Professional Paper No. 11 . · { A, Economic Geology, 21 

Senes B, ·Descriptive Geology, 24 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

THE 

CLAYS OF· THE UNirrED STATES 

• 

EAST OF ~PHE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 

BY 

HEINRICH RIES 

vVASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1903 

CONTENTS. 

Nature of cia y ________________ . ______ : ____________ '. _____ , ___________ . ____________________ _ 

Origin of clay ..... __ . ____________ ... ____________________ ; ________________________________ _ 

Residual clay .. __________ .. __ .... __________ .. ___ ......... ___ ... _ ........... -. ____ .. _. __ 

Value of residual clays .......................... _ ..................... .- .......... . 

Sedimentary clays ................ : .................... -.......................... _ ... . 

Geologic distribution of clay, shale, and·slat!_). __ ........... ____ ......... _____ . _____ ...... -~ .. 

Clays ................................ .- .. · ..... ~ .............. ·_ ....... . 

Shales_ .......... _ ..... __ ...... .- ......... ____ .. __ ........... _ . _ . _ . ___ _ 

Slate ................................................................ . 

Properties of clay .. __ ........ ~ .. _ ..... -·- ........................... _ ................. __ . _ -. 

Physical properties ........................... ." ............... .- ...... -.- ............. · .. . 

Air shrinkage ....................................... : . ............... . 

Fire shrinkage ................... : . .................................. . 

Tensile strength ............................... -...................... . 

Plasticity. __ ......... ·- ............................................... . 

Changes in burning .. ~ ..... : . ......................................... . 

Fusibility ........................................................... . 

Color-----------------------------------.- ________ ,_-------· _________ _ 

Slaking ... __ .... ·. _ ..... _ _ _ ___ .. ____ . _ .. _____________________________ _ 

Chemical properties ............................ : , .................................... . 

Alkalies ................................. --.-------." .. ----------------

Ferric oxide .............. , ........ _ .... ______ . ___ .. ____ ... _____ .. ___ _ 

Lime .............. -------------·--------------------·-·····----------

~fagnesia .. _ ................ _ ..... : ....................... .- .......... . 

Silica .......... _ ..... _ ................. ___ ........ ·_ ................. . 

'fjtanic acicL __ .. _ ............................................... -, .... . 

Organic matter_. _________ . ___ .. ____ ... ___ : __ .. _ ... __ ... _______ . __ . __ .. 

\Vater in clay ......................................... _ ......... , __ .. . 

Methods of mining clays and shales ........................ : ......................... __ .: .. 

Pit working ............. · ................. , ........................ -......... _._ ....... . 

Underground mining ............. _ ...... : . .. ____ .... _ ... ___ . , . _________ ... '___ ... _____ _ 

Purification of ciay ............ __ ........ _ ........................................ ~ _ ...... . 

\Vashing. --------------------.---- ·----- _ ----- _____ .......... ___ .. ______ .---- .· .... ____ .·. 

Air separation .............................. _ ....................... · ........ ~ ........ . 

Commercial value of clay .............. __ . __ .. ___ .. _ ....... __ .............. _. _ .. _ .... _ .... . 

3 

Page. 

15 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

19 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

21 

21 

22 

22 

23 

27 

27 

27. 

27 

2R 

29 

29 

29 

30 

30 

30 

31 

31 

32 

32 

.33 

35 

36 
4 CONTENTS. 

Page, 

Uses of clay . ______ . _____ ............. _. ____________ . ___ .. __ ........ ________ ... _ ......... _ 36 

Clays employed for different wares and their characters __ ... _ .. _________ . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 

China clays .. _ ............ --.-.- ............. _. ___ ._ .......................... _ .. _.... 37 

Kaolin·-- ... '·--·----···------------··--····--·-- ....... :........................ 38. 

Ball clays ............................. _____ . ____ . ____ . __ . _ ............ ___ . _ .. _. _ _ 38 

Fire clays ............................................ _ .......... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 39 

Glass-pot clays ............ ·.· ............................ _............................. 40 

Stoneware clays ............................. _____ ... _ ... __ ... __ ...... _ . _ . __ . __ .... __ . _ 41 

Clays for vitrified wares oi low grade ...... _............................................ 42 

Terra-cotta clays ....................................... ·...... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . 43 

Brick clays _ ........................•....... _____ . ___ ..... _ .... ________ .. __ . _ .. __ . ___ . 44 

Pressed brick __ ........................................................... ·.. . .. .. . . 4'1 

Common brick..................................................................... 45 

Earthenware clays ......................... ___ . _ .................... _. _. __ . ____ ..... _ _ 47 

Paper clays ..................... _ .................. ··--··.----------.................... 47'. 

Geologic di~tribution of clays east of the Mississippi ....... _ ~ .. _ .... _ ...... _ .... _ .. _ ...... _.. 47 

.Clays derived from .erystalline rocks:................................................... 47 

Kaolins.......................................................................... 47 

'Alabama.............................................................. 48 

Connecticut ....................................... _ ............. _ .... _ 48 

Delaware ................. '....................... _ . _ .. ·_ ...... _ .. _ .... _ 48 

Georgia ......... _____ . _ ... :. . . . . . . . . . . . ............. · .......... :. . . . . 48 

Indiana ...... : ............................................... "....... 48 

Maryland.· .......................... _ .............................. ~--- 48 

Massachusetts........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

North Carolina .............. _ .................... _ .. ____ . _ .. _. _. _ .. _ _ _ 49 

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

Virginia .... ____ ................................ __ .............. . . . . . 49 

General __ ............................ -- ....... -. ~.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

'Impure residual clays ........... -.... -.... -:-- .... -......................... :..... 49 

Cam brian ............. -.. - -...................... ·. -.. -.. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . 50 

Impure residual clays ......... : .................... _ .. _............ .. . 50 

Lower Silurian, or Ordovician .... -... , ................................................. - 50 

Hudson shales..... .................. .............. .................. 50 

Residual clays:....................................................... 50 

Upper Silurian ..................................................... --------.-.----...... 50 

Medina shale .............. , .... _ ... _ ....... " ........ __________ . __ . _ . _ 51 

Clinton shale .... _ ............................................. ~.. . . . . 51 

Shale of Niagara group ...... --.-- ............... , ..................... ·. 51 

Shale of Salip.agroup................................................... 51 ' 

Devonian ..... -----·- ............. -.-----.--· ... --.--·-.---._. __ .... -.. --·-·· .... -.. -·· 51 

Carboniferous ............. -- ......................... -............. -.. ,---- ....... --.. 52 

Pottsville conglomerate ................... : ............. -...... -- ... -.. 52 

Lower Coal Measures.................................................. 52 

Lower Barren .i'lleasu res ........... · ............................. ·.. .. . .. . 54 
CONTENTS. 5 

Geologic distributi~n of clays east of the :Mississippi-Continued. Page. 

Carboniferous-Continued. 

