PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE 

SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT

BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY

OTHER CASE.

 
T.C. Summary Opinion 2014-17

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

REBECCA SMACKEY HURD, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 15858-11S. Filed February 25, 2014.

Rebecca Smackey Hurd, pro se.

Janice B. Geier, for respondent.

SUMMARY OPINION

WELLS, Judge: The instant case was heard pursuant to the provisions of

section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed. 
- 2 -

Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any 1

other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case. 

Respondent determined a deficiency of $4,189 in petitioner’s Federal 2

income tax for her 2008 tax year. After petitioner’s concession, the only issue

3

that we must decide is whether petitioner is entitled to a deduction, pursuant to

section 219, of $5,000 for her contribution to her individual retirement account

(IRA) during 2008. 

4

Background

The parties submitted the instant case fully stipulated, without trial,

pursuant to Rule 122. The parties’ stipulations of fact are incorporated herein by

Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue 1

Code of 1986, as amended and in effect for the year in issue, and Rule references

are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar. 2

In the notice of deficiency respondent determined that petitioner had not

3

included interest income of $17 in her 2008 taxable income. The parties have

stipulated that petitioner received the taxable interest income during her 2008 tax

year. Petitioner makes no additional claims with regard to that income. 

Accordingly, we deem petitioner to have conceded this issue. See Rule 149(b).

The remaining adjustments set forth in the notice of deficiency are 4

computational and will be resolved by our holding on the aforementioned issue. 

Consequently, we do not specifically address the remaining adjustments in this

opinion.
- 3 -

reference and are found as facts. At the time of filing the petition, petitioner

resided in Idaho. 

From January 1 to July 6, 2008, petitioner worked for Stratus Global

Partners LLC (Stratus), where she earned wages of $52,621. During her

employment with Stratus during 2008 petitioner was not covered by an employer

retirement plan. 

From July 28 to December 31, 2008, petitioner worked for Micron

Technology, Inc. (Micron), where she earned wages of $33,708. During her

employment with Micron during 2008 petitioner was covered by Micron’s

qualified retirement plan, which was named the Retirement at Micron (RAM)

401(k) Plan (Micron’s plan). Micron sent petitioner a Form W-2, Wage and Tax

Statement, indicating that she was enrolled in Micron’s plan during 2008 and that

she had contributed $1,373 to Micron’s plan. Petitioner also received from

Micron a pay stub indicating that she had contributed $1,373 to Micron’s plan. 

5

It is unclear from the record whether Micron matched petitioner’s 2008

5

contribution with an additional contribution of $1,373. Petitioner contends that

Micron has not matched her contribution because no such contribution was

indicated on the Form W-2 that Micron sent to her. Respondent contends that, 

according to a separate statement that Micron sent to petitioner, Micron did match

petitioner’s contribution. However, our decision regarding petitioner’s Federal

income tax liability does not depend on the resolution of this factual issue, and we

do not address it further. 
- 4 -

During 2008, petitioner contributed $5,000 to her IRA, and she deducted the

same amount on her 2008 Federal income tax return. Petitioner’s 2008 tax return

indicated that her adjusted gross income (AGI) determined without regard to the

IRA contribution deduction was $86,532. 

Respondent sent petitioner a notice of deficiency determining that she owed

a deficiency of $4,189 for her 2008 tax year, on account of the disallowance of

petitioner’s claim of a deduction for her IRA contribution of $5,000 and the failure

to include $17 of interest income. Petitioner timely filed a petition in this Court. 

Discussion

Generally, the Commissioner’s determinations are presumed correct and the

taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the determinations are in error. Rule

142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Deductions are a matter of

legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving entitlement to the
- 5 -

deductions claimed. Rule 142(a); INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79,

6

84 (1992); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). 

Section 219(a) provides: “In the case of an individual, there shall be

allowed as a deduction an amount equal to the qualified retirement contributions

of the individual for the taxable year.” With certain exceptions, a taxpayer is

entitled to deduct amounts that the taxpayer contributed to an IRA for the taxable

year. Sec. 219(a). The deduction may not exceed the lesser of: (1) the deductible

amount, which was generally $5,000 for the 2008 tax year; or (2) an amount equal

to the compensation includible in the taxpayer’s gross income for such taxable

year. Sec. 219(b)(1), (5)(A). 

However, the deductible amount allowed under section 219(a) may be

further limited if a taxpayer is an “active participant” in a qualified pension plan

during any part of the year. Sec. 219(g)(1), (5). For purposes of section 219(g),

an “active participant” means, with respect to any plan year, an individual who,

Sec. 7491(a)(1) provides an exception that shifts the burden of proof to the

6

Commissioner as to any factual issue relevant to a taxpayer’s liability for tax if:

(1) the taxpayer introduces credible evidence with respect to that issue and (2) the

taxpayer satisfies certain other conditions, including substantiation of any item

and cooperation with the Government’s requests for witnesses, documents, other

information, and meetings. Sec. 7491(a)(2). Petitioner has not raised sec. 7491,

and we conclude that there are no disputed factual issues relevant to her liability. 

