u.s. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

~ 

\. 1 ".o,.~ 

Justice Expenditure 

and Employment, 1985 

Federal, State, and local governments 

in the United States spent $45.6 billion 

in fiscal year 1985 for civil and criminal justice, an increase of 75% Rince 

1979, the last year comparable data 

were collected. During the same 

period, total government expendituI'es 

for all activities incI'eased by 90% to 

$1.58 trillion. 

Federal spending for justice activities increased at a slower rate during 

this period (68%) than all Federal 

spending (92%), while State and local 

spending for justice activities increased 

at a slightly higher rate (76%) than all 

State and local spending (72%). 

Nationally, 2.9% of all government 

spending in 1985 was for criminal and 

civil justice activities: 

• 1.4% for police protection, 

4> 0.8% for corrections, and 

CI 0.6% for jUdicial and legal services, 

such as courts (0.4%), prosecution and 

legal services (0.2%), and public 

defense (0.196). 

The 2.9% of spending for criminal 

and civil justice services by all levels of 

government in 1985 compares with 

spending for othEf governmental services as follows: 

Social insurance payments 20.8% 

National defense and 

international relations 18,3 

Education 13.0 

Interest on debt 10.9 

Housing and the environment 6.8 

Public welfare 6.0 

Hospitals and health 4.0 

Transporta tion 3.6 

Justice 2.9 

Space research lind technology .5 

This bulletin marks the first time 

since 1979 that BJS has been able 

to report on long-term trends in 

justice expenditure and employment and to present the full detail 

of eX(;lenditure and employment 

data. 

Overall, justice spending 

increased by 75% since 1979, a 

lower rate of growth than spending 

for all government services, which 

rose 90%. State and local governments, however, which have primary responsibility for justice 

actiVities, increased, their justice 

spending at a slightly higher rate 

than spending for all functions, 

76% vs. '12% respectively . 

In fisoa11985, the proportion 

of total government spending used 

for justice activities was 2.9%. Of 

every government dollar spent in 

the Nation, 1.4 cents went for 

police protection; 0.8 cent was for 

'l'he percent of spending for justice 

activities varies by level of government 

and reflects the fact that criminal justice is primarily a State and local responsibility. County governments devoted 13.1% of direct expenditures to 

justice activities; city and town governments, 10.0%; State governments, 

5.4%; and the Federal Government, 

0.6% (table 1). 

Local g;overnments made over half 

of the Nation's civil and criminal direct 

lSee "Methodology and limitations" for soUrce of 

datn for all government functions and changes in 

classification since 1983. 

March 1987 

correctional programs such as 

jails, prisons, probation, and 

parole; and 0.6 cent went for 

judicial and legal~rvices. State 

governments spent 3% of their 

total spending on corre'!tions. 

Altogether, Federal, State, and 

loca.l governments spent twice as 

much on housing and the environment as they spent for criminal 

and civil justice, twice as much on 

public welfare, and more than four 

times as much on education. 

I would like to express my 

gratitude to the thousands of State 

and local governments who participate in the BJS and the Census 

Bureau surveys. Without the data 

they provide, Federal, State, and 

local efforts to develop and implement sound crime control policies 

would be weakened. 

Steven R. Schlesinger 

Director 

justice expenditures, or $25.3 billion, 

fo1l0wed by State governments with 

$14.7 billion and the Federal Government with $5.7 billion (table 2). 

Close to half-$22 billion-of the 

Nationrs total justice expenditure was 

fo;' pulice protection, and over a fourth, 

$13 billion, was for corrections, including jail", prisons, probation, and 

parole. The combined activities of 

courts, prosecution and legal services, 

and public defense accounted for $10 

billion, or 22.1% of the total (table 3). 

Within each category of justice 
r' 

Table 1. Percent of total direct gv'lcrnment expenditures for justice activities, 

by le:vel of government, fIScal yelll' 1985 

Percent of eX12enditures for justice activities 

Judicial and legal services 

Police Prosecution 

pro- Courts and legal public CorrecLevel of gov'lrnment 1'ola1 tection Total only services defe'/se tions 

All ., 2.9% 1.496 0.6 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.8% 

Federal governm'~nt 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 

Total State and local 6.1 2.9 1.2 O.ll 0.4 0.1 1.9 

State government 5.4 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 3.0 

Total local 6.5 4.1 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.1 1.1 

County 13.1 4.6 4.4 2.7 1.3 0.4 4.0 

Municipal 10.0 8.3 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 

Note: Local data for "total direct govewment The percentS for total justice activities include 

expenditures" include expenditures made by expenditures for a residual "other" category, not 

school districts and special districts. Justice data displayed separately. Subcategories may not add 

are not collected for these local governments; to total due to rounding. 

see "Methodology and limitations." 

Table 2. Justice system expenditures, by level of government, fIScal yelll' 1985 

________________________ ~E~x~12~en~d~i~tu~r~es~in~tFh~o~u~sa~n~d~s~o~f~d~o~lla~r~s~----------------------.---­

JUdicial and legal ~ervices 

Expenditure type by 

level of government 

All !lXpp.nditures 

Federal 

Direct 

Intergovernmental 

State 

Direct 

Intergovernmental 

Total local 

Direct 

Intergovernmental 

County 

Direct 

Intergovernmental 

Municipal 

Direct 

In tergovernm en tal 

Total 

$45,607,142 

5,819,476 

5,683,841 

135,635 

16,013,455 

14,663,715 

1,~49,740 

25,372,747 

25,259,586 

113,161 

10,563,171 

10,465,369 

97,802 

15,064,352 

14,794,217 

270,135 

Police 

protection 

$22,013,594 

2,767,514 

2,767,514 

3,511,035 ° 

3,227,814 

283,221 

16,025,853 

16,018,266 

7,587 

3,688,740 

3,677,977 

10,763 

12,512,804 

12,340,289 

172,515 

Total 

$10,070,399 

1,998,904 

1,998,904 

3,360,030 ° 

3,172,303 

187,727 

4,934,711 

4,899,192 

35,519 

. 3,558,054 

"~,526,243 

• 31,811 

1,401,~12 

1,372,949 

28,263 

Courts 

only 

$5,780,163 

852,095 

852,095 

o 

2,262,380 

2,122,148 

140,232 

2,840,787 

2,805,920 

34,867 

2,202,504 

2,172,353 

30,151 

655,733 

633,56'i 

22,166 

Prosecution 

and legal 

services 

$3,235,732 

803,548 

803,548 

a 

800,095 

771,693 

.28,402 

1,660,856 

1,650,491 

365 

1,004,947 

1,004,222 

725 

659,697 

656,269 

3,428 

Note: Intergovernmental expenditure 

consists of payments from oo.e governr:lent to 

another. Such expenditure eventually will 

shoW up as a direct expenditure of a recipient 

government. Duplicit.ive transactions 

between levels of governments are exclUded 

from the totals for all governments and local 

governments. 

