U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2012–1263

Prepared under a mission assignment with the Federal Emergency Management Agency

Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac 

along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012
Cover photographs.

Top left: Boat damaged by Hurricane Isaac (Christopher J. Henry, USGS)

Top right: USGS deploying a storm-tide water-level sensor (Aub N. Ward, USGS)

Lower left: USGS storm-tide barometric pressure sensor in Harrison County, Mississippi (Christopher J. Henry, USGS)

Lower right: House damage by Hurricane Isaac (Benton D. McGee and Aub N. Ward, USGS)
Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac 

along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

By Brian E. McCallum, Benton D. McGee, Dustin R. Kimbrow, Michael S. Runner, 

Jaime A. Painter, Eric R. Frantz, and Anthony J. Gotvald

Prepared under a mission assignment with the Federal Emergency Management Agency

Open-File Report 2012–1263

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012

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Suggested citation:

McCallum, B.E., McGee, B.D., Kimbrow, D.R., Runner, M.S., Painter, J.A., Frantz, E.R., and Gotvald, A.J., 2012, 

Monitoring storm tide and flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1263, 24 p. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1263/)
Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac 

along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

By Brian E. McCallum, Benton D. McGee, Dustin R. Kimbrow, Michael S. Runner, 

Jaime A. Painter, Eric R. Frantz, and Anthony J. Gotvald

Introduction

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) deployed a 

temporary monitoring network of water-level and barometric 

pressure sensors at 127 locations along the gulf coast from 

Alabama to Louisiana to record the timing, areal extent, 

and magnitude of hurricane storm tide and coastal flooding 

generated by Hurricane Isaac (fig. 1). This deployment 

was undertaken as part of a coordinated federal emergency 

response as outlined by the Stafford Act under a directed 

mission assignment by the Federal Emergency Management 

Agency. Storm tide, as defined by National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, 2008), is the water-level rise 

generated by a combination of storm surge and astronomical 

tide during a coastal storm.

Hurricane Isaac initially made landfall on the coast of 

Louisiana in Plaquemines Parish on August 28, 2012, as 

a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane 

Wind Scale (National Weather Service, 1974) and then 

stalled over southern Louisiana for several days, causing 

prolonged storm-tide impacts. A total of 188 water-level and 

wave-height sensors were deployed at 127 locations during 

August 27–28 prior to landfall. More than 90 percent of the 

sensors and all high-water marks (HWMs) were recovered 

and surveyed to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88) within 7 days of the Isaac landfall. Only a handful 

of sensors in the Plaquemines Parish area of Louisiana could 

not be retrieved until weeks later due to prolonged flooding in 

the area. Data collected from this event can be used to evaluate 

the performance of storm-tide models for maximum and 

incremental water level and flood extent and the site-specific 

effects of storm tide on natural and anthropogenic features of 

the environment.

Hurricane Isaac Storm-Tide Monitoring 

The locations of these water-level sensors were selected 

to augment existing tide-gage networks and to ensure adequate 

monitoring in areas forecasted to have significant storm tide. 

After Hurricane Isaac made landfall in Louisiana, the sustained 

winds from the stalled hurricane exacerbated storm-tide 

flooding along the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts, and 

caused significant backwater to occur far inland along the 

Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, which were very low 

because of previous prolonged drought conditions upstream. 

Of the 127 locations monitored, 2 water-level sensors 

(1 storm-tide and 1 wave-height) were lost or malfunctioned 

during the storm, and 2 sensors (1 storm-tide and 1 waveheight) did not record storm tide either due to a lack of waterlevel rise or because the sensor was installed too high above 

the water. A typical sensor installation is shown in figure 2.

Of the 127 monitored locations, 109 had sensors that 

were programmed to record water pressure at 30-second 

intervals, expressed as water level in feet above NAVD 88 

following surveys completed during sensor recovery, and 

55 locations had additional sensors to record barometric 

pressure at 30-second intervals, expressed in pounds per 

square inch (table 1). Water-level elevation and barometric 

pressure were recorded over time by the sensors during the 

storm, as shown in the example in figure 3, and a nearby 

HWM elevation was used to compare with the sensor data.

Of the 127 monitored locations, 18 were instrumented 

with real-time water level sensors that recorded water-level 

elevations every 15 minutes during the hurricane and updated 

hourly to USGS Web pages (table 1; fig. 4). Wave-height 

sensors that were co-located at six of the monitored locations along the gulf coast from Bay St. Louis, Mississippi to 

Dauphin Island, Alabama measured every 2 seconds from 

midnight to noon on August 29 (Wednesday).
2 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

ARKANSAS

LOUISIANA

TEXAS

OKLAHOMA

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

TENNESSEE

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

GULF OF MEXICO

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Mobile

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Baton Rouge 110

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# Real-time streamgage (rapid deployment)

Storm tide

" Wave height

Barometric pressure

" Real-time tide gage (NOAA)

High-water mark

0 30 60 MILES

0 30 60 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Site type

Map area

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

LOUISIANA

Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey

1:2,000,000-scale digital data

!

Figure 1. Gulf coast locations 

equipped with storm-tide sensors 

for monitoring time, areal extent, 

and magnitude of storm tide and 

coastal flooding generated by 

Hurricane Isaac, August 2012.

Table 1. Number of sites equipped to monitor Hurricane Isaac storm tide, by State.

State

Type and number of sensors deployed 

Storm tide Wave height Real-time rapid

deployment gages

Barometric

pressure

Alabama 13 2 1 10

Mississippi 56 4 7 22

Louisiana 40 0 10 23

Total 109 6 18 55
Hurricane Isaac Storm-Tide Monitoring 3

Figure 2. A USGS scientist 

obtaining water-surface elevation 

data relative to a known reference 

elevation and deploying a storm-tide 

sensor at SSS-MS-JAC-039WV on 

the west side of Pascagoula Bay in 

Mississippi, August 28, 2012. Photo 

by Robert Brendlinger III, USGS.

Figure 3. Example of a hydrograph displaying storm-tide elevation and barometric pressure data 

recorded during Hurricane Isaac, including nearby high-water mark elevation (HWM-MS-HAN-012).
4 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Data were collected and processed following protocols 

established by McGee and others (2006) and expanded upon 

by McCallum and others (2012), which included correcting 

water pressure for changes in barometric pressure and salinity. 

Quality-control checks were made by (1) deploying redundant 

sensors at a subset of sites, (2) comparing water levels 

computed from recorded pressure data to water levels recorded 

at nearby USGS streamgaging and NOAA tidal stations, and 

(3) to co-located high-water marks where possible. In the 

aftermath of the storm, 50 HWM locations were surveyed 

relative to NAVD 88 in Mississippi, 53 locations in Louisiana, 

and 1 in Alabama, where the impacts of the storm were the 

most pronounced. 

