U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

NCJRS 

Justice Expenditure AC~UI:'::NS 

and Employment, 1990 

By Sue A. Lindgren 

BJS Statistician 

Federal, State, llnd local governments In 

the United States spent $74 billion In fiscal 

~ear 1990 for civil and criminal justice, an 

.ncrease of 22% since 1988, the last year 

comparable data were collected. Justice 

spending Increased more than total 

government spending for aU activities, 

which grew by 15.5% to $2.2 trillion 

in 1990. 

Federal spending for justice activities 

Increased twice as fast during this period 

(29%) as all Federal spending (14'%), while 

State and local spending for justice 

activities Increased slightly faster (21 %) 

than all State and local spending (18%). 

Other findings Include -

It Three cents (or 3.3%) of every 

government dollar spent throughout the 

Nation In 1990 was for justice activities: 

1.4% for police protection, 1.1 % for 

corrections, and 0.7% for judicial and legal 

services. The Federal Government spent 

lass than 1 cent of every dollar for Justice; 

State governments, 6 cents; and local 

governments, almost 7 cents. 

• Compared to Justice expenditures, 

Federal, State, and local governments 

• 

pent six times as much on social 

insurance payments, almost five times as 

much on national defense and International 

relations, four times as much on education 

and libraries, more than three times as 

This Bulletin presents the results of 

BJS's survey of 1990 Federal, State, 

and local justice expenditure and 

employment. These periodic expenditure and employment surveys produce 

information vital to pollcymakers, practitioners, and members of the general 

public for gauging government criminal 

Justice efforts. 

The 1990 survey shows that a trend, 

first detected in 1985, is continuing; 

namely, that governments are responding to citizens' concerns about crime. 

From 1985 to 1990, spending for 

criminal justice Increased almost twice 

as fast as all government spending. 

In the previous period, 1979 to 1985, 

justice spending lagged behind other 

types .:.f spending. 

much on interest on debt, twice as much 

on housing and the environment, and 

almost twice as much on public welfare. 

• Reflecting the fact that criminal and civil 

justice Is primarily a State and local 

responsibility, State and local governments 

combined spent 87% of all justice dollars; 

the Federal government spent 13% . 

• Federal, State, and local governments 

combined spent $299 per capita on 

criminal and civil justice in 1990. State and 

local governments spent $261 per capita. 

September 1992 

Overall, the proportion of total government spending used for Justice activities, 3.3%, was up slightly from the 

2.9% registered in 1985. Of every 

government dollar spent in the Nation, 

1.4 cents were for police protection; 1.1 

cents, for correctional programs such as 

jails, prisons, probation, and parole; and 

0.7 cent, for Judicial and legal services. 

I would like to express my gratitude 

to the thousands of State and local 

governments who participate in the BJS 

surveys. Without the data they provide, 

efforts to develop and Implement sound 

crime control policies would be 

weakened. 

Steven D. Dillingham, Ph.D., LL.M. 

Director 

• Expenditure for justice activities 

Increased 61 % in constant dollars par 

capita, from 1971 - when data first 

became available - to 1990. Spending for 

public defense increased the most, 259%, 

compared to 154% for corrections, 152% 

for legal services and prosecution, 58% for 

courts, and 16% for police. 

• Federal Government spending on Justice 

Increased 128% in constant dollars per 

capita from 1971 to 1990, more than twice 

as fast as the 54.5% increase among State 

and local gcvernments. 
II All levels of government spent a greater 

proportion of their corrections dollars on 

Institutions versus probation, parole, and 

pardon. 

e Sincs 1979, State government expenditure for building prisons Increased 612% 

in actual dollars - almost twice as fast 

as spending to operata correctlonallnstitutlons, which rose 328%. 

• State governments spent 3.9% of their 

total dollars for corrections -Including 

building and operating Institutions and 

running probation and parole programs. 

• State and local per capita spending on all 

criminal justice activities was highest In the 

Northeast ($335) and West ($322) and 

lowest in the South ($220) and Midwest 

($202). 

e Per capita spending on all criminal justice 

activities ranged from less than $100 In 

West Virginia to more than $400 In two 

States: New York and Alaska. 

o In October 1990, the Nation's civil and 

criminal Justice system employed 1.7 

million persons, with a total October 

payroll of almost $4.3 billion. 

Table 1. Percent of direct government spending for selected government functions, 

by level of government, fiscal 1990 

level of gOl/ernment 

Activity All Federal State Local" 

Social insurance payments 20.5% 31.4% 13.7% 1.5% 

National defense and 

International relations 15.5 27.S 

Education and libraries 14.0 1.4 19.1 37.6 

Interest on debt 10.7 15.1 5.4 4.9 

Housing and the environment 7.1 7.0 3.8 9.6 

Publicwalfare 6.3 2.7 21.0 4.2 

Hospitals and health 4.2 1.4 8.9 6.8 

Transp<jftation 3.5 .6 9.5 5.7 

Justice 3.3 .7 6.4 6.9 

Pollee prolectlon 1.4 .3 1.2 4.0 

Judicial and legal .7 .3 1.3 1.4 

Corrections 1.1 .1 3.9 1.4 

Space research and technology .5 1.0 

.... Not applicable. 

"Includes -In addition to counties, townships, and municipalities - independent school districts and special 

districts such as those for water treatment See Methodology and limitations. 

"The total includes a residual "other" category not displayed separately. The "judicial and legal services," 

category Includes the "courts only," "prosecution and legal services," and "public defense" categories shown 

separately elsewhere In thl$ report. 

Source: Data for nonjustice fUllctions are from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Governmental Finances: 

19S9-90GF/90-5, table 10, USGPO: Washington, D.C. 

2 

5' 

The Justice share of all spending 

Nationally, 3.3% of all government • 

spending In 1990 was for criminal and elvi 

justice activities, up from 2.9% In 1985. tn 

1990-

• 1.4% of all spending was for police 

protection 

• 1.1 % for corrections 

.0.7% for judicial and legal services, such 

as courts (0.4%), prosecution and legal 

services (0.2%), and public defense 

(0.1%). 

Overall the Nation spent six times as much 

on social insurance payments as on justice 

activities, almost five times more for 

national defense and international 

relations, and three times as much on 

interest on debt (table 1). 

The Federal Government had the lowest 

percent of its expenditure for justice 

(0.7%), which was dwarfed by Federal 

social Insurance payments such as Social 

Security and Medicare (31.4%) and 

national defense and international 

spending (27.6%). State and iocal 

governments had higher percents going 

for justice activities, 6.4% and 6.9%, 

respectively, reflecting the fact that criminal 

Justice is primarily a State and local • 

responsibility. Major competitors for State 

and local justice dollars are State welfare 

spending (21 %) and State and local 

educational expenditures (19% and 38%). 

County governments devoted the highest 

percent of spending for justice, 13.9%; 

muniCipalities spent 11.4%. Overall, local 

governments, which include independent 

school districts and special districts as well 

as counties and municipalities, spent 6.9% 

of their total budget on Justice activities. 

General purpose local governments, which 

exclude the special districts and school 

districts, spent 11.7% of their budgets for 

justice activities. 

• 
Spending by level of government 

•

Local governments spent over half of the 

Nation's civil and criminal direct justice 

expenditure, or $39.5 billion, followed by 

State governments with $25.4 billion and 

the Federal Government with $9.3 billion 

(tables 2 and 3). 

Two fifths - $31.8 billion - of the Nation's 

total justice expenditure wa~ for police 

protection, and a third, $25 billion, was 

for cO"rections, including jails, prisons, 

probation, and parole. The combined 

activities of courts, prosecution and legal 

services, and public defense accounted 

for $16.5 billion, or 22% 01 the total. 

Within each category of justice activity, 

the distribution of expenditure by level 

of government reflects the different 

responsibilities of each level: 

Table2. Justice system expenditure, by level of government, fiscal 1990 

a: 

• Pollee protection Is primarily a local 

responsibility; accordingly, local governments spent 73%, of the total police 

protection expenditure In the country 

in 1990. 

• Corrections Is primarily a State responsibility, and the State governments 

accounted for 62% of the Nation's 

corrections expenditure. 

EXE!!!nditure In thousands oldollars 

• 

• 

Judicial and legal services 

Prosilcution Other 

Expenditure type by Police Courts and legal Public Justice 

level of government Total protection Total only services defense Corrections activities 

All expendlturo $74,249,120 $31,804,913 $16,549,151 $9,306,975 $5,500,139 $1,742,037 $24,960,606 $934,450 

Federal 10,058,735 4,020,474 3,477,040 1,553,171 1,518,098 405,771 1,596,765 964,456 

Direct 9,330,923 4,020,474 3,477,030 1,553,161 1,518,098 405,771 1,456,405 377,014 

Intergovarnmental 727,812 0 10 10 0 0 140,360 587,442 

All State and local $64,918,198 $27,784,438 $13.072,121 $7,753,814 $3,982,041 $1,336,266 $23,504,200 $557,436 

Slate 28,004,591 5,197,067 5,532,918 3,478,174 1,451,070 603,674 16,692,827 581,779 

Direct 25,413,826 4,714,460 5,009,884 3,165,32~ 1,296,078 548,485 15,364,609 324,872 

Intergovernmental 2,590,766 482,607 523,034 312,853 154,992 55,189 1,328,218 256,907 

Total local 39,666,809 23,080,597 8,109,302 4,634,528 2,686,337 788,437 8,244,131 232,779 

Direct 39,504,372 23,069,979 8,062,237 4,588,493 2,685,963 787,781 8,139,592 232,564 

Intergovernmental 162,437 10,618 47,065 46,035 374 656 104,53e 215 

County 17,598,878 5,497,619 5,925,165 3,709,371 1,610,086 605,703 5,990,381 185.713 

Direct 17,454,242 5,478,220 5,890,116 3,677,208 1,609,341 603,567 5,901,893 184,013 

Intargovernmental 144,636 19,399 35,049 32,163 745 2,141 88,488 1,700 

MunIcIpal 22,550,436 17,947,913 2,215,116 947,430 1,078,324 189,362 2,338,221 49,186 

Direct 22,050,134 17,591,760 2,172,122 911,286 1.076,622 184,214 2,237,700 48,552 

Intsrgovarnmental 500,302 356,153 42,994 36,144 1.702 5,148 100,521 634 

Note: Intergovernmental expenditure consists of payments from one government to another. Such expenditure eventually will show up es a direct expenditure of the 

recipient government Duplicative transactions between levels of governments ere excluded from the totals lor all governments and local governments. 

