1 ~ f :' t¢ -

" 

;. U.S. Department of Justice 

: Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

! ~~~~~~~~~~~ = 

; Justice Expenditure 

. and Employment 

in the U.s., 1988 
Bureau of Justice Statistics 

reports 

(Revised July 1991) 

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Public·use tapes of BJS data sets 

and other criminal justice data are 

available from the National Archive of 

Criminal Justice Data (formerly 

CJAIN), P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 

48106 (toll·free 1·800·999·0960). 

National Crime Survey 

The Nation's two crime measures: Unlfonn 

Crime Reports and the National Crime 

Survey, NCJ·122705, 4/90 

Criminal victimization in the U.S.: 

1973-88 trends, NCJ·129392, 7/91 

1989 (final), NCJ·129391, 6191 

1988 (final), NCJ·122024, 10/90 

1987 (final report), NCJ·115524, 6/89 

BJS special reports 

Handgun crime victims, NCJ·123559, 7190 

Biack victims, NC,I·122562, 4/90 

Hispanic victims, NCJ-120507, 1190 

The redesigned Nationai Crime Survey: 

Selected new data, NCJ·114746, 1/89 

Motor vehicle theft, NCJ·109978, 3/88 

Elderiy victims, NCJ·107676, 11/87 

Violent crime trends, NCJ-107217, 11/87 

Robbery victims NCJ·104638, 4/87 

Violent crime by strangers and non· 

strangers, NCJ-103702, 1/87 

Preventing domestic violence against 

women, NCJ·102037, 8/86 

Crime prevention measures, NCJ-100438, 

3/86 

The use 01 weapons In committing crimes, 

NCJ-99643, 1/86 

Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ·99432, 

12185 

Tho economic cost of crime to victims, 

NCJ·93450, 4/84 

BJS bulletins: 

Crime and the Nation's households, 1990, 

NCJ-130302, 7/91 

Criminal victimization 1989, NCJ·125615, 

10190 

Tho crime of rape, NCJ·96777, 3/85 

Household burglary, NCJ·96021, 1/85 

Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2181 

BJS technical reports 

New directions for the NCS, NCJ-115571, 

3/89 

Series crimes: Report of a field test, 

NCJ·104615,4/87 

Teenage victims 01 crime, NCJ·128129, 5191 

Female victims of violent crime, 

NCJ·127187, 1/91 

Redesign of the National Crime Survey, 

NCJ·111457,3/89 

The seasonality of crime victimization, 

NCJ·111033, 6/88 

Crime and older Americans infonnation 

package, NCJ·104569, $10, 5/87 

Victimization and lear 01 crime: Worid 

perspectives, NCJ·93872, 1/85, $9.15 

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, 

vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, 

NCJ·75374, 8/82 

vol. II: Methodology studies, NCJ·90307 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Prisoners in 1990, NCJ·129198, 5/91 

Women In prison, NCJ·127991, 4191 

Capital punishment 1989, NCJ·124545, 10/90 

Violent State prison Inmates and their 

victims, NCJ·124133, 7190 

Prisoners in 1989, NCJ·122716, 5/90 

Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344, 12189 

Capital punlshmont 1988, NCJ·118313, 7/89 

Recidivism 01 prisoners released In 1983, 

NCJ·116261,4/89 

Drug use and crime: State prison Inmate 

survey, 1986, NCJ·111940, 7/88 

Time served In prison and on parole 1984, 

NCJ·108544, 12187 

Prollle 01 State prison Inmates, 1988, 

NCJ·109926, 1/88 

Imprisonment In lour countries, 

NCJ·103967, 2187 

Population density in State prisons, 

NCJ·103204, 12186 

State and Federal prisoners, 1925-85, 

NCJ·102494, 11/86 

Prison admissions and releases, 1963, 

NCJ·100582, 3/86 

The prevalence 01 Impri!.onment, 

NCJ·93657, 7/85 

Race of prisoners admitted to State and 

Fedemllnstitutlons, 1926-86, NCJ·125618, 6191 

National corrections reporting program, 

1965, NCJ·123522, 12190 

Prisoners at midyear 1990 (press release), 

10190 

Correctional populations in the U.S.: 

1988, NCJ·124280, 3/91 

1987, NCJ·118762, 12189 

1986, NCJ·111611, 2189 

Historical statistics on prisoners In Slate and 

Federal Institutions, yearend 1925-86, 

NCJ·111098,6/88 

1984 census 01 State adult correctional 

laclllties, NCJ·105585, 7/87 

Census of jails and survey of /all Inmates: 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Drug use and Jail Inmates, NCJ·130369, 

7191 

Jail inmates 1990, NCJ·129756, 6/91 

Prollle 01 Jail Inmates 1989, NCJ·129097, 

4/91 

Jail Inmates, 1989, NCJ·123284, 6/90 

Population density In local Jails, 1968, 

NCJ·122299, 3190 

Census 01 local JailS, 1988 (BJS bulletin), 

NCJ·121101,2I90 

Jail Inmates, 1987, NCJ·114319, 12188 

Drunk driving, NCJ·109945, 2186 

Jail Inmates, 1986, NCJ·107123, 10/87 

Census 01 local jails 1988, vol. I, Summary, 

NCJ·127992,4191 

Census of local Jails, 1963: Data lor 

Individual Jails, vols. I·IV, Northeast, 

Midwest, South, West, NCJ·112796-9; 

vol. V. Selected findings, methodology, 

summary tables, NCJ·112795, 11/88 

Parole and probation 

BJS bulletins 

Probation and parole: 

1989, NCJ·125833, 11/90 

1988, NCJ·119970, 11/89 

BJS special reports 

Recidivism 01 young parolees, NCJ·104916, 

5/87 

Children in custody 

Census 01 public and private luvenlle 

detention, correctional, and shelter 

facilities, 1975-85, NCJ·114065, 6/89 

Survey 01 youth In custody, 1987 

(special report), NCJ·113385, 9/88 

Law enforcement management 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Police departments in large cities, 1987, 

NCJ·119220, 8189 

Profile 01 state and local law enlorcement 

agencies, NCJ·113949, 3/89 

Expenditure and employment 

BJS bulletins: 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1988, NCJ·123132, 7/90 

Anti-drug abuse lonnula grants: Justice 

variable pass·through data, 1988 (BJS 

Technical Report), NCJ·120070, 3/90 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1988 (full report), NCJ·125819, 7191 

1985 (lull report), NCJ·106356, 8/89 

Extracts, 1984, 1965, 1986, NCJ·124139, 7191 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

Pretrial release 01 felony delendants, 1988, 

NCJ·127202, 2191 

Felony sentences in State courts, 1988, 

NCJ·126923, 12190 

Criminal defense lor the poor, 1986, 

NCJ·112919, 9/88 

State lelony courts and lelony laws, 

NCJ-1>J6273, 8187 

The growth 01 appeals: 1973-83 trends, 

NCJ·96381, 2185 

Case IlIIngs In State courts 1983, 

NCJ·95111,10/84 

BJS special repor/s: 

Felony case processing In State courts, 

1986, NCJ·121753, 2190 

Felony case·processlng time, NCJ·101985, 

8/86 

Felony sentencing In 18 local Jurisdictions, 

NCJ·97881, 6/85 

Felons sentenced to probation In State 

courts, 1986, NCJ·124944, 11/90 

Felony delendants in large urban counties, 

1988, NCJ·122385, 4/90 

Prollle 01 lelons convicted In State courts, 

1986, NCJ·120021, 1/90 

Sentencing outcomes In 28 lolony courts, 

NCJ·105743, 8187 

The prosecution ollelony arrests: 

1987, NCJ·124140, 9190 

Felony laws 01 the 50 States and the District 

01 Columbia, 1986, NCJ·105066, 2188, $14.60 

State court model statistical dictionary, 

Supplement, NCJ·98326, 9/85 

1st edition, NCJ-62320, 9/80 

Privacy and security 

Compendium 01 State privacy and security 

laglslation: 

1969 overview, NCJ·121157, 5/90 

1987 overview, NCJ·111097, 9/88 

1989 lull report (1, 500 pages, 

microfiche $2, hard copy $145), 

NCJ·121158, 9/90 

Criminal justice Inlonnation policy: 

Forensic DNA analysis: Issues, NCJ·128567, 

6/91 

Statutes requiring use of criminal history 

record Inlonnation, NCJ·129896, 6/91 

Survey 01 criminal history Inlonnation 

systems, NCJ·125620, 3/91 

Original records of entry, NCJ·125626, 

12190 

BJSlSEARCH conlerence proceedings: 

Criminal justice in the 1990's: The future 

01 Inlonnation management, 

NCJ·121697,5/90 

Juvenile and adult records: One system, 

one record?, NCJ·114947, 1190 

Open vs. confidential records, 

NCJ·113560, 1/88 

Stratagles for Improving data quality, 

NCJ·115339,5/89 

Public access to criminal history record 

Inlonnallon, NCJ·111458, 11/88 

Juvenile records and record keeping 

systems, NCJ·112815, 11/88 

Automated fingerprint Identification 

systems: Technology and policy Issues, 

NCJ-104342, 4/87 

Criminal justico "hot" Illes, NCJ·101850, 

12186 

Drugs & crime data: 

Drugs and crime lacts, 1990, NCJ·128862, 7191 

State drug resources: A national directory, 

NCJ·122582, 5/90 

Federal drug data lor national policy, NCJ· 

122715,4/90 

Drugs and crime lacts, 1989, NCJ·121022, 

1/90 

Computer crime 

BJS special reports: 

Electronic lund transler fraud, NCJ·96666, 

3/85 

Electronic lund transler and crime, NCJ· 

92850,2184 

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ· 

100461, 4/86 

Expert witness manual, NCJ·77927, 9/81, 

$11.50 

Federal justice statistics 

Federal criminal case processing, 1980-87, 

Addendum lor 1988 and preliminary 1989, 

NCJ·125616, 11/90 

Compendium 01 Federal justice statistics 

1986, NCJ·125617, 1191 

1965, NCJ·123560, 8/90 

1984, NCJ·112816, 9/89 

Tho Federal civil jUStiL"o system (BJS 

bulletin), NCJ·104769, 8/87 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS special reports: 

Immigration offenses, NCJ·124546, 8/90 

Federal criminal cases, 1960-87, 

NCJ·118311,7/89 

Drug law violators, 1980-86, NCJ 111783, 

6/86 

Pretrial release and detention: 

The Ball Refonn Act 011984, 

NCJ·109929, 2188 

White-collar crime NCJ·106876, 9/87 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

BJS telephone contacts, '91, NCJ·130133, 

7/91 

Tracking offenders 1988, NCJ·129861, 6191 

Tracking offenders, 1987, NCJ·125315, 

10/90 

Criminal cases In five states, 1983-86, 

N cj·118798, 9/89 

Intematlonal crime rates, NCJ·110776, 5/88 

BJS program application kit, fiscal 1991, 

NCJ·128413,3/91 

Violent crime In the United States, 

NCJ·127855, 3191 

Attomey General's program lor Improving the 

Nation's criminal history records and 

Identifying lelons who attempt to purchase 

llreanns, NCJ·128131, 3191 

BJS data report, 1989, NCJ·121514, 1/91 

Sourcebook 01 criminal justice statistics, 

1989, NCJ·124224, 9190 

Publications of BJS, 1985-89: 

Mlcrollche library, PR030014, 5190, $190 

Bibliography, TBOO3OO13, $17.50 

Publications of BJS, 1971-114: 

Microfiche library, PR03OO12, $203 

Bibliography, TB03OO12, $17.50 

1990 directory of automated criminal Justice 

Inlonnation systems, Vol. 1, Corrections; 2, 

Courts; 3, Law enforcement; 4, Probation 

and parole; 5, Prosecution; NCJ·122226-30, 

5/90 

BJS annual report, fiscal 1988, NCJ·115749, 

4189 

Report to the Nation on crime and justice: 

Second edition, NCJ·105506, 6/88 

Technical appendix, NCJ·112011, 8188 

Criminal justice microcomputer guide and 

software catalog, NCJ·112178, 8/88 

National survey 01 crime severity, NCJ·96017, 

10/85 

See order form 

on last page 
} 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau ofJustice Statistics 

/a5{P/Q 

Justice Expenditure 

and Employment 

in the United States, 

1988 

August 1991, NCJ·125619 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Nationallnstitl,lte of Justice 

125619 

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the 

person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated 

in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily 

represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of 

Justice. 

Permission to reproduce this • d material has been 

granted by 

pub] j C Dama j n/OJP/PJS 

II, S. Deparbnent of-.Just-il*ce~-­

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). 

Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires perrnission of the ...... · owner. 
u.s. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Steven D. Dillingham 

Director 

Acknowledgments. This report was 

prepared by the Bureau of Justice 

Statistics using data and tables provided by the Bureau of the Census. 

In the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 

Sue A. Lindgren directed the project 

and Marilyn Marbrook supervised 

editing and publication production, 

assisted by Donna Oliphant, Rhonda 

C. Keith, and Priscilla Middleton. In 

the Bureau of the Census, Governments Division, Diana Cull and Steve 

Poyta provided general project supervision. Richard Meyer and Sheryl 

Jones directed the project. Victoria 

E. Campbell, Pauline Fain, George 

Beaven and Donald Muterspaugh 

provided Significant contributions. 

Carma Hogue, Statistical Research 

Division, designed the sample. 

Corrine W. Davis supervised preparation of publication copy. 

The Bureau of the Census and 

the Bureau of Justice Statistics are 

indebted to the many Federal, State, 

and local government officials who 

provided the information and gave 

other assistance for the preparation of this report. 

For information regarding the data 

contained in this report, contact 

Sue A. Lindgren, Bureau of Justice 

Statistics, Washington, DC 20531, 

(202) 307-0759. 

ii 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

~ 

\ 
Preface 

This publication is the 21 st in a 

series of reports that present public 

expenditure and employment data 

on civil and criminal justice activities in the United States. In this 

report, expenditure data cover fiscal years 1971-79, 1985, and 1988, 

and employment data are for the 

month of October of those years. 

The survey methodology section of 

the text discusses the variation in 

some fiscal year ending dates. 

Specific data are supplied for the 

Federal Government, each of the 

50 State governments, and the aggregate local level of government within 

each State. Data are published separately for the aggregate county 

governments and the aggregate municipal governments (cities, towns, and 

townships) within each State for 

each of the 72 counties with a 

1986 population of 500,000 or more, 

and for the 49 municipalities with a 

1986 population of 300,000 or more. 

The data in this report were collected by a special Survey of Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment, which was an annual survey 

from 1971 to 1979 and was conducted for 1985 and 1988. The 

data in this report are not comparable to those in the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts series. 

See the survey methodology section for details. 

Contents 

Preface iii 

Introduction vii 

Organization of this report vii 

Obtaining additional justice 

expenditure and employment 

data vii 

Important definitions vii 

Total expenditure vii 

Full-time equivalent 

employment viii 

Total general expenditure viii 

Civil and criminal justice viii 

Independent cities and consolidated 

city-county governments viii 

Survey methodology: 

Sources and limitations 

of the data ix 

Survey coverage ix 

Survey period ix 

Data collection ix 

Changes over time x 

Data limitations x 

Meaning of symbols xi 

Data tables 

I National summary xiii 

II Variable pass-through data 

III Justice system 2 

IV Police protection 63 

V Judicial 71 

VI Legal services 

and prosecution 82 

VII Public defense 90 

VIII Corrections 98 

IX Other justice 142 

Appendixes 

1. Definitions of terms 147 

2. Survey forms 153 

Contents iii 
Data tables 

Section I. National summary 

Jusik:eexpenditureand percent change, 

by level of government, fiscal years 

1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

A. direct and intergovernmental, xiii 

B. direct, xiv 

Justice employment and payroll, and 

percent change, by level of government, October 1971-79, 1985, and 

1988 

C. full-time equivalent employment, 

xv 

D. October payroll, xvi 

Justice expenditure, employment, 

and payroll, by activity and level of 

government 

E. average monthly salaries for 

full-time employees, October 

1971-79,1985, and 1988, xvii 

F. direct and intergovernmental 

expenditure, fiscal years 1971-

79, 1985, and 1988, xix 

G. full-time equivalent employment, October 1971-79,1985, 

and 1988, xxi 

H. October payroll, 1971-79, 

1985, and 1988, xxiii 

Percent distribution of expenditure, 

employment, and payrolls, byactivity and level of government 

I. direct expenditure, fiscal years 

1971-79, 1985, and 1988, xxv 

J. full-time equivalent employment, October 1971-79, 1985, 

and 1988, xxvii 

K. direct and intergovernmental 

expenditure, full-time equivalent employment, and payroll, 

fiscal year 1988, xxix 

Expenditure of State governments, 

fiscal year. 1988 

L. total, by activity and character 

and object, xxx 

M. direct current expenditure for 

courts, by type of activity, xxx 

Correctional activities of State and 

local governments by type of activity, 1988 

N. direct expenditure by character 

and object, xxxi 

O. direct expenditure, full-time 

equivalent employment, and 

October payroll, xxxi 

Correctional activities of State governments, fiscal year 1988 

P. direct current expenditure by 

type of activity and institution, 

xxxi 

Per capita State and local government expenditure 

Q. and percent change, 1971, 

1975, 1978, 1988, by region 

and State, xxxii 

Independent cities and consolidated 

city-county governments, 1988 

R. direct expenditure and total 

employment, xxxiii 

Section II. Variable 

pass-through data 

1. Total expenditure from own 

sources, by State, fiscal year 

1988, 1 

Section III. Justice system 

Federal, State, and local 

Percent distribution, by level of 

government and activity 

2. expenditure, fiscal year 1988, 2 

3. employment and payrolls, 

October 1988, 2 

State and local 

Percent distribution of expenditure, by level of government activity, and State, fiscal year 1988 

4. total expenditure (direct and 

intergovernmental), 4 

5. direct expenditure, 12 

iv 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

6. expenditure by character and 

object, 20 

Percent distribution of employment and payrolls by level of government and activity, by State, 

October 1988 

7. employment,24 

8. payrolls, 32 

Total expenditure by activity and 

State, fiscal year 1988 

9. per capita expenditure, 36 

State governments 

10. expenditure by character and 

object, by State, 37 

72 large county governments 

Percent distribution of expenditure, by activity and county, fiscal 

year 1988 

11. total expenditure (direct and 

intergovernmental), 38 

12. direct expenditure, 42 

13. expenditure by character and 

object, 46 

Percent distribution of employment and payrolls, by activity and 

county, October 1988 

14. employment, 48 

15. payrolls, 52 

49 large city governments 

Percent distribution of expenditure, by activity and city, fiscal 

year 1988 

16. total expenditure (direct and 

intergovernmental), 54 

17. direct expenditure, 56 

18. expenditure by character and 

object, 58 

Percent distribution of employment 

and payrolls, by activity and city, 

October 1988 

19. employment, 60 

20. payrolls, 62 
Section IV. Police protection 

Police protection expenditure by character and object fiscal year 1988 

21. by State and type of government,63 

22. State governments, 67 

23. 72 large county governments, 

68 

24. 49 large city governments, 70 

Section V. Judicial 

Judicial expenditure, by character 

and object, fiscal yer 1988 

25. by State and type of government,71 

26. by State governments, 75 

27. direct current expenditure of 

State governments, by type of 

court, 76 

28. 72 large county governments, 

77 

29. 72 large county governments, 

by type of court, 79 

30. 49 large city governments, 81 

Section VI. Legal services 

and prosecution 

Legal services and prosecution expenditure by character and object, fiscal year 1988 

31. by State and type of government,82 

32. State governments, 86 

33. 72 large county governments, 

87 

34. 49 large city governments, 89 

Section VII. Public defense 

Public defense expenditure, by character and object fiscal year 1988 

35. by State and type of government,90 

36. State governments, 94 

37. 72 large county governments, 

95 

38. 49 large city governments, 97 

Section VIII. Corrections 

State and local 

Corrections expenditure by State 

and type of government, fiscal year 

1988 

39. by character and object, 98 

40. total expenditure (direct and 

intergovernmental) by correctional activity, 102 

41. direct expenditure, by correctional activity, 106 

42. for correctional institutions, by 

character and object, 110 

43. for probation, pardon, and 

parole, by character and 

object, 114 

Corrections employment and payrol/s, by State and type of government, October 1988 

44. employment, 118 

45. payrolls, 126 

State governments 

Corrections expenditure and employment by State, 1988 

46. expenditure, by character and 

object, 130 

47. direct current expenditure, by 

correctional activity and by 

type of institution, 131 

48. employment and payrolls, by 

correctional activity, October 

1988, 132 

72 large county governments 

Corrections expenditure and employment, by county, 1988 

49. expenditure, by character and 

object, 134 

50. direct current expenditure, by 

type of correctional activity 

and by type of institution, 136 

51. employment and payrolls, by 

correctional activity, October 

1988, 138 

49 large city governments 

Corrections expenditure and employment by city, 1988 

52. expenditure, by character and 

object, 140 

53. direct current expenditure, 

employment, and payrolls, by 

correctional activity, 141 

Section IX. Other justice 

Other justice expenditure, by State 

and type of government, fiscal year 

1988 

54. by character and object, 142 

Data Sections and Tabl.. v 
Introduction 

Changes in methodology in the justice expenditure and employment series in 1980 complicate trend 

analysis. The data in this report are comparable to data for 1971-79, and 1985, from the Justice 

Expenditure and Employment Survey series. Short-term, year-to-year trend analysis since 1980 

should rely on data from Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts: 1980 and 1981, 1982 and 

198:3, and 1984,1985, and 1986. Between 1985 and 1988, changes were made in the computation 

of fUll-time equivalent employment. See the survey methodology sections of this report for more 

information. 

Organization of this report 

The text describes in detail the 

survey methodology, data sources 

and limitations, and significant changes 

in methodology since 1979. 

Following the text are the main 

tables, which are organized into 

four major parts: 

• Section I presents summary tables 

designed to be comparable to 

the text tables in the 1971-79 

annual and trend reports and the 

1985 final survey report (tables 

A-R). 

• Section II presents "variable passthrough data" (table 1), with an 

accompanying explanation of this 

unique concept. 

• Section III presents summary data 

for the justice system at the Federal, State, and local government 

levels and data for individual governments, showing the interrelationship of the various sectors of 

the justice system (tables 2-20). 

• Sections IV-IX cover each of the 

six "sectors" of the justice system individually, providing where 

possible a further breakdown of 

data on particular justice activities (tables 21-54). 

Within section I, tables A through 

J present trend data for 1971-79, 

1985, and 1988; tables K through P 

present detailed national data for 

1988, particularly for judicial and 

correctional activities; table Q presents trends in per capita expenditure data by State; and table R 

presents population and justice expenditure and employment data for independent cities and city-county consolidated governments. 

Two tables in section V present 

data on State and large county 

judicial expenditures by type of court. 

Several tables in section VIII display data on expenditure for the 

three corrections and subfunctions 

(that is, institutions; probation, pardon, and parole; and other corrections) by State and type of government. 

Within sections III-IX, tables are 

arranged to show (1) State and 

local estimates by type of justice 

activity, by State, and (2) data for 

each of the 50 State governments 

and for 72 large counties and 49 

large cities. 

Within each of the sections, the 

expenditure tables are presented 

first, followed by employment and 

payroll tables. 

Finally, appendix 1 contains definitions for concepts and terms used 

in this report, and appendix 2 presents the questionnaire used in the 

mail panel of the survey. 

Unlike earlier volumes in this series, 

this report contains no analysis of 

the data. Data findings were presented in Justice Expenditure and 

Employment, 1988 (BJS Bulletin, 

July 1990, NCJ-124132). Single copies of that bulletin can be obtained 

as described on the inside front 

cover of this report. 

Obtaining additional justice expenditure and employment data 

The inside front cover of this 

report lists other BJS publications 

and describes how to obtain them. 

Data are also available on magnetic data tape through the National 

Criminal Justice Data Archive, Interuniversity Consortium for Political 

and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, 

Ann Arbor, MI 48106, 1-800-999-

0960 or (313) 763-5011. 

Important definitions 

Although detailed definitions for 

the terms, concepts, and categories used in this report are presented in the appendix, four concepts that recur frequently are worth 

noting. 

The first, total expenditure, comprises direct and intergovernmental 

expenditure of a government or type 

of government. In the expenditure 

tables, certain totals were adjusted 

to exclude duplicative intergovernmental expenditure amounts. For 

example, money paid by a State 

government to a county government within that State is reported 

by the State government as an 

intergovernmental expenditure and 

by the county government as a 

direct expenditure when the money 

is spent (for salaries, wages, equipment, and so forth). Therefore, to 

arrive at a combined State-local 

government total that does not duplicate these transactions, intergovernmental expenditure amounts are 

Introduction vII 
deducted from the State-local total 

because those amounts also are 

reflected in the direct expenditure 

of the recipient government. The 

same treatment is used for intergovernmental payments between counties and municipalities within the 

same State when computing local 

totals. Thus, the only intergovernmental amounts included in "Ioca.!, 

total" figures are those to the State 

government. Totals reported for "all 

governments" also are adjusted to 

exclude duplicative intergovernmental expenditure involving the Federal Government. 

The second concept is lull-time 

equivalent employment This is a 

statistical measure that estimates 

the number of full-time employees 

that could have been employed if 

the reported number of hours worked 

by part-time employees had been 

worked by full-time employees. This 

statistic is calculated separately for 

each function of a government by 

dividing the "part-time hours paid" 

by the standard number of hours 

for full-time employees in the particular government and then adding 

the resulting quotient to the number 

of full-time employees. 

In previous reports in this series, 

a different methodology was used 

to compute this statistic, affecting 

comparability over time. In the past, 

the payroll-based formula divided 

the total payroll (full-time plus parttime) by the full-time payroll and 

multiplied the result by the number 

of full-time employees. 

Total general expenditure includes data for general purpose 

governments (Federal, State, county, 

city, town, and township governments) and limited purpose governments (independent school districts 

and special districts). Justice expenditure and employment data are not 

collected for school district and special district governments by design 

so that the level of justice activity 

among general purpose governments, 

main providers of such services, 

can be measured or compared separately. However, tables that present 

justice expenditure and employment 

as a percentage of all government 

functions include special districts 

and school districts in the base to 

allow comparisons across States 

that make varying use of such governments. 

Note that these percentages are 

not comparable to those presented 

in reports for 1971-79 because the 

1971-79 reports used different denominators. 

A/so important to note is that in 

the justice expenditure and emp/oyment series the judicial, legal services and prosecution, and public 

defense categories include expenditure and employment data for both 

civil and criminal justice activities 

because available source documents 

for many governments do not segregate these activities for courts or 

agencies that handle both. Nor are 

the State and local government officials who provide the survey data 

able to make this break reliably and 

consistently. Therefore, in the absence 

of a consistent and reliable basis 

for proration, both criminal and civil 

activities are included for these categories to preserve uniformity in 

the collection and presentation of 

data. 

vIII 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Independent cities and consolidated city-county governments 

Certain cities are either independent, being wholly outside any county 

area, or operate wholly or in part as 

a consolidated city-county government. Data for these governments 

are included in the city tables and 

under "municipal" government totals 

in the summary tables because the 

Census Bureau classifies them this 

way for general governmental surveys. However, these governments 

are more similar to large counties 

than to large cities in the scope of 

their justice responsibilities; that is, 

in addition to police protection, which 

is the primary justice function in 

most cities, these independent cities and consolidated city-county governments also operate extensive 

judicial and corrections systems and 

may have significant public defense 

expenditures. 

The independent cities are: Washington, DC; Baltimore, MD; St. Louis, 

MO; Carson City, NV; and the following cities in Virginia: Alexandria, 

Chesapeake, Hampton, Lynchburg, 

Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, 

Richmond, Roanoke, Virginia Beach, 

and 31 others. 

The consolidated city-county governments are: Anchorage, Juneau, 

and Sitka, AK; San Francisco, CA; 

Denver, CO; Jacksonville, FL; Columbus, GA; Honolulu, HI; Indianapolis, 

IN; Lexington, KY; Baton Rouge, 

New Orleans, and Houma, LA; Boston and Nantucket, MA; AnacondaDeer Lodge and Butte-Silver Bow, 

MT; New York City, NY; Philadelphia, PA; and Nashville-Davidson, 

TN. 

Data for independent cities and 

consolidated city-county governments 

appear in table R to show their 

effect on total municipal direct 

expenditure and employment for all 

criminal justice functions. 
Survey methodology: 

Sources and limitations 

of the data 

Survey coverage and collection 

methods are described below, and 

the definitions applied in the collection of data are presented in appendix 1 and the questionnaires in appendix 2. 

Survey coverage 

The data in this report were collected by the Bureau of the Census 

for the Bureau of Justice Statistics 

using a special sample survey of 

State and local governments. Data 

were collected for the Federal Government, all State governments, all 

county governments, and all municipalities (and townships in the six 

New England States, the three Middle Atlantic States, Michigan, and 

Wisconsin) having a 1980 population of 10,000 or more as well as for 

a sample of the remaining municipalities and townships. A total of 

8,302 local govemments were included 

in the survey panel (3,041 county 

governments, 4,296 municipalities, 

and 965 townships). 

The justice data in this report 

'include the expenditures and employment of the Federal Government, 

the State governments, all county 

governments, and a sample of municipal and township govemments. Unless 

otherwise noted, data for total general expenditure also include the 

expenditures of special districts and 

school districts, which generally do 

not have justice functions. Justice 

expenditure data for these districts 

are no longer collected; in 1978 

(the most recent year for which 

such data are available) .6 percent 

of justice expenditure was made by 

such districts. The special district 

and school district data are included 

in the total government spending to 

allow State-by-State comparisons 

across States that make varying 

use of such districts. 

It is important to note that longterm trend comparisons between 

the data in this report and data in 

the Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts reports are complicated by changes in methodology 

in the justice expenditure and employment series. These changes are 

described briefly later in this section and in detail in the BJS reports 

for those years. 

Survey period 

Federal Govemment data are shown 

for fiscal year 1988, which began 

on October 1, 1987, and ended on 

September 30, 1988. The State expenditure data presented in this report 

cover the fiscal year ending June 

30, 1988, for all States except four 

whose fiscal years ended as follows: New York, March 31, 1988; 

Texas, August 31, 1988; and Alabama and Michigan, September 30, 

1988. However, there are some 

State agencies that operate on a 

different fiscal year basis from the 

rest of the State government. In 

such instances figures shown are 

for the agency's fiscal year that 

ended within the State's regular 

fiscal year. 

For local governments the expenditure data here are for the governments' fiscal years that ended between 

July 1, 1987, and June 30, 1988. 

Most municipalities and counties 

ended their fiscal year on December 31, 1987, or June 30, 1988. By 

using the July 1,1987, to June 30, 

1988, reference period, some governments' data are for a fiscal year 

that the local government may refer 

to as fiscal 1987, for example, those 

that ended December 31, 1987. 

The fiscal year reported for Washington, DC, ended September 30, 

1988. 

----- --

Employment and payroll data shown 

for Federal, State,and local governments are for October 1988. 

Data collection 

This survey was accomplished 

using two methods of data collection-field compilation and mail canvass. Trained field representatives 

compiled expenditure and employment data from the governments' 

own records for the 50 States, the 

72 largest counties, and the 49 

largest cities. The compilation work 

was done between November 1988 

and August 1989, in accordance 

with the definitions presented in 

appendix 1. All other units in the 

sample were canvassed by mail for 

expenditure and employment data 

beginning in February 1989.1 Nonresponse followup was used until 

the response rate for the local governments in each State reached 85 

percent. The overall response rate 

for the mail canvass was 88 percent. Response for field-compiled 

units was 100 percent. The mail 

questionnaires are exhibited in appendix 2. 

Data for the Federal Government were extracted from The Budget of the United St2fes Government, Fiscal Year 1990, Appendix. 

The field survey efforts and mail 

canvass were supplemented by reference to a variety of published 

government documents such as budgets, financial statements, and audit 

, Ideally, the fieldwork would have been 

in August, and questionnaires would have 

been mailed in December 1988. These were 

delayed while Congress debated possible 

changes to the Anti-Drug Abuse grant formula that uses the justice expenditure data. 

Only after the law's enactment on Dec. 17, 

1988, was it possible to prepare the final 

questionnaire design and obtain survey clearance from the Office of Management and 

Budget (usually a 3-month process) prior to 

printing and mailing the questionnaires. 

Survey Methodology ix 
reports. In sOllle cases, such sources 

were the basis for breakdowns of 

totals into more detailed empioyment and expenditure figures. 

Changes over time 

This series of annual reports dates 

back to fiscal year 1967. The series 

originated in the Bureau of the Census as a special in-house study in 

which police protection, judicial, and 

corrections data were extracted for 

selected large governments from 

data compiled in the Bureau's regular annual finance and employment sample surveys. In the fiscal 

year 1969 survey, prosecution and 

public defense were added to the 

original three criminal justice categories, coverage was extended to 

the entire regular annual survey 

sample of counties and municipalities, and a mail canvass questionnairedesigned specifically to elicit 

criminal justice data was used for 

all but the largest governments that 

were compil'9d by field agents. For 

the 1971 survey, a separate sample was designed and selected, and 

definitions were refined to meet the 

needs of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration block grant program that used expenditure data in 

its allocation formula. These changes 

must be taken into account in making year-to-year comparisons for fiscal years 1967 through 1971. Data 

for 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 from 

the Survey of Justice Expenditure 

and Employment (CJEE) are essentially comparable. 

In late 1980 the CJEE was canceled for budgetary reasons. From 

1980-84, limited justice expenditure 

and employment data were extracted 

from the Census Bureau's censuses 

and sample surveys of government 

finances and employment and were 

published in the 1980-84 Justice 

Expenditure and Employment Extracts 

reports. These sources have traditionally provided limited data on t1e 

justice sectors of. police protection 

and corrections, with slightly more 

data being collected for the State 

and largest local governments. Beginning with 1982 these surveys began 

collecting "judicial and legal services" data as a separate category, 

allowing estimation of total justice 

expenditure and employment for the 

first time since 1979. 

For comparative purposes table 

E of the 1980 and 1981 Justice 

Expenditure and Employment Extracts 

report provides State and local government police protection and corrections expenditure for 1979 (the 

last year of data from the CJEE 

survey) and 1980 and 1981 Extracts 

data. Table F provides similar data 

for employment covering October 

1979, 1980, and 1981. 

In 1985 and 1988, the original 

CJEE survey design was used to 

collect data that are essentially comparable to 1971-79, and BJS determined that differences in methodology between the CJEE and Extracts 

series precluded using data from 

the two series in trend analysis. 

BJS continued to compile Extracts 

data through 1988 to provide users 

with data for recent year-to-year 

trends. 

In making trend comparisons, users 

should limit their analysis to one of 

the two sources: (1) long-term trends 

for 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 from 

the CJEE series; and (2) recent 

year-to-year trends from the 1980-86 

Extracts reports. 

Data limitations 

The sample selected to develop 

local government figures is one of 

all possible samples of the same 

size that could have been chosen 

x 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

using the same sampling design. 

Estimates derived from these different samples would differ from each 

other and also from a complete 

census using the data collection 

procedures. This variation among 

all possible estimates is sampling 

error. Because all State and county 

governments were included in the 

survey, State and county figures 

are not subject to sampling error. 

The local government sample for 

the 1988 survey was designed to 

produce an estimate for each State 

of the portion of total justice expenditure made by local governments 

with a relative sampling error of 

less than half of 1 percent. The 

estimated relative standard errors 

are less than .25 percent in 48 

States and between .25 percent 

and .5 percent in 2 States (Arkansas and Mississippi). 

The estimated relative standard 

errors for local government totals 

of direct current justice expenditure 

by State are presented on the next 

page. 
Estimated relative standard errors for local government totals of direct current justice expenditure 

.5 percent 1.0-2.0 2.0-2.5 

or less .5-1.0 percent percent percent 

California Alabama 

Connecticut Arizona 

Florida Colorado 

Hawaii Delaware 

Illinois Georgia 

Maryland Iowa 

Massachusetts Louisiana 

Nevada Maine 

New Jersey Michigan 

New Mexico Minnesota 

New York Missouri 

Oregon Montana 

South Dakota Nebraska 

Virginia 

Because State government figures are not subject to sampling 

variation, the State-local aggregates 

shown for individual States are more 

reliable than the local government 

estimates they include. 

The data are also subject to the 

inaccuracies in classmcation, response, 

and processing that would occur if 

a complete census had been conducted under the same conditions 

as the sample survey. Every effort 

was made to keep such errors to a 

minimum through care in examining, editing, and tabulating the data 

submitted by government officials. 

Followup procedures were used extensively to clarify inadequate and inconsistent survey returns. 

North Carolina Idaho Alaska 

North Dakota Indiana Arkansas 

Ohio Kansas Mississippi 

Oklahoma Kentucky Rhode Islend 

Pennsylvania New Hampshire Vermont 

South Carolina Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Readers should be generally cautious in comparing governments because differences in functional responsibilities from State to State and 

government to government can also 

affect the comparability of expenditure and employment data. For example, some State governments directly 

. administer certain activities that elsewhere are undertaken by loca! governments, with or without fiscal aid; 

the same variation in the division of 

responsibilities exists for counties 

and cities. 

The available source documents 

did not consistently provide full itemization of expenditure or employment for the sector subcategories 

presented in this report. As a result, 

sector breakdowns may be incomplete for particular governmental 

units. 

The detail data in some tables 

may not add precisely to the totals 

shown because of rounding. 

Meaning of symbols 

The symbols in the tables have 

the following meanings: 

Less than .05 percent 

or $500 depending upon 

the unit of analysis in 

the table. 

NA Not availe,ble. 

r Revised. 

X Not applicable. 

Survey Methodology xi 
National summary 

" 

Table A. Total justice expenditure (direct and intergovernm~ntal) and percent change, by type of 

government, fiscal years 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Local 

Year Total 

State and 

Total Federal local State Total Counties 

Expenditure (million dollars): 

1971 ............................... 10,517 1,448 9,302 2,921 6,663 2,193 

1972 ............................... 11,748 1,876 10,245 3,342 7,376 2,473 

1973 ............................... 13,007 2,260 11,356 3,855 8,094 2,847 

1974 ................•.............. 14,842 2,602 12,992 4,537 9,130 3,277 

1975 ..........•.................... 17,249 3,019 15,061 5,321 10,502 3,896 

1976 ..•............................ 19,681 3,322 17,233 5,987 12,068 4,652 

1977 ............................... 21,574- 3,602 18,795 6,689 13,027 5,130 

1978 ............................... 24,132 3,835 21,010 7,544 14,456 5,700 

1979 ............................... 26,028 4,066 22,649 8,463 15,401 6,161 

1985 ............................... 45,607 5,819 39,923 16,013 25,373 10,563 

1988 ............................... 60,980 7,794 53,517 22,120 33,535 14,373 

Percent change, year-to-year: 

·1971-72 ............................. 11.7 29.6 10.1 14.4 10.7 12.8 

1972-73 ............................. 10.7 20.5 10.8 15.4 9.7 15.1 

1973-74 ............................. 14.1 15.1 14.4 17.7 12.8 15.1 

1974-75 ............................. 16.2 16.0 15.!:I 17.3 15.0 18.9 

1975-76 ............................. 14.1 10.1 14.4 12.5 14.9 19.4 

1976-77 ............................. 9.6 8.4 9.1 11.7 7.9 10.3 

1977-78 ............................. 11.9 6.5 11.8 12.8 11.0 11.1 

1978-79 ............................. 7.9 6.0 7.8 12.2 6.5 8.1 

Total, 1971-88 ....................... 479.8 438.2 475.3 657.4 403.3 555.5 

Municipalities 

4,504 

4,916 

5,296 

5,931 

6,697 

7,509 

8,018 

8,917 

9,397 

15,064 

19,534 

9.2 

7.7 

12.0 

12.9 

12.1 

6.8 

11.2 

5.4 

333.8 

Note: Duplicative transactions between levels of governments are excluded from the total for all governments, the State and local total, 

and the local total. Such intergovernmental expenditure consists of payments from one government to another and eventually will show up as 

a direct expenditure of a recipient government. 

National Summary xiii 
Table B. Direct justice expenditure and percent change, by type of government, fiscal years 1971-79, 1985, 

and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Local 

Year Total 

State and MuniciTotal Federal local State Total Counties palities 

Expenditure (million dollars): 

1971 ............................... 10,517 1,215 9,302 2,681 6,621 2,152 4,468 

1972 ............................... 11,748 1,502 10,245 2,948 7,297 2,427 4,870 

1973 ............................... 13,007 1,651 11,356 3,304 8,052 2,806 5,247 

1974 ............................... 14,842 1,859 12,992 3,891 9,092 3,226 5,867 

1975 ...... •••••••••••••••••••••• '0 17,249 2,188 15,061 4,612 10,449 3,828 6,620 

1976 ............................... 19,681 2,450 17,233 5,204 12,027 4,595 7,432 

1977 ............................... 21,574 2,779 18,795 5,812 12,983 5,068 7,915 

1978 ............................... 24,132 3,122 21,010 6,688 14,322 5,612 8,710 

1979 ............................... 26,028 3,379 22,649 7,393 15,257 6,045 9,211 

1985 ............................... 45,607 5,684 39,923 14,664 25,260 10,465 14,794 

1988 ............................... 60,980 7,464 53,517 20,228 33,289 14,256 19,033 

Percent change, year-te-year: 

1971-72 ............................. 11.7 23.7 10.1 9.9 10.2 12.8 9.0 

1972-73 ............................. 10.7 9.9 10.8 12.1 10.3 15.6 7.7 

1973-74 ............................. 14.1 12.6 14.4 17.8 12.9 15.0 11.8 

1974-75 ............................. 16.2 17.7 15.9 18.6 14.9 18.7 12.8 

1975-76 ............................. 14.1 12.0 14.4 12.8 15.1 20.0 12.3 

1976-77 ............................. 9.6 13.4 9.1 11.7 7.9 10.3 6.5 

1977-78 ............................. 11.9 12.4 11.8 15.1 10.3 10.7 10.0 

1978-79 ............................. 7.9 8.2 7.8 10.5 6.5 7.7 5.8 

Total, 1971-88 ....................... 479.8 514.3 475.3 654.5 402.8 562.5 326.0 

xiv 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table C. Justice full-time equivalent employment and percent change, by type of government, October 

1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Local 

October payroll period Total State MuniciTotal! Federal and local State Total Counties palities 

Full-time equivalent employment: 

1971 ............................... 861,776 77,523 784,250 205,859 578,394 193,011 385,383 

1972 ............................... 898,305 85,222 813,083 216,603 596,480 204,966 391,514 

1973 ............................... 945,309 87,139 858,158 232,299 625,871 219,89' 405,965 

1974 ............................... 1,011,205 93,755 917,450 252,588 664,862 239,17~ 425,691 

1975 ............................... 1,050,503 96,136 954,379 263,208 691,159 257,592 433,567 

1976 ............................... 1,079,892 99,553 980,379 272,488 707,891 272,541 435,350 

1977 ............................... 1,131,780 100,088 1,031,692 298,571 733,121 287,760 445,361 

1978 ............................... 1,157,436 103,678 1,053,758 310,554 743,204 295,970 447,234 

1979 ............................... 1,178,011 102,914 1,075,097 329,095 746,002 300,378 445,624 

1985 ............................... 1,368,562 108,222 1,260,340 431,206 829,134 352,606 476,528 

19138 ............................... 1,534,496 117,367 1,417,129 504,154 912,975 405,814 507,161 

Percent change, year-to-year: 

1971-72 ............................. 4.2 9.9 3.7 5.2 3.1 6.2 1.6 

1972-73 ............................. 5.2 2.2 5.5 7.2 4.9 7.3 3.7 

1973-74 ............................. 7.0 7.6 6.9 8.7 6.2 8.8 4.9 

1974-75 ............................. 3.9 2.5 4.0 4.2 4.0 7.7 1.9 

1975-76 ............................. 2.8 3.6 2.7 3.5 2.4 5.8 .4 

1976-77 ............................. 4.8 .5 5.2 9.6 3.6 5.6 2.3 

1977-78 ............................. 2.3 3.6 2.1 4.0 1.4 2.9 .4 

1978-79 ............................. 1.8 -.7 2.0 6.0 .4 1.5 -.4 

Total, 1971-88 ....................... 78.1 51.4 80.7 144.9 57.9 110.3 31.6 

National Summary xv 
Table D. Justice October payroll and percent change, by type of government, October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Local 

October payroll period Total 

State and MuniciTotal Federal local State Total Counties palities 

October payroll (thousand dollars): 

1971 ................................. 714,873 83,457 634,283 164,719 466,697 142,942 323,753 

1972 ................................. 804,741 100,367 704,377 189,390 514,984 161,108 353,874 

1973 ................................. 912,176 113,552 798,624 218,554 580,070 185,103 394,967 

1974 ................................. 1,043,104 130,802 912,303 252,214 660,088 216,430 443,659 

1975 ................................. 1,158,872 145,110 1,013,762 280,593 733,169 251,535 481,634 

1976 ................................. 1,277,120 153,726 1,117,355 311,636 805,719 281,7'73 523,946 

1977 ................................. 1,426,801 170,004 1,256,797 370,396 886,401 327,053 559,347 

1978 ...............................•. 1,527,082 184,202 1,342,880 406,897 935,983 343,125 592,859 

1979 ................................. 1,697,013 203,418 1,493,595 468,979 1,024,616 373,026 651,590 

1985 ................................. 2,854,833 277,930 2,576,903 878,899 1,698,005 655,119 1,042,884 

1988 ................................. 3,680,457 333,878 3,346,579 1,193,279 2,153,300 860,181 1.293,119 

Percent change, year-to-year: 

1971-72 .............................. 12.6 20.3 11.1 15.0 10.3 12.7 9.3 

1972-73 .............................. 13.4 13.1 13.4 15.4 12.6 14.9 11.6 

1973-74 .............................. 14.4 15.2 14.2 15.4 13.8 16.9 12.3 

1974-75 .............................. 11.1 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.1 16.2 8.6 

1975-76 .............................. 10.2 5.9 10.2 11.1 9.9 12.0 8.8, 

1976-77 .............................. 11.7 10.6 12.5 18.9 10.0 16.1 6.8 

1977-78 .............................. 7.0 8.4 6.8 9.9 5.6 4.9 6.0 

1978-79 .............................. 11.1 10.4 11.2 15.3 9.5 8.7 9.9 

Total, 1971-88 ......................... 414.9 300.1 427.6 624.4 361.4 501.8 299.4 

xvi 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table E. Justice average monthly salaries for full-time employees, by activity and type of government, 

October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

Average monthly salary 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

All governments: 

1971 ............................... 830 842 828 955 980 760 950 

1972 ............................... 896 915 874 1,003 1,051 820 983 

1973 ............................... 965 993 934 1,078 1,106 868 1,061 

1974 ............................... 1,032 1,062 998 1,141 1,178 931 1,121 

1975 ............................... 1,103 1,134 1,069 1,223 1,292 1,001 1,151 

1976 ............................... 1,183 1,230 1,124 1,301 1,354 1,057 1,206 

1977 ............................... 1,261 1,312 1,188 1,404 1,508 1,129 1,288 

1978 ............................... 1,319 1,367 1,253 1,463 1,516 1,196 1,292 

1979 ............................... 1,441 1,493 1,372 1,567 1,674 1,318 1,361 

1985 ............................... 2,086 2,186 2,001 2,330 2,298 1,884 2,018 

1988 ............................... 2,398 2,504 2,321 2,715 2,742 2,191 2,243 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 188.9 197.4 180.3 184.3 179.8 188.3 136.1 

Federal Government: 

1971 ............................... 1,077 1,048 1,179 1,214 1,318 1,077 1,152 

1972 ..............•................ 1,178 1,153 1,284 1,267 1,136 1,185 1,203 

1973 ............................... 1,303 1,287 1,485 1,411 1,404 1,414 1,295 

1974 ............................... 1,395 1,382 1,562 1,523 1,442 1,293 1,331 

1975 ............................... 1,509 1,478 1,802 1,587 1,703 1,466 1,451 

1976 ............................... 1,604 1,589 1,824 1,794 1,858 1,446 1,568 

1977 ............................... 1,699 1,713 1,882 1,869 2,035 1,384 1,631 

1978 ............................... 1,777 1,732 2,108 1,977 1,981 1,692 1,764 

1979 ............................... 1,977 1,860 2,408 2,045 2,339 2,337 2,020 

1985 ............................... 2,568 2,564 2,481 2,780 2,808 2,424 2,781 

1988 ............................... 2,845 2,790 2,789 3,182 2,905 2,766 3,569 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 164.2 166.2 136.6 162.1 120.4 156.8 209.8 

State governments: 

1971 ............................... 800 761 1,167 988 891 742 806 

1972 ............................... 874 870 1,172 1,047 1,003 804 885 

1973 ............................... 941 945 1,271 1,110 1,068 852 944 

1974 ............................... 999 984 1,388 1,153 1,124 914 1,019 

1975 ............................... 1,066 1,057 1,461 1,266 1,200 971 1,056 

1976 ............................... 1,144 1,162 1,555 1,332 1,275 1,026 1,127 

1977 ............................... 1,241 1,241 1,569 1,536 1,378 1,120 1,310 

1978 ............................... 1,310 1,323 1,634 1,501 1,495 1,187 1,300 

1979 ............................... 1,425 1,429 1,790 1,628 1,600 1,285 1,336 

1985 ............................... 2,038 2,106 2,505 2,285 2,095 1,868 1,920 

1988 ............................... 2,367 2,443 2,970 2,700 2,683 2,171 2,181 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 195.9 221.0 154.5 173.3 201.1 192.6 170.6 

County governments: 

1971 ............................... 741 764 672 869 1,010 731 884 

1972 ............................... 786 809 721 910 1,079 772 773 

1973 ............................... 842 876 763 975 1,127 821 766 

1974 ............................... 905 944 821 1,051 1,218 881 887 

1975 ............................... 976 1,018 886 1,125 1,352 949 958 

1976 ............................... 1,034 1,085 930 1,185 1,394 1,006 932 

1977 ............................... 1,137 1,267 982 1,277 1,589 1,057 1,087 

1978 ............................... 1,159 1,249 1,013 1,325 1,502 1,114 1,067 

1979 ............................... 1,242 1,331 1,089 1,413 1,723 1,189 1,063 

1985 ............................... 1,858 1,996 1,634 2,128 2,464 1,756 1,779 

1988 ............................... 2,120 2,256 1,863 2,449 2,775 2,026 1,943 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 186.1 195.3 177.2 181.8 174.8 177.2 119.8 

National Summary xvii 
Table E. Justice average monthly salaries for full-time employees, by activity and type of government, 

October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988-Con. 

Average monthly salary 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ............................... 840 841 804 918 902 824 1,082 

1972 .................. , ............ 904 905 852 973 975 893 1,029 

1973 ............................... 973 976 910 1,031 1,041 944 1,210 

1974 ............................... 1,042 1,048 958 1,072 1,006 1,013 1,258 

1975 ............................... 1,111 1,117 991 1,155 1,049 1,120 1,147 

1976 ............................... 1,204 1,213 1,030 1,233 1,146 1,227 1,218 

1977 ............................... 1,256 1,266 1,053 1,286 1,229 1,323 1,188 

1978 ............................... 1,326 1,338 1,051 1,423 1,527 1,303 1,083 

1979 ............................... 1,462 1,482 1,061 1,549 1,389 1,475 1,198 

1985 ............................... 2,189 2,206 1,651 2,377 2,919 2,246 2,031 

1988 ............................... 2,550 2,556 1,910 2,868 3,079 2,736 2,472 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 203.6 203.9 137.6 212.4 241.4 232.0 128.5 

xviii 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table F. Total justice expenditure (direct and intergovernmental), by activity and type of government, 

fiscal years 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Total justice expenditure (thousand dollars) 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

All governments: 

1971 ............................... 10,517,083 6,164,918 1,358,282 491,326 128,547 2,291,073 82,937 

1972 ............................... 11,747,785 6,903,304 1,490,649 580,381 167,630 2,438,314 167,508 

1973 ............................... 13,006,721 7,624,178 1,579,457 663,810 206,705 2,740,208 192,363 

1974 ............................... 14,842,053 8,511,676 1,798,153 770,762 244,593 3,240,396 276,473 

1975 ............................... 17,248,860 9,786,162 2,067,664 933,126 280,270 3,843,313 338,325 

1976 ............................... 19,681,409 11,028,244 2,428,472 1,047,929 331,102 4,385,512 460,150 

1977 ............................... 21,573,756 11,864,875 2,638,251 1,225,344 403,754 4,934,067 507,465 

1978 ............................... 24,131,995 13,120,193 3,067,221 1,459,859 523,735 5,522,711 438,276 

1979 ............................... 26,028,088 13,916,996 3,381,013 1,650,138 597,262 6,039,821 442,858 

1985 ............................... 45,607,142 22,013,594 5,780,163 3,235,732 1,054,504 13,034,221 488,928 

1988 ............................... 60,980,334 27,955,660 7,617,712 4,299,275 1,397,950 19,118,734 591,008 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 479.8 353.5 460.8 775.0 987.5 734.5 612.6 

Federal Government: 

1971 ............................... 1,448,335 804,514 134,020 88,748 61,095 121,258 238,700 

1972 ............................... 1,876,345 963,108 179,099 107,071 80,237 146,491 400,339 

1973 ............................... 2,260,099 1,089,873 118,359 123,494 90,436 189,096 648,841 

1974 ............................... 2,601,959 1,224,586 136,135 117,798 91,629 237,300 794,511 

1975 ............................... 3,018,566 1,464,244 165,332 177,275 87,017 243,113 881,585 

1976 ............................... 3,322,073 1,615,714 219,445 149,402 103,718 285,973 947,821 

1977 ............................... 3,601,647 1,771,922 289,626 185,604 140,452 338,400 875,643 

1978 ............................... 3,834,607 1,959,305 321,373 220,058 209,060 375,802 749,009 

1979 ......................... , ..... 4,066,184 2,059,126 369,509 276,156 240,232 393,132 728,029 

1985 ............................... 5,819,476 2,767,514 852,095 803,548 343,261 778,581 274,477 

1988 .............. , ................ 7,794,136 3,555,248 1,157,890 1,022,453 385,119 1,226,395 447,031 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 438.2 341.9 764.0 1,052.1 530.4 911.4 87.3 

Total State and local governments: 

1971 ........ , ...................... 9,302,226 5,361,318 1,224,262 402,578 67,452 2,180,272 66,344 

1972 ............................... 10,245,322 5,941,155 1,311,550 473,310 87,393 2,305,042 126,872 

1973 ............................... 11,355,840 6,535,324 1,461,098 540,316 116,269 2,569,354 133,479 

1974 ............................... 12,992,327 7,290,166 1,662,018 652,964 152,964 3,025,867 208,350 

1975 ............................... 15,060,987 8,325,537 1,902,332 755,851 193,253 3,626,535 257,478 

1976 ............................... 17,232,769 9,416,755 2,209,463 898,699 227,384 4,129,989 350,478 

1977 ............................... 18,795,046 10,099,455 2,348,625 1,039,740 263,302 4,635,349 408,576 

1978 ............................... 21,009,705 11,168,407 2,745,848 1,244,334 314,675 5,185,537 350,904 

1979 ... , .............. , ............ 22,649,166 11,864,351 3,011,504 1,383,982 357,030 5,685,859 346,440 

1985 ............................... 39,923,301 19,246,080 4,928,068 2,432,184 711,243 12,327,568 278,158 

1988 ......................... , ..... 53,516,609 24,401,411 6,459,822 3,276,822 1,012,831 17,982,274 383,452 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 475.3 355.1 427.9 711.7 1,401.6 724.8 478.0 

State governments: 

1971 ............. , ................. 2,920,751 932,234 326,850 109,494 17,266 1,387,331 147,576 

1972 ............................... 3,341,507 1,048,094 371,014 127,879 25,571 1,467,524 301,425 

1973 .. , ................ , ........... 3,855,356 1,187,470 419,247 145,805 41,830 1,613,049 447,955 

1974 ....... , ....................... 4,536,957 1,382,931 475,992 181,537 58,055 1,895,434 543,008 

1975 ....... , ..................... ,. 5,321,378 1,577,889 561,291 219,247 73,127 2,291,749 598,075 

1976 ........................... , ... 5,986,650 1,789,471 663,068 253,591 78,622 2,589,609 612,289 

1977 ............................... 6,689,474 1,963,975 735,829 314,472 90,393 2,974,890 609,915 

1978 ............................... 7,544,251 2,016,228 1,150,265 400,367 109,294 3,341,200 526,897 

1979 ............................... 8,463,110 2,150,062 1,317,945 454,797 127,892 3,824,344 588,070 

1985 .. , .. , ......................... 16,013,455 3,511,035 2,262,380 800,095 297,555 8,883,654 258,736 

1988 ............................... 22,120,159 4,513,297 3,070,941 1,076,307 427,788 12,670,955 360,872 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 657.4 384.1 839.6 883.0 2,377.6 813.3 '114.5 

National Summary xix 
Table F. Total justice expenditure (direct and intergovernmental), by activity and type of government, 

fiscal years 1971-79, 1985, and 1988-Con. 

[Deteiil may not add to total because of rounding] 

Total justice expenditure (thousand dollars) 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

Total local governments: 

1971 ............................... 6,662,697 4,489,045 912,310 295,415 50,969 895,420 19,538 

1972 ............................... 7,375,796 4,978,854 973,918 350,150 63,573 964,625 44,676 

1973 ............................... 8,094,225 5,405,423 1,082,257 398,783 79,283 1,066,000 62,478 

1974 ............................... 9,129,864 5,984,077 1,227,391 476,793 101,445 1,240,815 99,343 

1975 ............................... 10,501,604 6,817,005 1,412,763 542,440 127,938 1,471,470 129,988 

1976 ............................... 12,068,308 7,723,588 1,633,645 653,502 157,364 1,678,879 221,329 

1977 ............................... 13,027,249 8,304,366 1,707,783 745,585 185,151 1,814,539 269,825 

1978 ............................... 14,456,004 9,281,149 1,823,223 862,094 216,824 2,030,722 241,992 

1979 ............................... 15,401,438 9,882,079 1,902,528 956,979 239,159 2,196,854 223,839 

1985 ............................... 25,372,747 16,025,853 2,840,787 1,660,856 433.os8 4,316,481 95,702 

1988 ............................... 33,535,433 20,332,648 3,687,505 2,236,634 617,910 6,529,785 130,955 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 403.3 352.9 304.2 657.1 1,112.3 629.3 570.3 

County governments: 

1971 ............................... 2,192,756 733,832 648,143 171,814 41,141 596,039 1,787 

1972 ............................... 2,472,531 840,666 685,041 197,867 50,455 690,971 7,531 

1973 ............................... 2,846,672 990,935 753,316 230,066 61,463 783,789 27,102 

1974 ............................... 3,276,735 1,102,695 861,244 271,531 79,296 917,427 44,542 

1975 ............................... 3,896,347 1,303,993 1,013,652 319,540 102,280 1,091,552 65,330 

1976 ............................... 4,652,041 1,500,463 1,201,003 396,489 130,006 1,271,086 152,994 

1977 ............................... 5,129,721 1,638,089 1,296,253 459,134 156,347 1,403,279 176,619 

1978 ............................... 5,699,974 1,832,616 1,418,524 519,871 180,215 1,576,185 172,563 

1979 ............................... 6,160,804 2,041,907 1,481,579 580,544 196,296 1,699,254 161,224 

1985 ............................... 10,563,171 3,688,740 2,202,504 1,004,947 350,603 3,252,103 64,274 

1988 ............................... 14,373,111 4,715,310 2,957,413 1,319,950 480,515 4,808,434 91,492 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 555.5 542.6 356.3 668.3 1,068.0 706.7 5,019.9 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ............................... 4,503,596 3,775,320 267,963 123,753 9,943 308,554 18,063 

1972 ............................... 4,915,962 4,138,188 288,877 152,284 13,118 286,351 37,144 

1973 ............................... 5,295,809 4,444,798 335,987 169,386 18,033 291,920 35,685 

1974 ............................... 5,931,029 4,932,001 373,046 205,705 22,507 342,367 55,402 

1975 ............................... 6,696,801 5,574,033 408,246 223,282 26,036 400,153 65,050 

1976 ............................... 7,508,768 6,279,070 440,996 257,456 28,518 432,838 68,889 

1977 ............................... 8,017,700 6,742,549 424,396 287,200 29,833 438,388 95,332 

1978 ............................... 8,916,894 7,539,943 432,806 343,217 38,655 490,758 71,515 

1979 ............................... 9,396,648 7,943,525 433,626 377,274 44,638 533,030 64,554 

1985 ............................... 15,064,352 12,512,804 655,733 659,697 85,782 1,118,504 31,832 

1988 ............................... 19,533,908 15,884,661 760,522 918,142 142,946 1,786,647 40,991 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 333.8 320.8 183.8 641.9 1,337.7 479.0 126.9 

Note: Duplicative transactions between levels of governments are excluded from the total for all governments, the State and local total, and 

the local total. Such intergovernmental expenditure consists of payments from one government to another and eventually will show up as a direct 

expenditure of a recipient government. 

xx 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
-------------, 

Table G. Justice full-time equivalent employment, by activity and type of government, October 1971-79, 1985, 

and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

FUll-time equivalent employment 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

All governments: 

1971 ................................. 861,776 528,594 107,129 39,725 3,510 179,961 2,857 

1972 ................................. 898,305 547,555 111,686 43,789 4,156 185,793 5,326 

1973 ................................. 945,309 575,142 115,490 47,304 5,178 196,279 5,916 

1974 ................................. 1,011,205 607,913 125,129 52,219 6,119 213,197 6,268 

1975 ................................. 1,050,503 625,045 131,988 55,364 6,357 224,520 7,229 

1976 ................................. 1,079,892 628,347 137,451 59,306 7,255 239,520 8,240 

1977 ................................. 1,131,780 645,015 150,546 63,902 8,104 253,008 9,206 

1978 ................................. 1,157,436 656,171 149,290 69,247 8,303 265,384 9,041 

1979 ................................. 1,178,011 653,581 156,361 73,169 8,817 277,013 9,070 

1985 ................................. 1,368,562 693,245 180,590 89,624 11,709 387,209 6,185 

1988 ................................. 1,534,496 745,935 196,530 99,096 13,486 473,211 6,238 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 78.1 41.1 83.5 149.5 284.2 163.0 118.4 

Federal Government: 

1971 ................................. 77,523 56,528 7,421 5,638 52 7,140 744 

1972 ................................. 85,222 61,393 8,517 6,015 86 7,929 1,280 

1973 ................................. 87,139 63,996 6,277 6,395 109 8,969 1,393 

1974 ................................. 93,755 68,504 6,734 6,845 154 9,967 1,551 

1975 ................................. 96,136 69,196 7,278 7,099 185 10,707 1,671 

1976 ................................. 99,553 71,421 7,531 6,928 219 11,717 1,737 

1977 ................................. 100,088 71,433 8,165 6,930 230 11,760 1,570 

1978 ................................. 103,678 73,993 8,289 7,558 265 11,918 1,655 

1979 ................................. 102,914 73,133 8,084 7,822 251 12,145 1,479 

1985 ................................. 108,222 61,342 15,455 15,791 356 14,448 830 

1988 ................................. 117,367 65,297 18,283 16,485 493 16,370 439 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 51.4 15.5 146.4 192.4 848.1 129.3 -41.0 

Total State and local governments: 

1971 ................................. 784,250 472,063 99,708 34,087 3,458 172,821 2,113 

1972 ................................. 813,083 486,162 103,169 37,774 4,068 177,864 4,046 

1973 ................................. 858,158 511,146 109,213 40,909 5,069 187,298 4,523 

1974 ................................. 917,450 539,409 118,395 45,374 5,965 203,230 5,077 

1975 ................................. 954,379 555,849 124,712 48,265 6,172 213,813 5,558 

1976 ................................. 980,379 556,926 129,958 52,380 7,036 227,576 6,503 

1977 ................................. 1,031,692 573,582 142,381 56,972 7,874 243,248 7,636 

1978 ................................. 1,053,758 582,178 141,001 61,689 8,038 253,466 7,386 

1979 ................................. 1,075,097 580,448 148,277 65,347 8,566 264,868 7,591 

1985 ................................. 1,260,340 631,903 165,135 73,833 11,353 372,761 5,355 

1988 ................................. 1,417,129 680,638 178,247 82,611 12,993 456,841 5,799 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 80.7 44.2 78.8 142.4 275.7 164.3 174.4 

State governments: 

1971 ................................. 205,859 69,375 19,856 8,133 985 106,045 1,465 

1972 ................................. 216,603 75,397 20,372 9,035 1,406 107,785 2,608 

1973 ................................. 232,299 81,634 22,977 10,490 2,102 112,176 2,920 

1974 ................................. 252,588 89,822 23,939 11,776 2,625 121,160 3,266 

1975 ................................. 263,208 92,445 25,578 12,334 2,547 126,933 3,371 

1976 ................................. 272,488 90,884 27,516 13,227 2,843 134,420 3,598 

1977 ................................. 298,571 93,674 37,337 15,068 3,175 145,552 3,766 

1978 ................................. 310,554 92,443 41,642 18,212 3,159 151,408 3,690 

1979 ................................. 329,095 91,595 48,669 19,961 3,659 161,019 4,192 

1985 ................................. 431,206 98,656 60,533 23,266 5,872 239,031 3,848 

1988 ................................. 504,154 108,005 64,976 26,883 6,198 293,925 4,167 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 144.9 55.7 227.2 230.6 529.2 177.2 184.4 

National Summary xxi 
Table G. Justice full-time equivalent employment, by activity and type of government, October 1971-79, 1985, 

and 1988-Con. 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

FUll-time equivalent employment 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection JUdicial services defense Corrections justice 

Total local governments: 

1971 ................................. 578,394 402,691 79,852 25,954 2,473 66,776 648 

1972 ................................. 596,480 410,765 82,797 28,739 2,662 70,079 1,438 

1973 ................................. 625,871 429,512 86,236 30,419 2,967 75,134 1,603 

1974 ................................. 664,862 449,587 94,456 33,598 3,340 82,070 1,811 

1975 ................................. 691,159 463,404 99,132 35,931 3,625 86,880 2,187 

1976 ................................. 707,891 466,042 102,442 39,153 4,193 93,156 2,905 

1977 ................................. 733,121 484,908 105,044 41,904 4,699 97,696 3,870 

1978 ................................. 743,204 489,735 99,359 43,477 4,879 102,058 3,696 

1979 ................................. 746,002 488,853 99,608 45,386 4,907 103,849 3,399 

1985 ................................. 829,134 533,247 104,602 50,567 5,481 133,730 1,507 

1988 ................................. 912,975 572,633 113,271 55,278 6,795 162,916 1,632 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 57.S 42.2 41.9 114.7 174.8 144.0 151.9 

County governments: 

1971 .............................. : .. 193,011 68,847 56,421 16,102 2,259 49,261 121 

1972 ., ............................ ~ .. 204,966 72,547 58,880 17,656 2,503 53,014 366 

1973 ................................. 219,894 78,949 61,814 18,907 2,822 56,905 497 

1974 ................................. 239,171 83,068 68,727 21,112 3,161 62,482 621 

1975 ................................. 257,592 89,273 72,761 23,261 3,423 67,942 932 

1976 ................................ , 272,541 91,817 75,941 25,680 3,974 73,796 1,333 

1977 ................................. 287,760 96,665 78,851 27,842 4,441 77,682 2,309 

1978 ................................. 295,970 99,889 78,748 29,208 4,543 81,015 2,567 

1979 ................................. 300,378 103,255 77,545 30,618 4,493 82,120 2,347 

1985 ................................. 352,606 123,455 82,307 33,901 5,258 106,594 1,091 

1988 ................................. 405,814 139,018 90,747 37,912 5,554 130,267 1,316 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 110.3 101.9 60.8 135.5 190.1 164.5 987.6 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ................................. 385,383 333,844 23,431 9,852 214 17,515 527 

1972 ................................. 391,514 338,218 23,917 11,083 159 17,065 1,072 

1973 ................................. 405,965 350,563 24,422 11,512 145 18,217 1,106 

1974 ................................. 425,691 366,519 25,729 12,486 179 19,588 1,190 

1975 ................................. 433,567 374,131 26,371 12,670 202 18,938 1,255 

1976 ................................. 435,350 374,225 26,501 13,473 219 19,360 1,572 

1977 ................................. 445,361 383,273 26,193 14,062 258 20,014 1,561 

1978 ................................. 447,234 389,846 20,611 14,269 336 21,043 1,129 

1979 ................................. 445,624 385,598 22,063 14,768 414 21,729 1,052. 

1985 ................................. 476,528 409,792 22,295 16,666 223 27,136 416 

1988 ................................. 507,161 433,615 22,525 17,819 240 32,650 316 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............... 31.6 29.9 -3.9 80.9 12.2 86.4 -40.0 

xxii 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table H. Justice October payroll, by activity and type of government, October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

October payroll (thousand dollars) 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections Other justice 

All governments: 

1971 ............................... 714,873 445,289 88,698 37,922 3,439 136,810 2,715 

1972 ............................... 804,741 501,277 97,634 43,929 4,367 152,299 5,235 

1973 ............................... 912,176 570,871 107,916 50,978 5,728 170,405 6,278 

1974 ............................... 1,043,104 645,612 124,817 59,585 7,201 198,462 7,427 

1975 ............................... 1,158,872 708,888 141,122 67,695 8,213 224,635 8,319 

1976 ............................... 1,277,120 772,867 154,466 77,140 9,821 252,890 9,935 

1977 ............................... 1,426,801 846,147 178,918 89,734 12,219 287,924 11,859 

1978 ............................... 1,527,082 897,010 186,990 101,288 12,586 317,529 11,679 

1979 ............................... 1,697,013 975,752 214,471 114,634 14,758 365,058 12,341 

1985 ............................... 2,854,834 1,515,524 361,380 208,832 26,914 729,699 12,485 

1988 ............................... 3,680,457 1,867,793 456,057 269,001 36,985 1,036,628 13,994 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 414.9 319.5 414.2 609.4 975.5 657.7 415.4 

Federal Government: 

1971 ............................... 83,457 59,231 8,748 6,842 87 7,692 857 

1972 ............................... 100,367 70,777 10,935 7,619, 100 9,396 1,540 

1973 ............................... 113,552 82,367 9,319 9,022 153 10,885 1,804 

1974 ............................... 130,802 94,705 10,517 10,422 222 12,885 2,051 

1975 ............................... 145,110 102,289 13,118 11,270 315 15,693 2,425 

1976 ............................... 153,726 113,497 13,733 12,427 407 16,938 2,724 

1977 ............................... 170,004 122,380 15,363 12,954 468 16,279 2,560 

1978 ............................... 184,202 128,182 17,474 14,940 525 20,162 2,919 

1979 ............................... 203,418 135,992 19,470 15,996 587 28,386 2,987 

1985 ............................... 277,930 157,335 38,358 43,904 1,000 35,025 2,309 

1988 ............................... 333,878 182,153 50,985 52,457 1,432 45,284 1,567 

Percent change, 1971-88 ...... '....... 300.1 207.5 482.8 666.7 1,546.0 488.7 82.9 

Total State and local governments: 

1971 ............................... 634,283 388,926 79,950 31,079 3,351 129,119 1,858 

1972 ............................... 704,377 430,500 86,700 36,311 4,267 142,905 3,695 

1973 ............................... 798,624 488,504 98,597 41,956 5,575 159,518 4,475 

1974 ............................... 912,303 550,907 114,300 49,163 6,979 185,577 5,376 

1975 ............................... 1,013,762 606,599 128,004 56,425 7,898 208,942 5,893 

1976 ............................... 1,117,355 659,370 140,734 64,673 9,414 235,952 7,211 

1977 ............................... 1,256,797 723,767 163,555 76,780 11,751 271,645 9,300 

1978 ............................... 1,342,880 768,828 169,516 86,349 12,062 297,367 8,759 

1979 ............................... 1,493,595 839,760 195,001 98,638 14,171 336,672 9,354-

1985 ............................... 2,576,903 1,358,189 323,022 164,928 25,913 694,675 10,176 

1988 ............................... 3,346,579 1,685,640 405,073 216,544 35,553 991,342 12,428 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 427.6 333.4 406.7 596.8 961.0 667.8 568.9 

State governments: 

1971 ............................... 164,719 52,800 23,175 8,037 878 78,648 1,181 

1972 ............................... 189,390 65,622 23,878 9,461 1,410 86,710 2,309 

1973 ............................... 218,554 77,140 29,201 11,648 2,244 95,565 2,756 

1974 ............................... 252,214 88,426 33,220 13,579 2,950 110,710 3,329 

1975 ............................... 280,593 97,737 37,372 15,615 3,057 123,252 3,561 

1976 ............................... 311,636 105,620 42,786 17,623 3,624 137,928 4,054 

1977 ............................... 370,396 116,294 58,566 23,147 4,376 163,079 4,934 

1978 ............................... 406,897 122,337 68,050 27,334 4,724 179,654 4,797 

1979 ............................... 468,979 130,915 87,129 32,499 5,855 206,983 5,599 

1985 ............................... 878,899 207,784 151,678 53,164 12,307 446,574 7,392 

1988 ............................... 1,193,279 263,892 193,007 72,588 16,629 638,073 9,090 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............. 624.4 399.8 732.8 803.2 1,794.0 711.3 669.7 

National Summary xxiii 
Table H. Justice October payroll, by activity and type of government, October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988-Con. 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

October payroll (thousand dollars) 

-- Type of government and year Police Legal Public 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections Other justice 

Total local governments: 

1971 .............................. 466,697 333,258 56,775 34,043 2,474 50,470 677 

1972 .. _ ...... _ ............... _ .... 514,984 364,878 62,821 26,849 2,857 56,193 1,386 

1973 .............................. 580,070 411,364 69,396 30,308 3,331 63,953 1,718 

1974 .............................. 660,088 462,481 81,080 35,584 4,029 74,867 2,047 

1975 .............................. 733,169 508,862 90,632 40,810 4,841 85,690 2,333 

1976 .............................. 805,719 553,750 97,948 47,050 5,790 98,024 3,157 

1977 .............................. 886,401 607,473 104,989 53,633 7,375 108,566 4,365 

1978 .............................. 935,983 646,491 101,466 59,014 7,337 117,713 3,963 

1979 .............................. 1,024,6'16 708,845 107,872 66,139 8,316 129,689 3,755 

1985 ...•.......................... 1,698,005 1,150,405 171,344 111,763 13,607 248,100 2,785 

1988 .............................. 2,153,300 1,421,748 212,066 143,956 18,924 353,269 3,337 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............ 361.4 326.6 273.5 322.9 664.9 600.0 392.9 

County governments: 

1971 .... ! ......................... 142,942 52,588 37,947 13,993 2,281 36,028 107 

1972 .............................. 161,108 58,667 42,438 16,062 2,700 40,958 283 

1973 .............................. 185,103 69,177 47,182 18,441 3,180 46,742 381 

1974 .............................. 216,430 78,380 56,425 22,198 3,849 55,027 551 

1975 .............................. 251,535 90,874 64,488 26,172 4,629 64,478 893 

1976 .............................. 281,773 99,632 70,654 30,433 5,539 74,270 1,243 

1977 .............................. 327,053 122,434 77,411 35,553 7,058 82,087 2,511 

1978 .............................. 343,125 124,757 79,803 38,713 6,824 90,290 2,739 

1979 .............................. 373,026 137,404 84,475 43,263 7,741 97,648 2,495 

1985 .............................. 655,120 246,381 134,529 72,154 12,956 187,158 1,941 

1988 ............ , ................. 860,181 313,628 169,032 92,851 18,185 263,928 2,557 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............ 501.8 496.4 345.5 563.6 697.2 632.6 2,289.7 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ., ............................ 323,753 280,670 18,828 9,050 193 14,442 570 

1972 .............................. 353,874 306,211 20,383 10,787 155 15,235 1,103 

1973 .............................. 394,967 342,187 22,214 11,866 151 17,211 1,338 

1974 .............................. 443,659 384,101 24,655 13,386 180 19,840 1,497 

1975 .............................. 481,634 417,988 26,144 14,638 212 21,213 1,439 

1976 .............................. 523,946 454,118 27,294 16,617 251 23,753 1,914 

1977 .............................. 559,347 485,040 27,577 18,080 317 26,479 1,854 

1978 .............................. 592,859 521,735 21,663 20,301 513 27,423 1,223 

1979 .............................. 651,590 571,441 23,398 22,876 575 32,040 1,260 

1985 .............................. 1,042,885 904,024 36,815 39,609 651 60,942 844 

1988 .............................. 1,293,119 1,108,119 43,034 51,105 739 89,341 781 

Percent change, 1971-88 ............ 299.4 294.8 128.6 464.7 282.9 518.6 37.0 

xxiv 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table I. Percent distribution of direct justice expenditure by at~tivity and type of government, fiscal years 

1971-79, 1985, and 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Percent of total direct expenditure for each year 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

Federal Government: 

1971 ............................... 11.5 13.0 9.9 18.1 47.6 4.8 20.0 

1972 ............................... 12.8 13.9 12.0 18.5 47.9 5.5 24.3 

1973 ............................... 12.7 14.3 7.5 18.6 43.8 6.2 30.6 

1974 ............................... 12.5 14.3 7.6 15.3 37.5 6.6 27.1 

1975 ............................... 12.7 14.9 8.0 19.0 31.0 5.6 23.9 

1976 ............................... 12.5 14.6 9.0 14.3 31.3 5.9 23.8 

1977 ............................... 12.9 14.9 11.0 15.2 34.8 6.1 19.5 

1978 ............................... 12.9 14.9 10.5 14.8 39.9 6.1 19.9 

1979 ............................... 13.0 14.7 10.9 16.1 40.2 5.9 21.8 

1985 ............................... 12.5 12.6 14.7 24.8 32.6 5.4 43.1 

1988 ............................... 12.2 12.7 15.2 23.8 27.5 5.9 35:1 

State governments: 57.8 , 1971 ............................... 25.5 14.2 23.1 21.9 12.8 56.5 

1972 ............................... 25.1 14.4 23.2 21.5 14.3 56.9 49.1 

1973 ............................... 25.4 14.8 24.4 21.6 17.9 56.0 37.1 

1974 ............................... 26.3 15.4 24.4 23.1 21.1 55.9 38.3 

1975 ............................... 26.7 15.5 24.1 23.1 23.4 57.1 37.9 

1976 ............................... 26.4 15.4 24.1 23.6 21.2 56.4 28.3 

1977 ............................... 26.9 15.2 24.7 24.2 19.4 57.7 27.6 

1978 ............................... 27.7 14.4 33.0 26.4 18.7 57.5 27.9 

1979 ............................... 28.4 14.3 35.5 26.1 19.8 58.5 28.1 

1985 ............................... 32.2 14.7 36.7 23.8 26.4 62.0 37.4 

1988 ............................... 33.2 14.6 36.8 24.2 28.3 61.0 42.8 

Total local governments: 

1971 •••••••••••••••• I •••••••••••••• 63.0 72.8 67.0 60.0 39.6 37.4 23.5 

1972 ............................... 62.1 71.7 64.8 60.0 37.8 37.6 26.6 

1973 ............................... 61.9 70.9 68.1 59.8 38.3 37.8 32.3 

1974 ............................... 61.2 70.3 68.0 61.6 41.4 37.5 34.6 

1975 ............................... 60.6 69.6 67.9 57.9 45.6 37.3 38.2 

1976 ............................... 61.1 70.0 66.9 62.1 47.5 37.7 47.9 

1977 ............................... 60.2 69.9 64.4 60.6 45.8 36.2 52.9 

1978 ............................... 59.3 70.7 56.5 58.8 41.4 36.4 52.1 

1979 ............................... 58.6 71.0 53.6 57.8 40.0 35.7 50.1 

1985 ............................... 55.4 72.8 48.5 51.3 41.0 32.6 19.5 

1988 ............................... 54.6 72.7 48.0 52.0 44.2 33.1 22.1 

County governments: 

1971 ............................... 20.5 11.8 47.4 34.8 31.9 24.6 2.1 

1972 ............................... 20.7 12.1 45.6 33.8 30.0 27.1 4.5 

1973 ............................... 21.6 12.9 47.3 34.3 29.6 27.6 14.0 

1974 ............................... 21.7 12.9 47.6 34.9 32.3 27.2 15.8 

1975 ............................... 22.2 13.2 48.6 34.0 36.4 27.2 19.1 

1976 ............................... 23.3 13.6 49.1 37.6 39.0 28.2 32.9 

1977 ............................... 23.5 13.7 48.8 37.2 38.6 27.7 34.3 

1978 ............................... 23.3 13.9 45.2 35.3 34.3 27.8 39.0 

1979 ............................... 23.2 14.6 42.3 35.0 32.7 27.4 35.9 

1985 ............................... 22.9 16.7 37.6 31.0 33.2 24.5 13.0 

1988 ............................... 23.4 16.8 38.4 30.7 34.3 24.8 15.2 

National Summary xxv 
Table I. Percent distribution of direct justice expenditure by activity and type of government, fiscal years 

1971-79, 1985, and 1988-Con. 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Percent of total direct expenditure for each year 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public Other 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections justice 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ....................................... 42.5 61.0 19.6 25.2 7.7 12.8 21.4 

1972 ............................... 41.4 60.0 19.2 26.2 7.8 10.5 22.1 

1973 ............................... 40.3 57.9 20.8 25.5 8.7 10.2 18.3 

1974 ............................... 39.5 57.4 20.4 26.7 9.1 10.2 19.9 

1975 ............................... 38.4 56.4 19.3 23.9 9.2 10.1 19.2 

1976 ............................... 37.8 56.5 17.8 24.5 8.5 9.6 ~5.0 

1977 ............................... 36.7 56.2 15.6 23.4 7.2 8.6 18.6 

1978 ............................... 36.1 56.8 11.3 23.5 7.1 8.6 13.1 

1979 ............................... 35.4 56.4 11.3 22.8 7.3 8.3 14.2 

1985 ............................... 32.4 56.1 11.0 20.3 7.9 8.1 6.5 

1988 ............................... 31.2 55.9 9.6 21.3 9.9 8.3 6.9 

xxvi 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table J. Percent distribution of justice full-time equivalent employment, by activity and type of 

Q\)vernment, October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988 .' , 

Percent of ful/-time equivalent employment for each year 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections 

Federal Government: 

1971 ............................... 9.0 10.7 ~.9 14.2 1.5 4.0 

1972 ............................... 9.5 11.2 7.6 13.8 2.1 4.3 

1973 ............................... 9.2 11.1 5.4 13.5 2.1 4.5 

1974 ............................... 9.3 11.3 5.4 13.1 2.5 4.7 

1975 ............................... 9.1 i 1.1 5.5 12.8 2.9 4.8 

1976 ............................... 9.2 "11.4 5.5 11.7 3.0 4.9 

1977 ............................... 8.8 11.1 5.4 10.8 2.8 4.6 

1978 ............................... 9.0 11.3 5.6 10.9 3.2 4.5 

1979 ............................... 8.7 11.2 5.2 10.7 2.8 4.4 

1985 ............................... 7.9 8.8 8.6 17.6 3.0 3.7 

1988 ............................... 7.6 ,~.8 9.3 16.6 3.7 3.5 

State governments: 

1971 ............................... 23.9 13.1 18.5 20.5 28.1 58.9 

1972 ............................... 24.1 13.8 18.3 20.6 33.8 58.0 

1973 ............................... 24.6 14.2 19.9 22.2 40.6 57.2 

1974 ............................... 25.0 14.8 19.1 22.6 42.9 56.8 

1975 ............................... 25.1 14.8 19.4 22.3 40.1 56.5 

1976 ............................... 25.2 14.5 20.0 22.3 39.2 56.2 

1977 ............................... 26.4 14.5 24.8 23.6 39.2 57.1 

1978 ............................... 26.8 14.1 27.9 26.3 38.0 57.1 

1979 ............................... 27.9 14.0 31.1 27.3 41.5 58.1 

1985 ............................... 31.5 14.2 33.5 26.0 50.1 61.7 

1988 ............................... 32.9 14.5 33.1 27.1 45.9 62.1 

Total local governments: 

1971 ............................... 67.1 76.2 74.6 65.3 70.5 37.1 

1972 ............................... 66.4 75.0 74.1 65.6 64.1 37.7 

1973 ............................... 66.2 74.7 74.7 64.3 57.3 38.3 

1974 ............................... 65.7 73.9 75.5 64.3 54.6 38.5 

1975 ............................... 65.8 74.1 75.1 64.9 57.0 38.7 

1976 ............................... 65.6 74.2 74.5 66.0 57.8 38.9 

1977 ............................... 64.8 74.4 69.8 65.6 58.0 38.3 

1978 ............................... 64.2 74.6 66.6 62.8 58.8 38.5 

1979 ............................... 63.3 74.8 63.7 62.0 55.7 37.5 

1985 ............................... 60.6 76.9 57.9 56.4 46.8 34.5 

1988 ............................... 59.5 76.8 57.6 56.2 50.4 34.4 

County governments: 

1971 ............................... 22.4 13.0 52.7 40.5 64.4 27.4 

1972 ............................... 22.8 13.2 52.7 40.3 60.2 28.5 

1973 ............................... 23.3 13.7 53.5 40.0 54.5 29.0 

1974 ............................... 23.6 13.6 54.9 40.4 51.7 29.3 

1975 ..................... , ......... 24.5 14.3 55.1 42.0 53.8 30.3 

1976 ............................... 25.3 14.6 55.2 43.3 54.8 30.8 

1977 ............................... 25.4 15.0 52.4 43.6 54.8 30.5 

1978 ............................... 25.6 15.2 52.7 42.2 54.7 30.5 

1979 ............................... 25.5 15.8 49.6 41.8 51.0 29.6 

1985 ............................... 25.8 17.8 45.6 37.8 44.9 27.5 

1988 ............................... 26.4 18.6 46.2 38.3 48.6 27.5 

Other 

justice 

26.0 

24.0 

23.5 

23.4 

23.1 

21.1 

17.1 

18.3 

16.3 

13.4 

7.0 

51.3 

49.0 

49.4 

49.3 

46.6 

43.7 

40.9 

40.8 

46.2 

62.2 

66.8 

22.7 

27.0 

27.1 

27.3 

30.3 

35.3 

42.0 

40.9 

37.5 

24.4 

26.2 

4.2 

6.9 

8.4 

9.4 

12.9 

16.2 

25.1 

28.4 

25.9 

17.6 

21.1 

National Summary xxvii 
Table J. Percent distribution of justice full-time equivalent employment, by activity and type of 

government, October 1971-79, 1985, and 1988-Con. 

Percent of full-time equivalent employment for each year 

Type of government and year Police Legal Public 

Total protection Judicial services defense Corrections 

Municipal governments: 

1971 ............................... 44.7 63.2 21.9 24.8 6.1 9.7 

1972 ............................... 43.6 61.8 21.4 25.3 3.9 9.2 

1973 ............................... 42.9 61.0 21.2 24.3 2.8 9.3 

1974 ............................... 42.1 60.3 20.6 23.9 2.9 9.2 

1975 ............................... 41.3 59.8 20.0 22.9 3.2 8.4 

1976 ............................... 40.3 59.6 19.3 22.7 3.0 8.1 

1977 ............................... 39.4 59.4 17.4 22.0 3.2 7.8 

1978 ............................... 38.6 59.4 13.8 20.6 4.0 7.9 

1979 ............................... 37.8 59.0 14.1 20.2 4.7 7.8 

1985 ............................... 34.8 59.1 12.3 19.0 1.9 7.0 

1988 ............................... 33.1 58.1 11.5 18.0 1.8 6.9 

xxviii 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Other 

justice 

18.5 

20.1 

18.7 

17.9 

17.4 

19.1 

16.0 

12.5 

11.6 

6.7 

5.1 
Table K. Percent distribution of justice total expenditure, full-time equivalent employment, and 

payroll, by activity and type of government, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of 

abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text] 

Percent distribution 

Type of government and activity FUll-time 

Total equivalent 

expendi- employ- October 

ture ment payroll 

All governments ................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Police protection .............. 45.8 48.6 50.7 

Judicial ....................... 12.5 12.8 12.4 

Legal services ................. 7.1 6.5 7.3 

Public defense ................ 2.3 .9 1.0 

Corrections ................... 31.3 30.8 28.2 

Other justice .................. 1.0 .4 .4 

Federal Government . ........... 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Police protection .............. 45.6 55.6 54.6 

Judicial ....................... 14.9 15.6 15.3 

Legal services ................. 13.1 14.0 15.7 

Public defense ................ 4.9 .4 .4 

Corrections ................... 15.7 13.9 13.6 

Other justice .................. 5.7 .4 .5 

State governments . ............ 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Police protection .............. 20.4 21.4 22.1 

Judicial ....................... 13.9 12.9 16.2 

Legal services ................. 4.9 5.3 6.1 

Public defense ................ 1.9 1.2 1.4 

Corrections ................... 57.3 58.3 53.5 

Other justice .................. 1.6 .8 .8 

County governments . .......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Police protection .............. 32.8 34.3 36.5 

Judicial ....................... 20.6 22.4 19.7 

Legal services ................. 9.2 9.3 10.8 

Public defense ................ 3.3 1.6 2.1 

Corrections ................... 33.5 32.1 30.7 

Other justice .................. .6 .3 .3 

Municipal governments . ........ 100.0 100.0 100.0 

Police protection .............. 81.3 85.5 85.7 

Judicial ....................... 3.9 4.4 3.3 

Legal services ................. 4.7 3.5 4.0 

Public defense ................ .7 - .1 

Gorrections ................... 9.1 6.4 6.9 

Other justice .................. .2 .1 .1 

National Summary xxix 
Table l. State government justice expenditure, by activity and by character and object, fiscal year 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text] 

Activity Total 

justice Direct 

expenditure Total current 

Expenditures 

(Thousand dollars) 

TotaL ....................... 22,120,159 20,227,725 18,067,638 

Police protection ................... 4,513,297 4,078,136 3,794,988 

Judicial ........................... 3,070,941 2,800,124 2,731,714 

Legal services ...... , .............. 1,076,307 1,040,341 1,006,745 

Public defense ..................... 427,788 395,363 393,313 

Corrections ........................ 12,670,956 11,661,101 9,897,950 

Other justice ....................... 360,872 252,663 242,931 

Percent distribution 

TotaL ....................... 100.0 91.4 89.3 

Police protection ................... 100.0 90.4 93.1 

Judicial ........................... 100.0 91.2 97.6 

Legal services ..................... 100.0 96.7 96.8 

Public defense ..................... 100.0 92.4 99.5 

Corrections ........................ 100.0 92.0 84.9 

Other justice .....................•. 100.0 70.0 96.1 

Table M. State government direct current expenditure for judicial activities, by type of court, 

fiscal year 1988 

(Detail may not add to total becallse of rounding] 

Direct 

current 

Item expenditure 

(thousand 

dollars) Percent 

All judicial .............•......... 2,731,714 100.0 

Appellate courts ...................... . 350,847 12.8 

Of last resort ....................... . 134,678 4.9 

Intermediate ........................ . 216,169 7.9 

Courts of: 

General jurisdiction .................. . 1,370,289 50.2 

Limited jurisdiction .................. . 580,916 21.3 

Miscellaneous ........................ . 429,662 15.7 

xxx 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Direct expenditure 

Capital outlay 

IntergovConstruc- ern mental 

Total Equipment tion Land expenditure 

2,160,087 526,532 1,574,686 58,869 1,892,434 

283,148 235,201 39,360 8,587 435,162 

68,410 44,333 24,014 63 270,817 

33,596 24,231 9,316 49 35,966 

2,050 2,037 13 - 32,435 

1,763,151 212,366 1,500,615 50,170 1,009,855 

9,732 (NA) (NA) (NA) 108,209 

10.7 24.4 72.9 2.7 8.6 

6.9 83.1 13.9 3.0 9.6 

2.4 64.8 35.1 .1 8.8 

3.2 72.1 27.7 .1 3.3 

.5 99.4 .6 . 7.6 

15.1 12.0 85.1 2.9 8.0 

3.9 (NA) (NA) (NA) 30.0 
Table N. State and local corrections direct expenditure, by type of correctional activity and by 

character and object, fiscal year 1988 

Item 

I nstitutions, total ................ . 

Direct current ......................... . 

Capital outlay ......................... . 

Probation, parole, pardon, total ... . 

Direct current. ............•............ 

Capital outlay ......................... . 

Direct 

expenditure 

(thousand 

dollars) 

15,262,965 

12,559,953 

2,703,012 

2,004,293 

1,981,747 

22,546 

Percent 

100.0 

82.3 

17.7 

100.0 

98.9 

1.1 

Table O. State and local corrections direct expenditure, full-time equivalent employment, and payroll, by 

type of correctional activity, fiscal year 1988 and October 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Direct 

Item expenditure 

(thousand 

dollars) Percent 

All corrections ....................... 17,982,274 

Institutions ................................. 15,262,965 

Probation, parole, pardon ................... 2,004,293 

Other corrections ........................... 715,017 

Table P. State government corrections direct current 

expenditure, by type of correctional activity 

and type of institution, fiscal year 1988 

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding] 

Direct 

current 

Item expenditure 

(thousand 

dollars) Percent 

All corrections .................. . 9,897,950 100.0 

All institutions ........................ . 8,152,547 82.4 

For men ........................... . 5,963,498 60.2 

For women ......................... . 296,646 3.0 

For juveniles ....................... . 1,186,357 12.0 

Other and combined ................ . 706,046 7.1 

Probation, parole, pardon .............. . 1,064,787 10.8 

Other corrections ..................... . 680,616 6.9 

100.0 

84.9 

11.1 

4.0 

October 

Full-time payroll 

equivalent (thousand 

employment Percent dollars) Percent 

456,841 100.0 991,342 100.0 

378,438 82.8 817,562 82.5 

63,893 14.0 139,618 14.1 

14,453 3.2 34,162 3.4 

National Summary xxxi 
Table Q. Per capita State and local justice expenditure and percent change, by region and State, fiscal 

years 1971, 1975, 1978, 1985, and 1988 

Per capita State and local Percent change in per capita 

Region and State expenditure (dollars) State and local expenditure 

1971 1975 1978 1985 1988 1975-85 1978-88 1985-88 1971-88 

Northeast 

Connecticut. .................... 43.83 66.35 79.80 164.79 214.06 148.4 131.9 29.9 388.4 

Maine .......................... 28.62 43.35 54.77 96.21 140.63 121.9 133.5 46.2 391.4 

Massachusetts .................. 48.35 81.11 102.70 172.61 246.04 112.8 126.6 42.5 408.9 

New Hampshire ................. 28.71 45.73 67.35 126.42 156.94 176.4 114.7 24.1 446.6 

New Jersey ..................... 52.22 88.35 112.66 207.67 274.26 135.1 123.4 32.1 425.2 

New york ....................... 84.73 113.76 163.22 293.19 398.96 157.7 128.8 36.1 370.9 

Pennsylvania .................... 39.13 63.52 84.34 137.30 159.88 116.2 78.1 16.4 308.6 

Rhode Island .................... 37.33 59.38 94.13 152.10 195.23 156.1 94.7 28.4 423.0 

Vermont ........................ 39.55 57.14 68.95 126.09 150.64 120.7 91.5 19.5 280.9 

Midwest 

Illinois .......................... 48.50 69.84 103.15 170.93 201.48 144.7 81.3 17.9 315.4 

Indiana •........................ 26.17 41.99 59.88 101.40 123.88 141.5 95.4 22.2 373.4 

Iowa ........................... 29.14 43.79 63.11 105.91 124.79 141.9 72.9 17.8 328.2 

Kansas ......................... 31.39 53.44 71.69 125.66 161.95 135.1 116.0 28.9 415.9 

Michigan ....................... 45.58 73.76 108.89 173.28 230.73 134.9 101.3 33.2 406.2 

Minnesota ...................... 32.29 51.71 77.60 140.86 170.77 172.4 100.3 21.2 428.9 

Missouri ........................ 34.30 57.11 75.27 124.41 161.27 117.8 98.4 29.6 370.2 

Nebraska ....................... 29.03 50.11 68.31 115.40 134.98 130.3 73.3 17.0 365.0 

North Dakota ................... 23.26 37.44 53.94 93.88 106.40 150.7 75.1 13.3 357.4 

Ohio ..................••....... 36.34 56.81 82.48 121.15 166.70 113.3 105.2 37.6 358.7 

South Dakota ................... 24.76 43.08 60.13 100.84 115.93 134.1 75.8 15.0 368.2 

Wisconsin ...................... 43.86 57.03 78.68 151.13 178.00 165.0 104.5 17.8 305.8 

South 

Alabama .........•.............. 23.15 41.37 62.89 113.41 136.92 174.9 102.2 20.7 491.4 

Arkansas ...•..............•.... 19.27 33.25 47.36 86.63 97.32 160.5 92.4 12.3 405.0 

Delaware .............•......... 54.09 78.31 108.77 186.28 239.44 137.9 93.3 28.5 342.7 

District of Columbia .............. 196.15 279.86 299.51 612.87 858.82 119.0 166.6 40.1 337.8 

Florida ......................... 43.10 75.87 102.73 175.38 227.83 131.2 100.4 29.9 428.6 

Georgia ........................ 30.57 57.40 77.51 131.42 187.20 129.0 132.4 42.4 512.4 

Kentucky ....................... 23.98 45.51 67.80 104.86 133.17 130.4 68.9 27.0 455.3 

Louisiana ....................... 34.78 59.71 86.25 153.59 169.61 157.2 74.7 10.4 387.7 

Maryland ....................... 55.27 84.46 113.13 191.17 236.09 126.3 66.6 23.5 327.2 

Mississippi ...................... 21.92 37.17 48.71 82.16 100.46 121.0 82.6 22.3 358.3 

North Carolina .................. 31.41 53.28 71.37 129.29 160.58 142.7 93.8 24.2 411.2 

Oklahoma ...................... 28.29 42.76 71.93 118.36 136.31 176.8 90.4 15.2 381.8 

South Carolina .................. 24.94 51.92 63.44 116.86 159.50 125.1 118.1 36.5 539.5 

Tennessee ...................... 26.68 50.63 75.24 113.41 154.50 124.0 96.0 36.2 479.1 

Texas .......................... 28.75 48.56 69.01 136.41 174.50 180.9 134.9 27.9 507.0 

Virginia ......................... 33.96 59.16 82.32 149.90 198.72 153.4 120.3 32.6 485.2 

West Virginia .................... 18.44 35.71 50.25 82.18 89.51 130.1 62.4 8.9 385.4 

West 

Alaska ......................... 105.44 192.83 235.79 592.04 540.53 207.0 101.2 -8.7 412.6 

Arizona ......................... 48.16 90.81 121.51 205.93 275.64 126.8 100.5 33.9 472.3 

California ....................... 68.51 105.47 133.35 224.78 315.73 113.1 129.4 40.5 360.9 

Colorado ....................... 37.63 74.35 103.70 172.03 212.38 131.4 106.1 23.5 464.4 

Hawaii. ......................... 54.19 67.95 118.95 191.66 246.85 182.1 116.4 28.8 355.5 

Idaho .......................... 31.04 49.97 75.71 104.80 132.32 109.7 71.4 26.3 326.3 

Montana ........................ 28.40 51.86 73.42 128.78 129.76 148.3 68.3 .8 356.9 

Nevada ......................... 77.73 129.01 172.65 244.01 314.64 89.1 83.0 28.9 304.8 

New Mexico .................... 37.71 54.97 87.34 184.63 192.67 235.9 250.5 4.4 410.9 

Oregon ......................... 42.34 72.33 104.66 154.94 214.23 114.2 86.1 38.3 406.0 

Utah ........................... 25.76 47.24 86.13 135.01 166.97 185.8 95.2 23.7 548.2 

Washington ..................... 43.57 64.48 88.89 160.14 190.92 148.4 94.2 19.2 338.2 

Wyoming ....................... 32.02 53.97 114.13 199.43 205.49 269.0 72.0 3.0 541.8 

xxxii 1988 Justice Expenditure and Employment 
Table R. Justice system direct expenditure and employment for independent cities and 

consolidated city-county governments, fiscal year 1988 and October 1988 

Detail may not add to total because of rounding) 

State and type of government 

Local governments, total1 •••••••.••••••••••••••• 

County governments .. , ....................... . 