Upper Coal :i\Ieast~res ... ,. _ .· .. _ .............. _ .... ~ __ . ____ ......... ·- .. . 54 

Upper Barren .Measures .. __ , __ ... ____________ ........... __ ...... _. ___ . 55 

Juratrias, or Newark.----- _____ .. ______________ . _. ___ . __ ... ______ : __________________ _ 56 

Cretaceous ______ . _ ... _ . _ .......... ________ .. ___ ... ________ . ___ ... __ . _ . _____ . _________ _ 56 

, 

Tertiary .. _. _ ...... _ _. ___ ... __ .. -... ___ . __ ... __ ................. -- ................ _. _ .. . 60 

Pleistocene ____ . _ . __ ... __ ....... _______________ . _. ____________ ...... _ .. __ . _. __ . _ .... · _ . 60 

Distribution of clays by kinds ..... _ ... __ ... __ ...... _ ................... __ ....... _·_ ....... . 61 

Brick clays ... _ ............... _ ..... _. __ .. _ .. _. _ ....... _ ............ _ ...... , ...... _ .. . .61 

Pressed-brick and te~ra-cotta clays . _ .. _ ........... _.: _ ..................... _ ... _ ..... _. 62 

Stoneware days ... ~ .... _ ......... _ .......... :. · .. _ ............... _ .... _ ..... _ ...... ·. _. _. 63 

Fire clays ............................... · ........ , ... -- -- .... -- .- ---- . --- --- ~-----. -- -- 64 

Alahama. ___ ................................................. ______ .. 64 

Georgia .. _ ... _ ... ___ ... _ ...... _ ........ .- ...... ___ . ___ .... ___ ..... _ . _ . 64 

Indiana ........ · .. __ .......................... -................. -.... . 65 

Kentucky ........ --- ..... __ .... _·_ ................................. __ .. 65 

:Maryland . __ . __ . ___ ........................... . ·.: ___ ................ . 65 

1\fichigan .. _ ...... _ ................ __ . _ .................. " ........... _ . 66 

Mississippi ........ __ . _ ... ___ ......... _ ..... _. _ ... ___ . _ .............. . 66 

New Jersey. ____ ....... __ · ___ ................................ _· __ ... ___ _ 66 

New York .. __ ................... ___ ........................... :. __ ... 66 

North Carolina ........................... ·--------··················-· 66 

Ohio: ..... _. __ ................. -- ... ----.-- .. --- ... -- ... --------------- 66 

Pennsylvania .......... _ .... __ .......... _ ...... _ .. _ .... _ ............ _. 66 

Tennessee . __ . _ .... _ ............ ~ .................................... . 67 

Virginia ................................ -.... --- ... -.-.---------- .. ---- 67 

\Vest Virginia ..... ____ .... __ ..... · .. __ ..... _ ....... : ...... ____ .•...... 67 

\Visconsin .............................. ___ ............. __ ... ~ ...... _ .. 67 

Description of clay deposits, by States ...........• _ ...... _ ...................... _ ...... -.... . 67 .. . 

Alabama .................. __ ....................... ----- .... --- ... -·.---.------------ 67 

Archean and Algonkian ................... ________ ..... · ............... __ .......... · 67 

Cambrian and Silurian ....................... _ .................................. _. 68 

Lower Carboniferous_._ ............................ _ ...... _ ..... _ ............... _. 69 

Coal l\ieasures .......... _ ... _ .............. _ ..... : _· .............................. . 70 

Cretaceous ............ ________ ....... __ ............................. __ ...... __ ... . 71 

Tertiary.-.- .......... · __ . __ ........ ______ .... , _____ . _____ , ___ .. _. ______ . ___ .. _____ _ 76 

Pleistocene ........ _ ......... : ___ ................................ _ .. : ............ . 76 

Clay-working industry . __ .. __ ................................ _ · ............... ·. _ .. . 77 

China clays ......... _ .......................... : .................. -.-·- 77 

Fire clays .......... _. _. _. . .................................. /. ..... . . . . / Bnck clays ................. _ ........................................ . 

77 

78 

Clay products ............. _· ..................... , ................... __ 78 

Connecticut ..................... _._ ................... _.: ...................... __ .... . 78 

Clays ......... _.,_ ...... · ........ _ ...... ___________ . __ ..... _ .. __ .. _____ ....... ___ .. 78 

Clay-working industry ............................................... _____ ...... .. 79 
6 CONTENTS. 

Description of clay deposits, by States-Continued. ·Page. 

Delaware _______ ' ___ • __________________________________________ . ______ . ___ . ______ .. _ _ _ 80 

. Clays ____________ : __________________ . ___________ - _________ - -- - ______ --.- ---- --- .. - 80 

Clay-working industry . _____ . ____________________ -- ___ -,--.----- _- __ ---- ___ --- --- 80 

District of Columbia _: _____ . ____ ---- _______ . _., ________________ - . ----- ___ ------ _____ -- 80 

Clays . _ .. _____________________________ - ----- ____ - ____ -.- ___ --- - _ _ _ _ _ _ ------- _. _-- 80 

Clay-working industry . _____ -- _- _________________ - ____ --- __ ----- _____ -:--, _: ____ -- 81 

Florida. ________________________ ------- ____ - ___________________ ---------------- _____ -- 81· 

Ball clay ______________________________ -- - - ___ .. __ - _____ - __ . _ -- --- _____ --- -- - - _ -- -.. 82 

Clay-working industry ______ ------ ____ - __________ ----------------- ___ --- _- _____ ,-- 85 

Geor~ia ____ _ : ______ -·-. _____ .. __ ------- ____ ---. ________________ --------- . ---- _______ -- 86 

Paleozoic area ______________ ----- ______ ·---- _____ .- - _- ___ - ___ - ---- -- ___ - - - - - ______ -- 86 

Pre-Cambrian belt --c.----------------------·----·-----------------------------·------ 88 

Coastal Plain region _________ - - - - -·- - - - - _ - - - - ______ - ______ .. _ . _.- .................. _ . 88 

Cretaceous clays .. __ .. __ .... ·. _. _. __ -...................... _ ............... : . . . 89 

Tertiary clays_ .. _ ........ _. _ ... _. _ ..... _ . ___ . _ ..................... __ · ______ .. . 92 

Columbia clays _______ ~- .. _ ..•... __ ............... __ . _____ ...................... 92 

Clay-working industry ....... _ ..... ___ . _ .. _ ......................... _ ... -.- .. _ .... _ 93· 

Illinois _ ...... ________ -........ _ ................. _ .. _ - - .......... -...... _ ..... ___ . __ - - 94 

Ordovician ..... _ ......... __ . __ ... _ .......................... _ . _ .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Coal 1\ieasures _ ......................... ____ . ____ ... , . . . . . . .. ........ _ ~ __ ~ __ . __ - -. 94 

Tertiary clays .. ____ . ______ ._ ......... _ .............. , .. __ ... -- ....... _............. 96 

Drift clays ................. _ ... _. _____ . __ ._ .......... _._ .......... _._. ___ ._ ...... _ 96 

Clay-working industry .. __ . __ .. _ .................. _. _____ ... : . .............. _ _ _ _ _ 96 

Indiana ......... __ ..... __ . ____ . _. _____ ......... _·_. ............. ___ . _ ....... _ ... _...... 97 

Knobstone or Waverly shales ........ ____ .... ---- ....... _ .............. __ .----·..... '98 

Coal J\'[easures .... _ .. _ . _ . _ .... _ ................ _ . ___ . _ .. _ ........................ _ 98 

Clay' County ....... __ . __ ... -.... -·- ................ __ .................. 99 

Dubois County ................ _______ ........................ _ ... _.... 100 

Greene County __ . _ . . : . .. _ .. _ ............ _____ . _ .............. _·_ .... _ _ _ i01 · 

Knox County .......... __ ................ -.· ....... _................... 101 

Owen County._ ................. _._ ............. .' ........... _. _____ ... 101· 

.Perry County ... ____ .................... __ • __ .. _ ............. : .... ~. _ -. 101 

Pike County ... _ ... _ .. __________ ............ ·_ ..... ___ ._............... 102 .. 