Elevation Surveys

Reference points were established on permanent objects 

near the water-level sensors in order to relate the recorded 

water-surface elevation to NAVD 88. Graduated steel tapes 

were used to relate the elevation of the reference points to 

the water-level sensors. Survey-grade Global Navigation 

Satellite Systems (GNSS) equipment (fig. 5) was used to 

determine the elevation above NAVD 88 of the reference 

points and HWMs, per USGS technical guidance in Rydland 

and Densmore (2012). GNSS equipment relies on GEOID 

models to determine elevations above NAVD 88. A new 

model, the GEOID12, was released in July 2012; however, 

errors in the model were soon discovered for the gulf coast 

region in checking the surveying accuracy at benchmarks 

(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/GEOID12_Error_Notice.

shtml). Following analysis of the control data and a number 

of corrections, the GEOID12A model was released on 

Figure 4. A USGS rapid-deployment gage collecting real-time 

water-level and meteorological data at Lake Pontchartrain, 

Louisiana. Photo by Christopher A. Smith, USGS.

September 11, 2012 (National Geodetic Survey, 2012). 

However, because this model was in beta testing during the 

initial recovery effort of this study, the GEOID09 model was 

used for consistency within the deployment area, and all elevations in this report were derived using the GEOID09 model. 

National Geodetic Survey (NGS) benchmarks throughout 

the study area were surveyed for vertical control. Table 2 (back 

of report) lists the GNSS-derived elevations using both the 

GEOID09 and GEOID12A models for all NGS benchmarks 

surveyed during this study. Table 2 also lists the difference in 

the GNSS elevations for both models, and the published NGS 

elevations from the datasheets, which can be can be accessed 

at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl. 

Figure 5. A global positioning system used to survey storm-tide 

elevation after Hurricane Isaac. Photo by William C. Vervaeke, 

USGS.
References Cited 5

Data Presentation

The data from the Hurricane Isaac storm-tide network 

constitute an extensive collection of continuous water-level 

records documenting a single, landfall hurricane. The data can 

be used to evaluate the performance of storm-tide models for 

maximum and incremental water level and flood extent and for 

site-specific effects of storm tide on natural and anthropogenic 

features of the environment. The data are available on a 

provisional basis in tab-delineated, ASCII format by site for 

each sensor by using a USGS interactive storm-tide mapper at

http://wim.usgs.gov/isaacstormtidemapper/stormtidemapper.html.

Digital photographs for selected locations are available 

on the interactive mapper. Data for each sensor include 

location, date, time, water level, and barometric pressure and 

the data-processing date are provided in the file header. Data 

for HWMs include location, description and quality of the 

mark, and elevation.

A list of the 133 water-level and wave-height sensor 

locations and the peak elevation recorded at each are listed 

in table 3 (back of report). These temporary sensors were 

deployed to augment long-term monitoring networks operated 

by the USGS (table 4, back of report) and NOAA (table 5, 

back of report). All HWM data, both those co-located at a 

sensor and those independent of a sensor location, that were 

collected by the USGS immediately after Hurricane Isaac are 

listed in table 6 (back of report). The reference points and 

HWMs were surveyed to a vertical accuracy of 0.25 foot at the 

95-percent confidence level and within 10 feet horizontally. 

All NOAA data are displayed to mean sea level.

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared in cooperation with the Federal 

Emergency Management Agency. The data in this report are 

the result of the long hours and effort by numerous staff in 

the USGS Water Science Centers in Alabama, Mississippi, 

Louisiana, and Georgia. The USGS would like to recognize 

the assistance and access to the real-time network (RTN) along 

the gulf coast provided by the Center for Geoinformatics at no 

charge because of the public safety nature of this event. The 

authors particularly highlight the leadership and dedication of 

USGS employees in the Wisconsin Water Science Center who 

assisted with the Storm-Tide Mapper updates to deliver these 

valuable data to numerous stakeholders in a very timely and 

accurate manner.

References Cited

McGee, B.D., Goree, B.B., Tollett, R.W., Woodward, B.K., 

and Kress, W.H., 2006, Hurricane Rita surge data, southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, September to 

November 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 220, 

available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/220/.

McCallum, B.E., Painter, J.A., and Frantz, E.R., 2012, 

Monitoring storm tide and flooding from Hurricane Irene 

along the Atlantic coast of the United States, August 2011: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1022, 

available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1022/.

National Geodetic Survey, 2012, NOTICE: NGS update, 

September 11, 2012, GEOID12A model released: The NGS 

Geoid Page, available at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2008,

Tides & currents: National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, accessed October 9, 2012, at 

http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/index.shtml.

National Weather Service, 1974, The Saffir–Simpson 

Hurricane Wind Scale [updated February 1, 2012]: 

National Hurricane Center, accessed October 10, 2012, at 

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php.

Rydlund, P.H., Jr., and Densmore, B.K., 2012, Methods of 

practice and guidelines for using survey-grade global 

navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to establish vertical 

datum in the United States Geological Survey: U.S. 

Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, 

chap. D1, 102 p. with appendixes, available at http://pubs.

usgs.gov/tm/11d1/tm11-D1.pdf.

Tables 2–6
8 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 2. Differences between Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveyed elevations and National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

elevations used to check vertical accuracies in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, following Hurricane Isaac, August 2012.—Continued

[NGS PID, National Geodetic Survey Point Identifier; elevations referenced to the North American Verical Datum of 1988; GEOID09 and GEOID12A are models]

NGS PID State

County

or

Parish

GNSS 

elevation 

(GEOID09)

GNSS 

elevation 

(GEOID12A)

Difference

in models

NGS 

datasheet 

elevation

Difference 

from NGS 

datasheet 

(GEOID09)

Difference 

from NGS 

datasheet 

(GEOID12A)

BH0847 Mississippi Harrison 26.01 25.61 0.40 25.57 0.44 0.04

BH0847 Mississippi Harrison 25.96 25.56 0.40 25.57 0.39 – 0.01

BH1197 Mississippi Hancock 17.30 17.04 0.26 17.03 0.27 0.01

BH1197 Mississippi Hancock 17.36 17.11 0.26 17.03 0.33 0.07

BH1197 Mississippi Hancock 17.29 17.03 0.26 17.03 0.26 0.00

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.35 19.98 0.38 19.98 0.37 – 0.00

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.40 20.03 0.38 19.98 0.42 0.04

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.34 19.96 0.38 19.98 0.36 – 0.02

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.33 19.96 0.38 19.98 0.35 – 0.02

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.42 20.05 0.38 19.98 0.44 0.07

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.29 19.91 0.38 19.98 0.31 – 0.07

DL8830 Mississippi Jackson 20.22 19.85 0.38 19.98 0.24 – 0.14

DL8843 Mississippi Harrison 40.99 40.61 0.39 40.57 0.42 0.04

DL8843 Mississippi Harrison 40.97 40.59 0.39 40.57 0.40 0.02

DL8843 Mississippi Harrison 41.03 40.64 0.39 40.57 0.46 0.07

BH3280 Mississippi Hancock 18.83 18.42 0.40 18.46 0.37 – 0.04

BH3280 Mississippi Hancock 18.84 18.43 0.40 18.46 0.38 – 0.03

BH3280 Mississippi Hancock 18.81 18.41 0.40 18.46 0.35 – 0.05

BH0370 Mississippi Jackson 21.60 21.23 0.38 21.24 0.36 – 0.01

BH0919 Mississippi Harrison 8.53 8.13 0.40 8.13 0.40 – 0.00

BH1605 Alabama Mobile 26.60 26.39 0.21 26.25 0.35 0.14

BH1737 Alabama Mobile 16.36 16.10 0.26 16.00 0.36 0.10

DL8841 Mississippi Harrison 10.12 9.73 0.39 9.73 0.39 – 0.01

DN3570 Alabama Mobile 13.92 13.67 0.25 13.67 0.25 0.00

BH0432 Mississippi Jackson 10.28 9.96 0.32 10.06 0.22 – 0.10

DL9654 Mississippi Jackson 14.11 13.79 0.32 13.74 0.37 0.05

DL9655 Mississippi Jackson 12.55 12.23 0.32 12.18 0.37 0.05

DL8995 Mississippi Pearl River 173.44 172.98 0.46 173.02 0.42 – 0.04

BH3273 Mississippi Hancock 46.56 46.14 0.42 46.05 0.51 0.09

BH3310 Mississippi Harrison 48.88 48.49 0.39 48.63 0.25 – 0.14

BH3315 Mississippi Harrison 115.45 115.03 0.42 115.18 0.27 – 0.15

DL8884 Mississippi Pearl River 164.87 164.46 0.41 164.49 0.38 – 0.03

DL8892 Mississippi Pearl River 332.00 331.56 0.44 331.71 0.29 – 0.15
Tables 2–6 9