Municipal governments 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Independent cities and consolidated city-county 

governments 

Alaska: 

Anchorage ......................................... . 

Juneau ............................................ . 

Sitka .............................................. . 

California: 

San Francisco ...................................... . 

Colorado: 

Denver ............................................. . 

District of Columbia ................................... . 

Florida: 

Jacksonville-Duval. .................................. . 

Georgia: 

Columbus-Muscogee ................................ . 

Hawaii: 

Honolulu ........................................... . 

Indiana: 

Indianapolis-Marion .................................. . 

Kentucky: 

Lexington-Fayette ................................... . 

Louisiana: 

Baton Rouge-East Baton Rouge ..................... . 

New Orleans-Orleans ............................... . 

Terrebonne-Houma ................................. . 

Maryland: 

Baltimore ........................................... . 

Massachusetts: 

Boston-Suffolk ..................................... . 

Nantucket ......................................... . 

Missouri: 

St. Louis ........................................... . 

Montana: 

Anaconda-Deer Lodge .............................. . 

Butte-Silver Bow ................................... . 

Nevada: 

Carson City ......................................... . 

New York: 

New York-Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond ... 

Pennsylvania: 

Philadelphia ........................................ . 

Tennessee: 

Nashville-Davidson .................................. . 

Virginia: 

Independent cities2 ................................•.. 

Estimated 

population 

July 1,1988 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

218,500 

26,300 

7,800 

731,650 

492,190 

617,000 

635,430 

177,680 

838,500 

727,130 

225,660 

360,270 

531,710 

98,000 

751,400 

577,830 

6,630 

403,700 

9,980 

32,490 

38,400 

7,352,700 

1,647,000 

481,380 

1,814,800 

Total justice system 

Direct 

expenditure 

(thousand 

dollars) 

33,288,885 

14,255,755 

19,033,132 

35,410 

(NA) 

981 

250,108 

116,719 

529,894 

80,664 

18,085 

93,744 

104,988 

18,952 

54,820 

96,062 

2,113 

168,163 

137,081 

(NA) 

103,925 

544 

(NA) 

5,563 

3,029,647 

524,694 

78,584 

254,630 

Total 

employees 

965,202 

423,501 

541,700 

471 

(NA) 

25 

4,973 

2,577 

'10,628 

2,271 

747 

2,584 

3,259 

646 

1,708 

3,388 

84 

5,017 

2,941 

(NA) 

3,294 

26 

(NA) 

144 

63,443 

13,108 

·2,397 

7,459 

1 Expenditure and employment data for independent cities and consolidated city-county governments are included. 

2There are 41 independent cities in Virginia; however, 6 of these cities are not included in the survey sample, and 5 did 

not respond. Data are for respondents only. 

National Summary xxxiii 
VARIABLE 

PASS-THROUGH DATA 

Table 1. Percent distribution of total justice expenditure from own sources of State and 

local governments by State, fiscal year 1988 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Expenditure from own sources 

Item 

Total State·local' State 

United States ___________ 52 974 475 21 518 712 

Alabama ______________________ ._ 559 049 272 483 Alaska __________________________ 279 351 210 558 Arizona _________________________ 949 496 368 109 Arkansas ________________________ 227 567 96077 California _______________________ 8 879 278 3 163 497 

