UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON , D.C. 20460 

## JUN 

## 102015

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION MEMORANDUM SUBJECT:

FROM:

THRU:

TO: Pyrethro id and Pyrethrin Usage Data to Support the Down-the -Drain Assessment , DP # 426900
Nikhi l Ma ll ampalli, E ntomo logist 

# ML fA fvt J_._ Biological Analysis B ranch Cynthia Doucoure, Environmental Protection

# ~~ Science Information and Analysis Branch Biolo gica l and Econom ic Analysis Division (7503P)
Diann Sims,

# hi**ef ~**  Science J nfomrntion and Ana lysis Branch
Arne t Jones, Chief Biological Analysis ranch Bi ological and Eco nomic Analysis ivision (7503 P) Garland Waleko, C hem i ca l Review Manager Risk Management and Impl eme ntation Branch II Pesticide Re

- eva luation Divi s ion (7508P)

Product R eview Panel Date: May 20, 2015

SUMMARY
In respo nse to a requ es t for avai lable pyret h ro id and pyrethrin indoor u sage data to suppo rt the Pyrethroid Down-the-Drain (DtD) risk assessment , BEAD is providing estimates based on proprietary market su rvey databases. The mo s t recent (20 11 ) data re levan t to i ndoor residential pyrethroid and pyrethrin uses come from surveys of four market sectors: pest man age ment professionals (PMPs)

- also known as pest control o perators (P COs), consumer use fo r households and house plant s, consumer u se for pets, and consumer u se of repellents. The se data have been adjusted by BEAD to include on ly th ose est im ates of amoun ts u sed indoors that are Pa ge 1of5expected to r es u lt i n a down

- the-drai n exposure. T hese adjustments are desc ribed further on in thi s me morandum. B EA D concludes that overa ll , approximately 225,000 pounds a. i. of pyrethroids a nd pyrethrin ( comb ined) are esti m ated to be u sed ind oo rs annuall y i n the U .S

. , i n ways that have so me like lihood of resulting in Dt D exposure. B EA D considers this a very highe nd es tim a te ; high-end values for ind ividua l active in g red i e nt s are li s t ed i n Table I (below).



### PYRE THROID and PYRETHRJN USAGE BY MAR KE T SEC TOR BEAD u se d pri vate marke t research data to de t e r

mi ne th e estimated amounts of pyrethroids used indoor in the U.S. by P es t Co ntro l Op erators ( P COs) and co n sume rs. The ta bl e be low p rovides a s u mma ry of the avai lab l e data for each sector . Note th at in eac h sec to r , on ly a s in g le year's s urvey i s used ; th is is becau se th ese s u rveys ar e n ot co nd ucted every yea r fo r eve ry sector. These data a re the mos t recent availabl e to BEAD at thi s t ime. F ollow ing th e ta bl e i s a desc ript io n of each ma rket sec tor and th e me th ods used by BEAD to calcu late the est imate. 

### T bl 1 

### DD P

a c t · y ret h ' d /P ro1 'y r et

### h

. 

## u rm Ac ti ve In g r e di e nt (a .i .) Bifenthrin Cype m1 e thrin Permethrin Deltam e thrin d- T rans Allethrin lmiprothrin Lambda Cyhal o thrin Cyfluthrin Pra ll ethr in Pyreth rin S-Bioal l e th r i n S umeth ri n Tetrame th rin Tralo m e thrin Othe r 

### a.i.s (#) Tot a l (hi g h-e nd es timate o nl y) So urce: Proprietary Data, 20 1 1 Nr = not reported •consumer u se on pets P C O 14-32 13-29 4

- 10

1-3 nr nr 1

- 3 1

-2 nr nr nr nr nr nr 4-8 

### 87 s age: 

### I d n oor R ' d

. I U b M k S c s 1 cnh a SC 1 y ar et ector Amount 

### (1 ,000 lb a . i .) Co ns um e r To t a l ( hi g h

- end H o use ho ld/Ho u sepl a nt/Pe ts es tim a t e onl y) 0.06-0.1 

### 3 2 2-5 

### 3 4 3-7 

### 17 0.2-0.5 

### 3. 5 0.06-0.1 

### 0

. 1 1-3 

### 3 0.06-0.1 

### 3 nr 

### 2 0.05-0.1 

### 0

. 1 89* 

### 89 1-2 

### 2 0.01-0.03 

### 0.03

0.5

- 1 1 0.02-0.05 

### 0

.05 13-28 

### 36 137 225

(#) Include s prallethrin , pyrethrin , esfenvalerate , and d-trans allethrin, among othe r unspecified pyrethroids. Notes: (i) Th e range of figures in each row repre se nts use estimated based on sa les by PCOs for bedbugs (approximately 6 %) or cock r oaches (approx imatel y 12 %). Therefore , the " hi g h e nd est im ates" are ba se d on th e sales for cockroach con trol. For additional discu ss ion , please see th e di sc u ss ion of "adjustment factors " below. (ii) Totals are rounded up to the neare s t whole fi g ure.

P

age 2 o f 

## s

### Use by 

### Pest Co ntrol Operators Survey results i ndicate that the majority of pyrethroid/pyrethrin use (71 

### %) by PCOs is directed at residential use. The largest pest market segment is classified as " general insect control," which in cludes ants , cockroaches, fleas and bed bugs primarily. Sales of products for genera l insect control (minus exterior pests) constitute 55% of total sales of insecticides. The leading indoor application methods used by P COs for general insect control are crack and crevice applications followed by concentrate sprays inside. For this DtD assessment, crack and crevice pose a lower potential fo r substanti ve release to water destined fo r publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). However , in the survey data availab le to BEAD, the percentage of sa le s or pounds used by PCOs is not broken down in terms of app li cation meth od. Il is described in terms of target pest category (flies , cockroaches , bedbugs, etc.). These details were u sed by BEAD to adjust overall usage figures , as follows. 