Table 3. Distribution of Justice system direct expenditure, 

by activity and level of government, fiscal 1990 

Judicial and legal services 

Prosecution Other 

Lavelof Police Courts end legal Public justice 

government Total protection Total only services defense Corrections activities 

Percent by level 

of govllrnment 

All governments 100.0% 1CJO.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100,0% 100.0% 100.0% 

FedenU 12.6 12.6 21.0 16.7 27.6 23.3 5.8 40.3 

State 34.2 14.8 30.3 34.0 23.6 31.5 61.6 34.8 

Total/ocal 53.2 72.5 48.7 49.3 4M 45.2 32.6 24.9 

County 23.5 17.2 35.6 39.5 29.3 34.6 23.6 19.7 

Municipal 29.7 55.3 13.1 9.8 19.6 10.6 9.0 5.2 

Percent by activity 

All governments 100% 42.8% 22.3% 12.5% 7.4% 2.3% 33.6% 1.3% 

Federal 100 43.1 37.3 16.6 16.3 4.3 15.6 4.0 

State 100 1S.6 19.7 12.5 5.1 2.2 60.5 1.3 

Totallocel 100 58.4 20.4 11.6 6.B 2.0 20.6 .6 

County 100 sGf.4 33.7 21.1 9.2 3.5 33.8 1.1 

Municipal 100 79.8 9.9 4.1 4.9 .8 10.1 .2 

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. 

3 
• 

e Overall, local police spending repre- Trends ments over the history of the expenditure 

sented almost a third of the Nation's total series - by 128% versus 54.5% in 

direct Justice expenditure, and State Expenditure for justice activities by all constant dollars from 1971 to 1990 . • corrections accounted for the second governments increased by 24% in the past 

largest portion, a fifth. 5 years In constant 1990 dollars per capita For all governments combined, corrections 

(table 4). The Federai Government had a expenditure increased at a greater rate, 

• The buik of court cases heard in the U.S. larger Increase In spending from 1985 to 99%, than other JustIce activities from 1979 

are in State and county courts. Combined, 1990 (33%) than State and local govern- to 1990 in constant dollars (figure 1). For 

those governments accounted for almost ments (23%). The Federal Government State and local governments, the Increase 

three quarters of total direct expenditure Increased its justice spending more than was 98.5%, for the Federal Government, 

for courts, with the Federal government twice as much as State and local govern- 114%. Corrections increases were also 

spending 17% of the total and municipal 

governments, 10%. Table4. Percent change In direct expenditure (actual and constant 1990 dollars 

per capIta) for Justice activities, by activIty and level of government, 1971-90 

II Prosecution of court cases occurs most 

often at the local level of government, Judicial and lesal services 

Police Prosecution 

which accounted for 49% of the total pro- Courts and legal Public 

prosecution and legal services expend- Level of Bovernmenl Total tection Total onl~ services defense Corrections 

Iture. State governments accounted for Percent change In 

24%. conotant 1990dollaro 

percaplla 

" Public defense systems are organIzed 1971·90 

at the county level in most States, and 

counties spent over a third of the total All governments 61.0% 16.0% 93.3% 5B.0% 151.9% 259.2% 153.6% 

public defense expenditure. Federal 127.9 48.8 261.5 243.4 409.4 91.B 290.2 

State and local 54.5 12.4 72.0 42.5 111.2 38B.B 148.2 

Combined, State and local governments 1979·90 spent 87% of the Nation's justice monies. 

Local governments alone spent 53%. The All governments 34.8% 6.0% 40.7% 30.8% 55.0% 58.4% 99.4% 

Federal Government accounted for almost Federal 45.1 2.5 11.2 1~2.2 199.4 -7.S 113.9 13% of direct justice spending. State and local 33.4 6.5 29.2 20.9 30.9 102.7 98.5 

Per capita spending 19B5·90 

All governments 2:l.R% 8.1% 26.7% 22.8% 29.8% 39.6% 48.1% 

The Federal, State, and local governments Federal 32.9 16.8 4i.6 47.9 52.3 66.7 combined spent $299 per capita on civil .9 

and criminal justice activities in 1990, up 

State and local 22.7 7.0 23.2 18.7 22.9 59.3 47.0 

from $248 in 1988. Of this, $128 per Percent change In actual 

capita was for police protection, $100 was 

direct expenditure 

for corrections, and $67 was for judicial 1971·90 

and legal services, such as courts ($37). All governments 606.0% 415.9% 736.6% 585.2% 1,019.4% 1.255.2% 989.5% prosecution and legal services ($22), and 

public defense ($7). Spending was $4 per Foderal 668.1 400.3 1.124.9 1058.9 1.610.6 564.2 1.214.4 

capita for other justice activities that were State and local total 597.9 418.2 671.5 533.3 889.1 1,881.1 978.0 

not elsewhere classified, such as State State 847.8 439.7 1.043.8 909.0 1,102.3 3.226.0 1.061.3 

Total local 496.7 414.1 541.8 403.9 811.2 1.445.9 849.6 

criminal Justice coordinating councils. County 710.9 650.4 587.4 470.4 840.5 1.369.4 947.0 

MUnicipal 393.5 368.1 443.8 242.7 770.6 1.763.4 662.5 

The $299 per capita for justice activities 1979·90 

compares to a total of $8,921 per capita for 

All governments all governmental functions. The per capita 185.3% 128.5% 194.0% 175.3% 233.3% 191.7% 313.3% 

figures for various categories of govern- Federal 176.2 95.9 297.0 320.3 470.4 68.9 311.5 

mental expenditure are as follows: State and local total 186.6 134.2 175.1 157.5 187.7 274.3 S13.4 

State .243.8 137.1 186.6 163.9 201.0 364.8 335.1 

Social insurance Total local 15B.9 133.6 168.3 153.2 181.7 229.6 277.8 

payments $1,826 County 188.7 169.6 167.6 157.3 179.0 208.9 257.0 

National defense and Municipal 139.4 124.3 170.4 137.9 185.9 322.4 346.6 

international relations 1.383 

Education and libraries 1,247 19B5·90 

In!ereston debt 956 

Housing and the All governments 62.8% 44.5% 64.3% 61.0% 70.0% 65.2% 91.5% 

environment 634 

PUb/icwellare 566 Federal 64.2 45.3 73.9 82.3 88.9 18.2 106.1 

Hospitals and health 372 State and local total 62.6 44.4 62.0 57.3 63.7 87.9 90.7 

Transportation 316 State 73.3 46.1 57.9 Q49.2 68.0 97.0 90.1 

Juat.Jce 299 Totallocal 56.4 44.0 64.6 63.5 61.8 82.0 91.7 

Space research and County 66.8 48.9 67.0 69.3 60.3 72.6 84.6 

technology 49 Municipal 49.0 42.6 58.2 43.8 64.1 121.6 113.3 

4 
the highest during the period 1985-90, 48% 

for all governments; during this period the 

number of adults under some form of 

.correctional custody or supervision 

increased by 44%. 

• 

• 

Over the period 1971-90, the corrections 

spending increase In constant dollars per 

capita was second only to public defense, 

which grsw rapidly during the 1970's in 

response to court rulings. The overall 

154% Increase In corrections expenditure 

from 1971-90 compares to increases that 

were -

• 259% for public defense 

• 152% for legal services and prosecution 

• 58% for courts 

• 16% for police protection. 

Spending on Justice 

Per capita spending, 

by activity for all governments 

1990 dollars 

per capita 

$120 

~~ 

!Pi-~.-:-~ . . ~"l 

L-' _ .........-.iJ 

$90 r .. -- ,..- <l~1 

L_, _~_., .'~: ~CJ $60 c-· -~-. ------ I 

icon-ections 1 

! __ .....:.-___ ... _J 

$30 rCou~-· -.,..,--...".......-, 

foseGtAtion and legal sflrvices J 

c: . '. Public defense.. .', J 

$0 I , , i ,-T'T"rITT, rr-r"ll"'T'T'1 

1971 1975 1979 198519881990 

Total spending, 

by level of government 

"-. ~-:'J 

" ." I ==::-.::'''__ ,', _~_. I --~-"':<--~-~. , <) • state ' ;:,) 

Data were collected each year from 1971 

to 1979 and in 1985, 1988. and 1990 . 

Data for 1980-84, 1986-87, and 1989 

are imputed. 

Figure 1 

When examined by type of justice activity 

and by level of government, from 1971 to 

i 990 the largest Increases in constant 

dollars per capita were-

• 409% for Federal prosecution and legal 

services 

" 389% for State and local public defense 

• 290% for Federal corrections 

.243% for Federal courts 

• i 48% for State and local corrections 

• 111 "10 for State and local prosecution and 

legal servicss. 

At each level of government, increases for 

pOlice protection between 1971 and 1990 

in constant dollars per capiia were among 

the lowest of the various justice activities. 

The smallest changes ware-

• 49% for Federal police 

• 43% for State and local courts 

• 12% for State and local police. 