Table 2. Differences between Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveyed elevations and National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

elevations used to check vertical accuracies in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, following Hurricane Isaac, August 2012.—Continued

[NGS PID, National Geodetic Survey Point Identifier; elevations referenced to the North American Verical Datum of 1988; GEOID09 and GEOID12A are models]

NGS PID State

County

or

Parish

GNSS 

elevation 

(GEOID09)

GNSS 

elevation 

(GEOID12A)

Difference

in models

NGS 

datasheet 

elevation

Difference 

from NGS 

datasheet 

(GEOID09)

Difference 

from NGS 

datasheet 

(GEOID12A)

DL8880 Mississippi Pearl River 233.24 232.84 0.40 232.95 0.29 – 0.11

DL8873 Mississippi Pearl River 59.06 58.66 0.40 58.73 0.33 – 0.07

BH3268 Mississippi Hancock 71.68 71.24 0.44 71.17 0.51 0.07

DL8899 Mississippi Pearl River 244.48 244.06 0.42 244.26 0.22 – 0.20

DJ9378 Louisiana Plaquemines 3.48 3.23 0.25 3.48 0.00 – 0.25

AU2303 Louisiana Jefferson 1.14 0.99 0.15 1.35 – 0.20 – 0.36

AT0332 Louisiana St. Bernard 6.52 6.42 0.11 6.79 – 0.27 – 0.38

BJ1342 Louisiana Orleans 5.96 6.10 – 0.14 6.04 – 0.08 0.07

AT1390 Louisiana Plaquemines 2.09 2.70 – 0.61 2.59 – 0.50 0.11

BH1811 Louisiana Orleans – 1.69 – 1.59 – 0.10 – 1.20 – 0.49 – 0.39

BJ1342 Louisiana Orleans 5.85 6.00 – 0.14 6.04 – 0.18 – 0.04

BJ3816 Louisiana Livingston 56.64 56.64 0.00 56.69 – 0.05 – 0.06

AT1390 Louisiana Plaquemines 1.97 2.59 – 0.61 2.59 – 0.62 – 0.01

BJ1342 Louisiana Orleans 5.78 5.93 – 0.14 6.04 – 0.26 – 0.11
10 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

302019088074181 Alabama Mobile 30.33862 – 88.12828 real-time 

RDG

storm tide none peak not 

recorded

SSS-AL-BAL001WLAlabama Baldwin 30.32640 –87.53355 water level storm tide 3.52 8/29/2012 

16:35:51

SSS-AL-BAL002WLAlabama Baldwin 30.30453 –87.72813 water level storm tide 3.18 8/29/2012 

15:14:00

SSS-AL-BAL003WLAlabama Baldwin 30.23196 – 88.01794 water level storm tide 4.72 8/28/2012 

16:55:00

SSS-AL-BAL004WLAlabama Baldwin 30.52506 –87.91155 water level storm tide 4.94 8/29/2012 

17:29:00

SSS-AL-BAL005WLAlabama Baldwin 30.63002 –87.91876 water level storm tide 4.97 8/29/2012 

16:31:30

SSS-AL-MOB001WLAlabama Mobile 30.25270 – 88.14082 water level storm tide 4.93 8/29/2012 

14:36:30

SSS-AL-MOB002WVAlabama Mobile 30.24848 – 88.19156 wave height wave height 7.43 8/29/2012 

11:04:14

SSS-AL-MOB003WLAlabama Mobile 30.24848 – 88.19156 water level storm tide 7.31 8/28/2012 

20:54:30

SSS-AL-MOB004WLAlabama Mobile 30.37822 – 88.24212 water level storm tide 5.28 8/29/2012 

14:39:30

SSS-AL-MOB005WLAlabama Mobile 30.37160 – 88.10972 water level storm tide 5.96 8/29/2012 

16:06:00

SSS-AL-MOB006WVAlabama Mobile 30.37160 – 88.10972 wave height wave height 5.86 8/29/2012 

11:10:28

SSS-AL-MOB007WLAlabama Mobile 30.53263 – 88.10500 water level storm tide 5.31 8/29/2012 

16:35:30

SSS-AL-MOB008WLAlabama Mobile 30.56630 – 88.09299 water level storm tide 5.45 8/29/2012 

19:07:30

SSS-AL-MOB009WLAlabama Mobile 30.58637 – 88.11424 water level storm tide 5.40 8/29/2012 

19:44:30

SSS-AL-MOB010WLAlabama Mobile 30.62526 – 88.09924 water level storm tide 5.48 8/29/2012 

19:38:30

00004264 Louisiana Jefferson 29.77833 –90.10028 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 4.28 8/30/2012 

19:00:00

295020089411600 Louisiana St Bernard 29.83889 – 89.68778 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 7.96 8/29/2012 

11:15:00

300413090084304 Louisiana Jefferson 30.07042 –90.14529 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 7.41 8/29/2012 

13:15:00

3004510895507 Louisiana Orleans 30.08111 – 89.91861 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 0.27 8/30/2012 

23:00:00

300830089515000 Louisiana Orleans 30.14167 – 89.86389 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 6.13 8/30/2012 

8:15:00

301213894806 Louisiana St Tammany 30.20374 – 89.80163 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 7.49 8/30/2012 

2:30:00

301609089504016 Louisiana St Tammany 30.26921 – 89.84449 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 6.20 8/30/2012 

5:45:00
Tables 2–6 11

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

301704090240655 Louisiana Tangipahoa 30.28462 –90.40182 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 6.99 8/30/2012 

10:45:00

301847089560989 Louisiana St Tammany 30.31317 – 89.93608 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 7.95 8/30/2012 

5:45:00

302415090091465 Louisiana St Tammany 30.40433 –90.15407 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 8.45 8/30/2012 

3:45:00

SSS-LA-ORL013WLLouisiana Orleans 30.00633 – 89.93955 water level storm tide 4.05 8/30/2012 

14:45:00

SSS-LA-ORL014WLLouisiana Orleans 30.07691 – 89.94309 water level storm tide 6.41 8/30/2012 

8:59:00

SSS-LA-ORL017WLLouisiana Orleans 30.06712 – 89.80600 water level storm tide 7.79 8/29/2012 

