.: Vses. NauchnoIssled. Inst. Morskogo Ryb. Khoz. i Okean. (VNIRO), 

Trudy, v. 46, p. 102-117, figs. 1-17, tables 1-4.

Avnimelech, Moshe, 1952, Revision of the tubular Monothalamia: Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 3, 

p. 60-68, 1 pi.

Awerinzew, S., 1911, Zur Foraminiferen-Fauna des Sibirischen Eismeeres: Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, Cl. 

Phys.-Math., Mem., ser. 8, v. 29, no. 3, p. 1-27, 1 pi.
26 FORAMINIFERA FROM THE KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS

Barker, R. W., 1960, Taxonomic notes on the species figured 

by H. B. Brady in his report on the Foraminifera 

dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873- 

1876: Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. 

Pub. 9, 238 p., 115 pis.

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INDEX

Page

abyssorum, Rhabdammina ___ 12, 13, 14, 16, 17,

18, 19, 25; pi. 1

acuta, Jaculella __ _________ 18, 19, 23,; pi. 1

Adercotryma glomeratum 16, 17, 18, 19, 21; pi. 1 

advena, Eggerella _______________ 16, 17, 18, 22

akneriana, Quinqueloculina _____ 15, 18, 19, 24

Alveolophragmium karaensis __________ 17

Ammodiscus gullmarensis ____ 18, 19, 21; pi. 1

Angulogerina fluens ________________ 18, 19, 21

arborescens, Hyperammina ____________ 14

Psammatodendron __________ 14, 18, 19, 24

arctica, Elphidiella ___---_-_-_-_----_. 19, 22

Reophax __.______.-_--.___.. 18,24

Robertina ____.---.________ 18,25

Turrispirillina _._-____-___-___.___ 19, 25

Aschemonella scabra ____ 1, 16, 18, 19, 21; pi. 1

Astacolus planulatus ___________.__--_. 19, 21

Astrononion gallowayi ______ .14, 15, 18, 19, 21

Astrorhiza _________________________ 24

crassatina _-----_----------------_ 24

atlantica, Proteonina .____-__-____-.__ 17

aurictdata, Globobulimina _______-__--_ 18, 23

B

baggi, Dentalina ................... 18,19,22

bartletti, Elphidium ____________ 15,18,22

Bathysiphon -------------------------- 24

biformis, Spiroplectammina _______ 15, 16, 17,

18, 19, 25 

Biloculinella globula ------------------- 18, 21

Bolivina rhomboidalis ----------------- 19, 21

bradii, Cibicides __..--___-.-12,18,19,21

Planulina ------------------------ 21

bradyi, Cribrostomoides __-_____---____ 22

Hyperammina ____-__-___-____-_-_ 17

Placopsilina ---------------------- 18, 24

Buccella frigida ---------------------- 15, 16

inusitata ._.__..--__--_-_---. 18, 19, 21 

bucculenta, Triloctilina ------------___ 14

bucculentus, Planispirinoides __ 16, 18, 24; pi. 2 

Btdimina exilis ____._________---_ 18, 21; pi. 2

bulla, Tholosina ---------------------- 15

bullata, Trochamminella _____________ 17

bulloides, Globigerina __________________ 18, 23

Pullenia _____________________ 18, 19, 24

canariense, Haplophragmium _________ 14

Cassidella complanata ______ — — ______ 21

Cassidulina ______._____----___-_-__-__ 16, 23

crassa __ ———————— —— —— —— ___ 15

islandica -------------------------- 15, 17

laevigata _______________________ 14

norcrossi ___________ 15, 17, 18, 19, 21

subglobosa _____ —— — ______________ 19, 21

teretis _______________------_ 15,23

Cibicides ___________________ 13, 14, 16 

bradii __.___.____------ 12, 18, 19, 21

lobatulus - - 14, 15, 18, 19, 21

rotundatus _______-___-_--_-_-_____ 15

rugosa -_----______------ —— -- — __ 21

sp _______________________ 14

Page

clavatum, Elphidium __ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 

complanata, Cassidella ________________ 21

Virgulina ______________________ 21

conica, Trochammina ______________ 18, 19, 25

contortus, Recurvoides _____________ 22

Cornuspira involvens _________ 14, 18, 21; pi. 2

lacunosa ________________ 19, 21; pi. 2