The combined expenditure of State and 

local governments masks some Important 

differences between State, county, and 

municipal spending. 

From 1971-90, State goverrlments had the 

greatest increase In all Justice direct 

spending, 848% In actual dollars, followed 

by county governments with 711%, the 

Federal Government with 668%, and 

municipalities with 394%.* Throughout the 

period 1971-79, municipal governments 

accounted for the largest share of justice 

spending, but by 1985 State government 

expenditures matched those of municipalities and exceeded them In 1988 and 

1990. By 1990, States accounted for 34% 

'State, county. and municipal expenditures were not 

converted separately to 1990 constant per capita 

dollars because population data are available for 

counties and municipalities only at 5-year Intervals 

and for other methodological reasons. 

TableS. Percent of State government total direct corrections expenditure 

for prison operations, all capital outlay, and prison construction, 1971-90 

Caeital outia~ 

Prison 

Total Prison construction 

direct operations All only 

1971 100.0% 70.6% 10.8% 

1972 100.0 75.1 7.B 

1973 100.0 74.3 6.4 

1974 100.0 72.7 6.9 

1975 100.0 70.7 8.1 

1976 100.0 69.9 8.0 

1977 100.0 68.5 10.0 7.7 

1978 100.0 70.5 10.1 7.8 

1979 100.0 70.8 10.1 8.1 

1985 100.0 70.9 13.4 11.3 

1988 100.0 69.9 15.1 12.9 

1990 100.0 69.6 15.1 13.2 

Note: Includes only direct outlays; does not include the cost of Interest for projects 

such as prison construction financed ovar tim::;. 

... Not available. 

Table6. Percent 01 total direct corrections expenditure for Institutions 

and probation, parole, and pardon, by level of government, 1977-79, 

1985,1986, and 1990. 

Percent of total direct corrections expenditura for: 

Level of Ins~tutions 

government 1977 1978 1979 1985 1988 1990 

AllState 

and local 74.4% 75.3% 76.7% !!!l.5% 84.9% 84.9% 

State 76.3 75.9 78.9 83.9 84.6 84.1 

TOlallocal 71.5 72.2 73.2 82.8 85.4 86.3 

County 70.1 70.8 70.8 79.8 82.8 83.6 

Municipal 76.0 77.8 81.2 91.9 92.9 93.4 

Probation. earole. e!!rdon 

1977 1978 1979 1985 1988 1990 

AllState 

and local 17.6% i6.3% 15.7% 12.4% 11.1% 11.0% 

State 12.13 11.5 12.1 9.6 9.2 9.6 

Total local 25.2 24.3 22.8 17.2 14.6 13.7 

County 27.6 26.2 25.4 20.2 17.2 16.4 

MUnicipal 17.3 16.7 13.7 8.1 7.1 6.6 

5 
u 

of Justice spending. followed by municipalities with 30%, counties with 24%, and the 

Federal Government with 13%. 

Focus on corrections 

The special survey used to collect the 1990 

expenditure and employment data also 

collected detailed corrections dat;~, allowIng mora In depth analysis of corrections 

expenditure and employment: 

• During the period 1979 to 1990, State 

government expenditure to operate correctlonallnstltutlons rose 328% In actLlal 

dollars, but expenditure for prison construction rose almost twice as fast, 612%. 

-

• The proportion of total direct expenditure 

by State governments for corrections 

capital outlays Increased from a low of 

6.4% In 1973 to 13.4% In 1985, and 15.1% 

In 1988 and 1990 (table 5). 

• Since 1977, when prison construction 

data first became available, State governments Increased the percent of total 

corrections direct expenditure for prison 

construction from a low of 7.7% In 1977 to 

11.3% In 1985, 12.9% in 1988, and i 3.2% 

In 1990 . 

• From 1977 through the 1980's, State and 

local govfJrnments spent an Increasing 

proportion of the corrections dollars 

Table 7. Justice system employment and payrolls, 

by activity and level of government, October 1990 

Activity and 

level of government 

Tot&IJuaticesyetem 

Federal 

Slate 

Tolaliocal 

County 

MuniCipal 

Police protection 

Federal 

State 

Totaliocal 

County 

Municipal 

Judicial (courts only} 

Federal 

State 

Totaliocal 

County 

Municipal 

Prosecution and 

legalservic6s 

FederrJ 

State 

Totaliocal 

County 

Municipal 

Publlodofenae 

Federal 

State 

Totaliocal 

County 

Municipal 

Corrections 

Federal 

State 

Totaliocal 

County 

Municipal 

Other Justice activities 

Federal 

State 

Total local 

County 

Municipal 

Toial 

1,721,622 

135,951 

577,815 

1,007,856 

453,279 

554,574 

800,459 

65,490 

120,504 

614,465 

149,685 

464,781 

224,778 

22,272 

69,820 

132,686 

102,459 

30,225 

117,726 

24,947 

30,199 

62,580 

42,018 

20,562 

15,751 

589 

7,377 

7,785 

7,348 

437 

555,813 

22,137 

345,383 

188,293 

150,211 

38,087 

7,091 

516 

4,532 

2,043 

1,568 

474 

Employment 

Full-time 

1,618,151 

135,951 

551,935 

930,265 

421,173 

509,090 

746,736 

65,490 

109,455 

571,791 

140,982 

430,809 

203,927 

22,272 

65,325 

116,330 

93,622 

22,706 

108,915 

24,947 

27,871 

56,097 

38,,184 

17,615 

14,564 

589 

7,055 

6,920 

6,615 

306 

537,404 

22,137 

337,871 

177,396 

140,020 

37,380 

6,600 

516 

4,358 

1,726 

1,452 

271 

FUll-time 

eguivalent 

1,658,366 

135,951 

563,080 

959,335 

435,031 

524,298 

764,382 

65,490 

111,936 

586,956 

144,013 

442,941 

212,414 

22,272 

68,090 

122,052 

97,622 

24,430 

112,401 

24,947 

29,046 

58,408 

40,049 

18,365 

15,207 

589 

7,255 

7,363 

7,038 

325 

547,166 

22,137 

342,316 

182,713 

144,810 

37,904 

6,792 

516 

4,433 

1,843 

1,499 

342 

October 

payroll (in 

thousands) 

$4,287,466 

415,139 

1,439,207 

2,433,120 

1,016,657 

1,416,464 

$2,056,941 

188,461 

303,719 

1,564,761 

361.735 

1,203,026 

$547,333 

78,308 

214,515 

254,510 

205,028 

49,482 

$333,577 

82,159 

84,805 

166,613 

109,516 

57,097 

$46,357 

2,014 

20,885 

23,458 

22,350 

1,108 

$1,286,069 

62,178 

803,894 

419,997 

315,014 

104,983 

$17,192 

2,019 

11,391 

3,782 

3,014 

769 

Nota: Datail may not add to totals because of rounding. Statistics for full-tima equivalent employment 

presented in this repert are computed with a formula using hours worked by part-time amployees. A payrollbased formula \\las used prior to the 1990 survey. See definitions of terms for details. 

6 

(Including capital and operating costs) 

for Institutions rather than for probation, 

parole, and pardon (table 6). Similarly, 

the Federal Government Increased the 

proportion It spent on Institutions. The 

Federal Government's corrections 

spending was apportioned as follows: 

1979 

1985 

1988 

1990 

Institutions 

58.5% 

75.8 

82.2 

82.1 

Justice employment 

Probation, 

parola, pardon 

21.1% 

16.2 

13.0 

13.3 

In October 1990, the Nation's civil and 

criminal Justice systems employed 1.7 

million persons, with a total October payroll 

of almost $4.3 billion (table 7). 

Local governments accounted for more 

civil ar:.d criminal justice employment than 

the Federal and State governments 

combined. Of the Nation's total justice 

employees, 58.5% were engaged In local 

justice activities (table 8). 

TablaS. Distribution of Justice system 

total employment and payrolls, by actlvltv 

end level of government, October 1990 

Activity 

and level 

of government 

Total justice systllm 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Police protection 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Judicial (courts only) 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Prosecution and 

legal services 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Public defense 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Corrections 

Faderal 

State 

Local 

Other justice 

activities 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Total 

employment 

100.0% 

7.9 

33.6 

58.5 

100.0 

8.2 

15.1 

76.8 

100.0 

9.9 

31.1 

59.0 

100.0 

21.2 

25.7 

53.2 

100.0 

3.7 

46.8 

49.4 

100.0 

4.0 

62.1 

33.9 

100.0 

7.3 

63.9 

28.8 

October 

payroll 

100.0% 

9.7 

33.6 

56.7 

100.0 

9.2 

14.8 

76,1 

100.0 

14.3 

39.2 

46.5 

100.0 

24.6 

25.4 

49.9 

100.0 

4.3 

45.1 

50.6 

100.0 

4.8 

62.5 

32.7 

100.0 

11.7 

66.3 

22.0 

Note: Detail may not add to totals !;;\lcause of 

rounding. 