Consequently, sec. 7491 does not apply.
- 6 -

inter alia, actively participates in a plan described in section 401(a). Sec.

219(g)(5)(A)(i). If an employee makes a voluntary or mandatory contribution to a

plan described in section 401(a), the employee is an active participant in the plan

for the taxable year in which he or she makes the contribution. See sec. 1.219-

2(e), Income Tax Regs. The determination of whether an employee is an active

participant is made without regard to whether the employee’s rights under a plan

are nonforfeitable. See sec. 219(g)(5) (flush language); see also Hildebrand v.

Commissioner, 683 F.2d 57, 58-59 (3d Cir. 1982), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1980-532;

Eanes v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 168, 170 (1985).

7

For a taxpayer who is an active participant and whose filing status is single,

section 219(g) provides that the dollar amount of the allowable deduction under

section 219(a) is phased out when the taxpayer’s AGI exceeds certain thresholds

determined in reference to the applicable dollar amount specified in section

219(g)(3)(B). Sec. 219(g)(1)-(3), (8). As relevant in the instant case, the

taxpayer’s AGI is determined without regard to the IRA contribution deduction. 

Sec. 219, as applicable during 1981, the taxable year in issue in Eanes v.

7

Commissioner, 85 T.C. 168 (1985), and Hildebrand v. Commissioner, 683 F.2d 57

(3d Cir. 1982), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1980-532, did not include a definition of “active

participant”. The current flush language in sec. 219(g)(5) was then found only in

the legislative history. See H. R. Rept. No. 93-807, at 129 (1974), 1974-3 C.B.

(Supp.) 236, 364.
- 7 -

Sec. 219(g)(3)(A)(ii). For the 2008 tax year the applicable dollar amount for an

individual with a single filing status was $53,000. Sec. 219(g)(3)(B)(ii), (8); Rev.

Proc. 2007-66, sec. 3.22(2), 2007-2 C.B. 970, 975. Consequently, for the 2008 tax

year the IRA contribution deduction was completely phased out for an individual

taxpayer with AGI exceeding $63,000. See Wade v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2001-114, 2001 WL 505210, at *2. 

During her 2008 tax year petitioner was covered by and contributed $1,373

to Micron’s plan. The parties agree that Micron’s plan qualified as a section

401(k) defined contribution plan. Section 401(a) includes, inter alia, stock-bonus

plans, profit-sharing plans, and section 401(k) defined contribution plans. Sec.

401(a), (k); Felber v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-418, aff’d without

published opinion, 998 F.2d 1018 (8th Cir. 1993). Because petitioner made

contributions to a plan described in section 401(a), she was an active participant

pursuant to section 219(g)(5), see sec. 1.219-2(e), Income Tax Regs., and was 8

Petitioner asserts that sec. 1.219-2(e), Income Tax Regs., applies only to 8

defined benefit plans. Petitioner is mistaken. Sec. 1.219-2(e), Income Tax Regs.,

clearly states that it applies to “paragraphs (b), (c), or (d) of this section”, which

include defined benefit plans, money purchase plans, and profit-sharing or stockbonus plans, respectively. The Federal income tax treatment of profit-sharing and

stock-bonus plans is set forth in sec. 401, and that section also includes sec. 401(k)

retirement plans, which are generally defined, in pertinent part, as cash or deferred

arrangements that are part of a profit-sharing or stock-bonus plan, such as

(continued...)
- 8 -

subject to IRA deduction limitations pursuant to section 219(g)(3). Petitioner’s

AGI for her 2008 tax year determined without regard to her 2008 IRA contribution

deduction was $86,532, which exceeded the IRA contribution deduction phaseout

amount of $63,000 for the 2008 tax year. See sec. 219(g)(3)(B). Accordingly,

petitioner is not entitled to any deduction for her $5,000 contribution to her IRA

for her 2008 tax year. 

Petitioner contends that section 219(g)(5) does not expressly define “active

participant” to include a single individual taxpayer who is employed by a company

with a qualified retirement plan, where (1) the employer has made no contribution

to the plan on the employee’s behalf, and (2) the employee’s interest in the plan 9

has not vested. Petitioner’s contention is without merit. Pursuant to section

1.219-2(e), Income Tax Regs., an employee is an active participant in a plan 10

(...continued) 8

Micron’s plan. Accordingly, sec. 1.219-2(e), Income Tax Regs., applies to

Micron’s plan. See also Felber v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-418,

(taxpayer who contributed to employer’s sec. 401(k) plan was an active participant

pursuant to sec. 219), aff’d without published opinion, 998 F.2d 1018 (8th Cir.

1993).

As noted above, the record is unclear as to whether Micron matched 9

petitioner’s 2008 contribution of $1,373 to Micron’s plan. 

Petitioner contends that the regulations that accompany sec. 219 do not

10

reflect the intent of Congress to prevent “double-dipping” only by active

(continued...)
- 9 -

covered by section 401(a) if the employee, and not the employer, makes a

voluntary or mandatory contribution to the plan. Moreover, the flush language of

section 219(g)(5) clearly provides that “[t]he determination of whether an

individual is an active participant shall be made without regard to whether or not

such individual’s rights under a plan, trust, or contract are nonforfeitable.” 