planorbis ___-----_--_____--______- 18, 21

corrugata, Patellina _______________ 18, 24

crassa, Cassidulina ____________________ 15

crassatina, Astrorhiza _____________ 24

Psammosiphonella ______________ 18, 19, 24

crassimargo, Cribrostomoides __ 1, 16, 18, 19, 22 

Labrospira _______________________ 17

Cribrostomoides ______________ 17, 21, 22 

bradyi _ _____„_-_-____-__„---„. 22

crassimargo ____.--._______ 1, 16, 18, 19, 22

jeffreysi _____________ 14, 18, 19, 22; pi. 1

subglobosum _____________________ 22

subglobosus _________ 1, 12, 18, 21, 22; pi. 1

Crticiloculina ericsoni __________ 18, 22; pi. 2

cylindrica, Pelosina ________________ 16, 18, 19

D

decepta, Dentalina ____________________ 19, 22

Dentalina baggi ______________ 18, 19, 22 

decepta ___.-„---___________ 19,22

frobisherensis ___________ 18, 19, 22

dentaliniformis, Reophax __________ 14, 18, 24

difflugiformis, Proteonina ______.__-_-_ 16

Reophax ________________________ 25

Saccammina ------------------- 18, 19, 25

digitata, Nonionella turgida __________ 18, 24

discreta, Rhabdammina _____ 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

distoma, Lagena ---------------------- 19, 24

E

earlandi, Textularia --------------- 18, 19, 25

Eggerella advena ____________ 16, 17, 18, 22 

elongata, Hyperammina _____ 1, 12, 14, 18, 19,

23; pi. 1 

Elphidiella arctica -------------------- 19, 22

hannai __________________________ 18, 22

tumida --------------------------- 22

Elphidium ____________________ 15,16 

bartletti ___________________ 15, 18, 22

clavatum _________ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22

frigidum ______.---_____.------ 18, 19, 22

incertum _________________________ 14

crbiculare ___„_---____.„__ 16, 18, 19, 22

Epistominella exigua _________ 12, 19, 22; pi. 2

Eponides repandus _________________ 19, 22

tener _----------- 12, 15, 18, 19, 22; pi. 2

' tumidulus horvathi ____ 12, 15, 19, 22; pi. 2

ericsoni, Cruciloculina ___________ 18, 22; pi. 2

exigua, Epistominella ________ 12, 19, 22; pi. 2

exilis, Bulimina _..__.-____._._ 18, 21; pi. 2

Fischerina __-__-_-_-__--_____---_-_--_ 23 

sp __________________ 19, 23; pi. 2

Page 

Fischerinella ________---_-__-_--._---- 23

fissuraperta, Trochamminula __ —— — _— 17 

Fissurina ---------------------------- 24

kerguelenensis -------- 12, 18, 19, 23; pi. 2

marginata __________——.———— 18, 19, 23

serrata ...________---.-__----- 18,23

flatulenta, Lagena __________ — ____ — __ 24

Florilus _________--_-_-_-_.----- —— -. 16, 17

labradoricus .____.-„._„- 14, 18, 19, 23 

fluens, Angulogerina ______________ 18, 19, 21

fornasinii, Pyrgo . _____----- 18, 24; pi. 2

friabilis, Hyperammina, ------------ 18, 19, 23

frigida, Boccella ___-____-_ — __________ 15, 16

frigidum, Elphidium --------------- 18, 19, 22

frobisherensis, Dentalina __ —— ___ — __ 18, 19, 22 

fusca, Psammosphaera _____ 1, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24

G

gallowayi, Astrononion __._._ 14, 15, 18, 19, 21 

glacialis, Globulina ___________ — __ —— _ 18, 23

Globigerina _____._-__-___--__-__--____ 16

bulloides ...__.----._---------____ 18,23

pachyderma _.---.------- 12, 16, 18, 21, 23

quinqueloba ---------------------- 19, 23

Globigerinita glutinata ____ — — _______ 18, 23

Globobulimina auriculata ____— ________ 18, 23

globula, Biloculinella ------------------ 18,21

globularis, Rosalina ___—— ————— —— 18, 25

Globulina ______________________ 16

glacialis -------------------------- 18,23

glomeratum, Adercotryma 16, 17, 18, 19, 21; pi. 1 

glutinata, Globigerinita ___— ____-----_ 18, 23

grisea, Trochammina ______ 14, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