• 
Reflecting the fact that law enforcement Is 

essentIally the responslblllty of local Table 9. State and local Justice system Table10. State and local justice system 

~ov6rnments, 77% of the Nation's police per capIta expenditure, by state, fUll-time equIvalent employment 

mployees were working at the local level. fIscal 1990 per 10,000 population, by State, 

State govEirnments employed 15% of October 1990 

JL'stlce police protection workers; the Federal expenditure FUll-time 

Government, 8%. Rank State ~erca~lta employment 

1 Dlsl. of Columbia $1,196.30 equivalent 

Local governments also dominated Judicial par 10,000 

2 Alaska 607.54 Rank State population and legal employment, though not as 3 New York 480.35 

much. Local employees accounted for 4 California 376.0S 1 Dlsl. of Columbia 194.3 

59% of court employees, 53% of 5 Nevada 359.36 2 New York 92.9 

S NewJersey 331.47 3 Alaska 88.S prosecution and legal service employees, 7 Arizona 319.11 4 New Jersey 79.8 

and 49% of public defense employe~s. 8 Massachusetts 302.99 5 Nevada 77.S 

9 Delaware 302.50 6 Florida 76.9 

10 Maryland 301.17 7 Arizona 73.3 The distribution of corrections employees 11 Connecticut 296.28 8 Delaware 72.2 

reflected State government dominance In 12 Hawaii 291.17 9 Wyoming 69.4 

that sector - 62% of corrections em13 Florida 288.13 10 Maryland 68.9 

11 Hawaii 67.5 

ployees worked for State government, All Stato and local 261.02 12 Georgia 66.4 

followed by 34% at the local level, and 4% 14 Michigan 

13 LouIsiana 64.9 

259.98 14 N'3wMexico 64.6 at the Federalleve!. 15 Rhode Island 249.25 15 California 63.2 

16 Wyoming 246.67 

State and local spending 17 Oregon 243.15 All State and local 61.2 

18 Colorado 243.14 

and employment 19 Georgia 238.81 16 Texas 61.1 

20 Virginia 234.97 17 Illinois 60.3 

Across the Nation, State and local govern21 New Mexico 234.43 18 Rhode Island 60.0 

22 lilineis 232.58 19 Virginia 59.1 ments spent $261 per capita on justice 23 Kansas 221.97 2U South Carolina 59.0 

activities (tabla 9). This ranged from less 24 Washington 211.92 21 Massachusetts 57.5 

than $100 per capita In West Virginia ($97} 25 Texas 209.90 22 Kansas 57.3 

26 Wisconsin 208.73 23 Colorado 57.2 to more than $400 per capita in two States; 27 NawHampshlrll 205.08 24 Missouri 56.4 

New York ($480), Alaska ($608). 28 Louisiana 196.28 25 Michigan 55.7 

29 Tennessee 193.63 26 North Carolina 55.6 

.er capita Justice expenditure Varied by 

30 South Carolina 188.62 27 Oklahoma 53.8 

31 Pennsylvania 187.76 28 Oragon 53.4 

region, being highest In the Northeast 32 Minnesota 187.71 29 Tennesse9 53.3 

($335) and West ($322) and lowest In the 33 North Carolina 186.16 30 Idaho 52.9 

34 Ohio 185.93 31 Alabama 52.8 South and Midwest ($220 and $202, 35 Missouri 179.85 23 Connecticut 52.7 

respectively) . 36 Vermont 179.65 33 Nebraska 52.1 

37 Oklahoma 173.02 34 Ohio 49.5 

38 Maine 168.93 35 Pennsylvania 49.4 In 1990, full-time equivalent employment In 39 Utah 164.77 36 Washington 49.1 

State and local Justice was 61.2 persons 40 Idaho 163.17 37 Wisconsin 48.7 

per 10,000 population nationally (table 10). 

41 Iowa 160.04 38 Montana 48.4 

42 Alabama 159.12 39 Indiana 48.4 

In proportion to Its population, New York 43 Nebraska 157.15 40 NawHampshlre 46.9 

was the State with the most Justice 44 I(enlucky 152.13 41 Kentucky 45.7 

45 Montana 146.79 42 Utah 45.6 employees (92.9 per 10,000 population), 46 Indiana 142.72 43 Iowa 45.2 

followed by Alaska (88.6), and New Jersey 47 South Dakota 134.22 44 Vermont 44.6 

(79.8). The States with the fewest were 

48 North Dakota 122.86 45 Maine 44.3 

49 Mississippi 122.56 46 Mississippi 44.3 West Virginia with 36.0, and North Dakota 50 Arkansas 115.29 47 South Dakota 44.0 

with 39.6. 51 West Virginia 97.30 48 Arkansas 43.6 

49 Minnesota 42.G 

50 North Dakota 39.6 

51 Wast Virginia 36.0 

• 

7 
- ra 

Nationally. 6.7% of all State and local State governments spent 6.4% of their 

spending was devoted to civil and criminal 

Justice. About two-fifths of this was for 

police (2.9%). followed by corrections 

(2.4%), and Judicial and legal service 

activities (1.3%) (tabla 11). The proportion 

of State and local spending directed to 

Justice functions ranged from a low of 3.2% 

In West Virginia to a high of 9.0% In 

Nevada. (The District of Columbia allotted 

13.5% of Its total expenditure to Justice 

actlvltl es). 

total direct expenditure for all:unctlons on 

criminal and civil justice (table 12). Of the. 

total, 3.9% went for corrections, 1.2% went 

for police protection, and 1.3% went for the 

combined Judicial activities of courts, 

prosecution and legal services, and public 

defense. 

Table 11. Percont of State and local total direct expendlfure Table12. Percent of State government total direct expenditure 

for justice nctlvltles, by State, flscsl1990 for Justice activities, by State, fiscal 11'190 