Colorado ________________________ 694 592 249 820 Connecticut _____________________ 689 305 380 739 Delaware _______________________ 155918 111 535 District of Columbia ______________ 529 456 Florida __________________________ 2 788 144 970 917 

~~~~i~========================= 1 176831 492 362 266 210 140 860 Idaho ___________________________ 129 333 48080 Illinois __________________________ 2 332 505 781 114 Indiana _________________________ 681 322 279 958 

Iowa ____________________________ 350 748 194 557 Kansas _________________________ 402 087 182632 Kentucky ________________________ 474 718 330 714 Louisiana _______________________ Maine 734 099 329 676 __________________________ 167 400 90422 

Maryland ________________________ 1 085 596 617 293 Massachusetts __________________ 1 435 982 800 120 

~i~~i~~~~i======================= 2 113 229 899 614 705 799 205 153 258 849 110857 

Missouri ________________________ Montana 817161 342 555 ________________________ 

Nebraska 99534 41 248 _______________________ 213 778 85 231 Nevada _________________________ 328 448 125 053 New Hampshire _________________ 168 683 76073 

New Jersey _____________________ 2 078 774 861 583 New Mexico _____________________ New 287 293 158 478 York _______________________ 7 126 681 2 527 810 North Carolina ___________________ 1 033 941 627 523 North Dakota ____________________ 68906 27400 

Ohio ____________________________ 1 786 538 680 863 Oklahoma _______________________ Oregon 435 624 234 015 _________________________ 575 814 291 485 Pennsylvania ____________________ 1 878 685 605 737 Rhode Island ____________________ 192351 106 272 

South Carolina ___________________ 550 002 324 712 South Dakota ____________________ 80897 40969 Tennessee ______________________ Texas 743 509 355 332 __________________________ 

Utah 2 895 172 940 401 ____________________________ 277 592 136 289 

Vermont ________________________ 82336 59 116 Virginia _________________________ 

Washington 1 185 606 811 092 _____________________ West 881 136 326 815 Virginia ____________________ Wisconsin 165016 82733 _______________________ 

Wyoming 856 775 279 363 ________________________ 97359 43417 

1 Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

The data in table 1 were developed to comply with the Omnibus 

Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 

1968, as amended, which requires 

that the block grants made by the 

Bureau of Justice Assistance to each 

State be allocated between the State 

and local governments according to 

the ratio of State-to-Iocal criminal justice expenditure. The legislative history of this act indicates that these 

expenditures are to be from the government's own revenue sources. 

The concept of "expenditure from 

own sources" means that the expenditure figures from which the State-tolocal ratios were developed do not 

include amounts expended from revenue received from other governments. 

For example, State or local government expenditure from sales or property tax revenue are included but not 

Percent distribution 

Local' State 

31 455 760 40.6 

286 565 48.7 68794 75.4 581 387 38.8 131 490 42.2 5 715 781 35.6 

444 772 36.0 308 566 55.2 44383 71.5 529 456 1 817 227 34.8 

684469 41.8 125 350 52.9 81 253 37.2 1 551 391 33.5 401 363 41.1 

156191 55.5 219 454 45.4 144 005 69.7 404 423 44.9 

76978 54.0 

468 304 56.9 635 862 55.7 1 213614 42.6 500 646 29.1 147 992 42.8 

474606 41.9 58285 41.4 128 547 39.9 203 395 38.1 92610 45.1 

1 217 191 41.4 128815 55.2 4 598 870 35.5 406 417 60.7 41 506 39.8 

1 105 676 38.1 201 609 53.7 284 329 50.6 1 272 947 32.2 86079 55.2 

225 290 59.0 

39928 50.6 388 177 47.8 1 954 771 32.5 141 304 49.1 

23220 71.8 374 514 68.4 554 322 37.1 82282 50.1 577 412 32.6 53942 44.6 

amounts expended from intergovernmental revenue, such as Federal 

grant monies. It should be noted that 

this is the only table in this publication 

based on this concept. All other 

expenditure tables reflect expenditure 

from all sources. 

See Appendix 1, Definition of 

terms, for details on what expenditures are included and excluded from 

the variable pass-throuQh data. 

Local 

59.4 

51.3 

24.6 

61.2 

57.8 

64.4 

64.0 

44.S 

28.5 

100.0 

65.2 

58.2 

47.1 

62.8 

66.5 

58.9 

44.5 

54.6 

30.3 

55.1 

46.0 

43.1 

44.3 

57.4 

70.9 

57.2 

58.1 

58.6 

60.1 

61.9 

54.9 

58.6 

44.8 

64.5 

39.3 

60.2 

61.9 

46.3 

49.4 

67.8 

44.8 

41.0 

49.4 

52.2 

67.5 

50.9 

28.2 

31.6 

62.9 

49.9 

67.4 

55.4 

Variable Pass-Through Data 1 
Table 2. Percent distribution of expenditure for the justice system by level of government, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Amount (thousands of dollars) Percent distribution 

Activity' Federal State Local 

All governments' Federal Government2 State governments Local governments' Governments2 governments governments' 

Total justice system' _____________ 60 980 334 7 794 136 22 120 159 33 535 433 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 60 980 334 7 463 724 20 227 725 33 288 885 12.2 33.2 54.6 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') 330 412 1 892 434 246 548 (x) (x) (x) 

Police protection' ________________ 27 955 660 3 555 248 4 513 297 20 332 648 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 27 955 660 3 554 248 4 078 136 20 323 276 12.7 14.6 72.7 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') 1 000 435 162 9372 (x) (x) (x) 

Judicial' ________________________ 7 617 712 1 157 890 3 070 941 3 687 505 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 7 617 712 1 157 890 2 800 124 3 659 698 15.2 36.8 48.0 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') - 270 817 27807 (xl (x) (x) 

Legal services and prosecution' ___ 4 299 275 1 022 453 1 076 307 2 236 634 (x) (xl (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 4 299 275 1 022 453 1 040 341 2 236 481 23.8 24.2 52.0 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') - 35966 152 (x) (x) (x) 

Public defense' __________________ 1 397 950 385 119 427 788 617910 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 1 397 950 385 119 395 363 617 468 27.5 28.3 44.2 IntergovernmJ3ntal expenditure __ (') - 32425 441 (x) (x) (x) 

Corrections' _____________________ 19118734 1 226 395 12 670 955 6 529 785 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 19 118734 1 136458 11 661 100 6 321 176 5.9 61.0 33.1 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') 89937 1 009 855 208 609 (x) (x) (xl 

Other justice' ____________________ 591 008 447 031 360 872 130 955 (x) (x) (x) Direct expenditure _____________ 591 008 207 556 252 663 130 789 35.1 42.8 22.1 Intergovernmental expenditure __ (') 239 475 108 209 166 (x) (x) (x) 

'Local governments data are estimates subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2Federal Government data are for the fiscal period beginning Oct. 1, 1987 and ending Sept. 30, 1988. 'The total line for each sector, and for the total Justice System, excludes duplicative intergovernmental expenditure amounts. This was done to avoid the artificial inflation that would result 

if an intergovernmental expenditure amount for one government is tabulated and then counted again when the recipient governmnnt(s) ultimately expend(s) that amount. The intergovernmental 

expenditure lines are not totaled for the same reason. 

Table 3. Percent distribution of employment and payrolls for the justice system by level of 

government, October 1988 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Activity 

All governments' Federal Government2 

Total justice system: Total employees ______________ 1 600 955 118244 Full·time employees ___________ 1 496 316 118207 Full·time equivalent employment _________________ 1 534 496 117367 October payrolls ______________ 3 680 457 333 878 

Police protection: Total employees ______________ 784 371 65297 Full·time employees ___________ 728 018 65297 Full·time equivalent employment _________________ 745 935 65297 October payrolls ______________ 1 867 793 182 153 

Judicial: Total employees ______________ 209 422 18283 Full·time employees ___________ 

Full·time equivalent 

188213 18283 

employment _________________ 196 530 18283 October payrolls ______________ 456 057 50985 

Legal services and prosecution: Total employees ______________ 104 135 16485 Full·time employees ___________ 

Full·time equivalent 

96 245 16485 

employment _________________ 99096 16 4~5 October payrolls ______________ 269 001 52457 

Public defense: Total employees ______________ 14001 493 Full·time employees ___________ 

Full·time equivalent 

12840 493 

employment _________________ 13486 493 October payrolls ______________ 36985 1 432 

Corrections: Total employees ______________ 482 613 17 247 Full·time employees ___________ 464 882 17210 Full·time equivalent employment _________________ 473211 16370 October payrolls ______________ 1 036 628 45284 

Other justice: Total employees ______________ 6409 439 Full·time employees ___________ 6120 439 Full-time equivalent employment _________________ 6238 439 October payrolls ______________ 13994 1 567 

'Local government data are estimates subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2Source provides only total employment for the Federal Government. 

2 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

State governments Local governments' 

517 509 965 202 493 768 884341 

504 154 912 975 1 193 279 2 153 300 

115 121 603 953 105 103 557 618 

108 005 572 633 263 892 1 421 748 

66822 124317 62512 107418 

64976 113271 193 007 212 066 

27817 59833 

26094 53666 

26883 55 728 72588 143 956 

6344 7164 5960 6387 

6198 6795 

16629 18924 

297 165 168 200 289 987 157 682 

293 925 162916 638 073 353 269 

4240 1 730 4 112 1 569 

4 167 1 632 9090 3337 

Percent distribution 

Federal State Local 

Governments2 governments governments' 

7.4 32.3 60.3 7.9 33.0 59.1 

7.6 32.9 59.5 

9.1 32.4 58.5 

8.3 14.7 77.0 9.0 14.4 76.6 

8.8 14.5 76.8 9.8 14.1 76.1 

8.7 31.9 59.4 9.7 33.2 57.1 

9.3 33.1 57.6 11.2 42.3 46.5 

15.8 26.7 57.5 17.1 27.1 55.8 

16.6 27.1 56.2 19.5 27.0 53.5 

3.5 45.3 51.2 3.8 46.4 49.7 

3.7 46.0 50.4 3.9 45.0 51.2 

3.6 61.6 34.9 3.7 62.4 33.9 

3.5 62.1 34,4 4.4 61.6 34.1 

6.8 66.2 27.0 7.2 67.2 25.6 

7.0 66.8 26.2 11.2 65.0 23.8 
Table 4. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts In thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection JUdicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total 

Population, 19882 Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

(thousands) expenditure3 Amount4 expenditure Amount4 justice system Amount' justice system 

States·local, total _______ 245 807 827 163 850 53 516 609 6.5 24 401 411 45.6 6 459 822 12.1 States _______________ (x) 485 005 459 22 120 159 4.6 4 513 297 20.4 3 070 941 13.9 

Local, total __________ (x) 496 323 119 33 535 433 6.8 20 332 648 60.6 3 687 505 11.0 Counties __________ (xl 109 299 854 14 373 111 13.2 4 715 310 32.8 2 957 413 20.6 MunIcipalitIes _____ (x) 174 650 854 19 533 908 11.2 15 884 661 81.3 760 522 3.9 

Alabama ________________________ 4 102 10 834 476 561 644 5.2 257 669 45.9 90443 16.1 State ________________________ (x) 6 877 084 274 627 4.0 56 851 20.7 60561 22.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 5 733 540 296050 5.2 201 122 67.9 30 172 10.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 726 378 118065 16.3 51 031 43.2 17252 14.6 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2446 724 178 466 7.3 150 160 84.1 12982 7.3 

Alaska _________________________ 524 5 574 408 283 240 5.1 116 722 41.2 35 418 12.5 State ________________________ (x) 4 197 902 216318 5.2 54586 25.2 35 418 16.4 Local, total _____________ • _____ (xl 2 172427 76090 3.5 66886 87.9 - - Boroughs __________________ (x) 734 917 6519 .9 4562 70.0 - - Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 416 265 69654 4.9 62371 89.5 - - Arizona ________________________ 3489 12 556 880 961 724 7.7 423 230 44.0 110 162 11.5 State ________________________ (x) 6 319 404 376 515 6.0 99653 26.5 15059 4.0 Local, total ___________________ (x) 8 429 653 614 870 7.3 335 024 54.5 95 103 15.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 1 568 483 310 354 19.8 72754 23.4 72645 23.4 Municipalities ___________ • ___ (x) 2 510 706 310 789 12.4 263 724 84.9 22629 7.3 

Arkansas _______________________ 2395 5 235 777 233 078 4.5 113 454 48.7 28928 12.4 State ________________________ (x) 3 570 259 100 438 2.8 25325 25.2 10428 10.4 Local, total ___________________ (x) 2 718 833 137150 5.0 88 158 64.3 18594 13.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 496 638 61 490 12.4 22718 36.9 13694 22.3 Municipalities _______________ (x) 837 023 77 594 9.3 66526 85.7 5322 6.9 

Callfornfa _______________________ 28 314 111 685 527 8 939 614 8.0 3 650 529 40.8 971 978 10.9 State ________________________ (x) 66 902 953 3 202 781 4.8 630 659 19.7 186071 5.8 Local. total ___________________ (x) 72861 791 6 142 647 8.4 3 054 123 49.7 855 504 13.9 Counties ___________________ (x) 21 449 207 3 732 046 17.4 901 484 24.2 818 986 21.9 Municipalities _______________ (x) 21 574 453 2 536 018 11.8 2 275 704 89.7 36541 1.4 

Colorado _______________________ 3301 11 386 172 701 062 6.2 335 977 47.9 76242 10.9 State ________________________ (x) 5 619 646 254 952 4.5 37068 14.5 54417 21.3 Local, total ________________ • __ (x) 7 370 222 447 809 6.1 298 981 66.8 21 825 4.9 Countles ___________________ (x) 1 248 164 146 992 11.8 62449 42.5 2834 1.9 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 817 623 301 861 10.7 237 019 78.5 18991 6.3 

Connecticut ____________________ 3233 11 590 153 692 068 6.0 373 023 53.9 90371 13.1 State ________________________ (x) 7 517 812 385 257 5.1 83890 21.8 90308 23 ' Local, total ______________ • ____ (x) 5 549 916 310741 5.6 291 297 93.7 105 - Municipalities _______________ (x) 2489 289 310 802 12.5 291 328 93.7 136 - Delaware _______________________ 660 2 363 290 158 031 6.7 70 104 44.4 26645 16.9 State ________________________ (x) 1 740 747 113434 6.5 29365 25.9 24881 21.9 Local, total ___________________ (x) 939 618 46004 4.9 40749 88.6 3 161 6.9 Countles ___________________ (xl 179 589 17551 9.8 14854 84.6 2225 12.7 Municipalitles _______________ (x) 242 250 28899 11.9 26342 91.2 936 3.2 

DIstrIct of Columbfa ____________ 617 4 827 746 529 894 11.0 193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 Local, total ___________________ (x) 4 827 746 529 894 11.0 193 883 36.6 6Q 756 11.5 MunicIpality ________________ (xl 4 037 636 529 894 13.1 193 883 36.6 6C 756 11.5 

FlorIda _________________________ 12335 36 378 379 2 810 272 7.7 1 348 733 48.0 324 537 11.5 State ________________________ (x) 17 833 097 987 740 5.5 156 502 15.8 103 026 10.4 Local, total ___________________ (x) 25 063 467 1 827 769 7.3 1 197 239 65.5 221 739 12.1 Counties ___________________ (x) 7 748 584 1 125914 14.5 548 547 48.7 211 534 18.8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 6 936 962 710 327 10.2 656 461 92.4 10794 1.5 

GeorgIa ________________________ 6342 19 363 054 1 187219 6.1 500 547 42.2 158 605 13.4 State ________________________ (x) 9 762 650 501 338 5.1 109701 21.9 24234 4.8 Local, total ___________________ (x) 12 547 637 717 179 5.7 393 921 54.9 134 586 18.8 Counties ___________________ (x) 2 748 420 465 162 16.9 176 566 38.0 123 265 26.5 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 433 477 256 254 10.5 219 344 85.6 11 706 4.6 

HawaII __________________________ I 098 3 673 768 271 040 7.4 115 699 42.7 46343 17.1 State ________________________ (x) 2 808 056 145 423 5.2 6251 4.3 46343 31.9 Local, total ___________________ (xl 911 473 129361 14.2 110934 85.8 - - Counties ___________________ (x) 220 049 35617 16.2 30209 84.8 - - Municipalities _______________ (x) 691 368 93744 13.6 80725 86.1 - - Idaho __________________________ 1 003 2 499 344 132715 5.3 62330 47.0 22262 16.8 State ________________________ (xl 1 691 288 51 034 3.0 15764 30.9 9490 18.6 Local, total ___________________ (x) 1 308 626 83 106 6.4 47430 57.1 12842 15.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 336 742 52716 15.7 20558 39.0 12191 23.1 Municipalities _______________ (x) 279 968 33020 11.8 29272 88.6 689 2.1 

illinoIs __________________________ 11 614 35 274 944 2 339 975 6.6 1 335 938 57.1 237 543 10.2 State ________________________ (x) 19 212 132 788 016 4.1 181 748 23.1 106 875 13.6 Local, total ___________________ (x) 21 355 520 1 590 115 7.4 1 163861 73.2 131 149 8.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 2 100 818 511 634 24.4 120 365 23.5 130484 25.5 Municipalities _______________ (x) 6 915 428 1 083 002 15.7 1 046 989 96.7 791 .1 

Indiana _________________________ 5 556 14 168 799 688 290 4.9 337 307 49.0 83633 12.2 State ________________________ (x) 8 847 760 288 258 3.3 75877 26.3 19767 6.9 Local, total ___________________ (x) 8 344 240 411 857 4.9 261 526 63.5 63913 15.5 Counties ___________________ (xl 1 682 294 160 043 9.5 54 088 33.8 44275 27.7 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 477 697 252 693 10.2 208 264 82.4 19654 7.8 

See footnotes at end of table. 

4 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
intergovernmental) by State and type of government, fiscal year 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount4 justice system Amount4 justice system Amount4 justice system Amount4 justice system 

3 276 822 6.1 1 012 831 1.9 17 982 274 33.6 383 452 .7 States-local, total 

1 076 307 4.9 427 788 1.9 12 670 955 57.3 360 872 1.6 States 

2 236 634 6.7 617910 1.8 6 529 785 19.5 130 955 .4 local, total 

1 319 950 9.2 480 515 3.3 4 808 434 33.5 91 492 .6 Counties 

918 142 4.7 142 946 .7 1 786 647 9.1 40 991 .2 Municipalities 

30261 5.4 6213 1.1 172 744 30.8 4314 .8 Alabama 

17431 6.3 5863 2.1 127 975 46.6 5 946 2.2 State 

12830 4.3 350 .1 50473 17.0 1 103 .4 Local. total 

6735 5.7 10 - 42073 35.6 963 .8 Counties 

6 103 3.4 340 .2 8742 4.9 140 .1 Municipalities 

42905 15.1 6535 2.3 81 661 28.8 - - Alaska 

37434 17.3 5745 2.7 83 135 38.4 - - State 

5471 7.2 790 1.0 2943 3.9 - - Local. total 

1 957 30.0 - - - - - - Boroughs 

3514 5.0 790 1.1 2979 4.3 - - Municipalities 

70715 7.4 23 628 2.5 332 749 34.6 1 240 .1 Arizona 

22871 6.1 85 - 237 868 63.2 979 .3 State 47844 7.8 23543 3.8 113 095 18.4 261 - Local. total 31 406 10.1 20708 6.7 112580 36.3 261 .1 Counties 

16439 5.3 2834 .9 5 162 1.7 - - Municipalities 

13 118 5.6 1 747 .7 71 018 30.5 4813 2.1 Arkansas 

5403 5.4 20 - 54186 53.9 5076 5.1 State 

8053 5.9 1 727 1.3 20618 15.0 - - Local. total 

4861 7.9 1 603 2.6 18611 30.3 4 - Counties 

3237 4.2 123 .2 2385 3.1 1 - Municipalities 

611 822 6.8 239 689 2.7 3 394 647 38.0 70950 .8 California 56501 1.8 38 191 1.2 2 192 771 68.5 98588 3.1 State 555 325 9.0 215561 3.5 1 448 043 23.6 14093 .2 Local. total 407 423 10.9 206 998 5.5 1 388 101 37.2 9054 .2 Counties 

147921 5.8 8562 .3 62 144 2.5 5 145 .2 Municipalities 

58049 8.3 16 739 2.4 212 580 30.3 1 474 .2 Colorado 

10737 4.2 16473 6.5 135 447 53.1 810 .3 State 

47312 10.6 266 .1 78621 17.6 803 .2 Local. total 

27295 18.6 14 - 54054 36.8 347 .2 Counties 

20272 6.7 252 .1 24870 8.2 457 .2 Municipalities 

49400 7.1 10251 1.5 166 094 24.0 2929 .4 Connecticut 

30 101 7.8 10224 2.7 166 090 43.1 4644 1.2 State 

19305 6.2 27 - 4 - 2 - Local, total 

19305 6.2 27 - 4 - 2 - Municipalities 

6917 4.4 2 172 1.4 50 140 31.7 2054 1.3 Delaware 5381 4.7 2172 1.9 50 140 44.2 1 495 1.3 State 1 536 3.3 - - - - 559 1.2 Local, total 

473 2.7 - - - - - - Counties 1 063 3.7 - - - - 559 1.9 Municipalities 

12 942 2.4 19 976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2 240 .4 District of Columbia 

12942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 Local, total 12942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 Municipality 

157 298 5.6 69726 2.5 871 671 31.0 38307 1.4 Florida 104 769 10.6 52688 5.3 545 346 55.2 25409 2.6 State 

52529 2.9 17038 .9 326 325 17.9 12898 .7 Local, total 27667 2.5 16774 1.5 308 654 27.4 12738 1.1 Counties 

24862 3.5 264 - 17787 2.5 160 - Municipalities 

50 113 4.2 8456 .7 460 851 38.8 8646 .7 Georgia 

17069 3.4 - - 343 350 68.5 6984 1.4 State 

33311 4.6 8456 1.2 145243 20.3 1 662 .2 Local, total 26253 5.6 7716 1.7 129 708 27.9 1 654 .4 Counties 7067 2.8 747 .3 17382 6.8 8 - Municipalities 

29 194 10.8 4 500 1.7 71 989 26.6 3316 1.2 HawaII 14465 9.9 4500 3.1 72 175 49.6 1 689 1.2 State 

16801 13.0 - - - - 1 627 1.3 Local, total 5409 15.2 - - - - - - Counties .11 392 12.2 - - - - 1 627 1.7 Municipalities 

10 985 8.3 2754 2.1 33929 25.6 455 .3 Idaho 2844 5.6 - - 22485 44.1 451 .9 State 

a 143 9.8 2795 3.4 11 893 14.3 4 - Local. total 5272 10.0 2795 5.3 11 895 22.6 4 - Counties 2 994 9.1 - - 64 .2 - - Municipalities 

128 152 5.5 28895 1.2 595 705 25.5 13742 .6 Illinois 29562 3.8 4056 .5 458 679 58.2 7096 .9 State 

98924 6.2 24840 1.6 164 692 10.4 6650 .4 Local, total 63952 12.5 24841 4.9 165 349 32.3 6643 1.3 Counties 

34972 3.2 - - 211 - 39 - Municipalities 

38 359 5.6 6285 .9 220 324 32.0 2382 .3 Indiana 12174 4.2 2269 .8 173 151 60.1 5020 1.7 State 26186 6.4 4016 1.0 55407 13.5 809 .2 Local, total 15 859 9.9 3717 2.3 41 478 25.9 625 .4 Counties 10326 4.1 299 .1 13966 5.5 183 .1 Municipalities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 5 
Table 4. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total 

Population, 1988' Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

(thousands) expenditure' Amount' expenditure Amount' justice system Amount' justice system 

Iowa ___________________________ 2834 8 298 395 353 651 4.3 172 547 48.8 49244 13.9 State ________________________ (x) 5 316 445 196981 3.7 40844 20.7 47818 24.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 4 823 660 177 416 3.7 131 862 74.3 3359 1.9 Counties ___________________ (x) 993 313 75644 7.6 35073 46.4 3362 4.4 Munlcipalities _______________ , (x) 1 699 619 106 602 6.3 101 068 94.8 - -

Kansas _________________________ 2495 7 211 409 404 077 5.6 191 630 47.4 SO 121 12.4 State ________________________ (x) 3 813 994 184 354 4.8 26560 14.4 84210 18.6 Local, total ___________________ (x) 4 470 784 225 933 5.1 165 224 73.1 16244 7.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 951 516 95986 10.1 46911 48.9 10396 10.8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 500 597 136 405 9.1 123 728 90.7 5974 4.4 

Kentucky _______________________ 3727 9 560 244 496 330 5.2 202 512 40.8 69693 14.0 State ________________________ (x) 6 867 299 350 271 5.1 77 454 22.1 74753 21.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 4 441 078 195 695 4.4 136 636 69.8 4 134 2.1 Counties ___________________ (-,-) 867 318 86870 10.0 35264 40.6 4077 4.7 Municlpalities _______________ (x) 1 466 591 109 983 7.5 102 346 93.1 57 .1 

Loulslana _______________________ 4408 12 821 937 747 619 5.8 337 171 45.1 114 180 15.3 State ________________________ (x) 8 252 127 338 404 4.1 90252 26.7 32475 9.6 Local, total ___________________ (x) 6 443 956 450 319 7.0 264 168 58.7 81 705 18.1 Parishes ___________________ (x) 1 904411 200 214 10.5 104 254 52.1 49458 24.7 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 216 574 251 725 11.4 161 064 64.0 32360 12.9 

Maine __________________________ 1 205 3 583 464 169 464 4.7 84827 50.1 19339 11.4 State ________________________ (x) 2500 088 92523 3.7 25942 28.0 17958 19.4 Local, total ___________________ (x) 1 618 077 79274 4.9 58 893 . 74.3 1 998 2.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 45452 25732 56.6 8 174 31.8 1 963 7.6 Municipalities _______________ (x) 438 046 55387 12.6 51 735 93.4 117 .2 

Maryland _______________________ 4622 15 190 895 1 091 219 7.2 469 268 43.0 128 501 11.8 State ________________________ (x) 9441 504 621 839 6.6 178 900 28.8 88 126 14.2 Local, total _______________ " ___ (x) 8 044 043 556 583 6.9 373 725 67.1 44221 7.9 Counties ___________________ (x) 5 712 647 345 920 6.1 221 080 63.9 34952 10.1 Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 881 164 212 082 11.3 154 063 72.6 9270 4.4 

Massachusetts '" __________________ 5 889 23 238 249 1 448 933 6.2 712 570 49.2 197040 13.6 State ________________________ (x) 15 366 593 810681 5.3 149 584 18.5 211 316 26.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 12 125 951 700 045 5.8 569 755 81.4 23855 3.4 Counties ___________________ (x) 283 633 79485 28.0 2910 3.7 17585 22.1 Municipalities _______________ (x) 5 088 797 627 422 12.3 572 373 91.2 7549 1.2 

Michigan _______________________ 9240 32 973 918 2 131 971 6.5 918 558 43.1 306 660 14.4 State ________________________ (X! 20 379 578 944 491 4.6 179 620 19.0 117 327 12.4 Local, total ___________________ (x 18 418 039 1 280 960 7.0 755 418 59.0 232 789 18.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 3 456 071 559 253 16.2 119209 21.3 183 937 32.9 Municipalities _______________ (x) 5 710 914 756 031 13.2 657 114 86.9 61 194 8.1 

Minnesota ______________________ 4307 16 935 877 735 496 4.3 343 983 46.8 96304 13.1 State ________________________ (x) 9 647 679 213 799 2.2 52075 24.4 29350 13.7 Local, total ___________________ (x) 10 975 618 543 100 4.9 29J 803 54.1 67 154 12.4 Counties ___________________ (x) 2439 310 314 230 12.9 80296 25.6 68570 21.8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 3 643 393 242 496 6.7 221 615 91.4 - - Mississippi _____________________ 2620 6 623 589 263 213 4.0 135 022 51.3 38827 14.8 State ________________________ (x) 4 145 210 116028 2.8 35563 30.7 8234 7.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 3 877 708 152 183 3.9 100 442 66.0 31 351 20.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 1 100 026 69003 6.3 25 104 36.4 27883 40.4 Municlpalities _______________ (x) 962 193 83 371 8.7 75405 90.4 3469 4.2 

Mlssourl ________________________ 5 141 12 514 893 829 103 6.6 423 875 51.1 109 635 13.2 State ________________________ (x) 7 497 576 350 873 4.7 78174 22.3 67616 19.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 7 310 320 495 105 6.8 354 613 71.6 48548 9.8 Counties ___________________ (x) 958 518 149 547 15.6 65239 43.6 24412 16.3 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 594 228 346 791 13.4 289 706 83.5 24 179 7.0 

Montana ________________________ 805 2 564 868 104 457 4.1 50020 47.9 12 613 12.1 State ________________________ 

~x) 1 694 829 45782 2.7 15296 33.4 4262 9.3 Local, total ___________________ x) 1 186 826 59255 5.0 35229 59.5 8351 14.1 Counties ___________________ (x) 402 071 38817 9.7 17466 45.0 7 126 18.4 Municipalities _______________ (x) 237 961 21 939 9.2 18980 86.5 1 304 5.9 

Nebraska _______________________ 1 602 5 615 472 216 231 3.9 109 974 50.9 28741 13.3 State ________________________ (x) 2 347 129 87493 3.7 25640 29.3 16077 18.4 Local, total ___________________ (x) 3 825 579 129 399 3.4 84429 65.2 12670 9.8 Counties ___________________ (x) 399 960 61 770 15.4 20325 32.9 12672 20.5 Municipalities _______________ (x) 855 525 71 374 8.3 65904 92.3 7 - Nevada _________________________ 1 054 3 636 557 331 632 9.1 125 589 37.9 34 012 10.3 State ________________________ (x) 2 292 513 127 659 5.6 18180 14.2 5748 4.5 Local, total ___________________ (x) 2 066 995 205 524 9.9 107412 52.3 28572 13.9 Counties • __________________ (x) 962 363 154 596 16.1 74192 48.0 21 876 14.2 Munlclpalities _______________ (x) 403 292 76456 19.0 58450 76.4 6807 8.9 

New Hampshlre _________________ 1 085 2 894 412 170 275 5.9 91 150 53.5 24267 14.3 State ________________________ (x) 1 609 878 77 643 4.8 17790 22.9 23535 30.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 1 512 866 94061 6.2 73666 78.3 1 399 1.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 125 137 21 695 17.3 4731 21.8 1 017 4.7 Municipalities _______________ (x) 449 840 72752 16.2 69015 94.9 382 .5 

New Jersey ____________________ 7721 28 620 201 2 117 568 7.4 1 038 246 49.0 225 212 10.6 State ________________________ (x) 18951 783 891 207 4.7 230 216 25.8 106152 11.9 local, total ___________________ (x) 15 268 334 1 317 684 8.6 833 051 63.2 140 495 10.7 Counties ___________________ (x) 3 403 058 476 665 14.0 65 857 13.8 94969 19.9 Municipalities _______________ (x) 3 542 828 841 867 23.8 767 715 91.2 45853 5.4 

See footnotes at end of table. 

6 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
intergovernmental) by State and type of government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount' justice system 

25947 7.3 13 495 3.8 92 183 26.1 234 .1 Iowa 

6820 3.5 10018 5.1 90876 46.1 605 .3 State 

19127 10.B 3477 2.0 19456 11.0 135 .1 Local, total 

14 153 18.7 3477 4.6 19535 25.8 43 .1 Counties 

4988 4.7 - - 395 .4 151 .1 Municipalities 

27685 6.9 3825 .9 129 492 32.0 1 323 .3 Kansas 

9024 4.9 3425 1.9 110032 59.7 1 103 .6 State 

18974 8.4 640 .S 24 321 10.8 530 .2 Local, total 

13 195 13.7 564 .6 24392 25.4 538 .6 Counties 

5781 4.2 76 .1 819 .6 27 - Municipalities 

31 851 6.4 5947 1.2 182 456 36.8 3870 .8 Kentucky 

24675 7.0 8274 2.4 159 639 45.6 5476 1.6 State 

8035 4.1 1 119 .6 45559 23.3 211 .1 Local, total 

4764 5.5 1 005 1.2 41 549 47.8 211 .2 Counties 

3273 3.0 114 .1 4192 3.8 - - Municipalities 

38354 5.1 2958 .4 252 422 33.8 2534 .3 Louisiana 

17210 5.1 292 .1 193 297 57.1 4878 1.4 State 

21 144 4.7 2666 .6 79608 17.7 1 028 .2 Local, total 

7719 3.9 1 727 .9 37055 18.5 - - Parishes 

13425 5.3 939 .4 42909 17.0 1 028 .4 Municipalities 

10 004 5.9 1 420 .8 53004 31.3 870 .5 Maine 

4949 5.3 1 420 1.5 41 406 44.B B4B .9 State 

5055 6.4 - - 13 135 16.6 192 .2 Local. total 

2245 B.7 - - 13 299 51.7 52 .2 Counties 

2814 5.1 - - 580 1.0 140 .3 Municipalities 

47 751 4.4 19065 1.7 417 898 38.3 8736 .8 Maryland 

962B 1.5 19065 3.1 319 442 51.4 6678 1.1 State 

38 123 6.B - - 98 456 17.7 205B .4 Local, total 

23437 6.8 - - 65212 lB.9 1 239 .4 Counties 

14686 6.9 - - 33244 15.7 819 .4 Municipalities 

91 118 6.3 37603 2.6 402 372 27.8 8230 .6 Massachusetts 

65313 8.1 37603 4.6 335 072 41.3 11 793 1.5 State 

26530 3.8 - - 79902 11.4 2 - Local, total 

20 - - - 58969 74.2 - - Counties 

26565 4.2 - - 20933 3.3 2 - Municipalities 

106 731 5.0 27 412 1.3 770 865 36.2 1 746 .1 Michigan 

24860 2.6 2900 .3 613513 65.0 6271 .7 State 

81 871 6.4 24512 1.9 184 625 14.4 1 746 .1 Local, total 

49052 B.B 23476 4.2 182 114 32.6 1 465 .3 Counties 

32827 4.3 1 062 .1 3554 .5 280 - Municipalities 

65 195 8.9 17 102 2.3 212 018 28.8 893 .1 Minnesota 

15047 7.0 2378 1.1 111 974 52.4 2975 1.4 State 

50148 9.2 15109 2.B 116 711 21.5 174 - Local, total 

31 303 10.0 16242 5.2 117651 37.4 168 .1 Counties 

18848 7.8 - - 202B .8 6 - Municipalities 

13 657 5.2 1 398 .5 73894 28.1 415 .2 Mississippi 

9020 7.8 - - 62939 54.2 27:1 .2 State 

4644 3.1 1 398 .9 14204 9.:3 143 .1 Local, total 

2498 3.6 1 222 1.8 12279 17.8 18 - Counties 

2 146 2.6 176 .2 2049 2.5 125 .1 Municipalities 

39876 4.8 8764 1.1 245 584 29.6 1 369 .2 Missouri 

9208 2.6 7857 2.2 187 165 53.3 B53 .2 State 

31 412 6.3 907 .2 59 lOB 11.9 516 .1 Local, total 

18 193 12.2 176 .1 41 409 27.7 117 .1 Counties 

13220 3.8 732 .2 18554 5.4 399 .1 Municipalities 

8093 7.7 1 750 1.7 28991 27.8 2989 2.9 Montana 

2226 4.9 - - 21 044 46.0 2954 6.5 State 

5942 10.0 1 750 3.0 7947 13.4 35 .1 Local, total 

4602 11.9 1 636 4.2 7953 20.5 35 .1 Counties 

1 347 6.1 114 .5 194 .9 - - Municipalities 

15 294 7.1 2929 1.4 58255 26.9 1 037 .5 Nebraska 

1 966 2.2 - - 42 B66 49.0 944 1.1 State 

13328 10.3 2929 2.3 15405 11.9 63B .5 Local, total 

9683 15.7 2932 4.7 15519 25.1 638 1.0 Counties 

3669 5.1 41 .1 1 754 2.5 - - Municipalities 

22402 6.8 6109 1.8 143475 43.3 44 - Nevada 

5551 4.3 874 .7 97306 76.2 - - State 

16851 8.2 5425 2.6 47220 23.0 44 - Local, total 

13314 B.6 5 186 3.4 40028 25.9 - - Counties 

3537 4.6 341 .4 7276 9.5 44 .1 Municipalities 

10970 6.4 4742 2.8 39097 23.0 49 - New Hampshire 

5823 7.5 4742 6.1 25753 33.2 - - State 

5415 5.8 - - 13533 14.4 49 .1 Local, total 

2364 10.9 - - 13535 62.4 49 .2 Counties 

3320 4.6 - - 35 - - - Municipalities 

168 609 8.0 44954 2.1 638 597 30.2 1 949 .1 New Jersey 

52 B73 5.9 35029 3.9 460761 51.7 6176 .7 State 

115755 8.8 9925 .8 217601 16.5 856 .1 Local, total 

8B 494 18.6 B 976 1.9 217541 45.6 828 .2 Counties 

27261 3.2 949 .1 61 - 28 - Munici p alities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 7 
Table 4. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection JUdicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total 

Population, 1988' Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

(thousands) expenditure' Amount4 expenditure Amount4 justice system Amount4 justice system 

New Mexico ____________________ 1 507 4 757 902 290 358 6.1 130 458 44.9 2~ 026 9.7 State ________________________ (x) 3 503 885 159751 4.6 31 305 19.6 25756 16.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 2 509 212 134519 5.4 101 054 75.1 2771 2.1 Countles ___________________ (x) 366 646 39623 10.8 26035 65.7 301 .8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 039 734 96422 9.3 75039 77.8 2470 2.6 

New York ______________________ 17909 90 008 951 7 144 927 7.9 3 259 295 45.6 748 534 10.5 State ________________________ (x) 50 429 254 2 699 503 5.4 313 636 11.6 664 956 24.6 Local, total ___________________ (x) 59 357 107 4 858 254 8.2 3002611 61.8 92896 1.9 Counties ___________________ (x) 9 285 530 1 037 251 11.2 521 534 50.3 23337 2.2 Municipalities _______________ (x) 35 532 024 3 827 389 10.8 2 485 986 65.0 69559 1.8 

North Carollna __________________ 6489 18 259 485 1 041 998 5.7 491 158 47.1 103 316 9.9 State ________________________ (x) 11 034518 631 913 5.7 134 333 21.3 90642 14.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 11 425940 423 502 3.7 357 044 84.3 12674 3.0 Counties ___________________ (x) 6 913 068 185214 2.7 123 397 66.6 12558 6.8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 3 043 186 241 217 7.9 236 091 97.9 116 - North Dakota ___________________ 667 2 121 026 70971 3.3 34502 48.6 13140 19.4 State ________________________ (x) 1 596 834 29270 1.8 7082 24.2 7058 24.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 899 671 42065 4.7 27421 65.2 6717 16.0 Counties ___________________ (x) 165 940 22581 13.6 8800 39.0 5796 25.7 Municipalities _______________ (x) 222 341 21 163 9.5 19327 91.3 973 4.6 

Ohio ___________________________ 10 855 33 460 312 1 809 484 5.4 792 239 43.8 248 363 13.7 State ________________________ (x) 21 395 094 700 863 3.3 114456 16.3 ~8 789 5.5 Local, total ___________________ (x) 18 449 592 1 154 038 6.3 678 477 58.8 209 988 18.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 4114763 471 935 11.5 110287 23.4 147 298 31.2 Munlcipalities _______________ (x) 5 293 075 703 794 13.3 572 918 81.4 65569 9.3 

Oklahoma ______________________ 3242 8 769 932 441 909 5.0 209 BOO 47.5 42364 9.6 State ________________________ (x) 5781 220 239 990 4.2 51 037 21.3 20582 8.6 Local, total ___________________ (Xl 4 442 560 210 683 4.7 160217 76.0 22026 10.5 Counties ___________________ (x 636 268 60 140 9.5 18302 30.4 22356 37.2 Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 863 301 157 688 8.5 142 172 90.2 I) 540 4.1 

Oregon _________________________ 2767 9 463 057 592 773 6.3 233 302 39.4 97228 16.4 State ________________________ (x) 5 254 705 303 315 5.8 52407 17.3 82243 27.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 5 414 533 319 042 5.9 182 993 57.4 17356 5.4 Counties ___________________ (x) 932 326 186 265 20.0 59502 31.9 12472 6.7 Municipalities _______________ (x) 1 386 894 137 120 9.9 125 739 91.7 4925 3.6 

Pennsylvania ___________________ 12001 35 537 565 1 918 775 5.4 903 117 47.1 311 888 16.3 State ________________________ (x) 21 397 190 641 965 3.0 202 885 31.6 122 406 19.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 20 325 783 1 344 725 e.6 705 045 52.4 232 290 17.3 Counties ___________________ (x) 2 472 845 407 101 16.5 38677 9.5 147 697 36.3 Municipalities _______________ (x) 4 805 452 943 279 19.6 671 359 71.2 84595 9.0 

Rhode Island ___________________ 993 3 402 704 193 868 5.7 104 494 53.9 25709 13.3 State ________________________ (Xl 2 480 053 107 748 4.3 21 507 20.0 25803 23.9 

Local, total ___________________ (x 1 287 093 91 123 7.1 85984 94.4 1 048 1.2 Municipalltles _______________ (x) 708 498 91 123 12.9 85984 94.4 1 048 1.2 

South Carollna __________________ 3470 9 524 474 553 477 5.8 233 559 42.2 49 ~99 8.9 State ________________________ (x) 6 382 715 328 674 5.1 784e4 23.9 16782 5.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 4 724 932 230 320 4.9 156108 67.8 32792 14.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 1 117622 136 480 12.2 68825 50.4 28789 21.1 Munlcipalities _______________ (x) 853 791 96 140 11.3 87576 91.1 4202 4.4 

South Oakota ___________________ 713 1 905 749 82659 4.3 41 663 50.4 10 725 13.0 State ________________________ (x) 1 132 992 43457 3.8 13 352 30.7 8754 20.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 998 195 41 041 4.1 28314 69.0 3539 8.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 142 493 21 932 15.4 9845 44.9 3 540 16.1 Municipalities _______________ (x) 372 709 21 460 5.8 20249 94.4 2 - Tennessee _____________________ 4895 15 019 516 756 257 5.0 333 460 44.1 96 368 12.7 State ________________________ (x) 7 082 137 357 656 5.1 50988 14.3 25 299 7.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 9 644 504 458 712 4.8 287 841 (;2.7 78722 17.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 3 475 529 197817 5.7 65549 33.1 64940 32.8 Municipalities _______________ (x) 6 064 963 261 994 4.3 222 488 84.9 14269 5.4 

Texas __________________________ 16841 49 064 094 2 938 736 6.0 1 313 606 44.7 362 570 12.3 State ________________________ (x) 22 789 839 961 824 4.2 184315 19.2 49 139 5.1 Local, total ___________________ (x) 32 919 838 2061 752 6.3 1 129 694 54.8 321 164 15.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 4511 780 1 035 925 23.0 198.017 19.1 268 565 25.9 

Municipalities _______________ (x) 11 495 716 1 044 552 9.1 942 326 90.2 52706 5.0 

Utah ___________________________ 1 690 5 601 669 282 177 5.0 135 365 48.0 34951 12.4 State ________________________ (x) 3 224 154 139 923 4.3 38 188 27.3 23714 16.9 Local, total ___________________ (x) 3 224 050 145 457 4.5 97969 67.4 12446 8.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 443 520 72940 16.4 32763 44.9 10329 14.2 Municipalities _______________ (x) 742 574 74488 10.0 67017 90.0 2251 3.0 

VermonL _______________________ 557 1 816 066 83907 4.6 38 643 46.1 10678 12.7 State ________________________ (x) 1 268 382 60687 4.8 18660 30.7 8480 14.0 Local, total ___________________ (x) 757 219 23225 3.1 19988 86.1 2 198 9.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 1 940 2 174 112.1 546 25.1 1 629 74.9 Municipalitles _______________ (x) 154 850 21 552 13.9 19907 92.4 569 2.6 

Virginia _________________________ 6015 17 361 496 1 195 297 6.9 527 541 44.1 147 357 12.3 State ________________________ (x) 10 682 501 816431 7.6 231 684 28.4 101 365 12.4 Local, total ___________________ (Xl 9 741 363 657 038 6.7 410 349 62.5 66713 10.2 Counties ___________________ 5 100 709 304 752 6.0 176 093 57.8 41 863 13.7 Munlcipalities _______________ !~) 4 303 183 355 089 8.3 234 256 66.0 25534 7.2 

See footnotes at end of table. 

8 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
intergovernmental) by State and type of government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of governmenl1 

Percent of lotal Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount· justice system 

21 026 7.2 5511 1.9 104 263 35.9 1 075 .4 New Mexico 

15053 9,4 5463 3,4 81 258 50.9 916 .6 State 

5973 4,4 48 - 24515 18.2 159 .1 Local. total 

1 365 3,4 - - 11 922 30.1 1 - Counties 

4608 4.8 48 - 14099 14.6 159 .2 Municipalities 

406 390 5.7 150 846 2.1 2 495 522 34.9 84340 1.2 New York 

100315 3.7 36723 1,4 1 527 723 56.6 56 150 2.1 State 

306 688 6.3 114763 2,4 1 313105 27.0 28191 .6 Local, total 

94460 9.1 32955 3.2 360 414 34.7 4 550 .4 Counties 

212 228 5.5 81 808 2.1 954 150 24.9 23 658 .6 Municipalities 

43933 4.2 4517 .4 385 519 37.0 13555 1.3 North Carolina 

33634 5.3 4392 .7 352 223 55.7 16689 2.6 State 

10299 2.4 125 - 42770 10.1 590 .1 Local, total 

5298 2.9 116 .1 43255 23.4 590 .3 Counties 

5001 2.1 9 - - - - - Municipalities 

8 127 11.5 1 087 1.5 13499 19.0 16 - North Dakota 

4453 15.2 809 2.8 9868 33.7 - - State 

4002 9.5 278 .7 3632 8.6 16 - Local, total 

3270 14.5 259 1.1 4440 19.7 16 .1 Counties 

749 3.5 18 .1 96 .5 - - Municipalities 

106712 5.9 24761 1.4 633 424 35.0 3925 .2 Ohio 

31 567 4.5 19997 2.9 491 314 70.1 4740 .7 State 

75146 6.5 16880 1.5 171 552 14.9 1 996 .2 Local, total 

41 049 8.7 15753 3.3 155 583 33.0 1 965 .4 Counties 

34175 4.9 1 870 .3 29210 4.2 51 - Municipalities 

39079 B.8 2207 .5 148 459 33.6 - - Oklahoma 

32697 13.6 561 .2 135 113 56.3 - - State 

7062 3.4 1 646 .8 19732 9.4 - - Local, total 

524 .9 1 553 2.6 17405 28.9 - - Counties 

6539 4.1 94 .1 2343 1.5 - - Municipalities 

52 146 8.8 26379 4.5 174 810 29.5 8909 1.5 Oregon 

30415 10.0 24519 8.1 112931 37.2 800 .3 State 

26067 8.2 1 877 .6 82553 25.9 8 196 2.6 Local, total 

20561 11.0 1 454 .8 82906 44.5 9370 5.0 Counties 

5523 4.0 423 .3 485 .4 24 - Municipalities 

99 018 5.2 27934 1.5 569 787 29.7 7030 .4 Pennsylvania 

23465 3.7 - - 285 119 44.4 8090 1.3 State 

75591 5.6 27934 2.1 301 716 22.4 2148 .2 Local, total 

32032 7.9 14145 3.5 172713 42.4 1 837 .5 Counties 

43560 4.6 13843 1.5 129612 13.7 311 - Municipalities 

15 075 7.8 2654 1.4 45709 23.6 226 .1 Rhode Island 

11 025 10.2 2654 2.5 45709 42.4 1 050 1.0 State 

4090 4.5 - - - - - - Local, total 

4090 4.5 - - - - - - Municipalities 

16 375 3.0 3666 .7 246 584 44.6 4 195 .8 South Carolina 

8506 2.6 2315 .7 218 772 66.6 3815 1.2 State 

10412 4.5 2783 1.2 27846 12.1 380 .2 Local, total 

8 197 6.0 2771 2.0 27538 20.2 360 .3 Counties 

2216 2.3 12 - 2116 2.2 19 - Municipalities 

7597 9.2 1 280 1.5 21 387 25.9 7 - South Dakota 

3304 7.6 262 .6 17785 40.9 - - State 

4293 10.5 1 280 3.1 3608 8.8 7 - Local, total 

3317 15.1 1 278 5.8 3944 18.0 7 - Counties 

985 4.6 2 - 222 1.0 - - Municipalities 

34 199 4.5 10501 1.4 281 211 27.2 517 .1 Tennessee 

23418 6.5 7778 2.2 250 173 69.9 - - State 

10781 2.4 2723 .6 78 126 17.0 519 .1 Local, total 

4470 2.3 1 740 .9 60695 30.7 423 .2 Counties 

6311 2.4 '983 .4 17848 6.8 95 - Municipalities 

183 372 6.2 33 664 1.1 997 829 34.0 47695 1.6 Texas 

46202 4.8 - - 647 499 67.3 34669 3.6 State 

138 036 6.7 33664 1.6 405 152 19.7 34043 1.7 Local, total 

102 445 9.9 33251 3.2 400 794 38.7 32855 3.2 Counties 

35658 3.4 414 - 12211 1.2 1 238 .1 Municipalities 

21 400 7.6 2518 .9 85578 30.3 2365 .8 Utah 

6828 4.9 - - 68835 49.2 2358 1.7 State 

14573 10.0 2518 1.7 17943 12.3 7 - Local, total 

9437 12.9 2441 3.3 17962 24.6 7 - Counties 

5 136 6.9 76 .1 7 - - - Municipalities 

6617 7.9 2943 3.5 24472 29.2 554 .7 Vermont 

5601 9.2 2920 4.8 24472 40.3 554 .9 State 

1 016 4.4 23 .1 - - - - Local, total 

- - - - - - - - Counties 

1 037 4.8 . 23 .1 16 .1 - - Municipalities 

48 122 4.0 15 195 1.3 448 627 37.5 8454 .7 Virginia 

30 107 3.7 14550 1.8 431 864 52.9 6861 .8 State 

36443 5.5 645 .1 140084 21.3 2804 .4 Local, total 

17019 5.6 246 .1 68 343 22.4 1 189 .4 Counties 

19530 5.5 421 .1 73731 20.8 1 617 .5 Municipalities 

JUSTiCE SYSTEM 9 
Table 4. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total PORulation, 19882 Total general general Percent of totat Percent of total (thousands) expenditure' Amount' expenditure Amount' justice system Amount' justice system 

Washington State ____________________ 4648 18 335 594 887 377 4.8 397 605 44.8 108 116 12.2 ________________________ (x) 11 404 427 331 713 2.9 78453 23.7 29271 8.8 Local, total ___________________ (x) 10 522 006 560 605 5.3 320 558 57.2 79460 14.2 Counties ___________________ (x) 1 358 807 312 805 23.0 106 093 33.9 63695 20.4 Municipallties _______________ (x) 2 572 864 270 850 10.5 220 720 81.5 16903 6.2 

West Virginia ___________________ State 1 876 5 009 363 167 924 3.4 80702 48.1 30966 18.4 ________________________ (x) 3 809 454 85003 2.2 28123 33.1 20631 24.3 Local, total ___________________ (x) 2071 146 83090 4.0 52636 63.3 10407 12.5 Counties ___________________ (x) 371 046 44527 12.0 16002 35.9 9548 21.4 Municipalities _______________ (x) 430 894 38751 9.0 36789 94.9 860 2.2 

Wisconsin ______________________ State 4855 15 744 367 864 211 5.5 451 254 52.2 108 413 12.5 ________________________ (x) 9 822 317 299 957 3.1 46552 15.5 29521 9.8 Local, total ___________________ Counties (x) 9 705 847 618 233 6.4 407 891 66.0 80762 13.1 ___________________ (x) 2266 496 305 536 13.5 114793 37.6 75044 24.6 Municipalities _______________ (x) 2 655 142 316 752 11.9 297 014 93.8 5731 1.8 

Wyoming _______________________ State 479 2 303 431 98430 4.3 47505 48.3 13 155 13.4 ________________________ (x) 1 508 773 44356 2.9 10517 23.7 7915 17.8 Local, total ___________________ (x) 1 357 985 54833 4.0 36996 67.5 5240 9.6 Counties ___________________ (x) 377 439 28585 7.6 13982 48.9 4019 14.1 Municipalities _______________ (x) 311 232 27386 8.8 23313 85.1 1 247 4.6 

1 Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2Estimated population of States as of July 1 is derived from Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P·25, No. 998, March 1988. 'Includes outlays of States and all types of local governments including independent school districts and special districts, which are not displayed separately. The "Local, total' lines, which include these districts, will not equal the sum of the "Counties' and "Municipalities' lines. 

'For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines (opposite each State's name) exclude duplicative intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the 'Local, total" lines include intergovernmental payments only to the State governments and the combined State·local total lines exclude all intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

10 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
intergovernmental) by State and type of government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount' justice system Amount' justice system 

62499 7.0 21 537 2.4 296 912 33.5 706 .1 Washington 

19766 6.0 1 589 .5 202 476 61.0 158 - State 42733 7.6 19948 3.6 97356 17.4 550 .1 Local, total 29097 9.3 19293 6.2 94203 30.1 425 .1 Counties 

13929 5.1 4069 1.5 15 104 5.6 124 - Municipalities 

10519 6.3 3476 2.1 41 619 24.8 642 .4 West Virginia 2875 3.4 3475 4.1 29 257 34.4 642 .8 State 

7644 9.2 1 - 12376 14.9 27 - Local, total 6603 14.8 1 - 12374 27.8 - - Counties 

1 041 2.7 - - 34 .1 27 .1 Municipalities 

53990 6.2 23529 2.7 224 434 26.0 2592 .3 Wisconsin 14048 4.7 22166 7.4 183 997 61.3 3673 1.2 State 41 681 6.7 1 363 .2 86 332 14.0 204 - Local, total 27984 9.2 1 309 .4 86257 28.2 149 - Counties 13700 4.3 53 - 199 .1 55 - Municipalities 

6858 7.0 1 568 1.6 25628 26.2 3496 3.6 Wyoming 

2093 4.7 1 452 3.3 18685 42.1 3694 8.3 State 5235 9.5 168 .3 7143 13.0 51 .1 Local, total 3225 11.3 151 .5 7155 25.0 51 .2 Counties 

2009 7.3 22 .1 795 2.9 - - Municipalities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 11 
Table 5. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure by State and type of 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total Population, 1988· Total direct direct Percent of total Percent of total (thousands) expenditure' Amount expenditure Amount justice system Amount justice system 

States·local, totaL _____________ 245 807 824 506 523 53 516 609 6.5 24 401 411 45.6 6 459 822 12.1 States ______________________ (x) 333 343 593 20 227 725 6.1 4 078 136 20.2 2 800 124 13.8 Local, total _________________ (x) 491 162 930 33 288 885 6.8 20 323 276 61.1 3 659 698 11.0 Counties _________________ (x) 104 218 810 14 255 755 13.7 4 700 735 33.0 2 928 041 20.5 Municipalities ____________ (x) 169 999 859 19 033 132 11.2 15 622 542 82.1 731 657 3.8 

Alabama ______________________________ State 4 102 10 834 476 561 644 5.2 257 669 45.9 90 443 16.1 _______________________________ (x) 5 104 944 266 188 5.2 56851 21.4 60561 22.8 Local, total __________________________ (x) 5 729 532 295 456 5.2 200 818 68.0 29882 10.1 Counties _________________________ (x) 635 107 118048 18.6 51 031 43.2 17252 14.6 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2 383 987 177 409 7.4 149 787 84.4 12630 7.1 

Alaska ________________________________ 524 5 574 408 283 240 5.1 116 722 41.2 35418 12.5 State _______________________________ (x) 3 403 608 209 022 6.1 49838 23.8 35418 16.9 Local, total __________________________ Boroughs _________________________ (x) 2 170 800 74218 3.4 66883 90.1 - - (x) 734 591 6519 .9 4562 70.0 - - Municipalities _____________________ (x) 1 411 288 67699 4.8 62321 92.1 - - Arizona _______________________________ 3489 12 555 680 961 724 7.7 423 230 44.0 110 162 11.5 State _______________________________ (x) 4 304 944 347 356 8.1 88708 25.5 15059 4.3 LO~ill. t01al __________________________ (x) 8 250 736 614 368 7.4 334 522 54.4 95 103 15.5 Counties _________________________ (x) 1 499 942 309 852 20.7 72253 23.3 72645 23.4 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2493 293 304 516 12.2 262 269 86.1 22459 7.4 

Arkansas ______________________________ State 2395 5 235 733 233 078 4.5 113 454 48.7 28928 12.4 _______________________________ (x) 2 517 230 96036 3.8 25310 26.4 10428 10.9 Local, total __________________________ (x) 2 718 503 137 043 5.0 88 144 64.3 18500 13.5 Counties _________________________ (Xl 464 364 60895 13.1 22576 37.1 13467 22.1 Municipalities _____________________ (x 835 823 76 148 9.1 65568 86.1 5033 6.6 

California _____________________________ 28314 109 828 666 8 939 614 8.1 3 650 529 40.8 971 978 10.9 State _______________________________ (xl 37 148 167 2 B02 210 7.5 596 4BB 21.3 1164B2 4.2 Local, total __________________________ (x) 72 680 499 6 137 403 8.4 3 054 040 49.8 855 496 13.9 Counties _________________________ (x) 21 250 350 3 724 426 17.5 899 389 24.1 818 979 22.0 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 21 351 493 2 412 978 11.3 2 154 652 89.3 36518 1.5 

Colorado ______________________________ State 3301 11 385 836 701 062 6.2 335 977 47.9 76242 10.9 _______________________________ (x) 4 018 253 253 258 6.3 37001 14.6 54417 21.5 Local, total __________________________ Counties (Xl 7 367 583 447 803 6.1 298 975 66.8 21 825 4.9 _________________________ (x 1 209411 146312 12.1 62228 42.5 2834 1.9 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2 788 220 301 491 10.8 236 747 78.5 18991 6.3 

Connecticut ___________________________ State 3 233 11 590 153 692 068 6.0 373 023 53.9 90 371 13.1 _______________________________ (x) 6 040 614 383 519 6.3 83869 21.9 90308 23.5 Local, total __________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ (xl 5 549 539 308 548 5.6 289 153 93.7 63 - (xl 2 446 054 308 548 12.6 289 153 93.7 63 - Delaware ______________________________ State _______________________________ 660 2 362 565 158 031 6.7 70 104 44.4 26645 16.9 

(x) 1 422 947 112037 7.9 29365 26.2 23484 21.0 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 939 618 45994 4.9 40738 88.6 3 161 6.9 _________________________ (x) 179 280 17 551 9.8 14854 84.6 2225 12.7 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 238 296 28442 11.9 25885 91.0 936 3.3 

I)lstrlct of Columbia ___________________ 617 4 827 746 529 894 11.0 193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 Local, total __________________________ 

Municipality (x) 4 827 746 529 894 11.0 193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 _______________________ (xl 3 920 158 529 894 13.5 193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 

Florida ________________________________ State _______________________________ 12 335 36 378 379 2 810 272 7.7 1 348 733 48.0 324 537 11.5 (x) 11 332 345 982 732 8.7 151 494 15.4 103 026 10.5 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 25 046 034 1 827 540 7.3 1 197 239 65.5 221 511 12.1 _________________________ (x) 7 693 665 1 124 599 14.6 548 165 48.7 210717 18.7 Municipalities _____________________ (xl 6 929 799 702 941 10.1 649 074 92.3 10794 1.5 

Georgia _________________ •. _____________ State _______________________________ 6342 19 363 054 1 187 219 6.1 500 547 42.2 158 605 13.4 (x) 6 834 053 470 786 6.9 107 064 22.7 24234 5.1 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 12 529 001 716 433 5.7 393 483 54.9 134371 18.8 _________________________ (xl 2 234 718 463 880 20.8 176 224 38.0 122 885 26.5 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2 373 313 252 552 10.6 217 259 86.0 11 486 4.5 

HawaII _________________________ 00 ______ 

State _______________________________ 1 098 3 669 753 271 040 7.4 115 699 42.7 46 343 17.1 (x) 2 758 280 141 679 5.1 4765 3.4 46343 32.7 Local, total __________________________ Counties _________________________ (x) 911 473 129361 14.2 110934 85.8 - - Municipalities _____________________ (x) 220 049 35617 16.2 30209 84.8 - - (x) 691 368 93744 13.6 80725 86.1 - - Idaho _________________________________ 

State 1 003 2 498 753 132 715 5.3 62330 47.0 22262 16.8 ___________________ • ___________ (xl 1 201 523 49784 4.1 14962 30.1 9490 19.1 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 1 297 230 82931 6.4 47368 57.1 12772 15.4 _________________________ (xl 328 869 52300 15.9 20376 39.0 12083 23.1 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 276 819 30631 11.1 26992 88.1 689 2.2 

Illinois ________________________________ 

State _______________________________ 11 614 35 274 848 2 339 975 6.6 1 335 938 57.1 237 543 10.2 (x) 13 937 860 750 095 5.4 172157 23.0 106521 14.2 Local, total ____________________ ------ Counties (xl 21 336 988 1 589 879 7.5 1 163781 73.2 131 022 8.2 _________________________ 

Municipalities (xl 2 043 293 510011 25.0 119762 23.5 130231 25.5 _____________________ (x) 6 851 881 1 079 868 15.8 1 044 019 96.7 791 .1 

Indiana _______________________________ State _______________________________ 5556 14 151 523 688 290 4.9 337 307 49.0 83633 12.2 (x) 5 852 303 279 167 4.8 75877 27.2 19767 7.1 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 8 299 220 409 123 4.9 261 429 63.9 63866 15.6 _________ • _______________ 

Municipalities (x) 1 553 879 159 530 10.3 54087 33.9 44213 27.7 _____________________ (x) 2 465 216 249 593 10.1 207 342 83.1 19653 7.9 

See footnotes at end of table. 

12 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
government, fiscal year 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

3 276 822 6.1 1 012831 1.9 17 982 274 33.6 383 452 .7 States-local, total 

1 040 341 5.1 395 363 2.0 11 661 100 57.6 252 663 1.2 States 

2 236 481 6.7 617 468 1.9 6 321 176 19.0 130 789 .4 Local, total 

1 319 430 9.3 478 801 3.4 4 738 663 33.2 90087 .6 Counties 

917 052 4.8 138 668 .7 1 582 513 8.3 40702 .2 Municipalities 

30 261 5.4 6213 1.1 172 744 30.8 4314 .8 Alabama 

17431 6.5 5863 2.2 122271 45.9 3211 1.2 State 

12830 4.3 350 .1 50473 17.1 1 103 .4 Local, total 

6735 5.7 10 - 42056 35.6 963 .8 Counties 

6095 3.4 340 .2 8417 4.7 140 .1 Municipalities 

42905 15.1 6535 2.3 81 661 28.8 - - Alaska 

37434 17.9 5745 2.7 80587 38.6 - - State 

5471 7.4 790 1.1 1 074 1.4 - - Local, total 

1 957 30.0 - - - - - - Boroughs 

3514 5.2 790 1.2 1 074 1.6 - - Municipalities 

70715 7.4 23628 2.5 332 749 34.6 1 240 .1 Arizona 

22871 6.6 85 - 219 654 63.2 979 .3 State 

47844 7.8 23543 3.8 113095 18.4 261 - Local, total 

31 406 10.1 20708 6.7 112580 36.3 261 .1 Counties 

16439 5.4 2834 .9 515 .2 - - Municipalities 

13 118 5.6 1 747 .7 71 018 30.5 4813 2.1 Arkansas 

5065 5.3 20 - 50400 52.5 4813 5.0 State 

8053 5.9 1 727 1.3 20618 15.0 - - Local, total 

4831 7.9 1 603 2.6 18417 30.2 - - Counties 

3 222 4.2 123 .2 2201 2.9 - - Municipalities 

611 822 6.8 239 689 2.7 3 394 647 38.0 70950 .8 California 

56501 2.0 24 128 .9 1 951 754 69.7 56857 2.0 State 

555 321 9.0 215561 3.5 1 442893 23.5 14093 .2 Local, total 

407 419 10.9 206 998 5.6 1 382611 37.1 9031 .2 Counties 

147 902 6.1 8562 .4 60282 2.5 5062 .2 Municipalities 

58049 8.3 16739 2.4 212 580 30.3 1 474 .2 Colorado 

10737 4.2 16473 6.5 133 959 52.9 671 .3 Stale 

47312 10.6 266 .1 78621 17.6 803 .2 Local, total 

27040 18.5 14 - 53 849 36.8 347 .2 Counties 

20272 6.7 252 .1 24772 8.2 457 .2 Municipalities 

49400 7.1 10251 1.5 166 094 24.0 2929 .4 Connecticut 

30 101 7.8 10224 2.7 166 090 43.3 2927 .8 State 

19299 6.3 27 - 4 - 2 - Local, total 

19299 6.3 27 - 4 - 2 - Municipalities 

6917 4.4 2 172 1.4 50 140 31.7 2054 1.3 Delaware 

5381 4.8 2172 1.9 50 140 44.8 1 495 1.3 Slate 

1 536 3.3 - - - - 559 1.2 Local, total 

473 2.7 - - - - - - Counties 

1 063 3.7 - - - - 559 2.0 Municipalities 

12 942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 District of Columbia 

12942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 Local, lolal 

12942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 Municipality 

157 298 5.6 69726 2.5 871 671 31.0 38307 1.4 Florida 

104 769 10.7 52688 5.4 545 346 55.5 25409 2.6 Stale 

52529 2.9 17038 .9 326 325 17.9 12898 .7 Local, tolal 

27667 2.5 16774 1.5 308 537 27.4 12738 1.1 Counties 

24862 3.5 264 - 17787 2.5 160 - Municipalities 

50 113 4.2 8456 .7 460 851 38.8 8646 .7 Georgia 

16802 3.6 - - 315 702 67.1 6984 1.5 State 

33311 4.6 8456 1.2 145 149 20.3 1 662 .2 Local, total 

26244 5.7 7709 1.7 129 164 27.8 1 654 .4 Counties 

7067 2.8 747 .3 15985 6.3 8 - Municipalities 

29 194 10.8 4500 1.7 71 989 26.6 3316 1.2 HawaII 

12393 8.7 4500 3.2 71 989 50.8 1 689 1.2 State 

16801 13.0 - - - - 1 627 1.3 Local, total 

5409 15.2 - - - - - - Counties 

11 392 12.2 - - - - 1 627 1.7 Municipalities 

10985 8.3 2754 2.1 33 929 25.6 455 .3 Idaho 

2844 5.7 - - 22037 44.3 451 .9 State 

8 141 9.8 2754 3.3 11 892 14.3 4 - Local, total 

5240 10.0 2754 5.3 11 842 22.6 4 - Counties 

2900 9.5 - - 50 .2 - - Municipalities 

128 152 5.5 28895 1.2 595 705 25.5 13742 .6 illinois 

29 235 3.9 4056 .5 431 030 57.5 7096 .9 State 

98917 6.2 24839 1.6 164 675 10.4 6646 .4 Local, total 

63944 12.5 24839 4.9 164 593 32.3 6643 1.3 Counties 

34972 3.2 - - 82 - 3 - Municipalities 

38359 5.6 6285 .9 220 324 32.0 2382 .3 Indiana 

12 174 4.4 2269 .8 167 507 60.0 1 573 .6 State 

26 185 6.4 4016 1.0 52817 12.9 809 .2 Local, lotal 

15859 9.9 3717 2.3 41 028 25.7 625 .4 Counties 

10326 4.1 299 .1 11 789 4.7 183 .1 Municipalities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 13 
Table 5. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure by State and type of 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

Iowa _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Kansas ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Kentucky ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Louisiana ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Municipalities Pari~h.es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Maine ________________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Municipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Massachusetts _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Michigan _____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Municipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Mlnnesota ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Mississippi ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnicipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Missouri _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnlclpalilies .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Montana _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ___ • _____________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Nebraska ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies ____________________ _ 

Nevada ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

New Hampshire ______________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

New Jersey __________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MuniCipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Population, 1988' 

(thousands) 

2834 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

2495 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

3727 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

4408 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

1 205 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

4622 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

5889 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

(xl 

9240 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

(x) 

4307 (x) 

(x) 

(xl 

(x) 

2620 (x) 

(xl 

(xl 

(xl 

5 141 

(x) 

(xl 

(x) 

(xl 

805 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

(xl 

1 602 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

1 054 

(x) 

(x) 

(xl 

(x) 

1 085 

!~l (xl 

(xl 

7721 (x) 

(xl 

!~l 

Total direct 

expenditure' 

8 286 344 3 514 351 4 771 993 

939 226 1 693 833 

7 211 295 2 740 780 4 470 515 830 478 1 496 548 

9 560 244 5 125 768 4434 476 846 703 1 464 517 

12 821 936 6 386 686 6 435 250 1 792 293 2203 751 

3 572 682 1 955 376 1 617 306 44895 

431 837 

15 190 832 7 208 010 7 982 822 5 502 717 1 875 215 

23 126 043 11 238 938 11 887 105 283 503 4 881 819 

32 903 924 14 565 704 18 338 220 3 363 767 5 627 566 

16 935 877 6 026 197 10 909 680 2 350 805 3 567 375 

6 623 444 2 753 546 3 869 898 

1 096 015 954 292 

12 502 854 5 193 795 7 309 059 840 203 2 525 770 

2 564 030 1 386 785 1 177 245 250 505 230 592 

5 613 668 

1 794 641 3 819 027 386647 

852301 

3 633 747 

1 567 230 2 066 517 957 800 367 703 

2 894 412 1 404 980 1 489 432 101 515 446 197 

28 582 696 13 489 533 15 093 163 3 251 949 3 457 871 

Total justice system 

Amount 

353 651 176 440 177211 

74672 

102 539 

404 077 178 482 225 595 

94460 

131 135 

496 330 300 649 

195 680 86333 

109 348 

747 619 

297 331 450 288 200 075 250 214 

169 464 90529 

78935 

25 162 53772 

1 091 219 

535 597 

555 622 345 608 210015 

1 448 933 

749 181 699 752 79485 

620 267 

2 131 971 887 509 1 244 462 529 138 715 324 

735 496 

193517 

541 978 

309 395 232 583 

263 213 

112238 

150 975 68342 

82634 

829 103 334 058 495 045 148 823 346 222 

104 457 45205 

59252 

38533 

20719 

216231 

86868 

129 363 61 623 67739 

331 632 126 300 205 332 154 364 50967 

170 275 76215 

94060 

21 658 72402 

2 117 568 800 467 1 317 101 476 665 840 436 

Percent of total 

direct expenditure 

4.3 

5.0 

3.7 

8.0 

6.1 

5.6 

6.5 

5.0 

11.4 

8.8 

5.2 

5.9 

4.4 

10.2 

7.5 

5.8 

4.7 

7.0 

11.2 

11.4 

4.7 

4.6 

4.9 

56.0 

12.5 

7.2 

7.4 

7.0 

6.3 

11.2 

6.3 

6.7 

5.9 

28.0 

12.7 

6.5 

6.1 

6.8 

15.7 

12.7 

4.3 

3.2 

5.0 

13.2 

6.5 

4.0 

4.1 

3,9 

6.2 

8.7 

6.6 

6.4 

6.8 

17.7 

13.7 

4.1 

3.3 

5.0 

15.4 

9.0 

3.9 

4.8 

3.4 

15.9 

7.9 

9.1 

8.1 

9.9 

16.1 

13.9 

5.9 

5.4 

6.3 

21.3 

16.2 

7.4 

5.9 

8.7 

14.7 

24.3 

14 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Police protection 

Amount 

172 547 40745 

131 802 34616 

97 186 

191 630 26406 

165 224 46285 

118939 

202 512 65890 

136621 

34909 

101 712 

337 171 73034 

264 137 104 199 

159 938 

84827 

25937 

58890 

8 115 50775 

469 268 96504 

372 764 220 769 151 996 

712 570 142 854 569 716 2910 566 806 

918 558 163 360 755 198 

119206 

635 992 

343 983 50435 

293 548 79844 

213 704 

135 022 35022 

100 000 25073 

74927 

423 875 69 t94 354 581 65137 

289 444 

50020 

14794 

35226 

17450 

17776 

109 974 25 567 84407 

20312 

64095 

125 589 18 180 107 409 

74192 

33217 

91 150 17485 

73665 

4731 

68934 

1 038 246 205 195 833 051 65857 

767 194 

Percent of total justice system 

48.8 

23.1 

74.4 

46.4 

94.8 

47.4 

14.8 

73.2 

49.0 

90.7 

40.8 

21.9 

69.8 

40.4 

93.0 

45.1 

24.6 

58.7 

52.1 

63.9 

50.1 

28.7 

74.6 

32.3 

94.4 

43.0 

18.0 

67.1 

63.9 

72.4 

49.2 

19.1 

81.4 

3.7 

91.4 

43.1 

18.4 

60.7 

22.5 

88.9 

46.8 

26.1 

54.2 

25.8 

91.9 

51.3 

31.2 

66.2 

36.7 

90.7 

51.1 

20.7 

71.6 

43.8 

83.6 

47.9 

32.7 

59.5 

45.3 

85.8 

50.9 

29.4 

65.2 

33.0 

94.6 

37.9 

14.4 

52.3 

48.1 

65.2 

53.5 

22.9 

78.3 

21.8 

95.2 

49.0 

25.6 

63.2 

13.8 

91.3 

Judicial 

Amount 

49244 

46004 

3240 

3240 

50 121 34210 

15911 

9943 

5968 

69693 

65559 

4 134 4077 57 

114 180 32475 

81 705 49412 

32293 

19339 

17676 

1 663 1 618 

44 

128 501 84280 

44221 

34952 

9270 

197 040 173 438 23602 

17585 

6017 

306 660 91 378 215 282 172 679 42 603 

96304 

29350 

66954 

66954 

38827 

8234 

30593 

27259 

3334 

109 635 61 097 48538 

24377 

24 161 

12 613 4262 

8351 

7051 

1 300 

28741 

16077 

12664 

12664 

34 012 5440 

28572 

21 835 6737 

24 267 22868 

1 399 

1 017 

382 

225 212 85281 

139931 

94969 

44962 

Percent of total justice system 

13.9 

26.1 

1.8 

4.3 

12.4 

19.2 

7.1 

10.5 

4.6 

14.0 

21.8 

2.1 

4.7 

.1 

15.3 

10.9 

18.1 

24.7 

12.9 

11.4 

19.5 

2.1 

6.4 

.1 

11.8 

15.7 

8.0 

10.1 

4.4 

13.6 

23.2 

3.4 

22.1 

1.0 

14.4 

10.3 

17.3 

32.6 

6.0 

13.1 

15.2 

12.4 

21.6 

14.8 

7.3 

20.3 

39.9 

4.0 

13.2 

18.3 

9.8 

16.4 

7.0 

12.1 

9.4 

14.1 

18.3 

6.3 

13.3 

18.5 

9.8 

20.6 

10.3 

4.3 

13.9 

14.1 

13.2 

14.3 

30.0 

1.5 

4.7 

.5 

10.6 

10.7 

10.6 

19.9 

5.3 
government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

25947 7.3 13495 3.8 92 18~1 26.1 234 .1 towa 

6820 3.9 10018 5.7 72754 41.2 99 .1 State 

19 127 10.8 3477 2.0 19429 11.0 135 .1 Local, total 

14139 18.9 3477 4.7 19 161 25.7 37 - Counties 

4988 4.9 - - 268 .3 98 .1 Municipalities 

27685 6.9 3 825 .9 129 492 32.0 1 323 .3 Kansas 

8717 4.9 3 165 1.6 105 171 56.9 793 .4 State 

lB 96B S.4 640 .3 24321 10.S 530 .2 Local, total 

13 lS7 14.0 564 .6 23950 25.4 530 .6 Counties 

5761 4.4 76 .1 372 .3 - - Municipalities 

31 851 6.4 5947 1.2 182 456 36.8 3870 .8 Kentucky 

23616 7.9 4626 1.6 136 697 45.5 3 659 1.2 State 

S 035 4.1 1 119 .6 45559 23.3 211 .1 Local, total 

4764 5.5 1 005 1.2 41 367 47.9 211 .2 Counties 

3272 3.0 114 .1 4 192 3.S - - Municipalities 

3S 354 5.1 2958 .4 252 422 33.8 2534 .3 Louisiana 

17210 5.6 292 .1 172614 56.1 1 506 .5 State 

21 144 4.7 2666 .6 79606 17.7 1 02S .2 Local, total 

7719 3.9 1 727 .9 37017 lS.5 - - Parishes 

13425 5.4 939 .4 42591 17.0 1 028 .4 Municipalities 

10 004 5.9 1 420 .8 53004 31.3 870 .5 Maine 

4949 5.5 1 420 1.6 39869 44.0 678 .7 State 

5055 6.4 - - 13 135 16.6 192 .2 Local, total 

2241 8.9 - - 13 135 52.2 52 .2 Counties 

2814 5.2 - - - - 140 .3 Municipalities 

47751 4.4 19065 1.7 417 898 38.3 8736 .6 Maryland 

9626 loS 19 065 3.6 319 442 59.6 667S 1.2 State 

3S 123 6.9 - - 96456 17.7 205S .4 Local, total 

23437 6.S - - 65212 18.d 1 239 .4 Counties 

14666 7.0 - - 33244 15.6 619 .4 MUnicipalities 

91 118 6.3 37 603 2.6 402 372 27.8 8230 .6 Massachusetts 

64568 6.6 37603 5.0 322 470 43.0 6226 1.1 State 

26530 3.6 - - 79902 11.4 2 - Local, total 

20 - - - 56969 74.2 - - Counties 

26510 4.3 - - 20 933 3.4 2 - Municipalities 

106 731 5.0 27 412 1.3 770 865 36.2 1 746 .1 Michigan 

24660 2.6 2 900 .3 605011 6S.2 - - State 

SI S71 6.6 24512 2.0 165 654 13.3 1 746 .1 Local, total 

49044 9.3 23 455 4.4 163 266 30.9 1 465 .3 Counties 

32626 4.6 1 057 .1 2566 .4 260 - MUnicipalities 

65 195 8.9 17 102 2.3 212018 28.8 893 .1 Minnesota 

15047 7.6 2 152 1.1 95 SOS 49.5 725 .4 State 

50 148 9.3 14 950 2.8 116210 21.4 16S - Local, total 

31 300 10.1 14950 4.S 116 179 37.6 166 .1 Counties 

18 646 8.1 - - 31 - - - Municipalities 

13657 5.2 1 398 .5 73894 28.1 415 .2 Mississippi 

9020 6.0 - - 59690 53.2 272 .2 State 

4637 3.1 1 396 .9 14204 9.4 143 .1 Local, total 

2491 3.6 1 222 1.8 12279 lS.0 16 - Counties 

2146 2.6 176 .2 1 925 2.3 125 .2 Municipalities 

39 876 4.8 8764 1.1 245 584 29.6 1 369 .2 Missouri 

6 461 2.5 7857 2.4 166 476 55.6 853 .3 State 

31 395 6.3 907 .2 59 108 11.9 516 .1 Local, total 

16 175 12.2 174 .1 40842 27.4 117 .1 Counties 

13220 3.8 732 .2 18266 5.3 399 .1 Municipalities 

8093 7.7 1 750 1.7 28991 27.8 2989 2.9 Montana 

2151 4.8 - - 21 044 46.6 2954 6.5 State 

5942 10.0 1 750 3.0 7947 13.4 35 .1 Local, total 

4595 11.9 1 636 4.2 7766 20.2 35 .1 Counties 

1 347 6.5 114 .6 182 .9 - - Municipalities 

15 294 7.1 2929 1.4 58255 26.9 1 037 .5 Nebraska 

1 966 2.3 - - 42659 49.3 399 .5 State 

13328 10.3 2929 2.3 15396 11.9 636 .5 Local, total 

9663 15.7 2929 4.8 15 396 25.0 636 1.0 Counties 

3645 5.4 - - - - - ~ Municipalities 

22 402 6.8 6 109 1.8 143 475 43.3 44 ~ Nevada 

5551 4.4 874 .7 96255 76.2 - - State 

16851 8.2 5235 2.5 47220 23.0 44 - Local, total 

13314 6.6 5079 3.3 39944 25.9 - - Counties 

3537 6.9 156 .3 7276 14.3 44 .1 Municipalities 

10970 6.4 4742 2.8 39097 23.0 49 - New Hampshire 

5556 7.3 4742 6.2 25564 33.5 - - State 

5 414 5.S - - 13533 14.4 49 .1 Local, total 

2364 10.9 - - 13497 62.3 49 .2 Counties 

3050 4.2 - - 35 - - - Municipalities 

168 609 8.0 44 954 2.1 638 597 30.2 1 949 .1 New Jersey 

52873 6.6 35029 4.4 420 996 52.6 1 093 .1 State 

115736 8.6 9 925 .6 217601 16.5 856 .1 Local, total 

68494 16.6 6976 1.9 217541 45.6 826 .2 Counties 

27242 3.2 949 .1 61 - 28 - Munici p alities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 15 
Table 5. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure by State and type of 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

New Mexico __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

New York ____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

North Carolina _______________________ _ 

State ________________________ --____ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Pennsylvania _________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, Municipalities t?~al-.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

South Dakota ________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Texas ________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUniCipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Utah _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es .-.- ______________________ _ MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Vermont _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUniCipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Virginia ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Population, 19882 

(thousands) 

1 507 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

17909 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

6489 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

667 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

10855 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

3242 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

2767 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

12001 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

993 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

3470 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

713 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

4895 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

16841 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

1 690 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

557 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

6015 (x) 

(x) 

(x) 

(x) 

Total direct 

expenditure3 

4 757 902 2 258 998 2 498 904 

349 033 1 038411 

89 694 451 33 661 576 56 032 875 8 072 956 32 830 441 

18 259 485 6 968 315 11 291 170 6 534 211 3 033 276 

2 121 026 1 231 505 889 521 158133 

221 152 

33 460 312 15 079 748 18 380 564 4 016 733 5 195 108 

8 769 861 4 333 376 4 436 485 

590 648 1 860 584 

9 463 057 4 052 940 5410117 

874 827 1 361 956 

35 463 135 15 277 467 20 185 668 2 378 865 4 673 821 

3 392 457 2 105 784 1 286 673 700 841 

9 524 474 4 808 486 4 715 988 1 105 032 848 497 

1 905 725 911 773 993 952 138 002 371 110 

15 019 516 5 396 687 9 622 829 3 037 233 6 018 245 

49 064 094 16 163 884 32 900 210 4 490 993 11 354905 

5601 171 2382 115 3 219 056 423 399 736 775 

1 807 986 1 055 159 752827 1 940 153 623 

17 361 496 7643711 

9 717 785 5 005 108 4 240 546 

Total justice system 

Amount 

290358 

155 864 134 494 38 909 

95585 

7 144 927 2 445 360 4 699 566 1 028 016 3 671 550 

1 041 998 618 534 423 464 

183 425 240 038 

70971 

28942 

42029 

21 606 20423 

1 809 484 656492 

1 152991 

464 734 688 258 

441 909 231 415 210 494 53 166 157 328 

592 773 276 425 316 348 181 765 134 583 

1 918 775 578 910 

339 865 401 710 938 155 

193 868 102 745 91 123 91 123 

553 477 324 483 228 994 135 082 93911 

82659 

43 193 

39466 

19856 

19610 

756 257 298 500 457 757 196 099 261 658 

2 938 736 879 276 2 059 460 1 033 987 1 025 474 

282 177 136 932 145 245 72755 

72490 

83907 

60682 

23225 

2 174 21 050 

1 195 ~97 

538 258 657 038 304 357 352 681 

Percent of total 

direct 

expenditure 

6.1 

6.9 

5.4 

11.1 

9.2 

8.0 

7.3 

8.4 

12.7 

11.2 

5.7 

G.9 

3.8 

2.8 

7.9 

3.3 

2.4 

4.7 

13.7 

9.2 

5.4 

4.4 

6.3 

11.6 

13.2 

5.0 

5.3 

4.7 

9.0 

8.5 

6.3 

6.8 

5.8 

20.8 

9.9 

5.4 

3.8 

6.6 

16.9 

20.1 

5.7 

4.9 

7.1 

13.0 

5.8 

6.7 

4.9 

12.2 

11.1 

4.3 

4.7 

4.0 

14.4 

5.3 

5.0 

5.5 

4.8 

6.5 

4.3 

6.0 

5.4 

6.3 

23.0 

9.0 

5.0 

5.7 

4.5 

17.2 

9.8 

4.6 

5.8 

3.1 112.1 

13.7 

6.9 

7.0 

6.8 

6.1 

8.3 

16 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Police protection 

Amount 

130 458 29427 

101 031 26026 

75005 

3 259 295 

256 865 3 002 429 521 509 2 480 920 

491 158 134 133 357 025 122 112 234 912 

34502 

7082 

27420 

8720 

18700 

792 299 114454 

677 845 107 496 570 349 

209 800 49615 

160 185 18302 

141 883 

233 302 50349 

182 953 

59 127 123 826 

903 117 198 148 704 969 38677 

666 292 

104 494 18510 

85984 

85984 

233 559 78412 

155 146 

68580 

86566 

41 663 13352 

28311 

9819 

18492 

333 460 46416 

287 045 64759 

222 286 

1 313 606 184315 

1 129291 

197 688 931 603 

135 365 37411 

97954 

32726 

65228 

38643 

18655 

19988 546 19442 

527 541 117 192 410 349 176 093 234 256 

Percent of total 

justice system 

44.9 

18.9 

75.1 

66.9 

78.5 

45.6 

10.5 

63.9 

50.7 

67.6 

47.1 

21.7 

84.3 

66.6 

97.9 

48.6 

24.5 

65.2 

40.4 

91.6 

43.8 

17.4 

58.8 

23.1 

82.9 

47.5 

21.4 

76.1 

34.4 

90.2 

39.4 

18.2 

57.8 

32.5 

92.0 

47.1 

34.2 

52.6 

9.6 

71.0 

53.9 

18.0 

94.4 

94.4 

42.2 

24.2 

67.8 

50.8 

92.2 

50.4 

30.9 

71.7 

49.5 

94.3 

44.1 

15.5 

62.7 

33.0 

85.0 

44.7 

21.0 

54.8 

19.1 

90.8 

48.0 

27.3 

67.4 

45.0 

90.0 

46.1 

30.7 

86.1 

25.1 

92.4 

44.1 

21.8 

62.5 

57.9 

66.4 

Judicial 

Amount 

28026 

25257 

2769 

301 2469 

748 534 656 195 

92 339 23 331 69008 

103 316 90642 

12674 

12558 116 

13740 

7058 

6682 

5709 

973 

248 363 38789 

209 574 145 166 64409 

42364 

20494 

21 870 15388 

6482 

97228 

80458 

16770 

12 110 4659 

311 888 79598 

232 290 147 695 

84595 

25709 

24661 

1 048 

1 048 

49099 

16638 

32461 

28756 

3705 

10725 

8754 

1 971 1 969 2 

96368 

17803 

78565 

64319 

14246 

362 570 42995 

319 575 267 937 51 637 

34951 

22700 

12251 

10200 

2051 

10678 

8 480 2198 

1 629 

569 

147 357 80644 

66713 

41 839 24874 

Percent of total 

justice system 

9.7 

16.2 

2.1 

.8 

2.6 

10.5 

26.8 

2.0 

2.3 

1.9 

9.9 

14.7 

3.0 

6.8 

19.4 

24.4 

15.9 

26.4 

4.8 

13.7 

5.9 

18.2 

31.2 

9.4 

9.6 

8.9 

10.4 

28.9 

4.1 

16.4 

29.1 

5.3 

6.7 

3.5 

16.3 

13.7 

17.3 

36.8 

9.0 

13.3 

24.0 

1.2 

1.2 

8.9 

5.1 

14.2 

21.3 

3.9 

13.0 

20.3 

5.0 

9.9 

12.7 

6.0 

17.2 

32.8 

5.4 

12.3 

4.9 

15.5 

25.9 

5.0 

12.4 

16.6 

8.4 

14.0 

2.8 

12.7 

14.0 

9.5 

74.9 

2.7 

12.3 

15.0 

10.2 

13.7 

7.1 
government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Olher justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

21 025 7.2 5 511 1.9 104 263 35.9 1 075 .4 New Mexico 

15053 9.7 5463 3.5 79748 51.2 916 .6 State 

5 973 4.4 48 - 24515 18.2 159 .1 Local, tolal 

1 365 3.5 - - 11 218 28.8 - - Counties 

4608 4.8 48 .1 13297 13.9 159 .2 Municipalities 

406 390 5.7 150 846 2.1 2 495 522 34.9 84340 1.2 New York 

99705 4.1 36083 1.5 1 340 362 54.8 56150 2.3 State 

306 685 6.5 114763 2.4 1 155 160 24.6 28 190 .6 Local, total 

94460 9.2 32955 3.2 351 228 34.2 4532 .4 Counties 

212 225 5.8 81 808 2.2 803 932 21.9 23658 .6 Municipalities 

43933 4.2 4 517 .4 385 519 37.0 13555 1.3 North Carolina 

33634 5.4 4392 .7 342 768 55.4 12965 2.1 State 

10299 2.4 125 - 42751 10.1 590 .1 Local, total 

5298 2.9 116 .1 42751 23.3 590 .3 Counties 

5001 2.1 9 - - - - - Municipalities 

8 127 11.5 1 087 1.5 13 499 19.0 16 - North Dakota 

4125 14.3 809 2.8 9868 34.1 - - State 

4002 9.5 278 .7 3632 8.6 16 - Local, total 

3270 15.1 259 1.2 3632 16.8 16 .1 Counties 

732 3.6 18 .1 - - - - Municipalities 

106712 5.9 24761 1.4 633 424 35.0 3925 .2 Ohto 

31 567 4.8 7881 1.2 461 872 70.4 1 929 .3 State 

75 145 6.5 16880 1.5 171 552 14.9 1 996 .2 Local, total 

41 043 8.8 15545 3.3 153519 33.0 1 965 .4 Counties 

34 101 5.0 1 335 .2 18033 2.6 31 - Municipalities 

39079 8.8 2207 .5 148 459 33.6 - - Oklahoma 

32018 13.8 561 .2 128 727 55.6 - - State 

7061 3.4 1 646 .8 19732 9.4 - - Local, total 

524 1.0 1 553 2.9 17400 32.7 - - Counties 

6537 4.2 94 .1 2331 1.5 - - Municipalities 

52 146 8.8 26379 4.5 174 810 29.5 8909 1.5 Oregon 

26079 9.4 24 519 8.9 94220 34.1 800 .3 State 

26067 8.2 1 860 .6 80590 25.5 8 109 2.6 Local, total 

20561 11.3 1 454 .8 80428 44.2 8085 4.4 Counties 

5505 4.1 406 .3 161 .1 24 - Municipalities 

99018 5.2 27934 1.5 569 787 29.7 7030 .4 Pennsylvania 

23427 4.0 - - 272 855 47.1 4882 .8 State 

75591 5.6 27934 2.1 296 932 22.2 2148 .2 Local, total 

32032 8.0 14 145 3.5 167 324 41.7 1 837 .5 Counties 

43560 4.6 13789 1.5 129 607 13.8 311 - Municipalities 

15075 7.8 2654 1.4 45709 23.6 226 .1 Rhode Island 

10985 10.7 2654 2.6 45709 44.5 226 .2 State 

4090 4.5 - - - - - - Local, total 

4090 4.5 - - - - - - Municipalities 

16375 3.0 3666 .7 246 584 44.6 4 195 .8 South Carolina 

5 963 1.8 883 .3 218 772 67.4 3815 1.2 State 

10412 4.5 2783 1.2 27812 12.1 380 .2 Local, total 

8 197 6.1 2771 2.1 26418 19.6 360 .3 Counties 

2216 2.4 12 - 1 394 1.5 19 - Municipalities 

7597 9.2 1 280 1.5 21 387 25.9 7 - South Dakota 

3304 7.6 - - 17783 41.2 - - State 

4293 10.9 1 280 3.2 3604 9.1 7 - Local, total 

3308 16.7 1 278 6.4 3475 17.5 7 - Counties 

985 5.0 2 - 129 .7 - - Municipalities 

34 199 4.5 10501 1.4 281 211 37.2 517 .1 Tennessee 

23418 7.8 7778 2.6 203 085 68.0 - - State 

10781 2.d 2723 .6 78126 17.1 517 .1 Local, total 

4470 2.3 1 740 .9 60389 30.8 422 .2 Counties 

6311 2.4 983 .4 17737 6.8 95 - Municipalities 

183 372 6.2 33664 1.1 997 829 34.0 47695 1.6 Texas 

45367 5.2 - - 592 906 67.4 13693 1.6 State 

138 005 6.7 33664 1.6 404 923 19.7 34002 1.7 Local, total 

102 393 9.9 33251 3.2 399 918 38.7 32800 3.2 Counties 

35613 3.5 414 - 5005 .5 1 202 .1 Municipalities 

21 400 7.6 2518 .9 85578 30.3 2365 .8 Utah 

6828 5.0 - - 67635 49.4 2358 1.7 State 

14572 10.0 2518 1.7 17943 12.4 7 - Local, total 

9437 13.0 2441 3.4 17 943 24.7 7 - Counties 

5 135 7.1 76 .1 - - - - Municipalities 

6617 7.9 2943 3.5 24472 29.2 554 .7 Vermont 

5601 9.2 2920 4.8 24472 40.3 554 .9 State 

1 016 4.4 23 .1 - - - - Local, total 

- - - - - - - - Counties 

1 016 4.8 23 .1 - - - - Municipalities 

48 122 4.0 15 195 1.3 448 627 37.5 8454 .7 Virginia 

11 679 2.2 14550 2.7 308 543 57.3 5650 1.0 State 

36443 5.5 645 .1 140 084 21.3 2804 .4 Local, total 

17019 5.6 246 .1 67974 22.3 1 187 .4 Counties 19424 5.5 399 .1 72 111 20.4 1 617 .5 Municipalities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 17 
Table 5. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure by State and type of 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

State and type of government' Percent of total 

Population, 19882 Total direct direct Percent of total Percent of total 

(thousands) expenditure3 Amount expenditure Amount justice system Amount justice system 

Washington ___________________________ 4648 18 317 343 887 377 4.8 397 605 44.8 108 116 12.2 State _______________________________ (x) 7 919 332 327311 4.1 77 197 23.6 29032 8.9 Local, total __________________________ (x) 10398011 560 066 5.4 320408 57.2 70084 14.1 Counties _________________________ (x) 1 234 177 311 273 25.2 105217 33.8 63561 20.4 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2 494 214 248 793 10.0 215 191 86.5 15523 6.2 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State 1 876 5 009 363 167 924 3.4 80702 48.1 30966 18.4 _______________________________ (x) 2 939 257 85000 2.9 28120 33.1 20631 24.3 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 2 070 106 82924 4.0 52582 63.4 10335 12.5 _________________________ (x) 366 236 44469 12.1 16002 36.0 9501 21.4 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 429 605 38455 9.0 36580 95.1 834 2.2 

Wisconsln _____________________________ 4855 15 654 736 864 211 5.5 451 254 52.2 108 413 12.5 State _______________________________ (x) 5 966 796 261 310 4.4 43511 16.7 28213 10.8 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 9 687 940 602 901 6.2 407 743 67.6 80200 13.3 _________________________ (x) 2 243 391 290 018 12.9 114096 39.3 74889 25.8 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 2 596 382 312 883 12.1 293 647 93.9 5311 1.7 

Wyoming _____________________________ State 479 2 303 332 98430 4.3 47505 48.3 13 155 13.4 _______________________________ (x) 957 293 43 637 4.6 10517 24.1 7915 18.1 Local. total __________________________ Counties (x) 1 346 039 54793 4.1 36988 67.5 5240 9.6 _________________________ (x) 311 354 28477 9.1 13919 48.9 4019 14.1 Municipalities _____________________ (x) 306 172 26316 8.6 23069 87.7 1 221 4.6 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2Estimated population of States as of July 1 is derived from Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P·25, No. 998, March 1988. 

31ncludes outlays of States and all types of local governments including independent school districts and special districts, which are not displayed separately. The "Local, total" lines, which 

include these districts, will not equal the sum of the "Counties' and "Municipalities' lines. 

18 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Amount Justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

62499 7.0 21 537 2.4 296 912 33.5 708 .1 Washington 

19766 6.0 1 589 .5 199 569 61.0 158 - State 42733 7.6 19948 3.6 97343 17.4 550 .1 Local, total 29 050 9.3 19293 6.2 93726 30.1 425 .1 Counties 13683 5.5 655 .3 3616 1.5 124 - Municipalities 

10 519 6.3 3476 2.1 41 619 24.8 642 .4 West Virginia 2875 3.4 3475 4.1 29257 34.4 642 .8 State 7644 9.2 1 - 12362 14.9 - - Local, total 6603 14.8 1 - 12362 27.8 - - Counties 1 040 2.7 - - - - - - Municipalities 

53990 6.2 23529 2.7 224 434 26.0 2592 .3 Wisconsin 12353 4.7 22166 8.5 152 679 58.4 2 388 .9 Stale 41 637 6.9 1 363 .2 71 755 11.9 204 - Local, tolal 27981 9.6 1 309 .5 71 595 24.7 149 .1 Counlies 13655 4.4 53 - 161 .1 55 - Municipalities 

6 858 7.0 1 588 1.6 ~5 828 26.2 3496 3.6 Wyoming 1 623 3.7 1 452 3.3 18685 42.8 3445 7.9 Stale 5235 9.6 136 .2 7 143 13.0 51 .1 Local, lotal 3225 11.3 119 .4 7 143 25.1 51 .2 Counties 2 009 7.6 17 .1 - - - - Municipalities 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 19 
Table 6. Total justice system expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

Siales·local, lolal ............. . Siaies •••••••••••••••••••••• 

Local, lolal ••••••••••••••••• Counties _ •••••••••• _ ••••• 

MunIcIpalities •••••••• _ ••• 

Alabama •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

State ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Local, total •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Cou~t!es .'." _ •• _ •••••••••••••••••• MuniCipalities •• _ •••••••••••••••••• 

Alaska •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

State ••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••• 

Local, total ••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ 

Bor~u~hs .•••••••••••••••••••••••••• MUniCipalities ••••••••••••••••••••• 

ArIzona ••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••• 

State _ ••• _ •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Local, total •••••••••••••••••••••••••• Counties ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Municipalities ••••••••••••••••••• _. 

Arkansas •••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••••••• 

State •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ Local, total •••••••••• _._ ••••••••••••• 

Cou~ties .•.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 

MUniCipalities ••••••••••••••••••••• 

CalifornIa ............................ . State ••••••••••••••••• _._. ____ ._._ •• 

Local, total ......................... . 

Cou~t!es .......................... . Munlcipalilies .................... . 

Colorado ............................. . 

State ............................. .. 

Local, lotal ........................ .. 

Cou~t!es ......................... .. MuniCipalities .................... . 

Connectlcul .......................... . 

State ............................... . 

Local, t.o!al .......................... .. Munlcipalilies .................... . 

Delaware ............................. . State ............................. .. 

Local, lotal ........................ .. 

Cou~t!es ......................... .. MUniCipalities ................... .. 

Dlslrlcl of ColumbIa ................. .. 

Local,lotal ........................ .. 

Municipality ...................... . 

FlorIda ............................... . 

State .............................. . 

Local, lotal ......................... . 

Counties ........................ . 

Municipalities .................... . 

GeorgIa ............................. .. 

State ............................. .. 

Local. total ......................... . 

Cou~t!es ......................... .. MuniCipalities ................... .. 

HawaII ............................... . State ............................. .. 

Local, total ........................ .. 

Ccu~t!es .......................... . MUniCipalities ................... .. 

Idaho ............................... .. 

Stale ............................. .. 

Local. tOlal ........................ .. 

Counties ....................... .. 

MunIcipalities ................... .. 

illinoIs .............................. .. 

State ............................. .. 

Local, total ........................ .. 

Counties ....................... .. 

MunicIpalities ................... .. 

IndIana ............................. .. 

Siale .............................. . 

Local, total ........................ .. 

Counties ....................... .. 

Municipalities .................... . 

See fool notes at end of table. 

Total' 

53 516 609 22 120 159 33 535 433 14373 111 19 533 908 

561 644 274 627 296 050 118065 

178 466 

283 240 216318 

76090 

6519 

69 654 

961 724 376 515 614870 

310 354 310 789 

233 078 100 438 137 150 61 490 77 594 

8 939 614 3 202781 6 142 647 3 732046 

2 536 018 

701 062 254 952 447 809 146 992 301 861 

692 068 385 257 310741 

310 802 

158 031 113434 

46004 

17 551 28899 

529 894 529 894 529 894 

2 810 272 987 740 1 827 769 1 125914 

710 327 

1 187219 

501 338 717 179 465 162 256 254 

271 040 145 423 129361 

35617 

93 744 

132715 

51 034 83 106 52716 

33020 

2 339 975 788 016 1 590 115 511 634 083 002 

688 290 288 258 

411 857 160 043 252 693 

Total 

53 516 609 20 227 725 33 288 885 14 255 755 19 033 132 

561 644 266 188 295 456 118048 

177 409 

283 240 209 022 74218 

6519 

67699 

961 724 347 356 

614 368 309 852 304 516 

233 078 96036 

137 043 60895 

76 148 

8 939 614 2 802 210 6 137 403 3 724 426 2 412 978 

701 062 253 258 447 803 146312 

301 491 

692 068 383 519 308 548 308 548 

158 031 112037 

45994 

17551 

28442 

529 894 529 894 529 894 

2 810 272 982 732 1 827 540 1 124 599 702 941 

1 187219 

470 786 716 433 463 880 252 552 

271 040 141 679 129361 

35617 

93744 

132 715 49784 

82931 

52300 

30631 

2 339 975 750 095 1 589 879 510011 

1 079 868 

688 290 279 167 409 123 159 530 249 593 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

49 408 722 18 067 638 31 341 084 13 111 796 18 229 289 

532 892 255 188 277 704 106315 

171 389 

273 724 201 358 72367 

6504 

65863 

889 834 

314091 

575 743 294 057 281 686 

221 741 92733 

129 008 55622 

73386 

7 910 366 2 267 759 5 642 607 3 286 630 2 355 976 

654 332 226 318 428 014 132 985 295 029 

652 062 357 467 294 595 294 595 

147 275 107 553 39722 

17458 

22264 

492 351 492 351 492 351 

2 565 704 894 980 1 670 724 997 446 673 278 

1 041 628 398 230 643 398 405 582 237 816 

247 098 127 762 119336 

33941 

85395 

120 505 43040 

77465 

47745 

29721 

2 233 483 690 902 1 542 581 491 217 1 051 364 

640 832 245 041 395 791 156 054 239 737 

20 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

4 10.7 887 2 160 087 1 947 801 1 143 958 803 843 

28752 

11 000 17752 

11 732 6020 

9516 

7665 

1 851 

16 1 836 

71 890 33265 

38625 

15795 

l<2830 

11 337 3303 

8034 

5273 

2762 

1 029 247 534 451 494 797 437 795 57001 

46729 

26940 

19789 

13 327 6462 

40006 

26052 

13953 

13953 

10 756 4485 

6271 93 6 178 

37543 

37543 

37543 

244 568 87752 

156816 

127 153 29664 

145591 

72557 

73035 

58298 

14736 

23942 

13917 

10025 

1 676 8349 

12 210 6744 

5466 

4556 

910 

106 492 59 193 47299 

18795 

28504 

47458 

34 127 13331 

3476 

9856 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

1 892 434 246 548 117 356 500 776 

8439 

594 

18 1 058 

7296 

1 872 

1 955 

29 159 

501 

501 6273 

4402 

108 

596 1 447 

400 571 5244 

7621 

123 040 

694 6 681 

370 

1 737 2192 

2254 

1 397 

11 

457 

5008 

229 1 315 7386 

30552 747 1 281 3702 

3744 

1 250 

175 

415 2389 

37920 236 1 622 3134 

9091 

2734 

513 3 100 

To State 

governments 

246 548 63409 

183 139 

594 

594 

1 872 

872 

501 

501 

108 

108 

5244 

5 163 

81 

6 

3 

3 

2 192 2192 

11 

11 

229 

229 

747 

66 

681 

175 

164 

12 

236 

166 

70 

2734 

461 2274 

To local governments 

1 892 433 

53947 

317 637 

8439 

18 

464 

7296 

83 

29159 

6273 

4402 

596 1 339 

400 571 

2458 

122 959 

1 694 

678 

366 

737 

62 

1 397 

446 

5008 

1 086 7386 

30552 

1 216 3021 

3744 

250 

252 2377 

37920 

1 457 3064 

9091 

53 

826 
Table 6. Total justice system expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

State and type of government' To State To local 

Total2 Total Direct current Capital outlay Total governments governments 

Iowa __________________________________ 353 651 353 651 344 859 8792 State _______________________________ 196981 176 440 173251 3 189 20541 20541 Local, total __________________________ 177 416 177 211 171 608 5603 205 205 Counties _________________________ 75644 74672 72753 1 918 972 175 798 Municipalities _____________________ 106 602 102 539 98855 3684 4062 30 4032 

Kansas _______________________________ 404 077 404 077 377 620 26457 State _______________________________ 184 354 178 482 163 935 14547 5872 5872 Local, total __________________________ 225 933 225 595 213 684 11 911 339 339 Counties _________________________ 95986 94460 90594 3866 1 526 333 1 194 Municipalities _____________________ 136 405 131 135 123091 8045 5270 6 5264 

Kentucky _____________________________ 496 330 496 330 <148 459 47870 State _______________________________ 350 271 300 649 259 922 40728 49622 49622 Local, total __________________________ 195 695 195 680 188 538 7 142 15 15 Counties _________________________ 86870 86 333 82811 3521 537 537 Municipalities _____________________ 109 983 109 348 105 727 3621 635 15 620 

Louisiana _____________________________ 747 619 747 619 715 563 32056 State _______________________________ 338 404 297 331 292 013 5318 41 073 41 073 Local, total __________________________ 450 319 450 288 423 550 26738 31 31 Parishes _________________________ 200 214 200 075 196 148 3927 139 31 108 Municipalities _____________________ 251 725 250 214 227 403 22811 511 1 511 

Maine _________________________________ 169 464 169 464 153 004 16460 State _______________________________ 92523 90529 82077 8452 1 994 1 994 Local, total __________________________ 79274 78 935 70926 8008 339 339 Counties _________________________ 25732 25 162 20873 4289 570 336 234 Municipalities _____________________ 55387 53772 50054 3719 1 614 3 1 611 

Maryland ______________________________ State 1 091 219 1 091 219 1 019 691 71 528 _______________________________ 621 839 535 597 497 136 38461 86242 86242 Local, total __________________________ Counties 556 583 555 622 522 555 33068 961 961 _________________________ 345 920 345 608 322 908 22699 312 312 Municipalities _____________________ 212 082 210015 199 646 10368 2068 961 107 

Massachusetts ________________________ State 1 448 933 1 448 933 1 367 540 81 394 _______________________________ 810681 749 181 698611 50571 61 500 61 500 Local, total __________________________ 700 045 699 752 668 929 30823 292 292 Counties _________________________ 79485 79485 78418 1 067 Municipalities _____________________ 627 422 620 267 590511 29756 7 155 292 6863 

Michigan ______________________________ 2 131 971 2 131 971 2 033 136 98834 State _______________________________ 944 491 887 509 828 424 59085 56 982 56982 Local, total __________________________ Counties 1 280 960 1 244 462 204 713 39749 36498 36498 _________________________ 559 253 529 138 510051 19086 30116 20407 9708 

Municipalities _____________________ 756 031 715 324 694 661 20663 40707 16090 24617 

Mlnnesota _____________________________ 735 496 735 496 693 191 42305 State _______________________________ 213 799 193517 185110 8407 20282 20282 Local, total __________________________ Counties 543 100 541 978 508 081 33898 1 122 1 122 _________________________ 314 230 309 395 284 048 25347 4835 030 3805 Municipalities _____________________ 242 496 232 583 224 033 8550 9913 91 9822 

MIssissippi ____________________________ 263 213 263 213 251 239 11 975 State _______________________________ 116028 112238 106 096 6142 3790 3790 Local, total __________________________ 152 183 150 975 145 143 5833 1 207 1 207 Counties _________________________ 69003 68342 65406 2936 662 644 18 Municipalities _____________________ 83371 82634 79737 2897 738 563 175 

Mlssourt ______________________________ State 829 103 829 103 750 609 78494 _______________________________ 350 873 334 058 280 373 53685 16815 16815 Local, total __________________________ 4Q5 105 495 045 470 236 24 809 60 60 Counties _________________________ 149 547 148 823 143 608 5215 724 30 694 Municipalities _____________________ 346 791 346 222 326 628 19594 569 30 540 

Montana ______________________________ 104 457 104 457 99767 4 691 State _______________________________ 45782 45205 42457 2748 577 577 Local, total __________________________ Counties 59255 59252 57310 1 942 3 3 _________________________ 38817 38533 37344 1 189 284 3 281 Municipalities _____________________ 21 939 20719 19966 753 1 220 1 220 

Nebraska _____________________________ State 216 231 216231 208 324 7907 _______________________________ 87493 86868 82006 4862 625 625 Local, total __________________________ Counties 129 399 129 363 126318 3045 36 36 _________________________ 61 770 61 623 60099 1 525 146 24 123 MUnicipalities _____________________ 71 374 67739 66219 1 520 3635 12 3622 

Nevada _______________________________ 

State 331 632 331 632 290 262 41 370 _______________________________ 127 659 126 300 90301 35999 1 359 1 359 Local, total __________________________ Counties 205 524 205 332 199961 5371 192 192 _________________________ 

MUnicipalities 154 596 154 364 150 423 3942 232 107 125 _____________________ 76456 50967 49 538 1 429 25488 86 25403 

New Hampshire _______________________ State _______________________________ 170 275 170 275 158 697 11 577 77 643 76215 68922 7293 1 428 1 428 Local, total __________________________ Counties 94061 94060 89775 4284 2 2 _________________________ 

MUnicipalities 21 695 21 658 19894 1 764 38 38 _____________________ 72752 72402 69881 2520 351 2 349 

New Jersey ___________________________ State _______________________________ 2 117 568 2 117 568 2 017 457 100 111 891 207 800 467 737 066 63401 90740 90740 Local, total __________________________ 317 684 317 101 1 280 391 36710 582

1 

Counties 582 _________________________ 

Municipalities 476 665 476 665 456 123 20542 _____________________ 841 867 840436 824 268 16168 1 '131 582 849 

See footnotes at end of table. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 21 
Table 6. Total justice system expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals, For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

New Mexlco __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MUniCipalities ,-,----------0.------------ ________ " ___________ _ 

New York ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MUniCipalities ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

North Carolina _______________________ _ State ______ . _______________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es ,-.-----__________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MUniCipalities ,-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _____ . ___________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

LO~b'u~l:~-,=,======================== MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es ._,- ______________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Pennsylvania _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es ,-,-- _____________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUniCipalities t.o!al-.-.--------------------___ _ ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

South Dakota ________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MuniCipalities ._,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es ,-,- ______________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Texas ________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MUniCipalities ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Utah _________________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

CouQt!es MUniCipalities ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Vermont _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties. _______________________ _ Munlcipalltl~s ____________________ _ 

Virginia ______________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Total2 

290 358 159751 

134519 

39623 

96422 

7 144 927 2 699 503 4 858 254 1 037 251 3 827 389 

1 041 998 631 913 423 502 185214 

241 217 

70 971 

29270 

42065 

22581 

21 163 

1 809 484 700 863 154 038 471 935 703 794 

441 909 

239 990 210 683 60140 

157 688 

592 773 303 315 319 042 186 265 137120 

1 918 775 641 965 1 344 725 407101 

943 279 

193 868 107 748 91 123 91 123 

553 477 328 674 230 320 136 480 96 140 

82659 

43457 

41 041 21 932 21 460 

756 257 357 656 458 712 197817 

261 994 

2 938 736 961 824 2061 752 1 035 925 1 044 552 

282 177 139 923 145 457 72940 

74488 

83907 

60687 

23225 

2 174 21 552 

1 195 297 816 431 657 038 304 752 355 089 

Total 

290 358 155 864 134 494 38 909 

95 585 

7 144 927 2 445 360 4 699 566 1 028 016 ;3 671 550 

1 041 998 618 534 423 464 

183 425 240 038 

70 971 28 942 

42029 

21 606 20423 

1 809 484 656 492 1 152991 

464 734 688 258 

441 909 231 415 210 494 53 166 157 328 

592 773 276 425 316 348 

181 765 134 583 

1 918 775 578 910 

339 865 401 710 938 155 

193 868 102745 

91 123 91 123 

553 477 324483 

228 994 135 082 93911 

82659 

43 193 

39466 

19856 

19610 

756 257 298 500 457 757 196 099 261 658 

2 938 736 879 276 2 059 460 1 033 987 1 025 474 

282 177 136 932 145 245 72755 

72490 

83907 

60682 

23225 

2 174 21 050 

1 195 297 538 258 657 038 

304 3571 352 681 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

279 194 150 854 128341 

36421 

91 920 

6 611 186 2 197 679 4 413 507 ' 963 515 3 449 992 

913851 

527 433 386 418 162 322 224 096 

69 644 28407 

41 237 21 128 20 109 

1 600 415 495 845 1 104 570 448 976 655 594 

419 998 220 696 199 302 49754 

149 548 

558 009 264 755 293 254 

161 005 132 249 

1 834 808 523 731 1 311 077 392 428 918 649 

185691 

99728 

85 963 

85963 

471 093 257 612 213481 

123 732 89749 

79298 

41 148 38149 

19217 

18932 

697 263 273 858 423 405 181 784 241 621 

2 756 934 825 380 931 555 936 087 995 467 

259 826 123514 

136311 

66624 

69687 

79836 

57 195 22642 

2 033 20 609 

1 118 913 

499 302 619611 

283 754 335 858 

22 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

11 164 5 010 6154 

2488 

3665 

533 741 247 682 286 059 64 501 221 558 

128 147 91 101 37 046 21 104 15942 

1 327 

535 

792 

478 

314 

209 069 160 647 48421 

15757 

32664 

21 912 

10719 

11 192 3412 

7780 

34764 

11 670 23094 

20761 

2333 

83967 

55179 

28788 

9282 

19505 

8 177 3017 

5160 

5160 

82385 

66872 

15513 

11 351 4 162 

3362 

2 045 1 317 

639 

678 

58994 

24642 

34352 

14315 

20037 

181 802 53896 

127 906 

97900 

30006 

22 351 13417 

8934 

6131 

2803 

4071 

3487 

583 

142 

442 

76384 

38957 

37427 

20603 

16824 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

3887 25 

714 

837 

254 143 158 687 9234 

155 839 

13379 

39 1 788 

1 179 

328 

36 

974 

740 

44371 

1 047 7201 

15536 

(j ~7F 

189 

6973 

360 

26890 

2694 

4500 

2537 

63055 

4861 

5 391 5125 

5003 

4191 

1 327 1 397 

2 229 

264 

1 575 2076 

1 850 

59 156 

956 1 718 

336 

82548 

2292 

1 938 

19079 

2991 

212 

185 1 998 

5 

502 

278 173 

395 2408 

To State 

governments 

25 

3 

22 

158 687 7733 

150 954 

39 

39 

36 

36 

047 

31 1 016 

189 

153 

36 

2694 

2414 

280 

4861 

4784 76 

1 327 

33 1 294 

1 575 

575 

956 

902 

54 

2292 

872 1 420 

212 

212 

To local 

governments 

3887 

711 

815 

254 143 

1 502 4885 

13 379 

1 749 

1 179 

328 

939 

740 

44371 

7 170 14520 

8575 

6821 

324 

26890 

2086 

2257 

63055 

606 5048 

5 003 

4 191 

1 364 

935 

264 

500 

849 

59 156 

816 

282 

82548 

1 067 17659 

2991 

185 1 786 

5 

502 

278 173 

395 2408 
Table 6. Total justice system expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

State and type of government' To State To local 

Total2 Total Direct current Capital outlay Total governments governments 

Washington ___________________________ 887 377 887 377 843 022 44355 State _______________________________ 331 713 327311 302 308 25003 4403 4402 Local, total __________________________ 560 605 560 066 540 714 19 352 539 539 Counties _________________________ 312 805 311 273 295 674 15600 1 532 155 1 377 Municipalities _____________________ 270 850 248 793 245 040 3752 22057 385 21 672 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ 167 924 167 924 159 937 7987 Slate _______________________________ 85003 85000 79347 5853 3 3 Local, total __________________________ 83090 82924 80590 2334 166 166 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 44527 44469 43218 1 252 58 46 11 MUnicipalities _____________________ 38 751 38455 37372 1 082 296 119 176 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ 864 211 864211 821 366 42845 State _______________________________ 299 957 261 310 247 100 14209 38647 38 647 Local, total __________________________ 618 233 602 901 574 265 28636 15332 15 332 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 305 536 290 018 273 191 16827 15518 14732 786 Munlcipaltttes _____________________ 316 752 312 883 301 074 11 809 3870 601 3269 

Wygt~~~_===================:======:== 98430 98430 95201 3229 44356 43637 41 628 2009 719 719 Local, total __________________________ 54833 54793 53573 1 220 40 40 Counties _________________________ 28585 28477 27880 597 108 33 76 Municipalities _____________________ 27386 26316 25693 624 1 069 8 062 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability, data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a 

canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the 'Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State-local total lines exclude all 

intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 23 
Table 7. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full·time equivalent 

employment Number of employees Full-time equivalent employment 

State and type of government' Percent Percent of total of total justice justice 

full-time full·time Full-time equivalent equivalent 

Full·time equivalent Full·time employ- Full·time employTotal only employment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

1 States-local, total __________ 1 482 711 1 378 109 1 417 129 719 074 662 721 680 638 48.0 191 139 169 930 178 247 12.6 2 States __________________ 517 509 493 768 504 154 115 121 105 103 108 005 21.4 66822 62512 64976 12.9 3 Local, total _____________ 965 202 884 341 912 975 603 953 557 618 572 633 62.7 124317 107418 113 271 12.4 4 Counties _____________ 423 501 391 701 405 814 144710 136 009 139 018 34.3 95592 86467 90747 22.4 5 Municipalities ________ 541 700 492 640 507 161 459 241 421 606 433 615 85.5 28721 20 951 22525 4.4 

6 Alabama ___________________________ 20 513 18 974 19468 10722 10090 10312 53.0 3200 2 640 2805 14.4 7 State ___________________________ 8299 8025 8091 2 104 2018 2043 25.3 1 852 1 761 1 777 22.0 8 local, total ______________________ 12214 10949 11 377 8618 8072 8269 72.7 1 348 879 1 028 9.0 9 Counties ______________________ 4371 3923 4 144 1 816 1 721 1 770 42.7 742 542 638 15.4 10 Municipalities __________________ 7842 7026 7233 6802 6351 6498 89.8 606 337 390 5.4 

11 Alaska ____________________________ 4788 4571 4657 2 018 1 870 1 928 41.4 653 630 645 13.9 12 State ___________________________ 3500 3405 3441 840 802 812 23.6 653 630 645 18.7 13 local, total ______________________ 1 288 1 166 1 216 1 178 1 068 1 116 91.8 - - - - 14 Boroughs _____________________ 95 84 92 69 60 67 72.8 - - - - 15 Municipalities __________________ 1 193 1 082 1 124 1 109 1 008 1 049 93.3 - - - -

16 Arizona ___________________________ 26886 25847 26230 10423 10205 10315 39.3 3485 2 948 3 120 11.9 17 State ___________________________ 9423 9 132 9234 2094 2005 2043 22.1 353 224 282 3.1 18 local, total ______________________ 17463 16715 16 996 8329 8200 8272 48.7 3 132 2724 2838 16.7 19 Counties ______________________ 9845 9 309 9471 1 811 1 793 1 801 19.0 2464 2142 2212 23.4 20 Municipalities __________________ 7618 7406 7525 6517 6406 6470 86.0 669 583 627 8.3 

21 Arkansas __________________________ 10 134 9 121 9379 5 159 4806 487G 52.0 1 503 1 090 1 222 13.0 22 State ___________________________ 3251 3 180 3 192 977 927 934 29.3 250 238 239 7.5 23 local, total ______________________ 6883 5941 6187 4 182 3879 3941 63.7 1 253 852 983 15.9 24 Counties ______________________ 3069 2597 2752 1 046 968 992 36.0 867 605 689 25.0 25 Municipalities __________________ 3815 3344 3435 3 136 2911 2950 85.9 385 247 294 8.6 

26 California __________________________ 174 965 161 294 168 654 78356 73 147 75043 44.5 20555 18 161 20043 11.9 27 State ___________________________ 48397 44174 46689 11 830 11 338 11 487 24.6 1 701 998 1 609 3.4 28 local, lotal ______________________ 126 568 117 120 121 965 66526 61 809 63556 52.1 18854 17 163 18434 15.1 29 Counties ______________________ 75695 69609 72948 19 828 18326 18652 25.6 18 144 16458 17726 24.3 30 Municipalities __________________ 50874 47511 49017 46698 43483 44 904 91.6 710 705 708 1.4 

31 Colorado __________________________ 18 538 17436 17 916 9345 8953 9 141 51.0 2371 2039 2 156 12.0 32 Stale ___________________________ 6155 5960 6062 1 096 1 045 1 069 17.6 1 597 1 500 1 545 25.5 33 local, lolal ______________________ 12383 11 476 11 854 8249 7908 8072 68.1 774 539 611 5.2 34 Counties ______________________ 4396 4081 4 2?+ 2023 1 898 1 957 46.3 36 33 35 .8 35 Municipalilies __________________ 7987 7395 7 (\,19 6226 6010 6 115 80.2 738 506 576 7.6 

36 Connecticut _______________________ 16805 15684 16 101 9932 9005 9282 57.6 1 768 1 701 1 749 10.9 37 Siale ___________________________ 8552 8302 8472 1 894 1 814 1 854 21.9 1 765 1 701 1 749 20.6 38 local, lolal ______________________ 8253 7382 7629 8038 7191 7428 97.4 3 - - - 39 Munlcipalities __________________ 8253 7382 7629 8038 7 191 7428 97.4 3 - - - 40 Delaware __________________________ 4727 4422 4548 1 979 1 751 1 841 40.5 879 857 866 19.0 41 Siale ___________________________ 3506 3439 3469 889 886 889 25.6 784 773 775 22.3 42 local, lolal ______________________ 1 221 983 1 079 1 090 865 952 88.2 95 84 91 8.4 43 Counties ______________________ 471 318 395 408 256 332 84.1 51 50 51 12.9 44 Municipalities __________________ 750 665 684 682 609 620 90.6 44 34 40 5.8 

45 District of Columbia _______________ 10628 10385 10477 4 719 4 540 4600 43.9 1 184 1 178 1 180 11.3 46 local, tolal ______________________ 10628 10385 10477 4719 4540 4600 43.9 1 184 1 178 1 180 11.3 47 Municipality ___________________ 10628 10385 10477 4719 4540 4600 43.9 1 184 1 178 1 180 11.3 

48 Florida ____________________________ 87034 84339 85482 41 066 39260 39853 46.6 9268 8841 9075 10.6 49 Siale ___________________________ 31 949 31 445 31 784 4 103 3964 4016 12.6 1 971 1 942 1 961 6.2 50 local, total ______________________ 55085 52894 53698 36963 35296 35837 66.7 7297 6899 7 114 13.2 51 Counties ______________________ 34442 33518 33872 17 565 16999 17192 50.8 6892 6635 6752 19.9 52 Municipalities __________________ 20 643 19376 19826 19397 18297 18 645 94.0 406 265 362 1.8 

53 Georgia ___________________________ 39555 37288 38 195 18 829 17593 18 118 47.4 5653 5011 5237 13.7 54 Siale ___________________________ 13742 13385 13526 2918 2718 2806 20.7 620 608 614 4.5 55 local, tolal ______________________ 25813 23903 24669 15911 14875 15312 62.1 5033 4403 4623 18.7 56 Cou~ties, , ____________________ 15010 13838 14361 6320 5892 6120 42.6 4554 4021 4217 29.4 57 Munlcipalilles __________________ 10804 10065 10309 9591 8983 9 192 89.2 479 382 406 3.9 

58 HawaIL ____________________________ 7 155 7047 7077 3 122 3 122 3 122 44.1 1 238 1 201 1 206 17.0 59 Siale ___________________________ 3680 3594 3618 166 166 166 4.6 1 238 1 201 1 206 33.3 60 local, total ______________________ 3475 3453 3459 2956 2956 2956 85.5 - - - - 61 Counties ______________________ 891 888 889 759 759 759 85.4 - - - - 62 MUnicipalities __________________ 2584 2565 2570 2 197 2 197 2 197 85.5 - - - - 63 Idaho _____________________________ 4 822 4463 4588 2406 2258 2 305 50.2 821 763 783 17.1 64 Siale ___________________________ 1 485 1 378 1 410 412 400 405 28.7 230 212 216 15.3 65 local, lolal ______________________ 3337 3085 3 178 1 994 1 858 1 900 59.8 591 551 567 17.8 66 Counties ______________________ 2205 2016 2083 945 866 884 42.4 559 521 538 25.8 67 Municipalities __________________ 1 132 1 069 1 095 1 048 991 1 016 92.8 31 29 29 2.6 

68 illinois _____________________________ 68523 64424 65695 39000 36064 36 925 56.2 8 128 7 665 7821 11.9 69 Siale ___________________________ 17879 17552 17690 4464 4252 4342 24.5 1 962 1 906 1 934 10.9 70 local, tolal ______________________ 50644 46872 48005 34536 31 812 32583 67.9 6 166 5759 5887 12.3 71 Counties ______________________ 19818 18582 19010 4387 4 127 4202 22.1 6 129 5739 5864 30.8 72 Municipalities __________________ 3D 826 28290 28996 30 148 27685 28 381 97.9 38 21 23 .1 

73 Indiana ____________________________ 25813 23600 24579 12630 11 819 12072 49.1 3571 2885 3276 13.3 74 Stale ___________________________ 6208 7603 7 958 2379 2283 2312 29.1 458 149 365 4.6 75 local, lotal ______________________ 17605 15997 16621 10251 9536 9760 58.7 3 113 2 736 2911 17.5 76 Counties ______________________ 8014 7 196 7552 2314 2175 2222 29.4 2323 2106 2219 29.4 77 Municipalities __________________ 9591 8802 9069 7937 7361 7 538 83.1 790 630 692 7.6 

See foolnoles al end of table. 

24 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of total of total of total 

justice 

full·tlme 

justice 

full·time 

justice 

full·time 

justice 

full·time 

equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent 

Full·time employ· Full-tima employ· Full·time employ- Full·time employ· 

Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

87650 79760 B2611 5.B 13508 12347 12993 .9 465365 447 669 456 841 32.2 5970 5 6B1 5799 .4 1 

27 B17 26094 26 BB3 5.3 6344 59GO 6 19B 1.2 297 165 289 9B7 293 925 58.3 4240 4 112 4 167 .8 2 

59833 53 666 55728 6.1 7 164 63B7 6795 .7 168 200 157 6B2 162 916 17.B 1 730 1 569 1 632 .2 3 

39652 36 511 37912 9.3 6 B53 6 152 6554 1.6 135 323 125 285 130 267 32.1 1 37B 1 2B1 1 316 .3 4 

20 1B3 17 158 17819 3.5 309 233 240 - 32 B70 32 391 32650 6.4 350 288 316 .1 5 

1 272 1043 1 103 5.7 13 9 9 - 5246 5 132 5 180 26.6 60 59 59 .3 6 

711 630 650 B.O 4 4 4 - 3566 3553 3556 44.0 60 59 59 .7 7 

561 413 453 4.0 9 5 5 - 1 678 1 579 1 622 14.3 - - - - 8 

394 327 362 B.7 - - - - 1 420 1 333 1 374 33.2 - - - - 9 

168 67 91 1.3 9 5 5 .1 257 245 249 3.4 - - - - 10 

456 429 435 9.3 99 94 95 2.0 1 561 1 547 1 554 33.4 - - - - 11 

375 356 363 10.5 99 94 95 2.8 1 533 1 521 1 526 44.3 - - - - 12 

Bl 71 72 5.9 - - - - 28 26 28 2.3 - - - - 13 

26 24 25 27.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 

55 47 47 4.2 - - - - 28 26 28 2.5 - - - - 15 

1 665 1 591 1 627 6.2 379 377 378 1.4 10910 10707 10769 41.1 22 19 21 .1 16 

431 403 409 4.4 1 1 1 - 6534 6489 6489 70.3 10 10 10 .1 17 

1 234 1 188 1 218 7.2 378 376 377 2.2 4376 4218 4280 25.2 12 9 11 .1 18 

830 797 818 8.6 378 376 377 4.0 4348 4 191 4252 44.9 12 9 11 .1 19 

404 391 400 5.3 - - - - 28 27 28 .4 - - - - 20 

535 390 406 4.3 51 49 49 .5 2832 2732 2772 29.6 55 54 55 .S 21 

121 116 117 3.7 - - - - 1 849 1 845 1 848 57.9 54 54 54 1.7 22 

414 274 289 4.7 51 49 49 .8 983 887 924 14.9 1 - 1 - 23 

22B 194 204 7.4 47 46 46 1.7 879 784 820 29.8 1 - 1 - 24 

186 80 84 2.4 4 3 3 .1 105 104 104 3.0 - - - - 25 

1266B 12 102 12 457 7.4 2751 2533 2677 1.6 59 721 54515 57561 34.1 911 837 B13 .5 ~6 

902 874 889 1.9 85 79 81 .2 33 120 30 146 31 873 68.3 759 739 750 1.6 27 

11 766 11 228 11 568 9.5 2666 2454 2596 2.1 26601 24369 25688 21.1 158 98 123 .1 28 

9530 9 085 9373 12.8 2566 2354 2496 3.4 25518 23311 24615 33.7 109 76 86 .1 29 

2235 2143 2 195 4.5 99 99 99 .2 1 083 1 059 1 073 2.2 48 22 38 .1 30 

1 335 1 150 1 204 6.7 257 253 254 1.4 5 180 5004 5 118 28.6 51 37 43 .2 31 

248 239 243 4.0 253 253 253 4.2 2939 2910 2933 48.4 22 13 19 .3 32 

1 087 911 961 8.1 4 - 1 - 2241 2094 2 185 18.4 29 24 24 .2 33 637 573 594 14.1 4 - 1 - 1 681 1 562 1 623 38.4 14 14 14 .3 34 

450 338 367 4.8 - - - - 559 531 562 7.4 14 9 9 .1 35 

983 907 948 5.9 223 218 220 1.4 3 810 3765 3 814 23.7 B8 88 88 .5 36 

772 716 747 8.8 223 218 220 2.6 3810 3765 3814 45.0 88 88 88 1.0 37 

211 191 201 2.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 

211 191 201 2.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 

192 190 191 4.2 73 70 72 1.6 1 579 1 532 1 554 34.2 26 23 24 .5 40 

157 157 157 4.5 73 70 72 2.1 1 579 1 532 1 554 44.8 24 21 22 .6 41 35 33 34 3.2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 .2 42 12 12 12 3.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 

23 21 22 3.2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 .3 44 

399 391 398 3.8 25 25 25 .2 4272 4216 4245 40.5 29 29 29 .3 45 399 397 398 3.8 25 25 25 .2 4272 4 216 4245 40.5 29 29 29 .3 46 

399 397 398 3.8 25 25 25 .2 4272 4216 4245 40.5 29 29 29 .3 47 

4767 4 657 4729 5.5 1 698 1 634 1 694 2.0 29 152 28874 29 051 34.0 1 083 1 073 1 080 1.3 48 

3940 3869 3 931 12.4 1 677 1 613 1 673 5.3 19400 19205 19347 60.9 858 852 856 2.7 49 

827 788 798 1.5 21 21 21 - 9752 9669 9704 18.1 225 221 224 .4 50 

483 467 474 1.4 21 21 21 .1 9259 9 176 9211 27.2 223 221 222 .7 51 344 321 324 1.6 - - - - 493 493 493 2.5 2 - 2 - 52 

1 318 1 261 1 275 3.3 117 108 112 .3 13577 13256 13393 35.1 61 60 60 .2 53 412 409 411 3.0 - - - - 9774 9632 9677 71.5 18 18 18 .1 54 906 852 864 3.5 117 108 112 .5 3803 3624 3716 15.1 43 42 42 .2 55 

755 712 721 5.0 86 84 86 .6 3252 3088 3 175 22.1 43 42 42 .3 56 

151 140 144 1.4 30 24 26 .3 551 536 541 5.2 - - - - 57 

867 835 847 12.0 98 98 98 1.4 1 146 1 713 1 724 24.4 84 78 80 1.1 58 393 383 389 10.8 98 98 98 2.7 1 746 1 713 1 724 47.7 39 33 35 1.0 59 474 452 458 13.2 - - - - - - - - 45 45 45 1.3 60 132 129 130 14.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 61 

342 323 328 12.8 - - - - - - - - 45 45 45 1.8 62 

371 350 359 7.8 35 33 33 .7 1 178 1 050 1 097 23.9 12 10 11 .2 63 

90 90 90 6.4 - - - - 741 666 688 48.8 12 10 11 .8 64 

281 260 269 8.5 35 33 33 1.0 437 384 409 12.9 - - - - 65 228 211 219 10.5 35 33 33 1.6 437 384 409 19.6 - - - - 66 53 49 50 4.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 

3691 3 417 3492 5.3 1 100 1 026 1 050 1.6 16 516 16 165 16321 24.8 86 86 86 .1 68 815 757 773 4.4 126 125 125 .7 10451 10451 10455 59.1 61 61 61 .3 69 2876 2660 2719 5.7 974 901 925 1.9 6065 5714 5866 12.2 25 25 25 .1 70 

2251 2090 2 140 11.3 974 901 925 4.9 6062 5711 5864 30.8 15 15 15 .1 71 625 570 579 2.0 - - - - 2 2 2 - 11 11 11 - 72 

1 760 1 386 1 565 6.4 222 193 210 .9 7576 7270 7407 30.1 53 47 49 .2 73 430 234 340 4.3 70 70 70 .9 4855 4851 4855 61.0 16 16 16 .2 74 

1 330 1 152 1 225 7.4 152 123 140 .8 2721 2419 2552 15.4 37 31 33 .2 75 970 839 886 11.7 152 123 140 1.9 2226 1 929 2060 27.3 28 23 25 .3 76 359 313 339 3.7 - - - - 494 489 493 5.4 8 7 7 .1 77 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 25 
Table 7. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding detail may not add to totals For meaning of symbols see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full·time equivalent 

employment Number of employees FulI·time equivalent 

employment 

State and type of government' Percent Percent 

of total of total 

justice justice 

full·time full·time 

Full·time equivalent equivalent 

Full·time equivalent Full·time employ· Full·time employ· 

Total only employment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

1 Iowa ______________________________ 11 826 10 432 10951 6 163 5375 5631 51.4 1 699 1 527 1 605 14.7 

2 State ___________________________ 5 158 4 858 4971 1 016 965 983 19.8 1 660 1 494 1 569 31.6 

3 Local. total ______________________ 6668 5574 5980 5 147 4410 4648 77.7 39 33 36 .6 

4 Counties ______________________ 2833 2309 2534 1 413 1 228 1 291 50.9 39 33 36 1.4 

5 Municipalities __________________ 3835 3265 3447 3734 3 182 3357 97.4 - - - -

6 Kansas ____________________________ 14689 13 038 13438 7 089 6 311 6506 48.4 2 201 1 687 1 779 13.2 

7 State ___________________________ 6121 5831 5940 1 076 1 025 1 049 17.7 1 552 1 357 1 421 23.9 

8 Local, total ______________________ 8568 7207 7498 6013 5286 5457 72.8 649 330 358 4.8 

9 Counties ________ • _____________ 3626 3220 3375 1 796 1 608 1 671 49.5 163 134 145 4.3 

10 Municipalities. _________________ 4942 3987 4 122 4217 3678 3786 91.8 486 196 212 5.1 

11 Kentucky __________________________ 16855 15 350 16 042 7578 7032 7234 45.1 2492 2247 2 371 14.8 

12 State ___________________________ 8919 8 164 8524 1 973 1 901 1 930 22.6 2279 2067 2170 25.5 

13 Local, total ______________________ 7936 7 186 7518 5605 5131 5304 70.6 213 180 201 2.7 

14 Counties ______________________ 3572 3223 3421 1 454 1 358 1 402 41.0 208 175 196 5.7 

15 Municipalilies __________________ 4364 3963 4097 4 151 3773 3902 95.2 5 5 5 .1 

16 Loulslana __________________________ 32 106 25672 27366 17750 11 912 13349 48.8 3923 3553 3682 13.5 

17 State ___________________________ 14107 9037 10 128 6606 1 565 2636 26.0 703 674 694 6.9 

18 Local, total ______________________ 17999 16635 17 238 11 144 10347 10713 62.1 3220 2879 2968 17.3 

19 Parishes ______________________ 8354 7745 8042 4722 4447 4580 57.0 1 753 1 552 1 627 20.2 

20 Municipalities __________________ 9645 8890 9 195 6422 5900 6133 66.7 1 467 1 327 1 361 14.8 

21 Maine __________________________ --- 5 960 4757 5 126 3557 2719 2914 56.8 450 365 395 7.7 

22 State ___________________________ 2354 2229 2282 746 712 723 31.7 372 338 354 15.5 

23 Local, total ______________________ 3606 2528 2844 2811 2007 2191 77.0 78 27 41 1.4 

24 Counties ______________________ 1 178 799 970 420 303 345 35.6 71 27 40 4.1 

25 Municipalilies __________________ 2428 1 729 1 874 2391 1 704 1 846 98.5 6 - 1 .1 

26 Maryland __________________________ 30438 29 381 29980 13 640 13204 13 351 44.5 4084 3 807 4012 13.4 

27 State ___________________________ 14850 14254 14712 2882 2746 2825 19.2 2731 2526 2701 18.4 

28 Local, total ______________________ 15588 15 127 15268 10758 10458 10526 68.9 1 353 1 281 1 311 B.6 

29 Cou~t!es:: ____________________ 9 174 8802 8910 5824 5610 5647 63,4 1 019 947 976 11.0 

30 Munlclpalltles __________________ 6413 6325 6358 4934 4848 4879 76.7 335 335 335 5.3 

31 Massachusetls _____________________ 36 106 33780 34591 19844 17 791 18475 53.4 4 906 4888 4894 14.1 

32 State ___________________________ 16 154 16 117 16 132 3 146 3 109 3 124 19.4 4529 4529 4529 28.1 

33 Local, total ______________________ 19952 17663 18459 16698 14682 15351 83.2 377 359 365 2.0 

34 Counties ______________________ 2542 2300 2421 110 92 100 4.1 377 359 365 15.1 

35 Municipalities __________________ 17410 15363 16038 16589 14591 15251 95.1 - - - - 36 Michigan __________________________ 52270 48827 50057 24441 22 310 22873 45.7 7879 7290 7608 15.2 

37 State ___________________________ 19256 18695 18933 3852 3479 3618 19.1 1 857 1 857 1 857 9.8 38 Local, total ______________________ 33014 30 132 31 124 20589 18831 19255 61.9 6022 5433 5751 18.5 

39 Counties ______________________ 14261 13209 13720 3367 3205 3264 23.8 4882 4473 4699 34.2 

40 Municipalities __________________ 18752 16923 17406 17 222 15626 15991 91.9 1 140 960 1 053 6.0 

41 Minnesota _________________________ 19 044 17002 17 857 9563 8416 8798 49.3 2455 2299 2385 13.4 

42 State ___________________________ 4145 3812 4014 1 227 1 104 1 170 29.1 491 455 477 11.9 

43 Local, total ______________________ 14899 13 190 13843 8336 7312 7628 55.1 1 964 1 844 1 908 13.8 44 Counties ______________________ 8740 7874 8288 2391 2 179 2265 27.3 1 964 1 844 1 908 23.0 45 Municipalities __________________ 6 159 5316 5556 5945 5 133 5364 96.5 - - - -

46 Mississippi ________________________ 11 158 10 321 10601 5877 5454 5 616 53.0 1 525 1 281 1 351 12.7 47 State ___________________________ 4269 4 194 4217 1 298 1 259 1 271 30.1 162 162 162 3.8 48 Local, total ______________________ 6889 6127 6384 4 579 4 195 4345 68.1 1 363 1 119 1 189 18.6 49 Counties ______________________ 3 151 2749 2886 1 236 1 090 1 140 39.5 1 154 965 1 026 35.6 50 Municipalities __________________ 3 738 3378 3 499 3343 3 105 3205 91.6 209 154 163 4.7 

51 Missourl ___________________________ 29 410 26586 27284 14 954 13695 14037 51.4 4361 3709 3 813 14.0 52 State ___________________________ 10 522 10030 10 184 2205 2 103 2145 21.1 2451 2366 2385 23.4 53 Local, total ______________________ 18 888 16556 17 100 12749 11 592 11 892 69.5 1 910 1 343 1 428 8.4 54 Cou~t!es: :----________________ 6 595 5837 6 085 2612 2422 2487 40.9 852 715 754 12.4 55 Munlclpahtles __________________ 12293 10719 11 015 10 136 9 169 9405 85.4 1 058 627 674 6.1 

56 Montana ___________________________ 4 190 3459 3710 1 918 1 727 1 799 48.5 654 426 484 13.0 57 State _____________ ~ _____________ 1 400 1 246 1 321 441 414 425 32.2 95 86 91 6.9 58 Local, total ______________________ 2790 2213 2389 1 477 1 313 1 374 57.5 559 340 393 16.5 59 Counties ______________________ 1 836 1 430 1 562 701 619 652 41.7 442 294 339 21.7 60 Municlpalities __________________ 955 783 829 777 694 722 87.1 117 46 55 6.6 

61 Nebraska __________________________ 8 007 7 131 7428 4 016 3580 3696 49.8 1 090 958 1 006 13.5 62 State ___________________________ 3 086 2964 3021 812 773 787 26.1 611 559 582 19.3 63 Local, total ______________________ 4921 4 167 4407 3204 2807 2909 66.0 479 399 424 9.6 64 Counties ______________________ 2516 2066 2238 880 772 812 36.3 479 399 424 18.9 65 Municipalities __________________ 2405 2101 2 169 2324 2035 2097 96.7 - - - -

66 Nevada ____________________________ 8416 8 072 8206 3478 3320 3379 41.2 986 921 945 11.5 67 State ___________________________ 2677 2602 2630 505 478 486 18.5 107 103 104 4.0 68 Local, total ______________________ 5739 5470 5576 2973 2842 2893 51.9 879 818 841 15.1 69 Counties ______________________ 4237 4022 4 111 1 967 1 871 1 912 46.5 663 611 630 15.3 70 Municipalities __________________ 1 502 1 448 1 465 1 006 971 982 67.0 216 207 211 14.4 

71 New Hampshlre ____________________ 5539 4511 4 838 3 544 2738 2978 61.6 705 561 613 12.7 72 State ___________________________ 1 997 1 795 1 872 555 495 516 27.6 624 536 568 30.3 73 Local, total ______________________ 3542 2716 2966 2989 2243 2 462 83.0 81 25 45 1.5 74 Counties ______________________ 728 597 648 202 150 170 26.2 81 25 45 6.9 75 Municipalilies __________________ 2815 2 119 2318 2788 2093 2292 98.9 - - - - 76 New Jersey _______________________ 61 084 57652 58723 30 333 28 316 29049 49.5 8293 7406 7633 13.0 77 State ___________________________ 17984 17874 17919 5268 5214 5235 29.2 1 562 1 528 1 546 8.6 78 Local, total ______________________ 43 100 39778 40804 25065 23 102 23814 58.4 6731 5878 6087 14.9 79 Counties ______________________ 16855 16680 16760 2 176 2148 2 160 12.9 4 161 4 113 4 133 24.7 80 Municipalities __________________ 26244 23098 24045 22890 20954 21 654 90.1 2570 1 765 1 954 8.1 

See footnotes at end of table. 

26 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988-con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of total of total of total 

lustice justice justice lustice 

full·time full·time full·time full·time 

equivalent equivalent Full·time 

equivalent equivalent 

Full·time employ· Full·time employ· employ· Full·tlme employ· 

Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

768 643 698 6.4 108 51 60 .5 3077 2828 2947 26.9 10 8 10 .1 1 

148 146 147 3.0 66 12 20 .4 2265 2238 2249 45.2 3 3 3 .1 2 

620 497 551 9.2 42 39 40 .7 812 590 698 11.7 7 5 7 .1 3 

535 427 476 18.8 42 39 40 1.6 805 583 691 27.3 - - - - 4 

85 70 75 2.2 - - - - 8 8 8 .2 7 5 7 .2 5 

968 773 811 6.0 63 55 59 .4 4350 4 194 4266 31.7 17 17 17 .1 6 

232 232 232 3.9 59 52 56 .9 3 199 3 162 3 179 53.5 3 3 3 .1 7 

736 541 579 7.7 4 3 3 - 1 151 1 032 1 087 14.5 14 14 14 .2 8 

524 454 481 14.3 4 3 3 .1 1 128 1 010 1 064 31.5 11 11 11 .3 9 

213 88 98 2.4 - - - - 23 22 23 .6 3 3 3 .1 10 

1 234 803 1 013 6.3 183 169 175 1.1 5340 5 071 5220 32.5 30 29 29 .2 11 

942 546 737 8.6 168 155 161 1.9 3532 3471 3502 41.1 25 24 24 .3 12 

292 257 276 3.7 15 14 14 .2 1 808 1 600 1 718 22.9 5 5 5 .1 13 

238 221 237 6.9 15 14 14 .4 1 654 1 451 1 567 45.8 5 5 5 .1 14 

54 36 39 1.0 - - - - 154 149 151 3.7 - - - - 15 

1 342 1 237 1 271 4.6 42 19 64 .2 8991 8896 8946 32.7 55 53 54 .2 16 

619 619 619 6.1 13 13 13 .1 6 134 6 134 6 134 60.6 32 32 32 .3 17 

723 618 652 3.8 29 6 51 .3 2857 2762 2812 16.3 23 21 22 .1 18 

373 323 337 4.2 29 6 51 .6 1477 1 416 1 447 18.0 - - - - 19 

350 295 315 3.4 - - - - 1 381 1 346 1 364 14.8 23 21 22 .2 20 

299 251 276 5.4 - - - - 1 628 1 399 1 518 29.6 25 22 23 .4 21 

156 140 147 6.4 - - - - 1 064 1 023 1 042 45.7 16 16 16 .7 22 

143 111 129 4.5 - - - - 564 376 476 16.7 9 6 7 .2 23 

122 92 108 11.1 - - - - 564 376 476 49.1 1 1 1 .1 24 

22 19 21 1.1 - - - - - - - - 8 5 6 .3 25 

1 363 1 324 1 345 4.5 534 431 510 1.7 10606 10 413 10 558 35.2 210 201 204 .7 26 

222 219 221 1.5 534 431 510 3.5 8290 8 147 8268 56.2 191 185 187 1.3 27 

1 141 1 105 1 124 7.4 - - - - 2316 2266 2290 15.0 19 16 17 .1 28 

747 713 729 8.2 - - - - 1 580 1 530 1 555 17.5 5 2 3 - 29 

395 393 395 6.2 - - - - 735 735 735 11.6 14 14 14 .2 30 

1 811 1 768 1 782 5.2 204 204 204 .6 9220 9009 9 116 26.4 120 120 120 .3 31 

1 494 1 494 1 494 9.3 204 204 204 1.3 6661 6661 6661 41.3 120 120 120 .7 32 

317 274 288 1.6 - - - - 2559 2348 2455 13.3 - - - - 33 

- - - - - - - - 2055 1 850 1 956 80.8 - - - - 34 

317 274 288 1.8 - - - - 504 49B 499 3.1 - - - - 35 

2 195 2071 2 131 4.3 102 94 97 .2 17 616 17031 17316 34.6 37 31 32 .1 36 

462 426 445 2.4 62 62 62 .3 13023 12871 12951 68.4 - - - - 37 

1 733 1 1145 1 686 5.4 40 32 35 .1 4593 4 160 4365 14.0 37 31 32 .1 38 

1 44B 1 877 1 410 10.3 39 31 34 .2 4497 4097 42B7 31.2 2B 26 26 .2 39 

285 26B 277 1.6 1 1 1 - 96 63 78 .4 9 5 6 - 40 

1 616 1 408 1 521 8.5 403 372 386 2.2 4992 4493 4752 26.6 16 15 15 .1 41 

379 346 366 9.1 43 37 41 1.0 1 997 1 862 1 952 48.6 B 8 B .2 42 

1 237 1 062 1 155 8.3 360 335 345 2.5 2. 995 2631 2800 20.2 8 7 7 .1 43 

1 025 879 963 11.6 360 335 345 4.2 2995 2631 2800 33.8 7 7 7 .1 44 

212 183 192 3.5 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 45 

437 371 380 3.6 31 23 24 .2 3284 3 190 3227 30.4 4 3 3 - 46 

231 229 230 5.5 - - - - 2578 2544 2554 60.6 - - - - 47 

206 142 150 2.3 31 23 24 .4 706 646 673 10.5 4 3 3 - 48 

114 100 104 3.6 22 17 18 .6 623 575 597 20.7 1 1 1 - 49 

92 42 47 1.3 10 6 6 .2 82 70 76 2.2 3 2 2 .1 50 

1 445 1 211 1 249 4.6 229 228 228 .8 8385 7 717 7929 29.1 35 27 28 .1 51 

193 187 191 1.9 22B 22B 22B 2.2 5422 5 123 5212 51.2 23 23 23 .2 52 1 252 1 024 1 058 6.2 1 - - - 2963 2594 2717 15.9 12 4 5 - 53 

831 770 791 13.0 1 - - - 2295 1 928 2050 33.7 4 2 3 - 54 

421 254 267 2.4 - - - - 669 667 667 6.1 8 2 2 - 55 

370 228 280 7.5 16 14 14 .4 1 186 1 028 1 092 29.4 48 37 41 1.1 56 

92 30 52 3.9 - - - - 729 679 712 53.9 43 37 41 3.1 57 

278 19B 228 9.5 16 14 14 .6 457 349 3BO 15.9 5 - - - 5B 

223 161 184 11.8 13 12 12 .B 452 344 375 24.0 5 - - - 59 

55 37 45 5.4 2 1 1 .1 6 6 6 .7 - - - - 60 

482 384 423 5.7 47 39 43 .6 2348 2 148 2237 30.1 24 22 23 .3 61 

71 71 71 2.4 - - - - 1577 1 548 1 567 51.9 15 13 14 .5 62 

411 313 352. B.O 47 39 43 1.0 771 600 670 15.2 9 9 9 .2 63 330 247 280 12.5 47 39 43 1.9 771 600 670 29.9 9 9 9 .4 64 

81 66 72 3.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 

600 586 592 7.2 107 107 107 1.3 3243 3 137 3 182 38.8 1 1 1 - 66 

143 142 142 5.4 20 20 20 .8 1 902 1 859 1 87B 71.4 - - - - 67 

457 444 450 8.1 87 87 87 1.6 1 341 1 27B 1 304 23.4 1 1 1 - 68 

367 35B 362 B.B 87 87 87 2.1 1 153 1 095 1 120 27.2 - - - - 69 

90 86 87 5.9 - - - - 18B lB3 lB4 12.6 1 1 1 .1 70 

214 203 208 4.3 - - - - 1 074 1 007 1 037 21.4 2 2 2 - 71 110 107 lOB 5.8 - - - - 708 657 680 36.3 - - - - 72 104 96 100 3.4 - - - - 366 350 357 12.0 2 2 2 .1 73 

78 71 74 11.4 - - - - 366 350 357 55.1 2. 2. 2 .3 74 

27 26 26 1.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 

4750 4377 4 441 7.6 1 099 1 040 1 043 1.B 16582 16490 16532 28.2 27 24 25 - 76 1 307 1 307 1 307 7.3 717 717 717 4.0 9 118 9 096 9 102. 50.B 12 12. 12 ,I 77 3443 3070 3 134 7.7 382 323 326 .8 7464 7394 7430 18.2 15 12 13 - 78 2752 2722 2 733 16.3 294 294 294 1.8 7461 7391 742B 44.3 12 12 12 .1 79 693 349 401 1.7 8B 29 33 .1 2 2 2 - 3 - 1 - 80 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 27 
Table 7. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols. see text] 

Total justice system Police prolection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full·time equivalent Number of employees Full·time equivalent 

employment employment 

State and type of government' Percent Percent 

of total of total justice justice 

full·time full·time 

Full·time equivalent equivalent 

Full·lime equivalent Full·time employ· Full·time employ· 

Total only employment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

1 New Mexico _______________________ 9854 9289 9489 4669 4413 4520 47.6 1 080 923 952 10.0 

2 State ___________________________ 4818 4630 4716 900 820 853 18.1 848 809 830 17.6 

3 Local. total ______________________ 5036 4659 4773 3769 3593 3667 76.8 232 114 122 2.6 

4 Counties ______________________ 1 540 1 418 1 466 965 927 946 64.5 17 13 13 .9 

5 Municipalities __________________ 3496 3241 3306 2803 2666 2721 82.3 214 101 109 3.3 

6 New York _________________________ 165 439 157 860 160 371 79501 76550 77 571 48.4 16777 14678 15064 9.4 

7 State ___________________________ 56802 55770 56295 6481 6432 6449 11.5 13 117 13 115 13 117 23.3 

8 Local. total ______________________ 108 637 102 090 104 076 73020 70118 71 122 68.3 3660 1 563 1 947 1.9 

9 Counties ______________________ 24441 22946 23646 12036 11 589 11 772 49.8 626 530 572 2.4 

10 Municipalities __________________ 84196 79144 80431 60985 58529 59 350 73.8 3034 1 033 1 375 1.7 

11 North Carollna _____________________ 33647 32420 32880 16913 15 904 16259 49.4 3527 3494 3512 10.7 

12 State ___________________________ 18400 18277 18318 3854 3731 3772 20.6 3 190 3 190 3 190 17.4 

13 Local. total ______________________ 15247 14 143 14562 13059 12173 12 487 85.8 337 304 322 2.2 

14 Counties ______________________ 6487 6016 6222 4371 4 108 4212 67.7 337 304 322 5.2 

15 Municipalities __________________ 8758 8126 8340 8687 8064 8275 99.2 - - - -

16 North Dakota ______________________ 2847 2317 2441 1 406 1 246 1 280 52.4 624 411 440 18.0 

17 State ___________________________ 858 769 796 237 206 213 26.8 208 170 177 22.2 

18 Local. total ______________________ 1 989 1 548 1 645 1 169 1 040 1 067 64.9 416 241 263 16.0 

19 Counties ______________________ 1 061 813 889 385 335 343 38.6 298 217 239 26.9 

20 Municipalities __________________ 928 735 756 784 705 724 95.8 117 23 24 3.2 

21 Ohio ______________________________ 55245 49287 51 430 26098 22781 23 780 46.2 9344 7834 8547 16.6 

22 State ___________________________ 15120 14038 14555 3611 3307 3408 23.4 912 386 689 4.7 

23 Local. total ______________________ 40125 35 249 36875 22487 19474 20372 55.2 8432 7448 7 858 21.3 

24 Counties ______________________ 17620 16374 16876 4200 3908 3 996 23.7 5727 5 181 5420 32.1 

25 Municipalities __________________ 22505 18875 20000 18286 15566 16375 81.9 2705 2267 2439 12.2 

26 Oklahoma _________________________ 16 557 15516 15810 7895 7438 7593 48.0 1 793 1 533 1 572 9.9 

27 State ___________________________ 7978 7770 7869 1 814 1 697 1 748 22.2 515 507 513 6.5 

28 Local. total ______________________ 8579 7 746 7941 6081 5741 5845 73.6 1 278 1 026 1 059 13.3 

29 Counties ______________________ 2604 2387 2479 917 860 880 35.5 808 775 793 32.0 

30 Municipalities __________________ 5975 5 359 5462 5 164 4881 4965 90.9 470 251 266 4.9 

31 Oregon ____________________________ 15 339 13 844 14306 6 548 6 126 6221 43.5 2280 1 774 1 892 13.2 

32 State ___________________________ 5921 5428 5577 1 179 1 122 1 131 20.3 1 545 1 263 1 348 24.2 

33 Local. total ______________________ 9418 8416 8729 5369 5 004 5090 58.3 735 511 544 6.2 34 Counties ______________________ 5594 4979 5226 1 935 1 814 1 844 35.3 480 390 412 7.9 35 Municipalities __________________ 3824 3437 3504 3435 3 190 3247 92.7 255 121 132 3.8 

36 Pennsylvania ______________________ 59952 53 687 55 844 29275 24882 26 199 46.9 11 267 10 403 10801 '19.3 37 State ___________________________ 14817 14638 14715 5698 5682 5689 38.7 1 502 1 494 1 499 10.2 38 Local. total ___________ ~ __________ 45 135 39049 41 129 23577 19200 20 510 49.9 9765 8909 9302 22.6 

39 Counties ______________________ 16671 14700 15578 1 646 1 333 1 449 9.3 6903 6048 6440 41.3 40 Municipalities __________________ 28465 24350 25549 21 931 17867 19061 74.6 2862 2861 2862 11.2 

41 Rhode Island ______________________ 5350 5 080 5 168 2989 2775 2838 54.9 742 716 722 14.0 

42 Stale ___________________________ 2693 2613 2664 470 414 451 16.9 680 672 676 25.4 43 Local. t.otal "" ____________________ 2657 2467 2504 2519 2361 2387 95.3 62 44 46 1.8 

44 Munlclpalltles __________________ 2657 2467 2504 2519 2361 2387 95.3 62 44 46 1.8 

45 South Carollna _____________________ 19897 18 867 19 241 9066 8 451 8641 44.9 2 102 1 839 1 945 10.1 46 State ___________________________ 10047 9 838 9913 2350 2199 2238 22.6 384 384 384 3.9 47 Local. total ______________________ 9850 9029 9328 6716 6252 6403 68.6 1 718 1 455 1 561 16.7 48 Counties ______________________ 5873 5291 5521 3 042 2732 2834 51.3 1 515 1 318 1 411 25.6 49 Municipalities __________________ 3976 3738 3805 3675 3520 3568 93.8 204 138 149 3.9 

50 South Dakota ______________________ 3455 3015 3 139 1 760 1 502 1 569 50.0 374 370 372 11.9 51 State ___________________________ 1 700 1 659 1677 471 444 455 27.1 371 368 370 22.1 52 Local. total ______________________ 1 755 1 356 1 462 1 289 1 058 1 114 76.2 3 2 2 .1 53 Counties ______________________ 911 663 735 483 385 409 55.6 3 2 2 .3 54 Municipalities __________________ 844 693 726 806 673 705 97.1 - - - - 55 Tennessee ________________________ 25920 24613 25 102 12504 11 912 12 205 48.6 3604 3 179 3275 13.0 56 State ___________________________ 8817 8734 8769 1 554 1 474 1 507 17.2 480 479 480 5.5 57 Local. total ______________________ 17 103 15879 16333 10950 10 438 10698 65.5 3 124 2700 2795 17.1 58 Counties ______________________ 7647 7 099 7321 2927 2814 2866 39.1 2438 2209 2297 31.4 59 Municipalities __________________ 9457 8780 9 all 8023 7624 7832 86.9 685 491 498 5.5 

60 Texas _____________________________ 95231 91 808 93068 44666 43287 43745 47.0 12434 11 344 11 684 12.6 61 State ___________________________ 27863 27553 27652 6431 6251 6312 22.8 901 885 889 3.2 62 Local. total ______________________ 67368 64255 65416 38235 37036 37433 57.2 11 533 10 459 10795 16.5 63 Counties ______________________ 33407 31 631 32409 7599 7275 7383 22.8 9200 8556 8815 27.2 64 Municipalities __________________ 33962 32624 33008 30636 29762 30050 91.0 2332 1 903 1 980 6.0 

65 Utah ______________________________ 7896 6868 7283 4 112 3646 3793 52.1 1 071 839 909 12.5 66 State ___________________________ 3547 3 115 3331 1 086 945 979 29.4 538 495 514 15.4 67 Local. lotal ______________________ 4349 3 753 3 952 3026 2701 2814 71.2 533 344 395 10.0 68 Counties ______________________ 2006 1 825 1 905 957 911 928 48.7 362 288 321 16.9 69 Munlclpallties __________________ 2342 1 928 2047 2068 1 789 1 886 92.1 171 56 74 3.6 

70 Vermont ___________________________ 2774 2 275 2514 1 487 1 162 1 254 49.9 322 255 282 11.2 71 Slate ___________________________ 1 765 1 519 1 684 554 459 480 28.5 257 212 236 14.0 72 Local. total ______________________ 1 009 756 830 933 703 774 93.3 65 43 46 5.5 73 Counties ______________________ 93 66 71 28 23 25 35.2 65 43 46 64.8 74 Municipalities __________________ 915 689 759 904 6BO 749 98.7 - - - -

75 Vlrglnla ____________________________ 35530 33365 34336 16028 15 113 15500 46.1 3760 3 303 3607 10.2 76 State ___________________________ 16 105 148BS 15432 3848 3429 3597 23.3 2 145 1 819 1 967 12.7 77 Local, lotal ______________________ 19425 18477 18904 12180 11 684 11 903 63.0 1 615 1 484 1 540 8.1 78 Counties ______________________ 8719 8267 8461 5071 4898 4972 58.8 959 865 908 10.7 79 Munlclpalities __________________ 10707 10210 10443 7 108 6785 6931 66.4 657 620 632 6.1 

See fool notes at end of lable. 

28 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988-con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of total of total of tolal 

justice jus lice juslice justice 

full·time full·time full·time full·time 

equivalent 

Full·lime 

equivalent 

Full·time 

equivalent equivalent 

Full·time employ· employ· employ· Full·time employTotal only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

552 538 545 5.7 122 118 120 1.3 3422 3287 3342 35.2 10 10 10 .1 1 

471 458 465 9.9 121 118 119 2.5 2471 2418 2442 51.8 7 7 7 .1 2 

81 80 80 1.7 1 - 1 - 951 869 900 18.9 3 3 3 .1 3 

8 8 8 .5 - - - - 550 470 499 34.0 - - - - 4 

73 72 72 2.2 1 - 1 - 401 399 400 12.1 3 3 3 .1 5 

10876 10025 10251 6.4 767 604 695 .4 56626 55 165 55935 34.9 893 838 855 .5 6 

2354 2283 2311 4.1 392 361 384 .7 33728 32890 33334 59.2 730 689 700 1.2 7 

8522 7742 7940 7.6 375 243 311 .3 22898 22275 22601 21.7 163 149 155 .1 8 

2479 2241 2343 9.9 375 243 311 1.3 8808 8238 8536 36.1 120 106 112 .5 9 

6043 5501 5598 7.0 - - - - 14090 14037 14065 17.5 43 43 43 .1 10 

949 934 940 2.9 147 147 147 .4 11 667 11 497 11 578 35.2 444 444 444 1.4 11 

811 811 811 4.4 147 147 147 .8 9956 9956 9956 54.4 442 442 442 2.4 12 

138 123 129 .9 - - - - 1 711 1 541 1 622 11.1 2 2 2 - 13 

67 61 64 1.0 - - - - 1 711 1 541 1 622 26.1 2 2 2 - 14 

71 62 65 .8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 

259 189 210 8.6 1 - - - 559 472 511 20.9 - - - - 16 

92 89 90 11.3 - - - - 321 304 316 39.7 - - - - 17 

167 100 120 7.3 1 - - - 238 168 195 11.9 - - - - 18 

140 93 112 12.6 1 - - - 238 168 195 21.9 - - - - 19 

28 7 8 1.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 

3600 3024 3213 6.2 406 373 385 .7 15739 15 218 15 447 30.0 58 57 58 .1 21 

900 858 877 6.0 129 125 125 .9 9545 9339 9 433 64.8 23 23 23 .2 22 

2700 2166 2336 6.3 277 248 260 .7 6194 5879 6014 16.3 35 34 35 .1 23 

1 624 1 521 1 566 9.3 277 248 260 1.5 5757 5481 5600 33.2 34 34 34 .2 24 

1 075 644 770 3.9 - - - - 437 398 415 2.1 1 - 1 - 25 

1 236 1 067 1 102 7.0 88 63 73 .5 5546 5 415 5470 34.6 - - - - 26 

982 927 958 12.2 32 18 23 .3 4635 4621 4627 58.8 - - - - 27 

254 140 144 1.8 56 45 50 .6 911 794 843 10.6 - - - - 28 

3 3 3 .1 54 43 48 1.9 822 706 755 30.5 - - - - 29 

251 137 141 2.6 2 2 2 - 88 87 88 1.6 - - - - 30 

1 390 1 255 1 307 9.1 24 24 24 .2 4938 4520 4712 32.9 158 144 150 1.0 31 

630 565 584 10.5 21 21 21 .4 2525 2441 2476 44.4 21 16 17 .3 32 

760 690 723 8.3 3 3 3 - 2413 2079 2236 25.6 137 128 133 1.5 33 

642 580 612 11.7 - - - - 2402 2068 2226 42.6 136 127 132 2.5 34 

118 110 111 3.2 3 3 3 .1 10 10 10 .3 1 1 1 - 35 

2834 2559 2646 4.7 608 530 572 '1.0 15826 15 173 15484 27.7 144 141 142 .3 36 

527 527 527 3.6 - - - - 6975 6821 6886 46.8 115 114 114 .8 37 

2307 2032 2 119 5.2 608 530 572 1.4 8851 8352 8598 20.9 29 27 28 .1 38 

1 385 1 154 1 239 8.0 608 530 572 3.7 6 106 5614 5857 37.6 22 20 21 .1 39 

920 877 879 3.4 - - - - 2744 2738 2741 10.7 6 6 6 - 40 

355 330 347 6.7 63 60 62 1.2 1 191 1 189 1 190 23.0 9 9 9 .2 41 

281 270 277 10.4 63 60 62 2.3 1 191 1 189 1 190 44.7 8 8 8 .3 42 

74 60 70 2.8 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 43 

74 60 70 2.8 - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 44 

533 478 498 2.6 67 62 64 .3 8013 7922 7977 41.5 116 116 116 .6 45 

149 149 149 1.5 18 18 18 .2 7037 6979 7015 70.8 109 109 109 1.1 46 

384 329 349 3.7 49 44 46 .5 976 943 962 10.3 7 7 7 .1 47 

332 292 308 5.6 49 44 46 .8 929 899 916 16.6 6 6 6 .1 48 

52 37 41 1.1 - - - - 46 43 46 1.2 1 1 1 - 49 

259 190 203 6.5 15 11 13 .4 1 048 942 982 31.3 - - - - 50 

56 56 56 3.3 - - - - 802 791 796 47.5 - - - - 51 

203 134 147 10.1 15 11 13 .9 246 151 186 12.7 - - - - 52 

174 123 135 18.4 15 11 13 1.8 235 142 176 23.9 - - - - 53 

28 11 12 1.7 - - - - 11 9 9 1.2 - - - - 54 

1 071 882 941 3.7 137 122 125 .5 8599 8 513 8550 34.1 6 6 6 - 55 

699 699 699 8.0 29 29 29 .3 6055 6053 6054 69.0 - - - - 56 

372 183 242 1.5 108 93 96 .6 2544 2460 2496 15.3 6 6 6 - 57 

186 80 123 1.7 74 59 62 .8 2016 1 932 1 967 26.9 6 6 6 .1 58 

186 103 119 1.3 34 34 34 .4 528 528 528 5.9 - - - - 59 

5766 5479 5590 6.0 56 54 55 .1 31 781 31 121 31 469 33.8 530 523 525 .6 60 

1 680 1 579 1 609 5.8 - - - - 18806 18793 18797 68.0 45 45 45 .2 61 

4086 3900 3981 6.1 56 54 55 .1 12975 12328 12672 19.4 485 478 480 .7 62 

3 338 3 186 3248 10.0 56 54 55 .2 12753 12 106 12451 38.4 462 455 457 1.4 63 

748 714 733 2.2 - - - - 221 221 221 .7 24 24 24 .1 64 

498 416 450 6.2 4 3 3 - 2 196 1 953 2 116 29.1 14 11 12 .2 65 

149 116 128 3.8 - - - - 1 760 1 548 1 698 51.0 14 11 12 .4 66 

349 300 322 8.1 4 3 3 .1 436 405 418 10.6 - - - - 67 

247 218 235 12.3 4 3 3 .2 436 405 418 21.9 - - - - 68 

102 82 87 4.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 

154 132 142 5.6 61 59 60 2.4 732 653 760 30.2 17 13 16 .6 70 

147 125 135 8.0 61 59 60 3.6 732 653 760 45.1 14 11 13 .8 71 

7 7 7 .8 - - - - - - - - 3 2 3 .4 72 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 

7 7 7 .9 - - - - - - - - 3 2 3 .4 74 

1 202 1 105 1 150 3.3 104 104 104 .3 14286 13607 13932 40.6 151 132 143 .4 75 

284 252 266 1.7 92 92 92 .6 9655 9227 9433 61.1 81 69 77 .5 76 

918 853 884 4.7 12 12 12 .1 4631 4380 4499 23.8 70 63 66 .3 77 

467 426 442 5.2 12 12 12 .1 2 163 2025 2 083 24.6 47 42 44 .5 78 

451 427 442 4.2 - - - - 2468 2355 2416 23.1 23 22 22 .2 79 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 29 
Table 7. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection JUdicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full·time equivalent Number of employees Full·time equivalent 

employment employment 

State and type of government' Percent Percent of total of total justice iustlce full·time full·time 

Full·time equivalent equivalent 

Full·time equivalent Full·time employ· Full·time employ· 

Total only employment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

1 

was~~g~~~_====:==:=============== 24092 21 597 22610 11 071 10 089 10 398 46.0 3290 2599 2900 12.8 2 8278 7699 8013 2 145 2020 2048 25.6 484 317 466 5.8 3 Local, total ___ • ____ • _______ • _____ 15814 13898 14597 8926 8069 8350 57.2 2806 2282 2434 16.7 4 Counties ______________________ 8897 8048 8418 3013 2886 2921 34.7 2 199 1 938 2038 24.2 5 Municipalities __________________ 6917 5850 6 178 5913 5 183 5429 87.9 607 344 395 6.4 

6 West Virginia ______________________ 6932 6407 6606 3510 3241 3352 50.7 1 273 1 146 1 179 17.8 7 State ___ ._. _________ • ___________ 2940 2895 2922 1 091 1 081 1 086 37.2 702 683 699 23.9 8 Local, total ______________________ 3 992 3512 3684 2419 2 160 2266 61.5 u7~ 463 480 13.0 9 Counties ___ .----------________ 2 140 2009 2075 724 709 717 34.6 459 432 444 21.4 10 Municipalities. _________________ 1 852 1 503 1 609 1 695 1 451 1 549 96.3 111 30 36 2.2 

11 Wisconsin _________________________ 25586 22 211 23239 14464 12265 12905 55.5 3012 2379 2531 10.9 12 State ._ _________________________ 6861 6 549 6681 1 305 1 171 1 223 18.3 607 581 595 8.9 13 Local, total ______________________ 18725 15662 16 558 13 159 11 094 11 682 70.6 2405 1 798 1 936 11.7 14 Counties ______________________ 8 194 7361 7732 3294 3040 3 140 40.6 1 949 1 698 1 815 23.5 15 Municipalities __________________ 10530 8301 8827 9866 8054 8542 96.8 455 99 121 1.4 

16 

wysr::t'~::====:=::=====:=:========= 3 184 2917 3008 1 661 1 555 1 598 53.1 483 376 401 13.3 17 1 154 1 110 1 139 268 259 265 23.3 216 203 210 18.4 18 Local, total ______________________ 2030 1 807 1 869 1 393 1 296 1 333 71.3 267 173 191 10.2 19 Counties ______________________ 1 076 987 1 020 555 520 533 52.3 178 142 155 15.2 20 Municipalities __________________ 954 820 849 839 777 800 94.2 88 30 36 4.2 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that Include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a 

canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for detailS. 

30 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full-time equivalent Number of Full-time equivalent Number of FUll-time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of tolal of total of total 

justice justice justice justice 

full-time full-time full-time full-time equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent FUll-time employ- FUll-time employ- FUll-time employ- FUll-time employTotal only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

1 852 1 656 1 737 7.7 108 87 103 .5 7758 7 160 7466 33.0 9 4 6 - 1 576 505 536 6_7 - - - - 5073 4857 4 963 61_9 - - - - 2 1 276 1 151 1 201 8.2 108 87 103 _7 2685 2303 2503 17.1 9 4 6 - 3 987 915 945 11.2 107 86 102 1.2 2584 2219 2408 28.6 6 3 4 - 4 289 236 256 4_1 1 1 1 - 101 84 95 1.5 3 1 2 - 5 

427 372 387 5.9 9 9 9 .1 1 710 1 639 1 679 25.4 1 - - - 6 101 92 95 3.3 9 9 9 .3 1 036 1 030 1 033 35.4 1 - - - 7 326 280 292 7.9 - - - - 674 609 646 17.5 - - - - 8 283 259 268 12_9 - - - - 674 609 646 31.1 - - - - 9 44 21 24 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 

1 495 1 240 1 347 5.8 379 336 360 1.5 6 172 5930 6034 26.0 62 61 62 .3 11 284 213 248 3_7 374 332 356 5.3 4233 4 194 4201 62.9 58 58 58 .9 12 1 211 1 027 1 099 6.6 5 4 4 - 1 939 1 736 1 833 11.1 4 3 4 - 13 1 011 886 943 12.2 5 4 4 .1 1 934 1 731 1 828 23.6 2 2 2 - 14 200 141 157 1.8 - - - - 5 5 5 _1 2 1 2 - 15 

169 146 148 4.9 33 15 29 1.0 778 764 772 25.7 60 60 60 2.0 16 46 44 44 3.9 33 15 29 2.5 531 529 531 46.6 60 60 60 5.3 17 123 102 104 5.6 - - - - 247 235 241 12.9 - - - - 18 96 90 91 8.9 - - - - 247 235 241 23.6 - - - - 19 26 12 13 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 31 
Table 8. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls by State and type of government, 

October 1988 

[Payroll amounls in Ihousands of dollars. Because of rounding. delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols. see lexl] 

Police prolection Judicial Legal services and proseculion Public defense Corrections Olher justice 

State and Iype of governmenl' Total 

justion Percenl Percenl Percent Percenl Percenl Percenl 

system. of lolal of lolal of total of total of to\al of \olal 

Oclober Oclober juslice Oclober juslice Oclober justice Oclober juslice Oclober juslice Oclober justice 

payrolls payrolls syslem payrolls syslem payrolls syslem payrolls syslem payrolls syslem payrolls system 

Siales·local, 10Ial ______ 3 346 579 1 685 640 50.4 405 073 12.1 216 544 6.5 35553 1.1 991 342 29.6 12 428 .4 States ______________ 1 193 279 263 892 22.1 193007 16.2 72588 6.1 16629 1.4 638073 53.5 9090 .8 Local, tolal _________ 2 153 300 1 421 748 66.0 212 066 9.8 143 956 6.7 18924 .9 353 269 16.4 3 337 .2 Countles _________ 860 181 313 628 36.5 169 032 19.7 92851 10.8 18 185 2.1 263 928 30.7 2557 .3 MunIcipalities ____ I 293 119 1 108 119 85.7 43034 3.3 51 105 4.0 739 .1 89 341 6.9 781 .1 

Alabama ______________________ 36 168 18652 51.6 5450 15.1 2060 5.7 15 - 9865 27.3 126 .3 Siale _______________________ 16722 3911 23.4 3929 23.5 1 482 8.9 12 .1 7263 43.4 126 .8 Local. lolal __________________ 19446 14742 75.8 1 521 7.8 578 3.0 3 - 2602 13.4 - - Counties _________________ 6700 3293 49.1 909 13.6 358 5.3 - - 2 139 31.9 - - Municipalities _____________ 12746 11 448 89.8 612 4.8 220 1.7 3 - 463 3.6 - - Alaska ________________________ Slate _______________________ 15 383 6832 44.4 1 822 11.8 1 687 11.0 381 2.5 4661 30.3 - - 11 260 3086 27.4 1 822 16.2 1 378 12.2 381 3.4 4593 40.8 - - Local. lolal __________________ 4 122 3745 90.9 - - 309 7.5 - - 68 1.6 - - Boroughs _________________ 403 293 72.7 - - 110 27.3 - - - - - - Municipalities _____________ 3719 3453 92.8 - - 199 5.4 - - 68 1.8 - - Arizona _______________________ 58 534 26 962 46.1 6 345 1M 4509 7.7 1 059 1.8 19 618 33.5 42 .1 State _______________________ 19218 5269 27.4 1 002 5.2 1 322 6.9 3 - 11 594 60.3 27 .1 Local. tolal __________________ 39316 21 693 55.2 5343 13.6 3 186 8.1 1 056 2.7 8024 20.4 14 - Counties _________________ 19560 4351 22.2 4073 20.8 2086 10.7 1 056 5,4 7979 40.8 14 .1 Municipalities _____________ 19756 17342 87.8 1 270 6.4 1 100 5.6 - - 45 .2 - - Arkansas ______________________ 14 242 7550 53.0 1 974 13.9 807 5.7 106 .7 3717 26.1 87 .6 Slate _______________________ 5 454 1 620 29.7 781 14.3 321 5.9 - - 2644 48.5 87 1.6 Local. total __________________ 8788 5931 67.5 1 192 13.6 486 5.5 106 1.2 I 073 12.2 1 - Counties _________________ 3468 1 314 37.9 843 24.3 311 9.0 85 2.5 914 26.4 1 - Municipalilies _____________ 5321 4617 80.8 349 6.6 176 3.3 21 .4 159 3.0 - - California _____________________ 502 817 237 922 47.3 54987 10.9 40 691 8.1 10 219 2.0 157 100 31.2 1 897 .4 Slate _______________________ 136 948 33980 24.8 8704 6.4 3720 2.7 299 .2 88655 64.7 1 591 1.2 Local, tOlal __________________ 365 869 203 942 55.7 46283 12.7 36972 10.1 9921 2.7 68446 18.7 306 .1 Counties _________________ 204 786 56852 27.8 44 164 21.6 28437 13.9 9506 4.6 65619 32.0 207 .1 Municipalities _____________ 161 083 147 090 91.3 2 119 1.3 8535 5.3 414 .3 2827 1.8 99 .1 

Colorado ______________________ 43 657 22876 52.4 4969 11.4 3279 7.5 741 1.7 11 708 26.8 85 .2 Siale _______________________ 15346 2781 18.1 3773 24.6 701 4.6 740 4.8 7318 47.7 34 .2 Local. lotal __________________ 28311 20095 71.0 1 196 4.2 2578 9.1 1 - 4389 15.5 52 .2 Counties _________________ 8929 4212 47.2 79 .9 1 478 16.6 1 - 3 136 35.1 23 .3 Municipalities _____________ 19381 15883 82.0 1 117 5.8 1 100 5.7 - - 1 253 6.5 29 .1 

Connecticut ___________________ 46369 26761 57.7 4642 10.0 3 129 6.7 690 1.5 10928 23.6 219 .5 Siale _______________________ 24944 5902 23.7 4642 18.6 2563 10.3 690 2.8 10928 43.8 219 .9 Local, lo\al __________________ 21 425 20859 97.4 - - 566 2.6 - - - - - - Municipalities _____________ 21 425 20859 97.4 - - 566 2.6 - - - - - - Delaware ______________________ 10261 4438 43.3 1 821 17.7 464 4.5 174 1.7 3300 32.2 64 .6 Siale _______________________ 7744 2 180 28.2 1 653 21.3 378 4.9 174 2.2 3300 42.6 60 .8 Local. lotal __________________ 2 517 2258 B9.7 168 6.7 86 3.4 - - - - 4 .2 Counties _________________ 976 855 87.6 95 9.7 27 2.8 - - - - - - Municipalilies _____________ 1 540 1 403 91.1 73 4.7 59 3.8 - - - - 4 .3 

Dlsirici of Columbia ___________ 29565 15 039 50.9 3 040 10.3 947 3.2 74 .3 10379 35.1 86 .3 Local. lotal __________________ 29565 15039 50.9 3040 10.3 947 3.2 74 .3 10379 35.1 B6 .3 Municipality _______________ 29565 15039 50.9 3 040 10.3 947 3.2 74 .3 10379 35.1 86 .3 

Florida ________________________ 194 859 96416 49.5 19699 10.1 11 446 5.9 4095 2.1 61 032 31.3 2 171 1.1 Siale _______________________ 71 386 8692 12.2 7043 9.9 8884 12.4 4053 5.7 41 057 57.5 1 656 2.3 Local. total __________________ 123 473 87724 71.0 12656 10.3 2562 2.1 42 - 19975 16.2 514 ,4 Counties _________________ 72391 39502 54.6 12086 16.7 1 520 2.1 42 .1 18730 25.9 511 .7 Municipalities _____________ 51 082 48221 94.4 570 1.1 1 042 2.0 - - 1 245 2.4 3 - Georgia _______________________ State 67481 31 352 46.5 9 380 13.9 2954 4.4 255 .4 23406 34.7 134 .2 _______________________ 25 811 5773 22.4 1 527 5.9 1 167 4.5 - - 17291 67.0 52 .2 Local. lolal __________________ 41 671 25579 61.4 7 853 18.8 1 787 4.3 255 .6 6 114 14.7 82 .2 Counties _________________ 25 149 11 137 44.3 7 143 28.4 1 426 5.7 192 .8 5 170 20.6 82 .3 Municipalilies _____________ 16522 14 442 87.4 711 4.3 361 2.2 63 .4 945 5.7 - - HawaII ________________________ Slate 16 945 7 630 45.0 2918 17.2 2081 12.3 276 1.6 3850 22.7 189 1.1 _______________________ 8379 372 4.4 2918 34.8 895 10.7 276 3.3 3850 45.9 67 .S Local, lolal __________________ 8 566 7258 84.7 - - 1 186 13.8 - - - - 122 1.4 Counlies _________________ 

Municipalities _____________ 2207 1 834 83.1 - - 372 16.9 - - - - - - 6 359 5424 85.3 - - 813 12.8 - - - - 122 1.9 

Idaho _________________________ 

Slate 8 434 4286 50.8 1 521 18.0 713 8.5 61 .7 1 837 21.8 16 .2 _______________________ 3 036 852 28.1 705 23.2 233 7.7 - - 1 230 40.5 16 .5 Local. total __________________ 

Counties 5398 3434 63.6 816 15.1 480 8.9 61 1.1 607 11.2 - - _________________ 

Municipalities 3301 1 471 44.6 773 23.4 390 11.8 61 1.8 607 18.4 - - _____________ 2096 1 964 93.7 43 2.1 90 4.3 - - - - - - Illinois ________________________ 157 783 96 090 60.9 17 400 11.0 8030 5.1 2 146 1.4 33912 21.5 204 .1 Stale _______________________ 46144 12519 27.1 8254 17.9 1 830 4.0 291 .6 23092 50.0 156 .3 Local. lolal __________________ Counties _________________ 111 639 83571 74.9 9 145 8.2 6200 5.6 1 855 1.7 10820 9.7 48 - 34778 8285 23.8 9 096 26.2 4694 13.5 1 855 5.3 10816 31.1 32 .1 Municipalities _____________ 76861 75286 98.0 49 .1 1 506 2.0 - - 4 - 16 - Indiana _______________________ Siale 43880 22800 52.0 5441 12.4 2844 6,5 353 .8 12 357 28.2 86 .2 _______________________ 16925 5 365 31.7 1 570 9.3 1 073 6.3 142 .8 8738 51.6 37 .2 Local. lolal __________________ 26954 17435 64.7 3870 14.4 1 770 6.6 211 .8 3619 13.4 49 .2 Counties _________________ 10525 3504 33.3 2876 27.3 1 139 10.8 211 2.0 2759 26.2 37 .4 Municipalities _____________ 16429 13 931 84.8 994 6.1 631 3.8 - - 860 5.2 12 .1 

See foolnotes al end of lable. 

32 1988 JUSTICE EX~ENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 8. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls by State and type of government, 

October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection Judicial Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 

system, of total of total of total of total of total of total 

October October justice October justice October justice October Justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls sysiem payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system 

Iowa __________________________ 23226 11 841 51.0 3219 13.9 1 683 7.2 178. .8 6292 27.1 14 .1 State _______________________ 11 712 2727 23.3 3 157 27.0 508 4.3 90 .8 5224 44.6 6 .1 Local, total __________________ 11 514 9 114 79.2 61 .5 1 175 10.2 88 .8 1 068 9.3 8 .1 Counties _________________ 4 429 2256 50.9 61 1.4 973 22.0 88 2.0 1 050 23.7 - - Municipalities _____________ 7 086 6858 96.8 - - 202 2.9 - - 18 .3 8 .1 

Kansas _______________________ 25020 12457 49.8 3 58~ 14.3 1 592 6.4 124 .5 7 231 28.9 34 .1 State _______________________ 11 039 1 993 18.1 2927 26.5 433 3.9 120 1.1 5561 50.4 6 .1 Local, total __________________ 13 981 10 464 74.8 655 4.7 1 159 8.3 4 - 1 671 12.0 28 .2 Counties _________________ 5776 2979 51.6 277 4.8 865 15.0 4 .1 1 634 28.3 18 .3 Municipalities _____________ 8205 7486 91.2 377 4.6 294 3.6 - - 37 .5 10 .1 

Kentucky _____________________ 27341 13295 48.6 3700 13.5 2016 7.4 357 1.3 7 904 28.9 70 .3 State _______________________ 14 986 3863 25.8 3427 22.9 1 614 10.8 335 2.2 5687 37.9 61 .4 Local, total __________________ 12 355 9432 76.3 272 2.2 402 3.3 23 .2 2217 17.9 9 .1 Counties _________________ 5052 2448 48.5 263 5.2 323 6.4 23 .5 1 985 39.3 9 .2 Municipalities _____________ 7 303 6984 95.6 9 .1 79 1.1 - - 232 3.2 - - Louisiana _____________________ 43478 20782 47.8 6 816 15.7 2 275 5.2 73 .2 13 437 30.9 94 .2 State _______________________ 16810 3898 23.2 2 158 12.8 1 189 7.1 17 .1 9500 56.5 47 .3 Local, total __________________ 26668 16883 63.3 4658 '17.5 1 087 4.1 56 .2 3 936 14.8 48 .2 Parishes _________________ 11 761 6651 56.6 2565 21.8 490 4.2 56 .5 2 000 17.0 - - Municipalities _____________ 14907 10 233 68.6 2 094 14.0 597 4.0 - - 1 936 13.0 48 .3 

Maine _________________________ 10 184 5 841 57.4 912 9.0 589 5.8 - - 2797 27.5 45 .4 State _______________________ 5 146 1 727 33.6 859 16.7 392 7.6 - - 2 136 41.5 31 .6 Local, total __________________ 5 038 4 114 81.7 53 1.1 197 3.9 - - 661 13.1 14 .3 Counties _________________ 1 412 554 39.2 51 3.6 143 10.1 - - 661 46.8 3 .2 Municipalities _____________ 3625 3560 98.2 1 - 53 1.5 - - - - 11 .3 

Maryland ______________________ 71 911 35673 49.6 8258 11.5 3524 4.9 1 293 1.8 22642 31.5 521 .7 State _______________________ 32732 7441 22.7 5545 16.9 636 1.9 1 293 4.0 17346 53.0 472 1.4 Local, total __________________ 39 179 28232 72.1 2713 6.9 2888 7.4 - - 5297 13.5 49 .1 Counties _________________ 23 699 16362 69.0 2 041 8.6 1 807 7.6 - - 3474 14.7 15 .1 Municipalities _____________ 15479 11 870 76.7 672 4.3 1 081 7.0 - - 1 822 11.8 34 .2 

Massachusetts ________________ 94028 52849 56.2 12671 13.5 4366 4.6 609 .6 23219 24.7 314 .3 State _______________________ 44 855 10 134 22.6 12 010 26.8 3605 8.0 609 1.4 18 183 40.5 314 .7 Local, total __________________ 49 173 42715 86.9 662 1.3 760 1.5 - - 5 035 10.2 - - Counties _________________ 4817 214 4.4 662 13.7 - - - - 3 942 81.8 - - Municipalities _____________ 44355 42501 95.8 - - 760 1.7 - - 1 094 2.5 - - Michigan ______________________ 129 168 60 809 47.1 19267 14.9 6 186 4.8 271 .2 42562 33.0 74 .1 State _______________________ 52782 10 652 20.2 7200 13.6 1 731 3.3 191 .4 33 007 62.5 - - Local, total __________________ 76387 50 157 65.7 12 067 15.8 4455 5.8 80 .1 9 555 12.5 74 .1 Counties _________________ 31 194 8 132 26.1 9838 31.5 3666 11.8 78 .3 9408 30.2 71 .2 Municipalities _____________ 45193 42 024 93.0 2228 4.9 789 1.7 1 - 147 .3 3 - Minnesota _____________________ 45 121 22992 51.0 5942 13.2 4 231 9.4 963 2.1 10957 24.3 35 .1 State _______________________ 11 502 3253 28.3 2 069 18.0 1 149 10.0 138 1.2 4870 42.3 23 .2 Local, total __________________ Counties 33619 19740 58.7 3873 11.5 3 083 9.2 825 2.5 6 088 18.1 11 - _________________ 18656 5393 28.9 3873 20.8 2466 13.2 825 4.4 6 088 32.6 11 .1 Municipalities _____________ 14963 14346 95.9 - - 617 4.1 - - - - - -

Mississippi ____________________ State _______________________ 16 570 8891 53.7 2 191 13.2 943 5.7 41 .2 4501 27.2 4 - 7050 2 065 29.3 590 8.4 682 9.7 - - 3713 52.7 - - Local, total __________________ 9 520 6826 71.7 1 600 16.8 261 2.7 41 .4 788 8.3 4 - Counties _________________ 3826 1 586 41.5 1 381 36.1 154 4.0 35 .9 669 17.5. 1 - Municipalities _____________ 5694 5240 92.0 219 3.8 107 1.9 6 .1 119 2.1 2 - Missouri ______________________ 50770 28368 55.9 7379 14.5 2557 5.0 477 .9 11 932 23.5 57 .1 State _______________________ 17 589 4210 23.9 4955 28.2 429 2.4 477 2.7 7470 42.5 48 .3 Local, total __________________ 33 181 24158 72.8 2424 7.3 2128 6.4 - - 4462 13.4 9 - Counties _________________ 10 289 4 177 40.6 1 316 12.8 1 429 13.9 - - 3363 32.7 3 - Municipalities _____________ 22893 19980 87.3 1 108 4.8 700 3.1 - - 1 098 4.8 6 - Montana ______________________ 6385 3 201 50.1 808 12.7 532 8.3 30 .5 1 731 27.1 84 1.3 State _______________________ 2 534 834 32.9 271 10.7 154 6.1 - - 1 192 47.0 83 3.3 Local, total __________________ Counties _________________ 3851 2367 61.5 537 13.9 377 9.8 30 .8 540 14.0 1 - 2332 1 023 43.9 445 19.1 309 13.3 26 1.1 529 22.7 1 - Municipalities _____________ 1 519 1 345 88.5 91 6.0 68 4.5 4 .3 11 .7 - - Nebraska _____________________ 14454 7990 55.3 2009 13.9 845 5.0 89 .6 3477 24.1 44 .3 State _______________________ 5564 1 574 28.3 1 254 22.5 159 2.9 - - 2551 45.8 27 .5 Local, total __________________ 8891 6417 72.2 755 8.5 687 7.7 89 1.0 926 10.4 17 .2 Counties _________________ 3534 1 276 36.1 755 21.4 471 13.3 89 2.5 926 26.2 17 .5 Municipalities _____________ 5 357 5 141 96.0 - - 216 4.0 - - - - - - Nevada _______________________ State _______________________ 20 179 8856 43.9 2246 11.1 1 740 e.6 368 1.8 6965 34.5 4 - 5602 1 121 20.0 360 6.4 406 7.2 55 1.0 3661 65.4 - - Local, total __________________ Counties _________________ 14577 7735 53.1 1 886 12.9 1 334 9.2 313 2.1 3305 22.7 4 - 10 865 5237 48.2 1 389 12.8 1 087 10.0 313 2.9 2840 26.1 - - MUnicipalities _____________ 3711 2498 67.3 497 13.4 248 6.7 - - 465 12.5 4 .1 

New Hampshire _______________ State _______________________ 10 856 6 770 62.4 1 354 12.5 533 4.9 - - 2 195 20.2 4 - 4 122 1 081 26.2 1 279 31.0 291 7.1 - - 1 472 35.7 - - Local, total __________________ 6733 5689 84.5 75 1.1 242 3.6 - - 723 10.7 4 .1 Counties _________________ 1 285 317 24.7 75 5.8 166 '12.9 - - 723 56.3 4 .3 Municipalities _____________ 5448 5372 98.6 - - 77 1.4 - - - - - - New Jersey ___________________ State _______________________ 151 994 80 288 52.8 17 173 11.3 12391 8.2 3 141 2.1 38 935 25.6 66 - 48463 13740 28.4 5680 11.7 4 055 8.4 2331 4.8 22626 46.7 32 .1 Local, total __________________ 103 531 66549 64.3 11 493 11.1 8337 8.1 810 .8 16309 15.8 34 - Counties _________________ 37610 5296 14.1 7979 21.2 7247 19.3 751 2.0 16304 43.4 33 .1 Municipalities _____________ 65921 61 253 92.9 3514 5.3 1 090 1.7 59 .1 5 - 2 - See footnotes at end of table. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 33 
Table 8. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls by State and type of government, 

October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection Judicial Legal services and 

prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

State and type of government' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 

system, of total of total of total of total of total of total 

October October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system 

New Mexlco ___________________ 17057 7 954 46.6 1 825 10.7 1 254 7.4 276 1.6 5724 33.6 23 .1 State _______________________ 8890 1 621 18.2 1 647 18.5 1 058 11.9 275 3.1 4275 48.1 15 .2 Local, total __________________ 8 167 6333 77.5 178 2.2 196 2.4 1 - 1 449 17.7 9 .1 Counties ______________ .. __ 2324 1 589 68.4 20 .9 21 .9 - - 694 29.9 - - Municipalities _____________ 5843 4744 81.2 158 2.7 175 3.0 1 - 755 12.9 9 .2 

New York _____________________ 483 404 239 286 49.5 52411 10.8 30509 6.3 1 924 .4 157 083 32.5 2 191 .5 State _______________________ 166301 20 049 12.1 48431 29.1 7801 4.7 1 227 .7 86989 52.3 1 804 1.1 Local, total __________________ 317 103 219 238 69.1 3 980 1.3 22708 7.2 697 .2 70094 22.1 386 .1 Counties _________________ 65 087 34740 53.4 1 260 1.9 6812 10.5 697 1.1 21 332 32.8 247 .4 Municipalities _____________ 252 016 184 498 73.2 2721 1.1 15 896 6.3 - - 48762 19.3 139 .1 

North Carolina ________________ 63749 31 360 49.2 7384 11.6 2588 4.1 352 .6 21 265 33,4 801 1.3 State _______________________ 37654 8 589 22.8 6793 18.0 2250 6.0 352 .9 18871 50.1 798 2.1 Local, total __________________ 26 096 22771 87.3 591 2.3 338 1.3 - - 2394 9.2 3 - Counties _________________ 10 457 7306 69.9 591 5.7 165 1.6 - - 2394 22.9 3 - Municipalities _____________ 15638 15465 98.9 - - 173 1.1 - - - - - - North Dakota __________________ State _______________________ 4545 2390 52.6 919 20.2 478 10.5 1 - 757 16.7 - - 1 667 474 28.4 469 28.1 224 13.4 - - 501 30.1 - - Local, total __________________ 2878 1 916 66.6 451 15.7 255 8.9 1 - 256 8.9 - - Counties _________________ 1 441 558 38.7 394 27.3 233 16.2 1 .1 256 17.8 - - Municipalities _____________ 1 437 1 359 94.6 57 4.0 22 1,5 - - - - - -

Ohio ________ • _________________ 108 891 54 166 49,7 15758 14.5 7052 6.5 766 ,7 31 032 28.5 117 .1 State _______________________ 33305 8 043 24.1 2498 7.5 2 046 6.1 288 .9 20371 61.2 58 .2 Local, total __________________ 75586 46 123 61.0 13260 17.5 5005 6.6 478 .6 10 660 14.1 60 .1 Counties _________________ 29786 7591 25.5 8 804 29.6 3093 10.4 478 1.6 9761 32.8 58 .2 Municipalities _____________ 45801 38 532 84.1 4456 9.7 1 912 4.2 - - 899 2.0 1 - Oklahoma _____________________ 28619 13814 48.3 3 144 11.0 2526 8.8 170 .6 8965 31.3 - - State _______________________ 15 010 3264 21.7 1 680 11.2 2153 14.3 54 .4 7860 52.4 - - Local, total __________________ 13609 10 550 77.5 1 464 10.8 374 2.7 117 .9 1 105 8.1 - - Counties _________________ 3417 1 264 37.0 1 066 31.2 5 .1 111 3.2 971 28.4 - - Municipalities _____________ 10 191 9285 91.1 398 3.9 369 3.6 6 .1 134 1.3 - - Oregon _______________________ 33 103 15674 47.3 4405 13.3 2 926 8.8 48 .1 9732 29.4 318 1,0 State _______________________ 13 126 3 149 24.0 3306 25.2 1 345 10.2 46 .4 5241 39.9 39 .3 Local, total __________________ 19978 12525 62.7 1 099 5.5 1 581 7.9 2 - 4492 22.5 279 1.4 Counties _________________ 11 132 4230 38.0 856 7.7 1 289 11.6 - - 4478 40.2 278 2.5 Municipalities _____________ 8846 8 295 93.8 242 2.7 292 3.3 2 - 13 .1 1 - Pennsylvania __________________ 125 545 64290 51.2 20827 16.6 6786 5.4 930 .7 32383 25.8 328 .3 State _______________________ 37 052 13974 37.7 5669 15.3 1 986 5.4 - - 15 136 40.9 287 .8 Local, total __________________ 88493 50 316 56.9 15 158 17.1 4801 5.4 930 1.1 17 248 19.5 41 - Counties _________________ 24667 2620 10.6 9 016 36.6 2 349 9.5 930 3.8 9726 39.4 25 .1 Municipalities _____________ 63826 47696 74.7 6 141 9.6 2452 3.8 - - 7522 11.8 16 -

Rhode Island __________________ 13 462 7023 52.2 1 975 14.7 810 6.0 158 1.2 3476 25.8 20 .1 State _ ...... ___ ...... ____ .... __ ...... __ 7633 1 407 18.4 1 918 25.1 656 8.6 158 2.1 3476 45.5 18 .2 Local, total_ .... __ ........ _ .......... _ .... 5830 5616 96.3 57 1.0 154 2.6 - - - - 3 .1 Municipalities ...... __ .... ______ 5830 5616 96.3 57 1.0 154 2.6 - - - - 3 .1 

South Carolina _ .. _____ .. _____ .. __ 31 838 14827 46.6 3339 10.5 1 062 3.3 132 .4 12 296 38.6 181 .6 State _ .. _____ .. _____ .. ___ .. _ .. __ .. 17025 4307 25.3 1 112 6.5 409 2.4 38 .2 10 990 64.6 169 1.0 Local, total .... ___ .. _ .... _ .. _ .. ___ .... 14 813 10520 71.0 2227 15.0 653 4.4 95 .6 1 306 8.8 12 .1 Counties .. __ .. _ .. _ .. _________ 8645 4742 54.9 1 992 23.0 558 6.5 95 1.1 1 248 14.4 10 .1 Municipalities ___ .. ____ .. ___ .. 6168 5779 93.7 235 3.8 95 1.5 - - 58 .9 1 - South Dakota .. __ ...... _ .. __ ...... ___ .. 4739 2578 54.4 626 13.2 368 7.8 28 .6 1 139 24.0 - - State ___ ...... __ .... ____ .... _____ .. _ 2403 776 32.3 621 25.8 104 4.3 - - 902 37.5 - - Local, total ___ .. ________ ........ __ 2336 1 802 77.1 5 .2 265 11.3 28 1.2 236 10.1 - - Counties .. _ .. _ .. __ .. ____ .. ____ 1 068 582 54.5 5 .5 228 21.3 28 2.6 225 21.1 - - Municipalities _ .... ___ .. ____ .. _ 1 268 1 221 96.3 - - 37 2.9 - - 11 .9 - -

Tennessee .... ___ .. ____ .... ____ .. ___ 45522 22811 50.1 6033 13.3 2254 5.0 299 .7 14 115 31.0 10 - State _ ...... ___ .. ___ .... _____ .. ___ .. 16632 3 126 18.8 1 366 8.2 1 748 10.5 63 .4 10327 62.1 - - Local, 

Counties total _____ __ .. _ 

.... 

.. _ .. 

_ .. 

__ 

__ 

.. _____ 

.. _ .. _ .. 

.. 

__ 

_ 28890 19684 68.1 4666 16.2 506 1.8 236 .8 3788 13.1 10 - 11 318 4466 39.5 3687 32.6 238 2.1 152 1.3 2765 24.4 10 .1 Municipalities __ ...... __ .. _ .... __ 17572 15218 86.6 979 5.6 268 1.5 84 .5 1 023 5.8 - - Texas _ ...... ___ .. _ .. ___ .... __ .. _ .... __ .. _ 183231 91 720 50.1 22 022 12.0 12685 6.9 113 .1 55768 30.4 923 .5 State ____ .. ___ ...... ___ .. _____ .... _ 51 999 11 339 21.8 3328 6.4 3419 6.6 - - 33797 65.0 116 .2 Local, total __ .... ________ .... ____ 131 232 80 380 61.3 18694 14.2 9266 7.1 113 .1 21 971 16.7 807 .6 Counties ____ ...... ___ .. _ .. ___ .. 58500 13353 22.8 15432 26.4 7217 12.3 113 .2 21 635 37.0 750 1.3 Municipalities .. _____ .. ___ .... _ 72732 67 027 92.2 3262 4.5 2050 2.8 - - 336 .5 56 .1 

Utah .... ___ .. ___ .. ___ .. __ .. __ ...... ___ .. 15 229 8 332 54.7 1 843 12.1 1 185 7.8 9 .1 3827 25.1 33 .2 State ____ .... ___ .... ____ .. _____ .. _ 6726 2 025 30.1 1 202 17.9 348 5.2 - - 3 118 46.4 33 .5 Local, total ____ .. ____ .... ___ .. ___ 8503 6307 74.2 641 7.5 837 9.8 9 .1 709 8.3 - - Counties ...... __ .. _ .. __ .......... __ 3709 1 842 49.7 513 13.8 636 17.1 9 .2 709 19.1 - - Municipalities .......... _ ...... ____ 4794 4465 93.1 129 2.7 201 4.2 - - - - - - Vermont __ .... ___ .. ___________ .. __ 5 199 2 685 51.6 628 12.1 341 6.6 138 2.7 1 383 26.6 25 .5 State ___ .. _________ ...... ___ ...... _ 3592 1 169 32.5 560 15.6 323 9.0 138 3.8 1 383 38.5 21 .6 Local, total __ .... ____ .... _ ...... ___ .. 1 607 1 516 94.3 69 4.3 18 1.1 - - - - 4 .2 Counties .... __ .... ___ .... _____ .. 97 28 28.9 69 71.1 - - - - - - - - Municipalities ____ ...... __ ...... _ 1 510 1 488 98.5 - - 18 1.2 - - - - 4 .3 

Virginia __ .. ___ .... __ .. _ .. _ .. __ ...... __ .. 73052 35 102 48.1 8075 11.1 3 353 4.6 242 .3 25970 35.6 310 .4 State .... ___ .. _____ .. ____ ...... __ .... 31 640 8 031 25.4 4982 15.7 830 2.6 203 .6 17394 55.0 200 .6 Local, total_ .... __ .. _____ .. ____ .... 41 412 27 071 65.4 3 093 7.5 2523 6.1 39 .1 8576 20.7 110 .3 Counties ______ .. _ .. ____ .. ___ 19394 11 972 61.7 1 928 9.9 1 180 6.1 39 .2 4205 21.7 70 .4 Municipalities __ ...... ___ .. _ .. __ 22019 15 099 68.6 1 165 5.3 1 342 6.1 - - 4371 19.9 41 .2 

See footnotes at end of table. 

34 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 8. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls by State and type of government, 

October 1988-con. 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection Judicial Legal selVices and Public dafense Corrections Other justice prosecution 

State and type of government' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent system. of total of total of total of total of total of total October October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system 

Washington ___________________ State _______________________ 54284 26929 49.6 6348 11.7 4431 8.2 235 .4 16326 30.1 15 - Local, total __________________ 18594 4912 26.4 1 404 7.6 1 483 8.0 - - 10794 58.1 - - 35690 22017 61.7 4 944 13.9 2948 8.3 235 .7 5532 15.5 15 - Counties _________________ 18679 6820 36.5 4067 21.9 2214 11.9 233 1.2 5316 28.5 9 - Municipalities _____________ 17012 15 197 89.3 857 5.0 734 4.3 1 - 216 1.3 6 - West State Vlrglnla _______________________ __________________ 9927 5255 52.9 1 851 18.6 737 7.4 19 .2 2065 20.8 - - 4593 1 718 37.4 1 250 27.2 189 4.1 19 .4 1 416 30.8 - - Local, total __________________ 5334 3537 66.3 601 11.3 547 10.3 - - 649 12.2 - - Counties _________________ 2774 1 082 39.0 545 19.6 498 18.0 - - 649 23.4 - - Municipalities _____________ 2560 2455 95.9 56 2.2 50 2.0 - - - - - - Wisconsin _____________________ 52436 29873 57.0 5902 11.3 3207 6.1 989 1.9 12330 23.5 134 .3 State _______________________ 15463 2778 18.0 2222 14.4 731 4.7 987 6.4 8620 55.7 126 .8 Local, total __________________ Counties 36972 27095 73.3 3681 10.0 2476 6.7 2 - 3710 10.0 9 - _________________ 16204 7116 43.9 3402 21.0 1 980 12.2 2 - 3701 22.8 4 - Municipalities _____________ 20768 19979 96.2 279 1.3 496 2.4 - - 10 - 4 - Wyoming _____________________ State _______________________ 5684 3061 53.9 821 14.4 350 6.2 64 1.1 1 259 22.1 129 2.3 2170 526 24.2 483 22.3 108 5.0 64 2.9 860 39.6 129 5.9 Local, total __________________ 

Counties 3514 2535 72.1 338 9.6 242 6.9 - - 399 11.4 - - _________________ 1 773 925 52.2 255 14.4 195 11.0 - - 399 22.5 - - Municipalities _____________ 1 741 1 609 92.4 84 4.8 48 2.8 - - - - - -

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 35 
Table 9_ Per capita justice expenditure of State and local 'governments by State, fiscal year 

1988 

[Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Per capita justice expenditure, fiscal 1988 

State' Population, 1988' Total justice Police Legal services 

(thousands) system protection Judicial and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Tolal __________________________ 245 807 217.72 99.27 26.28 13.33 4.12 73.16 1.56 

Alabama _______________________________ 4 102 136.92 62.82 22.05 7.38 1.51 42.11 1.05 

Alaska 524 540.53 222.75 67.59 81.88 12.47 155.84 

Arizona ===:============:=== :=:=:::=:=== 3 489 275.64 121.30 31.57 20.27 6.77 95.37 .36 Arkansas ______________________________ 2 395 97.32 47.37 12.08 5.48 .73 29.65 ?'.01 California ______________________________ 28314 315.73 128.93 34.33 21.61 8.47 119.89 2.51 

Colorado ______________________________ 3301 212.38 101.78 23.10 17.59 5.07 64.40 .45 Connecticut ________ .. ___________________ 3233 214.06 115.38 27.95 15.28 3.17 51.37 .91 Delaware ______________________________ 660 239.44 106.22 40.37 10.48 3.29 75.97 3.11 District of Columbia _____________________ 617 858.82 314.24 98.47 20.98 32.38 389.14 3.63 Florida ________________________________ 12335 227.83 109.34 26.31 12.75 5.65 70.67 3.11 

~::~::-:=::::===:===::======:======:=: 6342 187.20 78.93 25.01 7.90 1.33 72.67 1.36 

1 098 246.85 105.37 42.21 26.59 4.10 65.56 3.02 Idaho _________________________________ 1 003 132.32 62.14 22.20 10.95 2.75 33.83 .45 Illinois _________________________________ 11 614 201.48 115.03 20.45 11.03 2.49 51.29 1.18 Indiana ________________________________ 5556 123.88 60.71 15.05 6.90 1.13 39.66 .43 

Iowa __________________________________ 

Kansas 2834 124.79 60.88 17.38 9.16 4.76 32.53 .08 ________________________________ 2495 161.95 76.81 20.09 11.10 1.53 51.90 .53 KentuckY ______________________________ 3 727 133.17 54.34 18.70 ,8.55 1.60 48.96 1.04 Louisiana ______________________________ Maine 4408 169.61 76.49 25.90 8.70 .67 57.26 .57 _________________________________ 1 205 140.63 70.40 16.05 8.30 1.18 43.99 .72 

Maryland ______________________________ 4 622 236.09 101.53 27.80 10.33 4.12 90.41 1.89 Massachusett~ _________________________ 5 889 246.04 121.00 33.46 15.47 6.39 68.33 1.40 Michigan _______________________________ 9240 230.73 99.41 33.19 11.55 2.97 83.43 .19 

~l~~i~~~~i ============================= 

4 307 170.77 79.87 22.36 15.14 3.97 49.23 .21 

2620 100.46 51.54 14.82 5.21 .53 28.20 .16 

Missouri _______________________________ 

Montana 5 141 161.27 82.45 21.33 7.76 1.70 47.77 .27 _______________________________ 805 129.76 62.14 15.67 10.05 2.17 36.01 3.71 Nebraska ______________________________ Nevada 1 602 134.98 68.65 17.94 9.55 1.83 36.36 .65 ________________________________ 1 054 314.64 119.15 32.27 21.25 5.80 136.12 .04 New Hampshire ________________________ 1 085 156.94 84.01 22.37 10.11 4.37 36.03 .05 

New Jersey ____________________________ 7721 274.26 134.47 29.17 21.84 5.82 82.71 .25 New Mexico ___________________________ 1 507 192.67 86.57 18.60 13.95 3.66 69.19 .71 New York ______________________________ 17 909 398.96 181.99 41.80 22.69 8.42 139.34 4.71 North Carolina _________________________ 6 489 160.58 75.69 15.92 6.77 .70 59.41 2.09 North Dakota __________________________ 667 106.40 51.73 20.60 12.18 1.63 20.24 .02 

Ohio __________________________________ 10855 166.70 72.99 22.88 9.83 2.28 58.35 .36 Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 3 242 136.31 64.71 13.07 12.05 .68 45.79 ________________________________ 2767 214.23 84.32 35.14 18.85 9.53 63.18 3.22 