groenlandica, Parafissurina ___ 12, 19, 24; pi. 2 

gullmarensis, Ammodiscus ____ 18, 19, 21; pi. 1

guttifer, Reophax _.__---. 18, 19, 23, 25; pi. 1

H

hannai, Elphidiella ____________________ 18, 22

Haplophragmium canariense __________ 14

latidorsatum _____________________ 22

nanum --------------------------- 14,25

Haplophragmoides ___________________ 16, 22

sp ______________„„.„_-_-__ 15,16

hauerinoides, Pateoris _____________ 15, 18, 24

helenae, Islandiella ---------- _.14,18,19,23

Hemisphaerammina ------------------- 23

marisalbi ________ ————— _———— 18,23 

hexagona, Oolina --------------------- 19, 24

hispidula, Lagena ----------------- 18, 19, 24

Hormosina sp ------------__- 18, 19, 23; pi. 1

horvathi, Eponides tumidulus .-_-_ 12, 15, 19,

22; pi. 2 

Stetsonia ---------------------- 12, 19, 25

hyalascidea, Laryngosigma ______ 18, 24; pi. 2

Hyperammina _______________________ 23

arborescens ----------------------- 14

bradyi _____________ — ____________ 17

elongata . ______ 1, 12, 14, 18, 19, 23; pi. 1

friabilis __________________ 18, 19, 23 

laevigata ------------------------- 23

ramosa _________________________ 25

29
30

Page

incertum, Elphidium ______-_----_-____ 14

inusitata, Buccella __________________ 18, 19, 21

involvens, Cornuspira -------- 14, 18, 21; pi. 2

Iridia marisalbi ________________ 23

Iridiella ________________---_.___._._.- 23.

islandica, Cassiduiina __________________ 15, 17

Islandiella _____________________ 18, 19, 23

Islandiella _________......__....__ 16, 17, 23

helenae _________________. 14, 18, 19, 23

islandica _______________..__ 18, 19,23

Jaculella __________._______.... 23

acuta ..._____..____ 18, 19, 23; pi. 1

japonica, Trochammina ...__ 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

jeffreysi, Cribrostomoides ._ 14, 18, 19, 22; pi. 1

K

karaensis, Alveolophragmium _-------_. 17

karica, Trochammina _..________ 16, 17, 25

kerguelenensis, Fissurina __ 12, 18, 19, 23; pi. 2

labradorica, Nonionellina __-_-_-_-_--__ 17 

labradoricus, Florilus _________ 14, 18, 19, 23 

Labrospira crassimargo ---------------- 17

lacunosa, Cornuspira ________-_.. 19, 21; pi. 2

laevigata, Cassiduiina -_-_-_--__--_---_ 14 

Hyperammina __________________ 23

laevigatum, Recurvoides ......... 17, 18, 19, 24

laevis, Lagena .................... 18, 24; pi. 2

Lagena distoma -___-__---_-____-____-_ 19, 24

flatulenta ______________________ 24

hispidula ________--..__-.-. 18, 19, 24

laevis _______________________ 18, 24; pi. 2

Laryngosigma hyalascidea ....... 18, 24; pi. 2

latidorsatum, Haplophragmium _______ 22

Lenticulina __________________ 21 

lineata, Oolina --__-..---_---------.-- 19,24

lobata, Trochammina ................. 25

lobatulus, Cibicides ........ __ 14, 15, 18, 19, 21

Truncatulina ___________________ 13

M

marginata, Fissurina ______________ 18, 19, 23

marisalbi, Hemisphaerammina ........ 18, 23

Iridia ____________________.. 23

Marsipella ............................ 24

melo, Oolina ________________ 18, 19, 24 

Melonia zaandamae ............ 18, 19, 24; pi. 2

Miliolinetta ........................... 24

N

nana, Trochammina ... 1, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, 25; pi. 1 

nanum, Haplophragmium ............. 14, 25

nitida, Trochammina ------------------ 14

noduloaus, Reophax ..... 1, 12, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