8:10:30

SSS-LA-ORL050WLLouisiana Orleans 30.14197 – 89.86349 water level storm tide 6.30 8/30/2012 

4:01:00

SSS-LA-ORL051WLLouisiana Orleans 30.04104 –90.23839 water level storm tide 6.72 8/29/2012 

16:18:00

SSS-LA-ORL052WLLouisiana Orleans 30.11626 – 89.76152 water level storm tide 10.13 8/29/2012 

15:48:00

SSS-LA-ORL054WLLouisiana Orleans 30.02226 –90.11422 water level storm tide 5.82 8/30/2012 

9:24:00

SSS-LA-PLA001WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.61310 – 89.84530 water level storm tide 11.62 8/29/2012 

4:48:30

SSS-LA-PLA002WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.61179 – 89.84579 water level storm tide –0.26 8/29/2012 

13:59:00

SSS-LA-PLA003WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.52933 – 89.72734 water level storm tide 11.97 8/29/2012 

2:52:00

SSS-LA-PLA004WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.56657 – 89.76587 water level storm tide 14.41 8/29/2012 

2:56:30

SSS-LA-PLA005WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.64860 – 89.93526 water level storm tide 13.29 8/29/2012 

8:18:00

SSS-LA-PLA006WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.71100 – 89.97722 water level storm tide 13.49 8/29/2012 

9:27:30

SSS-LA-PLA007WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.35278 – 89.53640 water level storm tide 7.12 8/29/2012 

14:08:30

SSS-LA-PLA008WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.44990 – 89.64972 water level storm tide 8.10 8/29/2012 

16:01:00

SSS-LA-PLA009WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.27228 – 89.35315 water level storm tide –0.43 8/28/2012 

19:39:00

SSS-LA-PLA010WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.25242 – 89.35828 water level storm tide 6.37 8/29/2012 

6:44:00

SSS-LA-PLA011WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.23234 – 89.38946 water level storm tide 4.58 8/29/2012 

14:30:00

SSS-LA-PLA012WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.37509 – 89.60143 water level storm tide 7.27 8/29/2012 

13:57:00

SSS-LA-PLA017WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.76189 –90.00966 water level none none lost
12 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

SSS-LA-PLA018WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.76168 –90.01019 water level storm tide 14.07 8/29/2012 

12:36:30

SSS-LA-PLA019WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.83164 – 89.95924 water level storm tide 13.89 8/29/2012 

14:25:30

SSS-LA-PLA020WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.84030 – 89.97102 water level storm tide 14.00 8/29/2012 

12:32:30

SSS-LA-PLA021WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.85545 – 89.90964 water level storm tide 13.53 8/29/2012 

12:39:30

SSS-LA-PLA022WLLouisiana Plaquemines 29.85561 – 89.91063 water level storm tide 13.71 8/29/2012 

12:20:00

SSS-LA-STB003WLLouisiana St Bernard 29.90092 – 89.89368 water level storm tide 2.00 8/29/2012 

21:29:30

SSS-LA-STB024WLLouisiana St Bernard 29.80691 – 89.76452 water level storm tide 11.57 8/29/2012 

15:03:00

SSS-LA-STB025WLLouisiana St Bernard 29.81886 – 89.61126 water level storm tide 10.18 8/29/2012 

6:06:00

SSS-LA-STB026WLLouisiana St Bernard 29.75786 – 89.78380 water level storm tide 11.45 8/29/2012 

10:17:00

SSS-LA-STB027WLLouisiana St Bernard 29.85327 – 89.71373 water level storm tide 10.77 8/29/2012 

16:17:30

SSS-LA-STT007WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.29038 – 89.77743 water level storm tide 8.50 8/30/2012 

4:28:00

SSS-LA-STT008WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.27134 – 89.79356 water level storm tide 8.28 8/30/2012 

7:30:00

SSS-LA-STT009WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.30617 – 89.87098 water level none none no surge 

recorded

SSS-LA-STT010WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.33739 –90.00198 water level storm tide 7.91 8/30/2012 

5:08:00

SSS-LA-STT011WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.38488 –90.07906 water level storm tide 10.04 8/30/2012 

8:43:00

SSS-LA-STT012WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.45449 –90.13426 water level storm tide 9.35 8/30/2012 

9:27:30

SSS-LA-STT100WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.23835 – 89.61631 water level storm tide 9.32 8/29/2012 

19:23:00

SSS-LA-STT101WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.17615 – 89.72835 water level storm tide 7.50 8/29/2012 

20:55:00

SSS-LA-STT102WLLouisiana St Tammany 30.23518 – 89.63959 water level storm tide 9.70 8/29/2012 

19:13:30

SSS-LA-TAN004WLLouisiana Tangipahoa 30.43865 –90.26640 water level storm tide 9.27 8/30/2012 

8:55:30

02480605 Mississippi Harrison 30.45948 – 88.93892 real-time 

RDG

storm tide none peak not 

recorded

02481299 Mississippi Jackson 30.41910 – 88.82804 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 6.96 8/29/2012 

18:15:00

02481325 Mississippi Harrison 30.34242 – 89.26449 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 8.66 8/29/2012 

19:30:00
Tables 2–6 13

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

0248152650 Mississippi Harrison 30.35800 – 89.27336 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 9.39 8/29/2012 

17:00:00

02481667 Mississippi Hancock 30.36517 – 89.40161 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 9.69 8/29/2012 

16:30:00

02481671 Mississippi Hancock 30.33020 – 89.42477 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 10.12 8/29/2012 

17:45:00

02492670 Mississippi Hancock 30.23908 – 89.61478 real-time 

RDG

storm tide 7.78 8/29/2012 

12:00:00

SSS-MS-HAN004WLMississippi Hancock 30.31007 – 89.32571 water level storm tide 10.73 8/29/2012 

19:00:00

SSS-MS-HAN012WLMississippi Hancock 30.36557 – 89.37379 water level storm tide 10.00 8/29/2012 

18:12:00

SSS-MS-HAN013WLMississippi Hancock 30.32420 – 89.32778 water level storm tide 8.78 8/29/2012 

17:38:00

SSS-MS-HAN014WLMississippi Hancock 30.30244 – 89.32799 water level storm tide 10.90 8/29/2012 

17:39:30

SSS-MS-HAN015WLMississippi Hancock 30.23954 – 89.42480 water level storm tide 11.60 8/29/2012 

13:16:30

SSS-MS-HAN016WLMississippi Hancock 30.23953 – 89.43230 water level storm tide 10.09 8/29/2012 

17:06:30

SSS-MS-HAN017WLMississippi Hancock 30.24995 – 89.55179 water level storm tide 9.52 8/29/2012 

20:01:00

SSS-MS-HAN018WLMississippi Hancock 30.22103 – 89.48212 water level storm tide 9.99 8/29/2012 

14:33:30

SSS-MS-HAR001WLMississippi Harrison 30.45346 – 89.02775 water level storm tide 9.24 8/30/2012 

2:34:00

SSS-MS-HAR002WLMississippi Harrison 30.45353 – 89.01321 water level storm tide 8.13 8/29/2012 

18:07:30

SSS-MS-HAR003WLMississippi Harrison 30.44943 – 89.09260 water level riverine 18.50 8/30/2012 

1:31:30

SSS-MS-HAR004WLMississippi Harrison 30.41288 – 89.09313 water level riverine 12.43 8/30/2012 

