United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________

CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES LP,

Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

INGENIO, INC., DBA KEEN, ETHER, THRYV, INC.,

Defendants-Appellees

______________________

2022-1016

______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the 

Western District of Texas in No. 1:12-cv-00465-LY, Judge 

Lee Yeakel.

______________________

Decided: August 17, 2022

______________________

DANIEL J. SHIH, Susman Godfrey LLP, Seattle, WA, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by BRIAN 

MELTON, MAX LALON TRIBBLE, JR., Houston, TX. 

 AMANDA N. BROUILLETTE, Kilpatrick Townsend & 

Stockton LLP, Atlanta, GA, argued for defendants-appellees. Also represented by DAVID CLAY HOLLOWAY,

MITCHELL G. STOCKWELL.

 ______________________

Case: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 1 Filed: 08/17/2022
2 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

Before STOLL, SCHALL, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.

STOLL, Circuit Judge.

This appeal involves the district court patent-infringement suit that is the sister case to the inter partes review 

considered by the Supreme Court in Thryv, Inc v. Click-toCall Technologies, LP, 140 S. Ct. 1367 (2020). Significant 

to this case, despite Ingenio seeking IPR of all of the asserted claims of the patent at issue, U.S. Patent 

No. 5,818,836, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board only partially instituted the IPR. Specifically, in its final written 

decision, the Board addressed and found persuasive unpatentability grounds based on one reference, Dezonno, but 

refused to consider grounds based on another reference,

Freeman. Notably, the Freeman grounds challenged asserted claim 27 of the ’836 patent, whereas the Dezonno 

grounds did not. During the pendency of the appeal of the 

IPR, and while the district court case was stayed, the Supreme Court overruled the practice of partial institutions 

in SAS Institute, Inc. v. Iancu, 138 S. Ct. 1348 (2018). Ingenio, however, never sought remand under SAS for the 

Board to consider Ingenio’s challenge to claim 27. 

The district court revived the case once the IPR proceeding was finally concluded. In the post-IPR district 

court proceedings, Ingenio moved for summary judgment, 

arguing that the only asserted claim not finally held unpatentable in the IPR, claim 27, was invalid based on the 

same reference that Ingenio had used against the other asserted claims in its IPR petition—Dezonno. Click-to-Call 

argued that Ingenio was estopped from pressing this invalidity ground against claim 27 due to IPR estoppel under 

35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2), but the district court did not accept 

this argument.

This case thus requires us to consider the application 

of 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2) under a rather unusual set of facts. 

The Board instituted pre-SAS and did not institute on all 

grounds. And when given the opportunity to do so postCase: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 2 Filed: 08/17/2022
CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 3

SAS, Ingenio did not seek remand for institution on the 

non-instituted grounds. We conclude that under the facts 

of this case, the district court erred in not applying IPR estoppel under 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2) to claim 27 based on Dezonno. Accordingly, we reverse as to claim 27 and remand 

for further proceedings.

Click-to-Call also argues that the district court abused 

its discretion in not allowing Click-to-Call to amend its selection of asserted claims to add two claims that were not 

at issue in the IPR (claims 24 and 28). The district court 

did not abuse its discretion in this regard, and thus we affirm the district court’s denial of Click-to-Call’s request to 

amend.

BACKGROUND

Click-to-Call filed a complaint for patent infringement 

against several entities (including Ingenio) more than ten 

years ago, on May 29, 2012. J.A. 30. Originally, Click-toCall asserted sixteen claims of the ’836 patent. J.A. 64–65 

(asserting claims 1, 2, 8, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22–24, 26–30). 

In response, on May 28, 2013, Ingenio filed a petition for 

IPR challenging the sixteen asserted claims and one additional claim (claim 18). In its petition, Ingenio challenged 

these claims on six grounds, three based on Dezonno and 

three based on Freeman. 