### Adjustm ent.factors for PCO use ofpyrethroids / pyrethrin BEAD ' s high-end estimate for the DtD assessment (T able I) was obtained by first determining the percentage of residential treatments by PCOs. According to proprietary data, 71 

### % of PCO sa les is derived from products used in residential settings. To provide a reasonable refinement of this figure , B EAD took into account the percentage of sales for genera l pest control (55%) and the reported percentage of sales for the control of pests like ly to result in DtD residues. BEAD believes that these pests include flies , cockroaches , and bed bugs , s ince these pests frequently occur near dra in s , or occur on materials, such as bedclothes , that could result in more frequent washing off of pesticide treatments (see, for example , C renshaw and Peairs 2009 , Layton 2013). Avai I able proprietary data shows that sales of products to control these pests range from 6

- 13 .5%. These figures were used to determine the range of est im ates of pyrethroid use by PCOs in residential sett in gs. Sales for bedbugs fall within this range.


### Use by 

### Co n s um e r s in Hou seholds , on Hou seplants, and on P et s . For househo l d / house plant insecticides , in 20 1 1 pyrethroids accounted for the majority of consumer products that include 1 % or Jess of the act ive in gred ient by weight. Frequently targeted pests of household insecticide sale s are cockroaches, mosquitoes , an ts , fleas, and flies in and around the home. Frequently targeted pest of houseplant insecticides are red spider mites, scales , aph id s , white flies , mealybugs, and "other [unspecified] pests "

. The formulations used to control these pests are aerosol products predominantly, followed by baits , liquid concentrates, and readyto-use sprays. For consumer use on pets, pyrethrin represents 18% of the active ingredients used in pet products , primarily in shampoos , powders and sprays. In 2011 , availab le data s h ow that 111 , 000 pounds of pyrethrin were used in pet products. For pet insecticides , liquid products (shampoos , dips , and topical spot-ons/ vet medications) represent 78% of the market, followed by tablets for veterinary use ( 15%) and collars (5%) and other (2%).

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### Adjustment factorsfor consumer household use ofpyrethroids l pyrethrin Regarding data for consumer use in households and house plants , BEAD believes that baits and foggers pose a lower potential for substantive release of residues to POTWs. Therefore , sales for the se application methods was excluded from the estimates shown in Table 1. The remaining product formulations constitute 64% of sales of househo ld/house plant insecticides. Detailed survey figures for pyrethroid sales in this market sector are not available for spec ifi c target pests. However , since target pests for consumers include flies, bedbugs , and cockroaches, BEAD used the figures reported for the PCO sector in the same way to further adjust the estimates for consumer household use, as reported in Table 1. F or th e " consumer pet" market sec tor, BEAD assumed that tab lets and collars have lower potential for substantiv e re lease to POTWs. The refore, th e percentage of sales re ported for these formulations was excluded from the figure reported for thi s secto r in Table 1

. Thus, to calculate the amount of pyrethrin used, BEAD redu ced the total pounds 

### a. i. of pyrethrin by applying a factor of 80% to the pyrethrin amount reportedly used by consumers. The final estimate of pyrethrin use on consumer pets i s 89,000 lbs 

### a. i. as shown in Table 1. BEAD also notes that " other active ingredients " used in pet products represent 37% of the "cons umer pet " market sector. However , the exact amounts of the pyrethroids were not disclosed for this figure. Therefore , BEAD is unable to provide more specific data on pyrethroid use in the consumer pet market for the down-the-drain assessme nt , beyond the usage data for pyrethrin de sc ribed above.

Co ns umer Repellents For consumer repellents , proprietary data indicate that DEET continues to be the predominant active in g redient used in 201 1 , followed by picarid in. Th e ca t egory of "ot her repellents" used in th e consumer repe ll ent market total ed 1.9 m illi on pounds a.i. Permethrin, wh ich was one component of "o ther r epe ll e nt s," was reported to be u sed when app li ed to clothing, but the estimated amount used is not disclosed in the proprietary data. T herefore , in the absence of more speci fie data , BEAD does not have an estimate of pyrethroid usage in the consumer repellent market , and so this type of use is not included in Tab le I
.


### CONCLUS IO NS BEAD has re v iewed the most recent available proprietary data to provide best available estimates of indoor pyrethroid use in the PCO and consumer markets to support the DtD py rethroid assessment. In reporting these est imates , BEAD considered only the uses (in terms of application s ite , application method , and/ or target pest , depending on the market sector) with hi g her potential for substantive release of pyrethroids into domestic wastewater
. Following these adjustments, BEAD estimates that approximately 225,000 pounds of pyrethroids and pyrethrin are used annually indoors. BEAD believes that this is a ve ry high-end estimate, since it assumes
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## sthat all indoor treatments targeting flies , bedbugs , and cockroaches are equally likel y to result in DtD expos ure every tim e an application is made.


### REFERENCES C ITED C renshaw , W.S. and F.B. Peairs. 2009. Flies in the Home
. Fact Sheet No. 5.502 of the Colorado S tat e U niver s ity Extension service. Available on the web at: http: //ww , .v.ext.co lo s tate.edu/pub s/ in sec t / 05502.html [Accessed May 2015]. Layton , B. 20 1 3. Control Household Insect P ests. Pub. No. 2443 of the Mississ ippi State Un iversity Ex tension Service. Available on the web at: http: //m s uca res . com/ insects/home/ [Acce ssed May 20 15)

.

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