7:29:00

SSS-MS-HAR005WLMississippi Harrison 30.36419 – 89.09032 water level storm tide 8.79 8/29/2012 

17:49:00

SSS-MS-HAR006WLMississippi Harrison 30.37691 – 89.04433 water level storm tide 9.19 8/29/2012 

17:57:00

SSS-MS-HAR007WLMississippi Harrison 30.40946 – 89.03756 water level storm tide 8.26 8/29/2012 

20:18:30

SSS-MS-HAR008WLMississippi Harrison 30.42071 – 89.01804 water level storm tide 8.15 8/29/2012 

19:55:00

SSS-MS-HAR009WLMississippi Harrison 30.43154 – 89.08820 water level storm tide 8.78 8/29/2012 

20:14:00

SSS-MS-HAR010WLMississippi Harrison 30.37702 – 89.23209 water level storm tide 9.51 8/29/2012 

18:20:00

SSS-MS-HAR011WLMississippi Harrison 30.36672 – 89.26917 water level storm tide 9.41 8/29/2012 

17:55:00
14 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

SSS-MS-HAR014WLMississippi Harrison 30.31244 – 89.29070 water level storm tide 9.37 8/29/2012 

17:45:30

SSS-MS-HAR019WLMississippi Harrison 30.38999 – 88.85783 water level storm tide 7.46 8/29/2012 

18:57:30

SSS-MS-HAR020WLMississippi Harrison 30.39084 – 88.95499 water level storm tide 9.19 8/29/2012 

18:07:00

SSS-MS-HAR021WLMississippi Harrison 30.39089 – 88.97488 water level storm tide 9.41 8/29/2012 

18:04:30

SSS-MS-HAR022WLMississippi Harrison 30.38008 – 89.03524 water level storm tide 9.32 8/29/2012 

17:55:00

SSS-MS-HAR023WLMississippi Harrison 30.34418 – 89.14133 water level storm tide 10.15 8/29/2012 

17:34:00

SSS-MS-HAR024WLMississippi Harrison 30.33752 – 89.17010 water level storm tide 9.87 8/29/2012 

18:21:00

SSS-MS-HAR025WLMississippi Harrison 30.32801 – 89.20386 water level none none no surge 

recorded

SSS-MS-HAR026WVMississippi Harrison 30.31130 – 89.24516 wave height wave height 9.48 8/29/2012 

12:01:14

SSS-MS-HAR101WVMississippi Harrison 30.39307 – 88.93840 wave height none none lost

SSS-MS-JAC012WLMississippi Jackson 30.40644 – 88.82242 water level storm tide 6.85 8/29/2012 

18:53:00

SSS-MS-JAC013WLMississippi Jackson 30.39889 – 88.77331 water level storm tide 6.60 8/29/2012 

19:12:30

SSS-MS-JAC014WLMississippi Jackson 30.40036 – 88.75736 water level storm tide 6.55 8/29/2012 

16:56:00

SSS-MS-JAC015WLMississippi Jackson 30.37429 – 88.76000 water level storm tide 6.52 8/29/2012 

16:43:30

SSS-MS-JAC016WLMississippi Jackson 30.38059 – 88.73830 water level storm tide 6.49 8/29/2012 

17:19:00

SSS-MS-JAC017WLMississippi Jackson 30.34301 – 88.70840 water level storm tide 7.76 8/29/2012 

15:45:00

SSS-MS-JAC018WLMississippi Jackson 30.36284 – 88.70138 water level storm tide 6.74 8/29/2012 

17:15:30

SSS-MS-JAC019WLMississippi Jackson 30.39582 – 88.70824 water level storm tide 7.05 8/30/2012 

4:18:00

SSS-MS-JAC020WLMississippi Jackson 30.37901 – 88.65967 water level storm tide 6.13 8/29/2012 

16:42:00

SSS-MS-JAC021WLMississippi Jackson 30.36332 – 88.66297 water level storm tide 7.65 8/29/2012 

16:11:30

SSS-MS-JAC022WLMississippi Jackson 30.38803 – 88.61578 water level storm tide 6.13 8/29/2012 

16:31:00

SSS-MS-JAC023WLMississippi Jackson 30.41112 – 88.65489 water level storm tide 6.71 8/29/2012 

17:18:30

SSS-MS-JAC024WLMississippi Jackson 30.41980 – 88.64940 water level storm tide 6.29 8/29/2012 

17:18:30
Tables 2–6 15

Table 3. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data for 133 U.S. Geological Survey temporarily-deployed sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time; RDG, rapid-deployment gage]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site type

Type

of data 

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak 

storm-tide 

date and 

time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

SSS-MS-JAC030WLMississippi Jackson 30.41344 – 88.48890 water level storm tide 5.62 8/29/2012 

19:00:30

SSS-MS-JAC031WLMississippi Jackson 30.41989 – 88.51984 water level storm tide 5.68 8/29/2012 

17:53:30

SSS-MS-JAC032WLMississippi Jackson 30.36814 – 88.49949 water level storm tide 7.07 8/29/2012 

17:42:00

SSS-MS-JAC033WLMississippi Jackson 30.34300 – 88.52312 water level storm tide 5.75 8/29/2012 

16:18:30

SSS-MS-JAC034WLMississippi Jackson 30.34821 – 88.55405 water level storm tide 5.81 8/29/2012 

16:18:00

SSS-MS-JAC035WLMississippi Jackson 30.44055 – 88.80580 water level none none no surge 

recorded

SSS-MS-JAC036WLMississippi Jackson 30.44324 – 88.84183 water level storm tide 7.19 8/29/2012 

19:04:00

SSS-MS-JAC037WLMississippi Jackson 30.43813 – 88.88013 water level storm tide 7.46 8/29/2012 

19:06:30

SSS-MS-JAC038WLMississippi Jackson 30.46218 – 88.89183 water level storm tide 7.11 8/29/2012 

21:18:00

SSS-MS-JAC039WVMississippi Jackson 30.36134 – 88.63615 wave height wave height 6.70 8/29/2012 

11:34:36

SSS-MS-JAC040WVMississippi Jackson 30.33962 – 88.57019 wave height none none no surge 

recorded

SSS-MS-JAC050WLMississippi Jackson 30.43780 – 88.60480 water level storm tide 5.00 8/29/2012 

16:12:15

SSS-MS-JAC051WLMississippi Jackson 30.43825 – 88.55779 water level storm tide 5.42 8/29/2012 

16:30:28

SSS-MS-JAC052WLMississippi Jackson 30.45860 – 88.54140 water level storm tide 6.15 8/29/2012 

18:42:37

SSS-MS-JAC053WLMississippi Jackson 30.40942 – 88.84371 water level storm tide 7.55 8/29/2012 

17:47:25

SSS-MS-JAC054WLMississippi Jackson 30.36778 – 88.56310 water level storm tide 6.06 8/29/2012 

15:35:50

SSS-MS-JAC055WLMississippi Jackson 30.38270 – 88.60844 water level storm tide 6.32 8/29/2012 

15:18:56

SSS-MS-JAC056WLMississippi Harrison 30.38830 – 88.85720 water level storm tide 7.49 8/29/2012 