While the IPR petition was pending, the district court 

issued a Markman order construing certain claim terms on 

August 16, 2013. J.A. 38 (docket report showing D.I. 137

(Consolidated Markman Order)). On September 11, 2013, 

the district court entered a scheduling order requiring 

plaintiffs to narrow their asserted claims to only eight 

claims. J.A. 38 (docket report showing D.I. 138 (Scheduling Order)); J.A. 1255. Click-to-Call complied on October 11, 2013, selecting claims 1, 2, 8, 12, 13, 16, 26, and 27. 

J.A. 1258.

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4 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

Less than a month after this selection, the Board partially instituted IPR based on Ingenio’s petition. 

J.A. 1539–68 (Oct. 30, 2013). The Board instituted only on 

the Dezonno-based grounds and refused institution of the 

Freeman-based grounds. As shown below, claim 27 was 

challenged in the petition based only on Freeman, not Dezonno. 

J.A. 1547 (Board’s institution decision listing grounds) 

(green shading added to instituted grounds, yellow highlighting added to the only challenge of claim 27).

Back at the district court, Ingenio moved to stay the 

case until the IPR was resolved. The district court granted 

the motion on December 5, 2013. J.A. 39 (docket report 

showing D.I. 147 (Order Granting Motion to Stay Case)). 

This stay would last for years because of the lengthy subsequent appellate history of the IPR.

The Board issued its final written decision on October 28, 2014. The Board found all claims challenged on the 

Dezonno grounds to be unpatentable. J.A. 1597. Click-toCase: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 4 Filed: 08/17/2022
CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 5

Call appealed based on a time-bar dispute.1 After all appeals, the Board’s decision became final after our May 28, 

2020 order dismissing the appeal. Click-to-Call Techs., LP 

v. Ingenio, Inc., 810 F. App’x 881 (Fed. Cir. 2020). During 

the pendency of the IPR appeal, Ingenio did not ask for remand under SAS to review the non-instituted grounds. 

Thus, dependent claim 27 survived the IPR. That claim 

recites: “The method of claim 1, wherein the second information comprises an advertisement.” ’836 patent Ex Parte 

Reexamination Certificate col. 4 ll. 26–27.

After the IPR finally concluded, the district court lifted 

the stay. On October 20, 2020, Ingenio filed a motion for 

summary judgment of invalidity. In responding to Ingenio’s motion, Click-to-Call requested leave to amend its 

asserted claims to add two other claims (claims 24 and 28) 

that were not at issue in the IPR. In addition, Click-to-Call 

argued that Ingenio was estopped from pressing invalidity 

of claim 27 based on Dezonno due to IPR estoppel under 

35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2). The magistrate judge filed a Report 

and Recommendation recommending granting Ingenio’s 

motion on the basis that Dezonno anticipated claim 27 and 

that Click-to-Call should not be granted leave to amend its 

asserted claims. J.A. 7–19. The district court adopted the 

Report and Recommendation on August 30, 2021, and

1 During the IPR, Click-to-Call had argued that Ingenio’s petition was time barred under 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). 

The Board disagreed and reached the merits. Oracle Corp. 

v. Click-to-Call Techs. LP, No. IPR2013-00312, 2014 

WL 5490583 (P.T.A.B. Oct. 28, 2014). Click-to-Call appealed, and we held that the Board erred in its time-bar 

determination. Click-to-Call Techs., LP v. Ingenio, Inc., 

899 F.3d 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The Supreme Court, however, held that this time-bar question was unreviewable 

under 35 U.S.C. § 314(d). Thryv, 140 S. Ct. at 1373–74.

Case: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 5 Filed: 08/17/2022
6 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

granted summary judgment of invalidity. J.A. 3–6. Final 

judgment issued on September 2, 2021. J.A. 1–2.

Click-to-Call appealed. We have jurisdiction under 

28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

DISCUSSION

We review a grant of summary judgment according to 

the law of the regional circuit, here, the Fifth Circuit. LaserDynamics, Inc. v. Quanta Comput., Inc., 694 F.3d 51, 66 

(Fed. Cir. 2012). The Fifth Circuit reviews a district court’s 

grant of summary judgment de novo. Id. Summary judgment is improper where there is a genuine dispute of material fact and where “the evidence is such that a 

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving 

party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 

(1986). 