Gibson County .. _ .............. _ . _ ...................... _ . ___ . . . . . . . . 102 

Sullivan County . _____ . __ ..... _ .... · __ ...... _____ ....... __ .. _. _ .. __ . _ _ _ 102 

Vanderburg County ......... _._ .................. ~ ... __ ......... _..... 102 

Vermilion Co~nty . ___ ..... _ ..... ; ...... _ ........................ _ .. _.. 102 

Vi go County ....... _ ... _ ... __ ._ .. ' .......... _ .. _ .... _._ ... _ .... _...... 102 

\Varrick County ................... ____ ........................ _____ .. 102 

Shales and clays for vitrified bricks . ____ . _ .... _ ... __ .. _ .... _ .. __ . _ .. _ .. _........... 104 

Kaolin _. ____ .. _____ .:. __ ... _ ... __ ......... _. ___ .. , .. __ ........................ _.. 106 

Pleistocene clays ........... __ ._._. __ ._ ..........•. _._. ___ ._. __ .... _ .. -............ 107 

Benton County ............... ___ ......... _ ..................... __ . _ .. ~ 108 

Newton County.-.-- .... ,_ ............ _ ... _____ ._ ... · ........ :.......... 108 

Jasper County ............... _ ..... _ ... · .... __ .· ........ _____ . . .. . . . . . . . 109 
CONTENTS. 7 

Description of clay deposits, by States-Continued. Page. 

Indiana-Con tinned. 

Pleistocene clays-Continued. 

Starke County .... ~... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Lake County .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Porter County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Laporte County ....................................................... · 109 

St. Joseph County ..................................... ·.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Miscellaneous occurrences . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 

Clay-working industry ..... " ......... · ........................... ,:................ 112 

Common brick........................................................ 113 

Pressed brick ..... · .................. ,................................. 113 

Paving brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

Fireproofing .................................. :........................ 113 

Sewer pipe ....................... , ... ··................................ 113 

Firebricks .... , ....................................................... 114 

Pottery................................................................ 114 

Kentucky··············--····················--····························.······-··· 114 

Lower Silurian, or Ordovician .........................................•.... _....... 115 

Upper Silurian .......... _ ............................................. _........... 116 

Devonian......................................................................... 117 

Lower Carboniferous ...... _ ..... : .... _ .................................. _... . . . . . . 118 

Upper Carboniferous, or Coal Measures ...... _ ................................. · ... _. 118. 

Clays of Eastern coal field ........................................... _. . . . . ll8 

Upper Ferriferous limestone ................... , ... , ........... _........... 121 

Analyses of clays from eastern Kentucky ............................... ,... 122 

Clays of \V estern coal field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

Recent, or alluvial elays ........ _ .................... -........................... _. 124 

Jackson Purchase region .. _ ..................... _................................. 124 

Ocherous clays ..................... · ......... _ ........ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 

Fulton County .. _ ..................... : ............. _................. 129 

Hickman County ...... _ .................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 

Ballard County ........................ _. _............................ 129 

McCracken County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 

Marshall County ... _ ....................... _ ............. __ .......... _. 130 

Graves County ........................ _ ........................... _._. 130 

. Calloway County .... _ ........................ _ ............... _........ 131 

Clay-working industry .................................................. :. 131 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont...................................................... 132 

l\'[ary land .......................................................................... , . 134 

Algonkian residual clays .. · .......... :.............................................. 134 

Impure residual clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 

Silurian shales ................ •.......... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 

Devonian shales ............................................ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 

Carboniferous shales ..................................................... _........ 136 

:Mauch Chunk formation ........................................... ___ . 136 
8 CONTENTS. 

Description of clay deposits, by States-Continued. Page. 

Maryland-Continued. 

Carboniferous shales-Continued. 

Pottsville formation.~-................................................ 137 

Allegany formation ....................•.. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 

Conemaugh formation .................. ·................................ 138 

Cretaceous and Juratrias clays . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ...... . .... . .. .. .. 138 

Patuxent formation . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. 139 

Arundel formation .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 139 

Patapsco formation.................................................... 141 

Raritan formation..................................................... 141 

Eocene clays...................................................................... 142 

Neocene clays..................................................................... 143 

Pleistocene clays ...................................... ~........................... 143 

Analyses and physical tests of Maryland clay . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. 144 

Clay-working industry , ............................ · ~.: ........... _:................ 148 

Massachusetts . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 149 

Residual clays.·................................................................... 149 

:i\iesozoic clays... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 

Pleistocene clays . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................... : . 151 

Clay-working industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 

Michigan ............. __ . _ ............. _ .............. -.· .............. _ ............ _. . 153 

Paleozoic shales .. _._ ............................... _.............................. 15:~ 

Coal Measure shales ............................................ _ ........... _.. 153 

Michigan shales ... __ .............. _ ................. _......................... 154 

Coldwater shales ....................................... _ ............. _ .. _..... 154 

Marshall shales •.•... __ .................. _ ............................. _ ... _ . . 155 

Hamilton shales .............................. __ .............. __ .............. 155 

Analyses and physical tests of Paleozoic shales .. _ ... _ ... _ ....... _. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 155 

Pleistocene clays ...... _ ............... _·_ .............. _ .... ~ ................... :.. 156 

Clay-working industry _ ................ _. _. · ............................ _ .. _....... 157 

Mississippi ................................... _ ..................... _..,............... 159 

New Jersey_ ................ · ................................................ :......... 161 

Hudson shales ............ _ .............................. __ .. _-~ ... ·................ 162 

Marcellus shales ....................... , .......... · ........ _ ............. · ....... _.. 162 

Newark group ..................................... :.............................. 162 

Cretaceous clays ............. -- ............................ _ .... _... . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . 162 

Lower Cretaceous ..... _ ................. ___ ................ _ ........... _ ... _.. 162 

Upper Cretaceous .................... · ..................................... :... 165 

Tertiary and Pleistocene clays ................ _.................................... 166 

Clay-working industry ........... · ............ · ... _................................. 166 

Clay-mining industry ............................ _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

New York............................................................................ 170 

Residualclays ..................................................................... l70 

Paleozoic shales ..... _ ................... ~ ....... _ ....................... : . .... -. . . 171. 

Cretaceous and Tertiary clays ........................ _............................. 173 

Pleistocene clays ............................................... _.................. 175 

Clay-working industry .... _. _ ............. ·_..... . . . . . . . ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 
CONTENTS. 9 

' Description of elay dep-osits, by States-Continued. Page. 

North Carolina ............................................................. ----------- 179 

Residual clays ................................................. ' ........... ------- 179 

Kaolins .............................................................. : . -- - 179 

Sedimentary elays ...................... : ..... ~ ........ -.: ........... : ............... . 182 

Clay-working industry ............................... · ............................ . 189 

Ohio-----------------------------------------------------------------·---------···.····· 190 

Lower Silurian, or Ordovician .......................................... _ .. : ..... ; .. 191 

Upper Silurian ....................... · ............................................ . 191 

Devonian ..................... · .. _ .... _ ....................................... , ... . 191 

Lower Carboniferous .........................•................... _· ......... _ ..... . 