Percont lor justice activltios 

Judicial 

Percent for Justlce activltil.!s 

Judicial 

and and 

Polico legal 

Rank State area Total protection services Corrections 

Police iegal 

Rank State aovernment Total !!rotectlon services Corr~ctlons 

1 Florida 9.7% 1.2% 2.2% 6.0% 

1 DlstrlctofColumbla 13.5% 4.4% 2.0% 7.1% 2 California 8,4 1.6 .6 6.1 

2 Nevada 9.0 3.4 1.8 3.7 3 North Carolina 8.4 1.B 1.9 4.6 

3 California B.4 3.2 1.9 3.2 4 Kansas B.3 1.1 1.B 5.4 

4 NawYork B.1 3.4 1.5 3.1 5 Navada 8.S 1.4 1.0 5.7 

5 Florida B.O 3.4 1.5 3.0 6 Delaware B.3 2.1 2.3 3.7 

6 Maryland 7.7 3.2 1.4 2.B 

7 NewJersey 7.6 3.5 1.5 2.5 

a Arizona 7.6 3.1 1.6 2.7 

7 Georgia 8.1 1.3 .6 6.1 

S Maryland 7.8 1.5 1.6 4.4 

9 Connecticut 7.7 1.4 1.9 4.3 

9 Delaware 7.2 3.0 1.7 2.3 10 New Mexico 7.4 1.2 2.1 4.0 

10 Georgia 6.B 2.6 1.2 3.0 

11 illinois 6.B 3.6 1.2 1.9 

11 Virginia 7.3 1.5 1.4 4.2 

12 Massachusetts 7.2 .9 2.2 4.0 

12 Virginia S.8 2.9 1.2 2.6 13 Arizona 7.2 1.7 .8 4.7 

14 New York 7.2 .7 2.2 4.2 

All State and local &.1 2.9 1.3 2.4 15 Colorado 7.0 .9 2.0 4.1 

13 Massachusetts 6.S 2.B 1.3 2.5 

16 Oregon 7.0 1.2 2.3 3.S 

17 Alaska 6.7 1.5 2.8 2.5 

14 Hawali 6.6 2.8 2.0 1.7 

15 Michigan 6.6 2.7 1.3 2.6 

1B Michigan 6.6 1.2 .B 4.5 

19 Tennessee 6.5 .9 1.0 4.6 

16 Connecticut 6.5 3.U 1.1 2.3 20 Missouri 6.5 1.5 1.5 3.4 

17 Texas 6.5 2.7 1.2 2.4 

18 Missouri 6.5 3.4 1.2 1.B 

19 Kansas 6.5 2.5 1.1 2.6 

All State governments 6.4 1.2 1.3 3.9 

20 New Mexico 6.5 2.7 1.2 2.5 

21 Colorado 6.3 2.7 1.3 2.2 

21 New Hampshire 6.3 1.2 2.7 2.4 

22 South Carolina 6.2 1.6 .4 4.1 

22 New Hampshire 6.2 S.1 1.5 1.7 

23 Oregon 6.2 2.4 1.5 2.3 

23 NewJersoy 6.2 1.5 1.2 3.5 

24 Texas 6.2 1.1 .B 4.2 

24 Rhode Island S.1 3.1 1.4 1.6 25 Oklahoma 5.9 1.2 1.4 3.3 

25 Louisiana b.7 2.6 1.1 2.0 

26 Idaho 5.6 2.7 1.4 1.5 , 26 Vermont 5.B 1.6 1.9 2.3 

27 illinois 5.6 1.3 1.0 S.2 

27 Oklahoma 5.6 2.5 1.0 2.1 

28 Alaska 5.6 2.1 1.9 1.6 

2B Kentucky 5.6 1.2 1.7 2.6 

29 Rhode Island 5.5 .9 2.0 2.5 

29 Wisconsin 5.6 2.7 1.2 1.7 SO Iowa 5.4 1.1 1.7 2.6 

30 North Carolina 5.6 2.6 .8 2.1 31 Idaho 5.3 1.7 1.3 2.3 

31 South Carolina 5.5 2.4 .7 2.3 32 MainE) 5.1 1.5 1.4 2.2 

32 Tennessee 5.5 2.2 .9 2.4 33 Wisconsin 5.1 .6 1.3 3.2 

33 Pennsylvania 5.4 2.4 1.2 1.B 34 Alabama 5.0 1.2 1.4 2.3 

34 Ohio 5.2 2.2 1.3 1.B 35 Louisiana 5.0 1.2 .9 2.B 

35 Kentucky 5.1 2.1 1.1 1.9 36 Utah 4.9 1.1 1.3 2.5 

36 Ahlbama 5.0 2.4 1.0 1.5 

37 Wyoming 4.7 2.4 1.0 1.3 

38 Maine 4.7 2.3 .9 1.6 

37 Mississippi 4.7 1.3 .7 2.7 

3B Wyoming 4.7 1.4 1.3 2.0 

39 Indiana 4.7 1.3 .6 2.B 

39 Indiana 4.7 2.2 .g 1.6 40 Nebraska 4.6 1.3 1.0 2.3 

40 Washington 4.7 2.1 1.0 1.6 41 HawaII 4.6 .2 2.2 2.2 

41 Arkansas 4.6 2.2 .B 1.5 42 South Dakota 4.5 1.3 1.1 2.1 

42 Iowa 4.6 2.1 1.1 1.4 

43 Vermont 4.5 1.9 1.2 1.3 

43 Washington 4.1 1.0 .7 2.4 

44 Arkansas 4.0 1.1 .6 2.3 

44 Utah 4.4 2.0 1.0 1.4 

45 Minnesota 4.3 2.0 1.1 1.2 

45 Pennsylvania 3.B 1.2 .6 1.9 

46 Ohio 3.7 .7 .5 2.5 

46 South Dakota 4.3 2.1 .9 1.3 47 Minnesota 3.2 .B .B 1.6 

47 Mississippi 4.S 2.1 .B 1.4 48 Montana 3.1 .9 .5 1.6 

48 Montana 4.0 1.B .9 1.2 

49 Nebraska 3.B 1.8 .B 1.1 

49 West Virginia 2.9 1.0 1.0 .9 

50 North Dakota 2.5 .8 .B .9 

50 North Dakota 3.3 1.6 .9 .7 

51 We st Virgin la 3.2 1.5 .9 .8 Note: The percentage for the total justice system Includes expenditures 

Note: The percentage for the total Justice system includes expenditures 

for a residual ·other· category not displayed separately. 

for a residual "other" category not displayed separately. 

• 

8 
Appendix table 1. State and local justice system total exp,)ndlture (direct and Intergovernmental). 

• 

by activity and State. fiscal 1990 

EX!1endlture In thousands of dollars 

Total Judicial Prosecution Other 

lustlce Pollee (courts and legal Public lustlcs 

State s~st9m ~rotectlon onl~! services defense Corrections activities 

Total $64,918.200 $27.784,439 $7,753,813 $3,982.041 $1,336,265 $23,504,204 $557,435 

Alebama 643,016 310,275 88,291 35,172 8,297 196,906 4,075 

Alaska 334,146 126,693 31,569 74,429 6,179 95,279 0 

Arizona 1,169,547 481,:120 144,380 83,747 27,302 420,139 12,758 

Arkansas 271,045 130,347 31,141 15,197 2,066 90,162 2,133 

California 11,191,558 4,290,445 1,449,214 770,828 323,478 4,265,013 92,580 

Colorado 800,904 351.194 67,053 65,707 17,360 278,196 1,392 

Connecticut 973,884 446,482 102,196 53,737 12,711 348,506 10,252 

Delaware 201,463 84,974 35,369 8,183 3,046 65,977 3,914 

District of Columbia 726,1n6 234,473 72,864 12,771 23,532 380,614 1,902 

Florida 3,727,778 1,574,483 ~95,706 207,408 88,852 1,399,525 61,744 

Georgia 1,547,021 584,832 191,849 65,396 12,424 681,994 10,526 

Hawaii 322,614 138,393 55,990 38,338 5,401 81,855 2,637 

Idaho 164,310 79,093 26,194 12,261 2,809 43,368 585 

illinois 2,658,624 1,429,752 302,225 144,854 38,125 728,357 15,311 

Indiana 791,236 371,701 90,126 47,929 8,701 267,125 5,653 

Iowa 444.440 2()1.059 54.689 33.777 17.163 136.687 1.063 

Kansas 550,052 213,810 57,440 31,897 7,256 220,864 18,784 

KentUcky 560,597 231,172 73,639 38,412 7.380 205.612 4,382 

Louisiana 828.321 381,015 104,413 49,577 484 289,736 3,096 

Maino 207,449 98,828 23.314 11.568 4.293 69,371 75 

Mary!and 1,439.882 602.592 170,619 65.585 24,655 513,854 62,575 

Massachusetts 1,822,763 774,819 214,953 86,929 51,832 685,031 9,199 

Michigan 2,416,554 989,835 320,566 118,017 37,578 947,587 2,971 

Minnesota 821,228 387,009 112,222 77,941 17,425 225,517 1,113 

Mississippi 315,355 152,470 39,006 17,789 2,616 102,99i' 477 

Missouri 920,313 484,616 113,332 43,814 12,738 263,032 2,780 

Montana i17,287 53,329 14,949 9,005 2,278 34,942 2,783 

Nebraska 247,984 119,162 31,813 17,103 3,884 70,866 5,157 • Nevada 431,940 161,684 50,772 29,602 7,838 179,317 2,733 

New Hampshire 227,431 112,345 32,961 13,554 7,245 61,236 90 

NowJersey 2,562,284 1,192,795 271,580 201,200 49,459 842,909 4,341 

New Mex/co 355,156 148,527 33,441 24,805 7,752 138,875 1,756 

New York 8.641,418 3,662,389 932,314 461,790 197,194 3,301,055 86,677 

North Carolina 1,234,074 574,006 117,234 46,455 21,864 459,941 14,574 

North Dakota 78,505 39,096 14,352 6,781 998 17,230 48 

Ohio 2,016,729 853,786 313,415 132,824 36,133 676,457 4,115 

Oklahoma 544,326 239,922 48,350 48,317 3,590 204,046 100 

Oregon 691,039 267,916 69,189 62,095 30,707 250,089 10,141 

Pennsylvania 2,230,924 987,130 339,896 122,449 30,745 738,401 12,302 

Rhode Island 249,997 127,242 33,024 20,909 3,433 64,315 1,073 

South Carolina 657,726 288,816 60,072 20,887 3,726 279,087 5,138 

South Dakota 93,420 45,597 11,655 6,571 1,826 27,763 8 

Tennessee 944,351 379,940 100,980 40,642 16,260 404,506 2,024 

Texas 3,565,587 1,498,291 386,400 248,126 43,208 1,339,159 50,394 

Utah 283,897 126,702 39,506 22,273 3,317 90,837 1,261 

Vermont 101,144 43,548 15,505 8,032 3,733 29,840 487 

Vir91nla 1,453,777 626,100 170,412 58,595 23,868 558,445 16,358 

Washington 1,031,411 452,143 119,088 79,296 30,221 349,853 809 

West Virginia 174,458 81,753 34,086 10,401 6,440 41,326 451 

Wisconsin 1,021,085 493,982 110,749 70,160 34,958 308,683 2,553 

Wyoming 111,985 56,654 13,701 8,843 1,884 30,820 85 

Noto: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding, 

• 

9 
- --- ---------- - - --------_._-----------------------------

Appendix tabl1l2. State and local Justlco eys!om full·Umooqulvalont omployment, 

by activity and State, October 1990 I 

Total Judicial Prosecution Other 

State 

Justice 

s~stem 

Police 

E!rotection onl~! 

(courts 

E!rosecution 

and legal Public 

defense Corrections 

justice 

activities • 

Total 1,522,411 698,892 190,142 87,454 14,618 525,029 6,276 

Alabama 21,328 11,360 2,779 1,005 6 6,122 56 

Alaska 4,875 1,940 666 588 92 1,589 0 

Arizona: 26,872 10,994 3,368 1,900 457 10,068 85 

Arkansas 10,249 5,053 1,237 481 65 3,374 39 

California 188,018 80,633 23,752 13,648 3,203 55,878 904 

Colorado 18,824 9,112 2,274 1,329 285 5,777 47 

Connecticut 17,319 9,066 1,865 853 248 5,139 148 

Delaware 4,810 2,004 999 211 90 1,477 29 

DlstrlctofColumbla 11,792 5,484 1,256 268 31 4,727 26 

Florida 99,485 42,925 10,711 5,252 1,838 37,797 962 

GeorGia 43,031 17,940 5,214 1.461 144 18,187 85 

HawaII 7,351 3,244 1,225 994 120 1,723 45 

Idaho 5,332 2,717 755 414 57 1,389 0 

illinois 68,906 37,381 8,615 3,534 1,150 18,151 75 

Indiana 26,832 12,238 3,581 1,717 267 8,951 78 

Iowa 12.559 5,978 1,643 864 105 3,959 10 

Kansas 14,207 6,876 1,754 677 95 4,782 23 

Kentucky 16,851 7,180 2,382 1,184 1£l6 5,883 36 

louisiana 27,408 12,910 3,119 1,104 14 10,203 58 

Maine 5,438 2,951 437 271 1 1,774 4 

Maryland 32,932 14,403 4,:129 1,497 486 11,828 299 

Massachusetts 34,573 18,036 4,929 1,587 238 9,662 121 

Michigan 51,754 22,229 7,591 1,992 86 19,797 59 

Minnesota 18,360 9,171 2,421 1,499 307 4,942 20 

Mississippi 11,400 5,722 1,324 420 44 3,887 3 

Missouri 28,874 14,280 3,982 1,334 405 8,788 85 

Montana 3,865 1,843 531 265 15 1,177 34 

Nebraska 8,224 3,652 949 492 81 3,021 29 

Nevada 9,330 3,932 1,052 685 124 3,537 0 

NewJers9Y 

New Hampshire 

61,721 

5,197 

29,517 

3,074 

8,854 

686 

4,216 

207 

895 

0 

18,212 

1,229 

27 

1 • 

NBwMexlco 9,792 4,546 992 601 155 3,477 21 

New York 167,193 75,840 16,097 9,864 586 63,726 1,080 

North Carolina 36,881 17,982 3,451 958 16S 14,038 289 

North Dakota 2,533 1,319 489 173 0 551 1 

Ohio 53,736 23,066 9,294 3,750 481 17,102 43 

Oklahoma 16,940 7,831 1,597 1,273 83 6,156 0 

Oregon 15,177 6,270 1,909 1,464 34 5,371 129 

Pannsylvanla 58,748 27,426 10,605 2,765 589 17,259 104 

Rhode Island 6,018 3,113 744 333 65 1,758 5 

SOuth Carolina 20,577 9,211 2,166 470 58 8,530 142 

South Dakota 3,063 1,669 320 206 13 855 0 

Tenr.::lssee 25,993 11,699 3.186 1,134 278 9,629 67 

Texas 103,808 45,608 12,873 6,403 120 38,162 642 

Utah 7,857 3,851 1,052 476 4 2,451 23 

Vermont 2,509 1,237 293 156 62 750 11 

Virginia 36,551 16,007 4,012 1,291 135 14,962 154 

Washington 23,893 10,637 2,686 2,111 192 8,242 25 

West Virginia 6,452 3,212 1,186 421 17 1,616 0 

Wisconsin 23,810 12,863 2,527 1,482 417 6,464 57 

Wyoming 3,153 1,660 383 174 31 900 5 

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Statistics for full-time equivalent employment presented In thIs report are computed 

with R formula using hours worked by parI-time employees. A payroll-based formula was used prior to the 1988 survey. 