Table 3. Distribution or justice system direct expenditures, 

by activity and l<!vel or government, fIScal year 1985 

Activit:t 

JudicIal and legal servIces 

Police Prosecution 

pro- Courts and legal Public 

Level of governm ent All tectlon Total only services defense 

Pe~cent by level 

ot government 

All 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 12.5 12.6 19.8 14.7 24.8 32.6 

State 32.2 14.7 31.5 36.7 23.8 26.4 

Total local 55.4 72.8 48.6 48.5 51,3 41.0 

CO\lnty 22.9 16.7 35.0 37.6 31.0 33.2 

Municipal 32.4 56.1 13.6 11.0 20.3 7.9 

Percent by activity 

All 100.096 48.3% 22.1% 12.7% 7.1% 2.3% 

Federal 100.0 48.7 35.2 15.0 14.1 6,0 

State 100.0 22.0 21.6 14.5 5.3 1.9 

Total local 100.0 63.4 111.4 11.1 6.6 1.7 

County 100.0 35.1 3:1.7 20.8 9.6 3.3 

MunicIpal 100.0 83.4 9.3 4.3 4.4 0.6 

2 

Other 

Public justice 

defense Corrections activities 

$1,054,504 

343,261 

343,261 

o 

297,555 

278,462 

19,093 

433,068 

432,781 

287 

350,603 

349,668 

935 

85,782 

83,113 

2,669 

Corrections 

100.0% 

5.4 

62.0 

32.6 

24.5 

8.1 

28.696 

12.4 

55.1 

16.8 

30.6 

7.1 

$13,034,221 

773,581 

706,653 

71,928 

8,883,654 

8,080,703 

802,951 

4,316,481 

4,246,865 

69,616 

3,252,103 

3,197,603 

54,500 

1,118,504 

1,049,262 

69,242 

-

Other 

justice 

activities 

100.0% 

43.1 

37.~ 

19.5 

13.0 

6.5 

1.1% 

3.7 

1.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.2 

$488,928 

274,477 

210,770 

63,107 

258,736 

182,895 

75,841 

95,702 

95,263 

439 

64,274 

63,546 

728 

31,832 

31,717 

115 

~ 
t 

1 

i 

activity, the distribution of expenditure 

by level of government reflects the different responsibilities of each level: 

• Police protection is primarily a local 

responsibili ty; accordingly, local governments spent 73% of the total police 

protection expendiiure in the country in 

1985. 

• Corrections is primarily a State responsibility, and the State governments 

accounted for 62% of the Nation's corrections expenditure. 

• Overall, local pOlice spending represented 35% of the Nation's total direct 

justice expenditure, and State corrections accounted for the second largest 

portion, 18%. 

• The bulk of court cases heard in this 

country are in State and county 

courts. Combined, those governments 

accounted for 74% of total direct expenditure for courts, with the Federal 

govel'nment spending 15% of the total 

and municipal governments, 11%. 

Table 4. Justice system employment and payrolls, 

by activity and level of government, October 1985 

• Prosecution or court cases is most 

often at the local levels of government, 

which accounted for 51 % of the total 

!?rosecution and legal services ex!?enditure. 

• Public defense systems are organized 

at the county level in most States, and 

counties s!?ent one-third of the total 

public defense expenditure. 

Combined, State and local governments spent 87.6% of the Nation's justice monies. Local governments alone 

spent 55.4% of the total. The Federal 

Government accounted for 12.5% of 

justice spending. 

Justice employment 

In October 1985, the Nation's civil 

and criminal justice systems employed 

more than 1.4 million persons, with a 

total October payroll exceeding $2.8 

billion (table 4). 

Local governments accounted for 

Eml:!lo:lment October 

Activity and Full-time payroll (in 

level of government Total Full-time equivalent thousands) 

Total justice system 1,43'1,165 1,341,865 1,368,562 $2,854,834 

Federal 108,222 108,222 108,222 277,930 

State 443,383 423,302 431,206 878,899 

Totallocnl 885,560 810,341 829,134 1,698,005 

County 373,058 342,614 352,606 655,120 

Municipal 512,502 467,727 476,528 1,042,885 

Pollce protection 737,741 683,754 693,245 1,515,524 

Feder/il 61,342 61,342 61,342 157,335 

State 107,606 97,110 98,656 207,784 

Total local 568,793 525,302 533,247 1,150,405 

County 130,505 121,436 123,455 246,381 

Municipal 438,288 403,866 409,792 904,024 

Judicial (courts only) 192,504 172,104 180,590 361,380 

Federal 15,455 15,455 15,455 38,358 

State 61,082 57,608 60,533 151,678 

Totalloaal 115,967 99,041 104,602 1'11,344 

County 88,291 78,546 82,307 134,529 

Muniaipal 27,676 20,495 22,295 36,815 

Prosecution and 

legal services 93,742 86,727 89,624 208,832 

Federal 15,791 15,791 15,791 43,904 

state 23,926 22,523 23,266 53,164 

Total local 54,025 48,413 50,567 111,763 

County 35,657 32,646 33,901 72,154 

Municipal 18,368 15,767 16,666 32,609 

Plbllc defense 12,!I92 11,208 11,709 26,914 

Federal ~56 356 356 1,000 

state 6,003 5,661 5,872 12,307 

Total local ',,733 5,191 5,481 13,607 

County 5,476 4,982 5,258 12,956 

Municipal 257 209 223 651 

Corrections 3':14,677 381,988 387,209 729,699 

Federal 14,448 14,'148 14,448 35,025 

state 240,856 236,599 239,031 446,574 

Totallocllt 139,373 130,941 133,730 248,100 

County 111,963 103,946 106,594 187,158 

MunicIpal 27,410 26,995 27,136 60,942 

Other jusl;ice activities 6,409 6,084 6,185 12,485 

Federal 830 830 830 2,309 

state 3,9.10 3,801 3,848 7,392 

Total local 1,669 1,453 1,507 2,785 

Counties 1,166 1,058 1,091 1,941 

Municipalities 503 395 416 844 

3 

mOl'e civil and criminal justice employment than the Federal and State 

governments combined. Of the Nation's 

total justice employees, 61.6%, were engaged in local justice activities (table 

5). 

Reflecting the fact that law enforcement is essentially the responsibility of local governments, 77.1% of 

the Nation's police employees were 

working at the local level. State 

governments employed 14.6% of police 

protection workers; the Federal Government, 8.3%. 

Local governments also dominate 

jUdicial and legal employment, though 

not as much. Local employees account 

for 60.2% of court employees, 57.6% of 

prosecution and legal service employees, and 47.4% of public defense employees. 

The distribution of corrections employees reflects State government dominance in that secto1'-61.0% of corrections employees worked for State governments, followed by 35.3% at the local 

level, and 3.7% at the Federal level. 

Per capita spending 

The Federal, State, and loca.l governments combined spent $191 per 

capita on civil and criminal justice 

Table 5. Distribution or justice system 

total employment and payrolls, by activi~y and 

level or government, October 1985 

r-------------------------,-------- Total 

Activity and employ- October 

level of government ment payroll 

Total justiee system 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 7.5 9.7 

State 30.9 30.8 

Local 61.6 59.5 

Police protection 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 8.3 10.4 

State 14.6 13.7 

Loca.l '17.1 75.9 

Judicial (courts only) 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 8.0 10.6 

State 31.7 42.0 

Local 60.2 47.4 

Prosecution and 

legal services 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 16.S 21.0 

State 25.5 25.5 

Local 51.6 53.5 

Public defense 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 2.9 3.7 

State 49.6 45.7 

Local 47.4 50.6 

Corrections 100.0% 100.0% 

Federal 3.7 4.8 

State 61.0 61.2 

Local 35,3 34.0 

Other justice 

activities 100,00% 100.0% 

Federal 13.0 18.5 

State 61.0 59.2 

Local 26.0 22.3 
activities in 1985. Of this, $92 per 

capita was for police protection, $55 

was for corrections, and $42 wal) for 

judicial and legal services, such as 

courts ($24), prosecution and legal 

services ($14), and public defense ($4). 