Nonion zaandamae _______ —— — _ — — 24

Nonionella turgida digitata ........--- 18, 24

Nonionellina __________ —— _____ — — 16

labradorica ----------------------- 17

Nonionina scapha —————————————— 14

stelligera ........------._--------- 14

norcroaai, Cassidulina ________ 15, 17, 18, 19, 21

Page

o

Oolina hexagona ..................... 19,24

lineata ____________________ 19,24 

melo ....----.-.-----------__ 18, 19, 24

orbiculare, Elphidium ....___-.. 16, 18, 19, 22

pachyderma, Globigerina __ 12, 16, 18, 21, 23 

papillata, Thurammina _-____---_ 18, 25; pi. 1

Parafissurina ____.-_-_____________-_-_ 19

groenlandica -.... __-..-__ 12, 19, 24; pi. 2

tectulostoma __....__.. 12, 19, 24; pi. 2

sp _________________ 12, 19, 24; pi. 2 

Patcllina corrugata -------------------- 18, 24

Pateoris hauerinoides ____--_--_-_-_ 15, 18, 24

Pelosina cylindrica ----------_____ 16, 18, 19

sp .....__.___....___-.._____-- 24

Placopsilina, bradyi ____________-----__ 18, 24

Planispirina sphaera .................. 14

Planispirinoides bucculentus __ 16, 18, 24; pi. 2 

planorbis, Cornuspira ____------__---- 18,21

planulatus, Astacolus ------------------ 19,21

Planulina bradii ________------------- 21

wuellerostorfi --------------------- 21

Polystomella striatopunctata ___-_-_-__ 14 

Proteonitia atlantica ------------------ 17

difflugiformis .................... 16

Protoschista sp _______________ — ___-_ 18, 24

Psammatodendron arborescens .. 14, 18, 19, 24 

Psammosiphonella __________________— 24

crassatina --------------------- 18, 19, 24

Psammosphaera fusca ---.1,12,16,18,22,24 

Pseudononion sp _________--__--_-_- — - 19,24

Pullenia bulloides - .__ — —— —— —— ——18,19,24

pusilla, Trochammina ---------------- 25

Pyrgo fornasinii ---------------- 18, 24; pi. 2

rotalaria ____________________ 19, 24; pi. 2

vcspertilio _____-_... 12, 16, 18, 19, 24; pi. 2

williamsoni __.___----_-_----_ 18, 24; pi. 2

Pyrgoella sphaera _______——— 14, 18, 24; pi. 2

Q

guadriloba, Trochammina _____ — __ 18, 19, 25

quinqueloba, Globigerina -------------- 19, 23

Quingueloculina akneriana ____.. 15, 18, 19, 24

sp ______ ————— ————— -------- 16

R

ramosa, Hyperammina ---------------- 25

Saccorhiza ------- 1, 12, 15, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

Recurvoides -------------------------- 22

contortus ------------------------ 22

laevigatum ......------__.. 17, 18, 19, 24

subglobosus --------- — ____________ 22

Reophax ------------------------------ 24

arctica --------------------------- 18, 24

dentaliniformis ---------------- 14, 18, 24

difflugiformis ___—— —— -_————— 25 

guttifer ____ —— —— —— - 18, 19, 23, 25; pi. 1

nodulosus .---------- 1, 12, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

scorpiurus -- 1, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25 

repandus, Eponides _______ — ________— 19, 22

Rhabdammina ------------------------ 24

abyssorum . 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18

19, 25; pi. 1 

discreta .....-__--------- 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

rhomboidalis, Bolivina ---------------- 19, 21

Robertina arctica ____— ____-- — _______ 18, 25

Rosalina globularis _---_------------_- 18, 25

rotalaria, Pyrgo .....------------ 19, 24; pi. 2

rotundatus, Cibicides ----------------- 15

rugosa, Cibicides --------------------- 21

Page

s

Saccammina difflugiformis _-_-_____ 18, 19, 25

sphaerica --------... _--- 12, 13, 18, 24, 25

Saccorhiza ramosa -... 1, 12, 15, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1 

scabra, Aschemonella ____ 1, 16, 18, 19, 21; pi. 1

scapha, Nonionina ___________________ 14

schaudinni, Tolypammina ________ 19, 25; pi. 1

scorpiurus, Reophax __-.__ 1, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18,