Statutory interpretation, including interpretation of 

the IPR estoppel statute, is a question of law that we review de novo. Intuitive Surgical, Inc. v. Ethicon LLC, 

25 F.4th 1035, 1040 (Fed. Cir. 2022); see also Cal. Inst. of 

Tech. v. Broadcom Ltd., 25 F.4th 976, 989 (Fed. Cir. 2022)

(“Caltech”).

We review district court decisions on procedural matters in patent cases, such as granting leave to amend claim 

selections, for an abuse of discretion. See O2 Micro Int’l 

Ltd. v. Monolithic Power Sys., Inc., 467 F.3d 1355, 1366–68

(Fed. Cir. 2006); Mayeaux v. La. Health Serv. & Indem. Co., 

376 F.3d 420, 425 (5th Cir. 2004) (reviewing a ruling on a 

motion for leave to amend a pleading for an abuse of discretion).

I

We first turn to Click-to-Call’s argument that the district court erred in refusing to estop Ingenio from arguing 

that claim 27 is anticipated by Dezonno. We agree that the 

district court erred by not addressing the actual basis of 

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CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 7

Click-to-Call’s estoppel argument, and we hold as a matter 

of law that IPR estoppel applies. At the outset, the district 

court erred by analyzing Click-to-Call’s argument only under common law issue preclusion. J.A. 18 (Report and Recommendation); J.A. 4 (adopting the Report and 

Recommendation). Click-to-Call’s argument regarding Dezonno and claim 27 was grounded in IPR estoppel under 

35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2), not standard issue preclusion. 

J.A. 1717–20 (Click-to-Call’s response to Ingenio’s motion 

for summary judgment). Thus, the district court erred in 

failing to address the basis of Click-to-Call’s argument. 

Furthermore, the district court’s reason for rejecting 

Click-to-Call’s argument—a reason derived from the issuepreclusion rubric—does not apply to IPR estoppel. The district court rejected Click-to-Call’s estoppel argument under 

the “actually litigated” prong of issue preclusion. J.A. 18 

(citing United States v. Shanbaum, 10 F.3d 305, 311 

(5th Cir. 1994) (explaining that, for issue preclusion to apply, the “issue must have been fully and vigorously litigated in the prior action”)). But IPR estoppel has no such 

express requirement. And it would not be reasonable to 

engraft such a requirement into IPR estoppel, given that 

the IPR statute also estops grounds that “reasonably could 

have [been] raised.” § 315(e)(2). Thus, it was error to reject 

Click-to-Call’s IPR estoppel argument on the basis that anticipation by Dezonno “was not litigated in the IPR,” J.A. 

18, because Ingenio might still be estopped if it “reasonably 

could have raised” that ground in the IPR. Accordingly, we 

reject the district court’s basis for denying Click-to-Call’s 

estoppel argument. 

We turn now to the merits of Click-to-Call’s estoppel 

argument. We hold that IPR estoppel applies here as a 

matter of law and precludes Ingenio from arguing that 

claim 27 is anticipated by Dezonno. Ingenio’s IPR petition 

included a challenge to claim 27 (based upon Freeman, but 

not Dezonno) and included unpatentability challenges to 

other claims based on Dezonno (including an anticipation 

Case: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 7 Filed: 08/17/2022
8 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 

challenge to claim 1 on which claim 27 depends), evidencing its awareness of the Dezonno reference. Accordingly, 

anticipation of claim 27 in view of Dezonno—the invalidity 

challenge the district court accepted—is a ground that Ingenio “reasonably could have raised” in the IPR. Ingenio’s 

arguments to the contrary based on the language of 

§ 315(e)(2) and Shaw Industries Group, Inc. v. Automated 

Creel Systems, Inc., 817 F.3d 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2016), are unpersuasive.