Spending was $2 per capita for other 

justice activities that were not elsewhere classified, such as State criminal 

justice coordinating councils. 

The $191 per capita for justice activities compa.res with a total of $6,623 

per capita for all governmental 

functions. The per capita figures for 

various categories of governmental expenditure are as follows: 

Social insurance 

payments 

National defense and 

international relations 

Education 

Interest on debt 

Housing and the environment 

Public welfare 

Hospitals and health 

Transporta tion 

Justice 

Space research and 

technology 

Trends 

$1,377 

1,209 

862 

723 

449 

397 

267 

240 

191 

31 

Expenditure for justice activities by 

all governments increased by 75% since 

1979, the last year for which comparable data are available (table 6). During 

this same period, expenditure for all 

government activities increased by 

90%. This disparity is due to larger 

increases in Federal spending for all 

functions (92%) than for justice (68%). 

State and local governments registered 

a slightly larger increase in justice 

spending (76%) than for all their spending (72%) during this period. 

State governments displayed larger 

increases in justice spending from 1979 

to 1985 (98%) than local governments 

(66%). 

The percent of total government 

spending at all levels for justice activities decreased from 3.1% in 1979 to 

2.9% in 1985. However, criminal justice is primarily a State and local responsibility, and those governments increased the percent of their spending 

for justice activi.ties from 5.9% in 1979 

to 6.1% in 1985. 

The 1985 expenditure and employment data were collected through a 

special survey that is essentially 

comparable to the surveys tha,t pro- ' 

duced data for 1971-79, allowing the 

examination of long-term trends. The 

largest percent increases in spending in 

Table 6. Percent chlinge in direct ellpendlture for justice activity, by activity .and 

level of governmi\lllt, 19'16-65 and 19'19-65 

Percent change in direct eX2enditures for: 

Pollee JUdIcial Prosecution 

pro- (courts and legal Public CorrecLevel of' government Total tection only) services defense tions 

19'16-65 

All governments 132% 10096 138% 209% 210% 197% 

Federal 132 85 288 295 231 176 

State 182 90 263 212 297 227 

Total local 110 108 73 155 175 157 

19'111-65 

All governments 75 58 71 96 77 116 

Federal 68 45 131 122 43 100 

State 98 62 77 79 136 129 

Totallo<lal 66 62 55 74 81 97 

Note: Federal data for 1985 were modified for this table 

from what is presented in other tables; see "Methodology and 

limitations." 

the decade from 1976 to 1985 occurred 

in public defense as governments continued to implement programs and establish agencies in response to Supreme 

Court rulings. Gideon v. Wainwright, 

372 U.S. 335 (1963) was the landmark 

decision extending the right to counsel 

to all felony cases in State courts. In 

Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 

(1972) the Court extended the right to 

counsel to misdemeanor cases in which 

the defendant may receive a sentence 

of imprisonment. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 

1 (1967) accorded the right to counsel 

to juveniles. 

Other large increases were in State 

and Federal judicial expenditures. 

During the decade ending in 1985-

• States increased their court 

expenditures by 263% as they developed 

consolidated State-level court systems, 

replacing local courts. 

• The Federal Government increased its 

court expenditures by 288% in response 

to the creation of a total of 237 new 

district and appellate court judgeships 

during the period to deal with case 

backlogs. 

• Federal prosecution spending increased by 295%, as 2,707 Federal 

prosecutol's and support staff were 

added. 

For all governments combined, corrections expenditures increased at a 

greater rate (116%) than other justice 

activities from 1979 to 1985. For State 

governments, the increase was 129%, 

for the Fecieral Government, 100%, and 

for local governments, 97%. During 

this period, the number of State and 

Federal prisoners increased by 51.5%, 

although it is difficult to compare this 

to the expenditure data because they 

are not adjusted for inflation. 

4 

At each level of government, increases for police protection were 

~mong the lowest of the various justice 

activi ties. 

Focus on corrections 

The special survey used to collect· 

the 1985 expenditure and employment 

data also collected more detailed corrections data than are available for 

1980-84, allowing more in-depth analysis of corrections expenditure and 

employment. During the period 1971 to 

1985-

• State government expenditures to 

operate correctional institutions rose at 

about the same rate as total direct COl'-

rections expenditures (513% and 511 %, 

respectively). 

• Corrections capitlll outlay expenditures by State governments rose at a 

higher rate for the entire period 

(653%), but since 1976 the rate of such 

growth has been about twice as high as 

the growth in operating costs for 

prisons. 

• The proportion of total direct 

expenditures by State governments for 

capital outlays increased from a low of 

6.4% in 1973 to a high of 13.4% in 1985 

(table 7). 

The bulk of capital outlay expenditures is for the construction of correctional institutions, but other types 

of construction and purchases of equipment, of existing structures, and of 

land are included. Data are available 

on the construction of State prisons 

beginning in 1977. Since that time 

State governments increased the 

percent of total corrections direct 

expenditure for prison construction 

from a low of 7.7% in 1977 to 11.2% in 

1985. 

. 

1: 

I, 

i 

,', 

I ,I 

,. 
.1 

Also beginning in 1977, data became 

available on all expenditures for correctional institutions vs. probation, 

parole, and pardon programs. OVer this 

period, State and local governments 

changed the distribution of their corrections spending (including capital and 

operating costs) between institutions 

and probation, parole, and pardon. 

Between 1977 and 1985-

Table 8. Percent of total,direct corrections expenditures for institutions 

and probation, parole, and pardon, by level of government, 1977 and 1985 

Percent change in direct eXQenditures for: 

• State governments increased the proportion of their direct corrections 

spending for institutions from 76.3% to 

83.9%, while the percent for probation, 

parole, and pardon decreased from 

12.8% to 9.6% (table 8). 

• County governments increased their 

percent for institutions from 70.1 % to 

79.8%, decreasing the percent for probation, parole, and pardon from 27.6% 

to 20.2%. 

• Municipalities increased their 1?ercent 

for institutions from 76% to 91.9%, decreasing the percent for probation, 

parole, and pardon from 17.3% to 8.1 %. 

• Similar data for the Federal Government are available only for 1985. In 

that year, Federal institutions accounted for 75.8% of Federal direct 

corrections expenditure; probation, 

parole, and pardon accounted for 

16.2%. 

Institutions 

Level of government 1977 1985 

All State and local 74.496 83.596 

State 76.3 83.9 

Total local 71.5 82.8 

County 70.1 79.8 

Municipal 76.0 91.9 

Note: Data include capital and operational 

expenditures. Institutions include prisons, jails, 

halfway houses, or other corrections 

institutions. Percents generally will not add to 

State comparisons 

Across the Nation, State and local 

governments spent $167 per capita on 

justice activities (table 9). This ranged 

from less than $90 per cal?ita in Arkansas ($87), West Virginia, and Mississippi 

(each with $82) to more than $200 per 

cal?ita in six States and the District of 

Columbia: Arizona ($206), New Jersey 

($208), California ($225), Nevada 

($244), New York ($293), Alaska ($592), 

and the District of Columbia ($613). 