~~~d~:~f~~d=========================== 12 001 159.88 75.25 25.99 8.25 2.33 47.48 .59 

993 195.23 105.23 25.89 15.18 2.67 46.03 .23 

South Carolina _________________________ 3470 159.50 67.31 14.15 4.72 1.06 71.06 1.21 South Dakota __________________________ 713 115.93 58.43 15.04 10.65 1.80 30.00 ,01 Tennessee _____________________________ 4 895 154.50 68.12 19.69 6.99 2.15 57.45 .11 Texas _________________________________ Utah 16841 174.50 78.00 21.53 10.89 2.00 59.25 2.83 __________________________________ 1 690 166.97 80.10 20.68 12.66 1.49 50.64 1.40 

Vermont _______________________________ 557 150.64 69.38 19.17 11.88 5.28 43.94 .99 Virginia ________________________________ 

Washington 6015 198.72 87.70 24.50 8.00 2.53 74.58 1.41 ____________________________ 4648 190.92 85.54 23.26 13.45 4.63 63.88 .15 

~~~~~~i~n~:=========================== 1 876 89.51 43.02 16.51 5.61 1.85 22.18 .34 

Wyoming 4855 178.00 92.95 22.3~ 11.12 4.85 46.23 .53 ______________________________ 479 205.49 99.18 27.46 14.32 3.32 53.92 7.30 

'Local government portion of these data aro estimates subject to sampling variahility; see text for details. 

'Estimated population of States as of July 1 is from the Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 998, March 1988. 

36 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 10. Total justice system expenditure of State governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may no' add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State' Capital outlay 1------,------,------,------.., Intergovernmental 

Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land expendilure 

TotaL ________________________ _ 

Alabama ______________________________ _ Alaska _______________________________ _ 

Arizona _______________________________ _ Arkansas _____________________________ _ 

California _____________________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ 

ConnecticuL ___________________ ~ _____ _ Delaware _____________________________ _ Florida _______________________________ _ Georgia ______________________________ _ 

Hawaii ________________________________ _ Idaho ________________________________ _ 

Illinois ________________________________ _ 

Indiana _______________________________ _ Iowa _________________________________ _ 

Kanclas _____________________________ _ 

~;~i~;~~ Maine ________________________________ =======================:====== _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ 

Massachusetts ________________________ _ Michigan ______________________________ _ 

Montana ~l~~~~~~~==:=:====:::==:====:===:=:=:= ______________________________ _ Nebraska _____________________________ _ Nevada _______________________________ _ 

New Hampshire _______________________ _ New Jersey ___________________________ _ 

New Mexico __________________________ _ New York _____________________________ _ 

North Carolina ________________________ _ North Dakota _________________________ _ Ohio _________________________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ Oregon _______________________________ _ 

Pennsylvanla _______ .• __________________ _ Rhode Island __________________________ _ 

South Carolina ________________________ _ 

South Dakota _________________________ _ Tennessee ____________________________ _ Texas ________________________________ _ Utah _________________________________ _ 

Vermont ______________________________ _ 

Virginia _______________________________ _ 

Washinqton ___________________________ _ 

~~~~~~.~~~:=:::====:====:=:======::== Wyoming _____________________________ _ 

Total 

22 120 161 

274627 

216318 

376 515 100 438 3 202 781 

254 952 385 257 113434 

987 740 501 333 

145 423 51 034 788 016 288 258 196981 

184 354 350 271 338 404 32523 

621 839 

810681 

944 491 213 799 116 028 350 873 

45782 

87493 

127 659 77 643 891 207 

159751 2 699 503 631 913 

29270 

700 863 

239 990 303 315 641 965 107 748 328 674 

43457 

357 656 961 824 139 923 60687 

816431 

331 713 85003 

299 957 44356 

Total 

20 227 727 

266 188 209 022 347 356 

96036 2 802 210 

253 258 383 819 112037 

982 732 470 766 

141 679 49784 

750 095 

279 167 176 440 

178 462 300 649 

297 331 90529 

535 597 

749 181 887 509 

193517 

112 238 334 058 

45205 

86868 

126 300 76215 

800 467 

155 864 2445 360 618 534 28942 

656 492 

231 415 276 425 578910 

102 745 324 483 

43 193 

298 500 87r 276 136 932 60682 

538 258 327311 

85000 

261 310 43637 

18 067 641 

255 188 201 358 314091 

92733 2267 759 

226 318 357 467 107 553 894 980 

398 230 

127 762 43040 

690 902 245 041 173251 

163 935 

259 922 

292 013 82077 

497 136 

698611 

828 424 185 110 106096 

280 373 

42457 

82006 

90301 

68922 

737 066 

150 854 2 197 679 527 433 28407 

495 845 

220 696 264 755 523731 

99728 

257 612 

41 148 273 858 825 380 123 514 57 195 

499302 

302 308 79347 

247 100 41 628 

2 160 087 

11 000 7665 

33 265 3303 

534 451 

26940 

26052 

4485 

87752 

72557 

13917 

6744 

59 193 34 12; 3 189 

14547 

40728 

5318 

8452 

38461 

50 571 59085 

8407 

6 142 53 685 

2748 

4862 

35 999 7293 

63401 

5010 

247 682 91 101 

535 160 647 

10719 

11 670 55179 

3017 

66872 

2045 

24642 

53896 

13 417 3487 

38957 

25003 

5653 

14209 

2009 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

526 532 

4437 

2077 

11 934 

1 909 77 795 

5644 

5366 

3504 

23 159 15460 

6893 

2405 

16916 

15846 

2958 

5050 

9419 

3833 

4298 

11 759 

7948 

16286 

7 106 4030 

12946 

1 829 4254 

3 683 3221 

i6992 

2796 

40037 

24134 417 14770 

8103 

7158 

17 081 

1 133 13651 

1 564 3835 

35586 

4589 

2727 

21 015 9 109 2536 

6452 

884 

1 574 686 

6493 

5468 

21 331 1 3S1 444 736 

21 296 20686 977 64593 

56899 

6938 

4 339 42 199 11 061 

231 

9422 

31 204 1 355 

4 146 26702 

42623 

42799 

1 301 2112 

40739 

919 

608 32316 

4072 

46409 

2 194 207 645 66963 117 113296 

2616 

4512 

38098 

1 884 53221 

481 20807 

13 147 8828 

760 

16862 

15894 

3 117 7751 

1 125 

58869 

70 

120 

11 920 

4 

198 

86 

78 7220 

75 

105 

130 e 

20 

4 

1 32581 

5 163 

1 080 

6 

1 892 434 

8439 

7296 

29159 

4402 

400 571 

1 694 1 737 

1 397 5008 

30552 

3744 

1 250 37920 

9091 

20541 

5872 

49622 

41 073 

1 994 86242 

61 500 56982 

20282 

3 790 16815 

577 

625 1 359 

j 428 90740 

3887 

254 143 13379 328 44371 

8575 

26890 

63055 

5003 

4191 

264 59156 

82548 

2991 5 

278 173 4403 3 38647 719 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 37 
Table 11. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols. see text] 

Total justice system Police protection JUdicial 

County1 Percent of total 

Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

Population.19882 expenditure Amount expenditure Amount justice system Amount justice system 

Total __________________________ 81 640 600 48 479 462 7 508 974 15 .. ~ 2 165 754 28.8 1 614 354 21.5 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________________ 679 100 214 082 31 502 14.7 12956 41.1 3462 11.0 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________________ 2 029 500 779 955 155 395 19.9 30629 19.7 38916 25.0 Pima _______________________________ 636 000 447 410 67440 15.1 18752 27.8 14240 21.1 

- CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________________ 1 241 100 895 922 216 185 24.1 21 042 9.7 43882 20.3 Contra Cosla ________________________ 765 200 575 960 84678 14.7 20465 24.2 18312 21.6 Fresno ______________________________ 614 800 572 634 91 302 15.9 17320 19.0 12910 14.1 Los Angeles _________________________ 8 587 800 7 107 153 1 257 960 17.7 326 985 26.0 324 568 25.8 Orange _____________________________ 2 257 000 1 265 035 238 606 18.9 49 753 20.9 64848 27.2 Riverside ____________________________ 985 100 754 966 131 127 17.4 35205 26.8 22049 16.8 Sacramento _________________________ 976 900 945 546 174351 18.4 44866 25.7 40970 23.5 San Bernardino ______________________ 1 292 500 1 039 185 152 320 14.7 51 882 34.1 36469 23.9 San Diego __________________________ 2 370 400 1 232 991 253 194 20.5 55881 22.1 57759 22.8 San Mateo __________________________ 628 300 387 917 74070 19.1 13538 18.3 17296 23.4 Santa Clara _________________________ 1 432000 1 307 171 222 483 17.0 23891 10.7 37 580 16.9 Ventura _____________________________ 647 300 405 255 79272 19.6 31 762 40.1 11 780 14.9 

FLORIDA Broward ____________________________ Dade 1 187 000 603 085 111 560 18.5 46908 42.0 16387 14.7 _______________________________ I 813 500 2 257 432 298 664 13.2 145621 48.8 55407 18.6 Hillsborough _________________________ 815 100 824 890 89851 10.9 38434 42.8 25269 28.1 

~~f~g8ea-ai=======================~= 611 500 456 985 55309 12.1 27495 49.7 8960 16.2 818 500 657 859 68933 10.5 33 147 48.1 12251 17.8 Pinellas _____________________________ 821 000 351 862 64971 18.5 26249 40.4 14499 22.3 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________________ 640 800 491 867 74824 15.2 7871 10.5 17824 23.8 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________________ Du Page 5 284 300 1 049 457 280 412 26.7 31 247 11.1 90076 32.1 ____________________________ 760 800 142 442 28 197 19.8 7996 28.4 5887 20.9 

INDIANA-Lake ________________________ 487 900 119917 20428 17.0 5427 26.6 5914 29.0 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson _________________ 675 800 257 112 36469 14.2 15854 43.5 2480 6.8 

MARYLAND Baltimore ___________________________ Montgomery 689 300 1 006 159 73612 7.3 57075 77.5 5747 7.8 _________________________ 704 900 1 457 021 67752 4.7 48491 71.6 6043 8.9 Prince Georges ______________________ 701 000 1 047 980 83513 8.0 50 122 60.0 12153 14.6 

MASSACHUSETTS Essex ______________________________ 654 200 29904 7486 25.0 - - 2590 34.6 Middlesex ___________________________ 1 373 600 71 185 23545 33.1 - - 10021 42.6 Norfolk _____________________________ Worcester 610 200 43588 7 092 16.3 .- - 1 932 27.2 ___________________________ 675 400 36470 11 568 31.7 - - 2633 22.8 

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________________ Oakland 706 900 170 136 36381 21.4 5 111 14.0 12731 35.0 ____________________________ Wayne 1 052 500 341 693 74847 21.9 14 955 20.0 17565 23.5 ______________________________ 2 122 800 684 849 125 262 18.3 11 623 9.3 36433 29.1 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________________ 1 008 800 677 018 77516 11.4 10998 14.2 19717 25.4 

MISSOURI Jackson ____________________________ SI. Louis 644 700 102221 213 278 25.7 3 167 12.1 7496 28.5 ____________________________ 1 008 800 342 523 62790 15.4 29304 55.5 8782 16.6 

NEVADA -Clark ________________________ 631 300 688 830 100 708 14.6 52626 52.3 13551 13.5 

NEW Bergen JERSEY _____________________________ 829 500 321 923 40711 12.6 8524 20.9 7767 19.1 Essex ______________________________ 

Hudson 838 900 532 471 86244 16.2 11 532 13.4 18 758 21.7 _____________________________ Middlesex 542 2(;0 242595 35901 14.8 5618 15.6 7118 19.8 ___________________________ 651 700 287 165 40029 13.9 5142 12.8 8579 21.4 Monmouth __________________________ Union 558 800 251 206 28213 11.2 3214 11.4 5005 17.7 _______________________________ 499 900 233 520 35766 15.3 3246 9.1 9729 27.2 

NEW Erie YORK ________________________________ 

Monroe 958 700 922 928 52637 5.7 13720 26.1 2697 5.1 _____________________________ Nassau 700 300 737 057 56667 7.7 15059 26.6 7481 13.2 _____________________________ 

Suffolk I 318 100 1 543 087 321 644 20.8 217 760 67.7 775 .2 ______________________________ 

Westchester 1 320 800 1 179914 255 325 21.6 181 797 71.2 2571 1.0 _________________________ 864 800 885 078 84702 9.6 10621 12.5 2381 2.8 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________________ Franklin 1 430 800 813 907 86952 10.7 9566 11.0 36595 42.1 _____________________________ 

Hamilton 938 100 303 851 43410 14.3 5936 13.7 11 667 26.9 ____________________________ 874 000 331 681 63961 19.3 12 086 18.9 20 755 32.4 

~~~~H~~::========================= 574 700 294 799 35 409 12.0 8080 22.8 10 571 29.9 514 000 206 306 27 124 13.1 2694 9.9 10 341 38.1 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________________ 613 600 139 437 17778 12.7 2434 13.7 9273 52.2 

OREGON-Multnomah __________________ 563 700 178613 39789 22.3 8261 20.8 1 819 4.6 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________________ 

Delaware 1 354 300 542 219 70290 13.0 12 732 18.1 28345 40.3 ___________________________ 

Montgomery 556 900 189 529 29 149 15.4 1 839 6.3 12591 43.2 _________________________ 687 500 210 304 32863 15.6 1 638 5.0 11 524 35.1 

See footnotes at end of table. 

38 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
:ntergovernmental) of 72 large county governments, fiscal year 1986 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

County' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

680 888 9.1 311 748 4.2 2 669 081 35.5 67 149 .9 Total 

1 450 4.6 - - 12770 40.5 864 2.7 ALABAMA-Jefferson 

ARIZONA 

14882 9.6 7274 4.7 63694 41.0 - - Maricopa 

7178 10.6 6508 9.7 20762 30.8 - - Pima 

CALIFORNIA 

22912 10.6 13758 6.4 114591 53.0 - - Alameda 

11 735 13.9 5793 6.8 27739 32.8 634 .7 Contra Costa 

10767 11.8 3361 3.7 46944 51.4 - - Fresno 

113402 9.0 69631 5.5 420 694 33.4 2680 .2 Los Angeles 

28 165 11.8 19539 8.2 76301 32.0 - - Orange 

14678 11.2 8 176 6.2 48899 37.3 2 120 1.6 Riverside 

20726 11.9 9635 5.5 58 154 33.4 - - Sacramento 

14204 9.3 4583 3.0 45 182 29.7 - - San Bernardino 

29914 11.8 23031 9.1 86104 34.0 505 .2 San Diego 

7003 9.5 - - 36233 48.9 - - San Mateo 

25 198 11.3 9399 4.2 125 093 56.2 1 322 .6 Santa Clara 

11 239 14.2 3862 4.9 20629 26.0 - - Ventura 

FLORIDA 

3298 3.0 ,2245 2.0 41 898 37.6 824 .7 Broward 

6726 2.3 9138 3.1 73338 24.6 8434 2.8 Dade 

2505 2.8 688 .8 22529 25.1 426 .5 Hillsborough 

2204 4.0 114 .2 16536 29.9 - - Orange 

1 821 2.6 1 189 1.7 19487 28.3 1 038 1.5 Palm Beach 

1 058 1.6 468 .7 21 091 32.5 1 606 2.5 Pinellas 

4457 6.0 840 1.1 43224 57.8 608 .8 GEORGIA-Fulton 

ILLINOIS 

38362 13.7 17635 6.3 96881 34.5 6211 2.2 Cook 

2938 10.4 808 2.9 10568 37.5 - - Du Page 

2586 12.7 554 2.7 5947 29.1 - - INDIANA-Lake 

2655 7.3 385 1.1 14892 40.8 203 .6 KENTUCKY -Jefferson 

MARYLAND 

3522 4.8 - - 6056 8.2 1 212 1.6 Baltimore 

4704 6.9 - - 8514 12.6 - - Montgomery 

5403 6.5 - - 15835 19.0 - - Prince Georges 

MASSACHUSETTS 

- - - - 4896 65.4 - - Essex 

- - - - 13524 57.4 - - Middlesex 

20 .3 - - 5140 72.5 - - NorfolK 

- - - - 8935 77.2 - - Worcester 

MICHIGAN 

3655 10.0 1 269 3.5 13615 37.4 - - Macomb 6115 8.2 2672 3.6 33 540 44.8 - - Oakland 

10537 8.4 11 913 9.5 54756 43.7 - - Wayne 

8341 10.8 4848 6.3 33612 43.4 - - MINNESOTA-Hennepin 

MISSOURI 

3268 12.4 112 .4 12235 46.6 - - Jackson 

4186 7.9 - - 10518 19.9 - - SI. Louis 

6931 6.9 2514 2.5 25086 24.9 - - NEVADA-Clark 

NEW JERSEY 

7663 18.8 - - 16757 41.2 - - Bergen 

13425 15.6 25 - 42130 48.8 374 .4 Essex 

8 153 22.7 8 - 15004 41.8 - - Hudson 

6731 16.8 57 .1 19476 48.7 44 .1 Middlesex 

6523 23.1 6 - 13465 47.7 - - Monrnouth 

7188 20.1 - - 15463 43.2 140 .4 Union 

NEW YORK 

7367 14.0 3500 6.6 24853 47.2 500 .9 Erie 

6251 11.0 2975 5.2 24901 43.9 - - Monroe 19243 6.0 4201 1.3 77 503 24.1 2162 .7 Nassau 

16099 6.3 3820 1.5 50 767 19.9 271 .1 Suffolk 

12267 14.5 4749 5.6 54563 64.4 121 .1 Westchester 

,. OHIO 

6022 6.9 4385 5.0 30384 34.9 - - Cuyahoga 

5365 12.4 2653 6.1 17789 41.0 - - Franklin 

2685 4.2 2 146 3.4 26289 41.1 - - Hamilton 

4070 11.5 1 264 3.6 11 424 32.3 - - Montgomery 

2510 9.3 153 .6 11 426 42.1 - - Summit 

281 1.6 1 013 5.7 4777 26.9 - - OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma 

6281 15.8 - - 17833 44.8 5595 14.1 OREGON-Multnomah 

PENNSYLVANIA 

6303 9.0 2111 3.0 20799 29.6 - - Allegheny 

2227 7.6 909 3.1 11 583 39.7 - - Delaware 2969 9.0 1 052 3.2 15680 47.7 - - Montgomery 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 39 
Table 11. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system 

County' Percent of total 

Total general general Population,1988· expenditure Amount expenditure 

TENNESSEE-Shelby __________________ 819 800 648 854 68 164 10.5 

TEXAS Bexar _______________________________ 1 211 700 321 988 69644 21.6 Dallas ______________________________ EI Paso 1 854 700 482491 116139 24.1 _____________________________ Harris 585 900 115798 26164 22.6 _______________________________ 2 786 700 1 270 396 205 435 16.2 Tarrant _____________________________ 1 128 600 257 718 60511 23.5 

UTAH-Salt Lake _______________________ 720 000 223 628 32471 14.5 

VIRGINIA-Fairfax ______________________ 770 200 1 596 646 88818 5.6 

WASHINGTON King ________________________________ Pierce 1 438 900 527 776 103301 19.6 ______________________________ 559 100 141 840 40441 28.5 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________________ 930 100 701 070 85 469 12.2 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

·Population as of July 1, 1988, from Bureau of the Census estimates. 

40 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Police protection 

Percent of total 

Amount lustice system 

14613 21.4 

6882 9.9 15005 12.9 5965 22.8 

21 502 10.5 6158 10.2 

14 152 43.6 

53804 60.6 

33 132 32.1 13 489 33.4 

14905 17.4 

Judicial 

Percent of total 

Amount justice system 

23537 34.5 

10907 15.7 34657 29.8 5421 20.7 62839 30.6 19647 32.5 

5619 17.3 

14592 16.4 

21 279 20.6 7706 19.1 

24419 28.6 
intergovernmental) of 72 large county governments, fiscal year 1988-con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

County' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

1 706 2.5 1 498 2.2 26810 39.3 - - TENNESSEE-Shelby 

TEXAS 

5716 8.2 1 744 2.5 43645 62.7 750 1.1 Bexar 

8617 7.4 7 105 6.1 50755 43.7 - - DaUas 

2 109 8.1 258 1.0 12411 47.4 - - EI Paso 

19814 9.6 11 081 5.4 63276 30.8 26923 13.1 Harris 

6920 11.4 - - 26204 43.3 1 582 2.6 Tarrant 

4 911 15.1 1 462 4.5 6327 19.5 - - UTAH-Salt Lake 

3312 3.7 - - 17 110 19.3 - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax 

WASHINGTON 

8550 8.3 9146 8.9 31 194 30.2 - - King 

3548 8.B 1 680 4.2 14018 34.7 - - Pierce 

7317 B.6 805 .9 38023 44.5 - - WISCONSIN-Milwaukee 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 41 
Table 12. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure of 72 large county 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

County' Percent of total 

Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

Population,1988' expenditure Amount expenditure Amount justice system Amount justice system 

Total __________________________ 81 640 600 46 311 909 7 440 095 16.1 2 161 148 29.0 1 597 633 21.5 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________________ 679 100 197 990 31 502 15.9 12956 41.1 3462 11.0 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________________ 2 029 500 744 979 155 395 20.9 30629 19.7 38916 25.0 Pima _______________________________ 636 000 428 638 67001 15.6 18313 27.3 14240 21.3 

CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________________ 1 241 100 894 622 216185 .J2 21 042 9.7 43882 20.3 Contra Costa ________________________ 765 200 574 498 84678 < •• 7 20465 24.2 18312 21.6 Fresno ______________________________ 614 800 570 743 91 302 T"; 17320 19.0 12910 14.1 Los Angeles _________________________ 8 587 800 7 056 934 1 256 239 1ta 326 985 26.0 324 568 25.8 

~r:.::.~~e============================ 2 257 000 1 201 557 237 793 19.8 48 940 20.6 64848 27.3 

985 100 733 812 131 127 17.9 35205 26.8 22049 16.8 Sacramento _________________________ 976 900 933 323 171 017 18.3 44866 26.2 40970 24.0 San Bernardino ______________________ 1 292 500 1 031 066 152291 14.8 51 882 34.1 36469 23.9 San Diego __________________________ 2 370 400 1 219 124 253 194 20.8 55881 22.1 57759 22.8 San Mateo __________________________ 628 300 383 744 74070 19.3 13538 18.3 17296 23.4 Santa Clara _________________________ 1 432 000 1 301 905 222 483 17.1 23891 10.7 37 580 16.9 Ventura _____________________________ 647 300 404 905 79272 19.6 31 762 40.1 11 780 14.9 

FLORIDA Broward ____________________________ Dade 1 187 000 593 536 111 531 18.8 46908 42.1 16387 14.7 _______________________________ 1 813 500 2 253 514 298 664 13.3 145621 48.8 55407 18.6 Hillsborough _________________________ 815 100 815610 89818 11.0 38 434 42.8 25269 28.1 Orange _____________________________ 611 500 451 700 55309 12.2 27495 49.7 8 960 16.2 Palm Beach _________________________ 818 500 654 279 68908 10.5 33 147 48.1 12226 17.7 Pinellas _____________________________ 821 000 337 363 64971 19.3 26249 40.4 14499 22.3 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________________ 640 800 286321 74794 26.1 7871 10.5 17794 23.8 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________________ 5 284 300 1 023 441 280 412 27.4 31 247 11.1 90076 32.1 Du Page ____________________________ 760 800 140912 28 197 20.0 7996 28.4 5887 20.9 

INDIANA-Lake ________________________ 487 900 114286 20075 17.6 5427 27.0 5914 29.5 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson _________________ 675 800 250 570 36469 14.6 15854 43.5 2480 6.8 

MARYLAND Baltimore ___________________________ 689 300 979 145 73612 7.5 57075 77.5 5747 7.8 Montgomery _________________________ 704 900 1 382 992 67608 4.9 48347 71.5 6043 8.9 Prince Georges ______________________ 701 000 997 538 83513 8.4 50122 60.0 12 153 14.6 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex ______________________________ 654 200 29904 7486 25.0 - - 2590 34.6 Middlesex ___________________________ 1 373 600 71 185 23545 33.1 - - 10021 42.6 Norfolk _____________________________ 610 200 43588 7092 16.3 - - 1 932 27.2 Worcester ___________________________ 675 400 36395 11 568 31.8 - - 2633 22.8 

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________________ 706 900 158185 36381 23.0 5 111 14.0 12731 35.0 Oakland ____________________________ Wayne 1 052 500 335 625 73394 21.9 14955 20.4 16112 22.0 ______________________________ 2 122 800 646 180 100 591 15.6 11 623 11.6 28041 27.9 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________________ 1 008 800 652 655 77 374 11.9 10861 14.0 19717 25.5 

MISSOURI Jackson ____________________________ 644 700 102 066 26278 25.7 3 167 12.1 7496 28.5 SI. Louis ____________________________ 1 008 800 234 777 52779 22.5 29304 55.5 8775 16.6 

NEVADA-Clark ________________________ 631 300 685 479 100 708 14.7 52626 52.3 13551 13.5 

NEW JERSEY Bergen _____________________________ 829 500 309 080 40711 13.2 8524 20.9 7767 19.1 Essex ______________________________ 838 900 512 268 86244 16.8 11 532 13.4 18758 21.7 Hudson _____________________________ 542 200 220 577 35901 16.3 5618 15.6 7 118 19.8 Middlesex ___________________________ 651 700 275 245 40029 14.5 5 142 12.8 8579 21.4 Monmouth __________________________ 558 800 236 701 28213 11.9 3214 11.4 5005 17.7 Union _______________________________ 499 900 219179 35766 16.3 3246 9.1 9729 27.2 

NEW YORK Erie ________________________________ Monroe 958 700 714 773 51 194 7.2 13720 26.8 2697 5.3 _____________________________ Nassau 700 300 608 503 54 986 9.0 15 059 27.4 7481 13.6 _____________________________ 1 318 100 1 401 474 319 046 22.8 217 760 68.3 770 .2 Suffolk _______________ . ______________ 1 320 800 1 096 201 253 462 23.1 181 797 71.7 2571 1.0 Westchester _________________________ 864 800 776 055 84702 10.9 10621 12.5 2381 2.8 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________________ 1 430 800 807 241 84080 10.4 9566 11.4 35288 42.0 Franklin _____________________________ 938 100 295 151 43371 14.7 5 936 13.7 11 628 26.8 Hamilton ____________________________ 874 000 288 605 61 729 21.4 9 854 16.0 20755 33.6 

~~~~?t~=?:========================= 574 700 282 096 34670 12.3 8080 23.3 10021 28.9 

514 000 199 355 27124 13.6 2694 9.9 10341 38.1 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________________ 613 600 124 634 12865 10.3 2434 18.9 4360 33.9 

OREGON-Multnomah __________________ 563 700 175 405 38 442 21.9 7 997 20.8 1 819 4.7 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________________ 1 354 300 506 991 70290 13.9 12732 18.1 28345 40.3 Delaware ___________________________ 556 900 180361 28523 15.8 1 839 6.4 12591 44.1 Montgomery _________________________ 687 500 197 553 30078 15.2 1 638 5.4 11 524 38.3 

See footnotes at end of table. 

42 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
governments, fiscal year 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

County' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

680 888 9.2 311 559 4.2 2 622 801 35.3 66066 .9 Total 

1 450 4.6 - - 12770 40.5 864 2.7 ALABAMA-Jefferson 

ARIZONA 

14882 9.6 7274 4.7 63694 41.0 - - Maricopa 

7178 10.7 6508 9.7 20762 31.0 - - Pima 

CALIFORNIA 

22912 10.6 13758 6.4 114591 53.0 - - Alameda 

11 735 13.9 5793 6.8 27739 32.8 634 .7 Contra Costa 

10767 11.8 3361 3.7 46944 51.4 - - Fresno 

113402 9.0 69631 5.5 418 973 33.4 2680 .2 Los Angeles 

28 165 11.8 19539 8.2 76301 32.1 - - Orange 

14678 11.2 8 176 6.2 48899 37.3 2 120 1.6 Riverside 

20726 12.1 9 635 5.6 54820 32.1 - - Sacramento 

14204 9.3 4583 3.0 45 153 29.6 - - San Bernardino 

29914 11.8 23031 9.1 86104 34.0 505 .2 San Diego 

7003 9.5 - - 36233 48.9 - - San Mateo 

25198 11.3 9399 4.2 125 093 56.2 1 322 .6 Santa Clara 

11 239 14.2 3862 4.9 20629 26.0 - - Ventura 

FLORIDA 

3298 3.0 2245 2.0 41 869 37.5 824 .7 Broward 

6726 2.3 9 138 3.1 73338 24.6 8434 2.8 Dade 

2505 2.8 688 .8 22496 25.0 426 .5 Hillsborough 

2204 4.0 114 .2 16536 29.9 - - Orange 

1 821 2.6 1 189 1.7 19487 28.3 1 038 1.5 Palm Beach 

1 058 1.6 468 .7 21 091 32.5 1 606 2.5 Pinellas 

4457 6.0 840 1.1 43224 57.8 608 .8 GEORGIA-Fulton 

ILLINOIS 

38362 13.7 17635 6.3 96 881 34.5 6211 2.2 Cook 

2938 10.4 808 2.9 10568 37.5 - - Du Page 

2586 12.9 554 2.8 5594 27.9 - - INDIANA-Lake 

2655 7.3 385 1.1 14892 40.8 203 .6 KENTUCKY -Jefferson 

MARYLAND 

3522 4.8 - - 6056 8.2 1 212 1.6 Baltimore 

4704 7.0 - - 8514 12.6 - - Montgomery 

5403 6.5 - - 15835 19.0 - - Prince Georges 

MASSACHUSETIS 

- - - - 4 896 65.4 - - Essex 

- - - - 13524 57.4 - - Middlesex 

20 .3 - - 5 140 72.5 - - Norfolk 

- - - - 8935 77.2 - - Worcester .-

MICHIGAN 

3655 10.0 1 269 3.5 13615 37.4 - - Macomb 6 115 8.3 2672 3.6 33540 45.7 - - Oakland 10537 10.5 11 913 11.8 38477 38.3 - - Wayne 

8341 10.8 4848 6.3 33607 43.4 - - MINNESOTA-Hennepin 

MISSOURI 

3268 12.4 112 .4 12235 46.6 - - Jackson 4 186 7.9 - - 10514 19.9 - - SI. Louis 

6931 6.9 2514 2.5 25086 24.9 - - NEVADA-Clark 

NEW JERSEY 7663 18.8 - - 16757 41.2 - - Bergen 13425 15.6 25 - 42 130 48.8 374 .4 Essex 8 153 22.7 8 - 15004 41.8 - - Hudson 6731 16.8 57 .1 19476 48.7 44 .1 Middlesex 6523 23.1 6 - 13465 477 - - Monmouth 7 188 20.1 - - 15463 43.2 140 .4 Union 

NEW YORK 7367 14.4 3500 6.8 ~3 410 45.7 500 1.0 Erie 6251 11.4 2975 5.4 23220 42.2 - - Monroe 19243 6.0 4201 1.3 74910 23.5 2 '162 .7 Nassau 16099 6.4 3820 1.5 48904 19.3 271 .1 Suffolk 12267 14.5 4749 5.6 54563 64.4 121 .1 Westchester 

OHIO 6022 7.2 4385 5.2 28819 34.3 - - Cuyahoga 5 365 12.4 2653 6.1 17 789 41.0 - - Franklin 2685 4.3 2146 3.5 26289 42.6 - - Hamilton 4070 11.7 1 075 3.1 11 424 33.0 - - Montgomery 2510 9.3 153 .6 11 426 42.1 - - Summit 

281 2.2 1 013 7.9 4777 37.1 - - OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma 

6281 16.3 - - 17833 46.4 4512 11.7 OREGON - Multnomah 

PENNSYLVANIA 6303 9.0 2111 3.0 20799 29.6 - - Allegheny 2227 7.8 909 3.2 10957 38.4 - - Delaware 2969 9.9 1 052 3.5 12895 42.9 - - Montgomery 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 43 
Table 12. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure of 72 large county 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system 

County' Percent of total 

Total general general 

Population.1988' expenditure Amount expenditure 

TENNESSEE-Shelby __________________ 819 800 452 520 67587 14.9 

TEXAS Bexar _______________________________ 1 211 700 316 239 69644 22.0 Dallas ______________________________ 1 854 700 482416 116 139 24.1 EI Paso _____________________________ 585 900 111 730 26164 23.4 Harris _______________________________ 2 786 700 1 270 396 205 435 16.2 Tarrant _____________________________ 1 128 600 257 718 60511 23.5 

UTAH-Salt Lake _______________________ 720 000 206 325 32471 15.7 

VIRG INIA-Fairfax ______________________ 770 200 1 581 239 88818 5.6 

WASHINGTON King ________________________________ 1 438 900 409 166 103301 25.2 Pierce ______________________________ 559 100 140716 40422 28.7 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________________ 930 100 700 910 73551 10.5 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

'Population as of July 1, 1988, from Bureau of the Census estimates. 

44 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Police protection Judicial 

Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system 

14036 20.8 23537 34.8 

6882 9.9 10907 15.7 15005 12.9 34657 29.8 5965 22.8 5421 20.7 

21 502 10.5 62839 30.6 

6 158 10.2 19647 32.5 

14 152 43.6 5619 17.3 

53804 60.6 14592 16.4 

33 132 32.1 21 279 20.6 13489 33.4 7706 19.1 

14905 20.3 24419 33.2 
governments, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

County' 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system Amount justice system 

1 706 2.5 1 498 2.2 26810 39.7 - - TENNESSEE-ShelbY 

TEXAS 5716 8.2 1 744 2.5 43645 62.7 750 1.1 Bexar 8617 7.4 7 105 6.1 50755 43.7 - - Dallas 2 109 8.1 258 1.0 12411 47.4 - - EI Paso 19814 9.6 11 081 5.4 63276 30.8 26923 13.1 Harris 6920 11.4 - - 26204 43.3 1 582 2.6 Tarrant 

4911 15.1 1 462 4.5 6327 19.5 - - UTAH-Salt Lake 

3312 3.7 - - 17 110 19.3 - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax 

WASHINGTON 8550 8.3 9146 8.9 31 194 30.2 - - King 3548 8.8 1 680 4.2 13999 34.6 - - Pierce 

7317 9.9 805 1.1 26105 35.5 - - WISCONSIN-Milwaukee 

I 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 45 
Table 13. Total justice system expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital oullay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

Total ___________________ 7 508 974 7 440095 6732 283 707 812 196 888 488 821 22103 68879 47242 21 637 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ____________ 31 502 31 502 22650 8852 2962 5887 3 - - - ARIZONA Maricopa _____________________ Pima _________________________ 155395 155 395 145795 9600 3182 6 418 - - - - 67440 67001 63 886 3 115 2151 964 - 439 439 - CALIFORNIA Alameda _____________________ 

Contra Costa _________________ 216 185 216185 164 956 51 229 1 675 49554 - - - - Fresno _______________________ 84678 84678 82336 2342 413 1 929 - - - - 91 302 91 302 67058 24244 190 21 402 2652 - - - Los Angeles __________________ 1 257 960 1 256 239 1 139 309 116930 95259 21 476 195 1 721 i 721 - Orange _______________________ 238 606 237793 217113 20680 2387 18293 - 813 - 813 Riverside _____________________ 

Sacramento __________________ 131 127 131 127 110413 20714 283 20431 - - - - 174351 171 017 144 574 26443 580 25863 - 3334 3334 - San Bernardino _______________ San Diego ____________________ 152 320 152291 134 079 18212 2990 4 750 10472 29 29 - San Mateo ___________________ 253 194 253 194 231 848 21 346 6672 14415 259 - - - Santa Clara ___________________ 74070 74070 67713 6357 238 6 119 - - - - Ventura ______________________ 222 483 222 483 164 699 57784 802 56982 - - - - 79272 79272 70527 8745 1 107 7638 - - - - FLORIDA Broward ______________________ 111 560 111 531 98235 13 296 3273 10023 - 29 - 29 Dade ________________________ 

Hillsborough __________________ 298 664 298 664 257 230 41 434 7727 33707 - - - - Orange 89851 89818 74772 15046 8212 6698 136 33 - 33 _______________________ 

Palm Beach __________________ 55309 55309 51 345 3964 2518 1 271 175 - - - 68933 68908 61 228 7680 4757 2919 4 25 - 25 PinQ!las ______________________ 64971 64971 56303 8668 3027 5641 - - - - GEORGIA-Fulton _______________ 74824 74794 46381 28413 898 27515 - 30 - 30 

ILLINOIS Cook ________________________ 

Du Page _____________________ 280 412 280 412 273 999 6413 4597 1 816 - - - - 28 197 28 197 25 108 3089 294 - 2795 - - - INDIANA-Lake _________________ 20428 20075 19981 94 94 - - 353 353 - KENTUCKY -Jefferson ___________ 36469 36469 36015 454 390 64 - - - -

MA"YLAND Baltimore _____________________ Montgomery 73612 73 612 72768 844 483 361 - - - - __________________ 67752 67608 67029 579 579 - - 144 - 144 Prince Georges _______________ 83513 83513 80411 3102 703 2399 - - - - MASSACHUSETIS Essex ________________________ 

Middlesex ____________________ 7486 7486 7300 186 64 122 - - - - Norfolk _______________________ 23545 23545 23545 - - - - - - - Worcester 7092 7092 6957 135 128 7 - - - - ____________________ 11 568 11 568 11 568 - - - - - - - MICHIGAN Macomb _____________________ 

Oakland 36381 36381 34227 2 154 547 1 607 - - - - ______________________ Wayne _______________________ 74847 73394 63492 9902 216 9686 - 1 453 1 453 - 125 262 100591 99498 1 093 729 364 - 24671 16279 8392 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin _________ 77 516 77 374 75417 1 957 1 098 859 - 142 142 -

MISSOURI Jackson ______________________ 

SI. Louis _____________________ 26278 26278 25613 665 410 255 - - - - 52790 52779 50833 1 946 1 288 623 35 11 - 11 

NEVADA-Clark _________________ 100 708 100 708 98 393 2315 2312 3 - - - -

NEW JERSEY Bergen _______________________ Essex ________________________ 40711 40711 39233 1 478 81 1 397 - - - - Hudson 86244 86244 85073 1 171 995 176 - - - - ______________________ 

Middlesex ____________________ 35901 35 901 34086 1 815 - 1 815 - - - - Monmouth ____________________ 40029 40029 38 509 1 520 210 1 310 - - - - Union ________________________ 28213 28213 27255 958 26 932 - - - - 35766 35766 32563 3203 410 2793 - - - - NEW Erie YORK __________________________ 

Monroe ______________________ 52637 51 194 47404 3790 1 217 2573 - 1 443 1 443 - Nassau ______________________ 56667 54 986 54 180 806 144 662 - 1 681 1 681 - Suffolk _______________________ 321 644 319 046 300 336 18710 5694 13016 - 2598 2598 - Westchester _________________ 255 325 253462 241 555 11 907 1 460 10447 - 1 863 1 863 - 84702 84702 73632 11 070 872 10 198 - - - - OHIO 

~~I~k~~g~_==================== 86952 84080 82738 1 342 451 891 - 2872 - 2872 

Hamilton 43410 43371 41 714 1 657 902 755 - 39 - 39 _____________________ 

Montgomery 63961 61 729 61 134 595 589 6 - 2232 - 2232 __________________ Summit 35409 34670 33789 881 770 111 - 739 1 738 ______________________ 27 124 27 124 21 157 5967 277 5579 111 - - -

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma _________ 17778 12865 10747 2118 207 911 1 000 4913 - 4913 

OREGON-Multnomah ___________ 39 789 38442 37290 1 152 431 721 - 1 347 - 1 347 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ____________________ 

Delaware 70290 70290 67898 2392 2376 16 - - - - _____________________ 

Montgomery __________________ 29 149 28523 27914 609 252 357 - 626 626 - 32863 30078 29632 446 314 132 - 2785 2785 - See footnotes at end of table. 

46 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 13. Total justice system expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

To State To local Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 68 164 67587 60884 6703 1 324 5379 - 577 577 - TEXAS Bexar ________________________ Dallas ________________________ 69644 69644 46965 22679 2056 20623 - - - - EI Paso ______________________ 116139 116 139 105 877 10262 1 400 8862 - - - - Harris ________________________ 26 164 26 164 22638 3526 468 3058 - - - - 205 435 205 435 197291 8 144 2900 4935 309 - - - Tarrant _______________________ 60511 60511 50282 10229 659 5613 3957 - - -

UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 32471 32471 32280 191 172 19 - - - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax _______________ 88818 88818 82665 6153 2250 3903 - - - - WASHINGTON King _________________________ 103301 103301 97711 5590 1 647 3 943 - - - - Pierce ________________________ 40441 40422 34 191 6231 424 5807 - 19 - 19 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 85469 73551 69056 4495 675 3820 - 11 918 11 918 -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 47 
Table 14. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding detail may net add to totals For meaning of symbols see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full-time equivalent Number of employees FUll-time equivalent 

employment employment 

County' Percent Percent 

of total of total 

justice Justice 

Full-time full-time full-time 

FUll-time equivalent Full-time equivalent Full-time equivalent 

Total only employment Total only Number employment Total only Number employment 

1 Total ______________ 181 583 173 117 177 514 52398 50 671 51 100 28.8 44 615 41 712 43581 24.6 

2 ALABAMA-Jefferson _______ 810 724 805 316 316 316 39.3 102 50 101 12.5 

ARIZONA 3 Maricopa ________________ 4931 4573 4666 661 652 656 14.1 1 281 1 020 1 071 23.0 

4 Pima ____________________ 2036 1 968 1 994 468 468 468 23.5 497 488 493 24.7 

CALIFORNIA 5 Alameda ________________ 3441 3 137 3315 437 435 436 13.2 889 842 868 26.2 

6 Contra Costa ____________ 1 837 1 624 1 759 313 307 313 17.8 392 371 376 21.4 

7 Fresno __________________ 1 778 1 776 1 777 452 452 452 25.4 290 288 289 16.3 

8 Los Angeles _____________ 23334 21 357 22310 7309 6306 6382 28.6 6228 5461 6215 27.9 

9 

~r:;,.~~e================ 5513 5227 5408 1 038 987 1 013 18.7 1 666 1 602 1 641 30.3 

10 2933 2765 2875 834 799 831 28.9 536 510 529 18.4 

11 Sacramento _____________ 3066 2746 3002 930 918 950 31.6 942 853 902 30.0 

12 San Bernardino __________ 3429 3 120 3353 1 104 1 031 1 040 31.0 755 730 749 22.3 

13 Sun Diego _______________ 5330 5035 5219 1 141 1 128 1 136 21.8 1 492 1 380 1 452 27.8 

'14 San Mateo ______________ 1 427 1 306 1 367 219 212 215 15.7 394 358 379 27.7 

15 Santa Clara ______________ 4043 3535 3717 384 378 382 10.3 977 831 890 23.9 

16 Ventura _________________ 1 819 1 791 1 805 537 520 529 29.3 353 347 349 19.3 

FLORIDA 17 Broward _________________ 3228 3220 3225 1 474 1 472 1 474 45.7 758 752 755 23.4 

18 Dade ___________________ 7233 7 175 7212 3679 3679 3679 51.0 1 827 1 771 1 807 25.1 

19 Hillsborough _____________ 2472 2433 2449 1 175 1 175 1 175 48.0 532 501 515 21.0 

20 Orange __________________ 2392 2372 2382 950 941 945 39.7 421 418 419 17.6 

21 Palm Beach _____________ 2348 2280 2300 1 132 1 080 1 095 47.6 525 517 520 22.6 

22 Pinellas _________________ 2006 1 979 1 992 835 835 835 41.9 573 549 561 28.2 

23 GEORGIA-Fulton __________ 1 613 1 599 1 604 262 260 261 16.3 586 581 582 36.3 

ILLINOIS 24 Cook ___________________ 10439 10125 10242 1 000 968 979 9.6 4097 4037 4071 39.7 

25 Du Page ________________ 865 819 841 284 272 277 32.9 218 206 213 25.3 

26 INDIANA-Lake ____________ 879 826 ·858 190 190 190 22.1 299 262 286 33.3 

27 KENTUCKY -Jefferson ______ 1 225 1 196 1 212 508 507 508 41.9 116 111 114 9.4 

MARYLAND 28 Baltimore ________________ 2284 2218 2244 1 795 1 770 1 781 79.4 145 137 140 6.2 

29 Montgomery _____________ 1 399 1 373 1 389 858 858 858 61.8 189 179 186 13.4 

30 Prince Georges __________ 2208 2 178 2 198 1 290 1 280 1 285 58.5 372 363 370 16.8 

MASSACHUSETIS 31 Essex ___________________ 247 227 233 - - - - 64 63 63 27.0 

32 Middlesex _______________ 624 624 624 - - - - 191 191 191 30.6 

33 Norfolk __________________ 188 175 181 - - - - 43 41 41 22.7 

34 Worcester _______________ 332 301 318 - - - - 68 54 60 '18.9 

MICHIGAN 35 Macomb ________________ 856 823 836 105 102 102 12.2 342 335 338 40.4 

36 Oakland _________________ 1 486 1 370 1 426 287 279 283 19.8 483 430 457 32.0 

37 Wayne __________________ 2244 2125 2213 304 302 303 13.7 687 591 669 30.2 

38 MINNESOTA-Hennepin ____ 1 998 1 955 1 971 222 216 217 11.0 474 473 473 24.0 

MISSOURI 

39 Jackson _________________ 948 923 936 122 122 122 13.0 227 218 222 23.7 

40 St. Louis ________________ 1 892 1 837 1 856 787 759 769 41.4 286 263 271 14.6 

41 NEVADA-Clark ____ .. _______ 2 591 2437 2505 1 332 1 253 1 287 51.4 408 377 391 15.6 

NEW JERSEY 42 Bergen __________________ 1 234 1 223 1 227 201 201 201 16.4 278 275 276 22.5 

43 Essex ___________________ 2631 2 6~1 2631 384 384 384 14.6 688 688 688 26.1 

44 Hudson _________________ 1 387 1 380 1 383 207 207 207 15.0 349 349 349 25.2 

45 Middlesex _______________ 1 402 1 397 1 400 177 177 177 12.6 371 368 369 26.4 

46 Monmouth _______________ 1 175 1 160 1 166 112 109 110 9.4 291 289 290 24.9 

47 Union __ • ________________ 1 119 1 116 1 117 115 115 115 10.3 365 365 365 32.7 

NEW YORK 48 Erie _____________________ 1 472 1 370 1 432 452 394 436 30.4 92 92 92 6.4 

49 Monroe _________________ 1217 1 122 1 165 406 338 370 31.8 118 118 118 10.1 

50 Nassau _________________ 5761 5672 5707 3890 3890 3890 68.2 23 23 23 .4 

51 Suffolk __________________ 5442 5442 5442 4051 4051 4051 74.4 31 31 31 .6 

52 Westchester _____________ 1 633 1 633 1 633 274 274 274 16.8 70 70 70 4.3 

OHIO 53 Cuyahoga _______________ 2506 2465 2475 296 296 296 12.0 933 892 902 36.4 

54 Franklin _________________ 1 421 1 357 1 392 195 188 192 13.8 425 378 405 29.1 

55 Hamilton ________________ 2290 2095 2 181 425 390 398 18.2 746 690 725 33.2 

56 Montgomery _____________ 1 137 1 020 1 090 214 210 212 19.4 376 289 345 31.7 

57 Summit _________________ 794 763 781 102 102 102 13.1 191 160 178 22.8 

58 OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ____ 477 433 456 99 99 99 21.7 178 167 173 37.9 

59 OREGON-Muitnomah ______ 1 168 1 083 1 127 205 197 201 17.8 51 44 49 4.3 

PENNSYLVANIA 60 Allegheny _______________ 2403 2360 2374 400 400 400 16.8 1 001 1 001 1 001 42.2 

61 Delaware ________________ 1 065 1 018 1 045 80 78 79 7.6 564 538 553 52.9 

62 Montgomery _____________ 1 155 1 043 1 107 47 42 44 4.0 576 486 539 48.7 

See footnotes at end of table. 

48 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment of 72 large county governments, October 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice '. 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent Number of FUll-time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of total of total of total 

justice Justice justice justice 

full·time full·time full-time full-time 

equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent 

Full·time employ- Full·time employ· Full-time employ· Full-time employ· 

Total only Number ment Total OnlY Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

18 183 17388 17 799 10.0 3852 3594 3749 2.1 61 676 58935 60457 34.1 859 817 831 .5 1 

64 35 63 7.8 - - - - 328 323 325 40.4 - - - - 2 

360 346 356 7.6 202 200 201 4.3 2427 2355 2381 51.0 - - - - 3 

218 205 212 10.6 91 91 91 4.6 762 716 730 36.6 - - - - 4 

515 480 497 15.0 215 197 204 6.2 1 385 1 183 1 310 39.5 - - - - 5 

284 273 283 16.1 91 70 90 5.1 751 600 689 39.2 6 3 7 .4 6 

292 292 292 16.4 69 69 69 3.9 675 675 675 38.0 - - - - 7 

2382 2327 2364 10.6 734 727 731 3_3 6681 6536 6618 29.7 - - - - 8 

670 654 664 12.3 231 209 225 4.2 1 908 1 775 1 864 34.5 - - - - 9 

409 393 396 13.8 114 111 113 3.9 1 040 952 1 006 35.0 - - - - 10 

466 414 458 15.3 114 93 111 3.7 614 468 581 19.4 - - - - 11 

400 388 395 11.8 96 95 95 2.8 1 074 876 1 074 32.0 - - - - 12 

713 657 696 13.3 135 93 126 2.4 1 849 1 777 1 806 34.6 - - - - 13 

179 173 176 12.9 - - - - 635 563 598 43.7 - - - - 14 

563 525 545 14.'1 157 124 139 3.7 1 893 1 635 1 715 46.1 69 42 47 1.3 15 

334 332 333 18.4 44 44 44 2.4 551 548 • 549 30.4 - - - - 16 

88 88 88 2.7 - - - - 885 885 885 27.4 23 23 23 .7 17 

109 107 108 1.5 15 15 15 .2 1 491 1 491 1 491 20.7 112 112 112 1.6 18 

71 64 67 2.7 6 6 6 .2 665 665 665 27.2 23 22 22 .9 19 

21 21 21 .9 - - - - 1 000 992 996 41.8 - - - - 20 

40 39 39 1.7 - - - - 604 597 598 26.0 47 47 47 2.0 21 

26 23 24 1.2 - - - - 568 568 568 28.5 4 4 4 .2 22 

145 145 145 9.0 28 28 28 1.7 566 559 562 35.0 26 26 26 1.6 23 . ~ 

1 220 1 126 1 150 11.2 691 648 661 6.5 3423 3 338 3374 32.9 8 8 8 .1 24 

117 103 108 12.8 25 24 25 3.0 221 214 218 25.9 - - - - 25 

117 112 114 13.3 30 30 30 3.5 243 232 238 27.7 - - - - 26 

102 102 102 8.4 - - - - 494 471 483 39.9 5 5 5 .4 27 

128 118 122 5.4 - - - - 211 191 197 8.8 5 2 3 .1 28 

131 124 128 9.2 - - - - 221 212 217 15.6 - - - - 29 

175 168 173 7.9 - - - - 371 367 370 16.8 - - - - 30 

- - - - - - - - 183 164 170 73.0 - - - - 31 

- - - - - - - - 433 433 433 69.4 - - - - 32 

- - - - - - - - 145 134 140 77.3 - - - - 33 

- - - - - - - - 264 247 259 81.4 - - - - 34 

89 88 88 10.5 - - - - 320 298 308 36.8 - - - - 35 

142 137 ;:s 9.7 - - - - 57~ 524 547 38.4 - - - - 36 

268 260 263 11.9 - - - - 985 972 978 44.2 - - - - 37 

219 212 214 10.9 159 157 158 8.0 924 897 910 46.2 - - - - 38 

" 153 137 145 15.5 - - - - 446 446 446 47.6 - - - - 39 

121 121 121 6.5 - - - - 698 694 695 37.4 - - - - 40 

184 180 182 7.3 49 49 49 2.0 618 578 596 23.8 - - - - 41 

235 232 233 19.0 - - - - 520 515 517 42.1 - - - - 42 370 370 370 14.1 - - - - 1 179 1 179 1 179 44.8 10 10 10 .4 43 

272 265 268 19.4 - - - - 559 559 559 40.4 - - - - 44 

219 217 218 15.6 - - - - 633 633 633 45.2 2 2 2 .1 45 234 228 229 19.6 - - - - 538 534 537 46.1 - - - - 46 

214 214 214 19.2 - - - - 425 422 423 37.9 - - - - 47 

198 198 198 13.8 - - - - 708 668 686 47.9 22 18 21 1.5 48 

150 148 149 12.8 52 52 52 4.5 491 466 476 40.9 - - - " - 49 

414 408 411 7.2 - - - - 1 401 1 321 1 353 23.7 33 30 31 .5 50 

417 417 417 7.7 - - - - 937 937 937 17.2 6 6 6 .1 51 337 337 337 20.6 - - - - 948 948 948 58.1 4 4 4 .2 52 

197 197 197 8.0 56 56 56 2.3 1 024 1 024 1 024 41.4 - - - - 53 188 181 185 13.3 - - - - 613 610 611 43.9 - - - - 54 97 85 89 4.1 47 45 47 2.2 975 885 922 42.3 - - - - 55 

136 135 136 12.5 33 32 32 2.9 378 354 366 33.6 - - - - 56 135 135 135 17.3 - - - - 366 366 366 46.9 - - - - 57 

- - - - 36 28 32 7.0 164 139 152 33.3 - - - - 58 

171 164 168 14.9 - - - - 675 613 644 57.1 66 65 65 5.8 59 

247 219 225 9.5 89 89 89 3.7 666 651 659 27.8 - - - - 60 89 81 85 8.1 42 42 42 4.0 290 279 287 27.5 - - - - 61 100 97 98 8.9 37 36 36 3.3 395 382 389 35.1 - - - - 62 :1 

" 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 49 
Table 14. Justice system emp~oyment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees Full·time equivalent Number of empi"ees Full·time equivalent 

employment employment 

County' Percent Percent of total of total justice justice 

Full·time full-time full-time 

Full-time equivalent Full-time equivalent Full-time equlvaient Total only employment Total only Number employment Total only Number employment 

1 TENNESSEE-Shelby _______ 2354 2239 2289 590 582 586 25.6 778 766 770 33.6 

TEXAS 

2 Bexar ___________________ 1 869 1 866 1 867 339 337 338 18.1 357 357 357 19.1 3 Oallas ___________________ 3287 3 136 3214 437 433 435 13.5 892 861 875 :::7.2 4 EI Paso _________________ 943 860 4m' 227 224 226 24.7 173 162 167 18.2 5 Harris ___________________ 4978 4886 538 538 538 10.9 1 733 1 644 1 698 34.4 6 Tarrant __________________ 1 662 1 613 1 638 200 197 199 12.1 483 459 474 28.9 

7 UTAH-Salt Lake ___________ 831 801 819 413 413 413 50.4 153 132 145 17.7 

8 VIRGINIA-Fairfax __________ 2004 1 940 1 971 1 222 1 220 1 221 61.9 279 244 261 13.2 

WASHINGTON 9 King ____________________ 24e6 2259 2402 780 774 776 32.3 651 578 615 25.6 10 Pierce ___________________ 921 851 892 233 230 2~", 26.0 235 209 221 24.8 

11 WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ____ 1 625 j 603 1 614 353 352 352 21.8 439 436 438 27.1 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

50 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment of 72 large county governments, October 1988-Con. 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full-lime equivalent Number of Full-time equivalent Number of Full-time equivalent Number of Full-time equivllient 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employm,W 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of lotal of tolal ' . of lotal of lotal 

justice justice justico justice 

full-lime full-time full-time full-lime 

equivalent equivalent 

Full-time I equivalent equivalent 

Full-lime employ- Full-time employ- employ- Full-time employTolal only Number ment 70tal only Number ment Total only, Number ment Tolal only Number ment 

86 10 46 2.0 64 51 54 2.4 836 830 833 36.4 - - - - 1 

198 198 198 10.6 - - - - 943 942 942 50.5 32 32 32 1.7 2 271 265 268 8.3 13 13 13 .4 1 674 1 564 1 624 50.5 - - - - 3 91 90 91 9.9 10 10 10 1.1 442 380 422 46.1 - - - - 4 517 514 515 10.4 - - - - 1 849 1 849 1 849 37.4 341 341 341 6.9 5 225 223 224 13.7 - - - - 739 719 726 44.3 15 15 15 .9 6 

114 105 110 13.4 - - - - 151 151 151 18.4 - - - - 7 

81 76 79 4.0 - - - - 422 400 411 20.9 - - - - 8 

299 262 277 11.5 16 13 17 .7 750 632 717 29.9 - - - - 9 123 120 122 13.7 61 47 58 6.5 269 245 261 29.3 - - - - 10 

243 228 236 14.6 - - - - 590 587 588 36.4 - - - - 11 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 51 
" " 

Table 15. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls of 72 large county governments, 

October 1988 

[Payroll amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection JUdicial Legal services and Public defense Corrections Olher justice prosecuiion 

County' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 

system, of total of total of total of total of total of total 

October October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system 

Total __________________ 448 586 147 399 32.9 92 751 20.7 50688 11.3 11 724 2.6 144 315 32.2 1 705 .4 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________ 1 651 708 42.9 169 10.2 136 8.2 - - 638 38.7 - -

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________ 9889 1 701 17.2 2039 20.6 954 9.6 587 5.9 4608 46.6 - - Pima _______________________ 4438 1 256 28.3 906 20.4 518 11.7 243 5.5 1 515 34.1 - - CALIFORNIA , Alameda ____________________ 10353 1 445 14.0 2332 22.5 1 678 16.2 1 149 11.1 3749 36.2 - - Contra Costa ________________ 5517 1 175 21.3 1 097 19.9 872 15.8 326 5.9 2031 36.8 16 .3 Fresno ______________________ 3934 1 115 28.3 586 14.9 702 17.8 229 5.8 1 302 33.1 - - Orange Los Angeles----------------- _____________________ 66523 20592 31.0 15798 23.7 7870 11.8 2888 4.3 19374 29.1 - - 16304 3503 21.5 4362 26.8 2283 14.0 830 5.1 5326 32.7 - - Riverside ____________________ 7500 2409 32.1 1 251 16.7 1 148 15.3 382 5.1 2309 30.8 - - Sacramento _________________ 8887 3004 33.8 2446 27.5 1 411 15.9 415 4.7 1 611 18.1 - - San Bernardino ______________ 9027 3418 37.9 1 699 18.8 1 080 12.0 339 3.8 2490 27.6 - - Sa" Diego __________________ 14096 3486 24.7 3519 25.0 2063 14.6 368 2.6 4660 33.1 - - San Mateo __________________ 4248 778 18.3 966 22.7 561 13.2 - - 1 943 45.7 - - Santa Clara _________________ 11 520 1 359 11.8 2392 20.8 1 700 14.8 532 4.6 5419 47.0 118 1.0 Ventura _____________________ 4859 1 656 34.1 798 16.4 911 18.7 178 3.7 1 315 27.1 - - FLORIDA Broward ____________________ 7644 3650 47.8 1 275 16.7 218 2.8 - - 2 453 32.1 48 .6 Dade _______________________ 19 355 11 117 57.4 3641 18.8 530 2.7 28 .1 3741 19.3 299 1.5 Hillsborough _________________ 5757 3056 53.1 974 16.9 160 2.8 14 .2 1 507 26.2 46 .8 Orange _____________________ 5 151 2 186 42.5 802 15.6 72 1.4 - - 2089 40.6 - - Palm Beach _________________ 4846 2541 52.4 829 17.1 136 2.8 - - 1 253 25.9 86 1.8 Pinellas _____________________ 4 118 1 932 46.9 995 24.2 69 1.7 - - 1 109 26.9 12 .3 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________ 3 407 575 16.9 1 281 37.6 360 10.6 65 1.9 1 073 31.5 52 1.5 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________ 19391 2093 10.8 6579 33.9 2702 13.9 1 335 6.9 6660 34.3 23 .1 Du Page ____________________ 1 772 629 35.5 391 22.0 246 13.9 61 3.5 444 25.1 - - INDIANA-Lake ________________ 1 359 314 23.1 427 31.4 194 14.2 47 3.5 377 27.7 - -

KENTUCKY -Jefferson _________ 2 153 1 120 52.0 153 7.1 164 7.6 - - 706 32.8 9. .4 

MARYLAND Baltimore ___________________ 5651 4492 79.5 317 5.6 321 5.7 - - 507 9.0 14 .3 Montgomery _________________ 4944 3545 71.7 452 9.1 362 7.3 - - 586 11.9 - - Prince Georges ______________ 5730 3773 65.8 707 12.3 368 6.4 - - 882 15.4 - - MASSACHUSETIS Essex ______________________ 453 - - 122 26.8 - - - - 332 73.2 - - Middlesex ___________________ Norfolk _____________________ 1 328 - - 327 24.6 - - - - 1 000 75.4 - - Worcester 412 - - 74 17.5 - - - - 349 82.5 - - ___________________ '136 - - 120 16.3 - - - - 616 83.7 - -

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________ 

Oakland 1 956 299 15.3 697 35.6 235 12.0 - - 725 37.1 - - ____________________ Wayne ______________________ 3493 844 24.2 975 27.9 397 11.4 - - 1 277 36.6 - - 5645 889 15.8 1 669 29.6 921 16.3 - - 2 165 38.4 - - MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________ 4 748 552 11.6 1 175 24.7) 576 12.1 359 7.6 2087 44.0 - - MISSOURI Jackson ____________________ 

SI. Louis ____________________ 1 692 234 13.8 410 24.2 272 16.1 - - 775 45.8 - - 4364 1 933 44.3 I 563 12.9 330 7.6 - - 1 537 35.2 - -

NEVADA-Clark ________________ 7052 3787 53.7 863 12.2 574 8.1 187 2.7 1 641 23.3 - - NEW JERSEY 

~;~~~n _::::::::::: :::::::::: 2949 648 22.0 552 18.7 633 21.5 - - 1 115 37.8 - - 7342 1 013 13.8 1 805 24.6 1 115 15.2 - - 3380 46.0 28 .4 Hudson ____________________ 2674 432 16.1 577 21.6 645 24.1 - - 1 020 38.1 - - Middlesex __________ • ________ 3 141 444 14.1 652 20.8 596 19.0 . - . 1 444 46.0 4 .1 Monmouth __________________ Union _______________________ 2372 218 9.2 454 19.1 539 22.7 - - 1 162 49.0 - - 2821 280 9.9 829 29.4 619 21.9 - - 1 092 38.7 - -

NEW YORK Erie ________________________ 3463 1 064 30.7 184 5.3 544 15.7 - - 1 635 47.2 35 1.0 Monroe _____________________ 

Nassau _____________________ 3019 953 31.6 284 9.4 458 15.2 148 4.9 1 176 38.9 - - 21 337 15244 71.4 67 .3 1 335 6.3 - - 4594 21.5 97 .5 Suffolk ______________________ 15 112 11 008 72.8 58 .4 1 303 8.6 - - 2722 18.0 20 .1 Westchester _________________ 5350 839 15.7 207 3.9 1 069 20.0 - - 3226 60.3 10 .2 

OHIO 

~~:;k~~g_:::::::::::::::::::: 4605 596 12.9 1 704 37.0 436 9.5 107 2.3 1 762 38.3 - - Hamilton ____________________ 2928 471 16.1 695 23.7 407 13.9 - - 1 354 46.3 - - Montgomery 4 156 745 17.9 1 446 34.8 239 5.7 83 2.0 1 644 39.6 - - _________________ Summit _____________________ 2455 553 22.5 696 28.4 326 13.3 81 3.3 799 32.6 - - 1 322 185 14.0 337 25.5 173 13.1 - - 628 47.5 - -

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________ 709 166 23.4 238 33.6 - - 75 10.6 229 32.4 - - OREGON-Multnomah __________ 2574 477 18.5 98 3.8 398 15.4 - - i 458 56.7 143 5.6 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny _____________ • _____ Delaware ___________________ 4591 1 053 22.9 1 587 34.6 548 11.9 169 3.7 1 234 26.9 - - 1 754 163 9.3 795 45.3 163 9.3 73 4.2 560 31.9 - - Montgomery _________________ 1 890 81 4.3 825 43.6 213 11.3 54 2.9 716 37.9 - - See footnotes at end of table. 

52 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 15. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls of 72 large county governments, 

October 1988-con. 

[Payroll amounls in Ihousands. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection Judicial Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

County' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 

system, of lotal of lotal of lotal of lolal of total of total October October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls syslem payrolls syslem payrolls system 

TENNESSEE-Shelby _____ • ____ 3778 1 085 28.7 1 240 32.8 112 3.0 13? 3.5 1 210 32.0 - -

TEXAS Bexar _______________________ 

Dallas 3319 603 18.2 642 19.3 444 13.4 - - 1 568 47.2 63 1.9 _______ • ______________ 

EI Paso 6669 1 044 15.7 1 807 27.1 802. 12.0 4i.' .6 2975 44.6 - - _____________________ 

Harris _______________________ 1 472 388 26.4 281 19.1 180 12.2 25 1.7 59B 40.6 - - 11 424 1 456 12.7 3774 33.0 1 527 13.4 - - 4108 36.0 560 4.9 Tarrant _____________________ 3447 436 12.6 932 27.0 624 IB.l - - 1 434 41.6 23 .7 . UTAH-Salt Lake _______________ 1 734 877 50.6 258 14.9 337 19.4 - - 262 15.1 - - VIRGINIA - Fairfax ______________ 5646 3639 64.5 624 11.1 238 4.2 - - 1 145 20.3 - -

WASHINGTON 

~I~~ce-==~===========:==:===: 6577 2442 37.1 1 475 22.4 726 11.0 41 .6 1 893 28.8 - - 2303 716 31.1 497 21.6 289 12.6 132 5.7 669 29.1 - - WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ 3740 911 24.3 9521 25.5 555 14.8 - - 1 322 35.3 - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for detailS. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 53 
Table 16. Percent distribution of justice system total expenditure (direct and 

[Do" ,,~ ·r amounts in thousands Because of rounding detail may not add to totals For meaning of symbols see text] 

Total justice system Police protection Judicial 

City' Percent of total 

Total general general Percent of total Percent of total 

Population, 1988· expenditure Amount expenditure Amount justice system Amount justice system 

Total __________________________ 40 880 190 81 677 058 9 031 819 11.1 6 396 779 70.8 423 811 4.7 