See DlJfi(litio(l o( tlJrms for details. 

• 

10 
.------------------------------------~-.------ --

• ns 

Definition of terms 

•

ThIS section provides brief definitions of 

. he terms used In this report. More explicit 

definitions will be ccntalned In the full 

report. Just{ce Expenditure and Employment in the U.S., 1990 Final Report. 

Expenditure Includes only external cash 

payments made from any source of 

monies, Including any payments financed 

from borrowing, fUnd balances, Intergovernmental revenue, and other current 

revenue. It excludes any Intragovernmental transfers and noncash transactions, 

such as the provision of meals or housing 

of employees. It also excludes retirement 

of debt, Investment In securities, extensions of loans, or agency transactions. 

Total expendlturef> for all government 

functions do Include Interest payments on 

debt, but the justice expenditure data do 

not. 

Expenditure Is divided Into two major 

categories: 

• Direct expenditure Is all expenditure 

except that classified as Intergovernmental. It includes "direct current 

expenditure" (salaries, wages, fees, and 

commissions and purchases of supplies, 

anaterials, and contractual services) and 

_c:apltaloutlays" (constructlon and purchase of eqUipment, land, and existing 

structures). Capital outlays are Included 

for the year when the direct expenditure Is 

made, regardless of how the funds are 

raised (for example, by bond Issue) or 

when they are paid back. 

• Intergol:ernmental expenditure Is the 

sum of payments from one government to 

another, Including grantS-In-aid, shared 

revenues, payments In lieu of taxes, and 

amounts for services performed by one 

government for another on a reimbursable 

or cost-sharing basis (for example, payments by one government to another 

for boarding prisoners). 

Employees are all persons on government 

payrolls during the pay period Including 

October 12, 1990. They Include all paid 

officials and persons on paid leave, but 

exclude unpaid officials, persons on unpaid 

leave, pensioners, and contractors. 

Full-time employees are all persons 

employed on a full-time basis, Including all 

full-time temporary or seasonal workers 

• who were employed during this pay period. 

Full-time equivalent employment Is a 

statistical measure tllat estimates the 

number of full-time employees that could 

have been employed If the reported 

number of hours worked by part-time 

employees had been worked by full-tIme 

employees. This statistic Is calculated 

separately for each function of a government by dividing the "part-time hours paid" 

by the standard number of hours for fulltime employees In the particular government and then adding the resulting 

quotient to the number of full-time 

employees. 

Reports In this series prior to 1988 used 

a different methodology to compute this 

statistic, affecting comparability overtime. 

In the past, the payroll-based formUla 

divided the total payroll (full-time plus parttime) by the full-time payroll and multiplied 

the result by the number of full-time 

employees. 

Payroll Is the gross payroll before deductions and Includes salaries, wages, faes, 

and commissions paid to employees as 

defined above for the month of October 

1990, 

Pollee protection Is the function of 

enforcing the law, preserving order, at'ld 

apprehending those who violate the law, 

whether these activities are performed by 

a city police department, sheriff's department, State police, or Federal law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and the 

Drug Enforcement Administration. Private 

security police are outside the scope of the 

survey. 

Judicial (courts only} Includes all civil 

and criminal courts and activities associated with courts such as law libraries, grand 

Juries, petit juries, and the Ilks. It Is not the 

same as the "judicial and legal services" 

category In reports from the BJS Justice 

Expenditure and £Employment £Extracts 

series and used here as a summary 

statistic. That category also Includes 

"prosecution and legal services" and 

"public defense," which are sometimes 

displayed separately In this report. 

Prosecution and legal services includes 

the clv/( and criminal justice activities of the 

attorneys general, district attorneys, 

State's attorneys, and their variously 

named equivalents and corporation ~ounsels, sol/cltors, and legal departm~nts 

with various names. 

Public defense Includes legal counsel and 

representation in either criminal or civil 

proceedings as provided by public defenders and other government programs that 

pay the fees of court-appointed counsel. 

11 

Corrections Involves the confinement and 

rehabilitation of adults and jl.lVenlies convicted of offenses against the law and the 

confinement of persons suspected of a 

crime awaiting trial or adjudication. It 

Includes costs and employment for Jails, 

prisons, probation, parole, pardon, and 

correctional administration. Data for 

institutions with authority to hold prisoners 

beyond arraignment (usually 48 hours or 

more) are included In this sector. Data for 

lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners less 

than 48 hours are Included In "police 

protection. " 

Correctional Institutions are prisons, 

reformatories, jails, houses of correction, 

penitentiaries, correctional farms, workhouses, reception centers, diagnostiC 

centers, Industrial schools, training 

schools, detention centers, and a variety 

of other types of institutions for the 

conffnement and correction of convicted 

adults or Juveniles who are adjudicated 

delinquent or In need of supervision. It 

also Includes facilities for the detention 

of adutts and juveniles accused of a crime 

and awaiting trial or hearing. In this report, 

prison Is sometimes used to refer to State 

correctional institutions. 

Probation, parole, and pardon inclUdes 

data on probation agencies, boards of 

parole, boards of pardon, and their varIously named equivalents. Although 

probation departments frequently function 

under the administration of a court, the 

data are presented separately under 

corrections after having been deducted 

from the judicial data . 

Other Justice activities Includes expenditurl:! and employment data that are not 

elsewhere classified, that cut across more 

than one category, or that are not allocable 

to separate categories. Examples are 

crime commissions, neighborhood crime 

councils, and State criminal justice 

coordinating councils. 
Methodology and limitations 

The data In this report are preliminary and 

subject to change. They were collected by 

the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics using a special 

sample survey of State and local govorn" 

ments. Data were collected for the Federal 

Government, all State governments, all 

county governments, all municipalities {and 

townships In the six New England States, 

the three Middle Atlantic States, and 

Michigan and Wisconsin) having a 1986 

population of 10,000 or more, and for a 

sample of the remaining municipalities and 

townships. A total 01 8,867 local governments were Included In the survey panel 

(3,042 county governments, 4,693 

municipalities, and 1,132 townships). 

The survey was accomplished using two 

methods of data collection: field 

compilation and mall canvass. Trained 

field representatives complied expenditure 

and employment data from the 

governments' own records for all States, 

the 78 largest counties, and the 52 largest 

municipalities. Other units In the sample 

were canvassed by mall. Response for the 

field-complied units was 100%. For the 

mall canvass units, the response rate was 

87%. 

Data for the Federal Government were 

extracted from Budget of the United States 

Government, FY 1992 Appendix. 

Beginning with the 1985 survey, that 

document allowed the classification of 

appropriate expenditure and employment 

amounts for the Immigration and NaturalIzation Service, the U.S. Customs Service, 

and the Internal Revenue Service as 

"prosecution and legal services." In earlier 

years, those amounts could not be broken 

out of the "police protection" category. 

Data for nonJustlce functions are from U.S. 

Bureau of the Census, Governmental 

Rnances In 1989-90, tables 1 and 10. 

Since 1985, changes In the format for 

those tables allow the Inclusion of 

expenditure amounts that were not 

Included In BJS expenditure and 

employment reports prior to 1~85. 

"Housing and the environment" now 

includes "parks and recreation," 

"sewerage," and "other sanitation" not 

previously included. "Transportation" now 

Includes "other transportation" not prevIously Included. "Soclallnsurance payments" Is "Insurance trust expenditure" In 

the ~(jurce; It Includes Social Sec:urity, 

unemployment ~ompensatlon, employee 

retirement, workers compensation, and a 

residual "other" category. The Justice data 

in this report include the expenditures and 

employment of the Federal Government, 

the State governments, and a sample of 

county, municipal, and township 

governments. Unless otherwise noted, 

data for total governmental functions 

and nonJustice governmental functions 

also Include the expenditures of special 

districts and school districts, which 

generally do not have justice functions. 

Justice expenditl..re data for these districts 

are not collected, although in 1978 (the 

most recent year for which such data are 

available) 0.6% of justice expenditure was 

made by such districts. The special district 

and school district data are Included in the 

total government spending to allow Stateby-State comparisons across States that 

make varying use of school districts to 

finance education. 

A more detailed description of the survey 

me~hodology (Including sample design and 

sampling errors) will be Included in the final 

report from this survey, Justice Expenditure and Employment in the U.S., 1990 

Final Report. Data in that report will be 

presented in greater geographical, 

functional, and financial detail. 

The deflation procedures to produce 

constant 1990 dollars are described in 

Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice: 

Technical Appendix, Second Edition, pp. 