Per capita justice expenditures 

varied by region: They were highest in 

the Northeast ($208) and West ($205) 

and lowest in the Midwest and South 

($140 each).'.., 

Table 7. Percent oC State government total direct corrections expenditures tor prison 

operations, all capital outlay, and prison construction, 1971-85 

Ca12itaIOutla:r: 

Prison 

Total Prison Construction 

Direct Operations All Only 

1971 100.096 70.6% lo.s96 ... 1972 100.0 75.1 7.8 ... 1973 ,100.0 74.3 6.4 ... 1974 100.0 72.7 6.9 ... 1975 100.0 70.7 8.1 ... 1976 100.0 69.9 8.0 ... 1977 100.0 68.5 10.0 7.7 

1978 1.00.0 70.5 10.1 7.8 

1979 100.0 70.8 10.1 8.1 

1985 100.0 70.9 13.4 11.2 

NOle: Includes only direct outlays; does not prison construction financed over time. 

include the cost oC lnterest for projects such as ... N ot available. 

. 'Probation, parole, l2ardon 

1977 1985 

17.696 12.496 

12.8 9.6 

25.2 17.2 

27.6 20.2 

17.3 8.1 

100 because data for a miscellaneous category are included in the total, but not displayed 

separately. For 1985, however, they were not 

collected for local governments. 

Table 9. State and local justice system 

pcr capita expenditures, by State, 

fiscal yeAI' 1985 

Expendi tures 

Rank State per capita 

1 Dist. of Columbia $613.87 

2 Alaska 592.04 

3 New York 293.19 

4 Nevada 244.01 

5 California 224.78 

6 New Jersey 207.67 

7 Arizona 205.93 

8 Wyoming 199.43 

9 Hawaii 191.66 

10 Maryland 191.17 

11 Delaware 186.28 

12 New Mexico 184.63 

13 Florida 175.38 

14 Michigan 173.28 

15 Massachusetts 172.61 

16 Colorado 172.03 

17 Illinois 170.93 

All State and local 167.23 

18 Connecticut 164.79 

19 Washington 160.14 

20 Oregon 154.94 

21 Louisiana 153.59 

22 Rhode Island 152.10 

23 Wisconsin 151.13 

24 Virginia 149.90 

25 Minnesota 140.86 

26 Pennsylvania 137.30 

27 Texas 136.41 

28 Utah 135.01 

29 Georgia 131.42 

30 North Carolina 129.29 

31 Montana 128.78 

32 New Hampshire 126.42 

33 Vermont 126.09 

34 Kansas 125.66 

35 Missouri 124.41 

36 Ohio 121.15 

37 Oklahoma 118.36 

38 South Carolina 116.86 

39 Nebraska 115.40 

40 Alabama 113.41 

41 Tennessee 113.41 

42 Iowa 105.91 

43 Kentucky 104.86 

44 Idaho 104.80 

45 Indiana 101.40 

46 South Dakota 100.84 

47 Maine 96.21 

48 North Dakota 93.88 

49 Arkansas 86.63 

50 West Virginia 82.18 

51 Mississippi 82.16 

, 
In 1985, full-time equivalent employment in State and local justice was 

52.8 persons per 10,000 population 

nationally (table 10). In proportion to 

its population, New York was the State 

with the most justice employees (79.6 

per 10,000 population), followed by 

Alaska (78.5), and Nevada (72.6). (The 

District of Columbia had 151.2). The 

States with the fewest were West 

Virginia with 33.8, North Dakota with 

35.1, Arkansas with 36.7, and Mississippi with 36.8. 

Nationally, 6.1% of all State and 

local spending was devoted to civil and 

criminal justice. About half of this was 

for police (2.9%), followed by correcTable 10. State and loclll justice system 

full-time equivalent employment per 10,000 

population, by State, October 1985 

Full-time 

employment 

per 10.000 

Rank State population 

1 Dist. of Columbia 151.2 

2 New York 79.6 

3 Alaska 78.5 

4 Nevada 72.6 

5 New Jersey 68.3 

6 Delaware 66.7 

7 Florida 63.8 

8 Arizona 63.7 

9 Wyoming 62.6 

10 Maryland 62.5 

11 Louisiana 61.7 

12 New Mexico 61.0 

13 Hawaii 56.4 

14 California 55.2 

15 lllinois 54.3 

16 Massachusetts 53.0 

17 Virginia 52.8 

All State and loclll 52.8 

18 Georgia 51.7 

19 Texas 50.2 

20 Colorado 49.3 

21 Kansas 48.8 

22 Missouri 48.0 

23 Michigan 47.6 

24 Rhode Island 46.6 

25 South Carolina 46.6 

26 Connecticut 46.5 

27 Oregon 46.3 

28 North Carolina 46.2 

29 Oklahoma 46.2 

30 Tennessee 45.9 

31 Washington 45.7 

32 Wisconsin 45.1 

33 Montana 44.7 

34 Pennsylvania 44.5 

35 Ohio 44.0 

36 Alabama 43.0 

37 Indiana 41.8 

38 Nebraska 41.7 

39 Kentucky 41.3 

40 Utah 40.8 

41 South Dakota 40.7 

42 New Hampshire 39.9 

43 Idaho 39.4 

44 Minnesota 38.5 

45 Vermont 38.4 

46 Iowa 37.8 

47 Maine 37.1 

48 Mississippi 36.8 

49 Arkansas 36.7 

50 North Dakota 35.1 

51 West Virginia 33.8 

tions (1.9%), and judicial and legal service activities (1.2%) (table 11). The 

proportion of State and local spending 

directed to justice functions ranged 

from a low of 3.2% in North Dakota to 

a high of 8.3% in Nevada. (The District 

of Columbia allotted 10.1% of its total 

expenditure to justice activities). 

State governments spent 5.4% of 

their total direct expenditures for all 

functions on criminal and civ'n justice 

(table 12). Of the total, 3% went for 

corrections, 1.2% went for police protection, and 1.2% went for the 

combined judicial activities of courts, 

prosecution and legal services, and 

public defer.se. 

Definition of terms 

This section provides bri&f definitions of the terms used in this report. 

More explicit definitions will be contained in the full report, Justice 

Expenditure and Employment in the 

U.S., 1985 Final Report. 