ARIZONA Phoenix _____________________________ 923 750 998 990 130415 13.1 108189 83.0 11 828 9.1 Tucson _____________________________ 385 720 419 065 52471 12.5 42876 81.7 3476 6.6 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________________ 415 040 598 740 59212 9.9 49873 84.2 .. .. Los Angeles _________________________ 3 352 710 5 270 103 581 818 11.0 544 264 93.5 .. .. Oakland ____________________________ 356 860 413 837 65767 15.9 58 126 88.4 .. .. 

~~~ ~:~~~iscci======================= 1 070 310 981 680 113987 11.6 105 356 92.4 .. .. 731 650 2 196 527 250 108 11.4 127 605 51.0 36011 14.4 San Jose ___________________________ 738 420 579 586 69697 12.0 65 455 93.9 .. .. 

COLORADO-Denver ___________________ 492 190 960 327 116719 12.2 72368 62.0 10554 9.0 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-Washington __ 617 000 4 037 636 529 894 13.1 193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________________ 635 430 1 264 318 80664 6.4 49 735 61.7 10486 13.0 Miami _______________________________ 371 100 330 293 64976 19.7 62683 96.5 .. .. 

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________________ 420 220 561 437 69888 12.4 54251 77.6 3370 4.8 

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________________ 838 500 691 368 93744 13.6 80725 86.1 .. .. 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________________ 2 977 520 3 127 313 560 809 17.9 546 874 97.5 .. .. 

INDIANA-Indianapolis __________________ 727 130 715012 107 100 15.0 69969 65.3 16327 15.2 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________________ 360 270 322 761 54820 17.0 28104 51.3 8220 15.0 New Orleans ________________________ 531 710 632 954 97 113 15.3 48995 50.5 17375 17.9 

MAPoYLAND-Baltimore _________________ 751 400 1 510 278 168 163 11.1 112638 67.0 9226 5.5 

MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _____________ 577 830 1 490 787 137081 9.2 108 845 79.4 5177 3.8 

MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________________ 1 035 920 2 059 666 258 631 12.6 224 679 86.9 24513 9.5 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______________ 344 670 649 447 49675 7.6 44196 89.0 .. .. 

MISSOURI 

~r.L~~i2~~_========================= 438 950 541 642 78229 14.4 64352 82.3 8020 10.3 403 700 548 224 103 925 19.0 76442 73.6 9 182 8.8 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________________ 353 170 204 001 31 020 15.2 28306 91.3 .. .. 

NEW JERSEY -Newark _________________ 313 800 328 586 46928 14.3 42757 91.1 2530 5.4 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____________ 378 480 485 680 43590 9.0 30766 70.6 113 .3 

NEW YORK Bullalo ______________________________ 313 570 603 309 37194 6.2 35521 95.5 .. - New York City _______________________ 7 352 700 31 327460 3 175 385 10.1 1 937 094 61.0 38510 1.2 

NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte __________ 367 860 419 238 27 112 6.5 26490 97.7 .. .. 

OHIO Cincinnati ___________________________ 370 480 457 632 41 640 9.1 38833 93.3 .. .. Cleveland ___________________________ 521 370 652 518 89786 13.8 69613 77.5 6325 7.0 Columbus ___________________________ 569 570 592119 74699 12.6 58851 78.8 6648 8.9 Toledo ______________________________ 340 760 273 930 42912 15.7 32067 74.7 3961 9.2 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________________ 434 380 381 323 38977 10.2 34011 87.S 1 902 4.9 Tulsa _______________________________ 368 330 395 002 30139 7.6 27511 91.3 1 426 4.7 

OREGON-Portland ____________________ 418 470 429 897 51 963 12.1 50483 97.2 .. .. 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________________ 1 647 000 3117050 524 694 16.8 274 165 52.3 80683 15.4 

Pittsburgh .. -_------------------------ 375 230 328 051 38918 11.9 36647 94.2 804 2.1 

TENNESSEE Memphis ____________________________ 645 190 1 439 608 62202 4.3 58538 94.1 1 994 3.2 Nashville ____________________ . ________ 481 380 1 462 594 78584 5.4 4S 055 62.4 9410 12.0 

TEXAS Austin ______________________________ Dallas 464 690 1 329 034 48455 3.6 43642 90.1 2252 4.6 ______________________________ 987 360 1 112666 125 220 11.3 111 640 89.2 6093 4.9 EI Paso _____________________________ 510 970 217 634 31 160 14.3 28634 91.9 1 221 3.9 Fort Worth __________________________ 426 610 438121 46951 10.7 42321 90.1 2507 5.3 Houston ____________________________ 1 698 oao 1 674 439 199 043 11.9 183 548 92.2 10136 5.1 San Antonio _________________________ 941 150 1 653 034 78254 4.7 70133 89.6 2542 3.2 

WASHINGTON-Seattle _________________ 502 200 874112 85605 9.8 64337 75.2 8214 9.6 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________________ 599 380 578 029 86482 15.0 81 333 94.0 2019 2.3 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of eRch city government shown; see text for details . • Population as of July 1, 1988, from Bureau of the Census estimates. 

54 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
intergovernmental) of 49 large city governments, fiscal year 1988 

Legal services and proseculion Public defense Corrections Other justice 

City1 

Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount juslice system Amount juslice system Amount justice system Amount justica system 

456685 5.1 132 159 1.5 1 590 701 17.6 31 684 .4 Total 

ARIZONA 

6682 5.1 1 305 1.0 2411 1.8 - - Phoenix 

3059 5.8 974 1.9 2086 4.0 - - Tucson 

CALIFORNIA 

5609 9.5 - - 3730 6.3 - - Long Beach 

35784 6.2 - - 1 770 .3 - - Los Anileles 

3948 6.0 - - 3693 5.6 - - Oaklan 

8631 7.6 - - - - - - San Diego 

25899 10.4 8442 3.4 50095 20.0 2056 .8 San Francisco 

4242 6.1 - - - - - - San Jose 

10624 9.1 152 .1 22630 19.4 391 .3 COLORADS)-Denver 

12942 2.4 19976 3.8 240 097 45.3 2240 .4 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-Washington 

FLORIDA 

2793 3.5 256 .3 17280 21.4 1111 .1 Jacksonvi:!e 

2293 3.5 - - - - - - Miami 

2783 4.0 345 .5 9 139 13.1 - - GEORGIA-Atlanta 

11 392 12.2 - - - - 1 627 1.7 HAWAII-Honolulu 

13935 2.5 - - - - - - ILLINOIS-Chicago 

7020 6.6 271 .3 13387 12.5 126 .1 INDIANA-Indianapolis 

LOUISIANA 

3563 6.5 909 1.7 13675 24.9 349 .6 Baton Roug<3 

5340 5.5 - - 25077 25.8 326 .3 New Orleans 

12397 7.4 - - 33087 19.7 815 .5 MARYLAND-Baltimore 

3917 2.9 - - 19 142 14.0 - - MASSACHUSETIS-Boslon 

7858 3.0 706 .3 875 .3 - - MICHIGAN-Delroit 

:1 800 7.6 - - '- 1 679 3.4 - - MINNESOTA- Minneapolis 

MISSOURI 

2 157 2.8 694 .9 2682 3.4 324 .4 Kansas City 

4720 4.5 - - 13529 13.0 52 .1 SI. Louis 

1 579 5.1 - - 1 135 3.7 - - NEBRASKA-Omaha 

1 641 3.5 - - - - - - NEW JERSEY-Newark 

1 745 4.0 - - 10932 25.1 34 .1 NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque 

NEW YORK 

1 488 4.0 185 .5 - 29".1 - - Buffalo 

173 561 5.5 79063 2.5 924 295 22862 .7 New York City 

622 2.3 - - - - - - NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte 

OHIO 

2523 6.1 - - 284 .7 - - Cincinnati 

4 198 4.7 489 .5 9 161 10.2 - - Cleveland 

2968 4.0 242 .3 5990 8.0 - - Columbus 

1 339 3.1 786 1.8 4759 11.1 - - Toledo 

OKLAHOMA 

1 993 5.1 - - 1 071 2.7 - - Oklahoma City 

1 032 3.4 85 .3 85 .3 - - Tulsa 

1 480 2.8 - - - - - - OREGON-Portland 

PENNSYLVANIA 

31 237 6.0 13302 2.5 125 029 23.8 278 .1 Philadelphia 

1 415 3.6 52 .1 - - - - Pittsburgh 

TENNESSEE 

1 580 2.5 - - - - 90 .1 Memphis 

1 948 2.5 962 1.2 17209 21.9 - - Nash"ille 

TEXAS 

2 373 4.9 180 .4 - - - - Austin 

3 869 3.1 - - 3 618 2.9 - - Dallas 

1 070 3.4 - - 235 .8 - - EI Paso 

1 275 2.7 - - 848 1.8 - - Fort Worth 

4746 2.4 - - 613 .3 - - Houston 

2436 3.1 - - 3 143 4.0 - - San Anlonlo 

4049 4.7 2775 3.2 6230 7.3 - - WASHINGTON-Seallie 

3 130 3.6 - - - - - - WISCONSIN- Milwaukee 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 55 
. .' 

.,~. 

"t' .' 

.,t. 

Table 17. Percent distribution of justice system direct expenditure of 49 large city 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total justice system 

City' Percent of total 

Population, 19882 

Total general 

expenditure Amount 

general 

expenditure 

Total __________________________ 40 880 190 78 195 115 8 828 378 11.3 

ARIZONA : Phoenix _____________________________ 923 750 994 872 128 004 12.9 Tucson _____________________________ 385 720 419 065 50522 12.1 

CAliFORNIA Long Beach _________________________ 415 040 597 506 59212 9.9 Los Angeles _________________________ 3 352 710 5 261 707 580 048 11.0 Oakland ____________________________ 356 860 413 760 65767 15.9 San Diego __________________________ 1 070 310 968 725 113987 11.8 San Francisco _______________________ 731 650 2 166 975 250 108 11.5 San Jose ___________________________ 738 420 569 820 69697 12.2 

COLORADO-Denver ___________________ 492 190 947 532 116719 12.3 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-Washington __ 617 000 3 920 158 529 894 13.5 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________________ MiamL 635 430 1 257 188 80664 6.4 ______________________________ 371 100 330 260 64976 19.7 

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________________ 420 220 534 437 69888 13.1 " 

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________________ 838 500 691 368 93744 13.6 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________________ 2 977 520 3 070 405 560 809 18.3 

I NDIANA -Indianapolis __________________ 727 130 707 135 104 988 14.8 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________________ 360 270 322 761 54820 17.0 New Orleans ________________________ 531 710 632 140 96062 15.2 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________________ 751 400 1 510 160 168 163 11.1 

MASSACHUSETIS-Boston _____________ 577 830 1 391 072 137081 9.9 

MICHIGAN-DetroiL ___________________ 1 035 920 2 038 105 242217 11.9 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______________ 344 670 628 545 48018 7.6 

MISSOURI Kansas City _________________________ 438 950 496 430 78229 15.8 SI. Louis ____________________________ 403 700 527 915 103 925 19.7 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ________________ -- 353 170 201 568 29576 14.7 

NEW JERSEY -Newark _________________ 313 800 313 800 46928 15.0 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____________ 378 480 485 203 43590 9.0 

NEW Buffalo YORK ______________________________ 313 570 601 506 37194 6.2 New York City _______________________ 7 352 700 28 683 715 3 029 647 10.6 

NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte __________ 267 860 419 238 27112 6.5 

OHIO Cincinnati ___________________________ Cleveland 370 480 427 747 41 356 9.7 ___________________________ Columbus 521 370 650 025 87518 13.5 ___________________________ Toledo 569 570 579 595 69026 11.9 ______________________________ 340 760 269 683 40957 15.2 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________________ Tulsa _______________________________ 434 380 381 315 38977 10.2 368 330 392 664 30087 7.7 

OREGON-Portland ____________________ 418 470 429 897 51 963 12.1 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________________ Pittsburgh 1 647 000 3 037 237 524 694 17.3 ___________________________ 375 230 321 010 38866 12.1 

iCNNESSEE 

~:~eW: =================== ========= 645 190 1 424 866 62202 4.4 481 380 1 455 499 78584 5.4 

TEXAS Austin ______________________________ Dallas ______________________________ 464 690 1 313514 48455 3.7 

EI Paso _____________________________ 987 360 1 096327 121 602 11.1 510 970 213 340 30925 14.5 Fort Worth __________________________ Houston 426 610 436 229 46951 10.8 ____________________________ 1 698 090 1 644 800 199 043 12.1 San Antonio _________________________ 941 150 1 643 868 71 578 4.4 

WASHINGTON-Seattle _________________ 502 200 821 662 77 523 9.4 

WISCONSIN-Mllwaukee ________________ 599 380 552 766 86482 15.6 

'Data are based on a field compil&lion from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

'Population as of July 1, 1988, from Bureau of the Census eetimates. 

56 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Police protection Judicial 

Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount justice system Amount justice system 

6 391 257 72.4 407 991 4.6 

108189 84.5 11 828 9.2 42876 84.9 3476 6.9 

49873 84.2 - - 544 264 93.8 - - 58 126 88.4 - - 105 356 92.4 - - 127605 51.0 36011 14.4 65455 93.9 - - 72368 62.0 10554 9.0 

193 883 36.6 60756 11.5 

49735 61.7 10486 13.0 62683 96.5 - - 54251 77.6 3370 4.8 

80725 86.1 - - 546 874 97.5 - - 69969 66.6 16327 15.6 

28 104 51.3 8220 15.0 47944 49.9 17 375 18.1 

112638 67.0 9226 5.5 

108 845 79.4 5 177 3.8 

224 679 92.8 8974 3.7 

44189 92.0 - -

64352 82.3 8020 10.3 76442 73.6 9 182 8.8 

28019 94.7 - - 42757 91.1 2530 5.4 

30766 70.6 113 .3 

35521 95.5 - - 1 937 094 63.9 38290 1.3 

26490 97.7 - -

38833 93.9 - - 69613 79.5 6325 7.2 58851 85.3 6648 9.6 32067 78.3 3961 9.7 

34011 87.3 1 902 4.9 27511 91.4 1 374 4.6 

50483 97.2 - -

274 165 52.3 80683 15.4 36647 94.3 804 2.1 

58538 94.1 1 994 3.2 49055 62.4 9410 12.0 

43642 90.1 2252 4.6 

111 640 91.8 6093 5.0 28634 92.6 1 221 3.9 42321 90.1 2507 5.3 183 548 92.2 10 136 5.1 65956 92.1 2533 3.5 

64337 83.0 8214 10.6 

81 333 94.0 2019 2.3 
,

I 

governments, fiscal year 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense 

Percent of total Percent of total 

Amount lustice system Amour: justice system 

456 625 5.2 128 932 1.5 

6682 5.2 1 305 1.0 

3 059 6.1 974 1.9 

5609 9.5 - - 35784 6.2 - - 3948 6.0 - - 8631 7.6 - - 25899 10.4 8442 3.4 

4242 6.1 - -

10624 9.1 152 .t 

12942 2.4 19976 3.8 

2793 3.5 256 .3 

2293 3.5 - - 2783 4.0 345 .5 

It 392 12.2 - -

13935 2.5 - - 7020 6.7 271 .3 

3563 6.5 909 1.7 

5340 5.6 - - 12397 7.4 - - 3917 2.9 - - 7858 3.2 706 .3 

3800 7.9 - -

2157 2.8 694 .9 

4720 4.5 - - 1 557 5.3 - - '1 641 3.5 - -

1 745 4.0 - -

1 488 4.0 185 .5 

173561 5.7 79063 2.6 

622 2.3 - -

2523 6.1 - - 4 198 4.8 489 .6 2968 4.3 - - 1 339 3.3 628 1.5 

1 993 5.1 - - 1 032 3.4 85 .3 

1 480 2.8 - -

31 237 6.0 13302 2.5 

1 415 3.6 - -

1 580 2.5 - - 1 948 2.5 962 1.2 

2373 4.9 188 .4 3869 3.2 - - 1 070 3.5 - - 1 275 2.7 - - 4746 2.4 - - 2 J98 3.4 - - 4049 5.2 - - 3 130 3.6 - -

Corrections 

Percent of total 

Amount justice system 

1 411 889 16.0 

- - 137 .3 

3730 6.3 

- - 3693 5.6 

- - 50 095 20.0 

- - 22630 19.4 

240 097 45.3 

17 280 21.4 

- - 9139 13.1 

- -

- - 11 275 10.7 

13675 24.9 

25077 26.1 

33087 19.7 

19 142 14.0 

- - 29 .1 

2682 3.4 

13529 13.0 

- - - - 10932 25.1 

- - 778 777 25.7 

- -

- - 6893 7.9 

559 .8 

2962 7.2 

1 071 2.7 85 .3 

- -

125 029 23.8 

- -

- - 17 209 21.9 

- - - - - - 848 1.8 

613 .3 

691 1.0 

923 1.2 

- -

- Other justice 

Cltyl 

percent.of total 

Amount justice system 

31 684 .4 Total 

ARIZONA 

- - Phoenix 

- - Tucson 

CALIFORNIA 

- - Long Beach 

- - Los Angeles 

- - Oakland 

- - San Diego 

2056 .8 San Francisco 

- - San Jose 

391 .3 COLORADO-Denver 

2240 .4 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-Washington 

FLORIDA 

114 .1 Jacksonville 

- - Miami 

- - GEORGIA-Atlanta 

1 627 1.7 HAWAII-Honolulu 

- - iLLiNOIS-Chicago 

126 .1 INDIANA-Indianapolis 

LOUISIANA 

349 .6 Baton Rouge 

326 .3 New Orleans 

815 .5 MARYLAND-Baltimore 

- - MASSACHUSETTS-Boston 

- - MICHIGAN-Detroit 

- - MINNESOTA- Minneapolis 

MISSOURI 

324 .4 Kansas City 

52 .1 SI. Louis 

- - NEBRASKA-Omaha 

- - NEW JERSEY-Newark 

34 .1 NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque 

NEW YORK 

- - Buffalo 

22862 .8 New York City 

- - NORTH CAROLINA-Chariolte 

OHIO 

- - Cincinnati 

- - Cleveland 

- - Columbus 

- - Toledo 

OKLAHOMA 

- - Oklahoma City 

- - Tulsa 

- - OREGON-Portland 

PENNSYLVANIA 

278 .1 Philadelphia 

- - Plltsburgh 

TENNESSEE 

90 .1 Memphis 

- - Nashville 

TEXAS 

- - Austin 

- - Dallas 

- - EI Paso 

- - Fort Worth 

- - Houston 

- - San Antonio 

- - WASHINGTON-Saetlle 

- - WISCONSIN- Milwaukee 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 57 
Table 18. Total justice system expenditure of 49 large city governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments governments 

Tolal ___________________ 9 031 819 8 828 378 8 414 268 414 110 182 366 226 616 5 128 203 441 163 389 40052 

ARIZONA Phoenix ______________________ 130415 128 004 120 306 7698 5363 1 362 973 2411 - 2411 Tucson _______________________ 52471 50522 44 119 6403 2427 3976 - 1 949 - 1 949 

CALIFORNIA long Beach __________________ 59212 59212 58861 3!il 351 - - - - - Los Angeles __________________ 581 818 580 048 578 125 1 923 1 536 387 - 1 770 - 1 770 Oakland ______________________ 65767 65767 65527 240 240 - - - - - San Diego ____________________ 113987 113987 107 497 6490 3799 2691 - ~ - - San Francisco ________________ 250 108 250 108 243 022 7086 4510 2576 - - - - San Jose _____________________ 69697 69697 67639 2058 . _1 770 288 - - - -

COLORADO-Denver ____________ 116719 116719 114367 2352 2352 - - - - - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington ____________________ 529 894 529 894 492 351 37543 8594 28949 - - - - FLORIDA Jacksonville __________________ 80664 80664 79649 1 015 988 27 - - - - Miami ________________________ 64976 64976 62821 2155 159 211 1 785 - - - GEORGIA-·Atlanta ______________ 69888 69888 66410 3478 2877 601 - - - -

HAWAII-Honolulu _______________ 93744 93744 85395 8349 2272 6077 - - - - ILLINOIS-Chicago ______________ 560 809 560 809 550 441 10368 9666 702 - - - - INDIANA-Indianapolis ___________ 107 100 104 988 101 722 3266 2515 751 - 2112 2112 - LOUISIANA Baton Rouge _________________ 54820 54820 48728 6092 1 387 4705 - - - - New Orleans _________________ 97113 96062 83256 12806 2507 10070 229 1 051 - 1 051 

MARYLAND-Baltimore __________ 168163 168 163 160 808 7355 748 6607 - - - - MASSACHUSETTS-Boston ______ 137081 137081 126 309 10772 4223 6538 11 - - -

MICHIGAN-Detroit ______________ 258 631 242 217 234 047 8 170 6718 1 452 - 16414 15539 875 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis _______ 49675 48018 47628 390 361 - 29 1 657 - 1 657 

MISSOURI Kansas _______________________ SI. Louis _____________________ 78229 78229 72 189 6040 1 287 3 833 920 - - - 103 925 103 925 100 823 3 102 3055 47 - - - - NEBRASKA-Omah'! ____________ 31 020 29576 28982 594 593 1 - 1 444 - 1 444 

NEW JERSEY -Newark __________ 46928 46928 46072 856 556 300 - - - - NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque _____ 43590 43590 41 829 1 761 1 603 158 - - - - NEW YORK Buffalo _______________________ 37 194 37194 36339 855 438 417 - - - - New York City ________________ 3 175 385 3 029 647 2 833 419 196 228 64917 131 311 - 145 738 145 738 - NORTH CAROLINA-Chariotte ____ 27112 27 112 25465 1 647 1 647 - - - - - OHIO Cincinnati ____________________ 41 640 41 356 41 315 41 39 2 - 284 - 284 Cleveland ____________________ 89786 87518 83336 4 182 1 224 2958 - 2268 - 2268 Columbus ____________________ 74699 69026 66788 2238 2238 - - 5673 - 5673 Toledo _______________________ 42912 40957 39810 1 147 1 140 7 - 1 955 - 1 955 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City ________________ Tulsa ________________________ 38977 38977 35234 3743 2923 784 36 - - - 30139 30087 28830 1 257 1 257 - - 52 - 52 

OREGON-Portland ______________ 51 963 51 963 51 851 112 112 - - - - -

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia __________________ 524 694 524 694 519 205 5489 4472 1 017 - - - - Pittsburgh ____________________ 38 918 38866 38530 336 336 - - 52 - 52 

TENNESSEE Memphis _____________________ Nashville 62202 62202 54622 7580 7574 6 - - - - _____________________ 78584 78584 71 901 6683 3 939 2744 - - - - TEXAS Austin ________________________ 

Dallas ________________________ 48455 48455 47942 513 2.41 272 - - - - 125 220 121 602 115 330 6264 5044 1 220 - 3618 - 3618 EI Paso ______________________ 31 160 30925 30293 632 632 - - 235 - 235 Fort Worth ___________________ 

Houston ______________________ 46951 46951 44851 2100 2100 - - - - - San Antonio __________________ 199 043 199 043 190 747 8296 6940 1 356 - - - - 78254 71 578 71 027 551 551 - - 6676 - 6676 

WASHINGTON-Seattle __________ 85605 77 523 75962 1 561 331 85 1 145 8082 - 8082 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 86482 86482 82540 3942 1 814 2128 - - - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city goverment shown; see text for details. 

58 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 19. Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[BecausG of rounding, detail may not add to totats. For meaning of symbols, see text) 

Total justice system Pollee protection Judicial 

Number of employees Number of employees FUll-time equivalent Number of en';1loyees Full-time equivalent 

employment employment 

City' Percent Percent 

of total of total 

justice lustice 

FUll-time full-time full-time 

Full-time equivalent Full-time equivalent Full-time equiv~lent 

Total only employment Total only Number employment Total only Number employment 

1 .; Totat ______________ 209 480 206 498 207 645 158 826 156 956 157 537 75.9 11 159 10600 10902 5.3 

ARIZONA 

2 Phoenix _________________ 3 020 2982 3 002 2520 2510 2516 83.8 302 278 289 9.6 

3 Tucson __________________ 1 160 1 131 1 146 967 957 963 84.0 111 95 101 8.B 

CALIFORNIA 

4 Long Beach _____________ 1 116 1 042 1 100 956 883 940 85.5 - - - - 5 Los Angeles _____________ 11 015 10 989 11 005 10 367 10 360 10 363 94.2 - - - - 6 Oakland _________________ 1 1',6 958 998 919 861 901 90.3 - - - - 7 San Dlego _______________ 2 111 2595 2645 2466 2371 2411 91.2 - - - - 8 San Francisco ___________ 4973 4947 4964 2791 2791 2791 56.2 700 695 698 14.1 

9 San Jose ________________ 1 382 1 369 1 375 1 326 1 313 1 319 95.9 - - - - 10 COLORADO- Denver _______ 2577 2469 2551 1 586 1 543 1 574 61.7 264 243 271 10.6 

11 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington _______________ 10 628 10 385 10 477 4719 4540 4600 43.9 1 184 1 178 1 180 n.3 

FLORIDA 

12 Jacksonville _____________ 2271 2 099 2224 1 349 1 315 1 345 60.5 394 257 352 15.8 

13 Miami ___________________ 1 407 1 081 1 099 1 369 1 043 1 061 96.5 - - - - 14 GEORGIA-Atlanta _________ 3235 3216 3228 2719 2719 2719 84.2 127 110 120 3.7 

15 HAWAII-Honolulu __________ 2584 2565 2570 2197 2 197 2197 85.5 - - - - 16 ILLINOIS-Chicago _________ 14211 14204 14207 13832 13832 13832 97.4 - - - -

17 INDIANA-Indianapolis ______ 3259 3198 3234 1 966 1 966 1 966 60.8 561 515 538 16.6 

LOUISI~NA 18 Baton Rouge ____________ 1 708 1 651 1 671 897 891 893 53.4 341 312 322 19.3 

19 New Orleans ____________ 3388 3297 3327 1 650 1 615 1 630 49.0 742 692 704 21.2 

20 MARYLAND-Baltimore _____ 5 017 5 017 5 017 3553 3553 3553 70.8 333 333 333 6.6 

21 MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _ 2941 2941 2941 2437 2437 2437 82.9 - - - - 22 MICHIGAN-Detroit _________ 5716 5658 5679 5478 5478 5478 96.5 116 58 '79 1.4 

23 MI~NESOTA- Minneapolis __ I 035 1 002 1 012 971 944 951 94.0 - - .. - MISSOURI 

24 Kansas __________________ I 988 1 909 1 933 1 774 1 700 1 721 89.0 94 90 93 4.8 25 SI. Louis ________________ 3294 3240 3264 2324 2277 2298 70.4 318 312 314 9.6 

26 NEBRASKA-Omaha _______ 800 797 799 764 762 763 95.5 - - - - 27 NEW JERSEY - Newark _____ 1 352 1 352 1 352 1 191 1 191 1 191 88.1 112 112 112 8.3 

28 NEW MEXICO- Albuquerque ______________ 1 473 1 468 1 472 1 116 1 111 1 115 75.7 1 1 1 .1 

NEW YORK 

29 Buffalo __________________ 1 173 1 170 1 171 1 141 1 141 1 141 97.4 - - - - 30 New York City ___________ 63443 63 133 63238 44730 44506 44579 70.5 226 226 226 .4 

31 NORTH CAROLlNA- Charlotte _________________ 941 929 937 926 914 922 98.4 - - - - OHIO 

32 Cincinnati _______________ 1 240 1 217 1 226 1 137 1 137 1 137 92.7 - - - - 33 Cleveland _______________ 3207 2646 2745 2602 2 126 2186 79.6 319 299 313 11.4 34 Columbus _______________ 2 025 1 968 2 009 1 652 1 650 1 651 82.2 255 224 248 12.3 35 Toledo __________________ 1 039 1 032 1 037 806 806 806 77.7 139 132 137 13.2 

OKLAHOMA 

36 Oklahoma City ___________ 797 781 790 650 643 647 81.9 59 57 58 7.3 37 Tulsa ___________________ 991 984 985 903 903 903 91.7 55 50 50 5.1 

38 OREGON-Portland _________ 1 060 1 042 1 050 1 024 1 009 1 016 96.8 - - - - PENNSYLVANIA 

39 Philadelphia _____________ 13 108 13 102 13 105 6993 6993 6993 53.4 2704 2704 2704 20.6 40 Pittsburgh _______________ 1 196 1 196 1 196 1 100 1 100 1 100 92.0 53 53 53 4.4 

TENNESSEE 

41 Memphis ________________ 1 832 1 811 1 825 1 734 1 713 1 727 94.6 69 69 69 3.8 42 Nashville ________________ 2397 2341 2359 1 428 1 420 1 424 60.4 317 317 317 13.4 

TEXAS 43 Austin ___________________ 1 399 1 371 1 384 1 197 1 195 1 195 86.3 95 81 86 6.2 44 Dallas ___________________ 3552 3552 3 552 3219 3219 3219 90.6 238 238 238 6.7 45 EI Pas<1 _________________ 1 004 959 992 911 877 905 91.2 69 63 63 6.4 46 Fort Worth ______________ 1 415 1 408 1 412 1 258 1 251 1 255 88.9 115 115 115 8.1 47 Houston _________________ 5983 5954 5959 5413 5413 5413 90.8 416 388 393 6.6 48 San Antonio _____________ 2092 2092 2 092 1 905 1 905 1 905 91.1 104 104 104 5.0 

49 WASHINGTON-Seattle _____ 1 880 1 824 1 863 1 559 1 546 1 554 83.4 186 159 181 9.7 

50 WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ____ 2429 2424 2426 2334 2329 2331 96.1 40 40 40 1.6 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

60 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment of 49 large city governments, October 1988 

Legal services and prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

Number of Full·time equivalent Number of Full·tlme equivalent Number of Full·tlme equivalent Number of Full·time equivalent 

employees employment employees employment employees employment employees employment 

Percent Percent Percent Percent 

of total of total of total of total 

justice justice justice justice 

full·time full·time full·tlme full·tlme 

equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent 

Full·time employ· Full·time employ· Full·tlme employ· Full·tlme employ· 

Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment Total only Number ment 

11 624 11 263 11 428 5.5 173 173 173 .1 27521 27 331 27426 13.2 177 175 176 .1 1 

198 194 197 6.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 75 73 75 6.5 - - - - 7 6 7 .6 - - - - 3 

93 92 93 8.5 - - - - 67 67 67 6.1 - - - - 4 648 629 643 5.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 34 34 34 3.4 - - - - 63 63 63 6.3 - - - - 6 245 224 234 8.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 508 506 508 10.2 PB 98 98 2.0 863 844 857 17.3 13 13 13 .3 8 56 56 56 4.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 

215 194 210 8.2 - - - - 503 480 488 19.1 9 9 9 .4 10 

11 

399 397 398 3.8 25 25 25 .2 4272 4216 4245 40.5 29 29 29 .3 

49 48 48 2.2 - - - - 479 479 479 21.5 - - - - 12 38 38 38 3.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 

83 81 82 2.5 15 15 15 .5 291 291 291 9.0 - - - - 14 

342 323 328 12.8 - - - - - - - - 45 45 45 1.8 15 

379 372 375 2.6 - - - - ' - - - - - - - - 16 

251 241 250 7.7 - - - - 474 469 472 14.6 7 7 7 .2 17 

"" 144 129 135 8.1 - - - - 322 316 317 19.0 4 3 3 .2 18 85 81 82 2.5 - - - - 902 901 901 27.1 9 8 9 .3 19 

385 385 385 7.7 - - - - 732 732 732 ,14.6 14 14 14 .3 20 

48 48 48 1.6 - - - - 456 456 456 15.5 - - - - 21 

122 122 122 2.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 

64 58 61 6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 

41 41 41 2.1 - - - - 79 78 78 4.0 - - - - 24 143 142 142 4.4 - - - - 507 507 507 15.5 2 2 2 .1 25 

36 85 35 4.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 

49 49 49 3.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 

28 40 40 40 2.7 - - - - 316 316 316 21.5 - - - -

32 29 30 2.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 4 798 4 763 4 768 7.5 - - - - '13649 13598 13625 21.5 40 40 40 .1 30 

31 15 15 15 1.6 - - - - - - - - - - - -

103 80 89 7.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 134 84 103 3.8 - - - - 152 137 143 5.2 - - - - 33 96 72 87 4.3 - - - - 22 22 22 1.1 - - - - 34 29 29 29 2.8 - - - - 65 65 65 6.3 - - - - 35 

49 43 47 5.9 - - - - 39 38 39 4.9 - - - - 36 28 26 26 2.6 2 2 2 .2 3 3 3 .3 - - - - 37 

36 33 34 3.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 

759 759 759 5.8 - - - - 2647 2641 2644 20.2 5 5 5 - 39 43 43 43 3.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 

29 29 29 1.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 106 58 72 3.1 33 33 33 1.4 513 513 513 21.7 - - - - 42 

107 95 103 7.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 95 95 95 2.7 - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 24 19 24 2.4 - - - - - - - - - - - "' - 45 32 32 32 2.3 - - - - 10 10 10 .7 - - - - 46 127 126 127 2.1 - - - - 27 27 27 .5 - - - - 47 53 53 53 2.5 - - - - 30 30 30 1.4 - - - - 48 

104 93 99 5.3 - - - - 31 26 29 1.6 - - - - 49 

55 55 55 2.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 

JUSTICE SYSTEM 61 
Table 20. Percent distribution of justice system payrolls of 49 large city governments, 

October 1988 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Police protection Judicial Legal services and 

prosecution Public defense Corrections Other justice 

City' Total 

justice Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 

system, of total of total of total of total of total of total 

October October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice October justice 

payrolls payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system payrolls system 

Tolal __________________ 596 649 460 300 77.1 22543 3.8 33462 5.6 609 .1 79 231 13.3 503 .1 

ARIZONA Phoenlx _____________________ 

Tucson _____________________ 8529 7316 85.8 647 7.6 565 6.6 - - - - - - 2852 2463 86.4 192 6.7 183 6.4 - - 15 .5 - - CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________ 3685 3 140 85.2 - - 365 9.9 - - 180 4.9 - - Los Angeles _________________ Oakland 39700 37031 93.3 - - 2669 6.7 - - - - - - ____________________ 3290 2992 91.0 - - 117 3.6 - - 180 5.5 - - San Diego __________________ 7883 7171 91.0 - - 712 9.0 - - - - - - San Francisco _______________ 16401 9540 58.2 2090 12.7 2040 12.4 408 2.5 2276 13.9 47 .3 San Jose ___________________ 5 191 4975 95.8 - - 216 4.2 - - - - - - COLORADO-Denver ___________ 6777 4424 65.3 565 8.3 630 9.3 - - 1 134 16.7 24 .4 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington ___________________ 29565 15039 50.9 3040 10.3 0'-

"~, 3.2 74 .2 10379 35.1 86 .3 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________ 58e3 3940 67.2 554 9.5 159 2.7 - - 1 210 20.6 - - MiamL ______________________ 5605 5 4~1 97.1 - - 164 2.9 - - - - - - GEORGIA-Atianta _____________ 5009 3900 77.9 246 4.9 231 4.6 40 .8 592 11.8 - -

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________ 6359 5424 85.3 - - 813 12.8 - - - - 122 1.9 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________ 40 153 39 176 97.6 - - 977 2.4 - - - - - -

INDIANA-Indianapolis __________ 6425 4300 66.9 786 12.2 503 7.8 - - 825 12.8 11 .2 ,., 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________ 2982 1 757 58.9 505 16.9 237 7.9 - - 476 16.0 7 .2 New Orleans ________________ 5693 3094 54.4 1 132 19.9 168 2.9 - - 1 276 22.4 23 .4 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________ 12746 9 171 71.9 669 5.2 1 059 8.3 - - 1 814 14.2 34 .3 

MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _____ 7861 6715 85.4 - - 145 1.8 - - 1 000 12.7 - - MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________ 15764 15127 96.0 300 1.9 .g37 2.1 - - - - - - MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______ 2788 2567 92.1 - - 221 7.9 - - - - - - MISSOURI Kansas _____________________ 

SI. Louis ____________________ 5 106 4646 91.0 178 3.5 131 2.6 - - 151 3.0 - - 7031 5397 76.8 485 6.9 328 4.7 - - 817 11.6 5 .1 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________ 2710 2588 95.5 - - 121 4.5 - - - - - -

NEW JERSEY -Newark _________ 3904 3562 91.2 215 5.5 127 3.3 - - - - - - NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____ 2659 1 939 72.9 1 .1 99 3.7 - - 620 23.3 - - NEW YORK Buffalo ______________________ 

New 2966 2881 97.2 - 84 2.8 - - - - - - York City _______________ 205 838 144 190 70.1 .3 13716 6.7 - - 47237 22.9 131 .1 

NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte __ 2214 2166 97.8 - - 48 2.2 - - - - - - OHIO Cincinnati ___________________ 3605 3325 92.2 - - 281 7.8 - - - - - - Cleveland 

Columbus ___________________ 6285 5 171 82.3 596 9.5 226 3.6 - - 292 4.6 - - ___________________ Toledo ______________________ 4828 4 104 85.0 479 9.9 198 4.1 - - 47 1.0 - - 2896 2349 81.1 268 9.3 93 3.2 - - 186 6.4 - -

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________ Tulsa _______________________ 2 144 1 835 85.6 106 5.0 138 6.4 - - 65 3.0 - - 2 193 2032 92.7 76 3.5 73 3.4 5 .2 6 .3 - -

OREGON-Portland ____________ 3264 3 158 96.7 - - 106 3.3 - - - - - - PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________ Pittsburgh ___________________ 36035 20743 57.6 5832 16.2 2191 6.1 - - 7256 20.1 14 - 3 172 2997 94.5 86 2.7 89 2.8 - - - - - - TENNESSEE Memphis ____________________ 

Nashville 4320 4115 95.2 137 3.2 68 1.6 - - - - - - ____________________ 5305 3432 64.7 652 12.3 143 2.7 82 1.5 995 18.8 - - TEXAS Austin ______________________ 

Dallas ______________________ 3448 3032 87.9 153 4.4 263 7.6 - - - - - - EI Paso 8952 8 199 91.6 434 4.8 320 3.6 - - - - - - _____________________ 2 171 1 990 91.6 90 4.1 92 4.2 - - - - - - Fort Worth __________________ 

Houston ____________________ 3224 2929 90.8 171 5.3 99 3.1 - - 26 .8 - - San Antonio _________________ 14058 13043 92.8 635 4.5 334 2.4 - - 47 .3 - - 5320 4935 92.8 166 3.1 161 3.0 - - 58 1.1 - - WASHINGTON-Seattle _________ 5841 5052 86.5 406 6.9 310 5.3 - - 73 1.3 - - WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ 6039 5786 95.8 89 1.5 164 2.7 - - - - - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

62 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 21. Police protection expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of doliars. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Slale and Iype of governmenl' 

States·local, tota'- ____________ _ States _____________________ _ 

Local, total ________________ _ Countles ________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________ _ 

Alabama _____________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Alaska _______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles Bor~u~hs.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Arizona ______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Couryl!es Munlclpalilles .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Arkansas _____________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles Couryl!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

California ____________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Couryl!es MUnlclpalilles .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ 

Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Munlclpaliltes Couryl!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Connecticut __________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUnlclpalilles l.o!al-.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Delaware _____________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

District of Columbia __________________ _ Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Municipality ______________________ _ 

Florida _______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Couryl!es Munlclpalilles .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Georgia ______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles Couryl!es .-.------------------- ____________________ .. ----_ 

Hawaii _______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Idaho ________________________________ _ 

Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles Couryl!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

illinois _____________ • _________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles Cou~l!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Indiana ______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es MUnlclpalllles .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

Tolal' 

24 401 411 4 513 297 20 332 648 4 715 310 15 884 661 

257 669 56851 

201 122 51 031 150160 

116722 

54586 

66886 

4562 

62371 

423 230 99653 

335 024 72754 

263 724 

113 454 25325 

88 158 22718 

66526 

3 650 529 630 659 3 054 123 901 484 2 275 704 

335 977 37068 

298 981 62449 

237 019 

373 023 83890 

291 297 291 328 

70 104 29365 

40749 

14854 

26342 

193 883 193 883 193 883 

1 348 733 156 502 1 197 239 548 547 656 461 

500 547 109701 

393 921 176 566 219 344 

115699 

6251 

110934 

30209 

80725 

62330 

15764 

47430 

20558 

29272 

1 335 938 181 748 1 163861 

120 365 1 046 989 

337 307 75877 

261 526 54088 

208 264 

Tolal 

24 401 411 4 078 136 20 323 276 4 700 735 15 622 542 

257 669 56851 

200 818 51 031 149 787 

116722 

49838 

66883 

4562 

62321 

423 230 88708 

334 522 72253 

262 ~69 

113 454 25310 

88 144 22576 

65568 

3 650 529 596488 

3 054 040 899 389 2 154 652 

335 977 37001 

298 975 62228 

236 747 

373 023 83869 

289 153 289 153 

70 104 29365 

40738 

14854 

25885 

193 883 193 883 193 883 

1 348 733 151 494 1 197 239 548 165 649 074 

500 547 107 064 393 483 176 224 217 259 

115699 

4765 

·110934 

30209 

80725 

62330 

14962 

47368 

20376 

26992 

1 335 938 172 157 1 163781 

119762 

1 044 019 

337 307 75877 

261 429 54087 

207 342 

Direcl expenditure 

Direcl currenl 

23 353 862 3 794 987 19 558 876 4 480 177 15 078 699 

246 404 56207 

190197 

45930 

144 268 

112 831 47696 

65 135 4562 

60573 

387 027 82390 

304 636 64 169 240 467 

108 853 24947 

83907 

20958 

62948 

3 516 344 551 370 2 964 974 

865 434 2 099 540 

325 608 34777 

290 831 59830 

231 001 

355 612 80381 

275 231 275 231 

61 863 27377 

34486 

14780 

19707 

181 754 181 754 181 754 

1 268 934 142 576 1 126 358 506 657 619701 

458 513 89416 

369 097 165 470 203 627 

105 996 

4552 

101 444 28734 

72710 

58430 

13 106 45324 

19221 

26 103 

1 293 765 163 330 1 130 435 114237 

1 016 198 

315 605 65230 

250 375 52021 

198 354 

Capital outlay 

1 047 549 283 148 764 401 220 557 543 843 

11 265 

644 10621 

5 101 5520 

3891 

2 143 1 748 

1 748 

36203 

6318 

29886 

8084 

21 802 

4601 

363 4238 

1 618 2620 

134 185 45 119 89066 

33955 

55111 

10369 

2224 

8 145 2399 

5746 

17 410 3488 

13922 

13922 

8241 

1 989 6252 74 6 178 

12 129 12129 

12129 

79799 

8918 

70881 

41 508 29373 

42035 

17649 

24386 

10754 

13632 

9702 

213 9489 

1 474 8015 

3900 

1 856 2044 

1 155 

889 

42 173 8827 

33346 

5525 

27821 

21 702 10648 

11 054 2066 

8988 

Inlergovernmenlal expenditure 

Tolal 

435 162 9372 

14 576 262 119 

304 

372 

4748 3 

50 

10945 501 

501 1 455 

15 

14 

142 

958 

34171 82 2095 

121 052 

67 

6 221 

272 

20 2 143 2 174 

11 

457 

5008 

381 7386 

2637 

438 

342 2084 

1 486 

802 

62 

182 2280 

9590 80 

603 2969 

97 

1 922 

To Slale 

governmenls 

9372 

1 731 

7 641 

304 

304 

3 

3 

501 

501 

14 

14 

82 

1 

81 

6 

3 

3 

2143 

2143 

11 

11 

438 

28 

411 

62 

50 

12 

80 

14 

67 

97 

1 

96 

To local 

governmenls 

435 161 

12845 

254 478 

68 

4748 

47 

10945 

455 

15 

142 

944 

34171 

2094 

120971 

67 

218 

269 

20 

31 

446 

5008 

381 7386 

2637 

314 

1 674 

1 486 

802 

131 2269 

9590 

590 2903 

826 

POLICE PROTECTION 63 
Table 21. Police protection expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1985-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

Iowa _________________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Kansas ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Kentucky ____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Louisiana ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Parishes ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Maine ________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Massachusetts _______________________ _ State ______________________ •. _______ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Michigan _____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Mlnnesota ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Mississippi ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Missouri _____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Montana _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Nebraska ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Nevada ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

New Hampshire ______________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municlpalilies ____________________ _ 

New Jersey __________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

Total' 

172 547 40844 

131 862 35073 

101 068 

191 630 26560 

165 224 46911 

123 728 

202 512 77 454 136 636 35264 

102 346 

337 171 90252 

264 168 104 254 161 064 

84827 

25942 

58 893 8 174 51 735 

469 268 178 900 373 725 221 080 154 063 

712 570 149 584 569 755 

2910 

572 373 

918 558 179 620 755 418 119209 

657114 

343 983 52075 

293 803 80296 

221 615 

135 022 35563 

100 442 25 104 75405 

423 875 78 174 354 613 65 239 289 706 

50020 

15296 

35229 

17466 

18980 

109 974 25640 

04429 

20325 

65904 

125 589 18 180 107412 

74192 

58450 

91 150 17790 

73666 

4731 

69015 

1 038 246 230 216 833 051 65857 

767 715 

Total 

172 547 40745 

131 802 34616 

97 186 

191 630 26406 

165 224 46285 

118939 

202 512 65890 

136621 

34909 

101 712 

337 171 73034 

264 137 104 199 159 938 

84827 

25937 

58890 

8115 

50775 

469 268 96504 

372 764 220 769 151 996 

712 570 142 854 569 716 

2910 

566 806 

918 558 163 360 755 198 119206 

635 992 

343 983 50435 

293 548 79844 

213 704 

135 022 35022 

100 000 25073 

74927 

423 875 69294 

354 581 65137 

289 444 

50020 

14794 

35226 

17450 

17 776 

109 974 25567 

84407 

20312 

64095 

125 589 18 180 107 409 74 192 33217 

91 150 17485 

73665 

4731 

68934 

1 038 246 205 195 833 051 65857 

767 194 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

166680 

39966 

126714 

33 186 93528 

179 170 24431 

154 738 43752 

110987 

191 435 59329 

132106 

33875 

98231 

325 315 

71 393 253 922 103 056 150 867 

77 500 22688 

54811 

7729 

47082 

453 588 89332 

364 256 215591 

148 665 

683 797 

141 242 542 555 2 ~35 

539 721 

892 834 

159 833 733 001 116906 

616 095 

324 073 45638 

278 434 73 117 205 317 

129205 

32790 

96415 

24214 

72201 

395 689 58399 

337 290 62273 

275 017 

46616 

13 131 33485 

16426 

17059 

103 956 22034 

81 922 19339 

62583 

120057 

16241 

103816 

71 450 32366 

85481 

14459 

71 022 4598 

66424 

1 006 394 190 524 815 870 64661 

751 209 

64 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

5867 

779 5088 

1 431 3658 

12 460 1 975 10486 

2533 

7952 

11 077 6562 

4515 

1 034 3482 

11 856 1 641 10215 

1 143 9071 

7327 

3249 

4079 

386 3693 

15680 

7172 

8509 

5178 

3331 

28773 

1 613 27161 76 27085 

25724 

3527 

22197 

2300 

19897 

19 911 4797 

15114 

6727 

8387 

5 817 2232 

3585 

859 2726 

28 185 10895 

17291 

2864 

14427 

3404 

1 663 

1 741 1 025 

716 

6 018 3533 

2485 

974 1 511 

5532 

1 939 3593 

2742 

851 

5669 

3026 

2643 

133 2510 

31 852 14671 

17181 

1 196 15985 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Tolal 

99 

59 

457 3883 

154 

626 4789 

11 564 

15 

355 

634 

17218 31 

55 

126 

5 

3 

58 

961 

82396 961 

312 2068 

6730 39 

5568 

16260 219 3 21 122 

1 640 

255 

452 7910 

541 

442 

31 

478 

8880 32 

102 

262 

502 3 

15 1 204 

73 

22 

13 1 809 

2 

25233 

305 1 

81 

25021 

521 

To State 

governments 

59 

29 

30 

15 

15 

31 

31 

3 

3 

961 

961 

39 

39 

219 3 216 

255 

170 

86 

442 

13 

429 

32 

2 

30 

3 

3 

22 

9 

12 

2 

2 

To local 

governments 

99 

428 3852 

154 

626 4789 

11 564 

355 

619 

17218 

24 

126 

5 

58 

957 

82396 

312 1 107 

6730 

5528 

16260 

20906 

1 640 

282 7825 

541 

18 

49 

8880 

100 

233 

502 

12 1 204 

73 

4 1 797 

25231 

305 

80 

25021 

521 
Table 21. Police protection expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of doliars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to lotals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmenlal expenditure 

Stale and type of government' To State To local 

Total' Total Direct currenl Capital outlay Total governments governmenls 

New Mexlco ___________________________ 130 458 130 458 123 281 7 176 Siale _______________________________ 31 305 29427 27830 1 597 1 878 1 878 Local, total __________________________ 101 054 101 031 95452 5579 23 23 Counties _________________________ 26035 26026 23901 2125 9 3 6 Municipalities _____________________ 75039 75005 71 551 3454 34 20 14 

New York _____________________________ 3 259 295 3 259 295 3 190 140 69 154 Stale _______________________________ 313 636 256 865 249 248 7618 56771 56771 Local, lotal __________________________ 3002611 3 002 429 2 940 893 61 537 181 181 Counties _________________________ 521 534 521 509 505003 16506 25 25 Municipalities _____________________ 2485 986 2480 920 2435 890 45031 5066 181 4885 

Norlh Carotlna ________________________ 491 158 491 158 444 679 46479 State _______________________________ 134 333 134 133 119752 14381 200 200 Local, lotal __________________________ 357 044 357 025 324 928 32097 20 20 Counties _________________________ 123 397 122112 105 939 16173 285 20 265 Municipalities _____________________ 236 091 234 912 218 988 15924 179 179 

North Dakota __________________________ 34502 34502 33721 781 Stale _______________________________ 7082 7082 6913 169 Local, total __________________________ 27421 27420 26808 612 1 Counties _________________________ 8800 8720 8415 306 79 78 Municipalities _____________________ 19327 18700 18394 306 627 627 

Ohio __________________________________ 792 299 792 299 755 271 37029 Stale _______________________________ 114456 114454 107 295 7159 2 2 Local, lotal __________________________ Counties 678 477 677 845 647 975 29869 632 632 _________________________ 110287 107 496 104 508 2987 2791 30 2761 Municipalities _____________________ 572 918 570 349 543 467 26882 2569 602 1 966 

Oklahoma _____________________________ 209 800 209 800 198 277 11 523 Siale _______________________________ 51 037 49615 46278 3337 1 422 1 422 Local, lotal __________________________ Counties 160217 160 185 151 999 8 186 32 32 _________________________ 18302 18302 17 825 477 Municipalities _____________________ 142172 141 863 134174 7709 289 32 257 ... Oregon _______________________________ Stale 233 302 233 302 225 341 7 961 _______________________________ 52407 50349 46841 3508 2058 2058 Local, lotal __________________________ 182 993 182 953 178 500 4453 40 40 Counties _________________________ 59502 59 127 56952 2 175 375 2 373 Municipalities _____________________ 125 739 123 826 121 549 2278 1 913 38 1 875 

Pennsyfvanla __________________________ State 903 117 903 117 675 036 28081 _______________________________ 202 885 198 148 187 964 10184 4737 4737 Local, total __________________________ Counties 705 045 704 969 687 072 17897 76 76 _________________________ 38677 38677 37771 905 Municipalities _____________________ 671 359 666 292 649 301 16991 5066 76 4990 

Rhode Island __________________________ Stale 104 494 104 494 93719 5775 _______________________________ 21 507 18510 17886 624 2997 2997 Local, lotal __________________________ 85984 85 984 80833 5151 Muni~ipalities _____________________ 85984 85984 80833 5151 

South Carolina ________________________ 233 559 233 559 212 755 20804 Stale _______________________________ 78484 78412 65322 13091 72 72 Local, lotal __________________________ 156108 155146 147 433 7713 962 962 Counties _________________________ 68825 68 580 64956 3625 245 245 Municipalities _____________________ 87576 86566 82477 4088 1 010 962 47 

South Dakota _________________________ Stale 41 663 41 663 39205 2458 _______________________________ 13352 13352 12 151 1 201 Local, tolal __________________________ 28314 28311 27054 1 257 3 3 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 9845 9819 9237 581 27 3 24 MUnlc'palitles _____________________ 20249 18492 17816 676 1 757 1 757 

Tennessee ____________________________ Siale 333 460 333 460 310 814 22646 _______________________________ 50988 46416 44273 2 14S 4572 4572 Local, tolal __________________________ 287 841 287 045 266 541 2050:i 797 797 Counlies _________________________ 65549 64759 61 437 3322 790 755 34 Municipalities _____________________ 222 488 222 286 205 104 17181 202 41 161 

Texas _________________________________ 

State 1 313 606 1 313 606 1 259 606 53999 _______________________________ 184315 184315 168818 15497 Local, total __________________________ Counties 129 694 129 291 1 090 789 38502 403 403 _________________________ 198017 197 688 188521 9 167 329 42 287 Municipalities _____________________ 942 326 931 603 902 268 29335 10723 361 10362 

Ulah __________________________________ 

Slate 135 365 135 365 128 358 7007 _______________________________ 38 188 37411 35015 2395 777 777 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties 97969 97954 93342 4612 15 15 _________________________ 32763 32726 30847 1 879 37 37 Municipalities _____________________ 67017 65228 62496 2732 1 789 15 1 774 

Vermont ______________________________ Slate 38643 38643 36 174 2469 _______________________________ 18660 18655 16635 2020 5 5 Local, total __________________________ Counlies 19988 19 988 19539 449 _________________________ 546 546 538 7 Municipalities _____________________ 19907 19442 19001 441 465 465 

Vlr~\~\: =============================== 

527 541 527 541 499 021 28520 231 684 117 192 106612 10581 114492 114492 Local, lotal __________________________ Counties 410 349 410 349 392 409 17939 _________________________ 176 093 176 093 169618 6475 Municipalities _____________________ 234 256 234 256 222 791 11 465 

See foolnoles at end of lable. 

POLICE PROTECTION 65 
Table 21. Police protection expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

State and type of government' To State 

Total2 Total Direct current Capital outlay Total governments 

Washington ___________________________ 397 605 397 605 388 272 9333 State _______________________________ 78453 77 197 73587 3610 1 257 Local. total __________________________ 320 558 320 408 314 686 5723 150 150 Counties _________________________ 106 093 105217 101 893 3324 876 17 Municipalities _____________________ 220 720 215191 212 793 2398 5529 133 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ 80702 80702 77 443 3259 State _______________________________ 28123 28 120 26580 1 540 3 Local, total __________________________ 52636 52582 50863 1 719 54 54 Counties _________________________ 16002 16002 15358 644 Municipalities _____________________ 36789 36580 35505 1 075 208 54 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ 451 254 451 254 432 189 19 065 State _______________________________ 46552 4351'1 40795 2715 3041 Local, total __________________________ Counties 407 891 407 743 391 393 16350 148 148 _________________________ 114793 114096 109 072 5023 697 Municipalities _____________________ 297 014 293 647 282 321 11 326 3367 148 

Wyoming _____________________________ 47505 47505 46233 1 272 State _______________________________ 10517 10517 10410 107 Local, total __________________________ Counties 36996 36988 35823 165 8 8 _________________________ 13982 13919 13375 544 64 Municipalities _____________________ 23313 23069 22447 622 243 8 

To local 

governments 

1 256 

858 5396 

3 

155 

3041 

697 3219 

64 

236 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the 'Local, total' lines and the combined State-local total lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative Intorgovernmental transactions. Thus, the 'Local, total' lines include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State-local total lines exclude all 

intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

66 19'08 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 22. Police protection expenditure of State governments by character and object, fiscal 

year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text) 

Direct expenditure 

State' Capital outlay 

Total Total 

f-------,------,-------,-------lintergovernmental 

Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land expenditure 

Total _________________________ _ 

Alabama ______________________________ _ 

Alaska _______________________________ _ Arizona _______________________________ _ 

Arkansas _____________________________ _ California _____________________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ Connecticut ___________________________ _ 

Delaware _____________________________ _ Florida _______________________________ _ 

Georgia ______________________________ _ 

HawaiL _______________________________ _ 

Idaho ________________________________ _ Illinois ________________________________ _ 

Indiana _______________________________ _ Iowa _________________________________ _ 

Kansas _______________________________ _ 

Maine 

~;~i~i~~~ ________________________________ ============================== _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ 

Massachusetts ________________________ _ Michlgan ______________________________ _ 

~!~~~i~t~~============================= Montana ______________________________ _ Nebraska _____________________________ _ 

Nevada _______________________________ _ 

New Hampshire _______________________ _ New Jersey ___________________________ _ 

New Mexico __________________________ _ New York _____________________________ _ 

North Carolina ____________________ • ___ _ 

North Dakota _____________________ • ___ _ Ohio _________________________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ 

~~~~~~Ivania=========================== Rhode Island __________________________ _ 

South Carolina ________________________ _ 

South Dakota _________________________ _ Tennessee ____________________________ _ Texas ________________________________ _ Utah _________________________________ _ 

Vermont ______________________________ _ 

Virginia _______________________________ _ 

Wyoming 

~~~~~~~~~~=========================== _____________________________ _ 

4 513 297 

56851 

54586 

99653 

25325 

630 659 

37068 

83890 

29365 

156 502 109701 

6251 

15764 

181 748 75877 

40844 

26560 

77 454 90252 

25942 

178 900 

149584 

179 620 52075 

35563 

78174 

15296 

25 640 18 180 17790 

230 216 

31 305 313 636 134 333 7082 

114456 

51 037 52407 

202 885 21 507 78484 

13352 

50988 

184315 

38 188 18660 

231 684 78453 

28 123 46552 

10517 

4 078 136 

56851 

49838 

88708 

25310 

596 488 

37001 

83869 

29365 

151 494 107 064 

4765 

14962 

172157 

75877 

40745 

26406 

65890 

73034 

25937 

96504 

142854 

163 360 50435 

35022 

69294 

14794 

25567 

18 180 17485 

205 195 

29427 

256 865 134 133 7082 

114454 

49615 

50 349 198 148 

18510 

78412 

13352 

46416 

184315 

37411 

18655 

117 192 

77 197 28120 

43511 

10517 

3 794 988 

56207 

47696 

82390 

24947 

551 370 

34777 

80381 

27377 

142 576 89416 

4552 

13 106 163 330 65230 

39966 

24431 

59329 

71 393 22688 

89332 

141 242 159 833 45638 

32790 

58399 

13 131 22034 

16241 

14459 

190 524 

27830 

249 248 

119752 

6913 

107 295 

46278 

46841 

187 964 17 886 65322 

12151 

44273 

168818 

35015 

16635 

106612 

73587 

26580 

40795 

10410 

283 148 

644 2143 

6318 

363 45 119 

2224 

3488 

1 989 8918 

17649 

213 1 856 8827 

10648 779 

1 975 6562 

1 641 3249 

7 172 

1 613 3527 

4797 

2232 

10895 

1 663 3533 

1 939 3026 

14671 

1 597 7618 

14381 169 7 159 

3337 

3508 

10 184 

624 13091 

1 201 

2143 

15497 

2395 

2020 

10581 

3610 

1 540 2715 

107 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

235 201 

644 

599 4283, 

363 35214 

2215 

1 694 

1 975 8857 

7965 

213 1 856 8805 

9447 

779 

1 952 5362 

1 581 3241 

5637 

1 195 3205 

4797 

2232 

8608 

1 415 3521 

1 939 2315 

11 521 

1 013 5500 

14379 169 6309 

3218 

3494 

10184 338 10 139 

1 201 1 322 14378 94 2020 

10342 

3564 

1 293 2709 

107 

39360 

1 544 2035 

2669 

9 1 794 

14 

61 9486 

22 

150 

23 

169 

60 

1 535 

418 

322 

2287 

248 

12 

711 3 150 

584 2118 2 

850 

119 

14 

286 2952 

821 1 112 2301 

189 

46 

247 

8587 

7236 

198 

1 051 

31 

8 

7 

50 

6 

435 162 

4748 

10945 15 34171 

67 

20 

5008 

2637 

1 486 

802 

9590 

99 

154 11 564 17218 5 82396 

6730 

16260 

1 640 

541 8880 

502 

73 

305 25021 

1 878 56771 200 

2 

1 422 2058 

4737 

2997 72 

4572 

777 5 

114492 

1 257 3 3041 

POLICE PROTECTION 67 
Table 23. Police protection expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of roundi~, detail may not add to totats. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure tntergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outtay 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction 

To State 

Land Total governments 

To tocal 

goverments 

Total __________________ _ 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________ _ 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________ _ Pima ________________________ _ 

CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________ _ Contra Costa ________________ _ Fresno ______________________ _ 

Los Angeles _________________ _ Orange ______________________ _ Riverside ____________________ _ 

Sacramento _________________ _ 

San Bernardino ______________ _ 

San Diego ___________________ _ San Mateo __________________ _ 

Santa Clara __________________ _ Ventura _____________________ _ 

FLORIDA Broward _____________________ _ 

Dade _______________________ _ 

Hillsborough _________________ _ Orange ______________________ _ 

Palm Beach _________________ _ 

Pinellas _____________________ _ 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________ _ 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________ _ 

Du Page ____________________ _ 

INDIANA-Lake ________________ _ 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson __________ _ 

MARYLAND Baltimore ____________________ _ 

Montgomery _________________ _ 

Prince Georges ______________ _ 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex _______________________ _ 

Middlesex ___________________ _ Norfolk ______________________ _ 

Worcester ___________________ _ 

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________ _ 

Oakland _____________________ _ Wayne ______________________ _ 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________ _ 

MISSOURI Jackson _____________________ _ SI. Louis ____________________ _ 

NEVADA-Clark ________________ _ 

NEW JERSEY Bergen ______________________ _ Essex _______________________ _ 

Hudson _____________________ _ 

Middlesex ___________________ _ 

Monmouth ___________________ _ Union _______________________ _ 

NEW Erie YORK _________________________ _ 

Monroe _____________________ _ Nassau _____________________ _ Suffolk ______________________ _ 

Westchester _________________ _ 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________ _ Franklin _____________________ _ Hamilton ____________________ _ 

~~~~ij~~~-================== OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________ _ 

OREGON-Multnomah __________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________ _ Delaware ____________________ _ Montgomery _________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

2 165 754 

12956 

30629 

18752 

21 042 20465 

17320 

326 985 

49753 

35205 

44866 

51 882 55881 

13538 

23891 

31 762 

46908 

145621 

38434 

27495 

33 147 26249 

7871 

31 247 7996 

5427 

15854 

57075 

48491 

50122 

5 111 14955 

11 623 

10998 

3 167 29304 

52626 

8524 

11 532 5618 

5 142 3214 

3246 

13720 

15059 

217 760 181 797 10621 

9566 

5936 

12086 

8080 

2694 

2434 

8261 

12732 

1 839 1 638 

2 161 148 

12956 

30629 

18313 

21 042 20465 

17320 

326 985 

48940 

35205 

44866 

51 882 55881 

13 538 23891 

31 762 

46908 

145621 

38434 

27495 

33 147 26249 

7871 

31 247 7996 

5427 

15854 

57075 

48347 

50 122 

5 111 14955 

11 623 

10861 

3 167 29304 

52626 

8524 

11 532 5618 

5 142 3214 

3246 

13720 

15059 

217 760 181 797 10621 

9566 

5936 

9854 

8080 

2694 

2434 

7997 

12732 

1 839 1 638 

2 062 193 

9326 

24 139 18066 

20853 

19323 

17227 

319971 

47039 

35166 

44506 

48826 

50012 

13437 

21 821 23321 

44386 

132 358 33098 

25436 

29391 

24269 

7326 

29545 

7877 

5424 

15478 

56267 

48073 

49541 

5082 

14903 

11 488 

9535 

2929 

27887 

50717 

8275 

11 216 5618 

5 127 3214 

3 133 

12708 

14290 

212 009 178 359 10 154 

9478 

5832 

9617 

7589 

2611 

2324 

7786 

12278 

1 836 1 601 

98 955 

3630 

6490 

247 

189 

142 

93 7014 

1 901 

39 

360 3056 

5869 

101 2070 

8441 

2522 

13263 

5336 

2059 

3756 

1 980 

545 

1 702 

119 

3 

376 

808 

274 

581 

29 

52 

135 

1 326 

238 

1 417 

909 

249 

316 

15 

113 

012 

769 5751 

3438 

467 

88 

104 

237 

491 

83 

110 

211 

454 3 

37 

68 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

63 741 

2636 

1 723 

207 

189 

66 

93 4035 

1 380 

39 

232 2846 

5603 

101 

13 1 046 

2522 

5546 

5308 

2031 

3756 

1 898 

463 

1 389 

119 

3 

376 

447 

274 

581 

29 

52 

135 

684 

238 1 016 

906 

81 

316 

15 

113 

1 012 

107 4982 

1 062 

467 

88 

104 

237 

436 

83 

36 

104 

454 3 

34 984 

994 

4767. 40 ' 

076 

2784 

521 

128 

210 

266 

2057 

7395 

7717 28 

28 

82 

82 

313 

361 

642 

366 

3 

168 

662 

769 2376 

55 

74 

107 

37 

230 4606 1 153 3453 

439 439 

195 813 813 

144 144 

137 137 

35 

2232 2232 

264 264 
Table 23. Police protection expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 14613 14036 13335 701 668 33 - 577 577 -

TEXAS Bexar ________________________ 

Dallas _______________________ 6882 6882 6595 287 287 - - - - - 15005 15005 14234 771 739 32 - - - - EI Paso ______________________ 

Harris ________________________ 5 965 5965 5733 232 232 - - - - - Tarrant _______________________ 21 502 21 502 21 016 486 486 - - - - - 6158 6 158 5743 415 275 140 - - - -

UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 14152 14 152 14 140 12 12 - - - - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax _______________ 53804 53804 52933 871 871 - - - - -

WASHINGTON King _________________________ 

Pierce 33 132 33 132 32 121 1 011 1 011 - - - - - ________________________ 13489 13489 12701 788 175 613 - - - -

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 14905 14905 14544 361 303 58 - - - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

POLICE PROTECTION 69 
Table 24. Police protection expenditure of 49 large city governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovermental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments governments 

Total ___________________ 6 396 779 6 391 257 6 215 591 175 666 129 977 42742 2947 5522 - 5522 

ARIZONA Phoenix ______________________ Tucson _______________________ 108 189 108 189 100 677 7512 5274 1 265 973 - - - 42876 42876 36679 6 197 2221 3976 - - - - CAl.iFORNIA Long Beach __________________ 49873 49873 49610 263 263 - - - - - Los Angeles __________________ 544 264 544 264 542377 1 887 1 500 387 - - - - Oakland ______________________ 58 126 58 126 57887 239 239 - - - - - San Diego ____________________ 105 356 105 356 98909 6447 3756 2691 - - - - San Francisco ________________ 127 605 127 605 121 818 5787 3211 2576 - - - - San Jose _____________________ 65455 65455 63401 2054 1 766 288 - - - -

COLORADO-Denver ____________ 72368 72368 70579 1 789 1 789 - - - - - DISTRICT Washington OF COLUMBIA-

____________________ 193 883 193 883 181 754 12129 4769 7360 - - - - FLORIDA Jacksonville __________________ Miami 49735 49735 48864 871 859 12 - - - - ________________________ 62683 62683 60543 2140 144 211 1 785 - - - GEORGIA-Atlanta ______________ 54251 54251 51 569 2682 2682 - - - - - HAWAII-Honolulu _______________ 80725 80725 72710 8015 1 938 6077 - - - - ILLINOIS-Chicago ______________ 546 874 546 874 537 063 9811 9 132 679 - - - - INDIANA-Indianapolis ___________ 69969 69969 67389 2580 2094 486 - - - - LOUISIANA Baton Rouge _________________ 28 104 28 104 27388 716 716 - - - - - New Orleans _________________ 48995 47944 43 126 4816 1 629 3065 124 1 051 - 1 051 

MARYLAND-Baltimore __________ 112638 112638 112287 351 291 60 - - - - MASSACHUSETTS-BasIon ______ 108 845 108 845 100 456 8389 4003 4375 11 - - - MICHIGAN-Detroit ______________ 224 679 224 679 216 608 8071 6619 1 452 - - - - MINNESOTA-Minneapolis _______ 44 196 44 189 43 903 286 286 - - 7 - 7 

MISSOURI Kansas _______________________ 64352 64352 63050 1 302 1 238 60 4 - - - SI. Louis _____________________ 76442 76442 73500 2942 2942 - - - - - NEBRASKA-Omaha ____________ 28306 28019 27425 594 593 1 - 287 - 287 

NEW JERSEY -Newark __________ 42757 42757 41 917 840 540 300 - - - - NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque _____ 30766 30766 29 125 1 641 1 483 158 - - - - NEW YORK Buffalo _______________________ 

New 35521 35521 34672 849 432 417 - - - - York City ________________ 1 937094 1 937 094 1 910 837 26257 26257 - - - - - NORTH CAROLINA-Chariolte ____ 26490 26490 24850 1 640 1 640 - - - - -

OHIO Cincinnati ____________________ 38833 38833 38808 25 25 - - - - - Cleveland ____________________ Columbus ____________________ 69613 69613 68491 1 122 1 013 109 - - - - Toledo _______________________ 58851 58851 56654 2197 2 197 - - - - - 32067 32067 30986 1 081 1 077 4 - - - - OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City ________________ Tulsa ________________________ 34011 34011 30268 3743 2923 784 36 - - - 27511 27511 26265 1 246 1 246 - - - - -

OREGON-Portland ______________ 50483 50483 50375 108 108 - - - - - PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia __________________ Pittsburgh ____________________ 274 165 274 165 271 072 3093 3082 11 - - - - 36647 36647 36337 310 310 - - - - - TENNESSEE Memphis _____________________ Nashville _____________________ 58538 58538 51 428 7110 7110 - - - - - 49055 49055 44687 4368 3480 888 - - - -

TEXAS Austin ________________________ Dallas ________________________ 43642 43642 43 148 494 222 272 - - - - EI Paso ______________________ 111 640 111 640 105 405 6235 5015 1 220 - - - - Fort Worth ___________________ 28634 28634 28039 595 595 - - - - - Houston ______________________ 42321 42321 40267 2054 2054 - - - - - 183 548 183 548 175341 8207 6862 1 345 - - - - San Antonio __________________ 70 133 65956 65450 506 506 - - 4 177 - 4 177 

WASHINGTON-Seattle __________ 64337 64337 63959 378 279 85 14 - - - WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 81 333 81 333 77 638 3695 1 567 2128 - - - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

70 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 25. Judicial expenditure by character and object, by State and type of government, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

States·local, totaL ____________ _ States _____________________ _ 

Local, total ________________ _ Countles ________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________ _ 

Alabama _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ____________________ •. ___ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Alaska _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnicipalities Bor~u~hs.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Arizona ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Arkansas _____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

California ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Connecticut __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUnicipalities t.o!al-.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Delaware _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Municipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

District of Columbia __________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Municipality ______________________ _ 

Florida _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Georgia ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

HawaII _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________ •. ________ _ 

Cou~t!es MunicipalitIes .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Idaho ________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MunIcipalitIes .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

illinois _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnicIpalitIes Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Indiana ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Total2 

6 459 822 3 070 941 3 687 505 2 957 413 760 522 

90443 

60561 

30172 

17 252 12982 

35 418 35418 

110 162 15059 

95103 

72645 

22629 

28928 

10428 

;8594 

13694 

5322 

971 978 186071 

855 504 818 986 36541 

76242 

54417 

21 825 2834 

18991 

90371 

90 308 

105 

136 

26645 

24881 

3 161 2225 

936 

60756 

60756 

60756 

324 537 103 026 221 739 211 534 10794 

158 605 24234 

134 586 123 265 11 706 

46343 

46343 

22262 

9490 

12842 

12 191 

689 

237 543 106 875 131 149 130 484 

791 

83633 

19767 

63913 

44275 

19654 

Total 

6 459 822 2 800 124 3 659 698 2 928 041 731 657 

90443 

60561 

29882 

17252 

12630 

35418 

35418 

110 162 15059 

95 103 72645 

22459 

28928 

10428 

18500 

13467 

5033 

971 978 116482 

655 496 818 979 36518 

76242 

54417 

21 825 2834 

18991 

90 371 90308 63 

63 

26645 

23484 

3 161 2225 

936 

60756 

60756 

60756 

324 537 103 026 221 511 210717 

10794 

158 605 24234 

134371 

122 885 11 486 

46343 

46343 

22262 

9490 

12772 

12083 689 

237 543 106521 

131 022 130231 791 

83 633 19767 

63866 

44213 

19653 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

6 233 686 2 731 714 3 501 972 2 799 429 702 544 

88637 

59066 

29571 

17 155 12417 

31 307 31 307 

104 289 14539 

89750 

68 135 21 615 

28400 

10320 

18080 

13 157 4923 

939 765 114973 

824 792 788 846 35946 

74375 

52653 

21 722 2832 

18890 

84098 

84036 62 

62 

25 811 22669 

3 142 2207 

936 

54074 

54074 

54074 

291 216 101 374 189 842 179 181 10661 

155 431 24089 

131 342 120 044 11 299 

42550 

42550 

21 806 9331 

12475 

11 795 

680 

235 440 106415 

129 025 128 234 

791 

82265 

19541 

62724 

43416 

19307 

Capital outiay 

226 136 68410 

157 726 128 613 29 113 

1 806 1 495 

311 

98 

213 

4 111 4 111 

5873 

520 5353 

4509 

844 

528 

108 

420 

310 

110 

32213 

1 509 30704 

30 132 

572 

1 867 1 764 

103 2 100 

6273 

6272 1 

1 

833 

815 

18 

18 

6682 

6682 

6682 

33320 

1 652 31 668 31 535 

133 

3 174 

145 3029 

2841 

187 

3793 

3793 

457 

159 

298 

289 9 

2 103 

106 1 997 1 997 

1 369 

226 1 143 

797 

346 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

270 817 27807 

29372 

28865 

289 

352 

170 

94 

227 

289 

69589 7 

8 

24 

43 

74 

1 397 

229 

817 

214 

380 

220 

69 

108 

354 

127 

253 

47 

62 

1 

To State 

governments 

27807 

6917 

20890 

289 

289 

94 

94 

7 

7 

43 

43 

229 

229 

214 

26 

1B8 

69 

69 

127 

127 

47 

46 

1 

To local governments 

270 817 

22455 

7974 

63 

170 

227 

195 

69589 

24 

31 

1 397 

589 

354 

32 

39 

354 

126 

16 

JUDICIAL 71 
Table 25. Judicial expenditure by character and object, by State and type of government, 

fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dol/ars. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl) 

Siale and type of governmenl' 

Iowa _________________________________ _ 

Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou,:,l!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Kansas ______________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, tOlal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies ____________________ _ 

Kenlucky ____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou<:,l!es ._. _______________________ _ MUnlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Louisiana ____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, \olal _________________________ _ 

Parishes ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Maine ________________________________ _ Slate ______________________________ _ 

Local, \olal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies ____________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, 10Ial _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Massachusetts _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Mfchlgan _____________________________ _ S\ale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ 

Cou,:,t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Mlnnesota ____________________________ _ Slate ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ 

COU~I!eS ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

MissIssIppI ___________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ 

Cou,:,l!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilies ____________________ _ 

MIssourI _____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MUnlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Montana _____________________________ _ 

Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, tolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Nebraska ____________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou,:,l!es .-. _______________________ _ 

MUnlclpalllies ____________________ _ 

Nevada ______________________________ _ 

Slate ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es ._. _______________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

New HampshIre ______________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municlpalilles ____________________ _ 

New Jersey __________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, 10Ial _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MuniCipalities ____________________ _ 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

Tolal' 

49244 

47 BIB 

3359 

3362 

50 121 34210 

16244 

10396 

5974 

69693 

74753 

4 134 4077 57 

114 180 32475 

81 705 49458 

32360 

19339 

17958 

1 998 

1 963 

117 

128 SOl 88 126 44221 

34952 

9270 

197 040 211 316 23855 

17585 

7549 

306 660 117327 

232 789 183 937 61 194 

96304 

29350 

67 154 68570 

38827 

8234 

31 351 27883 

3469 

109635 

67616 

48 548 24412 

24179 

12 613 4262 

8351 

7 126 1 304 

28741 

16077 

12670 

12672 7 

34012 

5748 

28572 

21 876 6807 

24267 

23535 

1 399 1 017 

382 

225 212 106 152 140 495 94969 

45853 

Tolal 

49244 

46004 

3240 

3240 

50 121 34210 

15911 

9943 

5968 

69693 

65559 

4 134 4077 57 

114 180 32475 

81 705 49412 

32293 

19 339 17676 

1 663 1 618 

44 

128 501 84280 

44221 

34952 

9270 

197 040 173 438 23602 

17585 

6017 

306 660 91 378 215 282 172 679 42603 

96304 

29350 

66954 

66954 

38827 

8234 

30593 

27259 

3334 

109 635 61 097 48538 

24377 

24161 

12 613 4262 

B 351 7051 

1 300 

28741 

16077 

12664 

12664 

34012 

5440 

2B 572 21 835 6737 

24267 

2286B 

1 399 1 017 

382 

225 212 85281 

139931 

94969 

44962 

Direcl expendilure 

Direcl currenl 

47412 

44422 

2990 

2990 

49496 

33983 

15513 

9612 

5901 

67828 

63694 

4 134 4076 57 

112 361 32180 

80 181 49264 

30917 

18 261 17192 

1 069 

1 025 

44 

125408 

81 965 43443 

34226 

9217 

194958 

172289 

22669 

17553 

5 117 

303 069 90591 

212 478 170 440 42038 

94200 

28857 

65343 

65343 

36 571 8063 

28508 

25315 

3 194 

103 267 60446 

42821 

23760 

19061 

12 375 4149 

8226 

6961 

1 265 

28346 

15840 

12506 

12506 

32909 

5344 

27565 

21 266 6299 

23870 

22506 

1 364 

982 

382 

223 203 84474 

138 729 93948 

44781 

72 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capilal outlay 

1 832 1 582 

250 

250 

625 

227 

398 

332 

66 

1 866 1 865 1 

1 

1 820 

295 1 525 

148 

1 376 

1 078 

484 

594 

594 

3093 

2315 

778 

725 

53 

2082 

1 149 

933 

33 

900 

3591 

787 2804 

2240 

565 

2 104 

493 1611 

1 611 

2255 

171 

2084 

1 944 

140 

6368 

651 5717 

617 5 100 

238 

113 

125 

90 

35 

395 

237 

158 

158 

1 103 

96 1 007 

569 

438 

397 

362 

35 

35 

2009 

807 1 202 1 021 

181 

Inlergovernmenlal expenditure 

Total 

1 814 

119 

122 

333 

452 6 

9194 

46 

67 

282 

336 

344 

73 

3846 

37878 253 

1 533 

25949 

17507 

11 258 18592 

201 1 616 

758 

624 

136 

6519 11 

35 

19 

75 

4 

6 

8 

7 

308 

41 

70 

667 

20871 564 

891 

To Stale 

governmenls 

119 

119 

333 

326 6 

336 

336 

253 

253 

17507 

1 633 15874 

201 

201 

758 

824 

134 

11 

11 

6 

6 

564 

564 

To local governmenls 

1 814 

2 

126 

9194 

46 

67 

282 

8 

73 

3846 

37878 

1 280 

25949 

9624 

2718 

1 416 

2 

6519 

24 

19 

75 

4 

2 

7 

308 

41 

70 

667 

20871 

327 
Table 25. Judicial expenditure by character and object, by State and type of government, 

fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding, delall may not add 10 lolals, For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Siale and type of governmenl1 

New Mexlco __________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Cou~l!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

Munlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

New York ____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalilies ____________________ _ 

North Carolina _______________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Counlies ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 

Siale ______________________________ _ Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

MUnlClpalilles ____________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ Munlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Pennsylvania _________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

Munlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ 

Slate ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUnlclpalilles t.o!al-,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

South Dakota ________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ 

Stale ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ Cou~l!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Texas ________________________________ _ 

Slate ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ MUniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Ulah _________________________________ _ 

Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counlies ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Vermonl _____________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Munlclpalilles ____________________ _ 

Virginia ______________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See foolnoles at end of lable, 

Tolal2 

28026 

25756 

2771 

301 2470 

748 534 664 956 

92896 

23337 

69559 

103 316 90642 

12674 

12558 116 

13 740 7058 

6717 

5796 

973 

248 363 38789 

209 988 147 298 

65569 

42364 

20582 

22026 

22356 

6540 

97228 

82243 

17356 

12472 

4925 

311 888 122 406 232 290 147 697 84595 

25709 

25803 

1 048 

1 048 

49099 

16782 

32792 

28789 

4202 

10725 

8754 

3539 

3540 2 

96368 

25299 

78722 

64940 

14269 

362 570 49139 

321 164 268 565 52706 

34 951 23714 

12446 

10329 

2251 

10678 

8480 

2198 

1 629 

569 

147 357 101 365 66713 

41 863 25534 

Tolal 

28026 

25257 

2769 

301 2469 

748 534 656 195 

92339 

23331 

69008 

103 316 90642 

12674 

12558 116 

13 740 7058 

6682 

5709 

973 

248 363 38789 

209 574 145166 

64409 

42364 

20494 

21 870 15388 

6482 

97228 

80458 

16770 

12110 

4659 

311 888 79598 

232 290 147 695 

84595 

25709 

24661 

1 048 1 048 

49099 

16638 

32461 

28756 

3705 

10725 

8754 

1 971 1 969 2 

96368 

17 803 78565 

64319 

14246 

362 570 42995 

319 575 267 937 51 637 

34951 

22700 

12251 

10200 

2051 

10 G78 8480 

2198 

1 629 

569 

147 357 80644 

66713 

41 839 24874 

Direcl expendilure 

Direcl currenl 

27272 

24535 

2737 

301 2437 

723 832 634 352 89480 

22263 

67218 

98764 

89390 

9374 

9266 

109 

13557 

7010 

6547 

5582 

965 

240 757 38696 

202 061 140 101 61 960 

41 893 20128 

21 765 15299 

6466 

94829 

78407 

16422 

11 794 4628 

306 638 78909 

227 729 143 507 84222 

24935 

23895 

1 040 

1 040 

48320 

16427 

31 893 

28229 

3664 

10 597 8645 

1 952 

1 950 2 

91 475 17687 

73788 

60621 

13 167 

349 985 42828 

307 157 255 900 51 257 

33026 

20931 

12095 

10077 

2017 

10 351 8287 

2064 

1 495 

569 

134 689 80140 

54549 

32829 

21 720 

Capilal oullay 

754 

722 

32 

32 

24702 

21 843 2859 

1 069 

1 790 

4 551 1 252 3299 

3292 8 

183 

48 

135 

127 8 

7606 93 7513 

5065 

2448 

471 

366 

105 

89 

16 

2399 

2051 

348 

316 

32 

5250 

689 4561 

4188 

373 

775 

766 9 

9 

778 

211 

567 

527 

41 

128 

109 

19 

19 

4893 

116 4777 

3698 

1 079 

12585 167 12418 

12038 381 

1 925 

1 769 

156 

123 

34 

327 

193 

134, 

134 

12 668 

504 12164 

9010 

3 154 

Inlergovernmenlal expendilure 

Tolal 

499 2 

2 

8761 

557 5 552 

35 

87 

414 2133 

1 160 

88 

155 6968 58 

1 785 

586 

361 

266 

42808 

2 

142 

144 

331 

33 

497 

1 568 

1 571 

7496 

158 

621 

23 

6 144 1 589 

627 

1 069 

1 014 

195 

129 

200 

20721 

24 

660 

To Siale 

governmenls 

2 

2 

557 5 552 

35 

35 

414 1 413 

155 

153 2 

586 

361 

225 

331 

33 

298 

1 568 

1 568 

158 

145 

13 

1 589 

530 1 059 

195 

195 

To local 

governmenls 

499 

8761 

51 

2132 

748 

88 

6815 55 

l85 

41 

42808 

2 

142 

144 

199 

3 

7496 

476 

10 

6 144 

97 

9 

1 014 

129 5 

20721 

24 

660 

JUDICIAL 73 
Table 25. Jud~cial expenditure by character and object, by State and type of government, 

fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total' Total Direcl current 

Washlnglon ___________________________ 108 116 108 116 100 850 State _______________________________ 29271 29032 27587 Local, total __________________________ 79460 79 084 73263 Counties _________________________ 63 695 63 561 59042 Municipalities _____________________ 16903 15523 14221 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State 30 966 30966 29 591 _______________________________ 20631 20631 , 19 553 Local, total __________________________ 10407 10 335 10038 Counties _________________________ 9 548 9501 9205 Municipalities _____________________ 860 834 833 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ 108413 108413 106 424 State _______________________________ 29521 28 213 27781 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties 80 762 80200 78643 _________________________ 75044 74889 73 686 Municipalities _____________________ 5731 5311 4 957 

Wyoming _____________________________ State 13 155 13 155 12 901 _______________________________ 7915 7915 7668 Local, total __________________________ 5240 5 240 5233 Counties _________________________ 4019 4019 4014 Municipalities _____________________ 1 247 1 221 1 219 

Capital outlay 

7266 

1 445 

5821 

4519 

1 302 

1 375 1 078 

297 

296 1 

1 989 

432 

1 557 

1 203 

354 

254 

247 7 

6 

2 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

239 

375 

133 1 380 

72 

47 

26 

1 308 

563 

155 

420 

26 

To State 

governments 

375 

123 

252 

72 

46 

25 

563 

155 

408 

To local governments 

239 

10 1 128 

1 308 

1 

12 

26 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of a/l county governments and tllerefore are nol subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State-local lotal lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines Include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State-local total lines exclude all Intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

74 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 26. Judicial expenditure f)f State governments by character and object, fiscal year 

1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State' 

Total Total Direct current 

Total __________________________ 3 070 941 2800 124 2731 714 

Alabama _______________________________ 60 561 60561 59066 Alaska ________________________________ 35418 35418 31 307 Arizona ________________________________ 15059 15059 14539 Arkansas ______________________________ 10428 10428 10320 California ______________________________ 186071 116482 114973 

Colorado ______________________________ 54417 54417 52653 Connecticut ____________________________ 90308 90308 84036 Delaware ______________________________ 24 881 23484 22669 Florida ________________________________ 103 026 103 026 101 374 Georgia _______________________________ 24234 24234 24089 

Hawaii _________________________________ 46343 46343 42550 Idaho 9490 9490 9331 

Illinois == =============================== 106 875 106 521 106415 Indiana ________________________________ 19767 19767 19541 Iowa __________________________________ 47818 46004 44422 

Kansas ________________________________ 34 210 34210 33983 

~~~i~~~~ ============================== 

74753 65 559 63694 

Maine 32475 32475 32 180 _________________________________ 

Maryland 17 958 17 676 17 192 ______________________________ 88 126 84280 81 965 

Massachusetts _________________________ Michlgan 211 316 173 438 172 289 _______________________________ 117 327 91 378 90591 

~i~~~~~~~============================= 29 350 29 350 28857 8 234 8234 8063 67616 61 097 60446 

Montana _______________________________ 4262 4262 4 149 Nebraska ______________________________ Nevada 16077 16077 15840 ________________________________ 5748 5440 5 344 

~~~ 7:r~g:~~~_======================== 23 535 22868 22506 106 152 85281 84474 

New Mexico ___________________________ 

New 25756 25257 24535 York ______________________________ 664 956 656 195 634 352 North Carolina _________________________ 90642 90642 89390 North Dakota __________________________ Ohio __________________________________ 7058 7058 7010 38789 38789 38696 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 20582 20494 20 128 ________________________________ 82243 80458 78407 Pennsylvania ___________________________ 122 406 79 598 78909 Rhode Island ___________________________ 25803 24661 23 895 South Carolina _________________________ 16782 16638 16427 

South Dakota __________________________ 8754 8 754 8645 Tennessee _____________________________ 25299 17 803 17 687 Texas _________________________________ Utah __________________________________ 49 139 42995 42828 

Vermont 23 714 22700 20931 _______________________________ 8480 8480 8 287 

Virginia ________________________________ 

Washington 101 365 80644 80 140 ____________________________ 29 271 29 032 27587 

~~~~~~~n~~=========================== 20 631 20631 19553 

Wyoming 29 521 28213 27781 ______________________________ 7915 7915 7668 

Direct expenditure 

Capital outlay 

Total Equipment Construction 

68410 

1 495 4 111 

520 

108 1 509 

1 764 6 272 

815 1 652 

145 

3 793 

159 

106 

226 1 582 

227 1 865 

295 

484 2315 

1 149 

787 

493 

171 

651 

113 

237 

96 

362 

807 

722 21 843 

1 252 

48 

93 

366 

2051 

689 

766 

211 

109 

116 

167 

769 

193 

504 1 445 1 078 

432 

247 

44333 

1 495 

187 

422 

108 

509 

1 677 1 414 

519 1 156 

145 

2389 

159 

106 

226 1 582 

212 

865 

295 

424 

1 944 

219 

787 

493 

171 

651 

113 

236 

96 

235 

807 

702 10981 

1 126 

48 

93 

365 2051 

689 

404 

211 

109 

116 

167 1 754 

193 

480 

1 445 1 078 

432 

247 

24014 

3924 

98 

87 4858 

296 

496 

1 361 

15 

60 

371 

930 

127 

10862 126 

362 

15 

24 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

Intergovernmental 

Land expenditure 

63 270 817 

69589 

397 

43 

354 

1 814 

9 194 

282 3846 

37878 

25949 

6519 

308 

667 20871 

20 499 8761 

88 1 785 42808 

1 142 

144 

7496 

6144 

1 014 

20721 239 

1 308 

JUDICIAL 75 
Table 27. Detail of direct current expenditure for judicial activities of State governments, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Appellate courts 

State' 

Total direct current Courts of last 

expenditure Total resort Intermediate 

appellate courts Courts of general 

jurisdiction 

Courts of limited 

jurisdiclion Miscellaneous 

Total _____ ------------------- 2 731 714 3508(7 134 678 

Alabama ________ • ______________________ 59 066 5 322 3 179 

Alaska 31 307 2 320 2320 

Arizona ================================ 14 539 8 564 3 519 Arkansas ________ .. ____________________ 10 320 2 676 1 434 Californ;~ _______ .... ____________________ 114 973 42 929 6 620 

Colorado 52 653 4 056 1 845 

Connecticut============================ 84 036 3 822 2 151 Delaware ______________________________ 22 669 927 927 Florida ________________________________ 101 374 18 855 6 703 Georgia _______________________________ 24 089 6424 3 258 

Hawaii _________________________________ 42 550 2 086 1 545 Idaho --------------.. ------------------ 9 331 1 556 1 027 Illinois _________________________________ 106 415 16 184 4 097 Indiana ________________________________ 19 541 5 243 2 669 Iowa __________________________________ 44 422 2 114 1 488 

Kansas ______________ .. _________________ 33 983 2 730 946 Kentucky ______________________________ 63 694 5 060 1 945 Louisiana ______________________________ Maine 32 180 15 020 3 405 _________________________________ 17 192 1 108 1 108 Maryland ______________________________ 81 965 4 078 1 468 

Massachusetts ________ .. ________________ 172 289 7 826 4 707 

~:~~~:cl'B.-============:·================ 90 591 15 871 5 727 28 857 11 997 8 850 

~:~~~~;r~~============================= 8 063 2 722 2 722 60 446 8 396 2 622 

Montana _______________________________ 4 149 1 145 1 145 Nebraska ______________________________ 15 840 495 495 Nevada ________________ ... ______________ 5 344 1 916 1 916 New Hampshire ________________________ 22 506 975 975 New Jersey ____________ .. _______________ 84 474 11 387 2 898 

New Mexico ___________ .. _______________ 24 535 2 221 935 New York ______________ .. _______________ 634 352 34 204 7 079 

North Carolina ----.. ----.. ---.... ---------- 89 390 4 302 1 772 North Dakota 7 010 1 378 1 378 Ohio ________ ========================== 38 696 8 689 573 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 20 128 5 343 3 891 ________________________________ 78 407 2 479 956 Pennsylvania ___________ .. _______________ 78 909 22 793 6 045 Rhode Island ___________________________ 23 895 4 543 4 543 South Carolina _________________________ 16 427 3 147 1 937 

South Dakota __________________________ 8 645 925 925 Tennessee _____________________________ Texas 17 687 3 545 1 045 _________________________________ 42 828 16 979 4 040 Utah _________________________ .. _______ 20 931 2 053 1 160 Vermont _______________________________ 8 287 840 840 

Virginia ________________________________ 80 140 7 570 5 555 Washington ____________________________ West 27 587 8 013 3 068 Virginia ___________________________ 19 553 2 129 2 129 Wisconsin _____________________________ Wyoming 27 781 4 689 1 895 ______________________________ 7 668 1 201 1 201 

'Data are based on a field compilalion from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

76 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

216 169 

2 143 

5045 

1 242 36309 

2211 

1 671 

12152 

3 166 

541 

529 12087 

2574 

626 

1 784 3 115 11 615 

2610 

3 119 10 144 3 147 

5774 

8489 

1 286 27 125 2530 

8 116 

1 452 1 523 16748 

1 210 

2500 

12939 

893 

2015 

4945 

2794 

1 370 289 

49749 

22956 

4698 

6825 

54786 

24464 

42366 

5669 

41 621 15686 

16378 

6664 

57540 

13380 

34656 

28338 

40778 

13362 

5250 

35077 

157 508 34505 

15417 

4508 

49656 

1 907 4242 

2012 

8317 

40827 

10348 

264470 

54089 

5508 

19035 

14418 

15724 

28740 

4994 

5421 

7229 

10 112 23767 

9695 

1 873 

17601 

6634 

8278 

19957 

3254 

580 916 

18456 988 

13469 

19755 

15916 

871 

11 467 2236 

7543 

35685 

29245 

9093 

11 807 

7510 

249 718 23446 

5016 

17908 

23066 

10217 

5670 

3 195 

4489 

43984 

7 169 

2997 

429 662 

3 995 6031 

1 277 

819 17258 

5677 

36860 

2604 

21 143 1 979 

8170 

1111 

31 820 

918 7652 

2915 

6389 

1 562 3291 

7125 

6955 

10970 

1 443 

833 2 394 

1 097 2010 

1 416 1 407 32260 

4456 

85960 

7553 

124 5 956 

367 42296 

4310 

4 141 2189 

491 4030 

2082 

5 988 1 085 

10985 

12940 

1 977 3 135 

216 
Table 28. Judicial expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County1 Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

Total ___________________ 1 614 354 1 597633 1 518 609 79 024 23011 54 148 1 865 16721 1 459 15262 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ____________ 3462 3462 3 459 3 3 

ARIZONA Maricopa _____________________ 38916 38916 36963 953 729 224 Pima _________________________ 14240 14240 12601 639 1 105 534 

CALIFORNIA Alameda _____________________ 43882 43882 41 927 955 861 094 Contra Costa _________________ 18312 18312 17382 930 77 853 Fresno _______________________ 12910 12910 12764 146 54 92 Los Angeles __________________ 324 568 324 568 316 774 7794 2 132 5662 Orange _______________________ 64848 64848 59984 4864 387 4477 Riverside _____________________ 22049 22049 21 984 65 65 Sacramento __________________ 40970 40970 40001 969 146 8Z3 San Bernardino _______________ 36469 36469 31 895 4574 34 4540 San Diego ____________________ 57759 57759 54 189 3570 623 2688 259 San Mateo ___________________ 17296 17 296 17178 118 118 Santa Clara ___________________ 37580 37580 35402 2178 77 2 101 Ventura ______________________ 11 780 11 780 11 624 156 15 141 

FLORIDA Broward ______________________ 16387 16387 15721 666 505 161 Dade ________________________ 55407 55407 48 996 6411 1 259 5 152 Hillsborough __________________ 25269 25269 18436 6833 2458 4239 136 Orange _______________________ 8960 8960 8536 424 424 Palm Beach __________________ 12251 12226 10140 2086 775 307 4 25 25 Pinellas ______________________ 14499 14499 13360 1 139 942 197 

GEORGIA-Fulton _______________ 17824 17794 17603 191 191 30 30 

ILLINOIS Cook ________________________ 90076 90076 88653 1 423 1 423 Du Page _____________________ 5887 5887 5 764 123 123 

INDIANA-Lake _________________ 5914 5914 5839 75 75 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson ___________ 2480 2480 2480 

MARYLAND Baltimore _____________________ 5747 5747 5743 4 4 Montgomery __________________ 6043 6043 5887 156 156 Prince Georges _______________ 12153 12153 11 804 349 83 266 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex ________________________ 2590 2590 2558 32 32 Middlesex ____________________ Norlolk 10021 10021 10021 _______________________ 

Worcester 1 932 1 932 1 932 ____________________ 2633 2633 2633 

MICHIGAN Macomb _____________________ 12731 12731 12144 587 93 494 Oakland ______________________ 17 565 16 112 16081 31 31 1 453 1 453 Wayne _______________________ 36433 28041 27591 450 450 8392 8392 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin _________ 19717 19717 19 563 154 154 

MISSOURI Jackson ______________________ 7496 7496 7097 399 144 255 SI. Louis _____________________ 8782 8775 8746 29 29 7 7 

NEVADA-Clark _________________ 13551 13551 13 196 355 355 

NEW JERSEY Bergen _______________________ Essex 7767 7767 7767 ________________________ 18758 18758 18586 172 172 Hudson ______________________ 7 118 7 118 7 118 Middlesex ____________________ Monmouth 8579 8579 8532 47 14 33 ____________________ Union 5005 5005 5005 ________________________ 9729 9729 9 455 274 274 

NEW Erie YORK __________________________ 

Monroe 2697 2697 2697 ______________________ 7481 7481 7481 Nassau ______________________ 775 770 770 5 5 Suffolk _______________________ 2571 2571 2565 6 6 Westchester __________________ 2381 2381 2381 

OHIO Cuyahoga ____________________ 36595 35 288 34 635 653 277 376 1 307 1 307 Franklin ______________________ 11 667 11 628 11 465 163 163 39 39 Hamilton _____________________ 20755 20755 20539 216 216 Montgomery __________________ 10571 10021 9725 296 240 56 550 549 Summit ______________________ 10341 10341 7372 2969 135 2834 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma _________ S 273 4360 4298 62 62 4913 4913 

OREGON-Multnomah ___________ 1 819 1 819 1 772 47 11 36 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ____________________ 28345 28 345 26686 1 659 659 Delaware _____________________ 12591 12591 12393 198 198 Montgomery __________________ 11 524 11 524 11 364 160 160 

See footnotes at end of table. 

JUDICIAL 77 
Table 28. Judicial expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Inlergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capilal outlay 

To State To local Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 23 537 23537 21 591 1 946 365 1 581 - - - -

TEXAS 

Dallas Bexar ________________________ ________________________ 10907 10907 10867 40 40 - - - - - EI Paso 34657 34657 30014 4643 271 4372 - - - - ______________________ 

Harris ________________________ 5421 5421 5320 101 101 - - - - - 62839 62839 60682 2157 1 136 712 309 - - - Tarrant _______________________ 19647 19647 17203 2444 181 1 106 1 157 - - - UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 5619 5619 5565 54 40 14 - - - - VIRGINIA-Fairfr" _______________ 14592 14592 10754 3838 710 3 128 - - - - WASHINGTON King _________________________ 

Pierce ________________________ 21 279 21 279 17428 3851 268 3583 - - - - 7706 7706 7608 98 98 - - - - -

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 24419 24419 24320 99 82 17 - - - -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

78 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 29. Dstail of direct current expenditure for judicial activities of 72 large county 

governments, fiscal year 1988 

~~~~~~~_B~~~~~~~d~~~_d_~_~_~_~_._~_r_mre_a_n_~=g_O_f~Q~m_b_o_~_._~_e_t_e_~~l~ ________ ~ ________ ~ ________ _ 

County' 

T olal __________________________________________________________ _ 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________________________________________________ _ 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________________________________________________ _ Pima ________________________________________________________________ _ 

CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________________________________________________ _ Contra Costa ________________________________________________________ _ Fresno ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Los Angeles _________________________________________________________ _ Orange ______________________________________________________________ _ Riverside ____________________________________________________________ _ Sacramento _________________________________________________________ _ 

San Bernardino ______________________________________________________ _ San Diego ___________________________________________________________ _ San Mateo __________________________________________________________ _ Santa Clara __________________________________________________________ _ 

Ventura _____________________________________________________________ _ 

FLORIDA Broward _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Dade _______________________________________________________________ _ 

Hillsborough _________________________________________________________ _ Orange ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Palm Beach _________________________________________________________ _ 

Pinellas _____________________________________________________________ _ 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________________________________________________ _ 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________________________________________________ _ Du Page ____________________________________________________________ _ 

INDIANA - Lake ________________________________________________________ _ 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson __________________________________________________ _ 

MARYLAND Baltimore ____________________________________________________________ _ Montgomery _________________________________________________________ _ 

Prince Georges ______________________________________________________ _ 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex _______________________________________________________________ _ 

Middlesex ___________________________________________________________ _ Norfolk ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Worcester ___________________________________________________________ _ 

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________________________________________________ _ 

Oakland _____________________________________________________________ _ Wayne ______________________________________________________________ _ 

MINN ESOT A - Hennepin ________________________________________________ _ 

MISSOURI Jackson _____________________________________________________________ _ SI. Louis ____________________________________________________________ _ 

NEV ADA-Clark ________________________________________________________ _ 

NEW JERSEY Bergen ______________________________________________________________ _ Essex _______________________________________________________________ _ Hudson _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Middlesex ___________________________________________________________ _ 

Monmouth ___________________________________________________________ _ Union _______________________________________________________________ _ 

NEW YORK Erie _________________________________________________________________ _ Monroe _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Nassau _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Suffolk ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Westchester _________________________________________________________ _ 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________________________________________________ _ Franklin _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Hamilton ____________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~~~~========================================================== OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________________________________________________ _ 

OR EGON - Multnomah __________________________________________________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________________________________________________ _ 

Delaware ____________________________________________________________ _ Montgomery _________________________________________________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of tab:e, 

Total direct expenditure 

1 518 609 

3459 

36963 

12601 

41 927 17382 

12764 

316 774 59984 

21 984 40001 

31 895 54 189 17 178 35402 

11 624 

15721 

48996 

18436 

8536 

10 140 13360 

17 603 

88653 

5764 

5 839 

2480 

5743 

5887 

11 804 

2558 

10021 

1 932 2633 

12 144 16081 

27591 

19563 

7097 

8746 

13 196 

7767 

18586 

7 118 8532 

5005 

9455 

2697 

7481 

770 

2565 

2381 

34635 

11 465 20539 

9 725 7372 

4298 

1 772 

26686 

12393 

11 364 

Courts of general 

jurisdiction 

721 638 

1 478 

27204 

8695 

9751 

3288 

4516 

164257 

14332 

7414 

13243 

15490 

14779 

3893 

14315 

3858 

6 148 10701 

14345 

3224 

4250 

10968 

5418 

87560 

5764 

4724 

3922 

5887 

4561 

8020 

8 183 7552 

15019 

6310 

1 321 

4537 

1 750 2531 

2435 

1 795 2 197 

2941 

28243 

7448 

13482 

7429 

6573 

4 109 

24409 

7156 

6340 

Courts of limited 

jurisdiction 

441 631 

1 916 

5545 

3010 

18571 

11 224 6011 

122 905 35822 

12 173 10292 

15631 

20427 

8313 

14125 

3 595 

5410 

15024 

2229 

2459 

4583 

187 

7332 

065 

73 

95 

3529 

7223 

11 684 

008 

787 5432 

2811 

3806 

4 126 1 958 1 539 

378 2381 

6 

1 068 5408 

915 

466 

650 

2525 

2677 

Miscellaneous 

355 340 

65 

4214 

896 

13605 

2870 

2237 

29612 

9830 

2397 

16466 774 18983 

4972 

6962 

4 171 

4 163 23271 

1 862 2853 

1 307 2205 

4853 

1 093 

50 

2480 

1 748 

7 148 

2 558 10021 

1 932 2633 

595 

675 8355 

3536 

993 

5 848 

2211 

11 929 2725 

5 198 2430 

4 133 

2697 

7481 770 2559 

238'1 

6392 

2949 

1 649 1 381 

333 

189 

122 

2277 

2712 

2347 

JUDICIAL 79 
Table 29. Detail of direct current expenditure for judicial activities of 72 large county 

governments, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

County' 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ___________________________________________________ _ 

TEXAS Bexar _______________________________________________________________ _ 

Dallas _______________________________________________________________ _ 

EI Paso _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Harris _______________________________________________________________ _ TarranL _____________________________________________________________ _ 

UTAH-Salt Lake _______________________________________________________ _ 

VIRGINIA-Fairfax ______________________________________________________ _ 

WASHINGTON King ________________________________________________________________ _ 

Pierce _______________________________________________________________ _ 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________________________________________________ _ 

Total direct expenditure 

21 591 

10867 

30014 

5320 

60682 

17203 

5565 

10754 

17428 

7608 

24320 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details . 

. -~ 

80 1988 JUSTICE EXPENJITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Courts of general 

jurisdiction 

2912 

4 163 11 942 

2549 

21 835 4901 

2782 

3956 

7851 

3421 

11 561 

Courts of limited 

jurisdiction 

10048 

2 184 7078 

1 983 11 182 3 133 

957 

2687 

6397 

2981 

4607 

Miscellaneous 

8631 

4520 

10994 788 27665 

9 169 

1 826 

4 111 

3 180 1 206 

8152 
Table 30. Judicial expenditure of 49 large city governments by character and object, fiscal 

year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovermental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments governments 

Total ___________________ 423 811 407 991 388 972 19019 6793 10 179 2047 15820 15 759 61 

ARIZONA Phoenix ______________________ 11 828 11 828 11 653 175 83 92 Tucson _______________________ 3476 3476 3347 129 129 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach __________________ Los Angeles __________________ Oakland ______________________ 

San Diego ____________________ 

San Francisco ________________ 36011 36011 35447 564 564 San Jose _____________________ 

COLORADO-Denver ____________ 10554 10554 10516 38 38 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington ____________________ 60756 60756 54074 6682 2813 3869 

FLORIDA Jacksonville __________________ Miami 10486 10486 10357 129 129 ________________________ 

GEORGIA-Atlanta ______________ 3370 3370 3346 24 24 

HAWAII-Honolulu _______________ 

ILLINOIS-Chicago ______________ 

INDIANA-Indianapolis ___________ 16327 16327 16063 264 264 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge _________________ 8220 8220 7936 284 202 82 New Orleans _________________ 17375 17 375 16354 021 759 262 

MARYLAND-Baltimore __________ 9226 9226 9 173 53 53 

MASSACHUSETIS-Boston ______ 5177 5177 4353 824 68 756 

MICHIGAN-Detroit ______________ 24513 8974 8974 15539 15539 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis _______ fe. 

V 

MISSOURI V",,· Kansas _______________________ 8020 8020 3320 4700 11 3773 916 St. Louis _____________________ 9 182 9182 9036 146 99 47 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ____________ 

NEW JERSEY -Newark __________ 2530 2530 2516 14 14 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque _____ 113 113 111 2 2 

NEW YORK Buffalo _______________________ 

New York City ________________ 38510 38290 37451 839 36 803 220 220 

NORTH CAROLINA-Chariotte ____ 

OHIO Cincinnati ____________________ 

Cleveland ____________________ 6325 6325 6153 172 172 Columbus ____________________ 6648 6648 6612 36 36 Toledo _______________________ 3961 3961 3928 33 33 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City ________________ 1 902 1 902 1 902 Tulsa ________________________ 1 426 1 374 1 367 7 7 52 52 

OREGON-Portland ______________ 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia __________________ 80683 80683 80331 352 352 Pittsburgh ____________________ 804 804 796 8 8 

TENNESSEE Memphis _____________________ Nashville 1 994 1 994 1 534 460 454 6 _____________________ 9410 9410 8823 587 109 478 

TEXAS Austin ________________________ 2252 2252 2252 Dallas ________________________ EI Paso 6093 6093 6070 23 23 ______________________ 1 221 1 221 1 217 4 4 Fort Worth ___________________ Houston 2507 2507 2463 44 44 ______________________ 10136 10 136 10050 86 75 11 San Antonio __________________ 2542 2533 2515 18 18 9 9 

WASHINGTON-Seattle __________ 8214 8214 7048 166 35 ; 131 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 2019 2019 1 884 135 135 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

JUDICIAL 81 
Table 31. Legal services and prosecution expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols. see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total2 Total Direct current 

States·local, totaL _____________ 3276 822 3276 822 3 223 099 States ______________________ 1 076 307 1 040 341 1 006 745 Local, total _________________ 2 236 634 2 236 481 2 216 354 Counties _________________ 1 319 950 1 319 430 1 307 032 Municipalities ____________ 918 142 917 052 909 322 

Alabama ______________________________ 30 261 30261 29693 State _______________________________ 17431 17431 17033 Local. total __________________________ 12830 12830 12660 Counties _________________________ 6 735 6735 6577 Municipalities _____________________ 6 103 6095 6084 

Alaska ________________________________ 42 905 42905 42747 State _______________________________ 37434 37434 37330 Local. total __________________________ 5471 5471 5417 

Bor~u~hs.-.------------------------ 1 957 1 957 1 941 MUnicipalities _____________________ 3 514 3514 3476 

Arizona _______________________________ 70715 70715 69542 State _______________________________ 22871 22871 22500 Local. total __________________________ 47 844 47844 47042 

Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ 31 406 31 406 30756 MUniCipalities _____________________ 16439 16 439 16287 

Arkansas ______________________________ 13 118 13 118 12 900 State _______________________________ 5403 5065 4904 Local. total __________________________ 8 053 8 053 7996 Counties _________________________ 4861 4831 4 794 Municipalities _____________________ 3 237 3222 3 202 

California _____________________________ 611 822 611 822 606 545 State _______________________________ 56501 56 501 54234 Local. total __________________________ 555 325 555 321 552311 Counties _________________________ 407 423 407 419 405 074 Municipalities _____________________ 147 921 147 902 147 237 

Colorado ______________________________ 58049 58 049 57462 State _______________________________ 10 737 10 737 10647 Local. total __________________________ 47312 47312 46815 Counties _________________________ 27295 27040 26692 Municipalities _____________________ 20 272 20272 20 123 

Connecticut ___________________________ 49400 49 400 48707 State _______________________________ 30 101 30 101 29439 

Local. t.o!al-.-.------------------------ 19305 19299 19268 MUniCipalities _____________________ 19 305 19299 19268 

Delaware ______________________________ 6917 6917 6699 State _______________________________ 5 381 5381 5 164 Local. total __________________________ 1 536 1 536 1 535 Counties _________________________ 473 473 472 Municipalities _____________________ 1 063 1 063 1 063 

District of Columbia ___________________ 12942 12 942 12659 Local. total __________________________ 12 942 12 942 12659 Municipality _______________________ 12 942 12942 12659 

Florida ________________________________ 157 298 157 298 154 059 State _______________________________ 104 769 104 769 102 128 Local. total __________________________ 52529 52529 51 931 Counties _________________________ 27667 27667 27211 Municipalities _____________________ 24862 24862 24719 

Georgia _______________________________ 50 113 50 113 49847 State _______________________________ 17 069 16802 16761 Local. total __________________________ 33 311 33 311 33 086 Counties _________________________ 26253 26244 26045 Municipalities _____________________ 7067 7067 7041 

Hawaii ________________________________ State 29 194 29 194 28 615 _______________________________ 14465 12393 12350 Local. total __________________________ 16801 16801 16265 

Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ 5 409 5409 5207 MUnicipalities _____________________ 11 392 11 392 11 058 

Idaho _________________________________ 10985 10985 10843 State _______________________________ 2844 2844 2802 Local. total __________________________ 8 143 8 141 8041 Counties _________________________ 5272 5240 5 153 Municipalities _____________________ 2 994 2900 2888 

Illinois ________________________________ State 128 152 128 152 126 241 _______________________________ 29562 29 235 28 656 Local. total __________________________ 98 924 98 917 97 585 Counties _________________________ 63 952 63944 63 295 Municipalities _____________________ 34 972 34972 34290 

Indiana 38 359 38359 37800 

State =============================== 12 174 12 174 11 922 Local. total __________________________ 26 186 26 185 25 878 Counties _________________________ 15 859 1585a 15718 Municipalities _____________________ 10326 10326 10 160 

See footnotes at end of table. 

82 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

53723 

33596 

20 127 12 398 7729 

567 

398 

169 

158 

11 

157 

104 

53 

16 

38 

1 173 

371 

802 

650 

152 

218 

161 

57 

37 

20 

5276 

2267 

3 009 2344 

665 

588 

90 

498 

348 

150 

692 

662 

30 

30 

218 

217 1 

1 

283 

283 

283 

3 239 2641 

598 

456 

142 

266 

41 

225 

198 

26 

579 

43 

536 

202 

334 

141 

42 

99 

87 

12 

1 910 

579 

1 331 

649 

682 

559 

252 

307 

141 

166 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

35966 152 

520 1 091 

8 

338 

29 

15 

4 

4 

19 

255 

6 

6 

267 

9 

2072 

2 

32 

94 

327 7 

8 

To State 

governments 

152 

73 

79 

4 

4 

6 

6 

2 

2 

7 

7 

To local governments 

35966 

446 1 012 

8 

338 

29 

15 

19 

255 

267 

9 

2072 

30 

94 

327 
Table 31. Legal services and prosecution expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Direcl expendilure 

Slale and Iype of governmenl' 

Tolal" Tolal Direcl currenl 

Iowa __________________________________ 25 947 25 947 25838 Slale _______________________________ 6 820 6 820 6 805 Local, lolal __________________________ 19 127 19 127 19 033 Counties _________________________ 14 153 14 139 14073 Municipalities _____________________ 4 988 4 988 4 961 

Kansas ------------------------------- 27 685 27 685 27 131 Slale _______________________________ 9 024 8 717 8 462 Local, lolal __________________________ 18 974 18 968 18 669 Counlies _________________________ 13 195 13 187 12 914 Municipalilies _____________________ 5781 5 781 5 755 

Kentucky _____________________________ 31 851 31 851 31 629 Slale _______________________________ 24 675 23 816 23 619 Local, lolal __________________________ 8 035 8 035 8 010 Counties _________________________ 4 764 4 764 4 745 Municipalities _____________________ 3 273 3 272 3 265 

Louisiana _____________________________ 38 354 38 354 37 805 Slale _______________________________ 17 210 17 210 17 207 

Lo~a~,ri~hl;~-========================= 21 144 21 144 20 598 7 719 7 719 7 705 Municipalities _____________________ 13 425 13 425 12 893 

Maine _________________________________ 10 004 10 004 9 905 Slale _______________________________ 4 949 4 949 4 921 Local, lolal __________________________ I; 055 5 055 4 984 Counties _________________________ 2 245 2 241 2 193 Municipalilies _____________________ 2 814 2 814 2 791 

Maryland ______________________________ 47 751 47 751 47 176 Slale _______________________________ 9 628 9 628 9 465 Local, lolal __________________________ 38 123 38 123 37 711 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 23 437 23 437 23 237 MUnlclpalllles _____________________ 14 686 14 686 14 474 

Massachusetts ________________________ 91 118 91 118 88 971 Slate _______________________________ 65 313 64 588 63 337 Local, total __________________________ 26 530 26 530 25 634 Counties _________________________ 20 20 20 Municipalities _____________________ 26 565 26 510 25 614 

Michigan ______________________________ 106 731 106 731 105 872 Slale _______________________________ 24 860 24 860 24 466 Local, lolal __________________________ 81 871 81 871 81 406 Counties _________________________ 49 052 49 044 48 768 Municipalities _____________________ 32 827 32 826 32 638 

Mlnnesota _____________________________ Slate 65 195 65 195 64 166 _______________________________ 15 047 15 047 14 540 Local, total __________________________ 50 148 50 148 49 626 Counties _________________________ 31 303 31 300 30 910 Munlcipalilies _____________________ 18 848 18 848 18 716 

Mississippi ____________________________ Slate 13 657 13 657 13 572 _______________________________ 9 020 9 020 8 939 Local, total __________________________ 4 644 4 637 4 633 Counlies _________________________ 2498 2 491 2 487 Municipalities _____________________ 2 146 2 146 2 146 

Missouri 39 876 39 876 39 482 

Slate _============================== 9 208 8 481 8 315 Local, tolal __________________________ 31 412 31 395 31 167 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 18 193 18 175 17 961 MUniCipalities _____________________ 13 220 13 220 13 206 

Montana ______________________________ 8 093 8 093 8 050 State _______________________________ 2 226 2 151 2 143 Local, lotal __________________________ 5 942 5 942 5 907 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 4 602 4 595 4 560 MUnlclpalllles _____________________ 1 347 1 347 1 346 

Nebraska 15 294 15 294 15 051 

Slale __ ============================= 1 966 1 966 1 905 Local, total __________________________ 13 328 13 328 13 146 Counties _________________________ 9 683 9 683 9 510 Municipalities _____________________ 3 669 3 645 3 636 

Nevada _______________________________ Slate 22 402 22 402 22 119 _______________________________ 5 551 5 551 5 457 Local, lotal __________________________ 16 851 16 851 16 662 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 13 314 13 314 13216 MUniCipalities _____________________ 3 537 3 537 3 446 

New Hampshire _______________________ 10 970 10 970 10 829 Slale _______________________________ 5 823 5 556 5 430 Local, total __________________________ 5 415 5 414 5 399 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 2 364 2 364 2 360 MUnlclpalllles _____________________ 3 320 3 050 3 040 

New Jersey ___________________________ Slate 168 609 168 609 166 581 _______________________________ 52 873 52 873 51 314 Local, tolal __________________________ 115 755 115 736 115 267 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 88 494 88 494 88 027 MUnlclpalllles _____________________ 27 261 27 242 27 240 

See footnotes al end of table. 