Coal l\'Ieasures .... ~ ................................... · .... · ................. _ ..... . 

192 

192 •• 

Conglomerate group .......................................................... . 19:3 

Sharon shales ............................................................ . 19:3 

Quakertown clay and shale ................... _ ...................... · ..... . 19:3 

Lower Mercer elay and shale ............................................. . 194 

Upper Mercer clay and shale .................... · ......................... . 195 

Tionesta ~lay ....•. .' .......................... _· ...... __________ .. , _ ...... . 195 

Lower Coal Measures ............................ .- ........ , ........ _· ......... . 195 

Putnam Hill or Brookville elay ............................................ . 195 

Ferriferous limestone and clays ........................................... . 197 

Lower Kittanning clay and shales ......................................... . 197 

Middle Kittanning elay ................................... _. ___ .... ___ ... . 197 

Lower Freeport clay ......................... : ........................... . 197 

Upper Freeport clay and shale ............................................ . 197 

Lower Barren Measures ................................................... __ . _. 197 

Upper Productive Measures .................................................. _, 200 

Upper Barren 1\ieasures ............................. · .•................. _·_ .... . 200 

Pleistocene ...................................................................... . 205 

Clay-working ind.ustry ......................................................... · .. . 205 

Pennsylvania ... ; .................................................................... . 208 

Residual clays ...................................•................................ 208 

Silurian and Devonian ............... ·.·· :· ............................ , ............. . 212 

Carboniferous ........... , ....................................................... . 212 

Conglomerate group ..•.................. , .............. : .................... . 212 

·;vr ereer or Alton fire clay~ ................................................ . 21:3 

Sharon or Marsh burg Upper Coal fire clay ................................. . 214 

Savage Mountain fire clay . _ ......................... · ................... : .. 215 

Lower Productive Measures .................................................. . 215 

Brookville coal under clay ............ :· ................................... . 218 

Clarion coal under clay ................................................... . 221 

Ferriferous coal under clay ............................................... . 222 

Lower Kittanning fire clay .............................. ~ ................ . 222 

Arrnstrong County .............................. · ........... · ........ ~ .. 224 

Beaver Cciunty ........................................ : ............. . 224 

Fayette County ............................ :. . _· ..................... . 225 

·westmoreland County 225 
10 CONTENTS. 

Description of clay deposits, by States-Continued. Page. 

Pennsylvania-Con tin ned. 

Carboniferous-Con tinned. 

tower Productive Measures-Continued. 

Middle Kittanning clay ........................................ · ........ __ .. , 226 

Upper Kittanning clay .. ______ ............................. __ ........ __ ... 226 

Lower Freeport clay ............ ________ .................... : ..... _____ ... 226 

Upper Freeport or Bolivar fire clay ................ __ .. __ . __ . . . .. . . .. .. __ ... 226 

Allegheny County ...... __ ............................................. 221 

Armstrong' County ..... __ ................. __ .................... __ .. .. 227 

Beaver County ....................................................... , 227 

Butler County ............................................ __ ·........... 227 

Fayette County ........................... __ __ .... : ........... _ .. _ · .. __ 227 

Indiana County-.- ........................... __ .......... _. __ . __ . ___ .__ 228 

·westmoreland County ... , .... ________ .. _______ ...... __ . __ . ________ .. __ 228 

Barren Measures or J:<;lk River group ....... __ .. ____ . __ ....... __ . __ . ____ ...... __ 231 

Upper Coal Measures or Monongahela River group .... _·_ ....... ·................. 233 

Pleistocene clays ............................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 

Clay-working industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 

Common brick ........ ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 

Pressed brick ........................ ____ ....................... __ . .. . 239 

Paving brick. __ .................... __ .... __ .. ____ ... ____ ........ __ .... 239 

Fire brick ......................... : . ....... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 

Pottery ...... · .............................. · ... ~....................... 239 

Rhode Island ..... __ ................... __ ......................... ______ .. __ . . .. .. . .. . 24 1' 

South Carolina ... __ ., ............... __ . __ : ______ .................... __ : ...... __ ....... 241 

Residual clays ....... , ........................................................ :... 241 

Coastal Plain clays ........................ ____ .. __ ................... ·. ____ ..... __ .. 242 

Clay-working industry ______ .. __ ........... : .. __ . __ ............. ______ . __ . ______ .. 242 

Tennessee ........................... · ............. __ ..................... __ . __ .. .. .. .. 243 

Pre-Cambrian .............. __ ................ __ ........ __ . __ .... __ ... · .... __ __ __ __ 243 

Paleozoic residual clays .... __ .. __ ........................ __ .. __ .... : __ .· .... __ . ____ . 243 

Carboniferous .................. __ ... '_ ............................................ __ 244 

Tertiary ............................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 

Alluvial clays .................... __ .-- .......................... __ ..... ' ... __ .. __ .. 246 

Clay-working industry .......... __ ................... ·-.-- ... -- __ ............ __ __ __ __ 247 

Virginia. __ . ____ ............. __ ... ____ ........ __ ............ __ ... __ . __ .. __ .... ________ 247 

Crystalline area ........... __ ................ __ .............................. ·.·.... 24R 

Kaolin ....................... ______ .................. ____ . .. .. . . .. . .. 24R 

Cam bra-Silurian days ........ · ............... ____ .................. ____ ........ __ __ 249 

Carboniferous ............................. · ......................... __ ............. 249 

Triassic ............ __ ............................. __ ........ ·-- .... _. __ .. __ . ____ .... 249 

Coastal Plain formations ... __ ...... __ ..................................... __ .. __ ... 250 

Potomac group ...................... _ .... · .......................... ·... 250 

Pamunkey formation...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 

Chesapeake formation ........................ :........................ 250 

Lafayette formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 

Columbia formatiQn ......... __ ........ __ .. __ ...... __ .... : .. . __ .. .. . .. . 250 
CQNTENTS. 11 

Description of clay deposits, by States-'--Continuecl. 

Virginia-Continued. 

Other unclassified occurrences _ .. _ ............... _ ... _ .. __ ........ _ ... :,-.. -- - - - -·- . · 251 

··Clay-working industry __ , __ ............ '. _ .......... -...... _ ... ,, ..... : ........ -.-- 251 

West Virginia . _. : ... ·. ___ .. _ .................. -...... _ .... _ .... -- ... :: ..... -.. : ~-.---. 252 

Carboniferous_._ ....... _ .. _ ·_ ......................... _ ..... -.. _ .... -.-- -...... ---. 252 

Pottsville conglomerate ...... :. ___ ...... -----_. ____ .... , ......... ____ ....... --._ 252 

Lower Coal Measures .. _ .. ___ ............... · ___ ... __ ... -.. _. _. __ ... ·-- , .... ~ _ ... _ 253 

Barren 1\feasures· .. ·. __ . __ : ........................ _. ~ -......... : ....... -·---- ... -. 258 

Upper Coal Measures.· ..... ------ ...... ·.----- ................ _·_. _____ ·""".... 259 

Upper Barren Measures ...... : . _ ........... ·'. : ....... , ....... _, _ ........ · .. , .. . 260 

Pleistocene clays· ...... ~ .... , .......... _ ............. · .......... _ ............. -..... 260 