Expenditure includes only external 

cash payments made from any source of 

monies, including any payments financed from borrOWing, fund balances, 

intergovernmental revenue, and other 

current revenue. It excludes any intragovernmental transfers and noncash 

transactions, such as the provision of 

meals or housing of employees. It also 

Table 11. Percent ~c State and loclll total direct expenditures Cor justice activities, 

by State, nscal year 1985 

Percen t for justice activities 

Judicial 

and 

Police legal 

State Total protection services Corrections 

Dist. of Columbia 10.1 3.9 1.8 4.3 

Nevada 8.3 3.7 1.7 2.8 

Florida 7.6 3.7 1.5 2.3 

New Jersey 7.4 3.8 1.6 2.0 

Arizona 7.3 3.6 1.5 2.2 

New York 7.3 3.4 1.4 2.4 

Maryland 7.2 3.2 1.3 2.6 

California 7.2 3.3 1.6 2.2 

Illinois 6.8 3.8 1.1 1.8 

Virginia 6.8 3.1 1.1 2.5 

New Mexico 6.7 2.8 1.2 2.6 

Hawaii 6.3 2.\l 2.0 1.4 

Delaware 6.2 2.7 1.4 2.0 

New Hampshire 6.2 3.3 1.2 1.8 

Missouri 6.2 3.5 1.2 1.5 

Connecticut 6.2 3.3 1.4 1.5 

Michigan 6.1 2.8 1.3 1.9 

All State and loclll 6.1 2.9 1.2 1.9 

Colorado 5.9 3.1 1.3 1.5 

Massachusetts 5.8 3.0 1.2 1.6 

North Carolina 5.8 2.7 1.2 1.9 

Louisiana 5.7 2.8 1.1 1.8 

Texas 5.7 2.8 1.1 1.7 

Pennsylvania 5.6 2.7 1.3 1.7 

Alaska 5.5 2.0 1.3 2.2 

South Carolina 5.4 2.5 0.8 2.1 

Georgia 5.4 2.5 1.0 1.9 

Rhode Island 5.4 3.0 1.2 1.2 

Wisconsin 5.4 2.8 1.0 1.5 

Oregon 5.1 2.3 1.2 1.5 

Kentucky 5.1 2.3 1.2 1.5 

Kansas 5.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 

Idaho 5.0 2.8 1.2 1.0 

Oklahoma 5.0 2.4 0.9 1.7 

Alabama 4.9 2.2 1.0 1.7 

Indiana 4.8 2.3 0.9 1.6 

Ohio 4.8 2.2 1.1 1.4 

Vermont 4.6 1.9 1.1 1.6 

Washington 4.6 2.0 0.9 1.7 

Tennessee 4.'6 2.2 0.9 1.5 

Arkansas 4.6 2.3 0.7 1.5 

Montana 4.4 2.0 0.9 l.S 

Wyoming 4.3 2.2 0.9 1.0 

Minnesota 4.3 2.0 1.1 1.2 

Maine 4.1 2.1 0.8 1.1 

Iowa 4.1 2.1 0.9 1.1 

Mississippi 4.0 2.1 0.7 1.2 

South Dakota 4.0 2.0 0.9 1.1 

Utah 3.9 1 .• 9 0.8 1.2 

Nebraska 3.6 1.9 0.7 1.0 

West Vi~ginia 3.5 1.8 1.0 0.7 

North Dakota 3.2 1.6 1.0 0.7 

Note: See Note table 1. 

6 

i 

}. 

\ 

I. 

" 

)1 'I 
excludes retirement of debt, investment in securities, extensions of loans, 

or agency transactions. Total expenditures for all government functions do 

include interest payments on debt, but 

the justice expenditure data do not. 

Expenditure is divided into two 

major categories: 

• Direct expenditure is all expenditure 

except that classified as intergovernmental. It includes IIdirect current 

expenditure" (salaries, wages, fees, and 

commissions and purchases of supplies, 

materials, and contractual services) and 

"capital outlays" (construction and 

purchase of equipment, land, and existing structures). Capital outlays are 

included for the year When the direct 

expenditure is made, regardless of how 

the funds are raised (for example, by' 

bond issue) or when they are paid back. 

• Intergovernmental expenditure is the 

sum of payments from one govel'nment 

to another, including grants-in-aid, 

shared revenues, payments in lieu of 

taxes, and amounts for services performed by one government for another 

on a reimbursable or cost-sharing basis 

(for example, payments by one government to another for boarding prisoners). 

Employees are all persons on government payrolls during the pay period 

Table 12. Percent of State government total direct expenditures for justice activities, 

by State, fiscal year 1985 

Percent for justice activities 

Judicial 

and 

Police legal 

state Total protection services Corrections 

Florida 9.5 1.3 2.4 5.5 

North Carolina 8.4 1.9 2.2 4.2 

Arizona 8.0 2.6 0.9 4.6 

New Mexico 7.8 1.5 2.2 4.1 

Delaware 7.6 2.1 1.9 3.4 

Alaska 7.4 1.8 2.1 3.5 

Maryland 7.3 1.4 1.5 4.3 

New York 7.0 0.8 2.2 3.9 

Virginia 6.8 1.5 1.3 3.9 

Connecticut 6.6 1.3 2.4 2.9 

Massachusetts 6.3 1.1 2.2 2.9 

Georgia 5.9 1.5 0.6 3.9 

New Hampshire 5.9 1.2 2.0 2.8 

Colorado 5.9 1.1 2.1 2.7 'J., 

Vermont 5.8 1.5 1.6 2.7 

Kansas 5.8 1.0 1.6 3.2 J.~~ i 

N'ew Jersey 5.8 1.6 1.3 2.7 J'rK 

South Carolina 5.7 1.5 0.6 3.5 

Oklahoma 5.5 1.2 1.2 3.1 

Nevada 5.5 1.0 0.7 3.7 

Kentucky 5.5 1.4 2.0 2.1 

All State government 5.4 1.2 1.2 3.0 

California 5.4 1.5 0.5 3.3 

Illinois 5.4 1.1 0.9 3.3 

Missouri 5.3 1.2 1.5 2.5 

Michigan 5.3 1.1 0.9 3.2 

Oregon 5.2 1.1 1.9 2.1 

Alabama 4.9 1.1 1.4 2.3 

Indiana 4.9 1.4 0.6 2.9 

Utah 4.8 1.3 1.0 2.5 

Tennessee 4.8 0.9 0.9 3.0 

Texas 4.8 1.1 0.6 3.1 

Nebraska 4.8 1.4 0.8 2.5 

Louisiana 4.6 1.2 0.8 2.6 

South Dakota 4.5 1.4 1.2 2.0 

Rhode Island 4.5 0.9 1.7 1.9 

Wyoming 4.5 1.0 1.1 1.9 

Wisconsin 4.3 0.7 0.9 2.7 

Arkansas 4.3 1.3 0.6 2.3 

Mississippi 4.0 1.3 0.5 2.2 

Hawaii 4.0 0.2 2.0 1.8 

Washington 3.9 0.9 0.5 2.4 

Idaho 3.9 1.3 0.9 1.6 

Maine 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.5 

Montana 3.7 1.0 0.5 2.2 

Iowa 3.S 1.0 0.8 1.8 

P\!nnsylvania 3.6 1.3 0.6 1.6 

Minnesota 3.3 0.9 0.7 1.6 

West Virginia 3.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 

Ohio 2.8 0.6 0,4 1.8 

NorttJ Pakota 2.0 0.5 0.8 0.7 

Note: The percents for total justice system 

include expenditures for a residual "other" 

category not displayed separately. 

7 

including October 12, 1985. They inclUde all paid officials and persons on 

paid leave, but exclude unpaid officials, 

persons ori unpaid leave, pensioners, and . 

contractors. ' 

Full-time employees are all persons 

employed on a full-time basis, including 

all full-time temporary or seasonal 

workers who Were employed during this 

pay period. 

Full-time equivalent employment is 

a statistical measure that estimates the 

number of employees that would be on 

the payrolls if the total hours worked 

by part-time workers were actually 

worked by full-time workers. It is calculated by dividing the total payroll 

(full-time plus part-time) by the fulltime payroll and multiplying the result 

by the number of full-time employees. 