Capital oullay 

109 

15 

94 

67 

27 

554 

255 

299 

273 

26 

222 

197 

25 

19 

6 

549 3 546 

14 

532 

100 

28 

72 

49 

23 

576 

163 

413 

200 

212 

2 147 1 251 

896 

896 

858 

394 

464 

276 

188 

1 029 

507 

522 

390 

132 

85 

81 

4 

4 

394 

166 

228 

214 

14 

44 

8 

36 

35 

1 

244 

61 

183 

174 9 

283 

94 

189 

98 

91 

141 

126 

15 

5 

10 

2 028 1 559 

469 

467 2 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Tolal 

14 

307 6 

8 

859 

3 

725 

55 

8 

3 

7 

7 

727 

17 

18 

75 

7 

24 

267 1 

270 

19 

19 

To Stale 

governments 

6 

6 

7 

7 

17 

17 

19 

19 

To local governments 

14 

307 

2 

859 

3 

725 

55 

8 

3 

727 

75 

7 

24 

267 

269 

LEGAL SERVICES AND PROSECUTION 83 
Table 31. Legal services and prosecution expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total' Total Direct current 

New Mexlco ___________________________ 21 026 21 026 20719 State _______________________________ 15053 15053 14816 Local, total __________________________ 5973 5973 5903 Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 1 365 1 365 1 364 MUnicipalities _____________________ 4608 4608 4539 

New York _____________________________ 406 390 406 390 394 378 Stale _______________________________ 100 315 99705 89822 Local, lolal __________________________ 306 688 306685 304 556 Counties _________________________ 94460 94460 93545 Municipalities _____________________ 212228 212225 211 011 

North Carolina ________________________ 43933 43933 41 142 Siale _______________________________ 33 634 33634 30896 Local, total __________________________ 10299 10299 10246 Counties _________________________ 5 298 5298 5255 Munlclpalilies _____________________ 5001 5001 4990 

North Dakota __________________________ 8 127 8 127 7989 Stale _______________________________ 4453 4 125 4009 Local, lolal __________________________ 4002 4002 3 980 Counlies _________________________ 3 270 3 270 3248 Municipalilies _____________________ 749 732 732 

Ohio __________________________________ 106 712 106712 104 231 Stale _______________________________ 31 567 31 567 29736 

Loc'3l, lolal __________________________ 75 146 75 145 74495 Counlies _________________________ 41 049 41 043 40562 Municipalities _____________________ 34 175 34 101 33934 

Oklahoma _____________________________ 39079 39079 38731 State _______________________________ 32697 32018 31 770 Local, total __________________________ 7062 7061 6961 Counties _________________________ 524 524 478 Municipalities _____________________ 6539 6 537 6483 

Oregon _______________________________ 52 146 52 146 51 565 State _______________________________ 30 415 26079 25854 Local, total __________________________ 26067 26067 25711 Counties _________________________ 20 561 20561 20230 Municipalities _____________________ 5 523 5 505 5481 

Pennsylvania __________________________ 99018 99018 97588 State _______________________________ 23465 23427 23 094 Local, lolal __________________________ 75591 75591 74494 Counties _________________________ 32032 32032 31 487 Municipalities _____________________ 43 560 43 560 43008 

Rhode Island __________________________ 15075 15075 14 838 Slate _______________________________ 11 025 10 985 10748 Local, total __________________________ 4090 4090 4090 Munlcipalilies _____________________ 4090 4090 4090 

South Carolina ___________ -' ____________ State 16375 16375 16 042 _______________________________ 8506 5963 5781 Local, total __________________________ 10412 10412 10261 Counties _________________________ 8 197 8 197 8049 Municipalities _____________________ 2216 2216 2212 

South Dakota _________________________ 7 597 7597 7546 Stale _______________________________ 3 304 3304 3278 Local, total __________________________ 4293 4293 4268 Counties _________________________ 3 317 3 308 3 285 Municipalities _____________________ 985 985 984 

Tennessee ____________________________ 34 199 34 199 33 883 State _______________________________ 23 418 23418 23 308 Local, lolal __________________________ 10 781 10 781 10575 Cou':!l!es ,_, ____ .. ______ .. ____________ 4470 4470 4279 MUnicipalities _____________________ 6311 6311 6297 

Texas _________________________________ 183372 183 372 179352 Slate ___________ • ___________________ 46202 45367 42928 Local, tolal __________________________ 138 036 138 005 136424 Counties _________________________ 102 445 102393 101 089 Municipalities _____________________ 35 658 35 613 35335 

Utah __________________________________ 

State 21 400 21 400 21 241 _______________________________ 6828 6828 6828 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties 14573 14572 14413 _________________________ 9437 9437 9315 Municipalities _____________________ 5 136 5 135 5098 

Vermont ______________________________ State _______________________________ 6617 6 617 6 555 5 601 5601 5 539 Local, tOlal __________________________ Counties 1 016 1 016 1 016 _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 1 037 1 016 1 016 

Virginia _______________________________ Slale 48 122 48 122 47 115 _______________________________ 30 107 11 679 11 044 Local, lolal. _________________________ 36443 36443 36071 Counties _________________________ 17019 17019 16893 Municipalities _____________________ 19 530 19424 19 178 

See lootnotes at end of lable. 

84 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

307 

237 

70 

2 

68 

12 012 

9 883 2 129 

916 1 213 

2 791 2738 53 

43 

10 

138 

116 

22 

22 

2 481 

1 831 

650 

482 

168 

348 

248 

100 

46 

55 

581 

225 

356 

331 

24 

1 430 

333 1 097 

545 

552 

237 

237 

334 

182 

152 

148 4 

51 

26 

25 

24 

1 

315 

110 

205 

191 

14 

4020 

2439 

1 581 

1 304 

278 

159 

159 

122 

37 

62 

62 

1 007 

635 

372 

125 

246 

Inlergovernmental expenditure 

Tolal 

610 3 

3 

328 

16 

1 

5 

74 

679 1 

4336 

18 

38 

40 

2543 

8 

835 

30 

52 

45 

21 

18428 

106 

To State 

governmenls 

3 

3 

30 

30 

To local governments 

610 

328 

16 

5 

73 

679 

4336 

18 

38 

40 

2543 

8 

835 

22 

45 

21 

18428 

106 
Table 31. Legal services and prosecution expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total' Total Direct current 

Washington ___________________________ 62 499 62499 61 292 State _______________________________ 19766 19 766 18986 Local, total __________________________ 42733 42733 42306 Counties _________________________ 29097 29050 28665 Municipalities _____________________ 13929 13683 13 640 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State 10 519 10 519 10 482 _______________________________ 2875 2875 2864 Local, total __________________________ 7644 7644 7618 Counties _________________________ 6603 6603 6584 Municipalities _____________________ 1 041 1 040 1 035 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ State 53990 53990 53 021 _______________________________ 14048 12353 11 631 Local, total __________________________ 41 681 41 637 41 390 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 27 984 27981 27 862 MUniCipalities _____________________ 13 700 13 655 13 527 

Wyoming _____________________________ 6858 6858 6 849 State _______________________________ 2093 1 623 1 618 Local, total __________________________ Counties 5 235 5235 5 231 _________________________ 3 225 3 225 3 222 Municipalities _____________________ 2009 2009 2009 

Capital outlay 

1 207 

780 

427 

385 

42 

36 

11 

25 

20 

6 

969 

722 

247 

1'19 

128 

9 

5 

4 

4 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

46 

247 

695 

44 

3 

45 

470 

To State 

governments 

44 

44 

To local governments 

46 

247 

1 695 

3 

470 

• 'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

'For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines Include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State·local total lines exclude all Intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

LEGAL SERVICES AND PROSECUTION 85 
Table 32. Legal services and prosecution expenditure of State governments by character 

and object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State' Capital outlay 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

TOlal __________________________ 1 076 307 1 040 341 1 006 745 33 596 24231 9 316 49 35966 

Alabama _______________________________ 17431 17 431 17033 398 385 13 Alaska _--- ____________________________ 37434 37434 37330 104 104 Arizona ________________________________ 22871 22871 22500 371 367 4 Arkansas ______________________________ 5403 5 065 4 904 161 161 338 California ______________________________ 56 501 56501 54234 2267 1 971 296 

Colorado ______________ • _______________ 10737 10737 10 647 90 90 Connecticut ____________________________ 30 101 30 101 29 439 662 662 Delaware ______________________________ 5381 5381 5 164 217 217 Florida ________________________________ 

Georgia 104 769 104 769 102 128 2641 2641 _______________________________ 17069 16802 16761 41 41 267 

Hawaii _________________________________ 14465 12393 12350 43 43 2072 Idaho _________________________________ 2844 2844 2802 42 33 9 Illinois _________________________________ 29562 29235 28 656 579 579 327 Indiana ________________________________ 12 174 12 174 11 922 252 246 6 Iowa _______________ .. __________________ 6820 6820 6805 15 15 

Kansas ________________________________ 9024 8 717 8 462 255 253 2 307 

~~~i~~~~ ============================== 24 675 23 816 23 619 197 197 859 

Maine 17210 17210 17207 3 3 _________________________________ 

Maryland 4949 4 949 4921 28 28 ______________________________ 9628 9628 9 465 163 163 

Massachusetts _________________________ Mlchlgan 65313 64588 63337 1 251 1 251 725 _______________________________ 24860 24860 24466 394 394 Minnesota _____________________________ 15047 15047 14540 507 507 

~:~~~~;r~~============================= 9 020 9 020 8 939 81 81 9208 8481 8 315 166 166 727 

Montana _______________________________ 

Nebraska 2226 2 151 2 143 8 8 75 ______________________________ Nevada 1 966 1 966 1 905 61 61 ________________________________ 5 551 5 551 5457 94 94 New Hampshire ________________________ New 5823 5556 5430 126 126 267 Jersey ____________________________ 52873 52873 51 314 1 559 1 400 159 

New Mexico ___________________________ 

New York 15053 15053 14 816 237 228 9 ______________________________ 100315 99705 89822 9883 1 848 8035 610 North Carolina _________________________ 33 634 33 634 30896 2738 2738 North Dakota __________________________ Ohio 4453 4 125 4009 116 116 328 ________________ ~ _________________ 31 567 31 567 29 736 1 831 1 171 660 

Oklahoma _____________________________ 32697 32018 31 770 248 248 679 Oregon ________________________________ 30415 26079 25 854 225 225 4 336 Pennsylvania ___________________________ 

Rhode 23465 23427 23094 333 333 38 Island ___________________________ 11 025 10985 10748 237 122 115 40 South Carolina _________________________ 8 506 5 963 5 781 182 182 2543 

Soulh Dakota __________________________ 3304 3304 3 278 26 26 Tennessee _____________________________ 23 418 23 418 23308 110 110 Texas _________________________________ Utah 46202 45367 42928 2439 2439 835 __________________________________ Vermont 6828 6 828 6828 _______________________________ 5601 5601 5 539 62 62 

~!ir~~~~~=========================== 30 107 11 679 11 044 635 621 14 18428 19766 19 766 18 986 780 780 

Wisconsin 2875 2 875 2864 11 11 _____________________________ Wyoming 14048 12353 11 631 722 722 1 695 ______________________________ 2093 1 623 1 618 5 5 470 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

86 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 33. Legal services and prosecution expenditure of 72 large county governments by 

character and object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

Total Total 

Total ___________________ 680 888 680 888 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ____________ 1 450 1 450 

ARIZONA Maricopa _____________________ 14882 14 882 Pima _________________________ 7 178 7 178 

CALIFORNIA Alameda _____________________ 22912 22912 Contra Costa _________________ 11 735 11 735 Fresno _______________________ 10 767 10767 Los Angeles __________________ 113402 113402 Orange _______________________ 28 165 28 165 Riverside _____________________ 14678 14678 Sacramento __________________ 20726 20 726 San Bernardino _______________ 14 204 14 204 San Diego ____________________ 29 914 29914 San Mateo ___________________ 7003 7 003 Santa Clara ___________________ 25 198 25 198 Ventura ______________________ 11 239 11 239 

FLORIDA Broward ______________________ 3 298 3 298 Dade ________________________ 6726 6726 Hillsborough __________________ 2505 2 505 Orange _______________________ 2204 2204 Palm Beach __________________ 1 821 1 821 Pinellas ______ ' ________________ 1 058 1 058 

GEORGIA-Fulton _______________ 4457 4457 

ILLINOIS Cook ________________________ 38362 38 362 Du Page _____________________ 2938 2938 

INDIANA-Lake _________________ 2 586 2 586 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson ___________ 2 655 2 655 

MARYLAND Baltimore _____________________ 3 522 3 522 Montgomery __________________ 4704 4704 Prince Georges _______________ 5 403 5 403 

MASSACHUSETTS Essex ________________________ 

Middlesex ____________________ 

Norfolk _______________________ 20 20 Worcester ____________________ 

MICHIGAN 

Macomb 3 655 3 655 

Oakland_===================== 6 115 6 115 Wayne _______________________ 10 537 10 537 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin _________ 8341 8341 

MISSOURI Jackson ______________________ 3 268 3 268 SI. Louis _____________________ 4 186 4 186 

NEVADA-Clark _________________ 6931 6 931 

NEW JERSEY Bergen _______________________ 7 663 7 663 Essex ________________________ 13425 13425 Hudson ______________________ 8 153 8 153 Middlesex ____________________ 6731 6731 Monmouth ____________________ 6523 6523 Union ________________________ 7 188 7 188 

NEW Erie YORK __________________________ 7 367 7367 Monroe ______________________ 6 251 6 251 Nassau ______________________ 19243 19 243 Suffolk _______________________ 16099 16099 Westchester __________________ 12267 12267 

OHIO Cuyahoga ____________________ 6022 6022 Franklin ______________________ 5 365 5 365 Hamilton _____________________ 2 685 2685 Montgomery __________________ 4 070 4070 Summit ______________________ 2 510 2 510 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma _________ 281 281 

OREGON-Multnomah ___________ 6281 6281 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ____________________ 6303 6303 Delaware _____________________ 2 227 2 227 Montgomery __________________ 2 969 2 969 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Direct current Total 

674 977 5 911 

1 427 23 

14704 178 6842 336 

22679 233 11 677 58 10 731 36 113014 388 27 983 182 14545 133 20682 44 14 164 40 29 669 245 6 990 13 24 870 328 11 228 11 

3 277 21 6616 110 2421 84 

2 164 40 1 787 34 1 036 22 

4 409 48 

37 912 450 2933 5 

2570 16 

2 642 13 

3 509 13 4639 65 5397 6 

20 

3 653 2 6084 31 10455 82 

8 241 100 

3253 15 4 054 132 

6 925 6 

7 663 13 339 86 8 153 6 669 62 6 523 7 169 19 

7324 43 6247 4 19 123 120 15 948 151 12 047 220 

5 973 49 5287 78 2669 16 4 005 65 2473 37 

248 33 

6 222 59 

6 268 35 2 182 45 2849 120 

Equipment 

5855 

13 

178 

336 

233 

58 

36 

388 

182 

133 

44 

40 

245 

13 

328 

11 

21 

98 

58 

40 

34 

22 

48 

450 5 

16 

13 

13 

65 

6 

2 

31 

82 

100 

15 

132 

6 

86 

62 

19 

43 

4 120 

151 

220 

49 

78 

16 

65 

37 

33 

59 

35 

45 

120 

Construction 

56 

10 

12 

26 

To State Land Total governments To local goverments 

LEGAL SERVICES AND PROSECUTION 87 
Table 33. Legal services and prosecution expenditure of 72 large county governments by 

character and object, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 1 706 1 706 

TEXAS Bexar ________________________ 5716 5716 Dallas ________________________ 8617 8617 EI Paso ______________________ 2109 2109 Harris ________________________ 19814 19814 Tarrant _______________________ 6920 6920 

UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 4911 4911 

VIRGINIA-Fairfax _______________ 3312 3312 

WASHINGTON 

~l~rce======================== 8550 8550 3548 3548 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 7317 7317 

1 670 

5699 

8604 

2066 

19 157 6881 

4864 

3306 

8417 

3437 

7293 

36 

17 

13 

43 

657 

39 

47 

6 

133 

111 

24 

36 

17 

13 

43 

657 

39 

45 

6 

133 

105 

24 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

l 

88 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

2 

6 

( 

Land 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

To State 

Total governments 

To local 

goverments 
Table 34. Legal services and prosecution expenditure of 49 large city governments by 

character and object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovermental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total __________________ _ 

ARIZONA Phoenix _____________________ _ 

Tucson ______________________ _ 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________ _ Los Angeles _________________ _ Oakland _____________________ _ 

San Diego ___________________ _ 

San Francisco _______________ _ San Jose ____________________ _ 

COLORADO-Denver ___________ _ 

DISTRICT Washington OF COLUMBIA-

___________________ _ 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________ _ Miami _______________________ _ 

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________ _ 

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________ _ 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________ _ 

INDIANA-Indianapolis __________ _ 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________ _ New Orleans ________________ _ 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________ _ 

MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _____ _ 

MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________ _ 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______ _ 

MISSOURI Kansas ______________________ _ 

SI. Louis ____________________ _ 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________ _ 

NEW JERSEY -Newark _________ _ 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____ _ 

NEW YORK Buffalo ______________________ _ 

New York City _______________ _ 

NORTH CAROLINA-Chariolle ___ _ 

OHIO Cincinnati ___________________ _ Cleveland ___________________ _ Columbus ___________________ _ 

Toledo ______________________ _ 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________ _ Tulsa _______________________ _ 

OREGON-Portland _____________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________ _ Pillsburgh ___________________ _ 

TENNESSEE Memphis ____________________ _ 

Nashville ____________________ _ 

TEXAS Austin _______________________ _ 

Dallas _______________________ _ 

EI Paso _____________________ _ Fort Worth __________________ _ 

Houston _____________________ _ 

San Antonio _________________ _ 

WASHINGTON -Seattle _________ _ 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ _ 

Total 

456 685 

6682 

3059 

5609 

35784 

3948 

8631 

25899 

4242 

10624 

12942 

2793 

2293 

2783 

11 392 

13935 

7020 

3563 

5340 

12397 

3917 

7858 

3800 

2157 

4720 

1 579 

1 641 

1 745 

1 488 173561 

622 

2523 

4 198 2968 

1 339 

1 993 1 032 

1 480 

31 237 

1 415 

1 580 1 948 

2373 

3 869 1 070 

1 275 4746 

2436 

4049 

3 130 

Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction 

456625 

6682 

3059 

5609 

35784 

3948 

8631 

25 899 4242 

10 624 

12942 

2793 

2 293 

2783 

11 392 

13935 

7020 

3563 

5340 

12397 

3917 

7858 

3 800 

2 157 4720 

1 557 

1 641 

1 745 

1 488 173 561 

622 

2523 

4 198 2968 

1 339 

1 993 1 032 

1 480 

31 237 1 415 

1 580 1 948 

451 226 

6671 

2985 

5531 

35748 

3947 

8588 

25682 

4238 

10532 

12659 

2793 

2278 

2773 

11 058 

13378 

6937 

3559 

4846 

12 186 

3159 

7759 

3725 

2157 

4719 

1 557 

1 639 

1 713 

1 482 172 523 

615 

2507 

4 17B 2963 

1 316 

1 993 1 028 

1 476 

30724 

1 397 

1 570 1 945 

5399 

11 

74 

78 

36 

1 

43 

217 4 

92 

283 

15 

10 

334 

557 

83 

4 494 

2'11 

758 

99 

75 

2 

32 

6 1 038 

7 

16 

20 

5 

23 

4 

513 

18 

10 

3 

4202 

6 

74 

78 

36 

1 

43 

217 4 

92 

283 

15 

10 

334 

534 

83 

4 

83 

211 

2 

99 

75 

2 

32 

6 1 038 

7 

14 

20 

5 

23 

4 

4 

513 

18 

10 

3 

2 373 2 354 19 19 3869 3863 6 6 1 070 1 037 33 33 1 275 1 273 2 2 4 746 4 743 3 3 2 398 2 371 27 27 

4 049 4 033 16 16 

1 197 

5 

23 

411 

756 

2 

Land Total governments governments 

60 60 

22 22 

38 38 

3 130 -L ____ 3018 ~ ____ ~L_ 

112 __ ~-L 112 ____ ~ ______ L-____ ~ ____ ~ ____ __ 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

LEGAL SERVICES AND PROSECUTION 89 
Table 35. Pubic defense expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals, For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total2 Total Direct current 

States·local, total ______________ 1 012 831 1 012 831 1 008 441 States ______________________ 427 788 395 363 393 313 Local, total _________________ 617 910 617 468 615 128 Countles _________________ 480 515 478 801 476 615 MunIcIpalities ____________ 142 946 138 668 138 513 

Alcbama ______________________________ 6 213 6 213 6 212 State _______________________________ 5 863 5 863 5 863 Local, total __________________________ 350 350 349 Counties _________________________ 10 10 9 Municipalities _____________________ 340 340 340 

Alaska ________________________________ 6 535 6 535 6 535 State _______________________________ 5 745 5 745 5 745 Local, total __________________________ 790 790 790 Boro,ullhs,_, ________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 790 790 790 

ArIzona _______________________________ 23 628 23 628 23 312 Slate _______________________________ 85 85 85 Local, total __________________________ 23 543 23 543 2~ 227 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 20 708 20 708 20 407 MUnicipalities _____________________ 2 834 2 834 2 820 

Arkansas ______________________________ 1 747 1 747 1 743 State _______________________________ 20 20 20 Local, tolal __________________________ 1 727 1 727 1 723 Counties _________________________ 1 603 1 603 1 600 Municipalities _____________________ 123 123 123 

CalifornIa _____________________________ 239 689 239 689 238 898 State ______________________________ .. 38 191 24 128 23 963 Local, lotal __________________________ 215 561 215 561 214 935 Counties _________________________ 206 998 206 998 206 393 Municipalities _____________________ 8 562 8 562 8 542 

Colorado ______________________________ State 16 739 16 739 16 675 _______________________________ 16473 16 473 16 409 Local, total ______ .. __________________ 266 266 266 Counties _________________________ 14 14 14 Municipalities _____________________ 252 252 252 

Connecticut ___________________________ 10 251 10 251 10 127 State _______________________________ 10 224 10 224 10 100 Local, total __________________________ 27 27 27 Municipalities _____________________ 27 27 27 

Delaware ______________________________ Stale 2 172 2 172 2 101 _______________________________ 2 172 2 172 2 101 Local, total __________________________ Counties _________________________ 

Municipalilies _____________________ 

DIstrIct of Columbia ___________________ 19 976 19 976 19 867 Local, tolal __________________________ 19 976 19 976 19 867 Municipality _______________________ 19 976 19 976 19 867 

FlorIda ________________________________ State 69 726 69 726 69 610 _______________________________ 52 688 52 688 52 688 Local, total __________________________ 17 038 17 038 16 922 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 16 774 16 774 16 658 MUnicipalities _____________________ 264 264 264 

GeorgIa _______________________________ 8 456 8 456 8 421 State _______________________________ Local, total __________________________ 8 456 8 456 8 421 Counties _________________________ 7 716 7 709 7 675 Municipalities _____________________ 747 747 746 

HawaII ________________________________ 4 500 4 500 4 494 State _______________________________ 4 500 4 500 4 494 Local, total __________________________ Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 

Idaho _________________________________ State 2 754 2 754 2 7i6 _______________________________ 

Local, total __________________________ 2 795 2 754 2 716 Counties _________________________ 2 795 2 754 2 716 Munlcipalilies _____________________ 

illinoIs ________________________________ 28 895 28 895 28 218 Slate _______________________________ 4 056 4 056 3 982 Local, total __________________________ 24 840 24 839 24 236 Counties _________________________ 24 841 24 839 24 236 Munlcipalilies _____________________ 

IndIana Slate ------------------------------- 6 285 6 285 6 244 _______________________________ 2 269 2 269 2 232 Local, total __________________________ 4 016 4 016 4 012 Counties ______ > __ ~_ ',, ____________ 3 717 3 717 3 713 Municlpalilies _____________________ 299 299 299 

See foolnotes at end of table, 

90 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capilal outlay 

4 391 2 050 2341 

2 186 

155 

316 

316 

302 

14 

3 

3 

3 

790 

165 

625 

605 

20 

64 

64 

124 

124 

71 

71 

109 

109 

109 

116 

116 

116 

35 

35 

34 

1 

6 

6 

38 

38 

38 

677 

74 

603 

603 

42 

37 

5 

5 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Tolal 

32425 441 1 714 4278 

14063 

7 

41 

41 

1 

2 

To SIale 

governmenls 

441 

341 

101 

41 

41 

To local governmenls 

32 425 

1 374 4 177 

14063 

7 
Table 35. Pubic defense expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of doliars, Because of rounding, detail may not add to lotals, For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

Iowa _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicIpalitIes ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Kansas ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnlclpalilles ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Ke~~~f~~_=:=:::===::=:::::::::=::==::: Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUniCipalitIes ,-,------_----------------- ____________________ _ 

Louisiana ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ 

MUnicIpalitIes Pari~h,es ,-,------_----------------- ____________________ _ 

Maine ________________________________ _ Siale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnicIpalities Cou~t!es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, tOlal _________________________ _ 

Coul)l!es ,-,----"------------------- MUnicIpalitIes ____________________ _ 

Massachusetts _______________________ _ Slate __________________________ .. ' __ _ 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!es ,-,------------------------ MUnlclpalllles ____________________ _ 

Michigan _____________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, tolal _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Mlnnesota ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Mississippi ___________________________ _ 

Stale ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnlclpalllles Cou~t!es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Missouri _____________________________ _ Sta te ______________________________ _ 

Local. tolal _________________________ _ 

Cou~l!eS MUniCipalities ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Montana _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ Local. total _________________________ _ 

MUniCipalitIes Cou~t!es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Nebraska ____________________________ _ 

Siale ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es Munlclpalliles ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Nevada ______________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal __________________________ , Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

New Hampshire ______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

LO~~u~l~~-,:,:::::::::::::::::::::::: Mun!clpalitles ____________________ _ 

Ner;l~t~~~:_:::::::::::::::::=::::::::: Local, total _________________________ _ 

Coul)t!es MUniCipalities ,-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

See foolnoles at end of table, 

Total' 

13495 

10018 

3477 

3477 

3825 

3425 

640 

564 

76 

5947 

8274 

1 119 1 005 

114 

2958 

292 2666 

1 727 

939 

1 420 1 420 

19065 

19065 

37603 

37603 

27412 

2900 

24512 

23476 

1 062 

17 102 2378 

15 109 16242 

1 398 

1 398 1 222 

176 

8764 

7857 

907 

176 

732 

1 750 

1 750 1 636 

114 

2929 

2929 

2932 41 

6 109 

874 5425 

5186 

341 

4742 

4742 

44954 

35 029 9925 

8976 

949 

Direct expenditure 

Total Direct current 

13495 13454 10018 9 993 3477 3461 3477 3461 

3825 3815 3 185 3 178 640 637 564 561 76 76 

5947 5913 4828 4794 1 119 1 119 1 005 1 005 114 114 

2958 2955 292 292 2666 2663 1 727 1 724 939 939 

1 420 1 420 1 420 1 420 

19 065 18804 19065 18804 

37603 37352 37603 37352 

27412 27401 2900 2892 24512 24509 23455 23452 1 057 1 057 

17 102 17 056 2 152 2152 14950 14904 14 950 14904 

1 398 1 398 

1 398 1 398 1 222 1 222 176 176 

8764 8688 7857 7781 907 907 174 174 732 732 

17S0 1 750 

1 750 1 750 1 636 1 636 114 114 

2929 2915 

2929 2915 2929 2915 

6 109 6097 874 867 5235 5230 5079 5074 156 156 

4742 4733 4742 4733 

44954 44812 35029 34887 9925 9925 8976 8976 949 949 

Capital outlay 

41 

25 

16 

16 

10 

7 

3 

3 

34 

34 

4 

4 

4 

261 

261 

251 

251 

11 

8 

3 

3 

47 

47 

47 

76 

76 

14 

14 

14 

12 

7 

5 

5 

9 

9 

142 

142 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

240 

3446 

21 

5 

226 

159 1 292 

2 

3 

41 

190 

107 

185 

To State 

governments 

159 

159 

190 

107 

83 

To local 

governments 

240 

3446 

21 

5 

226 

1 133 

2 

3 

41 

102 

PUBLIC DEFENSE 91 
Table 35. Pubic defense expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

j. Total' Total Direct current 

New Mexico ___________________________ 5 511 5 511 5 506 State _______________________________ 5 463 5463 5 458 Local, total __________________________ 48 48 48 Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 48 48 48 

New York _____________________________ 150 846 150 846 150 708 State _______________________________ 36 723 36 083 36 083 Local, total __________________________ 114 763 114 763 114 625 Counties _________________________ 32 955 32 955 32 817 Municipalities _____________________ 81 808 81 808 81 808 

North Carolina ________________________ 4 517 4 517 4 449 State _______________________________ 4 392 4 392 4 324 Local, total __________________________ 125 125 125 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 116 116 116 Municipalities _____________________ 9 9 9 

North Dakota __________________________ 1 067 1 087 1 087 State _______________________________ 809 809 809 Local, total __________________________ 278 278 278 Counties _________________________ 259 259 259 Municipalities _____________________ 18 18 18 

Ohio __________________________________ 24 761 24 761 24 503 State _______________________________ 19 997 7 881 7 680 Local, total __________________________ 16 880 16 880 16 823 Counties _________________________ 15 753 15 545 15 489 Municipalities _____________________ 1 870 1 335 1 335 

Oklahoma _____________________________ 2 207 2 207 2 124 State _______________________________ 561 561 489 

L~u~l:~-========================= 1 646 1 646 1 635 

1 553 1 553 1 542 ~nicipalities _____________________ 94 94 94 

Orego,; _______________________________ 26 379 26 379 26 342 State _______________________________ 24 519 24 519 24 482 Local, total __________________________ 1 877 1 860 1 860 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 1 454 1 454 1 454 MUnicipalities _____________________ 423 406 406 

Pennsylvania __________________________ 27 934 27 934 27 874 State _______________________________ Local, lotal __________________________ 27 934 27 934 27 874 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 14 145 14 145 14 085 MUnicipalities _____________________ 13 843 13 789 13 789 

Rhode Island __________________________ 2 654 2 654 2 632 State _______________________________ 2654 2 654 2 632 Local, t?!al_._. ________________________ 

MUnicipalities _____________________ 

South Carolina ________________________ State 3 666 3 666 3 651 _______________________________ 2 315 883 872 Local, total __________________________ 2 783 2 783 2 779 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 2 771 2 771 2 768 MUnlClpalibes _____________________ 12 12 12 

South Dakota _________________________ 1 280 1 260 1 275 State _______________________________ 262 Local, total __________________________ Counties 1 280 1 280 1 275 _________________________ 1 278 1 278 1 273 Municipalities _____________________ 2 2 2 

Tennessee ____________________________ 10 501 10 501 10 455 State _______________________________ 7 778 7 778 7 759 Local, total __________________________ 2 723 2 723 2 696 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 1 740 1 740 1 715 MUniCipalities _____________________ 983 983 981 

Texas _________________________________ State 33 664 33 664 33 624 _______________________________ 

Local, total __________________________ 33 664 33 664 33 624 Counties _________________________ 33 251 33 251 33 210 Municipalities _____________________ 414 414 414 

Utah __________________________________ 2 518 2 518 2 518 State _______________________________ Local, total __________________________ 2 518 2 518 2 518 Counties _________________________ 2 441 2 441 2 441 Municipalities _____________________ 76 76 76 

Vermont ______________________________ 2 943 2 943 2 936 State _______________________________ 2 920 2 920 2 913 Local, total __________________________ Counties 23 23 23 _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 23 23 23 

Virginia _______________________________ State 15 195 15 195 15 089 _______________________________ 14 550 14 550 14 453 Local, total __________________________ 645 645 636 Counties _________________________ 246 246 246 MunlcJpaJltles _____________________ 421 399 391 

See footnotes at end of table. 

92 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

5 

5 

139 

139 

139 

68 

68 

258 

201 

57 

57 

83 

72 

11 

11 

37 

37 

60 

60 

60 

22 

22 

14 

11 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

46 

19 

27 

25 

2 

40 

40 

40 

7 

7 

106 

97 

9 

9 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

640 

12 116 

208 

535 

17 

17 

54 

1 432 

262 

22 

To State 

governments 

'17 

17 

To local 

governments 

640 

12116 

208 

535 

54 

1 432 

262 

22 
Table 35. Pubic defense expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

Stste and type of government' 

Total2 Total Direct current 

Washington ___________________________ 21 537 21 537 21 493 State _______________________________ 1 589 1 589 1 589 Local, total __________________________ 19 948 19 948 19 904 Counties _________________________ 19293 19 293 19 248 Municipalities _____________________ 4 069 655 655 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ 3 476 3 476 3 474 State _______________________________ 3 475 3 475 3 473 Local, total __________________________ Counties 1 1 1 _________________________ 1 1 1 Municipalities _____________________ 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ 23 529 23 529 23 388 State _______________________________ 22 166 22 166 22 025 Local, total __________________________ 1 363 1 363 1 363 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 1 309 1 309 1 309 Municipalities _____________________ 53 53 53 

Wyoming State ----------------------------- 1 588 1 588 1 581 _______________________________ 1 452 1 452 1 445 Local, total __________________________ Counties 168 136 136 _________________________ 151 119 119 Municipalities _____________________ 22 17 17 

Capital outlay 

44 

44 

44 

2 

2 

141 

141 

7 

7 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

3414 

33 

33 

5 

To State 

governments 

33 

33 

To local 

governments 

3414 

5 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State-local total lines opposite each State's name exclude 

duplicative Intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines include Intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State-local total lines exclude all 

intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

PUBLIC DEFENSE 93 
Table 36. Public defense expenditure of State governments by character and object, fiscal 

year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text) 

Direct expenditure 

Statel Capital outlay 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction 

Tolal _________________________ _ 427 788 395 363 393 313 2050 2037 13 

Alabama ______________________________ _ Alaska 5863 5863 5863 _______________________________ _ 5745 5745 5745 Arizona _______________________________ _ 85 85 85 Arkansas _____________________________ _ 20 20 20 California _____________________________ _ 38 191 24128 23963 165 165 

Colorado _____________________________ _ 16473 16473 16409 64 64 Connecticut ___________________________ _ 10224 10224 10100 124 124 Delaware _____________________________ _ 2172 2172 2101 71 71 Florida _______________________________ _ 52688 52688 52688 Georgia ______________________________ _ 

Hawaii ________________________________ _ 4500 4500 4494 6 6 Idaho ________________________________ _ 

Illinois ________________________________ _ 4056 4056 3982 74 74 Indiana _______________________________ _ 2269 2269 2232 37 36 Iowa _________________________________ _ 10018 10018 9993 25 25 

Kansas _______________________________ _ 3425 3 185 3 178 7 7 

~.;~i~~~~ ============_================= 8274 4828 4794 

292 292 292 34 34 

Maine ________________________________ _ 1 420 1 420 1 420 Maryland _____________________________ _ 19065 19065 18804 261 261 

Massachusetts ________________________ _ Michigan 37603 37603 37352 251 251 ______________________________ _ 

~!~~~~W~~============================= 

2900 2900 2892 2378 2 152 2152 

7857 7857 7781 

8 8 

76 76 

Montana ______________________________ _ Nebraska _____________________________ _ Nevada _______________________________ _ 874 874 867 7 7 New Hampshire _______________________ _ New Jersey ___________________________ _ 4742 4742 4733 35029 35029 34887 9 9 142 141 

New Mexico __________________________ _ 5463 5463 5458 5 5 New York_. ___________________________ _ 36723 36083 36083 North Carolina ________________________ _ North Dakota 4392 4392 4324 68 68 _________________________ _ Ohio 809 809 809 _________________________________ _ 19997 7881 7680 201 201 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ Oregon _______________________________ _ 561 561 489 72 72 24519 24519 24482 37 37 Pennsylvania __________________________ _ 

Rhode Island __________________________ _ South Carolina 2654 2654 2632 22 11 11 ________________________ _ 2315 883 872 11 11 

South Dakota _________________________ _ 262 Tennessee ____________________________ _ Texas ________________________________ _ 7778 7778 7759 19 19 

Utah _________________________________ _ 

Vermont ______________________________ _ 2920 2920 2913 7 7 

Virginia _______________________________ _ 

Washington ___________________________ _ 

~~~~~~~n~~=========================== 

14550 14550 14453 1 589 1 589 1 589 3475 3475 3473 22166 22 166 22025 

97 97 

2 2 

Wyoming _____________________________ _ 141 141 1 452 1 452 1 445 7 7 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records 01 each State government shown; see text lor details. 

94 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Intergovernmental 

Land expenditure 

32425 

14063 

240 3446 

226 

640 

12 116 

1 432 

262 
Table 37. Public defense expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

Total Total 

Tolal __________________ _ 311 748 311 559 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________ _ 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________ _ Pima ________________________ _ 7274 7274 6508 6508 

CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________ _ 13758 13758 Contra Costa ________________ _ 5793 5793 Fresno ______________________ _ 3361 3361 Los Angeles _________________ _ Orange ______________________ _ 

Riverside ____________________ _ 

69631 69631 

19539 19539 

8 176 8 176 Sacramento _________________ _ 9635 9635 San Bernardino ______________ _ 4583 4583 San Diego ___________________ _ 23031 23031 San Mateo __________________ _ 

Santa Clara __________________ _ 9399 9399 Ventura _____________________ _ 3862 3862 

FLORIDA Broward _____________________ _ Dade 2245 2245 _______________________ _ 9 138 9 138 Hillsborough _________________ _ 688 688 Orange _____ • ________________ _ 114 114 Palm Beach _________________ _ 189 1 189 Pinellas _____________________ _ 468 468 

GEORGIA-Fulton ______________ _ 840 840 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________ _ 17635 17635 Du Page ____________________ _ 808 808 

INDIANA-Lake ________________ _ 554 554 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson __________ _ 385 385 

MARYLAND Baltimore ____________________ _ 

Montgomery _________________ _ 

Prince Georges ______________ _ 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex _______________________ _ 

Middlesex ___________________ _ Norfolk ______________________ _ 

Worcester ___________________ _ 

MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________ _ 1 269 1 269 Oakland _____________________ _ Wayne 2672 2672 ______________________ _ 11 913 11 913 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________ _ 4848 4848 

MISSOURI Jackson _____________________ _ 112 112 SI. Louis ____________________ _ 

NEVADA-Clark ________________ _ 2514 2514 

NEW JERSEY Bergen ______________________ _ 

Essex ________ • ______________ _ 25 25 Hudson _____________________ _ 8 8 Middlesex ___________________ _ 57 57 Monmouth ___________________ _ Union 6 6 _______________________ _ 

NEW YORK Erie _________________________ _ Monroe 3500 3500 _____________________ _ 2975 2975 Nassau ____________________ ._ 4201 4201 Suffolk ______________________ _ 

Westchester 3820 3820 _________________ _ 4749 4749 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________ _ 

Franklin ____________ • ________ _ 4385 4385 2653 2 653 Hamilton ___ • ________________ _ 2146 2146 Montgomery _____ • ___________ _ Summit _____________________ _ 1 264 1 075 153 153 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________ _ 1 013 1 013 

OREGON-Multnomah __________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________ _ 2 111 2111 Delaware _____ • ______________ _ 909 909 Montgomery _________________ _ 1 052 1 052 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Direct current 

309 919 

7 128 6403 

13710 

5746 

3 361 69407 

19350 

8 158 9629 

4575 

23026 

9 399 3861 

2245 

9 138 

582 

114 1 189 

468 

838 

17086 796 

554 

385 

1 269 2672 

11 913 

4836 

112 

2509 

25 

8 

57 

6 

3500 

2961 

4201 

3820 

4749 

4385 

2653 

2 146 1 046 

153 

1 006 

2083 

909 

1 049 

Total 

1 640 

146 

105 

48 

47 

224 

189 

18 

6 

8 

5 

106 

2 

549 

12 

12 

5 

14 

29 

7 

28 

3 

Equipment 

1 535 

146 

105 

48 

47 

224 

189 

18 

6 

8 

5 

2 

549 

12 

12 

5 

14 

29 

7 

28 

3 

Construction 

105 

105 

Land To State Total governments 

189 

189 

To local goverments 

189 

189 

PUBLIC DEFENSE 95 
Table 37. Public defense expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and 

object, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expendilure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County' Capital outlay 

Total Total Direci current Total Equipment Construction 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 1 498 1 498 1 476 22 22 

TEXAS Bexar ________________________ 1 744 1 744 1 744 Dallas ________________________ 7 105 7 105 7 103 2 2 EI Paso ______________________ 258 258 233 25 25 Harris _'" ______________________ 11 081 11 081 11 081 TarranL ______________________ 

UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 1 462 1 462 1 462 

VIRGINIA-Fairfax _______________ 

WASHINGTON King _________________________ 9 146 9 146 9 140 Pierce ________________________ 1 680 1 680 1 659 6 6 21 21 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 805 805 805 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for delails. 

96 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Land 

To State 

Total governments 

To local 

goverrnents 
Table 38. Public defense expenditure of 49 large city governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988 

[fhousands of dollars. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovermental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

Total __________________ _ 

ARIZONA Phoenix _____________________ _ Tucson ______________________ _ 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________ _ Los Angeles _________________ _ Oakland _____________________ _ 

San Diego ___________________ _ San Francisco _______________ _ San Jose ____________________ _ 

COLORADO-Denver ___________ _ 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington ___________________ _ 

FLORIDA J!!ck~onville _________________ _ Miami _______________________ _ 

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________ _ 

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________ _ 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________ _ 

INDIANA-Indianapolis __________ _ 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________ _ New Orleans ________________ _ 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________ _ 

MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _____ _ 

MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________ _ 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______ _ 

MISSOURI Kansas ______________________ _ SI. Louis ____________________ _ 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________ _ 

NEW JERSEY-Newark _________ _ 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____ _ 

NEW YORK Buffalo ______________________ _ 

New York City _______________ _ 

NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte ___ _ 

OHI!? CinCinnati • ___________________ _ CIF.lveland ___________________ _ 

COlumbus ___________________ _ Toledo ______________________ _ 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________ _ Tulsa _______________________ _ 

OREGON-Portland _____________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________ _ 

Pittsburgh ___________________ _ 

TENNESSEE Memphis ____________________ _ 

Nashville ____________________ _ 

TEXAS Austin _______________________ _ Dallas _______________________ _ 

EI Paso _____________________ _ 

Fort Worth __________________ _ Houston _____________________ _ 

San Antonio _________________ _ 

WASHINGTON -Seattle _________ _ 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ _ 

Total 

132 159 

1 305 

974 

8442 

152 

19976 

256 

345 

271 

909 

706 

694 

185 79063 

489 

242 

786 

85 

13302 52 

962 

188 

2775 

Total Direct current 

128 932 

1 305 

974 

8442 

152 

19976 

256 

345 

271 

909 

706 

694 

185 79063 

489 

628 

85 

13302 

962 

188 

128 800 

1 305 

974 

8422 

152 

19867 

256 

344 

271 

909 

706 

694 

185 79063 

489 

628 

85 

13302 

960 

188 

Total Equipment Construction 

132 132 

20 20 

109 109 

2 2 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

Land 

To State To local 

Total governments governments 

3227 

242 

158 

52 

2775 

3227 

242 

158 

52 

2775 

PUBLIC DEFENSE 97 
Table 39. Corrections expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of doliars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

State and type of government' To State To local 

Total' Total Direct current Capital oullay Total governments governments 

States·local, totaL _____________ 17 982 274 17 982 274 15 222 315 2 759 959 States ______________________ 12 570 955 11 661 100 9 897 949 1 763 151 1 009 855 1 009 855 Local, total _________________ 6 529 785 6 321 176 5 324 367 996 809 208 609 208 609 Countles _________________ 4 808 434 4 738 663 3 964 406 774 258 69770 54217 15 553 Municipalities ____________ 1 786 647 1 582 513 1 359 962 222 551 204 135 154 392 49743 

Alabama ______________________________ 172 744 172 744 158 875 13 869 State _______________________________ 127 975 122271 114070 8201 5704 5704 Local, total __________________________ 50473 50473 44805 5668 Counties _________________________ 42073 42056 36644 5411 18 18 Municipalities _____________________ 8742 8417 8161 257 325 325 

Alaska ________________________________ 81 661 81 661 80 304 1 357 State _______________________________ 83 135 80587 79280 1 307 2548 2548 Local, total __________________________ 2943 1 074 1 024 50 1 869 1 869 

MUniCipalities Bor'!u~hs.-.------------------------ _____________________ 2979 1 074 1 024 50 1 905 1 869 36 

Arizona _______________________________ 332 749 332 749 304 449 28300 State _______________________________ 237 868 219 654 193 620 26034 18214 18214 Local, total __________________________ 113095 113095 110829 2266 Counties _________________________ 112580 112580 110332 2248 Municipalities _____________________ 5 162 515 497 18 4647 4647 

Arkansas ______________________________ 71 018 71 018 65217 5801 State _______________________________ 54186 50400 47915 2485 3786 3786 Local, total __________________________ 20618 20618 17302 3316 Counlles _________________________ 18611 18417 15 113 3303 194 194 Municipalities _____________________ 2385 2201 2189 12 184 184 

California _____________________________ 3 394 647 3 394 647 2 539 798 854 849 State _______________________________ 2 192 771 1 951 754 1 467 581 484 173 241 017 241 017 Local, total __________________________ 1 448 043 1 442893 1 072 217 370 676 5 150 5150 Counties _________________________ 1 388101 1 382611 1 012 560 370 051 5490 5150 340 Municipalities _____________________ 62144 60282 59656 626 1 862 1 862 

Colorado ______________________________ 212 580 212 580 178 748 33832 State _______________________________ 135 447 133 959 111 161 22798 488 488 Local, total __________________________ 78621 78621 67587 11 034 Counties _________________________ 54054 53849 43281 10568 205 205 Municipalities _____________________ 24870 24772 24306 466 98 98 

Connec!lcut ___________________________ 166 094 166 094 '150 589 15 505 State _______________________________ 166 090 166 090 150 585 15505 

Local, t.o!al-.-.------------------------ 4 4 4 MuniCipalities _____________________ 4 4 4 

Delaware ______________________________ 50 140 50 140 48788 1 352 State _______________________________ 50140 50 140 48788 1 352 Local, total __________________________ Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 

District of Columbia ___________________ 240 097 240 097 222 026 18071 Local, total __________________________ 240 097 240 097 222 026 18071 Municipality _______________________ 240 097 240 097 222 026 18071 

Florida ________________________________ 871 671 871 671 746 499 125 172 State _______________________________ 545 346 545 346 473 565 71 781 Local, total __________________________ 326 325 326 325 272 934 53391 Counties _________________________ 308 654 308 537 255 162 53376 116 116 Municipalities _____________________ 17787 17787 17772 15 

Georgia _______________________________ 460 851 460 851 361 047 99804 State _______________________________ 343 350 315 702 261 023 54679 27648 27648 Local, total __________________________ 145 243 145149 100 024 45125 94 94 Counties _________________________ 129 708 129 164 84928 44236 544 12 532 Municipalities _____________________ 17382 15985 15095 889 1 397 82 1 315 

Hawaii ________________________________ State 71 989 71 989 62 130 9859 _______________________________ 72175 71 989 62130 9859 186 186 Local, total __________________________ Counties _________________________ Municipalities _____________________ 

Idaho _________________________________ State 33929 33929 26280 7649 _______________________________ 22485 22037 17374 4663 448 448 Local, total __________________________ 11 893 11 892 8 906 2 986 1 Counties _________________________ 11 895 11 842 8856 2986 53 52 Municipalities _____________________ 64 50 50 15 15 

Illinois ________________________________ 595 705 595 705 536 336 59369 State _______________________________ 458 679 431 030 381 674 49356 27649 27649 Local, total __________________________ 164 692 164 675 154 662 10013 16 16 Counties _________________________ 165 349 164 593 154 580 10013 756 16 739 Municipalities _____________________ 211 82 82 129 129 

Indiana _______________________________ 220 324 220 324 196 541 23783 State _______________________________ 173 151 167 507 144 543 22964 5644 5644 Local, total __________________________ 55407 52817 51 998 819 2590 2590 Counties _________________________ 41 478 41 028 40563 465 450 414 37 Municipalities _____________________ 13966 11 789 11 435 354 2176 2 176 

See footnotes at end of table. 

98 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 39. Corrections expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total2 Total Direct current 

Iowa __________________________________ 92 183 92 183 91 244 State _______________________________ 90 876 72754 71 969 Local, total __________________________ 19456 19429 19275 Cou~t:es ,_. ________________________ 19535 19 161 19 007 MUniCipalitIes _____________________ 395 268 268 

Kansas _______________________________ 129 492 129 492 116 864 State _______________________________ 110 032 105 171 93 090 Local, total __________________________ 24321 24321 23 774 Counties _________________________ 24 382 23 950 23 402 Municipalities _____________________ 819 372 372 

Kentucky _____________________________ 182 456 182 456 147 933 State _______________________________ 159 639 136 897 104 974 Local, total __________________________ 45 559 45 559 42959 Counties _________________________ 41 549 41 367 38900 Municipalities _____________________ 4 192 4 192 4 059 

Louisiana _____________________________ State 252 422 252 422 234 621 _______________________________ 193 297 172814 169 463 Local, total __________________________ 79608 79608 65 158 

Pari~h.es .-c----------------------- 37 055 37 017 34400 MUnicIpalitIes _ .. ___________________ 42909 42591 30 759 

Maine _________________________________ 53 004 53 004 45 054 State _______________________________ 41 406 39869 35 181 Local, total __________________________ 13 135 13 135 9 873 CouQt!es ._. ________________________ 13 299 13 135 9 873 MUnicIpalitIes _____________________ 580 

Maryland ______________________________ 417 898 417 898 366 791 State _______________________________ 319 442 319 442 291 699 Local, total __________________________ 98 456 98456 75 092 

Cou~tjes c.------------------------ 65 212 65212 48616 MUniCipalitIes _____________________ 33244 33244 26476 

Massachusetts ________________________ State 402 372 402 372 354 346 _______________________________ 335 072 322 470 276 278, Local, total __________________________ 79902 79 902 78068 Counties _________________________ 58 969 58 969 58010 Municipalities _____________________ 20 933 20 933 20058 

Michigan ______________________________ 770 865 770 865 702 238 State _______________________________ 613 513 605 all 550 642 Local, total __________________________ 184 625 165 854 151 596 

CouQtjes .-c----------------------- 182 114 163 288 149 044 MUnicIpalitIes _____________________ 3 554 2 566 2553 

Mlnnesota _____________________________ State 212018 212 018 192 831 _______________________________ III 974 95808 93 199 

Local, total __________________________ 116711 116210 99632 

Cou~t!es c,------------------------ 117651 116 179 99632 MUnicIpalitIes _____________________ 2 028 31 

Mississippi ____________________________ State 73894 73 894 70 107 _______________________________ 62939 59690 56032 Local, total __________________________ 14204 14204 14 075 Counties _________________________ 12279 12279 12 151 Municipalities _____________________ 2049 1 925 1 924 

Missouri ______________________________ State 245 584 245 584 202 209 _______________________________ 187 165 186 476 144 674 Local, total __________________________ 59 108 59 108 57 535 Cou~tjes ,_. ________________________ 41 409 40 842 39322 MUnlclpalitJes _____________________ 18554 18 266 18213 

Montana ______________________________ State _______________________________ 28 991 28 991 28032 21 044 21 044 20 125 Local, total __________________________ 7 947 7947 7 907 Counties _________________________ 7 953 7766 7725 Municipalities _____________________ 194 182 181 

Nebraska State ----------------------------- 58 255 58 255 57 033 _______________________________ 42 866 42859 41 841 Local, total __________________________ 15405 15396 15 192 Counties _________________________ 15519 15396 15 192 Municipalities _____________________ 1 754 

Nevada _______________________________ 

State 143 475 143 475 109 036 _______________________________ 97306 96 255 62392 Local, total __________________________ 47220 47 220 46644 Counties _________________________ 40028 39 944 39417 Municipalities _____________________ 7276 7276 7227 

New Hampshire _______________________ State 39097 39 097 33 734 _______________________________ 25753 25564 21 794 LOGal, total __________________________ 13533 13 533 11 940 CouQt!es ,_, ________________________ 13 535 13 497 11 905 MUniCIpalitIes _____________________ 35 35 35 

New Jersey ___________________________ State _______________________________ 638 597 638 597 574 541 460 761 420 996 374 797 Local, total __________________________ 217 601 217601 199 744 Counties _________________________ 217541 217541 199 683 Municipalities _____________________ 61 61 61 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Capital outlay 

939 

785 

154 

154 

12 629 12 081 

548 

548 

34523 

31 923 2600 

2467 

133 

17 800 3 351 14449 

2617 

11 832 

7949 

4688 

3261 

3 261 

51 107 27743 

23364 

16 596 6768 

48026 

46 192 1 834 

959 

875 

68626 

54369 

14257 

14244 13 

19 187 2609 

16578 

16547 31 

3787 

3 658 

129 

128 2 

43375 

41 802 

1 573 1 520 

53 

960 

919 

41 

40 

1 

1 222 1 018 

204 

204 

34439 

33 863 

576 

527 

49 

5362 

3770 

1 592 1 592 

64 057 46 199 17858 

17 858 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

18 122 

27 

374 

127 

4861 

432 

447 

22742 

182 

20483 

38 

318 

1 537 

164 

580 

12602 

8502 

18771 

18826 988 

16 166 

501 1 472 

1 997 

3249 

124 

689 

567 

288 

187 

12 

7 

8 

123 1 754 

1 051 

84 

189 

38 

39765 

To State 

governments 

27 

27 

18771 

18771 

501 

501 

8 

8 

To local 

governments 

18 122 

347 

127 

4861 

432 

447 

22742 

182 

20483 

38 

318 

1 537 

164 

580 

12602 

8502 

55 

988 

16166 

971 1 997 

3249 

124 

689 

567 

288 

187 

12 

7 

115 1 754 

1 051 

84 

189 

38 

39765 

CORRECTIONS 99 
Table 39. Corrections expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals, For meaning of symbols. see text] 

State and type of government' 

New Mexlco __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ MUnicIpalitIes ____________________ _ 

New York ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ MUnicIpalitIes ____________________ _ 

North Carolina _______________________ _ State ____________________________ ~ __ 

Local. total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ MUnicIpalitIes ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ Local. tolal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities __ c _________________ _ 

pe~7:r~~~~~~========================== Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ,_, _______________________ _ 

MUnicIpalitIes ____________________ _ 

South Dakota ________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Texas ________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Utah _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Vermont _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local. total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Vlr~\~\: Local. =============================== total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table, 

Total2 

104 263 81 258 24515 

11 922 14099 

2 495 522 1 527 723 1 313 105 360 414 954 150 

385 519 352 223 42770 

43255 

13499 

9868 

3632 

4440 96 

633 424 491 314 171 552 155 583 29210 

148 459 135 113 19732 

17405 

2343 

174 810 112931 

82553 

82906 485 

569 787 285 119 301 716 172713 

129612 

45709 

45709 

246 584 218 772 27846 

27538 

2116 

21 387 17785 

3608 

3944 

222 

281 211 250 173 78 126 60695 

17848 

997 829 647 499 405 152 400 794 12211 

85578 

68835 

17943 

17962 7 

24472 

24472 

16 

448 627 431 864 140 084 68343 

73731 

Total 

104 263 79748 

24515 

11 218 13297 

2 495 522 1 340 362 1 155 160 351 228 803 932 

385 519 342768 

42751 

42751 

13499 

9868 

3 632 3 632 

633 424 461 872 171 552 153519 

18033 

148 459 128 727 19732 

17400 

2331 

174 810 94220 

80590 

80428 161 

569 787 272 855 296 932 167 324 129 607 

45709 

45709 

246 584 218 772 27812 

26418 

1 394 

21 387 17783 

3604 

3475 

129 

281 211 203 085 78 126 60389 

17737 

997 829 592 906 404 923 399 918 5005 

85578 

67635 

17943 

17943 

24472 

24472 

448 627 308 543 140 084 67974 

72 111 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

101 359 77 301 24058 

10856 

13203 

2 070 184 1 134 311 935 873 305 452 630 421 

311 787 270 574 41 213 41 213 

13274 

9666 

3608 

3608 

471 734 310 509 161 225 146357 

14867 

138 973 122031 

16942 

14611 

2331 

151 360 88397 

62963 

62801 161 

520906 

229 067 291 839 163 763 128 076 

44369 

44369 

186 272 165 535 20737 

19372 

1 365 

20668 

17074 

3594 

3465 

128 

250 120 180831 

69289 

53313 

15976 

889 845 

557 173 332 672 327 678 4994 

72318 

58382 

13936 

13936 

23314 

23314 

414 862 281 672 133 190 63002 

70 189 

100 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

2904 

2447 

457 

362 

95 

425 338 206 051 219 287 

45776 

173511 

73732 

72194 

1 538 1 538 

226 

202 

24 

24 

161 690 151 363 10327 

7161 

3 166 

9486 

6696 

2790 

2790 

23450 

5823 

17627 

17627 

48881 

43788 

5093 

3561 

1 531 

1 340 1 340 

60313 

53237 

7076 

7047 29 

719 

709 

10 

9 

1 

31 091 22254 

8837 

7076 

1 761 

107985 

35733 

72252 

72241 11 

13260 

9253 

4007 

4007 

1 158 1 158 

33765 

26871 

6894 

4972 

1 922 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

1 510 

704 

801 

187361 

157 946 9 186 150218 

9455 19 

504 

808 

96 

29442 

2064 

11 177 

6386 

5 

12 

18711 

1 963 

2478 

324 

12264 

4784 

5388 4 

33 

119 

722 

2 

4 470 

93 

47088 

306 

111 

54593 229 

876 7206 

200 

19 

7 

16 

123321 

369 1 620 

To State 

governments 

157 946 7727 

150218 

19 

19 

1 963 1 963 

4784 

4784 

33 

33 

4 

4 

229 

229 

To local 

governments 

1 510 

704 

801 

187361 

1 459 

9455 

484 

808 

96 

29442 

2064 

11 177 

6386 

5 

12 

18711 

515 

324 

12264 

604 4 

1 119 

689 

2 

465 

93 

47088 

306 

111 

54593 

647 7206 

1 200 

19 

7 

16 

123321 

369 1 620 
Table 39. Corrections expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

State and type of government' To State Total2 Total Direct current Capital outlay Total governments 

wa~t~t~g~~~_=========================== 296 912 296 912 270 408 26504 202476 199 569 180401 19 168 2907 Local, total __________________________ Counties 97356 97343 90007 7336 14 14 _________________________ 94 203 93 726 86400 7326 477 14 Municipalities _____________________ 15 104 3 616 3607 10 11 487 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ 41 619 41 619 38306 3 314 State _______________________________ 29 257 29 257 26235 3022 Local, total __________________________ Counties 12376 12362 12 071 292 13 13 _________________________ 12374 12362 12071 292 11 Municipalities _____________________ 34 34 13 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ State _______________________________ 224 434 224 434 203 756 20678 183 997 152 679 142 483 10 196 31 318 Local, total __________________________ Counties 86332 71 755 61 273 10482 14577 14577 _________________________ 86257 71 595 61 113 10482 14663 14577 MUnicipalities _____________________ 199 161 161 38 

WyS't':t~~_============================= 25828 25 828 24265 1 563 18685 18 685 17 166 1 519 Local, total __________________________ Counties 7 143 7 143 7099 44 _________________________ 7 155 7 143 7099 44 12 Municipalities _____________________ 795 795 

To local governments 

2907 

463 11 487 

11 

21 

31 318 

86 

38 

12 

795 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that Include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines Include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State·local total lines exclude all Intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

CORRECTIONS 101 
Table 40. Detail of corrections total expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988 

[Doilar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other' 

Slate ilnd type of government' Percenl of total Percenl of lotal Percenl of lotal Percent of total 

Total corrections justice system corrections corrections corrections 

expenditure' expenditure Amounl' expenditure Amoun!2 expenditure Amount' expenditure 

States·local, totaL _____________ 17 982 274 33.6 15 262 965 84.9 2 004 293 11.1 715017 4.0 State _______________________ 12 670 955 57.3 10 406 244 82.1 1 417 592 11.2 847 119 6.7 Local, total _________________ 6 529 785 19.5 5 598 959 85.7 930 826 14.3 (x) (x) Counties ___________ • _____ 4 B08 434 33.5 3 988 549 82.9 819 085 17.1 (x) (x) Municipalities ____________ 1 786 647 9.1 1 672 694 93.S 113 953 6.4 (x) (x) 

Alabama ______________________________ 172 744 30.8 141 502 81.9 17 480 10.1 13 762 8.0 Stale _______________________________ 127 975 46.6 103 568 80.9 10645 8.3 13762 10.8 Local, total __________________________ 50 473 17.0 41 033 81.3 9440 18.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 42073 35.6 32966 78.4 9 107 21.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 8742 4.9 8387 95.9 355 4.1 (x) (x) 

Alaska ________________________________ State 81 661 28.8 70998 86.9 7 351 9.0 3 312 4.1 _______________________________ 83 135 38.4 72472 87.2 7351 8.8 3312 4.0 Local, lotal __________________________ 2943 3.9 2943 100.0 (x) (X! Boro.u~hs.-.------------------------ (x) (x MUnicipalities _____________________ 2979 4.3 2979 100.0 (x) (x) 

Arizona _______________________________ 332 749 34.6 270 404 81.3 44662 13.4 17 683 5.3 State _______________________________ 237 8S8 63.2 185 802 78.1 32760 13.8 19306 8.1 Local, total __________________________ 113 095 1804 86285 76.3 26810 23.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 112580 36.3 85910 76.3 26670 23.7 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 5 162 1.7 5 022 97.3 140 2.7 (x) (x) 

Arkansas ______________________________ State 71 018 30.5 63940 90.0 3 851 5.4 3226 4.5 _______________________________ 54186 53.9 48 033 88.6 2927 5.4 3226 6.0 Local, total . _________________________ 20618 15.0 18858 91.5 1 759 8.5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 18611 30.3 17013 91.4 1 598 8.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 2385 3.1 2 192 91.9 192 8.1 (x) (x) 

California _____________________________ 3 394 647 38.0 2 875 605 84.7 409 087 12.1 109 955 3.2 State _______________________________ 2 192 771 68.5 1 951 397 89.0 129 112 5.9 112262 5.1 Local, total __________________________ 1 448 043 23.6 1 167 958 80.7 280 085 19.3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 1 388101 37.2 1 118829 80.6 269 272 19.4 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 62144 2.5 50298 80.9 11 846 19.1 (x) (x) 

Colorado ______________________________ State 212 580 30.3 181 954 85.6 20878 9.8 9749 4.6 _______________________________ 135 447 53.1 107 137 79.1 17 073 12.6 11 237 8.3 Local, total __________________________ 78621 17.6 74817 95.2 3805 4.8 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 54054 36.8 54006 99.9 48 .1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 24870 8.2 21 113 84.9 3757 15.1 (x) (x) 

Connecticut ___________________________ State 166 094 24.0 135 028 81.3 26528 16.0 4538 2.7 _______________________________ 166090 43.1 135 028 81.3 26524 16.0 4538 2.7 Local, total __________________________ 4 4 100.0 (x) Municipalities _____________________ (X! 4 4 100.0 (x) (x 

Delaware ______________________________ State 50 140 31.7 40605 81.0 4 012 8.0 5523 11.0 _______________________________ 50 140 44.2 40605 81.0 4 012 8.0 5523 11.0 Local, total __________________________ (x) (x) Counties _________________________ IX) (x) Municipalities _____________________ x) (x) 

District of Columbia ___________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 Local, tOlal __________________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 (x) (x) Municipality _______________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 (x) (x) 

Florida ________________________________ State 871 671 31.0 766 098 87.9 87659 10.1 17 914 2.1 _______________________________ 545 346 55.2 443 599 81.3 83833 15.4 17914 3.3 Local, total __________________________ 326 325 17.9 322499 98.8 3826 1.2 (X! Counties (x) _________________________ 308 654 27.4 304 828 98.8 3826 1.2 (x (x) Municipalities _____________________ 17787 2.5 17787 100.0 (x) (x) 

Georgia _______________________________ State 460 851 38.8 387 369 84.1 52 691 11.4 20791 4.5 _______________________________ 343 350 68.5 253 437 73.8 69 122 20.1 20791 6.1 Local, total __________________________ 145 243 20.3 137 863 94.9 7380 5.1 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 129 708 27.9 122 464 94.4 7244 5.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 11382 6.8 17246 99.2 137 .8 (x) (x) 

Hawaii ________________________________ State 71 989 26.6 58677 81.5 10700 14.9 2612 3.6 _______________________________ 72 175 49.6 58863 81.6 10700 14.8 2612 .1.6 Local, total __________________________ Counties (x) 'x) _________________________ (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Idaho _________________________________ 

State _______________________________ 33929 25.6 28 177 83.0 4 416 13.0 1 336 3.9 22485 44.1 18 096 80.5 2605 11.6 1 784 7.9 Local, total __________________________ 11 893 14.3 10081 84.8 1 812 15.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 11 895 22.6 10083 84.8 1 812 15.2 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 64 .2 64 100.0 (x) (x) 

illinois ________________________________ 

State 595 705 25.5 511 295 85.8 54507 9.1 29903 5.0 _______________________________ 458 679 58.2 392 888 85.7 35888 7.8 29903 6.5 Local, tOlal __________________________ Counties 164 692 10.4 118533 72.0 46158 28.0 (x) (x) _________________________ 165 349 32.3 119 143 72.1 46206 27.9 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 211 211 100.0 (x) (x) 

Indiana _______________________________ State 220 324 32.0 197 138 &9.5 16073 7.3 7 113 3.2 _______________________________ 173 151 60.1 163 064 94.2 2974 1.7 7113 4.1 Local, lotal __________________________ 55407 13.5 42308 76.4 13099 23.6 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 41 478 25.9 32115 77.4 9364 22.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 13966 5.5 10230 73.3 3735 26.7 (x) (x) 

See footnotes at end of table. 

102 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 40. Detail of corrections total expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-Con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see texl] 

Institutions Probalion, pardon. and parole Other3 

Slate and type of government' Percent of tolal Percent of lotal Percenl of lolal Percenl of total 

Tolal corrections justice syslem corrections corrections corrections 

expendilure' expendilure Amounl' expendilure Amount' expendilure Amounl' expenditure 

Iowa __________________________________ 92 183 25.3 80738 87.6 9 321 10.1 2 124 2.3 Slate _______________________________ 90876 46.1 70473 77.5 15545 17.1 4858 5.3 Local, total _________________________ 19456 10.3 18050 92.8 1 405 7.2 (xl (xl Counlies _________________________ 19535 25.8 18 109 92.7 1 426 7.3 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 395 .3 395 100.0 (xl (xl 

Kansas _______________________________ 129 492 32.0 115 359 89.1 11 247 8.7 2887 2.2 Slate _______________________________ 110032 59.7 93053 84.6 9231 8.4 7748 7.0 Local, tolal __________________________ 24321 10.8 22306 91.7 2016 8.3 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 24382 25.4 22710 93.1 1 673 6.9 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 819 .6 337 41.1 482 58.9 (xl (xl 

Kenlucky _____________________________ 182 456 36.8 153 959 84.4 22859 12.5 5638 3.1 Slate _______________________________ 159 639 45.6 111 586 69.9 42415 26.6 5638 3.5 Local, tolal __________________________ 45559 23.3 44394 97.4 1 165 2.6 (xl (xl Counlies _________________________ 41 549 47.8 40544 97.6 1 005 2.4 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 4192 3.8 4032 96.2 160 3.8 (xl (xl 

Louisiana _____________________________ 252 422 33.8 225 710 89.4 19 049 7.5 7663 3.0 Slate _______________________________ 193 297 57.1 168 402 87.1 17232 8.9 7663 4.0 Local, tOlal __________________________ 79608 17.7 77 791 97.7 1 817 2.3 (xl (xl Parishes _________________________ 37055 18.5 36839 99,4 217 .6 (xl (xl Municipalilies _____________________ 42909 17.0 41 309 96.3 1 600 3.7 (xl (xl 

Maine _________________________________ 53004 31.3 44833 84.6 4262 8.0 3909 7.4 State _______________________________ 41 406 44.8 32 165 77.7 4262 10.3 4979 12.0 Local, tolal __________________________ 13 135 16.6 13 135 100.0 (xl (xl Counlies _________________________ 13299 51.7 13299 100.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 580 1.0 568 97.8 13 2.2 (xl (xl 

Maryland ______________________________ 417 898 38.3 349 389 83.6 48983 11.7 19 526 4.7 Slate _______________________________ 319 442 51.4 251 392 78.7 48524 15.2 19526 6.1 Local. lolal __________________________ 98456 17.7 97997 99.5 459 .5 (Xl (xl Counties _________________________ 65212 18.9 64753 99.3 459 .7 (x (xl Municipalities _____________________ 33244 15.7 33244 100.0 (xl (xl 

Massachusetts ________________________ 402 372 27.8 339 392 84.3 48314 12.0 14 666 3.6 Siale _______________________________ 335 072 41.3 267 770 79.9 48314 14.4 18988 5.7 Local. lotal __________________________ 79902 11,4 79902 100.0 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 58969 74.2 58969 100.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 20933 3.3 20933 100.0 (xl (xl 

Michigan ______________________________ 770 865 36.2 653 342 84.8 90525 11.7 26998 3.5 Slate _______________________________ 613513 65.0 510 883 83.3 75632 12.3 26998 4.4 Local. total __________________________ Counties 184 625 14.4 164 187 88.9 20438 11.1 (xl (xl _________________________ 182114 32.6 164 033 90.1 18081 9.9 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 3554 .5 1 154 32.5 2400 67.5 (xl (xl 

Mlnnesola _____________________________ 212018 28.8 168 633 79.5 42045 19.8 1 340 .6 Slate _______________________________ III 974 52.4 98453 87.9 11 894 10.6 1 627 1.5 Local, total __________________________ 116711 21.5 85847 73.6 30864 26.4 (Xl (xl Counties _________________________ 117 651 37.4 86575 73.6 31 076 26.4 (x (xl Municipalities _____________________ 2028 .8 2028 100.0 (xl (xl 

Mississippi ____________________________ 73894 28.1 61 857 83.7 9005 12.2 3032 4.1 State _______________________________ 62939 54.2 50907 80.9 9000 14.3 3032 4.8 Local, lolal __________________________ 14204 9.3 14199 100.0 5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 12279 17.8 12274 100.0 5 Municipalities _____________________ (Xl (Xl 2049 2.5 2049 100.0 (x (x 

Missouri ______________________________ 245 584 29.6 212 430 86.5 28045 11.4 5 110 2.1 Stale _______________________________ 187 165 53.3 156180 83,4 25185 13.5 5799 3.1 Local. tolal __________________________ 59 108 11.9 56250 95.2 2859 4.8 ~Xl (xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 41 409 27.7 39391 95.1 2018 4.9 xl (xl MUnicipalities _____________________ 18554 5.4 17 671 95.2 882 4.8 (xl (xl 

Monlana ______________________________ 28991 27.8 22 791 78.6 5436 18.7 765 2.6 Slate _______________________________ 21 044 46.0 16789 79.8 3490 16.6 765 3.6 Local, lotal __________________________ 7947 13.4 6002 75.5 1 946 24.5 (Xl (xl Counties _________________________ 7953 20.5 5997 75,4 1 956 24.6 (x (xl Municipalities _____________________ 194 .9 166 85,4 28 14.6 (xl (xl 

Nebraska _____________________________ 58255 26.9 43936 75.4 7 121 12.2 7 198 12.4 State _______________________________ 42866 49.0 28779 67.1 6889 16.1 7 198 16.8 Local, lotal __________________________ 15405 11.9 15 173 98.5 232 1.5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 15519 25.1 15263 98,4 256 1.6 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 1 754 2.5 1 703 97.1 51 2.9 (xl (xl 

Nevada _______________________________ State 143 475 43.3 125 294 87.3 15 221 10.6 2959 2.1 _______________________________ 97306 76.2 85035 87.4 9312 9.6 2959 3.0 Local, total __________________________ 47220 23.0 40259 85.3 6 960 14.7 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 40028 25.9 33891 84.7 6 137 15.3 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 7276 9.5 6452 88.7 823 11.3 (xl (xl 

New Hampshire _______________________ State 39097 23.0 35 551 90.9 2458 6.3 1 087 2.8 _______________________________ 25753 33.2 22054 85.6 2423 9.4 1 276 5.0 Local. total __________________________ 13533 14.4 13497 99.7 35 .3 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 13535 62.4 13535 100.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 35 35 100.0 (xl (xl 

New Jersey ___________________________ State 638 597 30.2 504 281 79.0 84469 13.2 49847 7.8 _______________________________ 460 761 51.7 386 414 83.9 21 143 4.6 53204 11.5 Local. lotal __________________________ 217601 16.5 153 485 70.5 64 116 29.5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 217541 45.6 153 485 70.6 64055 29.4 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 61 61 100.0 (xl (xl 

See footnotes at end of table. 

CORRECTIONS 103 
Table 40. Detail of corrections total expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-Con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other3 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Total corrections justice system corrections corrections corrections 

expenditure2 expenditure Amount2 expenditure Amount2 expenditure Amount2 expenditure 

New Mexlco ___________________________ 104 263 35.9 90369 86.7 9864 9.5 4030 3.9 State _______________________________ 81 258 50.9 65923 81.1 9795 12.1 5540 6.8 Local, total __________________________ . 24515 18.2 24446 99.7 69 .3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 11 922 30.1 11 843 99.3 79 .7 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 14099 14.6 14099 100.0 (x) (x) 

New York _____________________________ 2 495 522 34.9 2 234 494 89.5 200 598 8.0 60430 2.4 State _______________________________ 1 527 723 56.6 1 250 704 81.9 216 589 14.2 60430 4.0 Local, total __________________________ 1 313 105 27.0 1 188 898 90.5 124 208 9.5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 360 414 34.7 282 393 78.4 78021 21.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 954 150 24.9 907 936 95.2 46214 4.8 (x) (x) 

North Carolina ________________________ 3135519 37.0 330 014 85.6 35 164 9.1 20 341 5.3 State _______________________________ 352 223 55.7 297 800 84.5 34082 9.7 20341 5.8 Local, total __________________________ 42770 10.1 41 688 97.5 1 082 2.5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 43255 23.4 42172 97.5 1 082 2.5 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

North Dakota __________________________ 13499 19.0 12757 94.5 742 5.5 State _.-____________________________ 9868 33.7 9 126 92.5 742 7.5 Local, total __________________________ 3632 8.6 3632 100.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 4440 19.7 4440 100.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 96 .5 96 100.0 (x) (x) 

Ohio __________________________________ 633 424 35.0 543 619 85.8 62055 9.8 27749 4.4 State _______________________________ 491 314 70.1 414 373 84.3 49 192 10.0 27749 5.6 Local, total __________________________ 171 552 14.9 136171 79.4 35380 20.6 (x) (x) Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 155 583 33.0 124 029 79.7 31 554 20.3 (x) (x) MuniCipalities _____________________ 29210 4.2 25 106 85.9 4 104 14.1 (x) (x) 

Oklahoma _____________________________ 148 459 33.6 106 544 71.8 17629 11.9 24286 16.4 Slate _______________________________ 135 113 56.3 90622 67.1 16017 11.9 28474 21.1 Local, tolal __________________________ 19732 9.4 18120 91.8 1 612 8.2 Counties _________________________ (Xl ~X) 17405 28.9 16070 92.3 1 335 7.7 (x x) Municipalilies _____________________ 2343 1.5 2067 88.2 277 11.8 (x) (x) 

Oregon _______________________________ 174 810 29.5 134 905 77.2 29841 17.1 10064 5.8 State _______________________________ 112931 37.2 70022 62.0 14976 13.3 27933 24.7 Local, lotal __________________________ 82553 25.9 65870 79.8 16683 20.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 82906 44.5 66241 79.9 16665 20.1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 485 .4 459 94.7 26 5.3 (x) (x) 

Pennsylvania __________________________ 569 787 29.7 491 097 86.2 72462 l!:lX 6228 1.1 State _______________________________ 285119 44.4 249 743 87.6 29 148 10.2 6228 2.2 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties _________________________ 301 716 22.4 246 138 81.6 55578 18.4 (x) ~X) 172713 42.4 135 465 78.4 37247 21.6 (Xl x) Municipalities _____________________ 129612 13.7 111 031 85.7 18580 14.3 (x (x) 

Rhode Island __________________________ 45709 23.6 36459 79.8 3793 8.3 5457 11.9 Slale _______________________________ 45709 42.4 36459 79.8 3 793 8.3 5457 11.9 Local, lolal __________________________ (x) Municipalities (Xl _____________________ (x) (x 

South Carolina __________________ .. ____ 246 584 44.6 206 865 83.9 16 508 6.7 23211 9.4 Slale _______________________________ 218 772 66.6 179 124 81.9 16437 7.5 23211 10.6 Local, tolal __________________________ 27846 12.1 27756 99.7 89 .3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 27538 20.2 27466 99.7 71 .3 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 2 116 2.2 2098 99.1 18 .9 (x) (x) 

South Dakota _________________________ 21 387 25.9 18 231 85.2 3 156 14.8 Slate _______________________________ 17 785 40.9 14627 82.2 3 158 17.8 Local, lotal _________________________ .. 3608 8.8 3608 100.0 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 3944 18.0 3944 100.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 222 1.0 222 100.0 (x) (x) 

Tennessee ____________________________ 281 211 37.2 242 859 86.4 25509 9.1 12844 4.6 Slale _______________________________ 250 173 69.9 215 295 86.1 22034 8.8 12844 5.1 Local, tOlal __________________________ 78 126 17.0 74652 95.6 3475 4.4 (X! (x) Couryt!es ._. ________________________ GO 695 30.7 58444 96.3 2251 3.7 (x (x) MUnlclpalilles _____________________ 17 848 6.8 16624 93.1 1 223 6.9 (x (x) 

Texas _________________________________ 997 829 34.0 779 221 78.1 174 706 17.5 43902 4.4 Stale _______________________________ 647 499 67.3 496 572 76.7 107 025 16.5 43902 6.8 Local, tolal __________________________ 405 152 19.7 282 649 69.8 122 503 30.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 400 794 38.7 277 851 69.3 122 942 30.7 (x) (x,! Municipalities _____________________ 12211 1.2 12186 99.8 25 .2 (x) (x) 

Utah __________________________________ 85578 30.3 69094 80.7 11 100 13.0 5384 6.3 State _______________________________ 68835 49.2 51 756 75.2 11 095 16.1 5984 8.7 Local, lotal __________________________ 17 943 12.3 17938 100.0 5 Counlies _________________________ ~X) (Xl 17962 24.6 17957 100.0 5 x) (x Municipalities _____________________ 7 7 100.0 (x) (x) 

Vermont ______________________________ 24472 29.2 15602 63.8 6724 27.5 2 146 8.8 Slate _______________________________ 24472 40.3 15602 63.8 6724 27.5 2 146 8.8 Local, tOlal __________________________ Counties _________________________ ~x) (Xl x) Municipalities _____________________ 16 .1 8 51.4 8 48.6 (x) ~~) Virginia _______________________________ 448 627 37.5 377 269 84.1 38367 8.6 32992 7.4 Stale _______________________________ 431 864 52.9 277 162 64.2 37 150 8.6 117552 27.2 Local, 10Ial __________________________ 140 084 21.3 132641 94.7 7444 5.3 

l~! (x) Counties _________________________ 68343 22.4 64 108 93.8 4 <!ii5 6.2 Municipalities (Xl __________________ ~ __ 73731 20.8 70416 95.5 3314 4.5 (x (x 

Se:~ foolnoles at end of table. 

104 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 40. Detail of corrections total expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other' 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Total corrections Justice system corrections corrections corrections expenditure' expenditure Amount' expenditure Amount' expenditure Amount2 expenditure 

Washington ___________________________ 296 912 33.5 244 856 82.5 42542 14.3 9 514 3.2 State _______________________________ 202 476 61.0 169313 83.6 23649 11.7 9514 4.7 Local, total __________________________ 97356 17.4 78464 80.6 18 893 19.4 (x) (x) Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 94203 30.1 76561 81.3 17642 18.7 (x) (x) MUniCipalities _____________________ 15 104 5.6 13709 90.8 1 395 9.2 (x) (x) 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State _______________________________ 41 619 24.8 34925 83.9 3855 9.3 2839 6.8 29257 34.4 22686 77.5 3732 12.8 2839 9.7 Local, total __________________________ 12376 14.9 12253 99.0 123 1.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ Municipalities 12374 27.8 12250 99.0 123 1.0 (x) (xl _____________________ 34 .1 34 100.0 (x) (x) 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ State _______________________________ 224434 26.0 176 848 78.8 27649 12.3 19938 8.9 183 997 61.3 139517 75.8 24542 13.3 19938 10.8 Local, total __________________________ 86332 14.0 83226 96.4 3 107 3.6 (x) (xl 

Cou~t!es .-c----------------------- 86257 28.2 83 151 96.4 3 107 3.6 (xl (x) Municipalities _____________________ 199 .1 199 100.0 (x) (xl 

Wyoming _____________________________ State _______________________________ 25828 26.2 22624 87.6 1 708 6.6 1 496 5.8 18685 42.1 15495 82.9 1 694 9.1 1 496 8.0 Local, total __________________________ Counties 7 143 13.0 7129 99.8 14 .2 (x) (x) _________________________ 7 155 25.0 7141 99.8 14 .2 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 795 2.9 795 100.0 (xl (x) 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

'For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total1ines (opposite each State's name) exclude duplicative intergovernmental iransactions. Thus, the • Local, total" lines include intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State·local total lines exclude all intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

'Data for "Other" corrections are for State governments only. 

CORRECTIONS 105 
Table 41. Detail of corrections direct expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988 

[Doliar amounts In thousands. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols. see text] 

Institutions Probation. pardon and parole Other2 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

justice system corrections corrections corrections 

Total corrections direct direct direct direct 

direct expenditure expenditure Amount expenditure Amount expenditure Amount expenditure 

Slales·local. 10101-_____________ 17 982 274 33.6 15 262 965 84.9 2 004 293 11.1 715017 4.0 Slales ______________________ 11 661 100 57.6 9 867 736 84.6 1 078 347 9.2 715017 6.1 Local, lolal _________________ 6 321 176 19.0 5 395 230 85.4 925 946 14.6 (x) (x) Counlles _________________ 4 738 663 33.2 3 924 882 82.8 813 781 17.2 (x) (x) Municipalities ____________ 1 582 513 8.3 1 470 348 92.9 112 165 7.1 (x) (x) 

Alabama ______________________________ 172 744 3M 141 502 81.9 17 480 10.1 13 762 8.0 State _______________________________ 122271 45.9 100 469 82.2 8040 6.6 13762 11.3 Local, total __________________________ 50 473 17.1 41 033 81.3 9440 18.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 42 056 35.6 32953 78.4 9 102 21.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 8417 4.7 8080 96.0 337 4.0 (x) (x) 

Alaska ________________________________ 81 661 28.8 70998 86.9 7351 9.0 3 312 4.1 State _______________________________ 80587 38.6 69924 86.8 7351 9.1 3312 4.1 Local. total __________________________ 1 074 1.4 1 074 100.0 (x) (x) 

Bor~u~hs.-.------------------------ (x) (x) MUnicipalities _____________________ 1 074 1.6 1 074 100.0 (x) (x) 

Arizona _______________________________ 332 749 34.6 270 404 81.3 44662 13.4 17683 5.3 State _______________________________ 219 654 63.2 184119 83.8 17852 8.1 17 683 8.1 Local. total __________________________ 113 095 18.4 86285 76.3 26810 23.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 112580 36.3 85910 76.3 26670 23.7 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 515 .2 375 72.7 140 27.3 (x) (x) 

Arkansas ______________________________ 71 018 30.5 63940 90.0 3851 5.4 3226 4.5 State _______________________________ 50 400 52.5 45 082 89.4 2092 4.2 3226 6.4 Local. total __________________________ 20618 15.0 18858 91.5 1 759 8.5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 18417 30.2 16839 91.4 1 577 8.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 2201 2.9 2019 91.7 182 8.3 (x) (x) 

California _____________________________ 3 394 647 38.0 2 875 605 84.7 409 087 12.1 109 955 3.2 State _______________________________ 1 951 754 69.7 1 712 687 87.8 129 112 6.6 109 955 5.6 Local, total __________________________ 1 442 893 23.5 1 162918 80.6 279 975 19.4 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 1 382611 37.1 1 113474 80.5 269 137 19.5 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 60 282 2.5 49444 82.0 10838 18.0 (x) (x) 

Colorado ______________________________ 212 580 30.3 181 954 85.6 20878 9.8 9749 4.6 State _______________________________ 133 959 52.9 107 137 80.0 17073 12.7 9749 7.3 Local. total __________________________ 78621 17.6 74817 95.2 3805 4.8 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 53849 36.B 53801 99.9 48 .1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 24772 8.2 21 015 84.8 3757 15.2 (x) (x) 

Connectlcul ___________________________ 166 094 24.0 135 028 81.3 26528 16.0 4538 2.7 State _______________________________ 166 090 43.3 135 028 81.3 26524 16.0 4538 2.7 Local, total __________________________ 4 4 100.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 4 4 100.0 (x) (x) 

Delaware ______________________________ 50 140 31.7 40605 81.0 4012 8.0 5523 11.0 State _______________________________ 50 140 44.8 40 605 81.0 4012 8.0 5523 11.0 Local, total __________________________ 

(X! (x) Counties _________________________ (x (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x (x) 

Dlslrlcl of ColumbIa ___________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 Local, total __________________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 (x) (x) Municipality _______________________ 240 097 45.3 228 031 95.0 12066 5.0 (x) (x) 

Florida ________________________________ 871 671 31.0 766 098 87.9 87659 10.1 17914 2.1 State _______________________________ 545 346 55.5 443 599 81.3 83833 15.4 17914 3.3 Local, total __________________________ 326 325 17.9 322 499 98.8 3826 1.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 308 537 27.4 304711 98.8 3826 1.2 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 17 787 2.5 17787 100.0 (x) (x) 

Georgia _______________________________ 460 851 38.8 387 369 84.1 52691 11.4 20 791 4.5 State _______________________________ 315 702 67.1 249 590 79.1 45321 14.4 20791 6.6 Local. total __________________________ 145 149 20.3 137 779 94.9 7370 5.1 (Xl (x) Counties _________________________ 129 164 27.8 121 921 94.4 7244 5.6 (x (x) Municipalities _____________________ 15985 6.3 15859 99.2 126 .8 (x) (x) 

HawaII ________________________________ State 71 989 26.6 58677 81.5 10700 14.9 2612 3.6 _______________________________ 71 989 50.8 58677 81.5 10 700 14.9 2612 3.6 Local, total __________________________ (x) (x) Counties _________________________ (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Idaho _________________________________ 

State 33929 25.6 28 177 83.0 4 416 13.0 1 336 3.9 _______________________________ 22037 44.3 18 096 82.1 2605 11.8 1 336 6.1 Local, total __________________________ 11 892 14.3 10 081 84.8 1 811 15.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 11 842 22.6 10 031 84.7 1 811 15.3 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 50 .2 50 100.0 (x) (x) 

I1I1nois ________________________________ 

State 595 705 25.5 511 295 85.8 54507 9.1 29903 5.0 _______________________________ 431 030 57.5 392 762 91.1 8365 1.9 29903 6.9 Local, totol __________________________ 164 675 10.4 118 533 72.0 46142 28.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 164 593 32.3 118451 72.0 46142 28.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 82 82 100.0 (x) (x) 

Indiana _______________________________ State 220 324 32.0 197 138 89.5 16073 7.3 7 113 3.2 _______________________________ 167 507 60.0 157 420 94.0 2974 1.8 7 113 4.2 Local. total __________________________ 52817 12.9 39718 75.2 13099 24.8 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 41 028 25.7 31 664 77.2 9364 22.8 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 11 789 4.7 8054 68.3 3735 31.7 (x) (x) 

See footnotes at end of table. 

106 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 41. Detail of corrections direct expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-Con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see lext] 

In~tilutions Probalion, pardon and parole Other" 

Siale and type of government' Percent of lolal Percenl of lolal Percenl of lolal Percenl of tolal 

juslice syslem corrections corrections corrections 

T alai corrections direcl direcl direcl dlrecl 

direcl expenditure expendilure Amounl expendilure Amounl expenditure Amounl expendilure 

towa __________________________________ 92 183 25.3 80738 87.6 9321 10.1 2 124 2.3 Siale _______________________________ 72754 41.2 62688 86.2 7942 10.9 2124 2.9 Local, lolal __________________________ 19 429 10.3 18050 92.9 1 379 7.1 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 19 161 25.7 17783 92.8 1 379 7.2 (xl Municipalities (Xl _____________________ 268 .2 268 100.0 (xl (x 

Kansas _______________________________ 129 492 32.0 115359 89.1 11 247 8.7 2887 2.2 State _______________________________ 105171 58.9 93053 88.5 9231 8.8 2887 2.7 Local, lolal __________________________ 24321 10.8 22306 91.7 2 016 8.3 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 23950 25.4 22277 93.0 1 673 7.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 372 .3 28 7.7 343 92.3 (xl (xl 

Kenlucky _____________________________ 182 456 36.8 153 959 84.4 22859 12.5 5638 3.1 Siale _______________________________ 136 897 45.5 109 565 80.0 21 694 15.8 5638 4.1 Local, lolal __________________________ 45559 23.3 44394 97.4 1 165 2.6 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 41 367 47.9 40 362 97.6 1 005 2.4 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 4 192 3.8 4032 96.2 160 3.8 (xl (xl 

Louisiana _____________________________ 252 422 33.8 225 710 89.4 19049 7.5 7663 3.0 Siale _______________________________ 172814 58.1 147919 85.6 17 232 10.0 7663 4.4 Local, lolal __________________________ 79608 17.7 77 791 97.7 1 817 2.3 (xl (xl Parishes _________________________ 37017 18.5 36800 99.4 217 .6 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 42591 17.0 40 991 96.2 1 600 3.8 (xl (xl 

Maine _________________________________ 53004 31.3 44833 84.6 4262 8.0 3909 7.4 Siale _______________________________ 39 869 44.0 31 698 79.5 4262 10.7 3909 9.8 Local, lolal __________________________ 13 135 16.6 13 135 100.0 (xl (xl Counlies _________________________ 13 135 52.2 13 135 100.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ (xl (xl 

Maryland ______________________________ 417 898 38.3 349 389 83.6 48 983 11.7 19526 4.7 Siale _______________________________ 319 442 59.6 251 392 78.7 48524 15.2 19526 6.1 Local, tolal __________________________ 98456 17.7 97997 99.5 459 .5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 65212 18.9 64753 99.3 459 .7 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 33244 15.8 33244 100.0 (xl (xl 

Massachusetts ________________________ 402 372 27.8 339 392 84.3 48 314 12.0 14666 3.6 Siale _______________________________ 322 470 43.0 259 490 80.5 48314 15.0 14666 4.5 Local, lotal __________________________ 79902 11.4 79902 100.0 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 58969 74.2 58959 100.0 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 20933 3.4 20933 100.0 (xl (xl 

Michigan ______________________________ no 865 36.2 653 342 84.8 90525 11.7 26998 3.5 Siale _______________________________ 605 all 68.2 507 480 83.9 70533 11.7 26998 4.5 Local, lotal __________________________ 165 854 13.3 145 862 87.9 19992 12.1 (xl (xl Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 163 288 30.9 145 653 89.2 17635 10.8 (xl (xl MUnlclpalilles _____________________ 2566 .4 209 8.1 2357 91.9 (xl (xl 

Mlnnesola _____________________________ 212 018 28.8 168 633 79.5 42045 19.8 1 340 .6 Siale _______________________________ 95808 49.5 82795 86.4 11 673 12.2 1 340 1.4 Local, lolal __________________________ 116210 21.4 85838 73.9 30 372 26.1 (xl (xl Counlies _________________________ 116179 37.6 85806 73.9 30372 26.1 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 31 31 100.0 (xl (xl 

Mississippi ____________________________ 73894 28.1 61 857 83.7 9005 12.2 3032 4.1 Siale _______________________________ 59690 53.2 47658 79.8 9000 15.1 3 032 5.1 Local, lolal __________________________ 11 204 9.4 14 199 100.0 5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 12279 18.0 12274 100.0 5 IXl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 1 925 2.3 1 925 100.0 xl (xl 

Missouri ______________________________ 245 584 29.6 212 430 86.5 28045 11.4 5 110 2.1 Siale _______________________________ 186 476 55.8 156 180 83.8 25 186 13.5 5110 2.7 Local, lolal __________________________ 59 108 11.9 56250 95.2 2859 4.8 (xl (xl Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 40 842 27.4 38866 95.2 1 976 4.8 (xl (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ 18266 5.3 17383 95.2 882 4.8 (xl (xl 

Monlana ______________________________ 28991 27.8 22 791 78.6 5436 18.7 765 2.6 State _______________________________ 21 044 46.6 16789 79.8 3490 16.6 765 3.6 Local, lolal __________________________ 7947 13.4 6 002 75.5 1 946 24.5 (xl (Xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 7766 20.2 5848 75.3 1 917 24.7 (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ 182 .9 154 84.5 28 15.5 (xl l~l Nebraska _____________________________ 58255 26.9 43936 75.4 7 121 12.2 7 198 12.4 Stale _______________________________ 42859 49.3 28772 67.1 6889 16.1 7 198 16.8 Local, lolal __________________________ 15 396 11.9 15164 98.5 232 1.5 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 15396 25.0 15164 98.5 232 1.5 (xl (x) Municipalities _____________________ (xl (xl 

Nevada _______________________________ 143 475 43.3 125 294 87.3 15 221 10.6 2959 2.1 State _______________________________ 96255 76.2 85 035 88.3 8261 8.6 2959 3.1 Local, tOlal __________________________ 47220 23.0 40259 85.3 6960 14.7 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 39944 25.9 33807 84.6 6137 15.4 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 7276 14.3 6452 88.7 823 11.3 (xl (xl 

New Hampshire _______________________ 39 097 23.0 35 551 90.9 2458 6.3 1 OB7 2.8 Slate _______________________________ 25564 33.5 22054 86.3 2423 9.5 1 087 4.3 Local, lotal __________________________ 13533 14.4 13497 99.7 35 .3 (xl (xl Counties _________________________ 13497 62.3 13497 100.0 (xl (xl Munlcipalilles _____________________ 35 35 100.0 (xl (xl 

New Jersey ___________________________ 638 597 30.2 504 281 79.0 84469 13.2 49847 7.8 State _______________________________ 420 996 52.6 350 796 83.3 20353 4.8 49847 11.8 Local, lotal __________________________ 217601 16.5 153 485 70.5 64 116 29.5 (xl (xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 217541 45.6 153 485 70.6 64055 29.4 (xl (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ 61 61 100.0 (xl (xl 

See footnotes at end of table. 

CORRECTIONS 107 
Table 41. Detail of corrections direct expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-Con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Inslilutions Probation, pardon and parole other2 

Siale and type of governmenl' Perce"nt of lotal Percenl of total Percenl of lolal Percent of lolal 

justice syslem correclions corrections correclions 

Tolal correclions direcl direct direcl direct 

direcl expendilure expenditure Amounl expendilure Amounl expendilure Amounl expendilure 

New Mexico ___________________________ 104 263 35.9 90369 86.7 9864 9.5 4030 3.9 Siale _______________________________ 79748 51.2 65923 82.7 9795 12.3 4030 5.1 Local, lolal __________________________ 24515 18.2 24446 99.7 69 .3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 11 218 28.8 11 148 99.4 69 .6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 13297 13.9 13297 100.0 (x) (x) 

New York _____________________________ 2 495 522 34.9 2 234 494 89.5 200 598 8.0 60430 2.4 Slate _______________________________ 1 340 362 54.8 1 201 828 89.7 78 104 5.8 60430 4.5 Local, lolal __________________________ 1 155 160 24.6 1 032 666 89.4 122 494 10.6 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 351 228 34.2 274 948 78.3 76280 21.7 (x) Municipalities (Xl _____________________ 803 932 21.9 757 718 94.3 46214 5.7 (x) (x 

North Caronna ________________________ ~n5 519 37.0 330 014 85.6 35 164 9.1 20341 5.3 Siale _______________________________ 342 768 55.4 288 345 84.1 34082 9.9 20341 5.9 Local, lolal __ ". _______________________ 42751 10.1 41 669 97.5 1 082 2.5 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 42751 23.3 41 669 97.5 1 082 2.5 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ (x) (x) 

North Dakola __________________________ 13499 19.0 12757 94.5 742 5.5 Slate _______________________________ 9868 34.1 9 126 92.5 742 7.5 Local, lotal __________________________ 3632 8.6 3632 100.0 (x) 

I~l Counties _________________________ 3632 16.8 3632 100.0 (x) Munlcipalilies _____________________ (x) (x) 

Ohio __________________________________ 633 424 35.0 543 619 85.8 62055 9.8 27749 4.4 State _______________________________ 461 872 70.4 407 448 88.2 26675 5.8 27749 6.0 Local, lolal __________________________ 171 552 14.9 136 171 79.4 35380 20.6 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 153519 33.0 121 994 79.5 31 525 20.5 (x) Municipalities _____________________ IX) 18033 2.6 14 177 78.6 3856 21.4 (x) x) 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Siale 148 459 33.6 106 544 71.8 17629 11.9 24286 16.4 _______________________________ 128 727 55.6 88424 68.7 16017 12.4 24286 18.9 Local, lolal __________________________ 19732 9.4 18 120 91.8 1 612 8.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities 17400 32.7 16065 92.3 1 335 7.7 ~X) (Xl _____________________ 2331 1.5 2055 88.1 277 11.9 x) (x 

Oregon _______________________________ 

Stale 174810 29.5 134 905 77.2 29 841 17.1 10 064 5.8 _______________________________ 94220 34.1 69 180 73.4 14976 15.9 10064 10.7 Local, lolal __________________________ 80590 25.5 65725 81.6 14865 18.4 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 80428 44.2 65589 81.5 14839 18.5 ~X) (Xl 161 .1 136 84.1 26 15.9 x) (x 

Pennsylvania __________________________ Slate 569 787 29.7 491 097 86.2 72462 12.7 6228 1.1 _______________________________ 272 855 47.1 249 743 91.5 16884 6.2 6228 2.3 Local, lotal __________________________ 296 932 22.2 241 354 81.3 55578 18.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 167 324 41.7 130 327 77.9 36997 22.1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 129 607 13.8 111 027 85.7 18580 14.3 (x) (x) 

Rhode Island __________________________ Siale 45709 23.6 36459 79.8 3793 8.3 5457 11.9 _______________________________ 45709 44.5 36459 79.8 3793 8.3 5457 11.9 Local, lolal __________________________ (x) Municipalilies _____________________ IX) (x) x) 

Soulh Carolina ________________________ Stale 246 584 44.6 206 865 83.9 16508 6.7 23 211 9.4 _______________________________ 218 772 67.4 179 124 81.9 16437 7.5 23211 10.6 Local, lolal __________________________ 27812 12.1 27741 99.7 71 .3 Counlies _________________________ (Xl ~X) 26418 19.6 26347 99.7 71 .3 (x x) Municipalities _____________________ 1 394 1.5 1 394 100.0 (x) (x) 

Soulh Dakola _________________________ 21 387 25.9 18231 85.2 3 156 14.8 Siale _______________________________ 17783 41.2 14 627 82.3 3 156 17.7 Local, lotal __________________________ Counties 3604 9.1 3604 100.0 (x) (x) _________________________ 3475 17.5 3475 100.0 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ 129 .7 129 100.0 (x) (x) 

Tennessee ____________________________ Slate 281 211 37.2 242 859 86.4 25509 9.1 12844 4.6 _______________________________ 203 085 68.0 168 207 82.8 22034 10.8 12844 6.3 Local, lotal __________________________ 78126 17.1 74652 95.6 3475 4.4 ~X) l~l Counlies _________________________ 60389 30.8 58138 96.3 2251 3.7 Municipalities _____________________ 17737 6.8 16514 93.1 1 223 6.9 (~l (x) 

Texas _________________________________ 

Stale 997 829 34.0 779 221 78.1 174 706 17.5 43902 4.4 _______________________________ 592 906 67.4 496 572 83.8 52432 8.8 43902 7.4 Local, lolal __________________________ 404 923 19.7 282 649 69.8 122 274 30.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 399 918 38.7 277 644 69.4 122 274 30.6 (x) Municipalities _____________________ (Xl 5005 .5 5005 100.0 (x) (x 

Ulah __________________________________ 

Siale 85578 30.3 69094 80.7 11 100 13.0 5384 6.3 _______________________________ 67635 49.4 51 156 75.6 11 095 16.4 5364 8.0 Local, lolal __________________________ 17943 12.4 17938 100.0 5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 17 943 24.7 17938 100.0 5 (x) (x) Munlcipalilies _____________________ (x) (x) 

Vermonl ______________________________ Siale 24472 29.2 15602 63.8 6724 27.5 2 146 8.8 _______________________________ 24472 40.3 15602 63.8 6724 27.5 2 146 8.8 Local, lolal __________________________ (x) (x) Counties _________________________ (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Virginia _______________________________ Siale _______________________________ 448 627 37.5 377 269 84.1 38367 8.6 32992 7.4 308 543 57.3 244 628 79.3 30923 10.0 32992 10.7 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties 140 084 21.3 132641 94.7 7444 5.3 (x) (x) _________________________ 67974 22.3 63741 93.8 4233 6.2 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ 72 111 20.4 68900 95.5 3210 4.5 (x) (x) 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

108 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 41. Detail of corrections direct expenditure by State and type of government, fiscal 

year 1988-Con. 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions Probation, pardon and parole Other' 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

justice system corrections corrections corrections 

Total corrections direct direct direct direct 

direct expenditure expenditure Amount expenditure Amount expenditure Amount expenditure 

Washington ___________________________ State 296 912 33.5 244 856 82.5 42542 14.3 9514 3.2 _______________________________ 199 569 61.0 166 406 83.4 23649 11.9 9514 4.8 Local, total __________________________ 97343 17.4 78450 80.6 18893 19.4 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 93726 30.1 76135 81.2 17591 18.8 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 3616 1.5 2315 64.0 1 301 36.0 (x) (x) 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State 41 619 24.8 34925 83.9 3855 9.3 2839 6.8 _______________________________ 29257 34.4 22686 77.5 3732 12.8 2839 9.7 Local, total __________________________ 12362 14.9 12239 99.0 123 1.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 12362 27.8 12239 99.0 123 1.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ - - - - - - (x) (x) 

Wisconsln _____________________________ 224 434 26.0 176 848 78.8 27649 12.3 19938 8.9 State _______________________________ 152 679 58.4 108 199 70.9 24542 16.1 19938 13.1 Local, total __________________________ 71 755 11.9 68649 95.7 3 107 4.3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 71 595 24.7 68488 95.7 3 107 4.3 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 161 .1 161 100.0 - - (x) (x) 

Wyoming _____________________________ State 25828 26.2 22624 87.6 1 708 6.6 1 496 5.8 _______________________________ 18685 42.8 15495 82.9 1 694 9.1 1 496 8.0 Local, total __________________________ 7 143 13.0 7 129 99.8 14 .2 (x) Counties _________________________ (Xl 7 143 25.1 7 129 99.8 14 .2 (x) (x Municipalities _____________________ - - - - - - (x) (x) 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

'Data for 'Other' corrections are for State governments only. 