17:34:00
16 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 4. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data recorded at U.S. Geological Survey long-term monitoring sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; NGVD 29, National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Site

type

Type

of data

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

gage datum

Gage

altitude

datum

Peak 

storm-tide 

date

and time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

07374000 Louisiana West Baton 

Rouge

30.44567 – 91.19156 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 12.59 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

9:45

07374525 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.85715 – 89.97785 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 11.61 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

4:00

073745253 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.78417 – 89.93750 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 1.56 NAVD 88 8/28/2012 

23:00

07374526 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.63354 – 89.56367 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 6.75 NAVD 88 8/28/2012 

18:00

07374527 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.58596 – 89.60603 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 13.21 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

2:30

07374581 Louisiana St Tammany 30.30131 – 89.83062 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 8.13 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

6:45

07380200 Louisiana Livingston 30.27547 – 90.77926 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 6.87 NGVD 29 8/31/2012 

3:30

07380215 Louisiana Livingston 30.30936 – 90.61037 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 6.58 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

15:00

073802245 Louisiana Ascension 30.24047 – 90.87732 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 6.08 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

13:30

073802273 Louisiana Ascension 30.22742 – 90.89954 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.49 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

3:30

073802375 Louisiana St Charles 29.77139 – 90.19333 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 4.71 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

16:00

07380238 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.69911 – 89.98886 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.44 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

0:30

07380251 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.42272 – 89.95063 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 6.63 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

11:00

073802512 Louisiana Lafourche 29.39856 – 90.04118 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 6.18 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

9:00

073802516 Louisiana Jefferson 29.27283 – 89.94681 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 4.09 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

8:00

07380335 Louisiana Lafourche 29.51772 – 90.18147 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 5.70 NGVD 29 8/29/2012 

19:00

07381000 Louisiana Lafourche 29.79799 – 90.82259 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 6.68 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

1:15

07381150 Louisiana Lafourche 29.64706 – 90.53678 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.13 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

11:00

07381235 Louisiana Lafourche 29.57722 – 90.38083 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.90 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

0:00

07381324 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.38300 – 90.71537 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.58 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

16:45

07381328 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.38522 – 90.72981 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.95 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

16:45

07381331 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.59806 – 90.71000 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.57 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

22:00

073813375 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.38889 – 90.58778 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.03 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

8:15
Tables 2–6 17

Table 4. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data recorded at U.S. Geological Survey long-term monitoring sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; NGVD 29, National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Site

type

Type

of data

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

gage datum

Gage

altitude

datum

Peak 

storm-tide 

date

and time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

07381343 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.38697 – 90.61803 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.51 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

8:30

07381349 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.24917 – 90.92111 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 4.54 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

16:12

07381350 Louisiana Lafourche 29.64521 – 90.54481 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.07 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

10:15

07381355 Louisiana Lafourche 29.62733 – 90.55767 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.06 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

12:00

07381454 Louisiana St Martin 29.90911 – 91.21583 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.01 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

22:15

073814675 Louisiana St Mary 29.66833 – 91.09972 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.97 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

21:45

07381490 Louisiana Pointe 

Coupee

30.98250 – 91.79833 real-time 

streamgage

storm 

surge

5.27 NGVD 29 8/30/2012 

14:00

07381515 Louisiana St Martin 30.28159 – 91.68678 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 4.41 NGVD 29 8/31/2012 

0:15

073815450 Louisiana St Mary 29.89270 – 91.44567 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.70 NGVD 29 8/30/2012 

22:00

07381600 Louisiana St Mary 29.69282 – 91.21194 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.90 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

21:30

073816503 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.58556 – 91.15528 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.67 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

21:30

07381670 Louisiana St Mary 29.68083 – 91.47056 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.87 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

21:30

07385765 Louisiana St Mary 29.87937 – 91.58622 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 1.49 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

15:15

07385790 Louisiana St Mary 29.82306 – 91.54167 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 1.84 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

15:00

291929089562600 Louisiana Jefferson 29.32472 – 89.94050 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 5.99 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

16:00

292800090060000 Louisiana Lafourche 29.46667 – 90.10000 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.54 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

17:00

292859090004000 Louisiana Jefferson 29.48306 – 90.01111 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 9.47 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

9:00

292952089453800 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.49778 – 89.76056 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 8.84 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

16:00

292952090565300 Louisiana Terrebonne 29.49778 – 90.94806 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 2.43 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

7:00

293229091230800 Louisiana St Mary 29.54139 – 91.38556 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.55 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

20:00

2951190901217 Louisiana St Charles 29.85528 – 90.20472 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.12 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

4:00

295124089542100 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.85356 – 89.90769 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 3.00 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

5:45

295501090190400 Louisiana St Charles 29.91694 – 90.31778 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 4.63 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

18:15
18 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 4. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data recorded at U.S. Geological Survey long-term monitoring sites, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; NGVD 29, National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Site

type

Type

of data

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

gage datum

Gage

altitude

datum

Peak 

storm-tide 

date

and time

(GMT) Decimal degrees

300602090375100 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.10056 – 90.63083 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.83 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

21:00

301001089442600 Louisiana Orleans 30.16694 – 89.74056 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 7.88 NAVD 88 8/30/2012 

3:00

301141089320300 Louisiana St Tammany 30.19472 – 89.53417 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 9.01 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

16:30

301324090382400 Louisiana Ascension 30.22333 – 90.64000 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 6.24 NAVD 88 8/31/2012 

1:00

301655091440800 Louisiana St Martin 30.28194 – 91.73556 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 8.88 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

23:30

302020091435700 Louisiana St Martin 30.33889 – 91.73250 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 8.96 NAVD 88 9/4/2012 

2:00

02480212 Mississippi Jackson 30.36778 – 88.56306 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.90 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

15:30

02480273 Mississippi Jackson 30.43806 – 88.58083 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.11 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

16:30

02480285 Mississippi Jackson 30.38269 – 88.60844 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 5.96 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

15:30

02481270 Mississippi Harrison 30.41575 – 88.97587 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 7.66 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

18:45

02481660 Mississippi Hancock 30.38722 – 89.44139 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 10.28 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

17:00

0248166590 Mississippi Hancock 30.38436 – 89.38111 real-time 

streamgage

storm tide 10.26 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

16:45

07290880 Mississippi Adams 31.56044 – 91.41873 real-time 

streamgage

storm 

surge

128.39 NGVD 29 8/31/2012 

18:00

302318088512600 Mississippi Harrison 30.38833 – 88.85722 real-time 

tidegage

storm tide 8.07 NAVD 88 8/29/2012 

18:15

1 Includes gage datum; storm surge probably caused by localized wind effect.
Tables 2–6 19

Table 5. Hurricane Isaac peak storm-tide data recorded at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration long-term monitoring 

sites, by State (NOAA, 2012).