Specifically, Ingenio argues that it is not estopped because claim 27 “was not part of the Board’s Final Written 

Decision,” which it contends is required by § 315(e)(2). Appellees’ Br. 9. Ingenio focuses on the below-underlined language in § 315(e)(2), referencing “a claim in a patent” and 

“the claim,” in addition to requiring that the IPR “results 

in a final written decision”:

(e) ESTOPPEL.— . . . 

(2) CIVIL ACTIONS AND OTHER 

PROCEEDINGS.—The petitioner in an inter partes review of a claim in a patent under this chapter that results in a final 

written decision under section 318(a), or 

the real party in interest or privy of the petitioner, may not assert either in a civil action arising in whole or in part under 

section 1338 of title 28 or in a proceeding 

before the International Trade Commission 

under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 

that the claim is invalid on any ground that 

the petitioner raised or reasonably could 

have raised during that inter partes review. 

35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2) (emphases added); see Appellees’ 

Br. 8–9. Ingenio argues that as a result of this language,

IPR estoppel is applied on a claim-by-claim basis and is 

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CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 9

limited to only those claims that were “subject to a final 

written decision.” Appellees’ Br. 8–9. 

The fact that claim 27 was not part of the Board’s final 

written decision, however, does not have the dispositive 

weight Ingenio ascribes to it because of the unusual procedural posture of this case. It is true that § 315(e) estoppel 

applies on a “claim-by-claim basis.” Intuitive, 25 F.4th 

at 1042 (analyzing § 315(e)(1) estoppel at the U.S. Patent 

and Trademark Office). And the statute does specify that 

it applies estoppel from “an inter partes review of a claim 

in a patent under this chapter that results in a final written decision.” § 315(e)(2). But here, Ingenio included claim 

27 in its petition, and the IPR did result in a final written 

decision. The fact that the Board, due to a legal error corrected by SAS, failed to include claim 27 in its final written 

decision does not absolve Ingenio of the estoppel triggered 

by its choice to challenge claim 27 at the Board.

As described in the Background, Ingenio crafted its petition to challenge claim 27 only on the alternative Freeman-based ground, rather than Dezonno. The Board, 

consistent with its practice at the time in 2013, instituted 

only on the Dezonno-based grounds, thus leaving claim 27 

unaddressed. This partial-institution practice, however, 

was inconsistent with the IPR statute and was overruled 

by the Supreme Court in SAS. 138 S. Ct. at 1359–60. The 

Court explained that “the statute tells us that the petitioner’s contentions, not the Director’s discretion, define 

the scope of the litigation all the way from institution 

through to conclusion.” Id. at 1357. Our court has also 

recognized the primacy of a petitioner’s contentions, specifically in the context of IPR estoppel. In Caltech, we noted 

that “it is the petition, not the institution decision, that defines the scope of the IPR.” Caltech, 25 F.4th at 990 (citing 

SAS, 138 S. Ct. at 1357–58). Thus, it is the “petitioner’s 

contentions” that define “the scope of the [IPR] litigation” 

and thus the extent of the estoppel (so long as the IPR ends 

in a final written decision). Here, the scope of the IPR as 

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10 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

defined in the petition included claim 27 and Dezonno, 

even if it did not include a challenge to claim 27 based upon 

Dezonno.

Furthermore, unlike pre-SAS petitioners whose partially instituted proceedings went final before SAS issued, 

Ingenio was not helpless to remedy the Board’s institution 

error. Due to the long appellate history of the IPR proceeding, the appeal of Ingenio’s IPR was still pending at the 

time SAS issued in 2018. Ingenio, however, never sought 

a SAS remand directing the Board to address its non-instituted claims and grounds. See Appellant’s Reply Br. 3 (noting Ingenio’s failure to request SAS remand); Oral Arg. at

18:30–19:10, https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=22-1016_06092022.mp3 (Ingenio conceding it 