19, 24, 25 

Scutuloris ---------------------------- 24

serrata, Fissurina --------------------- 18, 23

sphaera, Planispirina ------------------ 14

Pyrgoella ________________ 14, 18, 24; pi. 2

sphaerica, Saccammina -____ 12, 13, 18, 24, 25

Spirillina vivipara __________________ 18, 25

Spiroplcctammina biformis 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25 

stelligera, Nonionina ------------------ 14

Stetsonia horvathi _____________ 12, 19, 25 

striatopunctata, Polystomella ---------- 14

subglobosa, Cassiduiina _-_____-__-___— 19, 21

subglobosum, Cribrostomoides ......... 22

subglobosus, Cribrostomoides ____ 1, 12, 18, 21,

22; pi. 1 

Recurvoides ---------------------- 22

T

tectulostoma, Parafissurina __-_ 12, 19, 24; pi. 2 

tener, Eponides -------- 12, 15, 18, 19, 22; pi. 2

teretis, Cassiduiina __._-_-__-_-_-______ 15, 23

Textularia earlandi ________________ 18, 19, 25

torquata ________..-__ 17, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

Tholosina bulla ______________________ 15

Thurammina papillata __________ 18, 25; pi. 1

Tolypammina schaudinni ---------- 19, 25; pi. 1

torquata, Textularia ..-... 17, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1 

trihedra, Triloculina .--. 12, 15, 18, 19, 25; pi. 2 

Triloculina bucculenta ----------------- 14

trihedra ........... 12, 15, 18, 19, 25; pi. 2

Trochammina _______ 14, 16, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1 

conica --------...-._____..-_ 18, 19, 25

grisea ____________ 14, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1 

japonica _.-_____-_-_____ 18, 19, 25; pi. 1

karica ...___-------------__- 16, 17, 25

lobata ----------------- _____——— _ 25

nana __ 1, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25; pi. 1 

nitida ____________ — ______________ 14

pusilla ---------------------------- 25

quadriloba _______________ 18, 19, 25 

sp ......--__-------____---__ 18,25

Trochamminella bullata --------------- 17

Trochamminula fissuraperta ------------ 17

Truncatulina lobatulus ____ — __________ 13

tumidulus ------------------------- 23

tumida, Elphidiella -------------------- 22

tumidulus horvathi, Eponides ------ 12, 15, 19,

22; pi. 2 

Truncatulina ____________________ 23

turgida digitata, Nonionella __________ 18, 24

Turrispirillina arctica ---------------- 19, 25

vespertilio, Pyrgo ------ 12, 16, 18, 19, 24; pi. 2

Virgulina ___________——————————— -.- 16,21

complanata _______________________ 21

vivipara, Spirillina __________________ 18, 25

w

Webbinella . ____________________- 23

williamsoni, Pyrgo --------------18, 24; pi. 2

wuellerstorfi, Planulina ---------------- 21

zaandamae, Melonis ---------- 18, 19, 24; pi. 2

Nonion ______________— — ______-. 24

it U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980 O— 311-344/26
PLATES 1 AND 2

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from U.S. 

Geological Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225
PLATE 1

FIGURE 1. Trochammina cf. T. grisea Earland (p. 21).

USNM 241897, X 80; Kara Sea, sta. 77. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view.

2. Trochammina cf. T. japonica Ishiwada (p. 21).

USNM 241898, x 80; Kara Sea, sta. 77. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge view.

3. Cribrostomoides jeffreysi (Williamson) (p. 18).

USNM 241900, x 30; Kara Sea, sta. 102. a, Side view; b, edge view.

4. Ammodiscus gullmarensis Hoglund (p. 17).

USNM 241921, x 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 5. 

5,6. Trochammina nana (Brady) (p. 21).

5. USNM 241899, X 80; Kara Sea, sta. 77. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view.

6. USNM 241913, x 80; Kara Sea, sta. 143. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view.

7. Cribrostomoides subglobosus (G. 0. Sars) (p. 18).

USNM 241920, x 30; Greenland Sea, sta. 4. Edge view to show aperture.

8. Adercotryma glomeratum (Brady) (p. 17).

USNM 241929, X 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 30.

9. Tolypammina schaudinni Rhumbler (p. 21).

USNM 241914, x 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 2.

10. Thurammina papillata Brady (p. 21).

USNM 241909, X 30; Kara Sea, sta. 135. Broken specimen.

11. Textularia torquata Parker (p. 21).

USNM 241896, x 80; Kara Sea, sta. 77.