Clay~ working industry ........ _ ..... : ..................... _ .. ~ ........ : ........ ~.. 261 

\\risconsin .. _ .. ___ , .......... __ ................. ·. _ .. _ . _ ... _ ... _- .......... __ .-- ~ ........ _ 262 

Residual clay·s· ...... _ .. · .............. _ ..... : ........ : _: ................ , ___ -...... 262 

Plastic kaolins _ .. _ .. _ .... ~ .... _ .......... , ...... : .. ....... -................. · ... _ ... _ 262 

Clays of driftless area .. ______ ...... _ .... __ ................... -....... ; ........... , . _ _ 264 

Potsdam shales _ : : ............ _ ... _ .. --.... _ ......... , .. _ . _ -............... _-__ .. . .. .. . 26-l 

Hudson shale_ .... · ...... _.-~ .. __ .. ,_ .................. · ........ · ...... _ .... ~_~ ...... _ 265 

Pleistocene clays ... _._ ... _ ...... , ... -.. :_ ............ 7 ...... --.· •• · .. ~ .............. · '266 

.Lacustrine deposits ... _ .... _ ... _ .......... _ ................................. _.,_ 266 

Estua_rine clays ....... _ ....... , ....... 7 ............. ·.......................... 268 

Glacial clays ... , __ .. ... : .: ........................... , ... _ ................ -. -.. - . _ _ 270 

Clay-working industry .. _ .... __ , ... _ .. ___ ......• __ .. _. _ ......... :,. _______ .... _:.:. 271 

Resume of elay-working industry east of Misqi~sippi River .......... __ ........ _ ..... __ ....... ·. 273 

Common brick .................... __ -·-- ....... ·.---- ____ ............. : .. ___ . ____ ---··· 

Pressed brick _ ..... _ ....... ___ ~ _ .... _ ..... ______ ........ _ .... _ ..... __ ...... __ ......... . 

Fireproofing ........... ____ .. _ .. ~ ..... ____ .... _ .......... __ : _ .. · .... _ .... _ ........ _____ _ . . . ~ 

Roofing tile ... · .. ____ .. __ .... · ............... __ .. ___ ........... · ... --·-- ... _ ...... __ .... :_ 

Terra cotta _ i ..... __ ... __ .......... _ .... __ · ____ ........ _ .. _: __ .......... _ ..... _ .. _ .... . 

Enameled brick. ____ .. _. __ .... __ . ____ ... __ ... _ ........ : .......... : ............ ___ .. _ .. . 

Floor tiles . _____ -.- __ ..... _ ........... ____ .. ___ ........ _ ........... · .. _ ..... _ · ___ .. ___ ... _ .. 

Glazed tiles. ____ ........ _ .. ---.- _____ ,_ ....... -.------.: ........ _, ..... ___ · ___ .. :-... .-.: .. 

Vitrified brick _ ............. ___ ·_ ........... -..... ---- ....... -.... --:- ------ .... · ... -- .. 

Drain tile. __ ....... _. __ .... _ .. ___ ..... : ........... --- ............ ------- .......... ~-- .. 

Sew\!r pipe .... _ ...... _____ : .. _ ........... _ _._._ ...... __ ,_: ......................... : .. . 

Fire brick ..... _ .. __ .... _ : ..... _ ... _ _ _ _ __ . __ ...... : _ .. ___ -.. _ .. , ... _ ..... _ . _ .. _ . " . · __ .. 

Pottery .. _ .. _ ........... -- ........... ___ ... , ......... ____ .. _ .............. __ . _ ......... . 

Red earthenware .......... · ....... --.- ..... · ...................... · ... --. 

Stoneware ........ _. _ .... _ .. _ : ..... _ .......................... ____ : __ _ 

White earthenware and C. C. ware ......... _ ..... ;.~ .......... · .. _ .... _ .. 

~:7~:i~~~~~~ -~~~~~1~~~~- ::::::: :::: ::: ::::::::: ~:::: -:::::::: :::::::::::: . 

Belleek or egg-shell ware .. ___ ... _ ............ ___________ ... ·. _ .... __ ... . 

Electrical supplies ........ _____ . ____ ... _ .... _________ , ..... : .. __ ... , ... : 

Art pottery ........... , . _ .. __ ................ _ .. __ ........... _ .. _ .... . 

Index ...•.... -- ..... -.. , . ---- ---- . ---- · - - - --- ·- -·-· · · -· · · ·--- · · - -· · • · · · · · : · ' -· ·- -.· -· -· · · · 

273 

275 

277 

2i7 

278 

278 

278 

279 

279 

281 

281 

282 

284 

285 

286 

286 

287 

287 

287 

287 

287 

289 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Pugc. 

Pr"ATE I. A, View of .ball-clay mine at Edgar, Fla.; B, View of kaolin mine near Dillsboro, 

N. C. __________ . ______ . _________________________________ : _______ : ______ ._ .. _.. . 48 

II. A,. View of kaolin pit near Hockessin, Del., showing the drift over the kaolin and 

the starting of a circular shaft; B, View of kaolin-washing plant of J. T. Burgess, 

H ocke8sin, Del _ .. ___________________________ . ___ .. _ ..... _ . _____ ~ . ____ .. _ . _ __ _ _ 48 

III. Map showing distribution of elays in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania,· 

West Virginia·, and parts o£ neigh boring States .. __ . ___ ... _ .. _______ ....... __ __ __ 64 

IV. Map showing distribution of clays in Miehigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and parts of adjoining States ... __________ .. __ . ________ ., .. ______ ._._ ... :. 68 

V. A, Shale pi(itnear Belleville, Ill.; B, View of Cretaceous clay at Woodbridge, N. J ... ~ 94 

VI. View of Pleistocene clays in Hudson River Valley----------·--·····-·-----------,. li6 

VII. Map showing distribution of clay in the Southern Atlantic States and westward to 

:Mississippi .......... __ . ___________ . __ .. ___ ...... _. ______ ... __ .. __ . _ ... _____ ... 180 

VIII. Map showing location of paving-brick and fire-brick works east ·of the Mississippi 

River . ________ . ___ . _. __________ · ______ .. ____ . _ .......... ____ .... _ ... __ .. _ . _ _ _ _ _ 280 

IX. Map showing location of potteries and of kaolin and ball-clay pits. east of the Mississippi 

River .... _____ ....... _ ..... _ ...... _________ ._ ... __ .... ,_. __________ ...... _______ 284 

FrG. 1. Section illustrating the formation of residual clay_ .. ______________ .... _ ..... _____ ... _ ,16 

2. Section illustrating occurrence of sedimentar,y clay __ . _ ...• _______ ..... ___ _ .... : .. 0 ••• IS 

3. Section showing lenticular character of clay cieposits in Coastal Plain region. _ ........ _ 58 

4. Section of Barren Measures opposite Steubenville, Ohio_~ .. _______ .... ___ , _____ ... ___ 199 

5. Section at Benezett~, Elk County, Pa _ .. ___ :, ... ___ .. _. _ ... __ . _____ .. ___ ... __ ...... _ 217 

6. Sections in the Lower Coal Measures of Pennsylvania . _ .. ____ . ___ ... _ ........ ______ .. 217 

7. Section showing Lower Kittaiming fire clay in western Pennsylvania· ____ .,_.: ... _ .. _.' 223 · 

8. Section of Barren Measures in Pittsburg region, Pennsylvania ____ . ___ .. _ ... __ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ 231 

9. Section of Upper Productive Measures in Fayette a·nd _Westmoreland counties, Pa ...•. 234 

10. SeCtion of Barren Measures in West Virginia_ ... ______ . __ . ____________ ._._ .. ·.·_...... 258 

11. Section of Upper Productive Measures on Robinsons Run, Monongalia County, W. Va. _. 260 

13 

THE CLAYS OF THE UNITED STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI . RIVER. 