Payroll is the gross payroll before 

deductions and includes salaries, wages, 

fees, and commissions paid to employees as defined above for the month of 

October 1985. 

Police protection is the function of 

enforcing the law, preserving order, and 

apprehending those who violate the law, 

whether these activities are performed 

by a city police department, sheriff's 

department, State police, or Federal 

law enforcement ag'encies such as the 

FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration. Private security police are 

outside the scope of the survey. 

Judicial (courts only) includes all 

civil and criminal courts and activ{'~ies 

associated with courts such as law 

libraries, grand juries, petit juries, and 

the like. It is not the same as the 

"judicial and legal services" category in 

reports for 1982-84. That category also 

included "prosecution and legal services" and "public defense," which are 

displayed separately in this report. 

Prosecution and legal services 

includes the civil and criminal justice 

activities of the attorneys general} district attorneys, State's attorneys, and 

their variously named equivalents and 

corporation counsels, solicitors, and 

legl'll departments with various names. 

Public defense includes legal counsel and representation in either criminal or civil proceedings as provided by 

public defenders and other government 

programs that pay the fees of courtappointed counsel. 

Corrections involves the confinement and rehabilitation of adults and 

juveniles convicted of offenses against 

the law and the confinement of persons 
suspected of a crime awaiting trial or 

adjudication. It includes costs and 

employment for jails, prisons, probation, parole, pardon, and correctional 

ad ministration. Data for institutions 

with authority to hold prisoners beyond 

arraignment (usually 48 hours or more) 

are included in this sector. Data for 

lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners less 

than 48 hours are included in "police 

protection." 

Correctional institutions are 

prisons, reformatories, jailS, houses of 

correction, penitentiaries, correctiomil 

farms, workhouses, reception centers, 

diagnostic centers, industrial schools, 

training schoolS, detention centers, and 

a variety of other types of institutions 

for the confinement and correction of 

convicted adults or juveniles who are 

adjudicated delinquent or in need of 

supervision. It alSo includes facilities 

for the detention of adults and juveniles 

accused of a crime and awaiting trial or 

hearing. In this report, prison is 

sometimes used to refer to State correctional institutions. 

Probation, parole, and pardon includes data on probation agencies, 

boards of parole, boards of pardon, and 

their variously named equivalents. Although probation departments frequently function under the administration of 

a court, the data are presented separately under corrections afte:- having 

been deducted from the judicial data. 

Other justice activities includes 

expenditure and employment data that 

are not elsewhere classified, that cut 

across more than one category, or that 

are not allocable to separate categories. Examples are crime commissions, neighborhood crime councils, and 

State criminal justice coordinating 

councils. 

Methodology and limitations 

The data in this report are preliminary and subject to change. They were 

collected by the U.S. Bureau of the 

Census for the Bureau of Justice Statistics using a special sample survey of 

State and local governments. Data 

were collected for the Federal Government, all State governments, all county 

governments, all municipalities (and 

townshipg..in the six New England 

States, the three Middle Atlantic 

States, and Michigan and Wisconsin) 

having a 1980 population of 10,000 or 

more, and'for a sample of the remaining municipalities and townships. A 

total of 8,223 local governments were 

included in the survey panel (3,041 

county governments, 4,215 municipalities, and 967 townships). 

The survey was accomplished w;;ing 

two methods of data collection: fIeld 

compilation and mail canvass. Trained 

field representatives compiled expenditure and employment data from the 

governments' own records for all States 

and a reduced number of counties and 

municipaliti'es than in 1979. Other 

units in the sample were canvassed by 

mail. Response for the fielq-compiled 

units was 100%. For the mail canvass 

units, the response rate was 88%. 

Data for the Federal Government 

were extracted from Budget of the 

United States Government, FY 1987, 

Appendix. For 19851 that document 

allowed the classification of appropriate expenditure and employment 

amounts for the Naturalization and 

Immigration Service, the U.S. Customs 

Service, and the Internal Revenue 

Service as "prosecution and legal 

services." In earlier years, those 

amounts could not be broken out of the 

"police protection" category. These 

dollar and employment amounts are included as Federal legal services and 

prosecution in the appropriate tables in 

this report, bllt, to allow comparability 

with earlier years, they have been 

tl'eated as police protection expenditures in the trend analysis in table 6 

and in the text. 

Data for all governmental functions 

are from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

Governmental Finances in 1984-85, 

table 1. Changes in the format for that 

table allow the inclusion of expenditure 

amounts that were not included in 

previous BJS expenditul'e and employment reports. "Housing and the environment" now includes "parks and recrea tion," "sewerage," and "other sanitation" not previously included. "Transportation" now includes "other transportation" not previously included. 

"Social insurance payments" is "insurance trust expenditure" in the source; it 

includes Social Security, unemployment 

compensation, employee retirement, 

workers compensation, and a residual 

"other" category. 

The justice data in this report include the expenditures and employment 

of the Federal Government, the State 

governments, and a sample of county, 

municipal, and township govel·nments. 

Unless otherwise noted, data for total 

governmental functions and non-justice 

governmental functions also include the 

expenditures of ~pecial districts and 

school districts, which generally do not 

have justice functions. Justice expenditure da ta for these districts are not 

collected, although in 1978 (the most 

recent year for which such data are 

available) 0.696 of justice expenditure 

8 

was made by such districts. The special 

district and school district data are 

included in the total government spending to allow State-by-State comparisons 

across States that make varying use of 

school districts to finance education. 

A more detailed description of the 

survey methodology (including sample 

design and sampling errors) will be included in the final report from this survey Justice Expenditure and Employment in the U.S., 1985 Final Report. 

Data in that report will be presented in 

greater geographical, functional, and 

financial detail. 

It is important to note that longterm trend comparisons between the 

data in this report and reports covering 

data for 1980 through 1984 are complicated by changes in methodology in the 

justice expenditure and employment 

series. These changes are. described in 

the BJS reports for these years and in 

the forthcoming final report for 1985. 

Further reading 

To obtain other BJS justice expenditure and employment reports or to be 

added to the bulletin and/or expenditure and employment mailing lists, 

write to the National Criminal Justice 

Reference Service (301/251-5500 or 

toll-free 800-732-3277), User Services 

Dept. 2, Box 6000, Rockville, Md. 

20850. Other expenditure and employment reports include-

• Justice Expenditure and Employment 

in the U.S., 1985 Final Report 

(forthcoming). 

• Justice Expenditure and Employment 

in the U.S., 1979 Final report, 12/83, NCJ~87U2 (and annual volumes from 

1971 to 1979). 

• Trends in Justice Expenditure_ 

and Employment 1971-1979, 11/84, 

NCJ-92596. 

«I Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts: 1980 and 1981, 3/85, NCJ9.6007. 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Bulletins are prepared principally 

by the staff of BJS. This bulletin 

was written by Sue A. Lindgren. 

It was edited by Frank D. Balog. 

Marilyn Marbrook, publications 

unit chief, administered bulletin 

production, assisted by Jeanne 

Harris end Arlene F. James. 