12. Rhabdammina discreta Brady (p. 21).

USNM 241926, x 15; Greenland Sea, sta. 23. 

13,19. Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars (p. 21).

13. USNM 241910, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 137. 

19. USNM 241911, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 137.

14. Reophax guttifer Brady (p. 21).

USNM 241906, x 50; Kara Sea, sta. 109.

15. Hormosina sp. of Parker, 1952 (p. 19).

USNM 241915, X 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 2.

16. Reophax nodulosus Brady (p. 21).

USNM 241895, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 77.

17. Jaculella acuta Brady (p. 19).

USNM 241890, X 15; Kara Sea, sta. 1.

18. Hyperammina elongata Brady (p. 19).

USNM 241894, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 77. 

20. Aschemonella scabra Brady (p. 17).

USNM 241912, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 141. 

21,22. Saccorhiza ramosa (Brady) (p. 21).

21. USNM 241891, x 7; Kara Sea, sta. 41.

22. USNM 241925, X 15; Greenland Sea, sta. 19.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1070 PLATE 1

ARENACEOUS FORAMINIFERA FROM KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS
PLATE 2

FIGURE 1. Lagena laevis (Montagu) (p. 20).

USNM 241892, x 30; Kara Sea, sta. 53.

2. Laryngosigma hyalascidia Loeblich and Tappan (p. 20). 

USNM 241905, X 50; Kara Sea, sta. 106.

3. Bulimina exilis Brady (p. 17).

USNM 241893, X 50; Kara Sea, sta. 53.

4. Parafissurina sp. (p. 20).

USNM 241924, X 30; Greenland Sea, sta. 13. a, Front view; b, side view.

5. Parafissurwa tectulostoma Loeblich and Tappan (p. 20). 

USNM 241931, X 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 33.

6. Parafissurina groenlandica Stschedrina (p. 20).

USNM 241932, X 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 33. a, b, Views 90° apart.

7. Eponides tumidulus horvathi Green (p. 19).

USNM 241923, X 80; Greenland Sea, sta. 11. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge view.

8. Melonis zaandamae (van Voorthuysen) (p. 20).

USNM 241928, x 30; Greenland Sea, sta. 30. a, Side view; b, edge view.

9. Fissurina kergueJenensis Parr (p. 19).

USNM 241917, x 80; Greenland Sea, sta. 3.

10. Eponides tener (Brady) (p. 19).

USNM 241919, x 80; Greenland Sea, sta. 3. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge view.

11. Epistominella exigua (Brady) (p. 18).

USNM 241918, X 80; Greenland Sea, sta. 3. a, Dorsal view; ft, ventral view; c, edge view.

12. Fischerina sp. (p. 19).

USNM 241930, X 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 32. a, Dorsal view; &, ventral view; c, edge view.

13. Cruciloculina ericsoni Loeblich and Tappan (p. 18).

USNM 241908, x 30; Kara Sea, sta. 112. Apertural view.

14. Pyrgo william soni (Silvestri) (p. 20).

USNM 241907, X 30; Kara Sea, sta. 110. a, Front view; &, side view.

15. TriJociilma trihcdra Loeblich and Tappan (p. 21). 

USNM 241916, x 50; Greenland Sea, sta. 3.

16. Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr (p. 20).

USNM 241904, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 106. a, Front view; b. top view.

17. Planispirinoides biiccuJcntus (Brady) (p. 20).

USNM 241903, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 106. a, Front view; &, side view.

18. Cornuspira involvens (Reuss) (p. 17).

USNM 241901, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 106. a, Side view; ft, edge view.

19. Cormispira lacu-nosa Brady (p. 17).

USNM 241927, x 15; Greenland Sea, sta. 29.

20. Pyrgo rotalaria Loeblich and Tappan (p. 20).

USNM 241933, x 30; Greenland Sea, sta. 37. Top view.

21. Pyrgo vespertUio (Schlumbererer) (p. 20).

USNM 241922, x 15; Greenland Sea, sta. 6. Top view.

22. PyrgoeUa spliaera (d'Orbigny) (p. 20).

USNM 241902, x 15; Kara Sea, sta. 106. Top view.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1070 PLATE 2

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CALCAREOUS FORAMINIFERA FROM KARA AND GREENLAND SEAS