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude

Site

type

Type

of data

recorded

Peak

storm-tide

elevation,

feet above 

NAVD 88

Peak

storm-tide 

date 

and time 

(GMT) Decimal degrees

8732828 Alabama Baldwin 30.41670 – 87.82500 real-timetide gagestorm tide 3.67 8/29/2012 

16:12

8735180 Alabama Mobile 30.25000 – 88.07500 real-timetide gagestorm tide 3.77 8/29/2012 

15:18

8735391 Alabama Mobile 30.56517 – 88.08800 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.54 8/29/2012 

17:36

8735523 Alabama Mobile 30.44369 – 88.11392 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.53 8/29/2012 

15:36

8736897 Alabama Mobile 30.64830 – 88.05830 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.99 8/29/2012 

17:00

8737048 Alabama Mobile 30.70830 – 88.04330 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.51 8/29/2012 

18:54

8737138 Alabama Mobile 30.78189 – 88.07361 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.36 8/29/2012 

19:18

8738043 Alabama Mobile 30.37664 – 88.15856 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.33 8/29/2012 

14:24

8739803 Alabama Mobile 30.40567 – 88.24769 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.89 8/29/2012 

13:12

8741041 Mississippi Jackson 30.34770 – 88.50540 real-timetide gagestorm tide 5.13 8/29/2012 

15:12

8741533 Mississippi Jackson 30.36790 – 88.56300 real-timetide gagestorm tide 4.63 8/29/2012 

10:00

8747437 Mississippi Hancock 30.32639 – 89.32578 real-timetide gagestorm tide 8.95 8/29/2012 

16:42

8760721 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.17830 – 89.25830 real-timetide gagestorm tide 5.88 8/29/2012 

3:24

8760922 Louisiana Plaquemines 28.93220 – 89.40750 real-timetide gagestorm tide 3.94 8/29/2012 

7:36

8761305 Louisiana St Bernard 29.86811 – 89.67325 real-timetide gagestorm tide 10.30 8/29/2012 

5:36

8761724 Louisiana Jefferson 29.26333 – 89.95667 real-timetide gagestorm tide 5.10 8/29/2012 

14:06

8761927 Louisiana Orleans 30.02717 – 90.11342 real-timetide gagestorm tide 6.28 8/30/2012 

8:24

8761955 Louisiana Jefferson 29.93289 – 90.13547 real-timetide gagestorm tide 3.36 8/29/2012 

4:48

8762482 Louisiana Lafourche 29.78856 – 90.42019 real-timetide gagestorm tide 1.50 8/29/2012 

12:12

8764044 Louisiana St Mary 29.66750 – 91.23761 real-timetide gagestorm tide 0.83 8/30/2012 

21:36

8764227 Louisiana St Mary 29.44958 – 91.33811 real-timetide gagestorm tide 2.66 8/30/2012 

19:12

8766072 Louisiana Vermilion 29.55500 – 92.30500 real-timetide gagestorm tide 0.95 8/30/2012 

9:48
20 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 6. Hurricane Isaac storm-tide high-water-mark data recorded by U.S. Geological Survey, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site 

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Type of 

high-water 

mark

Peak stormtide elevation,

feet above

NAVD 88

Peak

storm-tide

estimated

date (GMT) Decimal degrees

HWM-AL-MOB-002 Alabama Mobile 30.58637 – 88.11424 Co-located 5.6 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-JEF-001 Louisiana Jefferson 29.68025 – 90.10141 Independent 5.1 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-JEF-002 Louisiana Jefferson 29.66820 – 90.10934 Independent 4.9 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-JEF-003 Louisiana Jefferson 29.73444 – 90.12459 Independent 3.5 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-JEF-004 Louisiana Jefferson 29.73223 – 90.12875 Independent 3.9 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-JEF-005 Louisiana Jefferson 29.75909 – 90.10209 Independent 4.4 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-001 Louisiana Orleans 30.07725 – 89.84861 Independent 6.9 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-002 Louisiana Orleans 30.06708 – 89.83292 Independent 8.6 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-003 Louisiana Orleans 30.14968 – 89.74074 Independent 9.8 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-004 Louisiana Orleans 30.12564 – 89.86719 Independent 5.2 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-017 Louisiana Orleans 30.06643 – 89.80586 Co-located 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-028 Louisiana Orleans 30.14508 – 89.74825 Independent 6.1 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-029 Louisiana Orleans 30.12434 – 89.86669 Independent 5.9 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-ORL-202 Louisiana Plaquemines 30.02181 – 90.11422 Co-located 5.6 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-PLA-010 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.25280 – 89.35805 Co-located 6.3 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-PLA-201 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.76060 – 90.01770 Co-located 14.3 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-PLA-202 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.51200 – 89.76480 Independent 8.0 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-PLA-204 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.55910 – 89.88480 Independent 7.1 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-PLA-205 Louisiana Plaquemines 29.59507 – 89.84190 Independent 7.8 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-SJA-001 Louisiana St James 30.05567 – 90.67761 Independent 10.1 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-SJA-002 Louisiana St James 30.07197 – 90.68247 Independent 5.6 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-SJA-003 Louisiana St James 30.06850 – 90.68689 Independent 7.0 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STB-001 Louisiana St Bernard 29.84669 – 89.76403 Independent 11.3 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STB-004 Louisiana St Bernard 29.81886 – 89.61126 Co-located 9.4 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-001 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08883 – 90.50602 Independent 5.5 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-002 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08830 – 90.50597 Independent 5.1 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-003 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08327 – 90.51130 Independent 5.5 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-004 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.07714 – 90.54957 Independent 5.6 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-005 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08213 – 90.46706 Independent 7.4 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-006 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08688 – 90.44575 Independent 7.2 8/30/2012
Tables 2–6 21

Table 6. Hurricane Isaac storm-tide high-water-mark data recorded by U.S. Geological Survey, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site 

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Type of 

high-water 

mark

Peak stormtide elevation,

feet above

NAVD 88

Peak

storm-tide

estimated

date (GMT) Decimal degrees

HWM-LA-STJ-007 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08590 – 90.44424 Independent 5.8 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-200 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.07794 – 90.57258 Independent 3.6 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-201 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.07639 – 90.57231 Independent 4.9 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-202 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.07594 – 90.59753 Independent 5.4 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-203 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.05756 – 90.62594 Independent 6.5 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-204 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.05778 – 90.63572 Independent 6.5 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-205 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08775 – 90.48217 Independent 6.0 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-206 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08469 – 90.48700 Independent 7.0 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-207 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.09450 – 90.48853 Independent 6.4 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-208 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.09536 – 90.49397 Independent 6.2 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-209 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.08131 – 90.52483 Independent 5.6 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-210 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.06922 – 90.45872 Independent 7.7 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STJ-211 Louisiana St John the 

Baptist

30.05664 – 90.46103 Independent 8.4 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-001 Louisiana St Tammany 30.26725 – 89.79142 Co-located 6.8 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-002 Louisiana St Tammany 30.26725 – 89.79142 Co-located 6.7 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-003 Louisiana St Tammany 30.26504 – 89.83965 Independent 6.9 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-004 Louisiana St Tammany 30.40633 – 90.15576 Independent 8.9 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-005 Louisiana St Tammany 30.22644 – 89.67750 Independent 8.9 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-025 Louisiana St Tammany 30.22908 – 89.69031 Independent 8.3 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-026 Louisiana St Tammany 30.20098 – 89.70341 Independent 7.0 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-030 Louisiana St Tammany 30.39932 – 90.15698 Independent 8.7 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-031 Louisiana St Tammany 30.36994 – 90.10686 Independent 6.4 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-032 Louisiana St Tammany 30.31566 – 89.92443 Independent 5.8 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-101 Louisiana St Tammany 30.17595 – 89.72842 Co-located 5.0 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-200 Louisiana St Tammany 30.40464 – 90.15136 Independent 8.8 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-201 Louisiana St Tammany 30.35500 – 90.06453 Independent 8.0 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-202 Louisiana St Tammany 30.35239 – 90.05767 Independent 7.8 8/30/2012
22 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Table 6. Hurricane Isaac storm-tide high-water-mark data recorded by U.S. Geological Survey, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site 