82-86. The current analysis differs from 

the methodology described there In two 

ways. First, the current analysis adjusted 

Federal expenditures In addition to State 

and local expenditures. The procedures 

employed were identical; the following U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Bureau of 

Economic Analysis, "government Implicit 

price deflators" were used separately for 

total State and local expenditures and 

Federal nondefense expenditures: 

• non-education compensation (for payroll) 

• structures (for capital outlay) 

• purchase of non-durable goods (for 

prorated portion of balance) 

• purchase of services other than 

compensation (for prorated portion of 

balance). 

The second deviation was that current 

methodology used October payroll data for 

the collection year rather than the fiscal 

year of the payroll period. This change 

was made because data for the fiscal year 

payroll data are not available for 4 years in 

the analysis: 

12 

• October 1970 (fiscal 1971) 

• October 1984 (fiscal 1985) 

• October 1987 (fiscal 1988) 

• October 1989 (fiscal 1990). 

The practical effect of this is minimal. The • 

previous method understates somewhat 

the adjusted figures while the current 

method somewhat overstates them. Had 

the missing data been available It would 

have been possible to adjust the salary 

data between two collection points to more 

accurately reflect the amount of salary 

actually paid during the year. Using the 

simple midpoint between October 1971-72 

and October 1978-79 for police protection, 

It was found that adjusting the salary data 

would reduce the estimates by less than 

1%, and that the 1972-79 percent change 

in per capita expenditure would be 4.3% 

rather than 4.2%. Because the focus of 

the analysis is a change in per capita 

constant dollars and comparisons between 

criminal functions, It was determined that 

the additional computations and estimation 

of missing data was unwarranted. 

Trend comparisons between the data in 

this report and reports in the Justice 

Expenditure and Employment Extracts 

series are complicated by differences in 

methodology. These differences are • 

described in the BJS Extract reports am.: in 

the final reports for the 1985 and 1988 

surveys. In making trend comparisons, 

users should limit their analysis to one of 

the two sources: 

• long-term trends for 1971-79,1985, 

1988, and 1990 from the Justice 

Expenditure and Employment Survey 

series 

• year-ta-year trends SliiCS 1980 from the 

Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts reports. 

• 
~~-- ------ -- --- ----

Further reading 

ala obtain ather BJS Justice expenditure 

~nd employment reports or to be added to 

the bulletin and/or expenditure and 

employment mailing lists, write to the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse 

(301/251-5500 or toll-free 800-732-3277), 

User Services Dept. 2, Box 6, Rockville, 

MD 20850. 

Other reports of interest Include-

• Report to the Nation on Crime and 

.Iustice: Second Edition, 3/88, 

NCJ-105506. 

• Report to the Nation on Crime and 

Justice: Technical Appendix, Second 

Edition, 7/88, NCJ-112011. 

• JustIce Variable Pass through Data, 1990: 

Anti-drug Abuse Formula Grants, 2192, 

NCJ-133018. 

• JustIce Variable Pass through Data, 1988: 

Anti-drug Abuse Formula Grants, 2/89, 

NCJ-120070. 

• JustIce Expenditure and Employment In 

the U.S., 1985 Final Report, 7/89, NCJ106356. 

• Justice Expenditure and Employment in 

the U.S., 1988 Rnal Report, 8/91, NCJ125619. 

•

• Justice Expenditure and Employment in 

he U.S., 1990 Final Report, 1990 

(forthcoming). 

• Justice Expenditure and Employment in 

the U.S., 1979 Rnal report, 12/83, NCJ8/242 (and annual volumes from 1971 to 

1979). 

• Trends In Justice Expenditure 

and Employment 1971-1£179, 11/84, 

NCJ-92596. 

• Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts: 1980 and 1981,3/85, NCJ96007. 

• Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts: 1982 and 1983, 6/88, NCJ106629. 

o Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts: 1984, 1985 and 1986,7/91, 

NCJ-124139 • 

• 

Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletins 

are prepared principally by the staff of 

BJS. This Bulletin was written by Sue 

A. Lindgren. Tom Hester edited the 

report. Marilyn Marbrook adminIstered production, assisted by Jayne 

Pugh and Ida Hines. At the Bureau 

of the Census Diana Cull and Sheryl 

Janes provided tabulations and 

technical support services In the 

preparation of this report. 

September 1992, NCJ-135777 

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is a 

component of the Office of Justice 

Programs, which also Includes the 

Bureau of JUstice Assistance, the 

National Institute of Justice, the Office 

of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency 

Prevention, and the Office 10r Victims 

of Crime. 

Data utilized in this report are 

available from the National Archive of 

Criminal Justice Data at the 

University of Michigan, P.O. Box 

1248, Ann Arbor, M148106; 1·800-

999-0960. The dataset is archived as 

Expenditure and Employment Data 

for the Criminal Justice System: 

Individual Units and Estimates, 1990. 

* u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1002 _ 3 Lj 2 _ Lj 7 1 I 6 0 0 2 3 

13 

a 
Call 800-732-3277 for 

free and timely reports 

BJS National Update 

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 

Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice 

BJS Bulletins and Special Reports 

Drugs and crime data 

National Crime Victimization Survey reports 

Law enforcement reports 

Prosecution and adjudication in State courts 

Corrections reports: jails, prisons, 

probation, parole 

Privacy and security of criminal justice 

history data and policy 

Federal justice case processing: investigation, 

prosecution, adjudication, corrections 

International statistics 

,./ustice expenditure and employment 

Your toll-free line to the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Clearinghouse is sponsored by the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

U.S. Department of Justice 
-

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

reports 

See order form on last page 

• 

(Revised November 1992) 

. Call toll·free 800-732-3277 to order BJS 

reports, to be added to one of the BJS 

mailing lists, or to speak to a reference 

specialist in statistics at the Bureau of 

Justice Statistics CI.earinghouse, 

NatioNal Criminal Justice Reference 

Service, Box 6000, Rockv)lIe. MD 20850. 

For drugs and crime data, call the Drugs 

& Crime Data Cenler & Clearinghouse, 

1600 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 

20850, toll-free 800-666-3332. 

BJS maintains these mailing lists: 

• Law enforcement reports 

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• National Crime Victimization Survey 

• Corrections 

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and criminal Justice information policy 

• Federal statistics 

• BJS bulletins and special reports 

• Sourcebook of Criminal Justice 

Statistics (annual) 

Single copies of reports are free; use 

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handling are charged for bulk orders 

of single reports. For single copIes of 

multiple titles, up to 10 titles are free; 

11-40 tltles $10; more than 40, $20; 

libraries call for speciaf rates. 

Public-use tapes of BJS data sets 

and other criminal justice data are 

available from the National Archiv!) 

of Criminal Justice Data (formerly 

CJAIN), P.O. Box 1248. Ann Arbor, MI 

48106 (toU-free 800-999-0960). 

• National Crime Victimization 

Survey 

• 

CrimInal vIctimIzation In the U.S.: 

1990 (Iinal). NCJ·13<1126, 2192 

1973-88 trends, NCJ·129392, 7191 

1989 (final). NCJ-129391. 6191 

CrIme vIctimization In city. suburban, 

and rural areas. NCJ-135943. 6/92 

School crIme, NCJ·131645, 9/91 

Teenage vIctims. NCJ-128129. 5/91 

Female victims of violent crime. 

NCJ-126826.1191 

The Nation's two crime measures: Uniform 

Crime Reports and the National Crime 

Survey. NCJ-122705. 4190 

Redesign of the National Crime Survey, 

NCJ-111457.3/89 

The seasonality of crime Victimization. 

NCJ·111033. r,,88 

BJS bulletins 

Criminal victimization 1991. NCJ-136947. 

10/92 

Crime and the Natlon's households, 1990. 

NCJ-136950. 7/92 

The crIme of rape. NCJ·96777. 3/85 

Household burglary. NCJ-96021, 1185 

Measuring crime, NCJ-75710. 2IB1 

BJS special reports 

Elderly vIctims. NCJ-138330. 10192 

Handgun crime Victims. NCJ-123559, 7/90 

Black victims, NCJ-122562. 4190 

Hispanic victims. NCJ-120507. 1/90 

The redesigned National Crime Survey: 

Selected new data. NCJ-114746, 1/89 

Motor vehicle theft. NCJ·109978. 3/88 

Etderly victims. NCJ-107676. 11/87 

Violent crime trends. NCJ-107217. 11/87 

Robbery Victims. NCJ·104638, 4187 

Violent crime by strangers and nonstrangers, NCJ·103702, 1187 

Preventing domesllc violence against 

women. NCJ-102037. 8/86 

Crime prevention measures, NCJ-100438. 

3/86 

The use of weapons In committing 

crimes, NCJ ·99643. 1/86 

Reportln!) crImes 10 the pollee, 

NCJ-99432. 12/85 

The e(:onomic cost of crime to Victims. 

NCJ-93450. 4/84 

BJS technical reports 

New directions for NCS. NCJ-115571. 3/89 

Series crimes: Report 01 a fleid test. 

NCJ-l04615.4187 

Crime and older Americans information 

package. NCJ·104569. 5187. $10 

Victimization and fear of crime: World 

perspectives, NCJ-93872. 1185. $9.15 

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, 

Currenl and historical perspectives, vo'. I, 

NCJ-75374. 8182 

Methodology studies, vol. II. 

NCJ-90307. 12184 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and special reports 

Capital punishment 1991. NCJ-136946. 

10/92 

Drug enforcement and treatment In 

prisons, 1990. NCJ·134724. 7192 

Prisoners In 1991. NCJ-134729. 5/92 

Women In prison. NCJ-127991. 4191 

Violent State prison Inmates and their 

victIms. NCJ-124133. 7190 

Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344. 12189 

Recidivism af prisoners released In 1983. 