By HEINRICH Rms. 

NATURE 01!' CLAY. 

The term clay 1s applied to a natural substance or .rock which, when· finely 

ground and mixed with "'ater, forms a pasty, moldable mass that preserves its shape 

"\vhen air dried, and when burned changes to a hard, rock-like substance by the 

coalescence of its particles, through softening under the action of heat. 

A microscopic examination of elay shows that it is made up of a great number 

of small mineral fragments of many different kinds and of varying shape, ranging 

in size from. those which are unde1; T<?o<i- mm. in diameter (known as clay) up to 

grains of sand which are sufficiently large to be easily visible to the naked eye. The 

smaller particles predominate. 

Since clays vary mineralogically they· vary also chemically, but the plasticity 

may remain the same through a wide range of chemical composition, and this property is evi~ently not dependent on the chemical composition alone, but is due rather 

to some physical cause. The plasticity may be destroyed by heating· the clay to a 

sufficiently hig-h temperature to drive off the chemically combined water. 

Although varying in their mineral cmpposition, most clays are supposed to contain more or less of the mineral kaolinite (a hydrated silicate of alumina), which is 

commonly referred to as the clay base or clay substance. The adoption of the latter 

term has probably arisen from the fact that many have 'considered this mineral to be 

.the cause of plasticity, an idea now known to be somewhat incorrect, because some 

of the most plastic clays coritain but small quantities of kaolinite, and vice versa. 

ORIGIN OF CLAY. 

Clay is usually formed directly·or indirectly from the decomposition of rocks 

containing feldspar, this change being due either to, weathering or to exposure to 

certain acid vapors. This mineral changes to kaolinite, but the latter may also be 

15 
16 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST Ol!' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

formed from quartz,a and even amphiboles and pyroxenes may yield hydrous 

aluminum silicates. b 

A mass of kaolinite is known as kaolin, the former being the mineralogical name, 

the latter the rock term though the two are unfortunately often mixed. 

Feldspar alone yieias by its decomposition a mass of pure white clay, and the 

presence of quartz or white mica will interfere but little with its color. The admixture, however, of any minerals containing iron at once affects the tint of the kaolin 

and strongly discolors it, iron in fact being the most common coloring material which 

· clays contain. 

FIG. I.-Section illustrating the formation of residual clay. 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

When a mass of feldspathic rock weathers down to clay and the latter remains 

at or close to the place of its origin the deposit is termed a residual one (fig. 1), since 

' . the clay thus formed represents the residuum of the rock decay, the soluble portions 

of the parent rock having been wholly or partly carried off. Residual clays are 

usually very impure and highly colored by iron, and since they are formed by weathering they show a gradual passage from the fully formed clay at the surface to the 

parent rock below, limestone residuals forming the only exception, the change from 

clay to rock in such cases being sudden. Residual clays often contain more or lel:ls 

angular fragments of undecomposed or partly decayed mineral matter, and these may ·--------------------- a Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXX, p. 614. b Merrill, G. P., Rocks, Rock Weathering, and Soils, p. 21. 
ORIGIN OF CLAYS. 17 

increase in number and size as the parent rock is approached. The depth of residual 

deposits varies with the depth to which the weathering has penetrated the parent rock 

and also with the surface slope on which the clay has been formed. On steep slopes 

residual clays seldom show great thickness, since they are easily washed away, but in 

valleys and on fiat t;urfaces their thickr~ess may be great. In the Southern States, in 

fact in the entire area south of the terminal moraine of the Glaeial epoch (see p. 50), 

residual clays are abundant wherever the- rock is weathered and the slope has been 

sufficiently gentle to permit them to remain. Along the line of the Appalachians 

the Cambrian and Silunan limestones are especially important sources of residual 

?lays, because their <;lecay has yielded a great mantle of this material. They are common in the Great Valley, notably at its souther!"l end. The pre-Cambrian crystalline 

rocks have' likewise formed an extensive residual deposit of similar character. These 

deposits will be referred to in more detail under headings relating to the diffcrciJt 

States and formations. a 

VALUE OJ<' HESIDUAL CLAYS. 

Since residual clays arc usually impure they arc seldom of value for any~hing 

better than common bl'ick. or drain tile,· although the finer parts are sometimes used 

for pottery. In rare instances they show great freedom from iron, notably in the 

case of the residual clays derived from the decomposition of _pegmatite veins (western 

North Carolina) or hig·hly felclspathic gneisses (Cecil County, Md). Those formed 

by the decay of some of the Cambro-Silurian schists in southeastern Pennsylvania and 

portions of the Knox dolomite may also be nearly white in color. 

AnalyBes of residual clays. 

-----------------·-------------,----,-----

1. 2. 3. 4. . 5. 6. 7. 

--~--

---------

Alumina --------------- 22. 17 20.47 19.64 14.74 31. 76 26.43 21. 764 

Silica ..... _____________ .. 55.42 58.63 61.66 76.78 52.03 54.54 72. 164 

'"' ater . _______ . _ . __ ... _ -1 9.86 7.26 4.894 15.55 9.87 4.758 

Ferric oxide . __ ..... _. _. 8.3 8.58 7.54 1. 64 Tr. 9.04- . 99 

Lime ___________________ l .15 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. .224 

Magnesia _____ .. ________ I 1. 45 1. 42 Tr. . 389 . 54 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ . 698 

8. 

18.98 

70.8::! 

5.45 

1. 24 

. 24 

. 02 

2.59 

~~·lie.:::::: ::::] '49 ___ ·-~- '32_ ''"''_ :: :::::1--''39 1.02 

- -------- ---~~--'-----

1. From Knoxville limestone, Morrisville. Calhoun County, Ala .. 

2. c,Jartersville, Bartow County, Ga. (Georgia Geol. Surv., 1893). ' 

a See also Russell, 1. C., Subaerial decay of rocks and origin of the red color of certain formations: Bull. U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 52. 

9647-No. 11-03--2 
18 CLAYS OF UNITED tl'l'ATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

3. Rockmart, Polk County, Ga. (Georgia Geol. Surv., 1893). 

4. From chert, Graves County, Ky. (Kentucky Geol. Survey, Chern. Anal., Pt. III). 

5. Blandford, Hampden County, }fass. (Tech. Quart., 1890). 

6. Cary, Wake County, N.C. 

7. From slate, Fogelsville, Lehigh County, Pa. (Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. D, p. 13). 

8. Grand Rapids, Wood County, Wis. (Wisconsin Acad. Sci., 1870-1876). 

SEDIMENTARY CLAYS. 