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Type of 

high-water 

mark

Peak stormtide elevation,

feet above

NAVD 88

Peak

storm-tide

estimated

date (GMT) Decimal degrees

HWM-LA-STT-204 Louisiana St Tammany 30.26517 – 89.84336 Independent 6.7 8/30/2012

HWM-LA-STT-205 Louisiana St Tammany 30.24436 – 89.79425 Independent 6.4 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-206 Louisiana St Tammany 30.23873 – 89.61653 Co-located 9.3 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-300 Louisiana St Tammany 30.18591 – 89.75190 Independent 5.7 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-301 Louisiana St Tammany 30.20462 – 89.77684 Independent 6.5 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-302 Louisiana St Tammany 30.23203 – 89.85334 Independent 6.2 8/29/2012

HWM-LA-STT-801 Louisiana St Tammany 30.28110 – 89.95375 Independent 7.2 8/30/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-012 Mississippi Hancock 30.36651 – 89.37555 Co-located 9.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-013 Mississippi Hancock 30.36120 – 89.42433 Independent 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-014 Mississippi Hancock 30.38771 – 89.44152 Independent 10.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-015 Mississippi Hancock 30.31574 – 89.41150 Independent 9.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-016 Mississippi Hancock 30.32311 – 89.32813 Co-located 9.5 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-017 Mississippi Hancock 30.25842 – 89.41450 Independent 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-018 Mississippi Hancock 30.23825 – 89.42927 Co-located 10.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-019 Mississippi Hancock 30.22539 – 89.48349 Independent 9.9 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-020 Mississippi Hancock 30.21624 – 89.48819 Co-located 10.2 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-021 Mississippi Hancock 30.28221 – 89.36990 Independent 10.2 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-022 Mississippi Hancock 30.39312 – 89.38655 Independent 6.4 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-024 Mississippi Hancock 30.24890 – 89.61298 Independent 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-101 Mississippi Hancock 30.31768 – 89.32319 Independent 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAN-201 Mississippi Hancock 30.29995 – 89.33509 Independent 12.0 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-001 Mississippi Harrison 30.39080 – 88.85766 Co-located 7.5 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-002 Mississippi Harrison 30.45897 – 88.93891 Co-located 8.6 8/31/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-003 Mississippi Harrison 30.45331 – 89.01315 Co-located 8.6 8/31/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-004 Mississippi Harrison 30.45319 – 89.02776 Co-located 8.1 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-005 Mississippi Harrison 30.44971 – 89.09315 Co-located 19.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-006 Mississippi Harrison 30.41307 – 89.08046 Co-located 12.1 8/30/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-007 Mississippi Harrison 30.36969 – 89.08046 Co-located 10.9 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-008 Mississippi Harrison 30.36396 – 89.09014 Co-located 8.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-009 Mississippi Harrison 30.37781 – 89.04596 Co-located 10.0 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-010 Mississippi Harrison 30.41926 – 89.08721 Independent 11.0 8/30/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-011 Mississippi Harrison 30.43205 – 89.08773 Co-located 8.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-012 Mississippi Harrison 30.38272 – 89.23764 Co-located 9.2 8/29/2012
Tables 2–6 23

Table 6. Hurricane Isaac storm-tide high-water-mark data recorded by U.S. Geological Survey, by State.—Continued

[NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; GMT, Greenwich meridian time]

Site 

identification State

County

or

Parish

Latitude Longitude Type of 

high-water 

mark

Peak stormtide elevation,

feet above

NAVD 88

Peak

storm-tide

estimated

date (GMT) Decimal degrees

HWM-MS-HAR-023 Mississippi Harrison 30.37722 – 89.32154 Independent 9.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-101 Mississippi Harrison 30.39369 – 88.87803 Independent 7.9 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-102 Mississippi Harrison 30.39354 – 88.93093 Independent 9.0 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-103 Mississippi Harrison 30.38246 – 89.02811 Independent 9.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-104 Mississippi Harrison 30.35884 – 89.11190 Independent 9.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-105 Mississippi Harrison 30.33819 – 89.17061 Co-located 9.2 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-201 Mississippi Harrison 30.39359 – 88.93825 Co-located 8.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-202 Mississippi Harrison 30.39324 – 88.93848 Co-located 8.3 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-203 Mississippi Harrison 30.39323 – 88.93849 Co-located 8.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-HAR-204 Mississippi Harrison 30.40944 – 89.03772 Co-located 8.4 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-001 Mississippi Jackson 30.37899 – 88.50063 Independent 13.0 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-002 Mississippi Jackson 30.34387 – 88.53730 Independent 6.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-039 Mississippi Jackson 30.36134 – 88.63680 Co-located 6.2 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-101 Mississippi Jackson 30.38803 – 88.61578 Co-located 5.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-103 Mississippi Jackson 30.39886 – 88.77229 Co-located 6.3 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-104 Mississippi Jackson 30.40650 – 88.82232 Co-located 6.9 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-105 Mississippi Jackson 30.39671 – 88.81310 Independent 7.8 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-400 Mississippi Jackson 30.41348 – 89.48950 Independent 6.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-402 Mississippi Jackson 30.47506 – 88.41932 Independent 13.6 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-403 Mississippi Jackson 30.34371 – 88.52033 Independent 5.7 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-404 Mississippi Jackson 30.36387 – 88.63972 Independent 5.2 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-405 Mississippi Jackson 30.36603 – 88.66454 Independent 6.1 8/29/2012

HWM-MS-JAC-406 Mississippi Jackson 30.43744 – 88.87985 Co-located 7.7 8/29/2012
24 Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012

Glossary

EDT Eastern daylight time.

EST Eastern standard time. 

GMT Greenwich meridian time. 

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems.

HWM High-water mark. 

NAVD 88 North American Vertical Datum of 1988. 

NGS National Geodetic Survey.

NGVD 29 National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. 

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

RDG Rapid deployment gage. 

RTN Real-Time Network.

storm surge Water level rise caused by a storm over and above the predicted astronomical tide.

storm-tide Water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. 

streamgage Instrumentation used to measure water level and corresponding streamflow. 

tide gage Instrumentation used to measure coastal water level. 

USGS United States Geological Survey.
Manuscript approved on December 7, 2012

Edited by Rebecca J. Deckard

Layout by Caryl J. Wipperfurth

For more information about this publication, contact:

Chief, Office of Surface Water

U.S. Geological Survey

415 National Center, MS 415

Reston, VA 20192

http://water.usgs.gov/osw

Conversion Factors and Datums

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

mile, nautical (nmi) 1.852 kilometer (km)

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88) unless otherwise noted.

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) 

unless otherwise noted.

Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Gage Altitude Datum, as used in this report, refers to the vertical datum that a streamgage is 

surveyed to.
McCallum and others—Monitoring Storm Tide and Flooding from Hurricane Isaac along the Gulf Coast of the United States, August 2012—Open-File Report 2012–1263