March 1987, NCJ-I04460 
Bureau of 

Justice Statistics 

Announces the 

Justice Statistics 

Clearinghouse 

The Bureau of Justice Statistics 

(BJS), in conjunction with the National Criminal Justice Reference 

Service (NCJRS), announces the 

establishment of the Justice Statistics Clearinghouse. The Clearinghouse toll-free- number is: 

800-732-3277 

Persons from Maryland and the 

Washington, D.C .. metropolitan 

area should call 30 I -25 I -5500. 

Services offered by the Clearinghouse include: 

I 

• Responding to statistical requests. How many rapes are reported to the police? How many 

burglaries occurred in the past year? 

Call the Clearinghouse, toll free. 

• Providing information about 

BJS services. Interested in receiving BJS documents and products? 

Register with the BJS mailing list 

by calling the Clearing\1ouse, toll 

free. 

• Suggesting referrals to other 

sources for criminal justice statistics. If the Clearinghouse doesn't 

have the answer, an information 

specialbt wil, refer you to agencies 

or individuals who do. 

• Conducting custom literature 

searches of the NCJRS document 

data base. We can search the 

NCJRS data base and provide topical bibliographic citations and 

abstracts to answer specific requests. 

• Collecting statistical reports. 

The Clearinghouse collects statistical reports from numerous sources . 

Submit statistical documents to 

share with criminal justice colleagues to: NCJRS, Attention BJS 

Acquisition, Box 6000, Rockville, 

MD 20850. 

You have 24-hour access to the 

Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, 

From 8:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. EST, 

weekdays, an information specialist 

is available. After work hours, you 

may record your orders or leave a 

message for an intormation special~ 

ist to return your call. 
Announcing the new 

}-'act-Finding l and graphS 

Statistical tab es 

t ry text with explana 0 

Specialized di'rectories or 

,..-... - .. -------.. ations Service 

Need a specialized 

report-one tailor ... 

made just for you? 

The National Criminal Justice Rer~ 

erence Service's new Fact-Finding 

Service is your !'iolution. Get 

answers to your hard-tn-find criminal justice questions in a report 

tJilored just for you. 

We'll gather the facts and ngure~ 

using BJS resources, NCJRS resources. profes!'iional associations, 

news articles,juvenilejustice agencies, or whatever it takes to find the 

answers. We then send you a full 

report that matches your specific 

needs. 

Crime trend information 

over a period of time 

~~ 

Examples of reports: 

• statistical tables and graphs with 

explanatory text: 

• State-by-State program or legislative information presented in 

an easy-tn-read format; 

• specialized directorie!'i or li!'itings 

of jU!'itice agencies. organizations. or instructions: 

• crime trend information over a 

!'ipeci fied period of ti me. 

Prices: 

Your cost for the Fact-Finding 

Service covers actual expenses 

only. Prices arc determined by the 

time needed to respond to your request. A request that requires up to 

5 hours could cost between $75 ami 

$250. 

Call NCJRS with your request. An 

information !'ipecialisl will estimate 

the eost. We can begin work as 

soon as we have your approval. 

Call1nil free for more informal ion: 

National Criminal Justice Reference Service sponsored by the National Institute of Justice 

800-851-3420 

Justice Statistics Clearinghouse 

sponsored by the Bureau of Justice 

Statistics 

800-732-3277 

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse 

sponsored by the Office ol'Juvenilc 

Justice and Dclinquency Prcvention 

800-638-8736 
Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 

(revised April 19B7) 

Call toll-free 800-732-3277 (local 

251-5500) to order BJS reports, to be added 

to one of the BJS mailing lists, or to speak 

to a reference specialist in statistics at the 

Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, National 

Criminal Justice Reference Service, 

Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. Single 

copies of reports are free; use NCJ number 

to order. Postage and handling are charged 

for bulk orders of single reports. For si'lgle 

copies of multiple titles, up to 10 titles are 

free; 11-40 titles $10; more than 40, $20; 

lipraries call for special rates. 

PUPIic-use tapes of BJS data sets and 

other criminal Justice data are available 

from the Criminal Justice Archive and 

Information Network, P.O. Box 1248, Ann 

Arbor, MI48106 (313-763-5010). 

National Crime Survey 

Criminal victimization in the U.S.: 

1984 (final report), NCJ-loo435. 5/86 

1983 (final report), NCJ-96459, 10/B5 

1982 (final report). NCJ-92B20, 11/84 

1973-82 trends, NCJ-90541, 9/83 

19BO (final report), NCJ-84015, 4/83 

1979 (final report), NCJ-76710, 12/81 

BJS spec/al reports: 

Violent crime by strangers and nonstrangers, 

NCJ-l03702,1/87 

Preventing domestic violence against women, 

NCJ-l02037,8/86 

Crime prevention measures, NCJ-l 00438, 3/86 

The use of weapons In committing crimes, 

NCJ-99643. 1/86 

Reportln9 crimen to the pollee, NCJ-99432, 

12/85 

Locating city, SUburban, and rural crime, NCJ99535, 12/85 

The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119, 5/85 

The economic cost of crime to victims, NCJ93450,4/84 

Family violence, NCJ-93449, 4/84 

BJS bulletins: 

Households touched by crime, 1985, 

NCJ-l01685.6/86 

Criminai victimization, 1984, NCJ-98904, 10/85 

The crime of rape, NCJ-96777, 3/85 

Household burglary, NCJ-96021, 1/85 

Criminal victimization, 1983, NCJ-93869.6/84 

Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-BOB29, 4/B2 

Crime and the elderly, NCJ-79614, 1/82 

Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2/81 

Teenage victims, NCJ-103138, 12/86 

Lifetime likelihood of victimization, (tlJS lechnlcal report), NCJ-l 04274, 3/87 

Response to screonln9 questions In t\1e National 

Crime Survey (I3JS technical report), NCJ97624,7/85 

Victimization and fear of crime: World 

perspectives, NCJ-93872. 1/85 

Th~ National Crime Survey: Working papers, 

Vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, 

NCJ-75374,8/82 

vol. II: Methological studies, NCJ-90307, 12/84 

Issues In the measurement of vl~t/mltation, 

NCJ-74682, 10/81 

The cost of negllgence: Losses from preventable 

housel1old burglaries, NCJ-53527, 12/79 

Rape victimization In 26 American cities" 

NCJ-55878, 8/79 

Criminal victimization in urban schools, 

NCJ-56396, 8/79 

An Introduction to the National Crime Survey, 

NCJ-43732, 4/76 

Local victim surveys; A reVieW of the Issues, 

NCJ-39973, 8/77 

Expenditure and employment 

BJS BUlletins: 

JustlC!) expendlturo and employment: 

1983, NCJ-l01776, 7/86 

1982, NCJ-98327, 8/85 

Justice expenditure and employmantln the U.S.: 

1980 and 1981 extracts, NCJ-96007, 6/85 

1971-79, NCJ-92596, 11/84 

See order form 

on last page 

Corrections 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Imprisonment in four countries, NCJ-l03967. 