Those plastic products of rock decay which do not remain over the parent rock 

are washed down into the brooks and rivers and carried on to the lakes or seas 

' where they are spread out over the bottom as bedded or stratified deposit!:> of clay, to 

which the term 'sedimentary clay is given (fig. 2). The section of such a deposit 

Sand and gravel 

B'ed rock 

Fw. 2.-Section illustrating occurrence of sedimentary clay. 

shows a series of layers which bear no genetic relation to the underlying rock. They 

may represent a section of many beds of very similar character or of widely different 

nature, some being sandy, others quite fine. By the accumulation of many beds of 

sediment on top of the clay the latter may become consolidated ·to form a bed of 

shale. The shale when ground and mixed with water, however, often yields a mass 

as plastic as common surface clay. In many 1:egions where the rocks have been 

folded and metamorphosed the shale has been changed to slate. This alteration, being 

the result of pressure, and perhaps heat, has been sufficient to destroy the inherent 

property of plasticity, for the ~:;lates when ground and mixed with water will not 

develop a plastic mass. The shales that occur in association with the coal beds are 

often erroneously termed slate by miners, probably for the reason that many of them 

are hard and brittle and thus somewhat resemble true slate. 
CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPP[ RIVER. 19 

GEOLOGIC DISTRWUTI9N OF CT"'AY, SHALE, AND SI"'A'l'E. 

Ol(tys.-Scdimentary clayt; are commonly found in the younger geologic formations-that is, those ranging from the Cretaceous up to and including the Pleistocene. 

The Tertiary and Cretaceous clay beds of the eastern United States usually represent 

marine deposits, and may be of considerable extent, except where they were deposited 

in areas that were subject to shifting ocean currents, in which case they may be 

small and very iiTegular. This is true of many of our Coastal Plain clay deposits, for 

here beds of cllty inay pass horizontaliy into sand within a very short distance. The 

Pleistocene deposits also yield vast quantities of sedimentary clay which may have 

been formed under several different conditions, giving the following types: 

(1) Lake clays: beds of clay laid down in the areas bordering the present Great 

Lakes during the time when the waters spread over a greater territory than they do 

now. This type may show great extent and thickness, but the clays are often calcareous. They arc common in vVisconsin, Michigan, northern Indiana, and western New 

York. 

(2) Estuarine clays, deposited in depressed valleys or estuaries of the sea or in 

lakes, and represented by certain \Visconsin types and those of the Hudson Valley, 

and by many Columbia clays along the Atlantic coast. These may also be of great 

thickness. They are usually impure and of widely different character at different 

localities. 

(3) Pond clays, formed in small lakes or ponds scattered all over the Northern 

States north of the line of the terminal moraine. They arc usually basin shaped and 

may or may not be extensive. They are found in many flat-bottomed valleys and 

arc extensively worked for the manufacture of brick and tile. 

(4) Moraine deposits, of irregular size and . often .lens shaped, occurring in · 

moraines or glacial till. They are apt to be Rtony and 'very sandy, and are often caleareous. Very few of them are sufficiently extensive to support a large factory for 

a long period. 

(5) River-~ermce deposits, commonly sanely beds, representing mud and clay 

deposited by streams during penocls of overflow. They underlie the fiat terraces 

bordering many of our larger rivers and sometimes the smaller ones. In some valleys ~>everal terraces are found at different levels, and of these the lowest one is frequently overflowed during periods of high flood and the clay deposit thus added to. 

Clays of this type are worked along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the Tennessee, 

the Potomac, the Mohawk, and other streams. These deposits are used mostly fot· 

the manufacture of common brick and tile-in rare instances for paving brick and 

terra cotta. They are sometimes sufficiently fine grained to be employed in the 

manufacture of pottery. 
20 CLAYS OJ!' UNITED S'l'ATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Slwles.-ln the United States east of the Mississippi consolidated clays or 

shales are confined to the Paleozoic and J uratrias. formations. They occur in unlimited quantities in rock's of Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and 

Juratrias age. Considering them as a whole, those of the Carboniferous are the 

most important, and are extensively used in the manufacture of common brick, paving brick, pressed brick, terra cotta, firebrick, stoneware, etc. The Devonian shales 

are of less value, but where sufficiently free from grit to be plastic on grinding they 

are found to be a valuable source of clay. The Triassic shalm; have little commercial 

value. 

Slate.-Slate is rarely used in the manufacture of clay products, although in a 

few regions it is ground up and mixed with some plastic clay for molding into brick. 

Such a mixture is usually made on account of some color-burning or refractory 

quality which the slate may possess. 

PROPERTIES OJ~ CT .. A Y. 

PHYSICAL P~OPERTlES.a 

Since these affect the commercial value of the clay to a very large \=)xtent, it may 

be well to mention them briefly. Under the physical properties of clay are included 

air and fire shrinkage, tensile strength, plasticity, fusibility, color, and slaking. 

Air sh1'inkage.--This refers to the'decrea:-;e in size which takes place during the 

air drying of the clay, and is due to the evaporation of the water which has been used 

to mix up the material. The amount of air shrinkag·e u:mally stands in direct relation to the quantity of water absorbed by the clay during the mixing or tempering. 

Since plastic clays a.bsorb more water than lean or slightly plastic ones, they show a 

higher air shrinkage. The air shrinkage ranges from 1 to 2 per cent in very lean or 

sandy chiys up to 8 or 10 per cent or possibly even more in very plastic material. 

The air shrinkage is a matter of considemble importance to the clay worker, for the 

reason that the greater the decrease in size of the clay product during drying 

the greater the danger of its warping or cracking. Clays with a high air shrinkage 

usually hav:e to be dried very slowly and carefully, and the aim of the.manufacturer, 

therefore, is to find a clay or make a mixture of clays which will not only have a low 

air shrinkage but will also stand rapid drying. The air shrinkage begins as soon as 

the clay has been molded or is taken from the machine, and all of the moisture is not 

driven off until the brick is placed in the kiln. The last portions of 1t evapoi·ate in 

the early stages of burning, during which period great quantities of steari1 can be 

seen issuing from the chimneys of the kiln; this is known at> the water-smoking 

process. Some clays partreadily with the water contained in their pores, especially 

if they are sandy. 

a For a more detailed discussion of these properties than can be given here, sec The clays of New York and their uses: 

BnJI. New York State Museum No, 3, p, 538. 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 21 

Fire shrinkaqe.-All clays undergo a second diminution in volume during the 

firing, and this may range from 2 or 3 per cent up to 15 or 20 per cent or even more, 

showing just as much variation as the air shrinkage, but being due to different 

causes.- The fire shrinkage does not i·eally begin until the chemically cc:mbincd 

water and carbonic-acid gas are driven out of the clay, consequently it commences 

at about dull redness. Although most clays shrink in burning, there a1'e a few, such 

as those containing much quartz, which tend to expand at high temperatqrcs. 

Both the air shrinkage and the fire shrinkage may oft~n be decreased by the 

addition of sand to the clay mixture. 

Tens£le strength..-The tensile strength of the clay is the resistance which it _ 

offers to rupture in its air-dried condition, and in most clays seems to stand more or 

less in relat,ion to its plasticity-that is, very plastic clays often, but not always, have 

a high tensile strength. A high tensile strength in clay is desirable, since it, helps 

the ware to resist cracking in drying and also permits it to stand handling better in 

its air-dried condition, but clays show a wide variation in respect to this property. 

The kaolins show the lowest tensile strength of all the clays, while the impure Gumbo 

clays of the Central and V\7 estern States show perhaps the highest cohesive power of 

any known. The 'following figures represent the usual range of tensile strength 

shown by different varieties of clay: 

Tensile strength of different kinds of clay. 

Pounds per square inch. 