“could have” sought SAS remand to address claim 27 but 

did not because its Dezonno ground was successful). Ingenio thus forewent the route taken by many other parties 

post-SAS to have the Board address all claims and all 

grounds in their petitions. See, e.g., Adidas AG v. Nike, 

Inc., 894 F.3d 1256, 1258 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (granting SAS 

remand); BioDelivery Scis. Int’l, Inc. v. Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc., 898 F.3d 1205, 1208 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (citing 

cases where remand was granted). Ingenio’s choice to leave 

unremedied the Board’s mistake does not shield it from estoppel as to a claim it included in its IPR petition.

Ingenio also relies on Shaw in opposing IPR estoppel. 

Appellees’ Br. 9–10. In Shaw, the appellant had been successful in partially invalidating the claims of a certain patent. Shaw, 817 F.3d at 1297. The petitioner included a 

huge number of unpatentability grounds (fifteen) in its petition. The Board, according to its then-current practice,

instituted review of only some of the grounds, denying others as redundant. Id. at 1296–97. One ground that was 

denied as redundant relied on a prior art reference called

“Payne” as allegedly rendering invalid certain claims. Id.

at 1296. In the end, the Board determined that the claims 

had not been shown to be unpatentable based on the 

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CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 11

instituted ground. Id. at 1297. The Board did not address 

the non-instituted grounds, including Payne. Id. 

The petitioner sought a writ of mandamus from our 

court to instruct the Board to reconsider its redundancy decision and to institute IPR on the Payne ground. One argued basis for the writ was that the petitioner “may be 

estopped from arguing the [Payne] ground in any future 

proceedings.” Id. at 1299. Our court denied the request for 

mandamus, agreeing with the PTO (who intervened in that 

case) that “the denied ground never became part of the 

IPR.” Id. at 1300. Accordingly, the denied ground was not 

raised nor could it have been reasonably raised “during” 

the IPR—i.e., after institution—and thus the petitioner 

would not be estopped. Id. Shaw, therefore, held that unpatentability grounds that were in a petition but rejected 

by the Board at institution were not subject to IPR estoppel. 

Ingenio argues that it should not be estopped because, 

as in Shaw, claim 27 was not considered “during” the IPR, 

“which only begins after institution” and claim 27 “was not 

a part of the Board’s Final Written Decision.” Appellees’

Br. 9–10. Ingenio’s reliance on Shaw is misplaced. 

We recently overruled Shaw. Caltech, 25 F.4th at 991. 

In Caltech, we relied on SAS’s abrogation of the Board’s 

practice of partial institutions as undermining Shaw’s rationale. To give effect to the language “reasonably could 

have raised,” we held that “estoppel applies not just to 

claims and grounds asserted in the petition and instituted 

for consideration by the Board, but to all grounds not stated 

in the petition but which reasonably could have been asserted against the claims included in the petition.” Id.

at 991. Here, claim 27 was “included in the petition” and 

there is no reasonable argument that Ingenio could not 

have raised Dezonno against that claim. And under SAS, 

Ingenio was entitled to have all of its claims and grounds 

considered after institution. See SAS, 138 S. Ct. at 1355 

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12 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

(“Much as in the civil litigation system it mimics, in an inter partes review the petitioner is master of its complaint 

and normally entitled to judgment on all of the claims it 

raises, not just those the decisionmaker might wish to address.”); see also PGS Geophysical AS v. Iancu, 891 F.3d 

1354, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“We will treat claims and 

grounds the same in considering the SAS issues currently 

before us.”).2 Thus, Ingenio’s reliance on Shaw is out of 

date and IPR estoppel applies.3

2 Ingenio hypothesizes that “[i]t is equally likely the 

PTAB would have rejected the entire petition instead of instituting the entire petition in the post-SAS world.” Appellees’ Br. 11 n.1. Perhaps. See, e.g., BioDelivery, 935 F.3d 

at 1366–67. But if that were the case, estoppel would not 

apply at all because the IPR would not have “result[ed] in 

a final written decision under section 318(a).” § 315(e)(2). 