2/87 

Probation and parole, NCJ-l03683, 1/87 

Population density In State prisons, NCJ-103204, 

12/86 

Capital punishment, 1985, NCJ-l 02742, 11/86 

State and Federal prisoners, 1925-65, 

NCJ-102494,11/86 

Prisoners In 1985, NCJ-l 01384, 6/86 

Prison admission and releases, 1983, 

NCJ-100582,3/86 

Capital punishment 1984, NCJ-98399, 8/85 

Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 

Returning to prison, NCJ-95700, 11/84 

Time served In prison, NCJ-93924, 6/84 

Historical corrections statistics In the U.S., 1650-

1984, NCJ-l02529. 4/87 

Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on 

Dec. 31, 1984, NCJ-l03768, 3/87 

Capital punishment 1984 (final). NCJ-99562, 5/86 

Capital plmishment 1983 (final), NCJ-99561, 4/86 

1979 surveyof inmates of State correctional facilities 

_and 1979 census of State correctiona/facilities: 

BJS ~pecial reports: 

The prevalence of imprisonment. NCJ-93657, 

7/85 

Career patterns In crime, NCJ-B8672, 6/83 

BJS bulle fins: -

Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575, 3/83 

Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-86223, 1/83 

Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697, 2/82 

Veterans In prison, NCJ-79232, 11/81 

Census 01 jails and survey 01 jail inmates: 

Jail inmates, 1964, NCJ-l01094, 5/86 

Jail Inmates, 1983 (BJS bulletin), NCJ-99175, 

11185 

The 1983 Jail census (BJS bulletin), NCJ-95536. 

11/84 

Census of jailS, 1978: Dala for individual jails, 

vols. I-/V, Northeast, North Central, South, West, 

NCJ-72279-72282, 12/81 

Profile ot Jail Inmales, 1978, NCJ-65412, 2/81 

Parole and probation 

8.IS bulletins: 

Probation and pamle 1984, NCJ-100181, 

2/86 

Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218, 8/83 

Parole hI the U.S" 1980 and 1981, NCJ-87387, 

3/86 

Characteristics of persons entering parole 

during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243, 5/83 

Characteristics of the parole population, 1978, 

NCJ·66479,4/81 

Parole In the U.S., 1979, NCJ-69562,3/81 

Children In custody: 

Public JUVenile facilities, 1985 (bullelln), 

NCJ-102457, 10/86 

1982-83 census 01 juvenile detention and 

correctional facl/lties, NCJ-l01686, 9/86 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

The growth of appeals: 1 973-83 trends, 

NCJ-96381, 2/85 

Case filings III State courts 1983, NCJ-95,1 i " 

10/84 

BJS spec/al reports: 

Felony case-processing timo, NCJ-l01985, 8/66 

Felony sentencing In 18 focal 

JUrisdictions, NCJ-97681, 6/85 

The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ-96018, 

12/84 

Sentencing practices In 13 States, NCJ-95399, 

10/84 

Criminal defense systems; A national 

. survey, NCJ-94630, 8/84 

Habeas corpus, NCJ-92948, 3/84 

State court caseload statistics, 1977 and 

198', NCJ-87587, 2/83 

National Cr/mlnal Defense Systems Study, NCJ94702, 10/86 ' 

The prosecUtion of felony arrests: 

1981, NCJ-l01380, 9/88, $7.60 domestlo/$9.20 

Canadlan/$12.20 forel{1n 

1980, NCJ-97684, 10/85 

1979, NCJ-86482, 5/84 

State court model statlsllcal dictionary, 

Supplement, NCJ-98326, 9/85 

1st edltlo", NCJ-62320, 9/80 

Stato court organization 1980, NCH671 j, 7/82 

A cross-city comparison of flllOllY case 

processing, NCJ-55171, 7/79 

.g 

Privacy and security 

Computer crime: 

BJS special reports: 

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-96666,3/85 

Efectronic fund transfer and crime, 

NCJ-92650, 2/84 

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-1 00461, 

4/86 

Computer security techniques, 

NCJ-84049, 9/82 

Electronic fund transfer systems and crime, 

NCJ-83736. 9/82 

Expert witness manual, NCJ-77927,9/81 

Criminal justice resource manual, NCJ-61550, 

12/79 

Privacy and security of criminal history 

information; 

Compendium of State legislation, 1.984 

overview, NCJ-98077, 9/85 

Criminal justice information policy; 

Automated fingerprint Identification systems: 

Technol09Y and policy issues, NCJ-l04342. 

4/87 

Criminal Justice "hot" flies, NCJ-1 01850, 12/86 

Data quality policies and procedures: 

Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH conference, 

NCJ-l01849,12/86 

Crime control and criminal records (BJS special 

report), NCJ-99176, 10/85 

State criminal records repositories (BJS 

technical report), NCJ-99017, 10/85 

Data quality of criminal history records, NCJ98079,10/85 

Intelligence and Investigative records, 

NCJ-95787. 4/85 

Victim/witness legislation: An overview, 

NCJ-94365, 12/84 

Information policy and crime control strategies 

(SEARCH/I3JS conference), NCJ-93926, 

10/84 

Research access to criminal justice data, 

NCJ-84154,2/83 

Privacy and Juvenile Justice records, 

NCJ-84152, 1/83 

Survey of State laws (BJS bUlletin), 

NCJ-80836, 6/82 

Privacy and the priVate employer, 

NCJ-79651, 11/81 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS special reports: 

Pretrial release and misconduct. NCJ-96132, 

1/85 

BJS bulletins: 

Bank robbery, NCJ-94463, 8/84 

Federal drug law Violators, NCJ-92692, 2/84 

Federal justice statistics, NCJ-80814, 3/82 

General 

BJS bu/(e/ln: and specIal reports: 

BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ-l02909, 12/86 

Tracking offenders: White-collar crime, 

NCJ-l02867.11/86 

police employment and expenditure, 

NCJ-1 00117, 2/86 

Tracking offenders: The cl1l1d victim, NCJ95785, 12/84 

The severity of crime, NCJ-92326, 1/84 

The American response to crime: An o'/ervlew 

ofcrlminallustlce sYstems, NCJ-91936, 12/83 

Trllcklng offenders, NCJ-9·\572, 11/83 

Victim and witness assistance: NeW State 

laws and the system' s response, NCJ-87934, 

5/83 

1986 directory of automated crlmlnaljllstlce 

Information systems, NCJ-l02260, 1/87, $20, 

domestic 

Crime and justice facts, 1985, NCJ-100757, 5/86 

National survey Of crime severity, NC.j-96017, 

10/85 

Criminal Victimization of District of Columbia 

residents and Capitol Hili employees, 1982-83, 

NCJ-97982;Summary, NCJ-98567; 9/85 

The DC c:rlme victimization study Implementation, 

NCJ-98595, 9/85, $7.60 domestlc/$9,20 Canadian/$12.80 foreign 

. The DC household victimization survey data base: 

Documentation, NCJ-9B51'l6, $6.40/$8.40/$11 

User manual, NCJ-98597, $8,20/$9.80/$12.80 

How to gurn access to SJS data (brochure), 

BC-000022, 9/84 

Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on law and 

Justice stat/stics, 1964, NCJ-93310, 8/84 

Roport to the nation on c;rlme and Justice: 

The data, NCJ-87068, 10/83 

Dlct/onary of criminal Justice data terminology: 

2nd ad .. NCJ-76939, 2/82 

Technical standards for machine-readable data 

6uppl1e!l to BJS, NCJ-75318, 6/81 
" J 2i&Jlfiiii • 

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Privacy and security of criminal history 

information end information policy 

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State court caseload surveys, model annual 

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Results of sample surveys and censuses of jails, 

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Th~ only regular national survey of crime 

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Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 

Annual data from 153 sources in an easy-touse, comprehensive format (400+ tables, 

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