CORRECTIONS 109 
Table 42. Correctional institution expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

States-local, total ___________________________________________________________ _ States ______________________________________ • ____________________________ _ 

Local, total _______________________________________________________________ _ Counlles ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilles __________________________________________________________ _ 

Alabama ____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~;I~ies==================================================================== Alaska ______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Arizona ~~~~~~~ities==================================================================== _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tolaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~;lities==================================================================== Arkansas ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

California ~~~7~:~;I~ies==================================================================== ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~~lities==================================================================== Colorado ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Connectlcul. ~~~~l~~lities==================================================================== ________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tolaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Delaware ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

District of Columbia _________________________________________________________________ _ Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ Municipality ____________________________________________________________________ _ 

Florlda ______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Georgla ~~~7~1~;I~ies==================================================================== _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Hawall ~~~7~1~;,ilies==================================================================== ______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilles _______________________________________________ " ___________________ _ 

Idaho _______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _________________ •. ____________________________________________________ _ 

illinois ~~~7~1~;I~ies===============:==================================================== ______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Indiana ~~~7~1~;I~ies==================================================================== _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~;I~ies==================================================================== See footnotes at end of table. 

110 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Total' 

15 262 965 10 406 244 5 598 959 3 988 549 1 672 694 

141 502 103 568 41 033 32966 

8387 

70998 

72472 

2943 

2979 

270 404 185802 

86285 

85910 

5022 

63940 

48033 

18858 

17013 

2192 

2 875 605 1 951 397 1 167 958 1 118829 

50298 

181 954 107137 

74817 

54006 

21 113 

135 028 135 028 

40605 

40605 

228 031 228 031 228 031 

766 098 443 599 

322499 

304828 

17787 

387 369 253 437 137 863 122 464 17246 

58677 

58863 

28 177 18096 

10081 

10083 64 

511 295 

392 888 118533 

119 143 211 

197 138 

163 064 42308 

32115 

10230 

Total 

15 262 965 9 867 736 5 395 230 3 924 882 1 470 348 

141 502 100 469 41 033 32953 

8080 

70998 

69924 

1 074 

1 074 

270 404 184 119 

86285 

85910 375 

63940 

45082 

18858 

16839 

2019 

2 875 605 1 712 687 1 162918 

1 113474 

49444 

181 954 107 137 74817 

53801 

21 015 

135 028 135 028 

40605 

40605 

228 031 228 031 228 031 

766 098; 443 599' 322 499 304711 

17787 

387 369 

249 590 137 779 121 921 

15859 

58677 

58677 

28 177 18096 

10081 

10031 50 

511 295 

392762 

118533 

118451 82 

197 138 

157 420 39718 

31 664 8054 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

12 559 953 8 152 547 4 407 408 3 158 963 1 248 444 

127 720 92318 

35402 

27579 

7824 

69740 

68716 

1 024 

1 024 

246 781 161 505 85276 

84917 

359 

58228 

42673 

15555 

13546 

2008 

2 024 893 1 231 331 793 562 744 683 48879 

148 133 

84339 

63794 

43233 

20560 

119 626 119626 

39675 

39675 

210 126 210126 

210 126 

642 750 373 624 269 126 251 354 17772 

288 493 

195 802 92691 

77 721 14970 

49 321 49321 

20610 

13512 

7098 

7048 50 

453 793 344 900 108 893 108811 82 

173 465 134 483 38982 

31 261 7721 

Capital oullay 

2 703 012 1 715 190 

987 822 765 919 221 904 

13 782 8 151 5631 

5374 

256 

1 258 1 208 

50 

50 

23622 

22614 

1 008 

993 

15 

5712 

2409 

3303 

3293 10 

850 711 481 356 369 355 368 790 

565 

33821 

22798 

11 023 10568 455 

15 402 15402 

930 

930 

17 905 

17905 

17 905 

123 348 69975 

53373 

53357 15 

98877 

53788 

45089 

44200 889 

9356 

9356 

7567 

4584 

2983 

2983 

57503 

47862 

9641 

9641 

23673 

22937 736 

403 

333 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

538 508 203 730 63667 

202 346 

3099 

13 

307 

2548 

1 869 

905 

683 

4647 

2951 

173 

174 

238 710 5041 

5355 

854 

205 

98 

116 

3847 83 

544 1 387 

186 

1 

52 

15 

126 

692 

129 

5644 

2590 

450 2 176 
Table 42. Correctional institution expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of doliars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

________________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~%'~:~~Iities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Kansas _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Kentucky ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Louisiana ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Parishes _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities __________________________ .. ________________________________________ _ 

Malne _______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Maryland ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~~:~~Iities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Massachusetts ______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Mlchlgan ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Minnesota __________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~~:~~Iities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Mlsslsslpp'-_________________________________________________________________________ _ State _________ ______ ___ _____ _ _____________ _____________________ . _________________ _ Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Missouri ____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~~I~~lities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Montana ________________________________________________________________________ c ___ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~~:~~Iities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Nebraska ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Nevada LO~~~~l~~lftf~;==================================================================== _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

New Hampshire _____________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~I~~lities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: New Jersey _________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tolaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

Total2 

80738 

70473 

18050 

18 109 

395 

115359 

93053 

22306 

22710 337 

153 959 111 586 44394 

40544 

4032 

225 710 168402 

77791 

36839 

41 309 

44833 

32165 

13 135 13299 568 

349 389 

251 392 97997 

e~ 753 33244 

339 392 

267 770 79902 

58969 

20933 

653 342 510 883 164 187 

164 033 1 154 

168 633 98453 

85847 

86575 

2028 

61 857 50907 

14 199 12274 

2049 

212 430 156180 

56250 

39391 

17671 

22 791 16789 

6002 

5997 

166 

43936 

28779 

15 173 15263 

1 703 

125 294 85035 

40259 

33891 

6452 

35 551 22054 

13497 

13535 

504 281 386 414 153 485 153 485 

Total 

80738 

62688 

18050 

17783 268 

115 359 93053 

22306 

22277 28 

153 959 109 565 44394 

40362 

4032 

225 710 147919 

77 791 36800 

40 991 

44833 

31 698 13135 

13 135 

349 389 251 392 97997 

64753 

33244 

339 392 259 490 79902 

58 969 20933 

653 342 507 480 145 862 145653 209 

168 633 82795 

85838 

85806 31 

61 857 47658 

14 199 12274 

1 925 

212 430 156180 

56250 

38866 

17383 

22 791 16789 

6002 

5848 

154 

43936 

28772 

15 164 15 164 

125 294 85035 

40259 

33807 

6452 

35 551 22054 

13497 

13497 

504 281 350 796 153 485 153 485 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

79999 

62096 

17903 

17635 268 

102 923 81 119 21 804 21 775 

28 

119563 

77 769 41 794 37895 

3899 

208 000 144621 

63379 

34183 

29 196 

36946 

27073 

9873 

9873 

299 398 224 765 74633 

48157 

26476 

291 878 213810 

78068 

58010 

20058 

592053 

460 343 131 710 131 501 

209 

150 134 80380 

69754 

69754 

58070 

44000 

14070 

12146 

1 924 

169 317 114587 

54730 

37347 

17383 

21 939 15965 

5974 

5820 

154 

43 154 28173 

14981 

14981 

91 189 51 445 39744 

33318 

6426 

30343 

18438 

11 905 11 905 

445 101 307 471 137 630 137 630 

Capital outlay 

739 

592 

147 

147 

12436 

11 934 

502 

502 

34396 

31 796 2600 

2467 

133 

17 711 3298 

14413 

2617 

11 795 

7886 

4625 

3261 

3261 

49991 

26627 

23364 

16596 

6768 

47514 

45680 

1 834 

959 

875 

61 289 47 137 14 152 14152 

18 499 2415 

16084 

16053 31 

3787 

3658 

129 

128 2 

43 112 41 593 1 519 1 519 

852 

824 

28 

28 

782 

599 

183 

183 

34 106 33590 516 

489 

27 

5208 

3616 

1 592 

1 592 

59 180 43325 

15855 

15855 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

7785 

326 

127 

432 

308 

2021 

182 

20483 

38 

318 

467 

164 

568 

8280 

3403 

18325 

18380 945 

15658 '10 

768 1 997 

3249 

124 

525 

288 

148 

12 

7 

8 

99 1 703 

84 

38 

35618 

CORRECTIONS 111 
Table 42. Correctional institution expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of doliars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

New Mexico ______________________________________________________ - _________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ______________________________________________________________________ _ 

New York ~~~7~:~~,iiies==================================================================== ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

North Carolina ______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

North Dakota _______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Ohlo ________________________________________________________________________________ 

~~~7~1~~,iiies==================================================================== _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Oklahoma ~~~~:~~,iiies==================================================================== ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Oregon ~~~7~:~;,iiies==================================================================== _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tolaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

pe~~:fe'~~~~~========================================================================= Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Rhode ~~~7~1~;,iiies==================================================================== Island _______________________________________________________________________ _ Slate _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

LO~~nti~lgi,ities==================================================================== South Carolina ______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

South Dakota _______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Tennessee ~~~~:~;,ities==================================================================== __________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Texas ______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Utah ________________________________________________________________________________ 

~~~7~:~;,iiies==================================================================== _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Vermont ____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Virginia _____________________________________________________________________________ • State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~:~;,ities==================================================================== See foolnotes at end of table. 

112 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Total2 

90369 

65923 

24446 

11 843 14099 

2 234 494 1 250 704 1 188 898 282393 

907 936 

330 014 297 800 41 688 42172 

12757 

9 126 3632 

4440 96 

543 619 414 373 136171 

124 029 25106 

106 544 90622 

18 120 16070 

2067 

134 905 70022 

65870 

66241 459 

491 097 249 743 246 138 135 465 111 031 

36459 

36459 

206 865 179 124 

27756 

27466 

2098 

18 231 14627 

3608 

3944 

222 

242 859 215 295 

74652 

58444 

16624 

779 221 496 572 282 649 277 851 12186 

69094 

51 756 17938 

17 957 7 

15 602 15602 

8 

377 269 277 162 132641 

64108 

70416 

Total 

90369 

65923 

24446 

11 148 13297 

2 234 494 1 201 828 1 032666 

274 948 757 718 

330 014 288 345 41 669 41 669 

12757 

9 126 3632 

3632 

543 619 407448 

136 171 121 994 14 177 

106 544 88424 

18 120 16065 

2055 

134 905 69 180 65725 

65589 136 

491 097 249 743 241 354 130 327 111 027 

36459 

36459 

206 865 179 124 27741 

26347 

1 394 

18 231 14627 

3604 

3475 

129 

242 859 168 207 74652 

58 138 16514 

779 221 496 572 282 649 277 644 5005 

69094 

51 156 17938 

17 938 

15 602 15602 

377 269 244 628 132641 

63741 

68900 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

87596 

63604 

23992 

10790 

13203 

1 816066 

1 001 921 814 145 229 744 584 401 

259 364 219215 

40 149 40 149 

12 532 8924 

3608 

3608 

386 430 260 474 125 956 114942 

11 015 

99 195 .83 865 15330 

13275 

2055 

111 997 63779 

48218 

48082 136 

442 795 206 078 236 717 127221 

109 496 

35616 

35616 

148 626 127 960 20666 

19301 

1 365 

17525 

13931 

3594 

3465 

128 

211 999 146 181 65818 

51 065 14753 

674 494 463 349 211 145 206 151 4994 

55834 

41 903 13931 

13931 

14555 

14555 

344 478 218 362 126 116 

59078 

67038 

Capital outlay 

2772 

2319 

453 

359 

95 

418 428 

199 907 218521 

45204 

173317 

70649 

69 130 1 519 1 519 

226 

202 

24 

24 

157 189 146 974 10215 

7052 

3 163 

7349 

4559 

2790 

2790 

22908 

5401 

17507 

17507 

48302 

43665 

4637 

3 106 1 531 

843 

843 

58239 

51 164 7075 

7046 29 

706 

696 

10 

9 

1 

30860 

22026 

8834 

7073 

1 761 

104 727 33223 

71 504 71 493 

11 

13 260 9253 

4007 

4007 

1 047 1 047 

32791 

26266 

6525 

4663 

1 862 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

695 

801 

48876 

156 232 7445 

150218 

9455 19 

504 

808 

96 

6925 

2035 

10929 

2 198 

5 

12 

842 

145 

652 

324 

4784 

5 138 

4 

15 

119 

704 

4 470 

93 

47088 

306 

111 

208 7 181 

600 

19 

7 

8 

32534 

367 1 516 
Table 42. Correctional institution expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding. delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols. see lexl] 

Siale and type of governmenl' 

Washngton _________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~:~~liiies==================================================================== 

we~:a~~~~n~~_======================================================================== Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Wisconsin __________________________________________________________________________ _ Slale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, lolal- _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

wy~t~I~~_============================================================================ Local, lolal-_______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~~lilies==================================================================== 

Tolal' 

244 856 169313 

78464 

76561 

13709 

34925 

22686 

12253 

12250 34 

176 848 139517 

83 226 83151 199 

22624 

15495 

7 129 7141 

795 

Tolal 

244 856 166 406 78450 

76135 

2315 

34925 

22686 

12239 

12239 

176 848 108 199 

68649 

68488 161 

22624 

15495 

7 129 7 129 

Direcl expendilure 

Direcl current Capilal outlay 

Inlergovernmenlal 

expendilure 

218 444 26412 147 244 19162 2907 71 200 7250 14 68894 7241 426 2306 9 11 394 

31 733 3 192 

19669 3 017 12 064 175 13 12 064 175 11 

34 

156 197 201351 98 003 10 196 31 318 58 194 10 455 14577 58 033 10 455 14663 161 38 

21 119 1 505 14 034 1 461 7 085 44 7 085 44 12 

795 

'Dala for municipalities, and Ihe local governmenl lolals Ihal include municipal dala, are esllmales subJecl 10 sampling variability; dala for counlies (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of ali county governmenls and Iherefore are nol subJecl 10 sampling variability; see lexl for delails. 

'For each Siale and Ihe Uniled Siaies summary, Ihe expendllure figures shown on Ihe "Local, tolal" lines and Ihe combined Siale-iocal 10lal lines opposile each Slale's name exclude duplicative Inlergovernmenlal Iransaclions. Thus, Ihe "Local, lolal" lines include inlergovernmental payments only 10 Ihe Slate government and Ihe combined Siale-iocal lolal lines exclude all Inlergovernmenlal paymenls. See lexl for delails. 

CORRECTIONS 113 
Table 43. Probation, pardon, and parole expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see texl) 

State and type of government' 

States·local, total ___________________________________________________________ _ States ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total _______________________________________________________________ _ Counties ______________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities __________________________________________________________ _ 

Alabama ____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _____________________________________________________________ " ________ _ 

~~~~~I~;lities===:::::::::::::=:::::::::::=:::=::::::::::::=:::::::=::::::::==:=:: Alaska ______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~fa~lties:::::::::::=:::=::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Arizona ________________________________________ • ___ ••• _____ • ________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ____________________________________________ • __ • __ • _____ ._ ••• _._._. __ ._. 

~~~~i~;liti8s:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Arkansas _______________ • _________________ • ___________ • _____________ •• ______________ _ State ___________________________ • __________________________ • __ • ______ • ____________ _ 

Local, total ____________ • __ •• __ ••• _______ ._._._ •• _____ ••• _. ___________________ • ___ •• _ 

~~~r~i~~lities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: California ____________________________ • ______________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties ___________________________________________ • ___________________________ _ 

Municipalities ______________________________________________ • ____ •••• ____ ••• _____ _ 

Colorado ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _________________________________________ ••• _ •• _ •• __ • __ •• _. __________________ _ Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~r~i~;lities:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::=::::: ConnectlcuL ________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ______ • ____________________________________________________________ _ 

Delaware ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________________________________________ •• ___ • _________ _ 

District of Columbla __________________________________________________ • ______________ _ Local, totaL ________________________________________________________ " _____________ _ Municipality _______________________________________________________ • _._ •• _______ _ 

Florlda _______ • __ ._. _____ • _______________ ._._. ____ • _________ • ___________ ._ .. ,._. _______ _ State ____________________________________________________________________ • ________ _ 

Local, totaL ___________________________________________________ • _______ • ___ • _______ _ 

~~~7~\~;li\ies::::::::::::=:::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~~:::: Georgla _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _________________ . ______________________________________________________ _ 

Counlies __________________________ ._ •. __________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities _________________ • _________ • _______________________________________ _ 

Hawall ______________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Idaho _______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~1~7~:~~lities:=::::::::::::::::=::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::: illinois ________________________ • ___________________ • _____ • ___________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ Countids _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Indiana _____________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________ - _______________________________ _ 

Local, lo\al ________________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~:~~liti8s:::::::::::::::==::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:=::=::::::::::::: 

See footnotes at end of table. 

114 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Total' 

2 004 293 1 417 592 930 826 

819 885 113 953 

17480 

10645 

9440 

9 107 

355 

7351 

7351 

44662 

32760 

26810 

26670 140 

3 851 2927 

1 759 1 598 

192 

409087 

129 112 280 085 269 272 11 846 

20878 

17073 

3805 48 3757 

26528 

26524 4 

4 

4012 

4012 

12066 

12066 

12066 

87659 

83833 

3826 

3826 

52691 

69122 

7380 

7244 

137 

10700 

10700 

4416 

2605 

1 812 1 812 

54507 

35888 

46158 

46206 

16 073 2974 

13099 

9364 

3735 

Total 

2004 293 1 078 347 925946 

813 781 112 165 

17480 

6040 

9440 

9 102 

337 

7351 

7351 

44662 

17852 

26810 

26670 140 

3 851 2092 

1 759 

1577 

182 

409087 

129 112 279 975 269 137 10838 

20878 

17 073 3805 48 3757 

26528 

26524 4 

4 

4012 

4012 

12066 

12066 

12066 

87659 

83833 

3826 

3826 

52691 

45321 

7370 

7244 

126 

10700 

10700 

4416 

2605 

1 811 1 811 

54507 

8365 

46142 

46142 

16073 

2974 

13099 

9364 

3735 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

1 981 747 1 064 787 916960 

805 443 111 517 

17392 

7990 

9402 

9 065 

337 

7 351 7351 

43405 

17852 

25553 

25415 137 

3819 

2072 

1 747 1 567 

180 

406 214 127 560 278 654 267 877 10 777 

20867 

17073 

3794 48 3746 

26520 

26516 4 

4 

3845 

3845 

11 900 11 900 11 900 

86226 

82419 

3807 

:3 807 

52053 

44720 

7333 

7207 

126 

10 197 10 197 

4413 

2605 

1 808 1 808 

54 107 8338 

45769 

45769 

15 963 2947 

'i3016 

9301 

3715. 

Capital outlay 

22546 

13 5110 89U6 

e !!39 

647 

87 

50 

37 

37 

1 258 

1 258 1 255 3 

32 

20 

12 

10 

2 

2873 

1 552 1 321 

1 260 

61 

11 

11 

11 

8 

8 

167 

167 

166 

166 

166 

1 433 

1 414 

19 

19 

637 

601 

36 

36 

503 

503 

3 

400 

2" 

373 

U3 

110 

27 

83 

62 

21 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

339 245 4880 

6 103 1 789 

2605 

5 

18 

14 908 

835 

21 

10 

110 

135 

008 

23801 11 

11 

27523 16 

64 
Table 43. Probation, pardon, and parole expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Siale and type of governmenl' 

________________________________________________________________________________ _ Slale ________________________________________________________________________ . _____ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Kansas _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities _________________________________________________________ c _________ _ 

Kenlucky ___________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalilies ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Louisiana ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~7J~~~i~~li'ties:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Malne _______________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~:~~Iilies:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Maryland ___________________________________________________________________________ _ Slale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Massachusetts ______________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Munlcipalilies ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Mlchlgan ____________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Munlcipalilies ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Mlnnesola _________________________ .. ________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________ . ________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Mlsslsslppl __________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ______________________________________ " ____________________________ _ 

Missouri ____________________________________________________________________________ _ Slale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Monlana ____________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~~:~~Iilies:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Nebraska ___________________________________________________________________________ _ Slale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Nevada _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, 10IaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________ ~ _______________ _ 

Munlclpaliti~s ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

New Hampshire _____________________________________________________________________ _ Slale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

New Jersey _________________________________________________________________________ _ Siale _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Local, lola'-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counlies _______________________________________________________________________ _ Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

Tolal' 

9 321 15545 

1 405 1 426 

11 247 9231 

2016 

1 673 

482 

22859 

42415 

1 165 1 005 

160 

19049 

17232 

1 817 

217 1 600 

4262 

4262 

13 

48983 

48524 459 

459 

48314 

48314 

90525 

75632 

20438 

18081 

2400 

42 045 11 894 30864 

31 076 

9005 

9 000 5 

5 

28045 

25186 

2859 

2018 

8.82 

5436 

3490 

1 946 1 956 

28 

7 121 6889 

232 

256 

51 

15 221 9312 

6960 

6 137 

823 

2458 

2423 35 

35 

84469 

21 143 64116 

64055 61 

Tolal 

9321 

7942 

1 379 1 379 

11 247 9231 

2016 

1 673 

343 

22859 

21 694 

1 165 1 005 

160 

19049 

17232 

1 817 

217 1 600 

4262 

4262 

48983 

48524 459 

459 

48 314 48314 

90525 

70533 

19992 

17635 

2357 

42045 

11 673 30372 

30372 

9005 

9000 5 

5 

28045 

25186 

2859 

1 976 

882 

5436 

3490 

1 946 1 917 

28 

7 121 6 889 

232 

232 

15 221 8261 

6960 

6 137 

823 

2458 

2423 35 

35 

84469 

20353 

64116 

640551 61 

Dlrecl expendilure 

Direcl currenl 

9286 

7916 

1 372 1 372 

11 189 

9219 

1 970 1 627 

343 

22802 

21 637 1 165 1 005 

160 

18974 

17194 

1 780 

217 1 563 

4223 

4223 

48800 

48341 459 

459 

48218 

48218 

88550 

68664 

19886 

17542 

2344 

41 537 11 659 

29878 

29878 

9005 

9000 5 

5 

27782 

24977 

2805 

1 976 

829 

5328 

3395 

1 933 1 905 

28 

7080 

6869 

211 

211 

14917 

8 017 6900 

6099 

801 

2323 

2288 35 

35 

82376 

20262 

62114 

62053 61 

Capilal outlay 

33 

26 

7 

7 

58 

12 

46 

46 

57 

57 

75 

38 

37 

37 

39 

39 

183 

183 

96 

96 

1 975 1 869 

106 

92 

13 

508 

14 

494 

494 

263 

209 

54 

1 

53 

108 

95 

13 

12 

1 

41 

20 

21 

21 

304 

244 

60 

38 

22 

135 

135 

2093 

91 2002 

2002 

Inlergovernmenlal expendilure 

7603 27 

48 

139 

20721 

13 

5099 

446 

446 

42 

221 

491 

703 

42 

39 

24 

51 

1 051 

790 

CORRECTIONS 115 
Table 43. Probation, pardon, and parole expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

New Mexico ________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

New York ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _______________ 00 _____________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Wunicipalitles ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

North Carolina ______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

North Dakota _______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Ohlo ________________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL ______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Oklahoma ~~~7~:~~lities==================================================================== ___________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

~~~7~1~~liiies==================================================================== Oregon. ____ .. __ .. ____ .. ___ .. _________ .. ___ .. ____ .. ___ .... ____________ .... __ .. ____ .. ____ .. _ .... _ .. __ .... _ State _ .... __ .... ___ .. _________ .. ___ .. _____________ .... _______ .... __ ...... __ .. ________ ...... _ .. _______ _ 

Local, totaL __ .. ____ .. ___ .. ____ .... _______ .... _______ .... ____ .. _______ .. _______ .. ____ .... ___ .. ___ .. 

~~~~:~~Iiiies==================================================================== Pennsylvanla ____ .. ____ .. _______ .. ____ .... ___ .. ____ .. _______ .... _______ .. ___ .... ___ .. ________ .. ____ .. State ____ .. ____ .. ___ .... __ .. __________________ .. ___ .... ___ .. ___ .. __ ...... __ .... ___ .. ____ .. _______ .. __ Local, totaL .. _________________________________________ .. ___ .. ___ .. ____ .. __ .... ___ .. ___ .... __ .. 

~~~7~:~~lities==================:================================================= Rhode Island _ .... __ .. ________ .... _ ...... __ .... ___ ...... _ .. _____ .. __ .... __ .. ___ .... ___ .... ________ .. __ ...... __ _ State _______________________________ .. ____ .. ___ .. _________ .. _______________ .... ______ .... __ 

Local, 10taL ______ .. _ .. __ .. ____ .. ___ .. ___ .... ______ .. _ .. _______ .. ____ .. __________ .. _________ .. __ _ Mun Icipalities ______ .... _______ .... ___ " ___ " ___ .. ___ .. _________________________________ .. _ 

South Carolina _______ .. ________ .. _______ .. ____________ .. _____________ .. ______ ...... __ .. ______ _ State .. _______ .... _ .. _____ .... ________________ .. ____ .. __ .. _________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _____ .. ____ .. ________ .. ____ .. _______________ .... __ .. _______ .... _______ .. _______ .. __ Counties _________ .. _____ .. ___________________ .. _______ .. ____ .. _______________ .. ______ _ Municipalities __ .. ______________ .. ___ .. ___________ .. ____________________________ .. ____ _ 

South Dakota __ .. _______ .. _______________ .. ____ .. ______ .. _________________________ .... _____ _ State ____ .. ____ .... ____________________ .. ___ .. ___ .. ____ .. ___ .. ________ .. __ .... ___________ .. ___ _ 

Local, totaL ______ .. _ .. __ .. ____ .. ___ .. ________ .. ___ .. _______________ .. __ .... ____ .. _______ .. ___ .. _ Counties __ .. __ .. _ .. _______ .. __ .. ________ .. ________ .. _______________ .. ____ .. __ ...... __ .. _____ _ 

Municipalities ______ .. ___ .. ______ .... ___ .. ___ .... ______ .. ____ .. ______ .. ________ .... ___ .. ___ .. __ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ .. ___ .. ___________ .. _ .. _ .. ____ .. ___ .. _______ .... __ .. ___ .. __ State _______ .... __ .. _________________ .. __ .... __________________ .. _ .. ____________ .. ______ .. __ _ Local, totaL _________________ .. ____ .. _______________ .. _ .. _ .. ____ .. ___________ .. ___ .. _______ _ 

~~~7~:~~lities==================================================================== Texas __ .... ________________ .. ___________ .. ________ .. ___ .. ___ .. ___ .. ___________ .. ____________ _ State ____ .... _______ .. ___ .. ____ .. ________________ .. ______ .... _______________ .. ___ .. _________ _ 

Local, totaL _____ .. ____________ .. ___ .... ________________ .. ______________ .. __ .. _________ .. __ Counties _ .. _____________ .. _______ .. ___ .. __ .. _______ .... ____________________________ .. __ _ 

Municipalities .. ___ .. _____________ .. __ .. ______ .. ____ .. ____ .... _ .. ____ .. ___ .. _______ .. ___ .. ___ .. _ 

Utah ______ .. ________ .. _________ .. __ .. ___ .. __ .. _ .. __ .. _______ .. _________ .. ______ .. __ .. ________ .. __ _ 

State ___ .. __ .. ________ .. ____________________ .. ____ .. __ .. ___ .. ___ .. _____ ........ _______ .. ___ .. ___ .. Local, totaL .. _______ .... __ .. ____ .. __ .. ____ .. ____________ .. __ .. ___ .. ____ .. __ .. ________ .. _______ .. _ 

Counties __ .... __ .. ______________ .. __ " ___________ .. ___ .. _______ ...... ______ " ___ " _________ _ Municipalities _ .. ________ .. _____________ .. __ .. ____ .. __________ .. ___ .. ___ .. ________ .. ______ _ 

Vermont .. ___ .. ____ .. ___ .... _______ .. ____ .. ___________ .. __ .. ___ .... __ .. ____ .. ____________________ _ State _________ .. __ .. ________ .... ___________________ .... _ .... ________________ .. ___ .. ___ .. _____ _ 

Local, totaL .. ____ .. ____ .. __ ...... ____________ .. __________________ .. ________ .. __ .. ____ .. ______ _ 

~~~7~:~~lities==================================================================== Virginia .. ___ .. ___________ .... ____________ .. _ .. ____ .. __ .. ____ .. _______ .. ________ .. ___ .. ___ .. ______ _ 

State ___ .. ___ .. ________ .. ______________________ ...... ______ .. _______ .. ____________ .. ____ .. __ _ Local, totaL _______ .. _ .. ____________________________ .. __ .. _ .. _________ .. ________________ .. _ Counties ____ .. _ .. ______________ .. _______________ .. ___________ .... _______ .. ___ .. ________ _ 

Municipalities __________ .... _______ .. ___ .. ____________________ .. ______________________ _ 

See footnotes at end of table. 

116 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Total" 

9864 

9' 795 

69 

79 

200 598 216 589 124 208 78 021 46214 

35 164 34 082 1 082 1 082 

742 

742 

62 055 49192 

35380 

31 554 4 104 

17629 

16 017 1 612 1 335 

277 

29 041 14976 

16683 

16665 26 

72462 

29 148 55578 

37247 

18580 

3793 

3793 

16508 

16437 89 

71 

18 

3 156 3 158 

25509 

22 034 3475 

2251 

1 223 

174 706 107 025 122 503 122 942 

25 

11 100 11 095 5 

5 

6724 

6724 

8 

38367 

37150 

7444 

4235 

3314 

Total 

9864 

9795 69 

69 

200 598 78 104 122 494 76280 

46214 

35 164 34 082 1 082 1 082 

742 

742 

62055 

26675 

:153BO 

31 525 3856 

17 629 16 017 1 612 1 335 

277 

29 841 14976 

14865 

14839 26 

72462 

16884 

55578 

36997 

18580 

3793 

3793 

16 508 16437 71 

71 

3 156 3 156 

25509 

22 034 3475 

2251 

1 223 

174 706 52432 

122 274 122 274 

11 100 11 095 5 

5 

6724 

6724 

38367 

30 923 7444 

4233 

3210 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current 

9795 

9729 66 

66 

199 832 78 104 121 728 75708 

46 020 

34 814 33750 

1 064 1 064 

742 

742 

58646 

23378 

35268 

31 415 3853 

17 494 15882 

1 612 1 335 

277 

29511 

14766 

14745 

14719 26 

71 884 16761 

55 123 36542 

18580 

3787 

3787 

16 129 16 059 

70 

70 

3 143 3 143 

25434 

21 963 3471 

2248 

1 223 

172 704 51 177 121 527 121 527 

11 100 11 095 5 

5 

6697 

6697 

37879 

30 804 7 075 3924 

3 151 

Capital outlay 

69 

66 

3 

3 

767 

767 

573 

194 

350 

332 

18 

18 

3409 

3297 

112 

109 3 

135 

135 

330 

210 

120 

120 

578 

123 

455 

455 

6 

6 

379 

378 1 

1 

13 

13 

74 

71 

3 

3 

2 003 

1 255 

748 

748 

27 

27 

488 

119 

369 

309 

60 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

10 

138 485 1 714 1 740 

22517 

29 

249 

1 818 1 826 

12264 

250 

18 

18 

2 

54593 229 

668 

25 

8 

6227 

2 104 
Table 43. Probation, pardon, and parole expenditure by character and object, by State and 

type of government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State and type of government' 

Washington _________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tota1-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

West Virginia _______________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, totaL _______________________________________________________________________ _ Counties _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Munlcipalities ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

Wisconsin __________________________________________________________________________ _ State _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Local, tota1-_______________________________________________________________________ _ Countfes _______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Municipalities ______________ " _____________________________ , _______________________ _ 

WyE~~~,~t~t~==================================================;====================== Counties ___________________________ . ___________________________________________ _ 

Total2 

42542 

23649 

18893 

17642 

1 395 

3855 

3732 

123 

123 

27649 

24542 

3 107 3107 

1 708 1 694 

14 

14 

Total 

42542 

23649 

18893 

17591 

1 301 

3855 

3732 

123 

123 

27649 

24542 

3 107 3 107 

1 708 1 694 

14 

14 

Direct expenditure 

Direct current Capital outlay 

Intergovernmental 

expenditure 

42449 92 23643 6 18806 86 17506 85 51 1 300 1 93 

3738 117 3732 6 117 6 117 

27 621 27 24542 

3079 27 3079 27 

1 683 25 1 669 25 14 

Municipalities 14 ___________________________________________________________________ _ 

----------------~------~~------~--------~--------~---------

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for detail~. 

2For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines opposite each State's name exclude duplicative Intergovernmental transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines include Intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State·local total lines exclude all intergovernmental payments. See text for details, 

CORRECTIONS 117 
Table 44. Detail of corrections employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections 

State and type of government' 

States·local, totaL ____________ _ States _____________________ _ 

Local, total ________________ _ COl!nties ________________ _ 

MunIcIpalities ___________ _ 

Alabama _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Alaska _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Bor'1u~hs.-.------ _________________ _ MUOfclpalitles ____________________ _ 

Arizona ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

MUnicipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Arkansas _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

LO~3u~~1:~ MUniCipalities -.=.======================== ____________________ _ 

California ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

LO~~u~tl:~.=.==========:============= MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Connecticut __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUnicipalities t.o!al-~.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Delaware _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

District of Columbia __________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ Municipality ______________________ _ 

Florida _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Georgia ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

HawaII _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

l.ocal, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Idaho ________________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

illinois _______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, lotal _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Indiana _____ • ________________________ _ Stale ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnote at end of table. 

Number of employees 

Total 

465 365 297 165 164 652 133 669 41 206 

5246 

3568 

1 ~~~ i 

257 

1 561 

1 533 

28 

28 

10 910 6534 

4376 

4348 28 

2832 

1 849 

983 

879 

105 

59721 

33120 

26601 

25516 

1 083 

5 180 2939 

2241 

1 681 

559 

3810 

3610 

1 579 1 579 

4272 

4272 

4272 

29 152 19400 

9752 

9259 

493 

13577 

9774 

3803 

3252 

551 

1 746 1 746 

1 178 

741 

437 

437 

16 516 10451 

6065 

6062 2 

7576 

4855 

2721 

2226 

494 

Full·time only 

447 669 289987 

153 422 124 429 40283 

5 132 3553 

1 579 1 333 

245 

1 547 1 521 

26 

26 

10707 

6489 

4218 

4 191 

27 

2732 

1 845 

887 

784 

104 

54 515 30146 

24369 

23311 

1 059 

5004 

2910 

2094 

1 562 

531 

3765 

3765 

1 532 1 532 

4216 

4216 

4216 

28874 

19205 

9669 

9 176 

493 

13 256 9632 

3624 

3088 

536 

1 713 1 713 

1 050 

666 

384 

384 

16 165 10451 

5714 

5711 2 

7270 

4851 

2419 

1 929 

489 

Full·time equivaient employment 

Percent of total justice full·time 

equivalenl Number employment 

456 641 32.2 293 925 58.3 158 625 17.6 129 397 32.0 40746 7.6 

5 180 26.6 3 558 44.0 1 622 14.2 1 374 33.1 249 3.4 

1 554 33.4 1 526 44.3 28 2.3 

28 2.5 

10 769 41.1 6489 70.3 4 280 25.2 4 252 44.9 28 .4 

2772 29.5 1 848 57.9 

924 14.9 820 29.8 104 3.0 

57 561 34.1 31 873 68.3 25 688 21.1 24 615 33.7 1 073 2.2 

5 118 28.5 2933 48.4 2 185 18.4 1 623 38.4 562 7.4 

3 814 23.7 3 614 45.0 

1 554 34.2 1 554 44.6 

4 245 40.5 4 245 40.5 4 245 40.5 

29 051 34.0 19 347 60.9 9 704 18.1 9 211 27.2 493 2.5 

13 393 35.1 9 677 71.5 3716 15.1 3 175 22.1 541 5.2 

1 724 24.4 1 724 47.6 

1 097 23.9 688 48.6 409 12.9 

409 19.6 

16 321 24.8 10 455 59.1 5 866 12.2 5 864 30.8 2 

7407 30.1 4 855 61.0 2 552 15.3 2 060 27.3 493 5.4 

118 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDI1'URE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Institutions 

Number of employees 

Total 

385 495 

249980 

131 622 105 624 36983 

4291 

2882 

1 409 

1 166 

242 

1 309 1 281 

28 

28 

9333 

5 988 3345 

3325 21 

2492 

1 629 

863 

766 

96 

4813:.0 1 

29203 

18934 

16084 649 

4260 

2 122 2138 

1 676 

461 

3 111 3 111 

1 206 1 206 

3846 

3846 

3846 

24823 

15284 

9539 

9046 

493 

11 133 7578 

3555 

3009 

545 

1 375 1 375 

952 

584 

368 

368 

14 000 9830 

4 170 4 168 2 

6596 

4651 

1 945 1 608 

337 

Full·time only 

370 691 

243909 

122 948 

97283 

36219 

4203 

2882 

1 321 1 089 

231 

1 304 

1 278 

26 

26 

9207 

5 968 

3219 

3 199 

21 

2404 

1 625 

779 

683 

95 

43804 

26512 

17292 

16466 825 

4 113 2094 

2019 

1 561 

457 

3074 

3074 

1 199 1 199 

3790 

3790 

3790 

24709 

15248 

9461 

8968 

493 

10842 

7459 

3383 

2850 

532 

1 348 1 348 

846 

522 

324 

324 

13 665 9830 

3835 

3833 2 

6382 

4648 

1 734 1 401 

333 

Full·time equivalent employment 

Number 

378 438 247 249 

127324 

101 500 36587 

4239 

2882 

1 357 1 123 

235 

1 307 

1 279 

28 

28 

9254 

5988 

3266 

3245 21 

2442 

1 628 

814 

719 

95 

46410 

28100 

18310 

17471 840 

4 196 2117 

2079 

1 620 

459 

3098 

3098 

1 202 

1 202 

3819 

3819 

3819 

24769 

15276 

9493 

9000 

493 

10969 

7496 

3473 

2936 

537 

1 357 1 357 

885 

538 

347 

347 

13807 

9830 

3977 

3975 

2 

6493 

4651 

1 842 1 507 

335 

Percent of total 

corrections full· time equivalent 

employment 

82.0 

84.1 

00.3 

73.4 

89.8 

81.8 

81.0 

83.7 

81.7 

94.4 

84.1 

83.8 

100.0 

100.0 

85.9 

92.3 

76.3 

76.3 

75.0 

88.1 

88.1 

88.1 

87.7 

91.3 

80.6 

86.2 

71.3 

71.0 

78.3 

82.0 

72.2 

95.1 

99.8 

81.7 

81.2 

81.2 

-I 

77.3 

77.3 

90.0 

90.0 

90.0 

85.3 

79.0 

97.8 

97.7 

100.0 

81.9 

77.5 

93.5 

92.5 

99.3 

78.7 

78.7 

80.7 

78.2 

84.8 

84.6 

84.6 

94.0 

67.6 

67.8 

100.0 

87.7 

95.8 

72.2 

73.2 

68.0 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988 

Probation, pardon, and parole Other· 

Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment 

Percent of total Percent of total State and type of government 

corrections full· corrections full· 

time equivalent time equivalent 

Total Full·time only Number employment Total Full·time only Number employment 

65166 62747 63893 14.0 14705 14 234 14453 3.2 States·local, total 

32480 31 844 32 195 11.0 14 705 14 234 14 453 4.9 States 

32260 30477 31 272 19.7 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

28 821 27 150 27891 21.6 - - (x) (x) Countles 

4222 4062 4 138 10.2 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

569 557 564 10.9 386 372 376 7.3 Alabama 

300 299 299 8.4 386 372 376 10.6 State 

269 258 265 16.3 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

254 244 251 18.3 - - IX) (x) Counties 

15 14 14 5.6 - - x) (x) Municipalilies 

179 178 178 11.5 73 65 69 4.4 Alaska 

179 178 178 11.7 73 65 69 4.5 Stale 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Boroughs 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 258 1 226 1 241 11.5 319 274 274 2.5 Arizona 

227 227 227 3.5 319 274 274 4.2 Slate 

1 031 999 1 014 23.7 - - (x) (x) Local, tolal 

1 024 993 1 006 23.7 - - (x) (x) Counlies 

7 6 7 25.0 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

225 213 215 7.8 116 116 116 4.2 Arkansas 

104 104 104 5.6 116 116 116 6.3 State 

121 109 111 12.0 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

112 100 103 12.6 - - (x) (x) Counties 

8 8 8 7.7 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

9624 8 961 9 290 16.1 1 960 1 751 1 859 3.2 California 

1 957 1 883 1 914 6.0 1 960 1 751 1 859 5.8 Slate 

7667 7078 7376 28.7 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

7433 6844 7143 29.0 - - (x) (x) Counties 

233 233 233 21.7 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

649 620 630 12.3 271 271 271 5.3 Colorado 

546 545 545 18.6 271 ~71 271 9.2 State 

103 75 85 3.9 - - (x) (x) Local. lolal 

5 1 2 .1 - - (x) (x) Counties 

98 74 83 14.8 - - (x) (x) Municipalilles 

631 623 630 16.5 68 68 68 1.8 Connectlcut 

631 623 630 16.5 68 68 68 1.8 Siale 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local: lolal 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

198 174 184 11.8 175 159 167 10.7 Delaware 

198 174 184 11.8 175 159 167 10.7 Slate 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) IX) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) x) Municipalities 

426 426 426 10.0 - - - - District of Columbia 

426 426 426 10.0 - - (X! (x) Local. total 

426 426 426 10.0 - - (x (x) Municipality 

3890 3 741 3848 13.l 439 424 433 1.5 Florida 

3677 3533 3638 18.8 439 424 433 2.2 Stale 

213 208 210 2.2 - - (x) (x) Local, lolal 

213 208 210 2.3 - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 957 1 932 1 939 14.5 488 482 484 3.6 Georgia 

1 708 1 691 1 696 17.5 488 482 484 5.0 Stale 

249 241 243 6.5 - - IX) (x) Local, total 

244 238 239 7.5 - - x) (Xl Counties 

5 3 4 .7 - - (x) (x Municipalities 

284 282 283 16.4 87 83 85 4.9 HawaII 

284 282 283 16.4 87 83 85 4.9 State 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

182 165 172 15.7 43 38 40 3.6 Idaho 

114 106 110 16.0 43 38 40 5.8 State 

68 59 62 15.2 - - (x) (x) Local, lotal 

68 59 62 15.2 - - (X! (~) Counties 

- - - - - - (x (x) Municipalilies 

2095 2078 2090 12.8 422 422 422 2.6 Illinois 

199 199 203 1.9 422 422 422 4.0 Siale 

1 896 1 879 1 887 32.2 - - (x) (x) Local, lotal 

1 896 1 879 1 887 32.2 - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Munlcipalilies 

886 794 824 11.1 94 94 94 1.3 Indiana 

110 109 jl0 2.3 94 94 94 1.9 State 

776 685 714 28.0 - - (x) (~) Local, total 

618 528 557 27.0 - - (x) (x) Counties 

158 157 158 32.0 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

CORRECTIONS 119 
Table 44. Detail of corrections employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections 

Number of employees Full-time equivalent employment 

State and type of government' 

Iowa __ • _____________________________ __ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~~es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Kansas ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~t!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Kentucky _: __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Louisiana ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

MUnicipalities Pari~h.es .-.------------------------ ___________________ __ 

Maine _______________________________ __ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~t!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ 

State _____________________________ __ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~t!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Massachusetts ______________________ __ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Michigan ____________________________ __ 

State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Couryt!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Mlnnesota ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Couryt!es Municipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Mlsslsslppl ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ MUnicipalities ____________________ _ 

Missouri ____________________________ __ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Montana ____________________________ __ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ 

Municipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Nebraska ___________ , ________________ __ State ______________________________ _ 

~ocal, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Nevada ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

New Hampshire ______________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ___________________ __ 

New Jersey __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

See footnote at end of table. 

Total 

3077 

2265 

812 

805 8 

4350 

3 199 

1 151 1 128 

23 

5340 

3532 

1 808 1 654 

154 

8 991 6 134 2857 

1477 

1 381 

1 628 

1 064 

564 

564 

10606 

8290 

2316 

1 580 

735 

9220 

6661 

2559 

2055 

504 

17 616 13023 

4593 

4497 96 

4992 

1 997 2995 

2995 

3284 

2578 

706 

623 

82 

8385 

5422 

2963 

2295 

669 

1 186 

729 

457 

452 6 

2348 

1 577 

1 542 

3243 

1 902 

1 341 1 153 

188 

1 074 

708 

366 

366 

16582 

9118 

7464 

7461 2 

Full-time only 

2828 

2238 

590 

583 8 

4 194 3 162 1 032 1 010 

22 

~ 071 3471 

1 600 1 451 

149 

8896 

6134 

2762 

1 416 1 346 

1 399 1 023 

376 

376 

10 413 8 147 2266 

1 530 

735 

9009 

6661 

2348 

1 850 

498 

17031 

12871 

4160 

4097 63 

4493 

1 862 2631 

2631 

3 190 2544 

646 

575 

70 

7717 

5 123 2594 

1 928 

667 

1 028 

679 

349 

344 6 

2 148 1 548 

600 

600 

3 137 1 859 

1 278 1 095 

183 

1 007 

657 

350 

350 

16490 

9096 

7394 

7391 

2 

Number 

2947 

2249 

698 

691 8 

4266 

3 179 1 087 1 064 

23 

5220 

3502 

1 718 1 567 

151 

8946 

6 134 2812 

1 447 1 364 

1 518 1 042 

476 

476 

10558 

8268 

2290 

1 555 

735 

9 116 6661 

2455 

1 956 

499 

17316 

12951 

4365 

4287 78 

4752 

1 952 2800 

2800 

3227 

2554 

673 

597 

76 

7929 

5212 

2717 

2050 

667 

1 092 

712 

380 

375 6 

2237 

1 567 

670 

670 

3 182 1 878 1 304 1 120 

184 

1 037 

680 

357 

357 

16532 

9 102 7430 

7428 2 

120 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Percent of total justice full-time equivalent 

employment 

25.9 

45.3 

10.9 

27.2 .2 

31.7 

53.5 

14.4 

31.5 .6 

32.5 

41.1 

22.8 

45.8 

3.7 

32.7 

60.6 

16.3 

18.0 

14.8 

29.6 

45.7 

16.7 

49.3 

35.2 

56.2 

15.0 

17.5 

11.6 

26.4 

41.3 

13.3 

80.9 

3.1 

34.6 

68.4 

14.0 

31.2 .4 

26.6 

48.6 

20.2 

33.8 

30.4 

60.6 

10.5 

20.6 

2.2 

29.0 

51.2 

15.8 

33.7 

6.0 

29.3 o 53.9 

15.8 

23.9 .7 

30.1 

51.9 

15.2 

29.9 

38.8 

71.4 

23.4 

27.2 

12.6 

21.4 

36.3 

12.0 

55.1 

28.1 

50.8 

18.2 

44.3 

Institutions 

Number of employees 

Total 

2736 

1 950 

786 

779 8 

3 741 2691 

1 050 1 048 2 

4560 

2805 

1 755 1 608 

147 

8002 

5223 

2779 

1 465 

1 314 

1 451 

887 

564 

564 

8672 

6382 

2290 

1 554 

735 

7376 

4817 

2559 

2055 

504 

15 598 11 743 3855 

3852 2 

3 816 1 743 2073 

2073 

2823 

2 118 

705 

622 

82 

6827 

4378 

2449 

1 797 

651 

984 

646 

338 

334 4 

1 880 1 110 

770 

770 

2660 

1 545 

1 115 

958 

157 

961 

595 

366 

366 

11 800 7230 

4570 

4570 

Full-time only 

2507 

1 937 

570 

563 8 

3593 

2654 

939 

937 2 

4298 

2745 

1 553 

1 411 

142 

7911 

5223 

2688 

1 408 

1 280 

1 230 

854 

376 

376 

8 518 6263 

2255 

1 519 

735 

7 165 4817 

2348 

1 850 

498 

15 142 11 647 3495 

3492 2 

3 441 1 636 1 805 

1 805 

2738 

2092 

646 

575 

70 

6218 

4092 

2 126 1 475 

650 

877 

601 

276 

272 4 

1 690 1 090 

600 

600 

2570 

1 506 

1 064 

908 

156 

903 

553 

350 

350 

11 737 7216 

4521 

4521 

Full-time equivalent employment 

Number 

2616 

1 942 

674 

667 8 

3662 

2671 

991 

989 2 

4444 

2776 

1 668 

1 524 

144 

7959 

5223 

2736 

1 438 1 298 

1 344 

868 

476 

476 

8641 

6365 

2276 

1 541 

735 

7272 

4817 

2455 

1 956 

499 

15367 

11 703 3664 

3662 2 

3643 

1 710 1 933 

1 933 

2771 

2099 

672 

596 

76 

6418 

4177 

2241 

1 591 

650 

926 

631 

295 

290 

4 

1 771 1 101 

670 

670 

2610 

1 523 

1 087 

931 

157 

929 

572 

357 

357 

11 770 7220 

4550 

4550 

Percent of total 

corrections fulltime equivalent 

employment 

88.8 

86.3 

96.6 

96.5 

100.0 

85.8 

84.0 

1)1.2 

93.0 

8.7 

85.1 

79.3 

97.1 

97.3 

95.4 

89.0 

85.1 

97.3 

99.4 

95.2 

88.5 

83.3 

100.0 

100.0 

81.8 

77.0 

99.4 

99.1 

100.0 

79.8 

72.3 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

88.7 

90.4 

83.9 

85.4 

2.6 

76.7 

87.6 

69.0 

69.0 

85.9 

82.2 

99.9 

9il.8 

100.0 

80.9 

80.1 

82.5 

77.6 

97.5 

84.0 

88.6 

77.6 

77.3 

66.7 

79.2 

70.3 

100.0 

100.0 

82.0 

81.1 

83.4 

83.1 

85.3 

89.6 

84.1 

100.0 

100.0 

71.2 

79.3 

61.2 

61.3 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988-con. 

Probation. pardon, and parole Other2 

Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment 

Percent of total Percent of total 

State and type of government 

corrections full· corrections full· 

Total Full·time only Number 

time equivalent 

employment Total Full· time only Number 

time equivalent 

employment 

299 279 288 9.8 42 42 42 1.4 Iowa 

273 259 264 11.7 42 42 42 1.9 State 

26 20 24 3.4 - - (xl (xl Local, total 

26 20 24 3.5 - - (xl (xl Counties 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

535 527 532 12.5 74 74 74 1.7 Kansas 

434 434 434 13.7 74 74 74 2.3 State 

101 93 98 9.0 - - (xl (xl Local, total 

80 73 77 7.2 - - (xl (x) Counties 

21 20 21 91.3 - - (xl (xl Municipalities 

651 646 648 12.4 129 128 129 2.5 Kentucky 

598 598 598 17.1 129 128 129 3.7 State 

53 48 50 2.9 - - (x) (xl Local, total 

46 41 43 2.7 - - (xl (x) Counties 

7 7 7 4.6 - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

793 788 788 8.8 198 198 198 2.2 Louisiana 

713 713 713 11.6 198 198 198 3.2 State 

80 75 75 2.7 - - (xl (x) Local, total 

12 8 8 .6 - - (xl (xl Parishes 

67 66 66 4.8 - - (xl (xl Municipalities 

137 130 134 8.8 40 39 40 2.6 Maine 

137 130 134 12.9 40 39 40 3.8 State 

- - - - - - (x) (xl Local, total 

- - - - - - (xl (xl Counties 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

1 546 1 509 1 532 14.5 388 386 387 3.7 Maryland 

1 520 1 498 1 517 18.3 388 386 387 4.7 State 

26 11 15 .7 - - (Xl (x) Local, total 

26 11 15 1.0 - - (x (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 571 1 571 1 571 17.2 273 273 273 3.0 Massachusetts 

1 571 1 571 1 571 23.6 273 273 273 4.1 State 

- - - - - - (xl (xl Local, total 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 765 1 636 1 695 9.8 253 253 253 1.5 Michigan 

1 027 971 995 7.7 253 253 253 2.0 State 

738 665 700 16.0 - - (xl (xl Local, total 

645 605 624 14.6 - - (xl (xl Counties 

94 61 76 97.4 - - (xl (xl Municipalities 

1 168 1 045 1 104 23.2 9 7 8 .2 Minnesota 

245 219 234 12.0 9 7 8 .4 State 

923 826 870 31.1 - - (x) (xl Local, total 

923 826 870 31.1 - - (xl (xl Counties 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

360 351 355 11.0 101 101 101 3.1 Mississippi 

359 351 354 13.9 101 101 101 4.0 State 

1 - 1 .1 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

1 - 1 .2 - - (xl (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

1 441 1 382 1 393 17.6 118 118 118 1.5 Missouri 

926 913 917 17.6 118 118 118 2.3 State 

515 469 476 17.5 - - (xl (xl Local, total 

497 452 460 22.4 - - (x) (Xl Counties 

18 17 17 2.5 - - (xl (x Municipalities 

202 151 165 15.1 - - - - Montana 

83 78 81 11.4 - - - - State 

119 73 84 22.1 - - (xl (xl Local, total 

118 72 83 22.1 - - (x) (xl Counties 

1 1 1 16.7 - - (x) (xl Municipalities 

316 315 315 14.1 152 143 149 6.7 Nebraska 

315 315 315 20.1 152 143 149 9.5 State 

1 - - - - - (x) (xl Local, total 

1 - - - - - (xl (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

497 482 487 15.3 85 85 85 2.7 Nevada 

272 268 270 14.4 85 85 85 4.5 State 

225 214 217 16.6 - - (xl (x) Local, total 

194 187 189 16.9 - - (xl (xl Counties 

31 27 28 15.2 - - (xl (xl Municipalities 

87 78 82 7.9 26 26 26 2.5 New Hampshire 

87 78 82 12.1 26 26 26 3.8 State 

- - - - - - (x) (xl Local, total 

- - - - - - (xl (xl Counties 

- - - - - - (xl (x) Municipalities 

3494 3465 3472 21.0 1 288 1 288 1 288 7.8 New Jersey 

600 592 593 6.5 1 288 1 288 1 288 14.2 State 

2894 2873 2879 38.7 - - (x) (xl Local, total 

2892 2871 2877 38.7 - - (x) (xl Counties 

2 2 2 100.0 - - (xl (xl Municipalities 

CORRECTIONS 121 
Table 44. Detail of corrections employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning 01 symbols, see text] 

Total corrections 

State and type of government' 

New Mexlco __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, tota'-________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

New York ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUniCipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

North Carolina _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUniCipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Pennsylvania _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, MUniCipalities t.o~al-.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

MuniCipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

South Dakota ________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Texas ________________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MuniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Utah _________________________________ _ 

State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Cou~t!es MUnicipalities .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Vermont _____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 

Counties ________________________ _ Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Virginia ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, tolal _________________________ _ 

MUniCipalities Cou~t!es ._.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

See footnote at end ot table. 

Number of employees 

Total 

3422 

2471 

951 

550 

401 

56626 

33728 

22898 

8808 

14090 

11 667 9956 

1 711 1 711 

559 

321 

238 

238 

15739 

9545 

6194 

5757 

437 

5546 

4635 

911 

822 

88 

4938 

2525 

2413 

2402 10 

15 826 6975 

8851 

6106 

2744 

1 191 1 191 

8013 

7037 

976 

929 

46 

1 048 

802 

246 

235 

11 

8599 

6055 

2544 

2016 

528 

31 781 18806 

12975 

12753 221 

2 196 1 760 

436 

436 

732 

732 

14 286 9655 

4631 

2163 

2468 

Full-time only 

3287 

2418 

869 

470 

399 

55 165 32890 

22275 

8238 

14037 

11 497 9956 

1 541 1 541 

472 

304 

168 

168 

15 218 9339 

5879 

5481 

398 

5415 

4621 

794 

706 

87 

4520 

2441 

2079 

2068 10 

15 173 6821 

8352 

5614 

2738 

189 

189 

7922 

6979 

943 

899 

43 

942 

791 

151 

142 9 

8513 

6053 

2460 

1 932 

528 

31 121 18793 

12328 

12 106 

221 

1 953 1 548 

405 

405 

653 

653 

13607 

9227 

4380 

2025 

2355 

FUll-time equivalent employment 

Percent 01 total justice lull·time 

equivalent 

Number employment 

3 342 35.2 2 442 51.8 900 18.8 499 34.1 400 12.1 

55 935 34.9 33 334 59.2 22 601 21.7 8 536 36.1 14 065 17.5 

11 578 35.2 9 956 54.4 1 622 11.1 1 622 26.1 

511 20.8 316 39.7 195 11.8 195 21.8 

15447 30.0 9 433 64.8 6 014 16.3 5 600 33.2 415 2.1 

5 470 34.6 4 627 58.8 843 10.6 755 30.5 88 1.6 

4 712 32.9 2 476 44.4 2 236 25.6 2 226 42.6 10 .3 

15 484 27.7 6 886 46.8 8 598 20.9 5 857 37.6 2 741 10.7 

190 23.0 190 44.7 

7 977 41.5 7 015 70.8 962 10.3 916 16.6 46 1.2 

982 31.2 796 47.5 186 12.6 176 23.6 9 1.2 

8 550 34.0 6 054 69.0 2 496 15.3 1 967 26.8 528 5.9 

31 469 33.8 18 797 68.0 12 672 19.4 12 451 38.4 221 .7 

2 116 29.0 1 698 51.0 418 10.6 418 22.0 

760 30.2 760 45.1 

13 932 40.6 9 433 61.1 4 499 23.8 2 083 24.6 2 416 23.1 

122 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Institutions 

Number of employees 

Total 

2993 

2047 

946 

546 

401 

48884 

30309 

18575 

6209 

12367 

9950 

8278 

1 672 

1 672 

522 

284 

238 

238 

13 235 8488 

4747 

4448 

299 

4287 

3453 

834 

757 

78 

3713 

1 807 1 906 

1 897 9 

12794 

6285 

6509 

4436 

2073 

939 

939 

6496 

5523 

973 

926 

46 

921 

675 

246 

235 

11 

7259 

4866 

2393 

1 910 

482 

24255 

15654 

8601 

8380 

221 

1 713 1277 

436 

436 

508 

508 

12753 

8284 

4469 

2040 

2430 

Full·time only 

2871 

2007 

864 

466 

399 

47624 

29552 

18072 

5758 

12314 

9790 

8278 

1 512 1 512 

441 

273 

168 

168 

12 825 8283 

4542 

4273 

269 

4 163 3444 

719 

642 

78 

3 371 1 748 1 623 

1 614 9 

12202 

6 142 6060 

3993 

2067 

938 

938 

6419 

5478 

941 

897 

43 

823 

672 

151 

142 9 

7 181 4866 

2315 

1 832 

482 

23790 

15654 

8136 

7915 

221 

1 487 1 082 

405 

405 

430 

430 

12216 

7961 

4255 

1 914 2341 

Full-time equivalent employment 

Number 

2920 

2025 

895 

495 

400 

48300 

29951 

18349 

6006 

12342 

9870 

8278 

1 592 1 592 

473 

278 

195 

195 

13016 

8377 

4639 

4358 

282 

4216 

3448 

768 

690 

78 

3535 

1 774 1 761 1 752 9 

12475 

6198 

6277 

4207 

2070 

939 

939 

6466 

5507 

959 

913 

46 

860 

674 

186 

176 9 

7 213 4866 

2347 

1 865 

482 

24023 

15654 

8369 

8 148 

221 

1 642 1 224 

418 

418 

536 

536 

12 462 8105 

4357 

1 971 2386 

Percent 01 total corrections lull- time equivalent 

employment 

87.4 

82.9 

99.4 

99.2 

100.0 

86.4 

89.9 

81.2 

70.4 

87.7 

85.2 

83.1 

98.2 

98.2 

92.6 

88.0 

100.0 

100.0 

84.3 

88.8 

77.1 

77.8 

68.0 

77.1 

74.5 

91.1 

91.4 

88.6 

75.0 

71.6 

78.8 

78.7 

90.0 

80.6 

90.0 

73.0 

71.8 

75.5 

78.9 

78.9 

81.1 

78.5 

99.7 

99.7 

100.0 

87.6 

84.7 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

84.4 

80.4 

94.0 

94.8 

91.3 

76.3 

83.3 

66.0 

65.4 

100.0 

77.6 

72.1 

100.0 

100.0 

70.5 

70.5 

89.4 

85.9 

96.8 

94.6 

98.8 
employment by State and type (If government, October 1988-Con. 

Probation, pardon, and parole Other" 

Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment 

Percent of total Percent of total 

State and type of government 

corrections full· corrections full· 

time equivalent 

Total Full·time only Number employment Total Full·time only Number 

time equivalent 

employment 

368 355 361 10.8 60 60 60 1.8 New Mexico 

364 351 357 14.6 60 60 60 2.5 State 

4 4 4 .4 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

4 4 4 .8 - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

6521 6358 6427 11.5 1 220 1 183 1 205 2.2 New York 

2 199 2155 2177 6.5 1 220 1 183 1 205 3.6 State 

4322 4203 4250 18.8 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

2599 2480 2527 29.6 - - (x) (x) Counties 

1 723 1 723 1 723 12.3 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 345 1 335 1 336 11.5 372 372 372 3.2 North Carolina 

1 306 1 306 1 306 13.1 372 372 372 3.7 State 

39 29 30 1.8 - - (x) (x) Local, total 39 29 30 1.8 - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

37 31 34 6.7 - - - - North Dakota 

37 31 34 10.8 - - - - State 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

2057 1 947 1 985 12.9 447 446 446 2.9 Ohio 

610 610 610 6.5 447 446 446 4.7 State 

1 447 1 337 1 375 22.9 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

1 309 1 208 1 242 22.2 - - (x) (x) Counties 

138 129 133 32.0 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

835 828 831 15.2 423 423 423 7.7 Oklahoma 

759 754 756 16.3 423 423 423 9.1 State 

76 74 75 8.9 - - !X) (x) Local, total 

66 65 65 8.6 - - x) (x) Counties 

11 10 11 12.5 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 011 946 972 20.6 214 203 206 4.4 Oregon 

504 490 496 20.0 214 203 206 8.3 State 

507 456 476 21.3 - - (X! !X) Local, total 

506 455 475 21.3 - - !~) x) Counties 

1 1 1 10.0 - - (x) Municipalities 

2882 2827 2864 18.5 149 144 148 1.0 Pennsylvania 

541 535 540 7.8 149 144 148 2.1 State 

2341 2292 2324 27.0 - - (x) (x) Local, total 

1 670 1 621 1 653 28.2 - - (x) (x) Counties 

671 671 671 24.5 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

114 114 114 9.6 138 137 138 11.6 Rhode Island 

114 114 114 9.6 138 137 138 11.6 State 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

746 744 745 9.3 771 759 765 9.6 South Carolina 

743 742 742 10.6 771 759 765 10.9 State 

3 2 3 .3 - - (x) 

!~! Local, total 

3 2 3 .3 - - (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

127 119 123 12.5 - - - - South Dakota 

127 119 123 15.5 - - - - State 

- - - - - - (x) !X) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

1 076 1 070 1 072 12.5 264 262 263 3.1 Tennessee 

925 925 925 15.3 264 262 263 4.3 State 151 145 147 5.9 - - (X! (x) Local, total 105 99 101 5.1 - - (x (x) Counties 

46 46 46 8.7 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

6 116 5933 6035 19.2 1 409 1 398 1 401 4.5 Texas 

1 743 1 741 1 741 9.3 1 409 1 398 1 401 7.5 State 

4373 4192 4294 33.9 - - (x) (x) Local, total 4373 4 192 4294 34.5 - - (X! (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x (x) Municipalities 

380 367 372 17.6 103 99 101 4.8 Utah 380 367 372 21.9 103 99 101 5.9 State 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

173 173 173 22.8 51 50 51 6.7 Vermont 173 173 173 22.8 51 50 51 6.7 State 

- - - - - - (Xl (x) Local, total 

- - - - - - (x (x) Counties 

- - - - - - (x (x) Municipalities 

1 112 1 018 1 072 7.7 420 372 398 2.9 Virginia 

951 894 930 9.9 420 372 398 4.2 State 161 124 142 3.2 - - (x) !X) Local, total 124 111 112 5.4 - - (x) x) Counties 38 14 30 1.2 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

CORRECTIONS 123 
Table 44. Detail of corrections employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent 

[Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections Institutions 

Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment Number of employees Full-tima equivalent employment 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total justice full-time 

equivalent 

Total Full-time only Number employment 

corrections fullFull·time only 

time equivalent 

Total Number employment 

7758 7 160 7466 33.0 5073 4857 4963 61.9 

Washington __________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 6431 5916 6 183 82.8 4343 4134 4235 85.3 Local, total _________________________ _ 2685 2303 2503 17.1 2088 1 782 1 948 77.8 2584 2219 2408 28.6 101 84 95 1.5 

Cou~t!es ._. _______________________ _ 

MuniCipalities ____________________ _ 2030 1 733 1 893 78.6 59 49 55 57.9 

1 710 1 639 1 679 25.4 1 036 1 030 1 033 35.3 

West Vlrglnla _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 1 451 1 381 1 420 84.6 780 775 777 75.2 Local, total _________________________ _ 674 609 646 17.5 671 606 643 99.5 674 609 646 31.1 Cou~ties ._. _______________________ _ MuniCipalities ____________________ _ 671 606 643 99.5 

Wlsconsln ____________________________ _ 6 172 5930 6034 25.9 4956 4724 4821 79.9 State ______________________________ _ 4233 4 194 4201 62.9 3 155 3 122 3 125 74.4 Local, total _________________________ _ 1 939 1 736 1 833 11.1 1 801 1 602 1 696 92.5 Counties ________________________ _ 1 934 1 731 1 828 23.6 1 796 1 597 1 691 92.5 Municipalities ____________________ _ 5 5 5 .1 5 5 5 100.0 

778 764 772 25.6 531 529 531 46.6 

Wyoming ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 684 671 678 87.8 438 437 438 82.5 Local, total _________________________ _ 247 235 241 12.9 246 234 240 99.6 Counties ________________________ _ 247 235 241 23.6 246 234 240 99.6 Municipalities ____________________ _ 

'Data for municipalities, and the local governments totals that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a 

canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

2Data for "Other" corrections are for State governments only. 

124 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
employment by State and type of government, October 1988-Con. 

Probation, pardon, and parole Other' 

Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment Number of employees Full·time equivalent employment 

Percent of total Percent of total 

State and type of government 

corrections full· corrections full· 

Total Full·tlme only Number 

time equivalent 

employment Total Full·time only Number 

time equivalent 

employment 

1 180 1 098 1 135 15.2 147 146 147 2.0 Washington . 583 577 581 11.7 147 146 147 3.0 State 

597 521 554 22.1 - - (x) (x) Local, total 554 486 515 21.4 - - (x) (x) Counties 42 35 39 41.1 - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

209 208 209 12.4 51 51 51 3.0 West Virginia 205 204 205 19.8 51 51 51 4.9 State 4 4 4 .6 - - (x) (x) Local, total 4 4 4 .6 - - (Xl IX) Counties 

- - - - - - (x x) Municipalitie~l 

881 871 877 1.~.5 336 336 336 5.6 Wisconsin 742 736 740 17.6 336 336 336 8.0 State 

139 135 137 7.5 - - (x) (x) Local, total 139 135 137 7.5 - - (x) (x) Counties - - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

81 80 81 10.5 13 13 13 1.7 Wyoming 80 79 80 15.1 13 13 13 2.4 State 1 1 1 .4 - - (x) (x) Local, total 1 1 1 .4 - - (x) (x) Counties - - - - - - (x) (x) Municipalities 

CORRECTIO~\lS 125 
Table 45. Detail of corrections payrolls and percent distribution by State and type of 

government, October 1988 

[Payroll amounts In thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other' 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

justice system corrections corrections corrections 

October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls 

Siales·local, lola'-_____________ 991 342 29.6 817 562 82.5 139 618 14.1 34 162 3.4 Siaies ______________________ 638 073 53.5 531 894 83.4 72017 11.3 34 162 5.4 Local, lolal _________________ 342 833 16.2 276 277 80.6 66556 19.4 (x) (x) Countles _________________ 262 738 30.6 203 563 77.5 59 175 22.5 (x) (x) Municipalities ____________ 102 703 7.6 93667 91.2 9036 8.8 (x) (x) 

Alabama ______________________________ 9865 27.3 7915 80.2 1 124 11.4 826 8.4 Stale _______________________________ 7263 43.4 5804 79.9 632 8.7 826 11.4 Local, total __________________________ 2602 13.4 2110 81.1 492 18.9 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 2 139 31.9 1 678 78.4 461 21.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 463 3.6 432 93.3 31 6.7 (x) (x) 

Alaska ________________________________ State 4661 30.3 3921 84.1 537 11.5 203 4.4 _______________________________ 4593 40.8 3853 83.9 537 11.7 203 4.4 Local, total __________________________ 68 1.6 68 100.0 (x) (x) 

BorC!u~hs.-.------------------------ (x) (x) MUnicipalities _____________________ 68 1.8 68 100.0 (x) (x) 

Arizona _______________________________ 19 618 33.5 16 740 85.3 2355 12.0 523 2.7 State _______________________________ 11 594 60.3 10647 91.8 424 3.7 523 4.5 Local, total __________________________ 8024 20.4 6093 75.9 1 931 24.1 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 7979 40.8 6064 76.0 1 916 24.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 45 .2 30 66.2 15 33.8 (x) (x) 

Arkansas ______________________________ State 3717 26.1 3218 86.6 308 8.3 192 5.2 _______________________________ 2644 48.5 2284 86.4 168 6.3 192 7.3 Local, total __________________________ 1 073 12.2 933 87.0 140 13.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 914 26.4 789 86.3 126 13.7 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 159 3.0 144 90.9 14 9.1 (x) (x) 

California _____________________________ State 157 100 31.2 127 120 80.9 24887 15.8 5094 3.2 _______________________________ 88655 64.7 77 372 87.3 6189 7.0 5094 5.7 Local, total __________________________ 68446 18.7 49748 72.7 18698 27.3 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 65619 32.0 47327 72.1 18292 27.9 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 2827 1.8 2421 85.7 405 14.3 (x) (x) 

Colorado ______________________________ State 11 708 26.8 9435 80.6 1 607 13.7 666 5.7 _______________________________ 7318 47.7 5216 71.3 1 436 19.6 666 9.1 Local, total __________________________ 4389 15.5 4219 96.1 170 3.9 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 3 136 35.1 3132 99.9 4 .1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 1 253 6.5 1 087 86.7 166 13.3 (x) (x) 

Connecticut ___________________________ State 10 928 23.6 9 114 83.4 1 537 14.1 277 2.5 _______________________________ 10928 43.8 9114 83.4 1 537 14.1 277 2.5 Local, total __________________________ (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Delaware ______________________________ 3300 32.2 2575 78.0 366 11.1 359 10.9 State _______________________________ 3300 42.6 2575 78.0 366 11.1 359 10.9 Local, total __________________________ (x) (x) Counties _________________________ (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

District of Columbia ___________________ 10379 35.1 9334 89.9 1 045 10.1 Local, total __________________________ 10379 35.1 9334 89.9 1 045 10.1 (x) (x) Municipality _______________________ 10379 35.1 9334 89.9 1 045 10.1 (x) (x) 

Florida ________________________________ 61 032 31.3 51 704 84.7 8 100 13.3 1 227 2.0 State _______________________________ 41 057 57.5 32061 78.1 7769 18.9 1 227 3.0 Local, total __________________________ 19975 16.2 19644 98.3 331 1.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 18730 25.9 18 398 98.2 331 1.8 (x) Municipalities (Xl _____________________ 1 245 2.4 1 245 100.0 (x) (x 

Georgia _______________________________ State 23406 34.7 18 618 79.5 3829 16.4 958 4.1 _______________________________ 17 291 67.0 12973 75.0 3360 19.4 958 5.5 Local, total __________________________ 6 114 14.7 5645 92.3 469 7.7 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 5 170 20.6 4708 91.1 461 8.9 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 945 5.7 937 99.2 8 .8 (x) (x) 

Hawaii ________________________________ 3850 22.7 2966 77.0 694 18.0 190 4.9 State _______________________________ 3850 46.0 2966 77.0 694 18.0 190 4.9 Local, total __________________________ !X) (x) Counties _________________________ x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Idaho _________________________________ State 1 837 21.8 1 479 80.5 290 15.8 68 3.7 _______________________________ 1 230 40.5 965 78.5 197 16.0 68 5.5 Local, total __________________________ Counties 607 11.2 514 84.7 93 15.3 (x) (x) _________________________ 607 18.4 514 84.7 93 15.3 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

illinois ________________________________ State 33 912 21.5 28938 85.3 3970 11.7 1 004 3.0 _______________________________ 23092 50.0 21 629 93.7 459 2.0 1 004 4.3 Local, total __________________________ 10820 9.7 7310 67.6 3510 32.4 !x) (x) Counties _________________________ 10816 31.1 7306 67.5 3510 32.5 x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 4 4 100.0 (x) (x) 

Indiana _______________________________ State 12357 28.2 10820 87.6 1 318 10.7 220 1.8 _______________________________ 8738 51.6 8295 94.9 223 2.6 220 2.5 Local, total __________________________ 3619 13.4 2524 69.8 095 30.2 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 2759 26.2 1 948 70.6 811 29.4 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 860 5.2 577 67.0 284 33.0 (x) (x) 

See footnotes at end of table. 

1~6 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 45. Detail of corrections payrolls and percent distribution by State and type of 

government, October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounls In Ihousands of dollars. Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lolals. For meaning of symbols, see lexl] 

Tolal corrections Inslilutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other2 

Siale and type of government' Percenl of lolal Percenl of lolal Percenl of lolal Percenl of lolal 

Justice syslem correclions corrections corrections 

Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls Oclober payrolls 

Iowa __________________________________ 6292 26.2 5563 88.4 627 10,0 102 1.6 Siale _______________________________ 5224 44.6 4531 86.7 591 11.3 102 1.9 

Local, lolal __________________________ 1 068 8.7 1 032 96.7 36 3.3 (x) (x) Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 1 050 23.7 1 014 96.6 36 3.4 (x) (x) Munlcipalilies _____________________ 18 .2 18 100.0 (x) (x) 

Kansas _______________________________ 7231 28.9 6086 84.2 987 13.7 158 2.2 Siale _______________________________ 5561 50.4 4575 82.3 828 14.9 158 2.8 Local, lolal __________________________ 1 671 12.0 1 511 90.5 159 9.5 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 1 634 28.3 1 508 92.3 125 7.7 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ 37 .5 3 8.9 34 91.1 (x) (x) 

Kentucky _____________________________ 7904 28.9 6570 83.1 1 082 13.7 252 3.2 Siale _______________________________ 5687 37.9 4416 77.7 1 019 17.9 252 4.4 Local, 10Ial __________________________ 2217 17.9 2154 97.1 63 2.9 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 1 985 39.3 1 935 97.4 51 2.6 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 232 3.2 219 94.5 13 5.5 (x) (x) 

Louisiana _____________________________ 13437 30.9 11 779 87.7 1 290 9.6 368 2.7 Siale _______________________________ 9500 56.5 7965 83.8 1 168 12.3 368 3.9 Local, lolal __________________________ 3936 14.8 3814 96.9 122 3.1 (x) Parishes _________________________ !x) 2 000 17.0 1 989 99.5 11 .5 (x) x) Municipalities _____________________ 1 936 13.0 1 825 94.3 111 5.7 (x) (x) 

Maine _________________________________ 

Siale 2797 27.5 2410 86.2 299 10.7 87 3.1 _______________________________ 2136 41.5 1 749 81.9 299 14.0 87 4.1 Local, lolal __________________________ 661 13.1 661 100.0 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 661 46.8 661 100.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Maryland ______________________________ 

Siale 22642 31.5 18397 81.3 3245 14.3 1 000 4.4 _______________________________ 17346 53.0 13 138 75.7 3207 18.5 1 000 5.8 Local, lolal __________________________ 5297 13.5 5259 99.3 38 .7 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 3474 14.7 3436 98.9 38 1.1 (x) (x) Munlclpalilies _____________________ 1 822 11.8 1 822 100.0 (x) (x) 

Massachusetts ________________________ 23219 24.7 18686 80.5 3773 16.3 759 3.3 Siale _______________________________ 18 183 40.5 13651 75.1 3773 20.8 759 4.2 Local, lolal __________________________ Counties 5035 10.2 5035 100.0 (x) (x) _________________________ 3942 81.8 3 942 100.0 !x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 1 094 2.5 1 094 100.0 x) (x) 

Michigan ______________________________ Stale 42562 33.0 37544 88.2 4367 10.3 651 1.5 _______________________________ 33007 62.5 29525 89.5 2831 8.6 651 2.0 Local, lolal __________________________ 9555 12.5 8019 83.9 1 536 16.1 (x) (x) Cou~l!es ._. ________________________ 9408 30.2 8015 85.2 1 393 14.8 (x) (x) MUnlclpalilles _____________________ 147 .3 4 2.5 143 97.5 (x) (x) 

Mlnnesota _____________________________ Siale 10 957 24.3 8 192 74.8 2744 25.0 21 .2 _______________________________ 4870 42.3 4212 86.5 636 13.1 21 .4 Local, lolal __________________________ Counlies 6068 16.1 3980 65.4 2107 34.6 (x) (x) _________________________ 6066 32.6 3 980 65.4 2107 34.6 (x) (x) Municlpalilies _____________________ (x) (x) 

Mississippi ____________________________ Siale 4501 27.2 3668 81.5 654 14.5 178 4.0 _______________________________ 3713 52.7 2881 77.6 654 17.6 178 4.8 Local, 10Ial __________________________ 786 8.3 767 99.9 .1 (x) (x) Counties _________________________ 669 17.5 668 99.9 .1 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ 119 2.1 119 100.0 (x) (x) 

Missouri ______________________________ 11 932 23.5 9305 78.0 2433 20.4 194 1.6 Siale _______________________________ 7470 42.5 5849 78.3 1 427 19.1 194 2.6 Local, lolal __________________________ 4462 13.4 3455 77.4 1 006 22.6 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 3363 32.7 2391 71.1 973 28.9 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 1 098 4.8 1 065 96.9 34 3.1 (x) (x) 

Montana ______________________________ 

Siale 1 731 27.1 1 447 83.6 284 16.4 _______________________________ 1 192 47.0 1 044 87.6 147 12.4 Local, lolal __________________________ 540 14.0 403 74.6 137 25.4 !x) Counties (x) _________________________ 529 22.7 394 74.5 135 25.5 x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 11 .7 9 78.9 2 21.1 (x) (x) 

Nebraska _____________________________ Siale 3477 24.1 2687 77.3 505 14.5 285 8.2 _______________________________ 2551 45.9 1 762 69.1 504 19.8 285 11.2 Local. lolal __________________________ Counties 926 10.4 925 99.~ .1 (x) (x) _________________________ 926 26.2 925 9(;.9 .1 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

Nevada _______________________________ 

Siale 6965 34.5 5705 81.9 1 074 15.4 187 2.7 _______________________________ 3661 65.3 2938 80.3 535 14.6 187 5.1 Local, 10Ial __________________________ 3305 22.7 2766 83.7 539 16.3 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 2840 26.1 2368 83.4 472 16.6 (x) (x) Munlcipalilies _____________________ 465 12.5 398 85.7 67 14.3 (x) (x) 

New Hampshire _______________________ Siale _______________________________ 2 195 20.2 1 925 87.7 207 9.4 63 2.9 

I 472 35.7 1 202 81.7 207 14.1 63 4.3 Local, 10Ial __________________________ Counties 723 10.7 723 100.0 (x) (x) _________________________ 723 56.3 723 100.0 (x) (x) Munlcipalilies _____________________ (x) (x) 

New Jersey ___________________________ Siale _______________________________ 38935 25.6 28378 72.9 7397 19.0 3 160 8.1 22626 46.7 17926 79.2 1 540 6.6 3 160 14.0 Local, lolal __________________________ 16309 15.8 10452 64.1 5857 35.9 (x) (x) Counlies _________________________ 16304 43.4 10452 64.1 5852 35.9 (x) (x) Municipalilies _____________________ 5 5 100.0 (x) (x) 

See foolnoles al end of lable. 

CORRECTIONS 127 
Table 45. Detail of corrections payrolls and percent distribution by State alld type of 

government, October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see textl 

Total corrections Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other2 

State and type of government1 Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total 

Justice system corrections corrections corrections 

October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls 

New Mexico ___________________________ 5 724 33.6 4946 86.4 641 11.2 137 2.4 State _______________________________ 4275 48.1 3502 81.9 636 14.9 137 3.2 Local, total __________________________ 1 449 17.7 1 444 99.7 5 .3 (xl (xl Counties ____________________ ~ ____ 694 29.9 689 99.3 5 .7 (xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ 755 12.9 755 100.0 (xl (xl 

New York _____________________________ 157 083 32.5 136 374 86.8 17 610 11.2 3099 2.0 State _______________________________ 86989 52.3 76266 87.7 7623 8.8 3099 3.6 Local, total __________________________ 70094 22.1 60108 85.8 9987 14.2 (X! (xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 21 332 32.8 15319 71.8 6013 28.2 (x (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ 48762 19.3 44789 91.9 3973 8.1 (xl (xl 

North Carolina ________________________ 21 265 33.4 17749 83.5 2687 12.6 828 3.9 State _______________________________ 18871 50.1 15412 81.7 2631 13.9 828 4.4 Local, total __________________________ Counties 2394 9.2 2337 97.6 56 2,4 (xl (xl _________________________ 2394 22.9 2337 97.6 56 2,4 !Xl (xl Municipalities _____________________ xl (xl 

North Dakota __________________________ State 757 16.7 702 92.8 55 7.2 _______________________________ 501 30.1 446 89.1 55 10.9 Local, total __________________________ 256 8.9 256 100.0 (xl (xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 256 17.8 256 100.0 (xl (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ (xl (xl 

Ohio __________________________________ 

State 31 032 28.5 25928 83.6 3862 12.4 1 242 4.0 _______________________________ 20371 61.2 17772 87.2 1 357 6.7 1 242 6.1 Local, total __________________________ 10660 14.1 8 155 76.5 2505 23.5 !Xl (xl Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 9761 32.8 7541 77.3 2220 22.7 xl (xl MUniCipalities _____________________ 899 2.0 614 68.3 285 31.7 (xl (xl 

Oklahoma _____________________________ State 8965 31.3 6 617 73.8 1 348 15.0 1 000 11.2 _______________________________ 7860 52,4 5646 71.8 1 214 15,4 1 000 12.7 Local, total __________________________ 1 105 8.1 971 87.9 134 12.1 (xl 

!~! Counties _________________________ 971 28,4 856 88.1 116 11.9 (xl Municipalities ______ " ______________ 134 1.3 115 86.0 19 14.0 (xl (x 

Oregon _______________________________ State 9732 29.4 7298 75.0 1 997 20.5 437 4.5 _______________________________ 5 241 39.9 3772 72.0 1 031 19.7 437 8.3 Lacal, total __________________________ 4492 22.5 3526 78.5 966 21.5 

!~! Counties (xl _________________________ 4478 40.2 3515 78.5 964 21.5 (xl Municipalities _____________________ 13 .1 11 81.1 2 18.9 (xl (xl 

pe~~:r.:~~~~~========================== 32383 25.8 26578 82.1 5447 16.8 358 1.1 15136 40.9 13446 88.8 1 332 8.8 358 2.4 Local, total __________________________ 17248 19.5 13 132 76.1 4 115 23.9 !Xl !X Counties _________________________ l 

Municipalities 9726 39,4 7 131 73.3 2595 26.7 xl _____________________ 7522 11.8 6001 79.8 1 520 20.2 (~! (xl 

Rhode Island __________________________ State 3476 25.8 2840 81.7 294 8.2 352 10.1 _______________________________ 3476 45.5 2840 81.7 284 8.2 352 10.1 Local, total __________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ !Xl xl !~! Soulh Carolina ________________________ State 12 296 38.6 9402 76.5 1 137 9.3 1 757 14.3 _______________________________ 10990 64.6 8099 73.7 1 134 10.3 1 757 16.0 Local, total __________________________ 1 306 8.8 1 303 99.7 3 .3 (X! Counties (xl _________________________ 1 248 14.4 1 245 99.7 3 .3 (x Municipalities _____________________ (X! 58 .9 58 100.0 (xl (x 

Soulh Dakota _________________________ State 1 139 24.0 947 83.2 192 16.8 _______________________________ 902 37.6 711 78.8 192 21.2 Local, total __________________________ 236 10.1 236 100.0 !X Counties l (xl _________________________ 225 21.1 225 100.0 xl Municipalities _____________________ (X! 11 .8 11 100.0 (xl (x 

Tenneasee __________ .. _________________ State 14 115 31.0 11 650 82.5 1 920 13.6 546 3.9 _______________________________ 10327 62.1 8127 78.7 1 655 16.0 546 5.3 Local, total __________________________ 3788 13.1 3523 93.0 265 7.0 

!~! Counties _________________________ !Xl 2765 24.4 2605 94.2 160 5.8 (~! Municipalities _____________________ 1 023 5.8 918 89.8 105 10.2 (xl 

Texas _________________________________ State 55768 30.4 42005 75.3 11 065 19.8 2698 4.8 _______________________________ 33797 65.0 28127 83.2 2971 8.8 2698 8.0 Local, total __________________________ Counties 21 971 16.7 13878 63.2 8093 36.8 (xl (xl _________________________ 21 635 37.0 13541 62.6 8093 37.4 Municipalities _____________________ (X! (X! 336 .5 336 100.0 (x (x 

Utah __________________________________ 

State 3827 25.1 2835 74.1 755 19.7 237 6.2 _______________________________ 3 118 46.4 2 125 68.2 755 24.2 237 7.6 Local, total __________________________ Counties 709 8.3 709 100.0 (xl (xl _________________________ 709 19.1 709 100.0 

!~! Municipalities _____________________ (X! (x 

Vermonl ______________________________ State _______________________________ 1 383 26.6 891 64.5 381 27.5 111 8.0 1 383 38.5 891 64.5 381 27.5 111 8.0 Local, total __________________________ 

!~! l~! Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ (xl 

Vlr~\~\: =============================== 

25970 35.5 22931 88.3 2 169 8.4 870 3.4 17394 55.0 14667 84.3 1 856 10.7 870 5.0 Local, lotal __________________________ 8576 20.7 8264 96.4 313 3.6 (xl 

t> 

Counties ______________________ .. __ 4205 21.7 3934 93.6 271 6.4 (xl 

~! Municipalities _____________________ 4371 19.9 ·1 329 99.0 42 1.0 (xl 

See footnotes at end of table. 

128 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 45. Detail of corrections payrolls and percent distribution by State and type of 

government, October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounts In thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections Institutions Probation, pardon, and parole Other' 

State and type of government' Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total Percent of total justice system corrections corrections corrections October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls October payrolls 

Washington ___________________________ State 16 326 30.1 13 164 80.6 2802 17.2 361 2.2 _______________________________ 10794 58.1 8911 82.6 1 522 14.1 361 3.3 Local, total __________________________ 5532 15.5 4252 76.9 1 279 23.1 (x) Counties _________________________ !x) 5316 28.5 4135 77.8 1 181 22.2 (x) Municipalities _____________________ 216 1.3 117 54.2 99 45.8 (x) (~! West Vlrglnla __________________________ 2 065 20.8 1 665 80.6 310 15.0 90 4.3 State _______________________________ 1 416 30.8 1 020 72.0 307 21.6 90 6.3 Local, total-_________________________ 649 12.2 645 99.4 4 .6 (x) (x) Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 649 23.4 645 99.4 4 .6 !x) (x) MUniCipalities _____________________ x) (x) 

Wisconsln _____________________________ State _______________________________ 12330 23.5 9709 78.7 1 889 15.3 731 5.9 8620 55.7 6295 73.0 1 593 18.5 731 8.5 Local, total __________________________ Counties 3710 10.0 3414 92.0 296 8.0 (x) (x) _________________________ 3701 22.8 3404 92.0 296 8.0 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ 10 10 100.0 (x) (x) 

Wyoming _____________________________ State _______________________________ 1 259 22.1 1 094 86.9 131 10.4 34 2.7 860 39.6 697 81.0 129 15.0 34 4.0 Local, total __________________________ Counties 399 11.3 397 99.5 2 .5 (x) (x) _________________________ 399 22.5 397 99.5 2 .5 (x) (x) Municipalities _____________________ (x) (x) 

'Data for municipalities, and the local governments total that include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

'Data for 'Other' corrections are for State governments only. 

CORRECTIONS 129 
Table 46. Corrections expenditure of State governments by character and object, fiscal year 

1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

State' 

T otal _________________________ _ 

Alabama ______________________________ _ 

Alaska _______________________________ _ Arizona _______________________________ _ 

Arkansas _____________________________ _ 

California _____________________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ 

Connecticut ___________________________ _ Delaware _____________________________ _ 

Florida _______________________________ _ 

Georgia ______________________________ _ 

Hawaii ________________________________ _ Idaho ________________________________ _ 

Illinois ________________________________ _ 

Indiana _______________________________ _ Iowa _________________________________ _ 

Kansas _______________________________ _ 

Kentucky _____________________________ _ 

Louisiana _____________________________ _ Maine ________________________________ _ 

Maryland _____________________________ _ 

Massachusetts ________________________ _ Michigan ______________________________ _ 

Montana ~:~~~~~~~============================= ______________________________ _ 

Nebraska _____________________________ _ Nevada _______________________________ _ 

New Hampshire _______________________ _ 

New Jersey ___________________________ _ 

New Mexico __________________________ _ New York _____________________________ _ 

North Carolina ________________________ _ North Dakota _________________________ _ Ohio _________________________________ _ 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ 

Rhode ~~~~~~Ivaiiia=========================== Island __________________________ _ 

South Carolina ________________________ _ 

South Dakota _________________________ _ 

Tennessee ____________________________ _ Texas ________________________________ _ Utah • ________________________________ _ 

Vermont ______________________________ _ 

~i~gl~gion-=======================:==== West Virglnia __________________________ _ Wisconsin ____________________________ _ 

.Wyoming _____________________________ _ 

Total 

12 670 956 

127 975 83 135 237 868 54186 2 192 771 

135 447 166 090 50 140 545 346 343 350 

72175 

22485 

458 679 173 151 90876 

110032 

159 639 

193 297 41 406 319 442 

335 072 613513 

111 974 

62939 

187165 

21 044 42866 

97306 

25753 

460 761 

81 258 527 723 352 2?3 9 868 491 314 

135113 

112931 

285 119 

45709 

218 772 

17785 

250 173 647 499 68835 

24472 

431 864 202 476 29257 

183 997 18685 

Total 

11 661 101 

122271 

80587 

219 654 50400 1 951 754 

133 959 166 090 50 140 545 346 315 702 

71 989 22037 

431 030 167 507 72754 

105171 

136 897 172814 

39869 

319 442 

322 470 605011 

95808 

59690 

186 476 

21 044 42859 

96255 

25564 

420 996 

79748 1 340 362 342768 9868 

461 872 

128 727 94220 

272855 

45709 

218 772 

17783 

203 085 592906 

67635 

24472 

308 543 199 569 

29257 

152 679 18685 

Direct current 

9 897 950 

114070 

79280 

193 620 47915 1 467 581 

111 161 

150 585 48788 

473 565 261 023 

62 130 17374 

381 674 144 543 71 969 

93090 

104 974 

169 463 35 181 291 699 

276278 

550 642 93 199 56032 

144 674 

20125 

41 841 62392 

21 794 374 797 

77 301 1 134311 

270 574 9666 

310 509 

122031 

88397 

229 067 44369 

165 535 

17074 

180831 

557 173 58382 

23314 

281 672 180401 

26235 

142483 

17 166 

Direct expenditure 

Capital outlay 

Total Equipment Construction 

1 763 151 

8201 

1 307 26034 

2485 

484 173 

22798 

15505 

1 352 71 781 54679 

9859 

4663 

49356 

22964 785 

12081 

31 923 3351 

4688 

27743 

46 192 

54369 

2609 

3658 

41 802 

919 1 018 33863 

3770 

46 199 

2447 

206 051 72194 202 151 363 

6696 

5823 

43788 

1 340 53237 

709 22254 

35733 

9253 

1 158 

26871 

19 168 3022 

10196 

1 519 

212 366 

1 651 1 187 6840 

1 142 37718 

1 598 1 471 

681 7745 

7266 

4282 

333 7 101 5891 

554 

2624 

1 814 1 942 

602 2947 

4917 

11 892 1 308 1 546 3350 

248 

423 1 547 

536 3 100 

846 20657 

5355 84 6996 

4200 

1 325 5690 

249 3014 

228 2268 

18542 

2741 

398 

9206 

3320 

152 2445 

394 

1 500 615 

6480 

19194 

1 343 441 771 

21 200 14034 667 64036 

47413 

5577 

4330 

42 177 10910 231 

9382 

30035 

1 279 4086 

24796 

41 275 42477 

1 301 

2 112 38452 

671 

595 32316 

3234 

43099 

1 601 185 394 66835 117 111 786 

2496 

4498 

38098 

1 091 50223 

481 19986 

12035 

6512 

760 

16635 

15848 

2870 

7751 

1 125 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

130 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Intergovernmental 

Land expenditure 

50 170 

70 

120 

4684 

4 

78 6163 

75 

74 

130 

4 

1 32581 

5156 

1 030 

1 009 855 

5704 

2548 

18214 

3786 

241 017 

488 

27648 

186 

448 27649 

5644 

18 122 

4861 

22742 

20483 

1 537 

12602 

8502 

16 166 3249 

689 

7 051 

189 

39765 

1 510 187361 9455 

29442 

6386 

18711 

12264 

2 47088 

54593 

1 200 

123321 2907 

31 318 
Table 47. Detail of direct current expenditure for corrections activities of State 

governments, fiscal year 1988 

[fhousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions 

State' Total direct Probation, current Other and parole, and expenditure Total For men For women For juveniles combined pardon 

Total __________________________ 9 897 950 8 152 547 5 963 498 296 646 1 186 357 706 046 1 064 787 

Alabama _______________________________ 114070 92318 77 788 4515 10015 - 7990 Alaska ________________________________ 79280 68716 6951 - 8047 53718 7351 Arizona ________________________________ 193 620 161 505 122 273 - 20650 18582 17852 Arkansas c _____________________________ 47915 42673 35575 1 547 5551 - 2072 California ______________________________ 1 467 581 1 231 331 820 146 43882 196 980 170 323 127 560 

Colorado ______________________________ 111 161 84339 68878 1 444 14017 - 17073 Connecticut ____________________________ Delaware 150 585 119626 93786 12234 11 589 2017 26516 ______________________________ 48788 39675 33873 1 051 4751 - 3845 Florida ________________________________ Georgia 473 565 373 624 225 578 11 214 75023 61 809 82419 _______________________________ 261 023 195 802 147 070 6773 41 959 - 44720 

Hawail _________________________________ 62130 49321 42425 2852 4044 - 10197 Idaho _________________________________ 17374 13512 7 153 - 3552 2807 2605 Illinois _________________________________ 381 674 344 900 255 275 34506 49765 5354 8338 Indiana ________________________________ 144 543 134 483 77 960 5070 18886 32567 2947 Iowa __________________________________ 71 969 62096 43932 2562 8298 7304 7916 

Kansas ________________________________ 93090 81 119 51 575 3425 13342 12777 9219 

~.;~i~~~~ ============================== 

104 974 77 769 53909 2598 17 175 4087 21 637 

Maine 169 463 144621 99718 4363 31 252 9288 17 194 _________________________________ Maryland 35 181 27073 13657 - 6563 6853 4223 ______________________________ 291 699 224 765 171 670 6125 46970 - 48341 

Massachusetts _________________________ 276 278 213810 97481 10672 47916 57741 48218 Michigan _______________________________ 550 642 460 343 383 559 17 124 39468 20192 68664 Minnesota _____________________________ 93 199 80380 61 038 3727 10089 5526 11 659 

~:~~~~~~~============================= 56032 44000 33599 - 5367 5034 9000 144 674 114587 102130 1 224 9468 1 765 24977 

Montana ____________________ c __________ 

Nebraska 20 125 15965 - 601 4227 11 137 3395 ______________________________ Nevada 41 841 28 173 22108 1 513 4552 - 6869 ________________________________ 62392 51 445 41 580 1 796 6179 1 890 8017 New Hampshire ________________________ New 21 794 18438 12235 33 3842 2328 2288 ,Jersey ____________________________ 374 797 307 471 193 658 - 28 152 85661 20262 

New Mexico ___________________________ New York 77 301 63604 51 421 1 620 10563 - 9729 ______________________________ 

North Carolina 1 134311 1 001 921 776 105 24555 136 552 64709 78 104 _________________________ 270 574 219215 184 659 6603 20561 7392 33750 North Dakota __________________________ Ohio 9666 8924 - - 2127 6797 742 __________________________________ 310 509 260474 220 005 9282 31 187 - 23378 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 122031 83865 66414 5319 12132 - 15882 ________________________________ 88397 63779 40496 2036 12361 8886 14766 Pennsylvania ___________________________ Rhode 229 067 206 078 164219 12064 25 100 4695 16761 Island ___________________________ 44 369 35616 24332 1 322 6488 3474 3787 South Carolina _________________________ 165 535 127 960 111 063 4667 10156 2074 16059 

South Dakota __________________________ 17074 13931 10826 395 2245 465 3 143 Tennessee _____________________________ Texas _________________________________ 180831 146181 104 500 5313 24768 11 600 21 963 

Utah __________________________________ 557 173 463 349 382 276 27078 46507 5488 51 177 58382 41 903 29092 709 12102 - 11 095 Vermont _______________________________ 23314 14555 13266 - 1 275 14 6697 

Virginia ________________________________ 281 672 218 362 161 044 4721 41 851 10746 30804 Washington ____________________________ 180401 147 244 121 096 5171 20977 - 23643 

~~~~~~~n~:=========================== 26235 19669 16213 - 2510 946 3732 

Wyoming 142483 98003 80249 3761 13993 - 24542 ______________________________ 17166 14034 9642 1 179 3213 - 1 669 

, Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for details. 