3 Even if Shaw had not been overruled, its exemption would not apply here. In Shaw, this court held that 

IPR estoppel does not apply to grounds not instituted by 

the Board. If Ingenio asserted in district court that Freeman in view of Lewis rendered obvious claim 27—the 

ground that Ingenio pressed in its IPR petition but was denied by the Board—it would have had a much stronger argument that its case is analogous to Shaw. Here, Ingenio 

chose not to assert that Dezonno anticipated claim 27 in its 

petition and put all its eggs in the Freeman basket. In 

other words, the Board was never given the chance to consider whether Dezonno anticipated claim 27. Thus, Shaw

would not apply because the Board never denied institution of claim 27 as anticipated by Dezonno. Ingenio argues 

that, like in Shaw, “there was no means by which [Ingenio] 

could have raised the invalidity of Claim 27 during the 

IPR.” Appellees’ Br. 10. That is incorrect. As explained 

above, Ingenio could have sought a SAS remand.

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CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 13

We therefore reverse the district court and hold that

Ingenio is estopped under 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2) from asserting anticipation of claim 27 by Dezonno, the only invalidity 

basis applied by the district court.

II

Next, we turn to the district court’s denial of Click-toCall’s request to amend its listing of asserted claims to add 

claims 24 and 28, which were not challenged in the IPR. 

This is a decision concerning the management of a district 

court’s case docket, a decision we review under a highly 

deferential lens for an abuse of discretion. S&W Enters., 

L.L.C. v. SouthTrust Bank of Ala., NA, 315 F.3d 533, 535 

(5th Cir. 2003) (“We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of leave to amend.”); see also Alpek Polyester, S.A. de C.V. v. Polymetrix AG, No. 2021-1706, 

2021 WL 5974163, at *8 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 16, 2021) (“We defer to the broad discretion of the district court to manage 

its own docket.”). Because the district court did not abuse 

its discretion in this regard, we affirm.

In October 2013, Click-to-Call selected eight patent 

claims for assertion against defendants at the district 

court. J.A. 1258. The Board shortly thereafter partially 

instituted IPR on the asserted patent. J.A. 1567–68. At 

that time, Click-to-Call did not request to amend its listing 

of selected claims at the district court. 

Ingenio then moved to stay the district court case the 

following month. J.A. 1260; J.A. 39 (D.I. 144). The district 

court granted the stay. Click-to-Call Techs. LP v. Ingenio, 

Inc., Case No. A-12-CA-465-SS, 2013 WL 11311782 (W.D. 

Tex. Dec. 5, 2013). One rationale that the district court 

provided for granting the stay was that the IPR would 

“simplify the issues in th[e] case” because “a[ll] but one of 

the claims to be asserted at trial in this case” were at issue 

in the IPR. Id. at *2. Clearly, the district court did not 

envision adding other claims to the case following the IPR. 

And Click-to-Call has not, on appeal, pointed us to any 

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14 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

briefing or statements before the district court where it 

hinted at such an addition before the stay.

The case was stayed for more than six years while the 

Board appeals were resolved. During that time, the parties 

filed a number of status reports with the district court. At 

no time during the stay did Click-to-Call request leave to 

amend its asserted claims. Oral Arg. at 11:44–12:12, 

https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2

2-1016_06092022.mp3 (noting lack of communication with 

the court during the stay regarding which claims were being asserted). 

The Board issued its final written decision in 2014, 

during the stay. Even though Click-to-Call was aware of 

the Board’s reasoning holding the asserted claims unpatentable over Dezonno since 2014, it did not request 

leave to amend its asserted claims until six years later, 

when it filed its response to Ingenio’s summary judgment 

motion in 2020. J.A. 1720–21. And even that request was 

cursory, with Click-to-Call arguing “[g]ood cause exists” to 

allow amendment merely because “only three claims [are] 

at issue, Click-to-Call promptly gave notice after the IPR 

was final that it would pursue all three claims without 

timely objection from defendants, and defendants are not 

prejudiced.” J.A. 1721. Click-to-Call provided no further 

justification for this request.