Accordingly, an employee may be an active participant in a retirement plan

regardless of whether the employer makes a contribution to the plan on the

employee’s behalf or whether the employee’s rights under the plan have vested. 

See Felber v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-418. 

(...continued) 10

participants that are vested employees in both IRAs and employer retirement plans

(e.g., plans described under sec. 401(a)) and that Congress intended to allow

nonvested employees to deduct contributions to an IRA. Petitioner’s contention is

without merit. “[I]n the absence of a ‘clearly expressed legislative intention to the

contrary’, the language of the statute itself ‘must ordinarily be regarded as

conclusive.’” Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Okla. Tax Comm’n, 481 U.S. 454, 461

(1987) (quoting United States v. James, 478 U.S. 597, 606 (1986)). In the instant

case, the statute clearly states that the determination of an individual’s status as an

active participant is made without regard to whether the individual’s rights under

the plan are nonforfeitable. Sec. 219(g)(5) (flush language). Moreover, legislative

history confirms that Congress intended for sec. 219(g)(5) to cover both vested

and nonvested employees. See H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 99-841(Vol. II), at II-377

(1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 4) 1, 377 (“[T]he determination of active participant

status * * * is made without regard to whether an individual’s rights under an

employer-maintained retirement plan are nonforfeitable (i.e., vested).”); H.R.

Rept. No. 93-807, supra at 129, 1974-3 C.B. (Supp.) at 364 (“An individual is to

be considered an active participant in a plan if he is accruing benefits under the

plan even if he only has forfeitable rights to those benefits.”). 
- 10 -

Petitioner also contends that section 219(g) is incomplete, ambiguous, and

unclear regarding the tax treatment of an individual taxpayer who worked for two

employers, one which offered a qualified retirement plan and another which did

not. Petitioner seems to contend that she should not be subject to section 219(g)

because she did not participate in a qualified retirement plan for the portion of the

2008 tax year during which she was employed at Stratus. We disagree. The

limitation on deductions for IRA contributions applies to a taxpayer who is an

active participant in a qualified plan “for any part of any plan year ending with or

within a taxable year”. Sec. 219(g)(1). Even de minimis participation is sufficient

to render a taxpayer an active participant for the entire tax year. See Wade v.

Commissioner, 2001 WL 505210, at *3 (holding that a mandatory contribution

amounting to $84.89 was sufficient to constitute active participation even though

the taxpayer was unlikely ever to receive benefits under the plan). Petitioner was

an active participant in Micron’s plan for nearly six months of the 2008 tax year

and contributed $1,373 during that time. Accordingly, petitioner is an active

participant in a qualified plan for the 2008 tax year. 

Petitioner also makes an equitable plea similar to others that this Court has

addressed on previous occasions. Petitioner contends that section 219(g)(3)(B)(ii)

unfairly requires inclusion of all earnings from all employers, regardless of the
- 11 -

amount of time that the employee worked at each or the amount of income

attributable to each. Petitioner, in effect, is asking us to legislate changes in the

statute as enacted by Congress. The power to legislate is exclusively the power of

Congress and not of this Court. See Iselin v. United States, 270 U.S. 245, 250-251

(1926). We must enforce the laws as written and interpreted. See Marsh &

McLennan Cos. v. United States, 302 F.3d 1369, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Phila. &

Reading Corp. v. United States, 944 F.2d 1063, 1074 (3d Cir. 1991). The Court

may not “‘revise the language of the statute as interpreted by the Treasury to

achieve what might be perceived to be better tax policy.’” FleetBoston Fin. Corp.

v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 177, 188 (2005) (quoting Marsh & McLennan Cos.,

302 F.3d at 1381), aff’d, 483 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Rather, we must apply

the language of the relevant provisions as written. See Commissioner v. Lundy,

516 U.S. 235, 252 (1996) (courts are “bound by the language of the statute as it is

written”); Badaracco v. Commissioner, 464 U.S. 386, 398 (1984) (“Courts are not

authorized to rewrite a statute because they might deem its effects susceptible of

improvement.”). While petitioner may perceive the result to be harsh, we cannot

ignore the plain language of the statute, and, in effect, rewrite the statute to

achieve what she advocates as a more equitable result. See Eanes v.

Commissioner, 85 T.C. at 171.
- 12 -

Upon the basis of the record, we find that petitioner was an “active

participant” in a qualified plan during 2008 and that her AGI for her 2008 tax year

exceeded the IRA contribution deduction phaseout amount of $63,000 for that

year. See sec. 219(g). Accordingly, petitioner is not entitled to any deduction for

her $5,000 contribution to her IRA for her 2008 tax year, and we sustain

respondent’s determination that she is liable for a Federal income tax deficiency of

$4,189 for her 2008 tax year. 

In reaching these holdings, we have considered all the parties’ arguments,

and, to the extent not addressed herein, we conclude that they are moot, irrelevant,

or without merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

 Decision will be entered for

respondent.