Other 

680 616 

13762 

3213 

14263 

3 170 108 690 

9749 

4443 

5268 

17522 

20501 

2612 

1 257 28436 

7113 

1 957 

2752 

5568 

7648 

3 e1l5 

18593 

14250 

21 635 1 160 3032 

5 110 

765 6799 

2930 

1 068 47064 

3968 

54286 

17 609 

- 26657 

22284 

9852 

6228 

4966 

21 516 

- 12687 

42647 

5384 

2062 

32506 

9514 

2834 

19938 

1 463 

CORRECTIONS 131 
Table 46. Detail of corrections employment and payrctlls of State governments, October 

1988 

[Payroll amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections activities Institutions 

State' Employment Employment 

Full·tlme Full-time Full-time Full-time Total employees employees equivalent October payrolls Total employees employees equivalent October payrolls 

Tota __________________________ 297 165 289 987 239031 638 073 249 980 243 909 247 249 531 894 

Alabama_ .. _____________________________ 3568 3553 3558 7263 2882 2882 2882 5804 Alaska ________________________________ 1 533 1 521 1 526 4593 1 281 1 278 1 279 3853 Arizona ________________________________ 6534 6489 6489 11 594 5988 5988 5988 10 647 Arkansas ______________________________ 1 849 1 845 1 848 2644 1 629 1 625 1 628 2284 California ______________________________ 33 120 30 146 31 873 88655 29203 26512 28 100 77 372 

Colorado ______________________________ 2939 2910 2933 7318 2 122 2 094 2117 5216 Connecticut ____________________________ 3810 3765 3814 10 928 3 111 3 074 3 098 9 114 Delaware ______________________________ 1 579 1 532 1 554 3300 1 206 1 199 1 202 2575 Florida ________________________________ 19400 19205 19347 41 057 15284 15248 15276 32 061 Georgia _______________________________ 9774 9632 9677 17 291 7578 7459 7496 12973 

Hawall _________________________________ 1 746 1 713 1 724 3850 1 375 1 348 1 357 2 966 Idaho _________________________________ 741 666 688 1 230 584 522 538 965 Illinois _________________________________ 10451 10 451 10 455 23 092 9830 9830 9830 21 629 Indiana ________________________________ 4 e55 4851 4855 8738 4651 4648 4651 8295 Iowa __________________________________ 2265 2238 2249 5224 1 950 1 937 1 942 4531 

Kansas ________________________________ 3 199 3 162 3179 5561 2691 2654 2671 4575 Kentucky ______________________________ 3532 3471 3502 5687 2805 2745 2776 4416 Louisiana ______________________________ Maine 6134 6134 6 134 9500 5223 5223 5223 7965 _________________________________ 

Maryland 1 064 1 023 1 C42 2 136 887 854 868 1 749 ______________________________ 8290 8 147 8268 17346 6382 6263 6365 13 138 

Massachusetts _________________________ Michigan 6661 6661 6661 18 183 4817 4817 4817 13651 _______________________________ 13 023 12871 12951 33007 11 743 11 647 11 703 29525 

~i~f~~~~~============================= 1 997 1 862 1 952 4870 1 743 1 636 1 710 4212 2578 2544 2554 3713 2118 2 092 2 099 2881 5422 5 123 5212 7470 4378 4 092 4 177 5849 

Montana _______________________________ 729 679 712 1 192 646 601 631 1 044 Nebraska ______________________________ 1 577 1 548 1 567 2551 1 110 1 090 1 101 1 762 Nevada ________________________________ 1 902 1 859 1 878 3661 1 545 1 506 1 523 2938 New Hampshire ________________________ 708 657 680 1 4,{2 595 553 572 1 202 New Jersey ____________________________ 9 118 9 096 9 102 22626 7230 7216 7220 17926 

New Mexico ___________________________ 2471 2418 2442 4275 2 047 2007 2 025 3502 New York __________ .. ___________________ 33728 32890 33334 86989 30 309 29552 29951 76266 North Carolina _________________________ 9956 9956 9956 18871 8278 8278 8278 15412 North Dakota __________________________ Ohio 321 304 316 501 284 273 278 446 __________________________________ 9545 9339 9433 20 371 8488 8283 8377 17772 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 4635 4621 4627 7860 3453 3444 3448 5646 ________________________________ 2525 2441 2476 5241 1 807 1 748 1 774 3772 Pennsylvania ___________________________ 6975 6821 6886 15 136 6285 6 142 6 198 13446 Rhode Island ___________________________ ~ 191 1 189 1 190 3476 939 938 939 2840 South Carolina _________________________ 7 037 6979 7015 10990 5523 5478 5507 8 099 

South Dakota __________________________ 802 791 796 902 675 672 674 711 Tennessee _____________________________ 60515 6 053 6054 10327 4866 4866 4.866 8127 Texas _________________________________ Utah __________________________________ 18806 18793 18797 33797 15654 15654 15654 28 127 

Vermont 1 760 1 548 1 698 3 118 1 277 1 062 1 224 2 125 _______________________________ 732 653 76') 1 383 508 430 536 891 

Virginia ________________________________ 9655 9227 9433 17394 8284 7961 8 105 14667 

~:~rio~~~~la=========================== 5 073 4857 4 963 10 794 4343 4134 4235 8911 

Wisconsin 1 036 1 030 1 033 1 416 780 775 777 1 020 _____________________________ 

Wyoming 4233 4194 4201 8620 3 155 3122 3 125 6295 ______________________________ , 531 529 531 860 438 437 438 697 

See footnotes at end of table. 

132 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 48. Detail of corrections employment and payrolls of State governments, October 

1988-con. 

[Payroll amounts In thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbots, see text] 

Probation, parole, and pardon Other 

State' Employment Employment 

Full·time Full·time Full·time Full·time Total employees employees equivalent October payrolls Total employees employees equivalent October payrolls 

Tolal ________ • _________________ 32480 31 844 32 195 72015 14705 14234 14453 34 160 

Alabama ___ • _________ • _________ • _______ 300 299 299 632 386 372 376 826 Alaska ________________________________ Arizona 179 178 178 537 73 65 69 203 ________________________________ 

Arkansas 227 227 227 424 319 274 274 523 ______________________________ 104 104 104 168 116 116 116 192 California ___ -------__ • ____ • ____________ 1 957 1 883 1 914 6189 1 960 1 751 1 859 5094 

Colorado ______________________________ Connecticut 546 545 545 1 436 271 271 271 666 ____________________________ 

Delaware 631 623 630 1 537 68 68 68 277 ______________________________ 19B 174 184 366 175 159 167 359 Florida ________________________________ 3677 3533 3638 7769 439 424 433 1 227 Georgia _______________________________ 1 70B 1 691 1 696 3360 4BB 4B2 484 95B 

Hawail _________________________________ 284 282 2B3 694 87 83 85 190 Idaho _________________________________ 114 106 110 197 43 38 40 68 illinois _______________ • _________________ 199 199 203 459 422 422 422 1 004 ·~dlt..nM __ ....... ____ .. _____ ...... ________ .... _______ 110 109 110 223 94 94 94 220 Iowa __________________________________ 273 259 264 591 42 42 42 102 

Kansas ________________________________ 434 434 434 628 74 74 74 15B Kentucky ______________________________ 59B 598 59B 1 019 129 128 129 252 Louisiana ______________________________ Maine _________________________________ 713 713 713 1 168 198 198 19B 368 137 130 134 299 40 39 40 87 Maryland ______________________________ 1 520 1 498 1 517 3207 38B 386 387 1 000 

Massachusetts _________________________ 1 571 1 571 1 571 3773 273 273 273 759 

~I~~~:o':a-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 027 971 995 2831 253 253 253 651 245 219 234 636 9 7 8 21 Mlsslsslppl _____________________________ Mlssoun _______________________________ 359 351 354 654 101 101 101 178 926 913 917 1 427 118 118 118 194 0 Montana _______________________________ 83 78 81 147 NGbraska ______________________________ Nevada 315 315 315 504 152 143 149 285 ________________________________ 27f 268 270 535 85 85 85 187 New Hampshire ________________________ 67 78 82 207 26 26 26 63 New Jersey • ___________________________ 600 592 593 1 540 1 288 1 28B 2BB 3 160 

New Mexico ___________________ • _______ 364 351 357 636 60 60 60 137 New York ______________________________ 2199 2155 2177 7623 1 220 1 183 1 205 3099 North Carolina _________________________ 1 306 1 306 1 306 2631 372 372 372 828 North Dakota __________________________ Ohio ____ 37 31 34 55 • _____________________________ 610 610 610 1 357 447 446 446 1 242 

Oklahoma _____________________________ Oregon 759 754 756 1 214 423 423 423 1 000 ________________________________ 504 490 496 1 031 214 203 206 437 Pennsylvanla ___________________________ 541 535 540 1 332 149 144 146 356 Rhode Island ___________________________ 114 114 114 2B4 136 137 13B 352 South Carolina _________________________ 743 742 742 1 134 771 759 765 1 757 

South Dakota __________________________ 127 119 123 192 Tennessee _____________________________ 925 925 925 1 655 264 262 263 548 Texas _________________________________ Utah 1 743 1 741 1 741 2 971 1 409 1 39B 1 401 2698 __________________________________ 3BO 367 372 755 103 99 101 237 Vermont • __ • _________ • _________________ 173 173 173 3Bl 51 50 51 111 

:Jl~gl~itc;n:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 951 894 930 1 856 420 372 398 670 

West 583 577 581 1 522 147 146 147 361 V rglnla ___________________________ 

Wisconsin 205 204 205 307 51 51 51 90 _____________________________ Wyoming ______________________________ 742 736 740 1 593 J36 336 336 731 80 79 60 129 13 13 13 34 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each State government shown; see text for detailS. 

CORRECTIONS 133 
Table 49. Corrections expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County1 Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total Total Direct current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

Tolal ___________________ 2 669 081 2 622 801 2 104 737 518 064 101 888 396 168 20008 46280 44630 1 650 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ____________ 12770 12 770 8438 4332 122 4207 3 - - - ARIZONA Maricopa _____________________ 63694 63694 62861 833 406 427 - - - - Pima _________________________ 20762 20762 19974 788 398 390 - - - - CALIFORNIA Alameda _____________________ 114591 114591 65787 48804 344 48460 - - - - Contra Costa _________________ 27739 27739 27607 132 132 - - - - - Fresno _______________________ 46944 46944 22975 23969 7 21 310 2652 - - - Los Angeles __________________ 420 694 418 973 317 522 101 451 88421 13030 - 1 721 1 721 - Orange----------------------- 76301 76301 62757 13544 249 13295 - - - - Riverside _____________________ 48899 48899 28440 20459 28 20431 - - - - Sacramento __________________ 58 154 54820 29756 25064 152 24 912 - 3334 3 334 - San Bernardino _______________ 45 182 45153 34619 10534 62 - 10472 29 29 - San Diego-------------------- 86 104 86 104 74 447 11 657 196 11 461 - - - - San Mateo ___________________ 36233 36233 30 108 6 125 6 6 119 - - - - Santa Clara ___________________ 125 093 125 093 71 885 53208 384 52824 - - - - Ventura ______________________ 20629 20629 20493 136 34 102 - - - -

FLORIDA Broward ______________________ 41 898 41 869 31 787 10082 220 9862 - 29 - 29 Dade ________________________ 73338 73338 51 812 21 526 700 20826 - - - - Hillsborough • _________________ 22529 22496 19824 2672 372 2300 - 33 - 33 

Orange----------------------- 16536 16536 15095 1 441 23 1 243 175 - - - Palm Beach __________________ Pinellas ______________________ 19487 19487 17692 1 795 183 1 612 - - - - 21 091 21 091 15571 5520 158 5362 - - - - GEORGIA-Fulton ____ . __________ 43224 43224 15605 27619 186 27433 - - - - ILLINOIS Cook ________________________ Du 96 881 96881 94599 2282 779 1 503 - - - - Page _____________________ 10568 10568 7738 2830 35 - 2795 - - - INDIANA-Lake _________________ 5947 5594 5594 - - - - 353 353 - KENTUCKY -Jefferson ___________ 14892 14892 14828 64 - 64 - - - - MARYLAND Baltimore _____________________ 

Montgomery 6056 6056 6037 19 19 - - - - - __________________ 8514 8514 8430 84 84 - - - - - Prince Georges _______________ 15835 15835 13669 2 166 33 2 133 - - - -

MASSACHUSETIS Essex ________________________ 4 896 4896 4742 154 32 122 - - - - Middlesex ____________________ Norfoll< _______________________ 13524 13524 13524 - - - - - - - Worcester 5 140 5 140 5005 135 128 7 - - - - ____________________ 8 935 8935 8935 - - - - - - -

MI~~~~~ _____________________ 

Oakland ______________________ 13615 13615 12079 1 536 423 1 113 - - - - 33540 33540 23752 9788 102 9686 - - - - Wayne _______________________ 54756 38477 38051 426 62 364 - 16279 16279 - MINNESOTA-Hennepin _________ 33612 33607 33242 365 148 217 - 5 5 -

MISSOURI Jackson ______________________ SI. Louis _____________________ 12235 12235 12222 13 13 - - - - - 10518 10514 10 146 368 111 257 - 4 - 4 

NEVADA-Clark _________________ 25086 25086 25046 40 40 - - - - - NEW JERSEY Bergen _______________________ 

Essex ________________________ 16757 16757 15528 1 229 - 1 229 - - - - 42130 42 130 41 533 597 421 176 - - - - Hudson ______________________ 15004 15004. 13 189 1 815 - 1 815 - - - - M;ddlesex ____________________ Monmouth 19476 19476 18080 1 396 119 1 277 - - - - ____________________ Union ________________________ 13465 13465 12507 958 26 932 - - - - 15463 15463 12666 2797 4 2793 - - - - NEW YORK 

23 410 I Erie __________________________ 

Monroe ______________________ 24853 20675 2735 162 2573 - 1 443 1 443 - Nassau ______________________ 24901 23220 23201 19 19 - - 1 681 1 681 - Suffolk _______________________ 77 503 74910 62 112 12798 551 12247 - 2593 2593 - Westchester 50767 48904 40 592 8312 241 8 071 - 1 863 1 863 - __________________ 54563 54563 44 180 10383 185 10 198 - - - -

OHIO 

~:~~~g~-==================== 30384 28819 28267 552 37 515 - 1 565 - 1 565 

Hamilton _____________________ 17789 17789 16477 1 312 557 755 - - - - Montgomery __________________ 26289 26289 26 163 126 120 6 - - - - Summit ______________________ 11 424 11 424 11 424 - - - - - - - 11 426 11 426 8548 2878 22 2745 111 - - -

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma _________ 4777 4777 2871 1 906 69 837 1 000 - - - OREGON-Multnomah ___________ 17833 17833 17 176 657 79 578 - - - -

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ____________________ 

Delaware _____________________ 20799 20799 20583 216 200 16 - - - - Montgomery II 583 10957 10594 363 6 357 - 626 626 - __________________ 15680 12895 12769 126 31 95 - 2785 2785 - See footnotes at end of table. 

134 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 49. Corrections expenditure of 72 large county governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovernmental expenditure 

County1 Capital outlay 

To Slate To local Total Total Direcl current Total Equipment Construction Land Total governments goverments 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ____________ 26810 26810 22812 3998 233 3765 - - - - TEXAS Bexar ________________________ 

Dallas ________________________ 43645 43645 21 310 22335 1 712 20623 - - - - EI Paso ______________________ 50755 50 755 45922 4833 375 4458 - - - - Harris ________________________ 12411 12411 9286 3 125 67 3058 - - - - Tarranl- 63276 63276 61 252 2024 485 1 539 - - - - ______________________ 26204 26204 18920 7284 117 4367 2800 - - - UTAH-Salt Lake ________________ 6327 6327 6249 78 75 3 - - - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax _______________ 17110 17 110 15672 1 438 663 775 - - - - WASHINGTON King _________________________ 

Pierce ________________________ 31 194 31 194 30605 589 229 360 - - - - H 018 13 999 8786 5213 25 5 188 - 19 - 19 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _________ 38023 26105 22094 4011 266 3745 - 11 918 11 918 -

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

CORRECTIONS 135 
Table 50. Detail of direct current expenditure for corrections activities of 72 large county 

governments, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

County· Total direct 

current 

Total _______________________________________________________________________ _ 2 104 737 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ________________________________________________________________ _ 8438 

ARIZONA Maricopa _________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Pima _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 62861 

19974 

CALIFORNIA Alameda __________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Contra Costa 65787 ______________________________________________________________________ _ 27607 Fresno ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 22975 Los Angeles ______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Orange : __________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Riverside _________________________________________________________________________ _ 

317 522 

62757 

Sacramento 28440 _______________________________________________________________________ _ 29756 San Bernardino ___________________________________________________________________ _ San Diego 34619 ________________________________________________________________________ _ San Mateo ________________________________________________________________________ _ 74447 

Santa Clara 30108 _______________________________________________________________________ _ Ventura ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 71 885 

20493 

FLORIDA Broward __________________________________________________________________________ _ Dade _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 31 787 

Hillsborough 51 812 ______________________________________________________________________ _ Orange ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 19824 

Palm Beach 15095 _______________________________________________________________________ _ Pinellas 17692 ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 15571 

GEORGIA-Fulton ___________________________________________________________________ _ 15605 

ILLINOIS Cook _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Du Page __________________________________________________________________________ _ 94599 

7738 

1NDANA- Lake ______________________________________________________________________ _ 5594 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson _______________________________________________________________ _ 14828 

MARYLAND Baltimore _________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Montgomery 6037 ______________________________________________________________________ _ 

Prince Georges ___________________________________________________________________ _ 8430 

13669 

MASSACHUSETIS Essex ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Middlesex ________________________________________________________________________ _ 4742 

Norfolk ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 13524 

Worcester 5005 ________________________________________________________________________ _ 8935 

MICHIGAN Macomb __________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Oakl and 12079 _____________________________________ " ____________________________________ _ Wayne ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 23752 

38051 

MINNESOTA - Hennepin ______________________________________________________________ _ 33242 

MISSOURI Jackson __________________________________________________________________________ _ St. Louis __________________________________________________________________________ _ 12222 

10 146 

NEVADA - Clark _____________________________________________________________________ _ 25046 

NEW Bergen JERSEY ___________________________________________________________________________ _ Essex ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 15528 

Hudson ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 41 533 

Middlesex ________________________________________________________________________ _ 13 189 

Monmouth ________________________________________________________________________ _ 18080 

Union _ 12507 ___ ___ _ _ __________________________________________________________________ _ 12666 

NEW Erie YORK ______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Monroe ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 20675 

Nassau ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 23 201 

Suffolk ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 62 112 

Westchester 40592 ______________________________________________________________________ _ 44 180 

OHIO 

Hamilton 

~;:;;~~g:========================================================================== __________________________________________________________________________ _ 

28267 

16477 

Montgomery ______________________________________________________________________ _ 26 163 

Summit ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 11 424 

8548 

OK LAHOMA -Oklahoma ______________________________________________________________ _ 2871 

OR EGON - Multnomah _______________________________________________________________ _ 17 176 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny _________________________________________________________________________ _ Delaware _________________________________________________________________________ _ 20583 

Montgomery 10594 ______________________________________________________________________ _ 12769 

See footnotes at end of table. 

136 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Total 

1 645 338 

6278 

51 579 13873 

48 192 18982 

17 104 

242398 

46000 

21 054 26929 

22079 

53040 

18055 

54457 

15986 

30856 

51 812 19824 

14403 

17692 

15571 

14 126 

69299 

5053 

4351 

13861 

5591 

8430 

13669 

4742 

13524 

5005 

8935 

11 396 19522 

35 179 

22953 

10969 

10 146 

23611 

11 591 31 834 

8601 

12827 

8672 

7899 

17056 

17568 

45415 

26574 

38957 

21 286 13527 

20507 

7881 

6340 

2052 

15099 

15 168 9 (50 

10693 

Institutions 

For juveniles 

315 180 

1 221 

13657 

2489 

10 987 5330 

4653 

68465 

11 905 6920 

6 134 8 103 

10799 

4201 

9035 

1 828 

28 

120 

202 

17 119 1 382 

944 

2595 

3599 

7431 

5433 

7548 

3761 

2848 

6173 

3059 

4055 

1 754 1 515 

1 122 2266 

1 783 6218 

6012 

3093 

882 

9614 

1 760 5 161 3 162 

978 

004 

668 

3 111 2370 

2644 

For adults 

1 330 158 

5057 

37922 

11 384 

37205 

13652 

12451 

173 933 34095 

14134 

20795 

13976 

42241 

13854 

45422 

14 158 

SO 828 

5'1 812 19824 

14403 

16572 

15571 

12924 

52 180 3671 

3407 

11 266 

5591 

8430 

13669 

4742 

13524 

5005 

8935 

7797 

12091 

29746 

15405 

7208 

7298 

17438 

8532 

27779 

6847 

11 312 7550 

5633 

15273 

11 350 39403 

23481 

38075 

11 672 11 767 15346 

4719 

5362 

1 048 

14431 

12057 

7380 

8049 

Probation and 

parole 

459 399 

2160 

11 282 6 101 

17 595 8625 

5871 

75 124 16757 

7386 

2827 

12540 

21 407 12053 

17 428 4507 

931 

692 

1 479 

25300 

2685 

243 

967 

446 

683 4230 

2872 

10289 

1 253 

1 435 

3937 

9699 

4588 

5253 

3835 

4767 

3619 

5633 

16697 

14018 

5223 

6981 

2950 

5656 

3543 

2208 

819 

2077 

. 5415 

844 2076 
Table 50. Detail of direct current expenditure for corrections activities of 72 large county 

governments, fiscal year 1988-con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Institutions 

County' Total direct Probation and current Total For juveniles For adults parole 

TENNESSEE-Shelby ________________________________________________________________ _ 22812 21 415 21 415 1 397 

TEXAS Bexar ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Dallas 21 310 13519 1 540 11 979 7791 ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 45922 28667 4 145 24522 17255 EI Paso ___________________________________________________________________________ _ Harris ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 9286 6261 457 5804 3025 

Tarrant ___________________________________________________________________________ _ 61 252 39628 6067 33561 21 624 18920 10647 939 9708 8273 

UTAH-Salt Lake ____________________________________________________________________ _ 6249 6249 1 198 5051 

VIRGINIA-Fairfax ___________________________________________________________________ _ 15672 13 329 2836 10493 2343 

WASHINGTON King ______________________________________________________________________________ _ 

Pierce 30605 22838 4822 18016 7767 ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 8786 6632 1 321 5311 2 154 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee _____________________________________________________________ _ 22094 20330 2714 17616 1 764 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

CORRECTIONS 137 
Table 51. Detail of corrections employment and payrolls of 72 large county governments, 

October 1988 

[Payroll amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections activities Institutions Probation and parole 

County' Employment Employment Employment 

Total Full-time Full-time October Total Full-time Full-time October Total Full-time Full-time October 

employees employees equivalent payrolls employees employees equivalent payrolls employees employees equivalent payrolls 

Total __________________ 61 676 58935 60457 144 315 46751 44669 45890 109 951 14 925 14266 14 561 34367 

ALABAMA-Jefferson ___________ 328 323 325 638 244 239 2tl 466 84 84 84 172 

ARIZONA Maricopa ____________________ 2427 2355 2381 4608 2001 t ~,'4 1 959 3791 426 421 422 817 Pima _______________________ 762 716 730 1 515 514 ,"'7 488 994 248 239 242 522 

CALIFORNIA Alameda ____________________ 1 385 1 183 1 310 3749 909 76·j 865 2561 476 419 446 1 188 Contra Costa ________________ 751 600 689 2031 492 404 452 1 327 259 196 238 704 Fresno ______________________ 675 675 675 1 302 501 501 501 922 174 174 174 380 Los Angeles _________________ 6681 6536 6618 19374 5 158 5026 5098 15 125 1 523 1 510 1 519 4249 Orange _____________________ 1 908 1 775 1 864 5326 1 271 1 174 1 248 3668 637 601 616 1 659 Riverslde ____________________ 1 040 952 1 006 2309 738 662 708 1 637 302 290 298 672 Sacramento _________________ 614 468 581 1 611 561 421 530 1 471 53 47 51 140 San Bernardino ______________ 1 074 876 1 074 2490 677 516 685 1 514 397 360 389 976 San Diego __________________ 1 849 1 777 1 806 4660 1 300 1 239 1 261 3301 549 538 545 1 359 San Mateo __________________ 635 563 598 1 943 366 303 334 1 184 269 260 264 759 

Santa Clara _________________ 1 893 1 635 1 715 5419 1 377 1 231 1 286 4218 516 404 428 1 201 Ventura _____________________ 551 548 549 1 315 435 435 435 1 052 116 113 114 264 

FLORIDA Broward ____________________ 885 885 885 2453 842 842 842 2371 43 43 43 83 Dade _______________________ 1 491 1 491 1 491 3741 1 491 1 491 1 491 3741 - - - - Hillsborough _________________ 665 665 665 1 507 665 665 665 1 507 - - - - Orange _____________________ 1 000 992 996 2089 961 956 958 2020 39 36 38 69 Palm Beach _________________ 604 597 598 1 253 604 597 598 1 253 - - - - Pinellas _____________________ 568 568 568 1 109 568 568 568 1 109 - - - - GEORGIA-Fulton ______________ 566 559 562 1 073 509 503 506 957 57 56 56 116 

ILLINOIS Cook _______________________ 3423 3338 3374 6660 2336 2253 2284 4570 1 087 1 085 1 085 2090 Du Page ____________________ 221 214 218 444 129 124 128 264 92 90 91 180 

INDIANA-Lake ________________ 243 232 238 377 179 173 177 280 64 59 61 97 

KENTUCKY -Jefferson _________ 494 471 483 706 450 432 442 657 44 39 41 49 

MARYLAND Baltimore ___________________ 211 191 197 507 186 180 183 470 25 11 15 37 Montgomery _________________ 221 212 217 586 221 212 217 586 - - - - Prince Georges ______________ 371 367 370 B82 371 367 370 882 - - - - MASSACHUSETTS Essex ______________________ 

Middlesex ___________________ 183 164 170 332 183 164 170 332 - - - - Norfolk _____________________ 433 433 433 1 000 433 433 433 1 000 - - - - 145 134 140 349 145 134 140 349 - - - - Worcester ___________________ 264 247 259 616 264 247 259 616 - - - - MICHIGAN Macomb ____________________ 320 298 308 725 282 260 270 642 38 38 38 83 Oakland ____________________ Wayne 574 524 547 1 277 473 428 448 1 015 101 96 98 262 ______________________ 985 972 978 2165 902 889 895 1 987 83 83 83 178 

MINNESOTA-Hennepin ________ 924 897 910 2087 661 639 650 1 387 263 258 260 700 

MISSOURI Jackson ____________________ 446 446 446 775 400 400 400 685 46 46 46 90 SI. Louis ____________________ 698 694 695 1 537 349 347 348 768 349 347 348 768 

NEVADA-Clark ________________ 618 578 596 1 641 575 535 553 1 506 43 43 43 135 

NEW JERSEY Bergen _____________________ 520 515 517 1 115 354 352 353 790 166 163 164 326 Essex ______________________ 

Hudson 1 179 1 179 1 179 3380 813 813 813 2263 366 366 366 1 117 _____________________ 559 559 559 1 020 310 310 310 614 249 249 249 406 Middlesex ___________________ 633 633 633 1 444 368 368 368 920 265 265 265 525 Monmouth __________________ Unlon 538 534 537 1 162 313 310 312 752 225 224 224 409 _______________________ 425 422 423 1 092 224 221 222 644 201 201 201 448 

NEW Erie YORK ________________________ 

Monroe 708 668 6~6 1 635 572 540 556 1 316 136 128 130 319 _____________________ 491 466 4 6 1 176 308 287 295 730 183 179 181 445 Nassau _____________________ 1 401 1 321 1 353 4594 897 881 888 3 196 504 440 465 1 398 Suffolk ______________________ 937 937 937 2722 529 529 529 1 544 408 408 408 1 178 Westchester _________________ 948 948 948 3226 764 764 764 2796 184 184 184 430 

OHIO Cuyahoga ___________________ 1 024 1 024 1 024 1 762 804 804 804 1 371 220 220 220 391 Franklin _____________________ 

Hamilton 613 610 611 1 354 501 499 500 1 096 112 111 111 258 ____________________ 975 885 922 1 644 706 680 700 1 204 269 205 222 440 Montgomery _________________ Summit 378 354 366 799 267 246 256 570 111 108 110 229 _____________________ 366 366 366 628 263 263 263 458 103 103 103 170 

OKLAHOMA-Oklahoma ________ 164 139 152 229 123 99 112 157 41 40 40 73 

OREGON-Multnomah __________ 675 613 644 1 458 586 526 556 1 262 89 87 88 197 

PENNSYLVANIA Allegheny ___________________ 666 651 659 1 234 438 426 432 790 228 225 227 444 Delaware ___________________ 290 279 287 560 242 238 240 490 48 43 47 70 Montgomery _________________ 395 382 389 716 293 282 289 554 102 100 101 162 

See footnotes at end of table. 

138 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 
Table 51. Detail of corrections employment and payrolls of 72 large county governments, 

October 1988-Con. 

[Payroll amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections activities Institutions Probation and parole 

County' Employment Employment Employment 

Total Full·tlme Full·time October Total Full·time Full·time 'October Total Full·time Full·lime October 

employees employees equivalent payrolls employees employees equivalent payrolls employees employees equivalent payrolls 

TENNESSEE-Shelby __________ 836 830 833 1 210 775 769 772 1 109 61 61 61 101 

TEXAS Bexar _______________________ 943 942 942 1 568 655 655 655 1 033 288 287 287 534 Dallas ______________________ 1 674 1 564 1 624 2975 1 208 1 117 1 157 1 999 466 447 464 975 EI Paso _____________________ 

Harris 442 380 422 598 288 249 275 366 154 131 147 232 _______________________ 1 849 1 849 1 849 4108 1 190 1 190 1 190 2613 659 659 659 1 495 Tarrant _____________________ 739 719 726 1 434 517 501 506 913 222 218 220 521 

UTAH-Salt Lake _______________ 151 151 151 262 151 151 151 262 - - - - VIRGINIA-Fairfax ______________ 422 400 411 1 145 351 330 341 981 71 70 70 164 

WASHINGTON King ________________________ 750 632 717 1 893 522 434 508 1 347 228 198 209 546 Pierce ______________________ 269 245 261 669 190 169 183 492 79 76 78 177 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ 590 587 588 1 322 506 503 504 1 134 84 84 84 188 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each county government shown; see text for details. 

CORRECTIONS 139 
Table 52. Corrections expenditure of 49 large city governments by character and object, 

fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure Intergovermental expenditure 

City' Capital outlay 

To State To local 

Total __________________ _ 

ARIZONA Phoenix _____________________ _ Tucson ______________________ _ 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________ _ 

Los Angeles _________________ _ Oakland _____________________ _ San Diego ___________________ _ 

San Francisco _______________ _ San Jose ____________________ _ 

COLORADO-Denver ___________ _ 

DISTRICT Washington OF COLUMBIA-

___________________ _ 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________ _ Miami _______________________ _ 

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________ _ 

HAWAII-Honolulu ______________ _ 

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________ _ 

INDIANA-Indianapolis __________ _ 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________ _ 

New Orleans ________________ _ 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________ _ 

MASSACHUSETTS-Boston _____ _ 

MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________ _ 

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______ _ 

MISSOURI Kansas ______________________ _ 

SI. Louis ____________________ _ 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________ _ 

NEW JERSEY -Newark _________ _ 

NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____ _ 

NEW YORK Buffalo ______________________ _ 

New York City _______________ _ 

NORTH CAROLINA-Chariotte ___ _ 

OHIO Cincinnati ___________________ _ Cleveland ___________________ _ Columbus ___________________ _ Toledo ______________________ _ 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________ _ Tulsa _______________________ _ 

OREGON-Portland _____________ _ 

PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________ _ Pittsburgh ___________________ _ 

TENNESSEE Memphis ____________________ _ Nashville ____________________ _ 

TEXAS Austin _______________________ _ Dallas _______________________ _ 

EI Paso _____________________ _ 

Fort Worth __________________ _ Houston _____________________ _ 

San Antonio _________________ _ 

WASHINGTON-Seattle _________ _ 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ _ 

Total 

1 590 701 

2411 

2086 

3730 

1 770 3693 

50095 

22630 

240 097 

17280 

9 139 

13387 

13675 

25077 

33087 

19 142 

875 

1 679 

2682 

13529 

135 

10932 

924 295 

284 9 161 5990 

4759 

1 071 

85 

125 029 

17 209 

3618 

235 

848 

613 3 143 

6230 

Total Direct current 

1 411 889 

137 

3730 

3693 

50095 

22630 

240 097 

17280 

9 139 

11 275 

13675 

25077 

33087 

19 142 

29 

2682 

13529 

10932 

778 777 

6893 

559 2962 

1 071 

85 

125 029 

17209 

848 

613 

691 

923 

198 337 

134 

3720 

3693 

49598 

22197 

222 026 

17265 

8378 

10938 

8587 

18604 

26351 

18341 

2644 

13516 

10846 

610 695 

4025 

559 2952 

1 071 

85 

123 552 

15486 

848 

613 

691 

922 

Total 

213 552 

3 

10 

497 

433 

18071 

15 

761 

337 

5 088 6473 

6736 

801 

29 

38 

13 

86 

168 082 

2868 

10 

1 477 

1 723 

Equipment Construction 

40920 

3 

10 

497 

433 

351 

160 

72 

465 

36 

189 

150 

38 

13 

86 

37574 

19 

7 

471 

345 

172 498 

17720 

15 

601 

265 

4623 

6332 

6547 

651 

130 508 

2849 

3 

1 006 

1 378 

'Data are based on a field compilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

140 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Land 

134 

105 

29 

Total governments governments 

178 812 

2411 

1 949 

1 770 

2112 

875 

1 650 

135 

145518 

284 2268 

5431 

1 797 

3618 

235 

2452 

5307 

147630 

2 112 

145518 

31 182 

2411 

1 949 

1 770 

875 

1 650 

135 

284 2268 

5431 

1 797 

3618 

235 

2452 

5307 
Table 53. Detail of corrections direct current expenditure (fiscal year 1988) and employment 

and payrolls (October 1988) of 49 large city governments 

[Dollar amounts in thousands. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Total corrections Institutions Probation and parole 

Employment Employment Employment 

City' Direct Full- Full- Direct Full- Full- Direct Full- Fullcurrent Total time time current Total time time current Total time time 

expend- em- em- equiv- October expend- em- em- equiv- October expend- em- em- equiv- October 

iture ployess ployees alent payrolls iture ployees ployees alent payrolls Iture ployees ployees alent payrolls 

Total __________________ 1 198 337 27 521 27 331 27426 79231 1 099 053 24052 23890 23973 71 511 99284 3469 3441 3453 7721 

ARIZONA Phoenix _____________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tucson _____________________ 134 7 6 7 15 - - - - - 134 7 6 7 15 

CALIFORNIA Long Beach _________________ 3720 67 67 67 180 3720 67 67 67 180 - - - - - Los Angeles _________________ Oakland ____________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3693 63 63 63 180 3693 63 63 63 180 - - - - - San Diego __________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - San Francisco _______________ 49598 863 844 857 2276 38970 G33 614 627 1 878 10628 230 230 230 400 San Jose ___________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - COLORADO-Denver ___________ 22197 503 480 488 1 134 19 lOB 426 422 424 1 002 30B9 77 58 64 132 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Washington ___________________ 222 026 4272 4218 4245 10379 210 126 3 B46 3790 3819 9334 11 900 426 426 426 1 045 

FLORIDA Jacksonville _________________ 

MiamL 17265 479 479 479 1 210 17265 479 479 479 1 210 - - - - - ______________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

GEORGIA-Atlanta _____________ 8378 291 291 291 592 8378 291 291 291 592 - - - - - HAWAII-Honolulu ______________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ILLINOIS-Chicago _____________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - INDIANA-Indianapolis __________ 10 938 474 469 472 825 7493 327 323 325 560 3445 147 146 147 266 

LOUISIANA Baton Rouge ________________ 8587 322 318 317 476 7250 265 260 261 381 1 337 57 56 56 95 New Orleans ________________ 18604 902 901 901 1 276 18408 893 892 892 1 262 196 9 9 9 14 

MARYLAND-Baltimore _________ 26351 732 732 732 1 814 26351 732 732 732 1 814 - - - - - MASSACHUSETTS - Boston _____ 18341 456 456 456 1 000 18341 456 456 456 1 000 - - - - - MICHIGAN-Detroit _____________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MINNESOTA-Minneapolis ______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MISSOURI Kansas _____________________ 2644 79 78 78 151 2273 68 67 67 129 371 11 11 11 22 SI. Louis ____________________ 13516 507 507 507 817 13096 502 502 502 806 420 5 5 5 11 

NEBRASKA-Omaha ___________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NEW JERSEY -Newark _________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - NEW MEXICO-Albuquerque ____ 10 846 316 316 316 620 10846 316 316 316 620 - - - - - NEW YORK Buffalo ______________________ 

New - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - York City _______________ 610 695 13649 13598 13625 47237 566 115 11 980 11 929 11 956 43388 44580 1 669 1 669 1 669 3849 

NORTH CAROLINA-Charlotte __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - OHIO Cincinnati ___________________ Cleveland ___________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4025 152 137 143 292 2571 92 77 83 170 1 454 60 60 60 122 Columbus ___________________ 559 22 22 22 47 - - - - - 559 22 22 22 47 Toledo ______________________ 2952 65 65 65 186 2084 49 49 49 140 868 16 16 16 46 

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City _______________ 1 071 39 38 39 65 896 32 32 32 53 175 7 6 7 12 Tulsa _______________________ 85 3 3 3 6 - - - - - 85 3 3 3 6 

OREGON-Portland ____________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia _________________ 123 552 2647 2641 2644 7256 105 628 2 000 1 994 1 997 5789 17 924 647 647 647 1 466 Pittsburgh ___________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TENNESSEE 

~::tfvm~=========:=======:=: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15486 513 513 513 995 14289 468 468 468 893 1 197 45 45 45 102 

TEXAS Austin ______________________ 

Dallas ______________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - EI Paso _____________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fort Worth __________________ Houston ____________________ 848 10 10 10 26 848 10 10 10 26 - - - - - San Antonio _________________ 613 27 27 27 47 613 27 27 27 47 - - - - - 691 30 30 30 58 691 30 30 30 58 - - - - - WASHINGTON-Seattle _________ 922 31 26 29 73 - - - - - 922 31 26 29 73 

WISCONSIN-Milwaukee ________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

'Data are based on a field r.ompilation from records of each city government shown; see text for details. 

CORRECTIONS 141 
Table 54. Other justice expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding, delail may nol add 10 lotals, For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direcl expenditure 

Slale and type of governmenl' 

Total' Total Direct current 

383 452 383 452 367 322 360 872 252 663 242 931 

States·local, lolal. •••• ____ ._._. Slates • _____ ._._. ___ • ___ ._._ 

130 955 130789 124 391 

91 492 90087 84 140 

Local, lolal ••• _____________ _ Countles ___ • ____________ _ 

Municipalities ___________ _ 40 991 40702 40 251 

Alabama _. __ • ______ ._. ______ •• __ • ____ _ 4 314 4314 3070 State _. ___ • ______ •• ________________ _ 5946 3211 2949 

Local, total ______ ._. _____________ • __ _ 1 103 1 103 121 963 963 140 140 121 Cou~t!es ,-,-•• -------•• -------.---- MuniCipalities _______________ • ____ _ 

Alaska ____ •• ________ • ______________ • __ 

Slate ______________________________ _ Local, total _________________________ _ 

Boro,u~hs,-,------------------------ MuniCipalities ____________________ _ 

Arizona ______________________________ _ 1 240 1 240 1 216 Slale ______________________________ _ 979 979 957 261 261 259 261 261 259 

Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

Munlcipalilies Cou~~es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Arkal'\:J8s _____________________________ _ 4813 4 813 4627 Slale ______________________________ _ 5076 4813 4627 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 

4 

1 Munlcipalilies Cou~l!es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

California ____________________________ _ 70950 70950 69017 Slale ______________________________ _ 98588 56857 55639 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 14093 14093 13378 9054 9031 8322 5145 5062 5055 Cou~l!es Munlcipalilies ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Colorado _____________________________ _ 1 474 1 474 1 464 Slale ______________________________ _ 810 671 671 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 803 803 793 347 347 336 457 457 457 Cou~l!es MUniCipalities ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Connectlcul __________________________ _ 2929 2929 2928 Slale ______________________________ _ 4644 2927 2926 Local, 10Ial _________________________ _ 2 2 2 Municipalities ____________________ _ 2 2 2 

Delaware _____________________________ _ 2054 2054 2 013 Slale ______________________________ _ 1 495 1 495 1 454 Local,lolal _________________________ _ 559 559 559 

Cou~l!es Munlcipalilies ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 559 559 559 

Dlslrlcl of Columbia _________ ~ ________ _ 2240 2240 1 971 Local, 10Ial _________________________ _ 2240 2240 1 971 Municipality ______________________ _ 2240 2240 1 971 

Florida _______________________________ _ 38307 38307 35 SB6 Slale ____________ " _________________ _ 25409 25409 22649 Local, tolal _________________________ _ 12898 12898 12737 12738 12 738 12577 160 160 160 Cou~l!es Munlcipalilies ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

8646 8646 8368 6984 6984 6941 

Georgia ______________________________ _ Slale ______________________________ _ 

Local, 10Ial _________________________ _ Counties 1 662 1 662 1 427 ________________________ _ 1 654 1 654 1 419 Municipalities ____________________ _ 8 8 8 

flawall _______________________________ _ Slale 3316 3316 3 313 ______________________________ _ 1 689 1 689 1 686 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 1 627 1 627 1 627 

Cou~l!es MUnlclpalilles ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 1 627 1 627 1 627 

Idaho ________________________________ _ 455 455 431 Slale ______________________________ _ 451 451 427 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 4 4 4 Cou~l!es ,-,-----., ._._._ ••• _. ___ •• 4 4 4 MUnlClpalilles _._ ••• ___ .. _________ ._ 

illinois •• ____ • ________ • ____ • _____ ._. __ _ 13742 13742 13 483 Slale ____ •• _______ • ____ • ___________ _ 7096 7096 6845 Local, lolal __ • _____ • ________________ _ 6650 6646 6638 6643 6 643 6635 39 3 3 MUnlclpalilles Cou~l!es ,-,------------------------ ____________________ _ 

Indiana ______________________________ _ Slale 2382 2382 2377 ______________________________ _ 5020 1 573 1 573 Local, lolal _________________________ _ 809 809 804 Counties ____________ .. ___________ _ 625 625 623 Municipalities ____________________ _ 183 183 181 

See foolnoles al end of lable, 

142 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

16 130 9732 

6398 

5947 

451 

1 244 

262 

982 

963 

19 

24 

22 

2 

2 

186 

186 

1 933 1 218 

715 

708 7 

10 

10 

10 

41 

41 

269 

269 

269 

2921 

2760 

161 

161 

278 

43 

235 

235 

3 

3 

24 

24 

258 

251 7 

7 

4 

4 

2 

2 

Inlergovernmental expenditure 

Tolal 

108 209 

166 1 404 

289 

2735 

263 

4 

1 

41 731 

23 

83 

139 

1 717 

4 

1 

35 

3447 

To Slale 

governmenls 

166 

130 

36 

4 

1 

3 

To local 

governments 

108 209 

1 275 

253 

2735 

263 

4 

1 

41 731 

23 

83 

139 

1 717 

32 

3447 
Table 54. Other justice expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars, Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals, For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of governmentl 

Total' Total Direct current 

Iowa __________________________________ 234 234 231 State _______________________________ 605 99 96 Local, total __________________________ 135 135 135 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 43 37 37 MUniCipalities _____________________ 151 98 98 

KanS!.ls --------------------. ~------ --- 1 323 1 323 1 145 State _______________________________ 1 103 793 791 Local, totaL _________________________ 530 530 354 

Counties 538 530 354 

Municipalities-:::::::::=:~::::::::: 27 

Kentucky _____________________________ 3 870 3 870 3 722 State _______________________________ 5 476 3 659 3 512 Local, total __________________________ 211 211 210 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 211 211 210 MUniCipalities _____________________ 

Louisiana 2 534 2 534 2 506 State __ :::::::::::::::::::::::::=::: 4 878 1 506 1 478 Local, total __________________________ 1 028 1 028 1 028 

Parishes 

Municlpallties:::=::::::::::::::::: 1 028 1 028 1 028 

Maine _________________________________ 870 870 864 State ____________________________ .. __ 848 678 675 Local, total __________________________ 192 192 189 Cou~t!es ,_, __ c ____________ .. ________ 52 52 52 MUnlclpalltJes ______ .. __ .. ___ ........ ____ 140 140 137 

Maryland .. ____________ ...... __ .. ________ .... _ 8 736 8 736 7 925 State _ .. _ .... _ .. _________ .. _ .... ___________ 6 678 6 678 5 871 Local, total __________________________ 2 058 2 058 2 054 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 1 239 1 239 1 239 MunlclpalltJes _____________________ 819 819 815 

Massachusetts ________________________ 8 230 8 230 8 115 State _______________________________ 11 793 8 228 8 113 Local, total __________________________ 2 2 2 Counties _________________________ 

Municipalities _____________________ 2 2 2 

Michigan ______________________________ 1 746 1 746 1 722 State _______________________________ 6 271 Local, total __________________________ 1 746 1 746 1 722 

Counties 1 465 1 465 1 441 Municipalities-::::::::::::::::::::: 280 280 280 

Mlnnesota _____________________________ 893 893 866 State ______________________ .. _____ .. __ 2 975 725 724 Local, total __________________________ 174 168 142 

Counties 168 168 142 Municipalitles-::::::::::::::::::::: G 

Mississippi ______ .. _____________________ 415 415 385 State _______________________________ 272 272 272 

L°'ir~u~l:~-::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 143 113 18 18 18 Municipalities ___________________ .. _ 125 125 96 

Missouri 1 369 1 369 1 274 

State _::::::::::::::::::=========:== 853 853 758 Local, total __________________________ 516 516 516 Counties _________________________ 117 117 117 Municipalities _____________________ 399 399 399 

Montana ______________________________ State 2 989 2 989 2 944 _______________________________ 2 954 2 954 2 909 Local, total __________________________ 35 35 35 Cou~t!es ,_, ________________________ 35 35 35 MUniCipalities _____________________ 

Nebraska 1 037 1 037 1 023 State __ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 944 399 386 Local, total __________________________ 638 638 637 

Counties 

Municlpalitles-::::::::::=:::::::::: 638 638 637 

Nevada 

State ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 44 44 

Local, total __________________________ 44 44 44 Counties 

Munlcipalities-::::::::::::::::::::: 44 44 44 

New Hampshire State ----------------------- 49 49 49 _______________________________ Local, total __________________________ 49 49 49 Counties _________________________ 49 49 49 Municipalities ___________________ .. _ 

New Jersey ___________________________ 1 949 1 949 1 926 State _______________________________ 6 176 1 093 1 070 Local, total __________________________ 856 856 856 

Counties 828 828 828 Munlclpalitles-::::::::::::::::::::= 28 28 28 

See footnotes at end of table, 

Capital outlay 

3 

3 

178 2 176 

176 

148 

147 1 

1 

28 

28 

6 

3 

3 

3 

811 

807 4 

4 

115 

115 

24 

24 

24 

28 

1 

27 

27 

30 

30 

30 

95 

95 

45 

45 

14 

13 

1 

1 

23 

23 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

506 

6 

58 

310 

8 

27 

817 

3372 

170 

3565 

6271 

2250 6 

6 

545 

5083 

To State 

governments 

6 

6 

To localgovernments 

506 

6 

53 

310 

8 

27 

817 

3372 

170 

3565 

6271 

2250 

545 

5083 

OTHER JUSTICE 143 
Table 54. Other justice expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text] 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total2 Total Direct current 

New Mexlco __________________________ _ 1 075 1 075 1 057 State ______________________________ _ 916 916 914 

159 159 143 1 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 159 159 143 

New York ____________________________ _ 84340 84340 81 945 State ___________ .• __________________ _ 56150 56 150 53863 28191 28 190 28082 4550 4532 4436 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties _________ . ______________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 23658 23658 23646 

North Carolina _______________________ _ 13555 13 555 13029 State ______________________________ _ 16689 12965 12497 

590 590 532 590 590 532 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

North Dakota _________________________ _ 16 16 16 State ______________________________ _ 

16 16 16 16 16 16 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Ohio _________________________________ _ 3925 3925 3920 State ______________________________ _ 4740 1 929 1 929 1 996 1 996 1 991 1 965 1 965 1 959 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 51 31 31 

Oklahoma ____________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Oregon ______________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 8909 8909 8572 800 800 774 Local, total _________________________ _ 8 196 8 109 7798 Counties ________________________ _ 9370 8085 7773 Municipalities ____________________ _ 24 24 24 

Pennsylvania _________________________ _ State ______________________________ _ 7030 7030 6765 8090 4882 4697 Local, total _________________________ _ Counties ________________________ _ 2148 2148 2068 1 837 1 837 1 814 Municipalities ____________________ _ 311 311 253 

Rhode Island _________________________ _ State 226 226 198 ______________________________ _ 1 050 226 198 

Local, MuniCipalities t?~al-.-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 

South Carolina _______________________ _ State 4 195 4 195 4053 ______________________________ _ 3815 3815 3675 Local, total _________________________ _ 380 380 378 

MuniCipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 360 360 358 19 19 19 

South Dakota ________________________ _ State 7 7 7 ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 7 7 7 Counties ________________________ _ 7 7 7 Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Tennessee ___________________________ _ State 517 517 516 ______________________________ _ 

Local, total _________________________ _ 519 517 516 Counties ________________________ _ 423 422 421 Municipalities ____________________ _ 95 95 95 

Texas ________________________________ _ State 47695 47695 44523 ______________________________ _ 34669 13693 13633 Local, total _________________________ _ 34043 34002 30890 

MUnicipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 32855 32800 29690 1 238 1 202 1 200 

Utah _________________________________ _ Staie 2365 2365 2365 ______________________________ _ 2358 2358 2358 Local, total _________________________ _ 7 7 7 Counties _______________________ __ 7 7 7 Municipalities ___________________ __ 

Vermont _____________________________ _ 554 554 507 State ______________________________ _ 554 554 507 Local, total ________________________ __ Counties ________________________ _ 

Municipalities ____________________ _ 

Vlr~\~\: =============================== 8454 8454 8 136 6861 5650 5381 Local, total _________________________ _ 2804 2804 2755 

MUnicipalities Cou~t!es .-.------------------------ ____________________ _ 1 189 1 187 1 166 1 617 1 617 1 589 

See footnotes at end of table. 

144 1988 JUSTICE EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Capital outlay 

18 

2 

16 

16 

2396 

2287 

109 

96 

12 

526 

468 

58 

58 

5 

5 

5 

337 

26 

311 

311 

266 

185 

81 

23 

58 

28 

28 

142 

140 2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 172 

60 3 112 3 110 2 

47 

47 

318 

269 

49 

21 

28 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

1 

18 

3724 

2811 

20 

87 

285 

3208 

824 

20976 41 

55 

36 

1 211 

2 

To State 

governments 

87 

87 

41 

41 

To local 

governments 

18 

3724 

2811 

20 

199 

3208 

824 

20976 

14 

36 

1 211 

2 
Table 54. Other justice expenditure by character and object, by State and type of 

government, fiscal year 1988-Con. 

[Thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. For meaning of symbols, see text) 

Direct expenditure 

State and type of government' 

Total' Total Direct current 

Washington ___________________________ State 708 708 707 _______________________________ 158 158 158 Local, total __________________________ 550 550 549 Cou~t!es ._. ____ " ___________________ 425 425 425 Munlclpallttes _____________________ 124 124 124 

West Vlrglnla __________________________ State 642 642 642 _______________________________ 642 642 642 Local, total __________________________ 27 Counties _________________________ Municipalities _____________________ 27 

Wlsconsln _____________________________ 2 592 2 592 2 588 State _______________________________ 3 673 2 388 2 385 Local, total __________________________ 204 204 203 Counties _________________________ 149 149 149 Municipalities _____________________ 55 55 55 

Wyoming _____________________________ State 3 496 3 496 3 372 _______________________________ 3 694 3 445 3 321 Local, total __________________________ 51 51 51 Cou~t!es ._. ________________________ 51 51 51 MUniCipalities _____________________ 

Capital outlay 

3 

3 

124 

124 

Intergovernmental expenditure 

Total 

27 

27 

285 

249 

To State 

governments 

27 

27 

To local 

governments 

285 

249 

'Data for municipalities, and the local government totals that Include municipal data, are estimates subject to sampling variability; data for counties (boroughs, parishes) are based on a canvass of all county governments and therefore are not subject to sampling variability; see text for details. 

'For each State and the United States summary, the expenditure figures shown on the "Local, total" lines and the combined State·local total lines opposite each State's name exclude 

duplicative intergovernment~.' transactions. Thus, the "Local, total" lines include Intergovernmental payments only to the State government and the combined State·local total lines exclude all 

intergovernmental payments. See text for details. 

OTHER JUSTICE 145 
Appendix 1 

Definitions of Terms 

The following is a glossary of 

terms and concepts used in this 

report and comments regarding their 

limitations. 

The definitions are those applied 

in the field compilation of data for 

the 50 States, 72 largest counties, 

and 49 largest cities. These definitions were necessarily summarized 

for inclusion in the survey questionnaires (see appendix 2) sent to 

governments in the mail portion of 

the survey. 

These terms are grouped into 

four categories: 

• governmental units and types of 

governments 

• governmental expenditure 

• governmental employment 

• governmental functions 

Government units and types of 

government 

A government is an organized entity 

whose governmental character is 

evidenced by popular election of 

the officials or their appointment by 

public officials, a high degree of 

public accountability, and the power 

to raise revenue to provide authorized services. In addition, a governmental unit must have sufficient 

discretion in the management of its 

own affairs to distinguish it from the 

administrative structure of any other 

governmental unit. 

Federal Government. The term 

Federal, as used in this report, encompasses all activities of the United 

States Govemment other than employment of the Armed Forces. District 

of Columbia data are excluded from 

this category and included with data 

for municipalities. 

State governments. This category refers to the governments of 

the 50 States that constitute the 

United States. 

Local governments. The Bureau 

of the Census classifies local governments by five major types: county, 

municipal, township, independent school 

district, and special district. 

Counties. Organized county governments are found throughout the 

Nation except in Connecticut, the 

District of Columbia, Rhode Island, 

and limited portions of a few other 

States. These governments are legally 

designated as "boroughs" in Alaska 

and "parishes" in Louisiana. Excluded 

from county government statistics 

and included with municipalities or 

townships are certain local governments that combine area and governmental characteristics of both 

counties and municipalities or townships. (See the introduction section, independent cities and consolidated city-county governments.) 

Municipalities and townships. As 

used in this report, "municipalities" 

includes two of the Census Bureau's 

separate classes of local governments-"municipalities" and "townships." A municipality is a political 

subdivision within which a municipal corporation has been established to provide general local government services foraspecific population 

concentration in a defined area. A 

municipality may be legally termed 

a city, village, borough (except in 

Alasl<a), or town (except in the New 

England States, Minnesota, New 

York, and Wisconsin). Included in 

this category are certain cities that 

are completely or substantially consolidated with their county governments, operate outside the geographic limits of any county, or for 

other reasons have no organized 

county government operatIons within 

their boundaries. (See the introduction section, independent cities and 

consolidated city-county governments.) 

Townships, CIS distinguished from 

municipalities, are created to serve 

inhabitants of areas defined without regard to population concentration. This classification is applied to 

local governments in 20 States, 

including governmen.t. units officially 

designated as "towns" in the 6 

New England States, New York, 

and Wisconsin; some "plantations" 

in Maine; and some "locations" in 

New Hampshire. In Minnesota the 

terms "town" and "township" are 

used interchangeably. In this report, 

data for townships are included ullder 

the "municipalities" category. 

Independent school districts. These 

governments are organized local 

entities providing public elementary, 

secondary, and/or higher education, which, under State law, have 

sufficient administration and fiscal 

autonomy to qualify as separate 

governments. Excluded are dependent public school systems of county, 

municipal, township, or State governments. Justice data are not collected for these districts because 

these governments generally pel'" 

form no justice functions. However, 

data for these governments are included 

in the denominator when justice 

expenditure is presented as a percentage of all government expenditure to allow comparisons across 

States and governments that make 

varying use of these districts. (See 

the survey methodology section.) 

Special districts. These are organized local entities (other than counties, municipalities, townships, and 

school districts) authorized by State 

law to provide a limited number of 

designated functions and with sufficient autonomy to qualify as separate governments. They are known 

by a variety of names, including 

districts, authorities, boards, and commissions. Justice data are not collected for these districts because 

these governments generally perform few justice functions and then 

Definitions of Terms 147 
only as an adjunct to their primary 

purpose (for example, policing airports or parks). However, data for 

these governments are included in 

the denominator when justice expenditure is presented as a percentage 

of all government expenditure to 

allow comparisons across States 

and governments that make varying use of these districts. (See the 

surJey methodology section.) 

Governmental expenditure 

Expenditure is all amounts of money 

paid out (net of recoveries and any 

correcting transactions) other than 

for retirement of debt (including interest), investment in securities, extensions of loans, or agency transactions. It includes only external cash 

payments and excludes any intragovernmental transfers and noncash 

transactions, such as the provision 

of meals or housing of employees. 

It also includes any payments financed 

from borrowing, fund balances, intergovernmental revenue, and other 

current revenue (but see the variable pass-through d&ta section below 

on computation of variable passthrough data for table 1). In several 

instances, two or more governments 

share the expense of maintaining a 

court or a justice agency. In these 

cases, the allowable direct expenditure amount is reported for each 

government in the appropriate category. 

When a government pays pensions directly to retired employees 

from appropriated funds, such payments are excluded from expenditure of the government concerned. 

Also, State and local government 

contributions to retirement systems 

they operate are not included in 

expenditure data because many governments make lump-sum contributions to plans covering all government employees and cannot report 

148 Definitions of Term$ 

separately for justice employees. 

Neither in govemments' basic accounting records (from which criminal 

justice expenditure figures are drawn) 

nor in the records of their generalcoverage employee benefit systems 

is there usually any breakdown of 

amounts contributed in terms of the 

various agencies or functions involved. 

Nor has an adequate procedure for 

calculating the proportion of such 

contributions allocable to justice employees been developed because of 

the wide variation in the coverage 

of various plans, employee status 

requirements, benefit rates, and so 

forth. 

For those governments whose 

records reflect contributions of justice employees separately, separate data were obtained. However, 

these data are subject to the same 

variation referred to above, and neither the amount nor the quality of 

the data reported would permit any 

attempt to estimate total contribu" 

tions for all similar governments in 

a given State. Given the problems 

involved, no estimation procedure 

seems feasible. Such data as were 

reported separately were therefore 

excluded from total criminal justice 

expenditures to provide a consistent data base for administering the 

"variable pass-through" requirement, 

as described below. 

Expenditure is divided into major 

categories by character and object 

as follows. 

Direct expenditure is all expenditure except that classed as intergovernmental and is further divided 

into two categories: 

• direct current, which includes 

salaries, wages, fees, commissions, and the purchase of supplies, materials, and contractural 

services; and 

• capital outlay, which includes 

expenditure for the three object 

categories of construction, equipment, and purchase of land and 

existing structures. 

Data for the three capital outlay 

object categories are presented separately in this report: 

Construction. Production of fixed 

works and structures as well as 

additions, replacements, and major 

alterations thereto undertaken either 

on a contract basis by private contractors or through force account 

construction by the employees of 

the government. Included are the 

planning and designing of specific 

projects; grading, landscaping, and 

other site improvement; and providing equipment and facifities that are 

integral parts of the structure. 

EqUipment. Purchase and installation of apparatus, furnishing, office 

equipment, motor vehicles, and the 

like having an expected life of more 

than 5 years. This includes both 

additional equipment and replacements. Rentals for equipment, including rental payments that may be 

credited on the purchase price if 

purchase options are exercised, are 

classified as direct current expenditure. Equipment and facilities that 

are integral parts of constructed 

structures are classified under construction. 

Purchase of land and existing 

structures. Purchase of these assets 

as such, purchase of rights-of-way, 

and title search and similar activities associated with purchase transactions. 

Expenditure for interest on general debt, assistance and subsidies, and insurance benefits are 

not applied to specific functions 

because they are not ordinarily available on a functional basis from 
government financial reports. In instances where bonded or mortgaged 

general indebtedness is identified 

for specific purposes, the interest 

payments are aggregated with other 

interest expenditures, which makes 

reliable and consistent breakouts 

of such data over a long period of 

time impossible. 

Intergovernmental expenditure comprises payments from one government to another, including grantsin-aid, shared revenues, fiscal assistance, 

and amounts for services performed 

by one government for another on 

a reimbursable or cost-sharing basis 

(for example, payments by one government to another for boarding 

prisoners). It excludes amounts paid 

to oth,gr governments for purchase 

of commodities, property, or utility 

services; any tax imposed and paid 

as such; and employer contributions for social insurance. 

Total expenditure is direct and 

intergovernmental expenditure of a 

government or type of government 

for justice activities. In the expenditure tables, certain totals have been 

adjusted to exclude duplicative intergovernmental expenditure amounts. 

For example, money paid by a State 

government to a county government within that State is reported 

by the State government as an 

intergovernmental expenditure and 

by the county government as a 

direct expenditure when the money 

is spent (for saJaries, wages, equipment, and so forth). Therefore, to 

arrive at a combined State-local 

government total that does not dupli .. 

cate these transactions, intergovernmental expenditure amounts are 

deducted from the State-local total 

because those amounts also are 

reflected in the direct expenditure 

of the recipient government. The 

same treatment is used for intergovernmental payments between counties and municipalities within the 

same State when computing local 

totals. Totals reported for "all govemments" also are adjusted to exclude 

duplicative intergovernmental expenditure involving the Federal Government. 

The columns labeled "total expenditure" in tables 4, 11, and 16 and 

those labeled "total direct expenditure" in tables 5, 12, and 17 present 

data for all government functions, 

including justice and nonjustice activities. The comparable tables for the 

1971-79 reports limited these columns to "general expenditure," which 

excluded utility system expenditure, 

liquor store expenditure, and insurance trust expenditure. The change 

to the all-inclusive "total expenditure" category was made in 1982 to 

allow comparison of justice expenditure with all government spending. Comparable data for all years 

can be found in annnual Census 

Bureau Govemmental Rnances reports, 

series GF, no. 5. 

Variahie pass-through data. Ta.':lle 

1 data were developed to comply 

with the Omnibus Crime Control 

and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Public Law 90-351), as amended, which 

requires that the block grants made 

by the Bureau of Justice Assistance (and formerly by the Law 

Enforcement Assistance Administration) to each State be allocated 

between the State and local governments according to the ratio of 

State-to-Iocal criminal justice expenditure. The legislative history of this 

act indicates that these expenditures are to be 11 Jm the government's own-sources expenditures. 

Own-sources expenditure excludes 

from total expenditure any amounts 

expended from revenue from other 

governments. For example, expenditure from sales or property tax 

revenue is included, but excluded 

are amounts expended from intergovernmental revenue, such as Federal grant monies or revenue from 

other governments as payments for 

services rendered, such as boarding another government's prisoners. 

In practice, expenditure from own 

sources for all local governments in 

a State is computed by deducting 

the following items from total criminal justice expenditure of local governments: revenue received directly 

from the Federal Government for 

criminal justice purposes, State payments to local governments for criminal justice purposes, and total payments from local governments to 

other local governments for criminal justice purposes. The same procedure was followed to arrive at 

State government expenditure from 

own revenue sources. Criminal justice revenue received directly from 

the Federal Government and local 

criminal justice payments to the State 

government were deducted from 

the total State expenditure for criminal justice. This procedure assumes 

that all intergovernmental payments 

received by a government will be 

expended during the same fiscal 

year they were received. While this 

may not be the case in a particular 

year, any discrepancy will cancel 

out over timfl. 

Governmental employment 

Employment and employees, as 

used in this report, refer to all persons gainfully employed by and performing services for a government. 

Employees include all persons paid 

for personal services performed, 

including persons paid from federally funded programs, paid elected 

Definitions of Terms 149 
officials, persons in a paid-leave 

status, and persons paid on a "per 

meeting," annual, semiannual, or 

quarterly basis. Unpaid officials, pensioners, persons whose work is performed on a fee basis, and contractors and their employees are excluded 

from the count of employees. Under 

this definition are two classes: 

Full-time employees include those 

persons whose hours of work represent full-time employment in their 

employer government during the 

pay period including October 12 of 

the year specified in the table. Generally, it includes full-time temporary or seasonal workers employed 

during that pay period. 

Part-time employees are those 

persons who work less than the 

standard number of hours for fulltime work in their employer government during the pay period including October 12 of the year specified 

in the table and persons paid by 

more than one government. 

Full-time equivalent employment 

is a statistical measure that estimates the number of full-time employees that could have been employed 

if the reported number of hours 

worked by part-time employees had 

been worked by full-time employees. This statistic is calculated separately for each function of a government by dividing the "part-time 

hours paid" by the standard number of hours for full-time employees 

in the particular government and 

then adding the resulting quotient 

to the number of full-time employees. In previous reports in this series, 

a different methodology was used 

to compute this statistic, affecting 

comparability over time. In the past, 

the payroll-baser! formula divided 

the total payroll (full-time plus parttime,) by the full-time payroll and 

multiplied the result by the number 

of full-time employees. 

150 Definitions of Terms 

October payroll represents gross 

payrolls for the 1-month period of 

October and comprises the gross 

payroll before deductions. It includes 

all salaries, wages, fees, or commissions paid to employees during 

the pay period including October 12 

of the year cited in the table. Payroll 

amounts reported for a period other 

than 1 month were converted to 

represent an amount for the month 

of October. 

Average monthly salaries are for 

fUll-time employees only and are 

calculated by dMding full-time employee 

payrolls by the number of full-time 

employees for October of the year 

indicated in the table. 

Governmental functions 

Police protection is the function of 

enforcing the law, preserving order, 

and apprehending those who violate the law, whether these activities are performed by a police dep~rtment, a sheriff's department, or a 

special police force maintained by 

an agency whose prime responsibility is outside the jl:stice system 

but that has a police force to perform these activities in its specialized area (geographic or functional). 

This category includes-

• regular police serVices 

• police patrols and communications 

• crime preventior. activities 

• temporary lockups and "holding 

tanks" 

• buildings used exclusively for police 

purposes 

• medical examiners and coroners 

• law enforcement activities of sheriffs' offices 

• specialit:ed police forces (including public and private contract 

forcE-s) such as airport police, 

free and toll highway police, free 

and toll bridge and tunnel police, 

housing police, maritime police, 

park police, transit and other utility system police, college and 

university campus police, and alcoholic beverage control agents. 

Excluded are vehicular inspection and licensing, traffic safety and 

engineering, fish and game wardens, fire marshals, and the like. 

Private security police are outside 

the scope of the survey. 

The special pOlice forces included 

in the data are only those that are 

part of a general purpose government. Security forces, building guards, 

school crossing guards, and meter 

maids without general arrest power 

were excluded. Those special police 

forces that are part of independent 

schoel districts or special districts 

are not included in the data, inasmuch as these districts are not 

general purpose governments. 

In most States, sheriff's depart-

. ments are multi functional agencies 

providing police protection, judicial, 

and/ or correctional services. In order 

to allocate expenditure and employment data to the proper activity, the 

data for sheriff's departments are 

prorated. 

Short-term custody and detention are considered part of the pOlice 

protection function. Data for lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners 

less than 48 hours are included in 

the pOlice protection category. Data 

for institutions with authority to hold 

prisoners 48 hours or more are 

included in the corrections category. 

JudiCial services (courts only) incfudes 

all civil and criminal activities associated with courts, including-
• civil and criminal functions of courts 

at all levels of legal jurisdiction-appellate (last resort and intermediate), general jurisdiction, and limited jurisdiction 

• activities associated with courts, 

such as law libraries, grand juries, 

and petit juries 

• court reporters, judicial councils, 

bailiffs, and "register of wills" 

and similar probate functions. 

The court-related activities of sheriff offices are included here. Excluded 

are monetary judgm~nts and claims 

or other payments of a government 

as a defendant in judicial or administrative proceedings. Probation, where 

separately identifiable, is excluded. 

Because the names of courts 

with similar functions and legal jurisdiction vary from State to State and 

even within States, data have been 

categorized by types of courts rather 

than by court name. 

Appellate courts include courts 

of last resort and intermediate appellate courts. These are courts having jurisdiction of appeal and review, 

with original jurisdiction conferred 

only in special cases. 

Courts of general jurisdiction are 

trial courts having unlimited original 

jurisdiction in civil or criminal cases, 

the names of which vary considerably. In many States, statutes either 

require or permit local governments 

to supplement the salary of Statepaid judges of general jurisdiction 

courts. These judges were cO' .. mted 

as part-time employees at both the 

State and local levels when actually receiving a check from both 

governments. 

Courts of limited jurisdiction are 

courts whose legal jurisdiction covers only a particular class of cases 

or cases where the amount in controversy is below a prescribed sum 

or is subject to specific exceptions. 

Included under this category are 

probate courts, juvenile courts, and 

other courts of limited jurisdiction. 

Miscellane JUS judicial services 

includes data on judicial activities 

that could not be reported under 

any of the above categories, such 

as judicial councils and conferenc'ds, 

court administration offices (where 

identifiable), law libraries, jury commissions, and grand juries. 

Legal services and prosecution 

includes the civil and criminal justice activities of-

• attorneys general, district attorneys, States' attorneys, and their 

variously named equivalents 

• corporation counsels, solicitors, 

and legal departments with various names, including those providing legal advice to the chief 

executives and subordinate departmental officers, representation of 

the government in lawsuits, and 

the prosecution of accused violators of criminal law 

• various investigative agencies having full arrest powers and attached 

to offices of attorneys general, 

distric:t attorneys, or their variously named equivalents. 

These activities are included whether 

performed by one office or several 

because in some jurisdictions a single officer provides all legal services, whereas in others a prosecutor's office handles only criminal 

matters and a separate attorney's 

office performs all civil legal services. 

Public defense includes legal counsel and representation in either civil 

or criminal proceedings. Included 

are-

• court-paid fees to indMduaily retained 

counsel 

• fees paid by the court to courtappointed counsel 

• government contributions to private legal-aid societies and bar 

association-sponsored programs 

• the activities of an established 

public defender office or program. 

Employment data are included 

only for public defender's offices 

because fee-paid counselors are 

not considered government employees, nor are counselors working for 

bar associations or legal aid societies. 

Corrections is that function of government involving the confinement 

and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against 

the law and the confinement of 

persons suspected of a crime and 

awaiting adjudication. (Data for lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners 

less than 48 hours are included in 

the police protection category.) 

Corrections expenditure is further divided into three subcategories: correctional institutions; probation, parole, and pardon; and other 

corrections. 

Correctional institutions are any 

facilities for the confinement and 

correction of convicted adults or 

juveniles adjudicated delinquent or 

in need of supervision and for the 

detention of those adults and juveniles accused of a crime and awaiting trial or hearing. Correctional institutions include-

• prisons and penitentiaries 

• reformatories 

• jails 

• houses of correction 

• other variously named correctional 

institutions, such as correctional 

farms, workhouses, indusbial schools, 

and training schools 

Definitions of Terms 151 
• institutions and facilities exclusively for the confinement of the 

criminally insane 

• institutions and facilities for the 

examination, evaluation, classification, and assignment of inmates; 

and facilities for the confinement, 

treatment, and rehabilitation of 

drug addicts and alcoholics, if 

the institution is administered by 

a correctional agency. 

The correctional institution category also includes-

• the cost of maintaining prisoners 

in institutions of other governments 

• the supervision of prison industries and agricultural programs. 

Institutions for men includes 

identifiable expenditure and employment data for institutions exclusively for adult male offenders. 

Institutions for women includes 

identifiable expenditure and employment for institutions exclusively 

for adult female offenders. Where 

there is no separate women's 

prison, women offenders are either 

maintained in a prison complex 

that also houses other offenders 

or are boarded in private facilities or instftutions in another State. 

No attempt was made to prorate 

data for institutions housing more 

than one type of inmate, but where 

females are boarded in private 

institutions or in another State, 

available expenditure data were 

152 Definitions of Terms 

tabulated. Employment data were 

not tabulated because the personnel were employees of another 

government. 

Institutions for juvemles are 

those institutions identified by the 

1987 Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facility Census as housing primarily juveniles and, in some 

States, "youthful offenders." These 

institutions include those under 

the control of a juvenile court, a 

probation department, or a youth 

authority or other similarly designed 

administrative body as well as 

independently administered institutions. Also included are government payments to private agencies for the detention or treatment 

of delinquent juveniles. 

There is considerable variation from State to State in the 

legal definition of juvenile, particularly in regard to the age at 

which a person is no longer considered a juvenile. Institutions for 

juveniles have been classified individually in accordance with the 

laws and age designations of 

their respective States. 

Other and combined institutions are those institutions holding a combination of inmates. 

Where expenditure or employment data for physically separate institutions for juveniles, adult 

females, and adult males were 

not separable by institutions or 

types of institutions, the entire 

amounts were included under this 

category. 

Probation, parole, and pardon 

includes data on probation agencies, boards of parole, boards of 

pardon, and their variously named 

equivalents. Although probation 

agencies frequently function under 

the administration of the general 

jurisdiction court, the data are 

presented under corrections after 

having been deducted from the 

judicial data because of the correctional nature of the probation 

function. If the probation, parole, 

and pardon activities, or any of 

them individually, were part of 

the correctional administrative office, 

data were deducted where possible and shown separately here, 

and the balance was shown under 

the "other corrections" category. 

The overlapping character of probation, parole, and pardon activities prevented any further breakdown of these data. 

Other corrections consists of-

• nonresidential resettlement or halfway houses for those not in need 

of institutionalization 

• correctional administration not directly 

attributable to institutions 

• miscellaneous items that cannot 

be classified under the other subcategories. 

Other justice includes expenditure 

and employment data that are not 

elsewhere classified, that cut across 

more than one category, or that are 

not allocable to separate categories. Examples are crime commissions, neighborhood crime councils, and State criminal justice coordinating 

councils. 
Appendix 2 

Survey Form 

Form CJ-6: Survey of Expenditure 

and Employment for Civil and Criminal Justice Activities of Local Governments 

This form was mailed to the chief 

financial officer of the counties and 

municipalities surveyed. Data for State 

governments and large local governments were compiled by specially trained Census Bureau field 

agents; see the data collection section of this report for details. 

Survey Form 153 
Name 

Title 

OMB No. 112~..o118: 

SURVEY OF EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT FOR CIVIL AND 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 

In COI1wpoIINI811C8 pertIIlnIng to th .. report, ............. to the IdentIfIcIItIan number IIbcnre your ....... 

Official address (Number and street, chy, 

State, ZIP Code) 

a .... u of the een .... 1201 Eat Tenth Street 

JeffenonwiIle, IN 47132 

FROM THE DIRECTOR 

BUREAU OF THt:: CENSUS 

~ Please read the definitions on page 2. 

On behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Department of Justice, the Bureau of the Census 

is collecting public expenditure and employment data for the following six civil and criminal justice 

activities: police protection, judicial, legal services and prosecution, public defense, corrections, and 

other related justice activities. These data are very similar to data we last collected for the Bureau of 

Justice Statistics in 1985. The Department of Justice will use the data from this survey to 

implement and administer the formula grant program of the Justice Assistance Act of 1984, 42 USC 

3747, ·'lS amended by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The Bureau of Justice Statistics will publish 

the data in a report entitled Justice Expenditure and Employment In the United State •. 

Please extracfthe requested data from your financial and payroll records and enter them on the 

attached questionnaire. If answers to questions are not available from records, please provide 

reasonable estimates and show them with an asterisk (*). Return the addressed copy of the 

questionnaire in the enclosed envelope within 3 weeks. The duplicate copy is for your files. 

The Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 as amended (42 USC 3732) authorizes this report. 

Although you are not required legally to respond, we need your participation to make the results of 

the survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely. If you need further assistance completing the 

questionnaire, call collect, Richard Meyer on (301) 763-7825. 

We estimate that it will take from 15 to 40 minutes to collect this information, with 30 minutes 

being the average time per response. This includes the time for reviewing the definitions and 

instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering 9nd maintaining the data needed, and 

completing and reviewing the information collected. Send comments regarding this burden 

estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing 

this burden, to the Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 633 Indiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, 

D.C. 20531; and to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and 

Budget, Public Use Reports Project 1121-0118, Washington, D.C. 20503. 

Thank you for your cooperation in this voluntary survey. The Cer ;sus Bureau appreciates your help. 

Enclosures 

12/31/90 

Survey Forms 155 
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DEFINITIONS FOR COMPLETING PARTS I AND II. COLUMNS (1) THROUGH (10) 

.PMI' - EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL 

EMPLOYEES - All persons peid by your govemment for personal services performed, 

includIng all peid officials, salaried workers, and other persona in paid leave status. Excl"" 

unpaid officials, persons on unpaid leave, pensioners, contractors and their employees, and 

persons paid entirely by another government ~or services performed for your govemment. 

Full-time employ_. column 111 - Persons employed on Ii fUll-time basis during the one 

pay period which included October 12, 1988. Include all full-time temporary or seasonal 

workers emploved during this pay period. 

PMI-tlme employ_, column lSI ~ Persons employed on a part-time basis during the one 

pay period which included October 12, 1988. Include here all persons working for your 

government who are paid by more then one government (e.g., with supplementel checkl. 

PAYROLL. column. 121 end 141 - Gross payroll before deductions, including salaries, wages, 

fees, or ~ommlssions eamed during the one pay period which included October 12, 1988 by 

employees as Ilefined above. If some employees are paid on a basis different from the 

predominant pey period, please Include amounts for them on an adjusted basis. 

Part-time '-'n paid. column 1&1 - Totel hours paid during pey period for all persons 

working less than the number of hours that represent full-time employment_ Include an 

e..t':imate of hours worked during pey period for pert-time employees and officials not 

compensated on a hourly basis. 

• Part" - EXPENDITURE 

CURRENT OPERATION, o:-.mumn 18! - Anl;1ual expenditure for salaries and wages 01 your 

government's officers and employees, including overtime, termination, and retroactlve pay; 

and for the purchase of suppliei, materials, and contractual services from individuals end firms 

in the private sector, e.g., attomey retainers or fees to coprt-sppO:nted counsel. Exclude 

capital outlay and report In column (7!. Also exclude expenditures for debt retirement, securities 

investment, loan extensions, and withln-govemment transactions. EXCLUDE emplOyer 

·cmntrlllution. for employ .. benefit. and nport In column (10). 

CAPITAL OUTLAY. column 171 - Direct expenditure for contract or force account construction 

of buildings and other fixed improvements, and for the purchase of equipment, laM, and existing 

structures. 

INTERGOVERNMENTAL EXPENDITURE - Ail money paid to other governments as fiscal aid 

or payment for services rendered, or for contracts or compacts with another government (e.g .. 

purchase of police services or care and boarding of prisoners in another government's jail!. 

Exclude monay paid to another government for the purchase of commodities, property or utility 

services, any taxes imposed and paid as such, and contributions for social insurance. 

Paymentll to other lIeneral purpo.e local lIovemmenta. column 181 - Payments of your 

government to othar counties, cities, or towns. Exclude payments to special purpose 

govemments such as special districts or independent school districts. 

Paymente to the Stlltegovernment, column 191 - Peyments of your government to the 

State government or any of its departments or agencies. 

GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTIONS FOR EMPLOYEE BENEFITS, column 1101- Any 

employer contributions, HP8rab1e by activity, to the Federal Social Security program, State and 

local retirement systems, commercial or mutual life insurance plans, workmen's compensation 

funds; and premiums paid by your government for health, hospital, disability, and other insurance 

programs. Exclude payments made dlrectiy to Individuals and contributions made by employ .. s to any of the above programs. ' I.'. EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL , ••• EXPENDITURE 

CIVIL AND 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 

ACTIVITIES 

(Plaase review activities below prior 

to completing questionnaire.! 

NOTE - For sheriffs' departments, 

please prorata expenditures between 

PoNce Protection (petrol, crime 

investigation, enforcement of the lawl, 

Judicial (serving court papers, maintaining 

order in courtroom!, and Corrections 

(operation of the county jail/. Please report 

amployees by their major functlon: Police 

Protection (deputies engaged in patrol, 

investigations, radio dispatcher., clerks!, 

Judicial (bailiffs, process sorvars!, and 

Correctlons (jailers, matrons, cooksl. If 

any personnel are rotated batween police, 

judicial, end correction duties, distribute 

them according to the number assigned to 

each function on October 12, ,1988. 

What is tha average or standard number of weekly houni of work for the 

MAJORITY of you(governmant's full-time employees1 MIJr/c {X} one box only 

1 0 40 hours 3D 35 hours 

2037.5 hours -~O Other - Spscifyhoursperw8tlk '1 

PAY PERIOD INTERVAL 

Mark (Xl appropriata box to Indicate the pay period Intarval for which aN or 

most of the employees are paid. Report for both full- and pan-time employees. 

I'ULL-TIMIE IEMPLOYI!;IER I PART.TIMIE IEMPLOYIEIER 

1 0 Monthly 1,0 Monthly 

2 0 Twice a month 2 0 Twice a month 

3 0 Every 2 weeks 3 0 Every 2 weekI 

4 0 Weakly 4 0 Weekly 

5 0 Other - Spsclfy'1 5 0 Other - Specify"j 

~-_i_' 

GrolS payroll GrolS payroll Total 

amount (for the amount (for the part-time 

Number of lone pay pariod Number of ena pay period employeo 

employees which included employees which Included hours 

October 12, 1988! Octobar 12. 19881 paid 

{Omit cents} {Omit cents} {Omit 

fractions) 

111 12! (3) 14' 15) 

Mark (X! appropriate box to indicate your government's fiscal year (12-month 

eccountlng period! and report data for this period only, aven though a more recent 

one may be available. 

o July 1987-June 1988 

o June 1987-May 1988 

o May 1987-April1988 

o April 1987-March 1988 

o March 1987 -Feb. 1988 

o Feb .. 1967-Jan. 1988 

CURRENT 

OPERATION 

Annual salaries 

and all current 

operating expenses. 

Exclude employer 

contributions for 

employee benefits 

and enter In 

column (101. 

161 

CAPITAL 

OUTLAY 

Annual 

expenditures for 

constructlon, 

equipment, 

end land 

m 

o Jan. 1987-Dec. 1987 

o Dec. 1986-Nov. 1987 

o Nov. 1985-0ct. 1987 

o Oct. 1986-Sept. 1987 

o Sept. 198a-Aug. 1987 

o Aug. 1986-July 1987 

Annuel I Annual paYIl,l~nts payments to 

to Cities, ,the State. 

counties, government and towns 

18) (9! 

GOVERNMENT 

CONrm.UTION.FOR 

EMPLOYEE 

FICA, PERS, 

Insurance, 

workman's 

comp., 'SIc. 

Exclude 

employee 

contributions. 

(10! 
en 

c 

.,. 

< CD 

'< 

." 

o 

.,. 

3 

til 

..... 

C1I 

..... 

-- ---~-----~---- _ . 

. . -

~ • POLICE PROTECTION - All police activities, including special police force 

units and both sworn and nonsworn police personnel. Include also coroners and medical examiners. Exclu~ails 

holding adults or juveniles beyo arraignment (usually more than 48 

hours) and report under "Corrections." 

Exclude also school crossing guards. 

2.JUDICIAL - All civil and criminal courts 

and court-related activities. Include: 

Judges and staff (law clerks, court 

reporters, etc.) 

Clerk of court and staff 

Other current operating expenditure (e.g., jury fees, law library, etc.) 

Exclude probation and parole and report 

under "Corrections." 

3 .LEGAL SERVICES AND 

PROSECUTION - Prosecuting attorney's offices,legal der.artments, 

and all attomeys prOvi~egal services 

for your government. I de: 

Prosecutor and staff 

Legel Advisor and staff 

Attorneys on retainer or fees 

All other legal expenses 

Include annual retainers andlor fees paid 

to private attorneys/law firms in column 

(6) only. Do not include as employees. 

4.PUBLIC DEFENSE - Public 

defenders' offICes. Include fees paid 

to court-appointed counsel and 

contributions to private legal aid 

societies in column (6) only. Do not 

include court-appointed private 

attorneys es employees. 

6. CORRECTIONS 

I. Total IBneeb and c) 

b. Jails, prisons, reformatories, 

datention homes, halfway houses, 

and the like, holding adults or juveniles beyond arraignment (us~or more than 48 hours). Exc institutiol~~ ~ for 

dependant or negleCldd children. 

c. Probation a:l:arole a~encies and 

programs. I ude pro ation and 

parole programs administered by the 

courts. 

8. OTHER CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Other criminal justice activities (e.g., neighborhood crime councils, crime 

commissions) not reported above. 

Please Hst each activity selarately in the 

speces provided on page • 

FORM CJ.611-31-891 

- . - . 

~ 

$ 

~ 

$ 

~ 

$ 

~ 

$ 

~ 

$ 

~ 

$ 

E 

$ 

E 

$ 

~ E. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' 

, 

I 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

I 

I 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ E: ~ ~ ~ ~ 

$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ 

$ hrs $- $ $ $ $ 

~ ~ ~ ~ E E .~ E ~ 

1$ hrs $ $ $ $ $ 

GO TO PART'" -. 
Page 3 .:Ii1'I.". INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVENUE RECEIVED DIRECTLY FROM THE FEDERAL 

GOVERNMENT FOR CIVIL AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACTIVITIES 

Enter only revenue received directly from the Feder.' Govemment for the above activities during the fiscal 

year marked in part II. Do NOT enter amounts from the Federal Government received through the State or any 

of its departments or agencies. 

~ 1 • General revenue used for criminal justice purposes 

(e.g., Job Training Partnership Act $ funds) ••...•...•...••••.••.•••.•.•.••.••.•.•...•••... 

2. Dedicated revenues received directly from the Federal Government 

specifically for criminal justice purposes: 

•• Justice Assistance (JA) discretionary grants .•..•....••.•.••....••.•.••.•••••••.•••••. 

b. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) discretionary grants •.•..•••..••.•••••.•.. 

c. Reimbursement received from the Federal Government for criminal justice 

serviCfls rendered by your government, e.g., boarding of Federal prisoners $ ~ .... ~ .............. 

.I. Other "dedicated" revenues used for criminal justice purposes (e.g., Alcohol Safety 

Action Program, WitnessNictiin Assistance Program) - Specify ¥ 

$ 

~ 

e. TOTAL (add ""... through dJ .. $ 

OTHER CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACTIVITIES - List activities included at question 6, page 2. 

1. , 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Remarks 

i 

158 1988 Justice Ey.:penditure and Employment 
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DEA Quarterly Intelligence Trends 

One free phone call can give you access 

to a growing data base on drugs & crime 

The Drugs & Crime Data Center & 

Clearinghouse is managed by the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics. To serve 

you, the center will-

• Respond to your requests 

for drugs and crime data 

• Let you know about new drugs and 

crime data reports. 

• Send you reports on ct"llgs and crime. 

• Conduct special bibliographic 

searches for you on specific drugs 

and crime topics. 

• Refer you to data on epidemio~ 

ogy, prevention, and treatment of 

substance abuse at the National 

Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug 

Information of the Alcohol, Drug 

Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. 

• Publish special reports on subjects 

such as assets forfeiture and seizure, 

economic costs of drug-related 

crime, drugs and violence, drug laws 

of the 50 States, drug abuse and 

corrections, and innovative law 

enforcement reactions to drugs and 

crime. 

• Prepare a comprehensive, concise 

report that will bring together a rich 

array of data to trace and quantify 

the full flow of illicit drugs from 

cultivation to consequences. 

Major cocaine smuggling routes 

into the United States 

DEA Quarterly 

Intelligence Trends 

Call now and speak to a specialist 

in drugs & crime statistics: 

1·800-666-3332 

Or write to the Drugs & Crime Data 

Center & Clearinghouse 

1600 Research Boulevard 

Rockville, MD 20850 
Bureau of Justice Statistics 

reports 

(Revised July 1991) 

Call toll·free 800·732·3277 (local 301· 

251·5500) to order BJS reports, to be 

added to one of the BJS mailing lists, 

or to speak to a reference specialist In 

statistics at the Justice Statistics 

Clearinghouse, National Criminal 

Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, 

Rockville, MD 20850. 

BJS maintains the following mailing 

lists: 

• Law enforcemen1 reports (new) 

• Drugs and crime data (new) 

• ~ustlce spending & employment 

• Whlte·collar crime • National Crime Survey (annual) 

• Corrections (annu&l) 

• Courts (annual) • Privacy and security of criminal 

history Information and 

Information policy 

• Federal statistics (annual) 

• BJS bulletins and special reports 

(approximately twice a month) 

• Sourcebook of Criminal Justice 

Statistics (annual) 

Single copies of reports are free; use 

NGJ number to order. Postage and 

handling are charged for bulk orders 

of single reports. For single copies of 

multiple titles, up to 10 tities are free; 

11-40 titles $10; more than 40, $20; 

libraries call for special rates. 

Public·use tapes of BJS data sets 

and other criminal justice data are 

available from the National Archive of 

Criminal Justice Data (formerly 

CJAIN), P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 

48106 (toll·lree 1·800·999.()960). 

National Crime Survey 

The Nation's two crime measures: Uniform 

Crime Reports and the National Crime 

SlHYey, NCJ·122705, 4/90 

Criminal victimization In the U.S.: 

1973-a8 trends, NCJ·129392, 7191 

1989 (1Inal), NCJ·129391, 6191 

1;j88 (final), NCJ·122024, 10/90 

1~'67 (final report), NCJ·115524, 6/89 

BJS special reports 

Handgun crime victims, NCJ·123559, 7/90 

Black victims, NCJ·122582, 4/90 

Hispanic victims, NCJ·120507, 1/90 

The rades\ilned National Crime Survey: 

Selected new data, NCJ·114746, 1/89 

Motor vehicle thelt, NCJ·109978, 3/88 

Elderiy victims, NCJ·107676, 11/87 

Violent crime trends, NCJ·107217, 11/87 

Robbery victims NCJ·104638, 4187 

Violent crime by strangera and non· 

strangers, NCJ·103702, 1/87 

Prevantlng domestic violence against 

women, NCJ·102037, 8/86 

Crime prevention measures, NCJ·100438, 

3/86 

The use 01 weapons In committing crimes, 

NCJ·99643, 1/86 

Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ·99432, 

12185 

The economic cost of I:rime to victims, 

NCJ·93450, 4/84 

BJS bulletins: 

Crime and the Nation's households, 1990, 

NCJ·130302, 7191 

Criminal victimization 1989, NCJ·125815, 

10/90 

The crime of rape, NCJ·96777, 3/85 

Household burglary, NCJ·96021, 1/85 

Measuring crime, NCJ·75710, 2181 

BJS technical reports 

New directions for the NCS, NCJ·115571, 

3/89 

Series crimes: Report of a field test, 

NCJ·104615, 4/87 

Teenage victims of crime, NCJ·128129, 5191 

Female vlcllms of violent crime, 

NCJ·127187, 1191 

Redesign of the National Crime Survey, 

NCJ·111457,3/89 

The seasonality 01 crime victimization, 

NCJ·111033,6/88 

Crime and older Americ~ns Information 

package, NCJ·104589, $10, 5/87 

Victimization and fear of crime: Worid 

perspectives, NCJ·93872, 1/85, $9.15 

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, 

vol. I; Current and historical perspectives, 

NCJ·75374,8/82 

vol. II: Methodology studies, NCJ·90307 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and speqlal reports: 

Prisoners In 1990, NCJ·129198, 5/91 

Woman In prison, NCJ·127991, 4191 

Capital punishment 1989, NCJ·124545, 10/90 

Violent State prison Inmates and their 

vlcllms, NCJ·124133, 7/90 

Prisoners In 1989, NCJ·122716, 5/90 

Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344, 12189 

Capital punishment 1989, NCJ·118313, 7/89 

Recidivism of prisoners released In 1983, 

NCJ·116261,4/89 

Drug use and crime: State prison Inmate 

survey, 1986, NCJ·111940, 7/88 

Time served In prison and on parole 1984, 

NCJ·108544, 12187 

Prollle of State prison Inmates, 1986, 

NCJ·109926, 1188 

Imprisonment In four countries, 

NCJ·103967, 2187 

Population density In State prisons, 

NCJ·103204, 12186 

State and Federal prisoners, 1925-85, 

NCJ·102494, 11/86 

Prison admissions and releases, 198~, 

NCJ·100582, 3/86 

The prevalence of Imprisonment, 

NCJ·93857, 7/85 

Race of prisoners admitted to State and 

Federal Institutions, 1926-86, NCJ·125618, 6191 

National corrections raportlng program, 

1985, NCJ·123522, 12190 

P~isoners at midyear 1990 (press release), 

10/90 

Correctional populations In the U.S.: 

1986, NCJ·124280, 3/91 

1987, NCJ·118762, 12189 

1986, NCJ·111611, 2189 

Historical statistics on prisoners In State and 

Federal Institutions, yearend 1925-86, 

NCJ·111098,6/88 

1984 census 01 State adult correctl;)nal 

facilities, NCJ·105585, 7/87 

Census of /alls and survey of /all Inmates: 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Drug use and Jail Inmates, NCJ·130389, 

7191 

Jail Inmates 1990, NCJ·129758, 6/91 

Prolile of Jallinmat •• 1989, NCJ·129097, 

4191 

Jail Inmates, 1989, NCJ·123284, 6/90 

Population density In local Jails, 1988, 

NCJ·122299, 3/90 

Census of local jails, 1986 (BJS bulletin), 

NCJ·121101,2I9O 

Jail Inmates, 1987, NCJ·114319, 12188 

Drunk driving, NCJ·109945, 2188 

Jallinmatos, 1986, NCJ·107123, 10/87 

Census of local Jails 1988, vol. I, Summary, 

NCJ·127992, 4191 

Census of local Jails, 1983: Data lor 

Individual JailS, vols. I·IV, Northeast, 

Midwest, South, West, NCJ·11279&9; 

vol. V. Selected findings, methodology, 

summary tables, NCJ·112795, 11/88 

Parole and probation 

BJS bulletins 

Probation and parole: 

1989, NCJ·125833, 11/90 

1986, NCJ·119970, 11/89 

BJS special reports 

Recidivism of young parolees, NCJ·104916, 

5/87 

Children In custody 

Census of public and private Juvenile 

detention, correcllonal, and shelter 

facilities, 1975-85, NCJ·114065, 6/89 

Survey of youth In custody, 1987 

(special report), NCJ·113385, 9/88 

Law enforcement management 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Follce departments In large cities, 1987, 

NCJ·119220, 8189 

Prollle of state and local law enforcement 

agencies, NCJ·113949, 3/89 

Expenditure and employment 

BJS bulletins: 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1986, NCJ·123132, 7/90 

Anti-drugOabuse formula grents: Ju&tice 

variable pass·through data, 1986 (BJS 

Technical Report), NCJ·120070, 3190 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1986 (full report), NCJ·125819, 7/91 

1985 (full report), NCJ·108358, 8/89 

Extracts, 1984, 1985, 1ge6, NCJ·124139, 7191 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

Pretrial release of felony defendants, 1988, 

NCJ·127202, 2191 

Felony sentences In State courts, 1989, 

NCJ·126923, 12190 

Criminal defense for the poor, 1986, 

NCJ·112919,9/88 

State felony courts and felony laws, 

NCJ·106273,8I87 

The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, 

NCJ·96381, 2185 

Caoe filings In State courts 1983, 

NCJ·95111,10/84 

BJS special reports: 

Felony case processing In State courts, 

1986, NCJ·121753, 2190 

Felony case·processlng time, NCJ·101985, 

8/86 

Felony sentencing In 18 local Jurisdictions, 

NCJ·97881, 6/85 

Felons sentenced to proballon In State 

courts, 1986, NCJ·124944, 11/90 

Felony defendants In large urban counties, 

1989, NCJ·122385, 4190 

Prollle of felons convicted In State courts, 

1988, NCJ·120021, 1/90 

Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts, 

NCJ·105743,8/87 

The prosecution of felony amests: 

1987, NCJ·124140, 9/90 

Felony laws of the 50 States and tha District 

of Colu~;,bit, 1ge6, NCJ·105066, 2188, $14.60 

State COUI! model stat!stlcal dictionary, 

Supplement, NCJ·98326, 9/85 

1st edillon, NCJ-62320, 9/80 

Privacy and security 

Compendium of State privacy and security 

legislation: 

1989 overview, NCJ·121157, 5/90 

1987 overview, NCJ·111097, 9/88 

1989 full report (1, 500 pages, 

mlcrollche $2, hard copy $145), 

NCJ·121158,9/90 

Criminal Justice Information policy: 

Forensic DNA analysis: Issues, NCJ·128587, 

6191 

Statutes requiring use of criminal history 

r6COrd Information, NCJ·129896, 6/91 

Survey of criminal history Information 

systems, NCJ·125620, 3191 

Original records of entry, NCJ·125826, 

12190 

BJSlSEARCH conference proceedings: 

Criminal justice In the 1990's: The future 

of Information management, 

NCJ·121697, 5/90 

Juvenile and adull records: One system, 

one record?, NCJ·114947, 1/90 

Open vs. confldenllal records, 

NCJ·113560,1/88 

Strategies for Improving data quality, 

NCJ·115339,5/89 

Public access to criminal history record 

Information, NCJ·111458, 11/88 

Juvenile records and recordkeeplng 

systems, NCJ·112815, 11/88 

Automated flnge'llrint Identification 

systems; Techno!i)gy and policy Issues, 

N CJ·1 04342, 4/87 

Criminal justice "hot" lIIe9, NCJ·101850, 

12186 

Drugs & crime data: 

Drugs and crime facts, 1990, NCJ·128662, 7191 

State drug resources: A national directory, 

NCJ·122582, 5/90 

Federal drug data for national policy, NCJ· 

122715, 4/90 

Drugs and crime facts, 1989, NCJ·121022, 

1/90 

Computer crime 

BJS special reports: 

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ·96666, 

3185 

Electronic fund tranafer and crime, NCJ· 

92850,2184 

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ· 

100461, 4/86 

Expert witness manual, NCJ·77927, 9/81, 

$11.50 

Federal justice statistics 

Federal criminal case processing, 1980-87, 

Addendum for 1988 and preliminary 1989, 

NCJ·125816, 11/90 

CompendiUM of Federal justice statistics 

1988, NCJ·125617, 1/91 

11185, NCJ·123560, 8/90 

1984, NCJ·112816, 9/89 

The Federal Civil justice system (BJS 

bulletin), NCJ·104769, 8/87 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS special reports: 

Immlgrallon offenses, NCJ·124546, 8/90 

Federal criminal cases, 1980-87, 

NCJ·118311, 7/89 

Drug law violators, 198().88, NCJ 111783, 

6/88 

Pretrial release and detention: 

The Ball Reform Act of 1984, 

NCJ·109929, 2188 

White-collar crime NCJ·106876, 9/87 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

BJS telephone contacts, '91, NCJ·130133, 

7/91 

Tracking offenders 1989, NCJ·129861, 6191 

Tracking offenders, 1987, NCJ·125315, 

10/90 

Criminal cases In five states, 1983-88, 

NCJ·118798, 9/89 

International crime rates, NCJ·110776, 5/88 

BJS program application kit, fiscal 1991, 

NCJ·128413,3191 

Violent crime In the United Slctss, 

NCJ·127855, 3/91 

Attorney General's program for Improving the 

Nation's criminal history records and 

Identifying felons who attempt 10 purchase 

firearms, NCJ·128131, 3/91 

BJS data report, 1989, NCJ·121514, 1191 

Sourcebook of criminal Justice statistics, 

1989, NCJ·124224, 9/90 

Publications of BJS, 1985-89: 

Microfiche library, PR03OO14, 5/90, $190 

Bibliography, TB003OO13, $17.50 

Publications of BJS, 1971-84: 

Microfiche library, PR03OO12, $203 

Bibliography, TB03OO12, $17.50 

1990 directory of automated criminal Justice 

Information systems, Vol. 1, Corrections; 2, 

Courts; 3, Law enforcement; 4, Probation 

and parole; 5, Prosecution; NCJ·122226-30, 

5/90 

BJS annual report, fiscal 1988, NCJ·115149, 

4/89 

Report to the Nation on crime and justice: 

Second edition, NCJ·105506, 6/88 

T4IChnlcal appendix, NCJ·112011, 8188 

Criminal Justice microcomputer guide and 

software catalog, NCJ·112178, 8/88 

National survey of crime severity, NCJ·96017, 

10/85 

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