The district court addressed this terse request from 

Click-to-Call in an equally short denial, determining 

“Click-to-Call failed to provide good cause to amend its notice of claims selected for trial.” J.A. 5. The district court 

also adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation, 

which reasoned that “[c]ourts generally refuse to reopen 

what has been decided previously” and recommended denying Click-to-Call’s request to amend. J.A. 14. Like the district court, the magistrate judge found “Click-to-Call has 

not provided good cause for leave to amend nearly eight 

years after its original selection of claims for trial.” Id. We 

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CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC. 15

see no abuse of discretion in this decision by the district 

court.

Click-to-Call makes two principal arguments on appeal: (1) the parties agreed that claims 24 and 28 were in 

the case after the stay was lifted and (2) the district court 

failed to properly analyze its request for amendment under 

the factors enumerated in S&W Enterprises. Appellant’s 

Br. 30–34. Neither argument is persuasive.

First, Click-to-Call argues that there was a “clear 

agreement” between it and Ingenio that claims 24 and 28 

were in the case. Appellant’s Br. 30. We disagree. Upon 

restarting the district court case, Click-to-Call expressed 

that “it intends to proceed with litigation of the asserted 

claims not affected by the Inter Partes Review proceedings: 

specifically, claims 24, 27, and 28.” J.A. 1415. But, at that 

time, claims 24 and 28 were not among the “asserted 

claims” because Click-to-Call had not sought to amend. 

Click-to-Call also points to Ingenio’s response at that 

time that it would seek invalidity of all three claims as 

some sort of an admission that claims 24 and 28 were in 

the case. Appellant’s Br. 30. But it is unsurprising that a 

defendant would assert invalidity of any claim a plaintiff 

purported to assert. This does not act as a waiver of Ingenio’s right to challenge whether these claims were 

properly part of the case and does not prohibit the district 

court from denying Click-to-Call’s subsequent request to 

amend.

Second, Click-to-Call argues the district court abused 

its discretion in denying Click-to-Call’s proposed amendment by failing to consider the factors enumerated in S&W 

Enterprises. Appellant’s Br. 31–34. But, as we described 

above, Click-to-Call’s request to amend consisted of a twosentence paragraph that did not even cite S&W Enterprises, let alone analyze the factors therein. J.A. 1721. We 

will not fault the district court for failing to apply a case 

that Click-to-Call did not even present to the district court. 

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16 CLICK-TO-CALL TECHNOLOGIES, LP v. INGENIO, INC.

And we refuse to find an abuse of discretion in the district 

court’s short analysis, considering the minimal effort Clickto-Call put into making its argument. Cf. Novartis AG 

v. Torrent Pharms. Ltd., 853 F.3d 1316, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 

2017) (refusing to fault the lower tribunal for “arguably 

limited treatment” of arguments that were only tersely 

made). Nor will we analyze those factors de novo in the 

first instance, as Click-to-Call would have us do. Appellant’s Br. 32–34 (analyzing the factors for the first time on 

appeal).

The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow Click-to-Call to amend its selection of claims 

for trial to add claims 24 and 28. Accordingly, we affirm 

that portion of the district court’s decision.

CONCLUSION

We reverse the district court’s determination that Ingenio is not estopped under 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2) from asserting invalidity of claim 27 based on anticipation by 

Dezonno and its summary judgment of invalidity. We thus 

remand for further proceedings regarding claim 27. We affirm the district court’s denial of Click-to-Call’s request to 

amend its asserted claims to include claims 24 and 28.

REVERSED-IN-PART, AFFIRMED-IN-PART, AND 

REMANDED

COSTS

No costs.

Case: 22-1016 Document: 42 Page: 16 Filed: 08/17/2022