NCJ·116261.4189 

Drug use and crime: State prison Inmate 

survey, 1986. NCJ·111940. 7/88 

Time served In prison and on parole, 1984. 

NCJ-108544. 12187 

Profile of Stale prison Inmates, 1986, 

NCJ-109926.1188 

Imprisonment In four countries. 

NCJ-l03967.2:37 

Population density In State prisons. 

NCJ·103204.12186 

Prisoners at midyear 1992 (press release). 

NCJ-138541.10192 

Correctional populations In the United 

States: 

1990. NCJ-184946, 7/92 

1989, NGJ·130445. 10191 

Census of Stat" and Federal correctional 

facilities, 1990, NCJ·137003. 6192 

Prisons and prisoners In the United Stales. 

NCJ-137002. 4192 

National Corrections Reporting Program: 

1989. NCJ·138222. 11192 

1988. NCJ-134929. 4;92 

1987, NCJ·134928. 4192 

1986. NCJ·132291. 2192 

State and Felleral institutions, 1926-86: 

Race of prisoners admitted. NCJ-125618. 

6191 

Historical statistics on prisoners. 

NCJ-111098.6/88 

Census of jails and survey 

of jail inmates 

BJS bulletms and special reports 

Drunk driving: 1989 Survey of Inmates 

of Local Jails. NCJ-13472B. 9192 

Jail inmates, 1991, NCJ-134726. 6/92 

Women In Jail, 1989. NCJ-134732. 3192 

Drugs and Jail Inmates. NCJ-130836, 8191 

Jail Inmates, 1990, NCJ·129756. 6/91 

Profile of Jail Inmates, 1989. 

NCJ-129097.4/91 

Jail Inmates, 1989. NCJ-123264. 6190 

Population density In local Jails, 1988, 

NCJ·122299.3190 

Census of local jailS, 1988. 

NCJ·121101.2I90 

Census of local/ails, 1988: 

Summary and methodology, vol. I. 

NCJ-127992.3/91 

Data for Individual Jails In the Northeast, 

Midwest, South, West, vols. II-V. 

NCJ·130759-130762. 9/91 

Census ollocsl Jails, 1983: Selected 

finding.', methodology, summary tables, 

vol. V. NCJ-112795. 11188 

Probation and parole 

BJS bulletins and special reports 

Probation and parole: 

1990. NCJ·133285. 11/91 

1989. NCJ·125833. 11190 

Recidivism of young parolees. 

NCJ·104916.5187 

Juvenile corrections 

Children In custody: Census af public and 

private Juvenile detention, correctional, 

and shelter facilities. 1975-85. NCJ·114065. 

6189 

Survey of youth In custody, 1987 (special 

report), NCJ-113365. 9188 

Expenditure and employment 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1990 (8JS bulletin). NCJ-135777. 9/92 

1988 (full report). NCJ-125619. 8'

91 

Extracts, 1984, '85, '86. NCJ-124139. 8/91 

Justice variable pass-through data, 1990: 

Anti-drug abuse formula grants (8JS 

technical report). NCJ·133018. 3/92 

Courts 

BJS bullelins 

Prosecutors In Slate courts, 1990. 

NCJ-134500.3192 

Pretrial release of felony defendants, 1988. 

NCJ-127202,2/91 

Felony sentences In State courts, 1988. 

NCJ·126923.12190 

Criminal defense for the poor, 1986. 

NCJ·112919.9188 

State felony courts and felony laws. 

NCJ·106273. 8187 

'[he growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends. 

NCJ-96381. 2185 

BJS special reports 

Recidivism of felons on probation, 

1986-89. NCJ-134177. 2/92 

Felony case processing In State courts, 

1986. NCJ-121753. 2/90 

National Judicial Reporting Program, 1988. 

NCJ-135945.11/92 

The prosecUti"n of felony arrests: 

1988. NCJ·130914. 2192 

1987. NCJ-124140. 9190 

Felons sentenced to probation In State 

courts, 1986, NCJ-124944. 11190 

Felony defendallts In large urban counUes, 

1988. NCJ·122385. 4190 

Profile of felons convicted in State courts, 

1986. NCJ-120021. 1/90 

Felony laws of 50 States and the District of 

Columbia, 1986. NCJ-l05066. 2188. $14.60 

State court model statistical dictionary: 

Supplement. NCJ-9B326. 91BS 

1st edition. NCJ-62320. 9180 

Privacy and security 

Criminal justice information policy: 

Report of the National Task Force an 

Criminal History Record Disposition 

Repol1lng, NCJ·135836. 6/92 

Attorney General's program for Improving 

the Natlon's criminal history records: 

BJS Implementation status report, 

NCJ-134722.3/92 

Identifying felons who attempt to 

purchase firearms. NCJ-j28131. 3/91. 

$9.90 

Assessing completeness and accuracy of 

criminal history record Information: 

Audit guide. NCJ-133651. 2192 

Forensic DNA analysis: Issues. 

NCJ·128567,6191 

Statutes requiring use Clf criminal history 

record information, NCJ·129896. 6/91 

Survey of criminal history information 

systems. NCJ·125620. 3191 

Original records of entry. NCJ·125626. 

12190 

Strategies for improving data quality. 

NCJ·115339. 5189 

Public access to criminal history record 

Information. NCJ-111458. 11188 

Juvenile r~cords and recordkeeping 

systems. NGJ·112815. 11188 

Automated fingerprint Identification 

systems: Technology and policy Issues, 

NCJ·104342. 4187 

Criminal justice "hot" files. NCJ-l01850. 

12186 

BJSISEARCH conference proceedings: 

National conference on Improving the 

quality of criminal history information: 

NCJ·133532. 2192 

Criminal justice in the 1990's: The future 

of information management. 

NCJ-121697. 5190. $7.70 

Juvenile and adult records: One system, 

one record? NCJ·114947. 1190 

Open vs. confidential records. 

NCJ-113560. 1188 

Compendium of State privacy and security 

legislation: 

1992. NCJ·137058. 7192 

1992 full report (1. 500pp. microfiche $2. 

call for hard-copy price). 7192 

Computer crime 

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud. 

NCJ·l00461.4IS6 

Expert witness manual. NCJ·77927. 9/81. 

$11.50 

Law Enforcement Management 

and Administrative Statistics 

LEMAS, 1990: Data for Individual agencies 

with 100 o( more ollicers. NCJ.134436 . 

9192 

BJS bulletms and special reports 

Drug enforcement by police and sheriffs' 

departments. 1990. NCJ-134505.5!92 

State and local police departments, 1990. 

NCJ-133284.12191 

Sheriffs' departments, 1990. NCJ·133283. 

12191 

Police departments in large cities, 1987. 

NCJ·119220. 8/89 

Profile of State and locallavv enforcement 

agencies, 1987. NCJ-113949. 3/89 

Drugs & crime: 800-666-3332 

Drugs and crime facts: 

1991. NCJ·134371, 9/92 

1990. NCJ-128662. 8191 

State drug resources: 1992 national 

directory. NCJ·134375. 5192 

Catalog of selected Federal publications 

on Illegal drug and alcohol abuse. 

NCJ-132582, 10/91 

Federal drug data for national policy. 

NCJ·122715. 4190 

Federal justice statistics 

Federal criminal case processing, 1980-90, 

with preliminary data tor 1991. 

NCJ-136945.9/92 

Compendium of Federal justice statistics: 

1989. NCJ-134730. 5192 

19B8. NCJ·130474. 1192 

The Federal civil justice system (BJS 

bulletin). NCJ·l04769. 8f87 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS special reports 

Federal sentencing In transition, 1986-90. 

NCJ·134727,6'92 

Immigration offenses. NCJ·124546. 8/90 

Federal criminal cases, 1980-87. 

NCJ-118311.7/89 

Drug law violators, 1980-B6. NCJ-111763. 

6188 

Pretrial release and detention: The Ball 

Reform Act of 1984. NCJ-109929. 2188 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports 

Patterns of robbery and burglary 

In 9 States, 1S84-88. NCJ-137368. l1/n 

Forgery and fraud-related offenses 

In 6 States, 1983-88, NCJ-132445. 1192 

BJS telephone contacts, '91. NCJ-130133. 

7/91 

Tracking offenders, 198a. NCJ-129861. 6191 

International crime rates, NCJ·110776. 5188 

BJS national update: 

Oct. '92. NCJ-138540. 9/92 

July·92. NCJ-137059. 7/92 

April '92. NCJ-135722. 4192 

Jan. '92. NCJ·133097. 12191 

Sourcebook of criminal Justice statistics, 

1991. NCJ-137369, 9/92 

State justice sourcebook of statistics and 

research. NCJ-137991. 9192 

BJS application information, FY 1992 

programs. NCJ-134644. 3192 

Perestroika and the Procuracy: The changing role of the prosecutor's office In the 

former USSR (BJS discussion paper), 

NCJ-134501.3192 

Violent crime in the United States. 

NCJ·127855.3191 

BJS data report, 1989. NCJ-121514. 1191 

Publications of BJS, 1985·89: 

Microfiche library. PR030014. 5190. $190 

Bibliography. TB0030013. 5i90. $17.50 

Publications of 8JS, 1971-84: 

Microfiche library. PR0300i2. 101S6. $203 

Bibliography. TB030012. 10186. $17.50 

1990 directory of automated criminal justice 

information systems, Vol. 1, Corrections. 

$10.60; 2, Courts. $11.50; 3, Law enforce· 

ment. free; 4, Probation and parole. $11.50; 

5, Prosecution. $11.50; NCJ·122226-30. 

5190 

Report to the Nation on crime and Justice: 

Second edition. NCJ·105506. S!BS 

Technical appendix. NCJ-112011. 888 

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