Kaolins ............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- 10 

Brick clays .............................. ·............... 60-100 a 

Pottery clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-200 

Some Yery plastic clays .................................. 200-400 

The work which has been done on the clays from different parts of the eastern 

United States indicates that the materials from any one formation may show a wide 

variation as regards cohesiveness. Thus among the Coastal Plain clays we find that 

those from New Jersey and Maryland, and even those from North Carolina, in many 

cases show but moderate tensile strength, while many of those obtained from the 

same formation in Alabama often show a very high tensile strength, as can be seen 

by an inspection of the tables of tests given on subsequent pages. Some of the 

residual clays of the. Appalachian region show high strength; others show low 

strength, due to the presence of considerable sandy matter. The shales of the Paleozoic formations do not as !t rule show great strength, running commonly from 60 

to 80 pounds, or in some cases 100 pounds, per square inch. The fire clays of the 

Carboniferous may also show a wide variation. The Pleistocene clays found in the 

drift regions of the Northeastern States often have great tensile power, and the 

a Often more. 
22 CI,AYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

same 1s true of many of the sedin1entary clays found in river bottoms m various 

parts of the country. 

The tensile strength of clays is usually tested by making them up into briquettes 

of the same size and shape as those made for testing the tensile strength of cement. 

They al'e then thoroughly air dried in a warm room and broken in the machine. 

Such tests should be made with great care in order to obtain uniform and accurate 

results, for if the experiments are improperly made the results obtained will be 

misleading iwd incorrect. 

Plasticity.-This is the property of forming a pasty mass when' mixed with· 

water, so that the clay can be molded into any form, which it retains when dried 

and burned. The plasticity seems to depend more on the physical than on the 

chemical composition of the clay. The purest clays at·e by no means the· most 

plastic ones, and the high-gmde kaolins, such as those mined in North Carolina 

and Pennsylvania or those imported from England, are always very lean. The 

sedimentary clays are in many cases much more plastic than the residual clays, the 

natural washing process which they have undergone seeming to have increased their 

plasticity.a Many shales, on being ground and mixed with water, will make a plastic 

mass, but they are on the whole not so plast.ic as soft surface sedimentary clays. 

This may be due to the fact that the grains are not always consolidated by mere 

pressure alone, but may be slightly cemented, so that the grinding· does not 

thoroug4ly disintegrate the mass. I£ two samples of. the same shale be disintegrated, 

the one by grinding and the other by exposure to the weather, the latter will usually 

show more plasticity when they are mixed with water. 

Fineness of grain seems to have more or less to do with the plasticity of a clay, 

so that an increase in its sandiness decreases the plasticity, and consequently clays 

that are too plastic or. fat to work may often be made more easily workable by the 

addition of sand. Care should always be taken, however, not to add too much of 

this material to the clay, since an excess of it diminishes i~s density when burned, and 

produces a brick or other clay product which is porous and more or less unsound. 

Changes in bu1'niny.-The shrinkage of the clay in firing has already been 

referred to. A second change which takes place in the burning of the clay is its 

densification, for as the clay shrinks in the kiln the particles draw closer and closer 

together, and the mass becomes more and more dense, reaching at last a .condition 

. of impermeability. This nonabsorbent condition is not attained, however, by a 

-mere drawing together of the particles, but is aided by their softening under the 

action of heat, and by the weight of the clay pressing them together, so that they 

pack into a solid mass. When the clay has reached this condition in burning, it is 

"Prof. G. H. Cook found that the plasticity of many lean clays is increased when they are ground, by reason of the 

breaking up of bunches of minerals, especit1lly kaolinite, that they contain. 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 23 

said to have been vitrified. Before this point is reached the clay particles soften 

sufficiently to stick together, but not to crush out of shape, and this stage is known 

as that of incipient fusion. Most common bricks are burned to this latter point, 

while paving bricks, sewer pipe, and stoneware are vitrified. If a clay is heated 

beyond the condition of vitrification, it becomes softer and softer until a temperature 

is reached at which the clay flows or becomes viscous. 

The difference in temperature between the points of incipient fusion and viscosity varies in different clays. In calcareous clays the softening action takes place 

rapidly and the two ext~·emes may not be more than 50° or 100° F. apart, but in noncalcareous clays the points of incipient fusion and vitrification may he separated by 

an interval of 400° F. Though the above-named three stages in the burning of the 

clay are recognized, it is sometimes rather difficult to determine them exactly. 

The recognition of this difference between the temperatures of incipient fusion and 

viscosity has a practical value. It is necessary to vitrify many clay products, but 

when a kiln full is being burned it is not possible to stop the rising temperature 

within the space of a few degrees, consequently if the difference between the temperature of vitrification and that of viscosity is great it is safe to burn the kiln of ware 

up to the vitrified stage, and even a little beyond it, without danger of rendering the 

whole mass viscous . 

.FusiMlity.-The fusibility of clay may depend on the amount of fluxes or fluxing 

clements, such as lime, magnesia, iron oxide, and alkalies, the size of the clay grain, 

and also the conditions of the firing, whether oxidizing or reducing. With other 

things equal the temperature of fusion will fall with an increase in the percentage of 

fluxing impurities which the clay contains. Fine-grained clays will, other things 

being equal, usually fuse at a lower temperature than coarse-grained ones. Common 

brick clays will often fuse at a temperature of from 2,000° to 2,300° F. Stoneware 

clays can often be heated to a temperature of. 2,600° or 2, 700° F. before becoming . 

viscous, while good fire clays do not become viscous until 3,200° or 3,300° F., o1· even 

more, is reached. The temperature of fusion may be determined in several different 

ways. One method consists in using test pieces of known composition and consequently known fusibility. Such a set, -which is much used by practical clay workers, ·is known as Seger cones. They are made up of a series of mixtures of clay and 

fluxes so compounded and graded as to represent a succession of fusion points, eaeh 

being but a few degrees higher than the preceding. The ingredients of the~e cones 

arc kaolin, feldspar, quartz, marble, and pure ferric oxide. The series consists of 58 

members, the lowest one having a fusion point of 1,094° F. (590° C.), and the highest 3,362° F. (1,850° C.). In order to test the heat of a kiln these cones are placed 

in the fire at a point where the flame will not strike them. As the heat ·rises the 

cones begin to soften, and when the fusing point is reached each bends O\'er until. 
24 cr.AYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

its tip touches its base. The cones are placed in the kiln at a point where they can 

be watched through a peephole. Several cones of the several members are put in, 

for example, 05, 1, and 5. If cones 05 anc11 are melted in the burning, but 5 is not 

affected, it indicates that the temperature was between 1 and 5. In the next burning 

2, 3, and 4 are put in; 2 and 3 may be fused but 4 remain unaffected, showing 

that the temperature of the kiln was the ·same as the fusing point of cone 3. 

Since these cones are being used very much and are rapidly increasing in 

favor, it seems desirable to give here the fusion points of tbe series and also their 

composition. 

No. of cone. 

.022 

.021 

. 020 

.019 

. 018 

.017 

. 016 

. 015 

.014 

. 013 

. 012 

.Oll 

.010 

.09 

.08 

.07 

.06 

.05 

Compowition and fusing points of Seger cones. 

e-5 Na.20} {2.0 0.5 PbO ··------- 1.0 

{0.5 Na20}o 1 0.5 PbO · AI 0 f

2·

2 

2 3l1.0 

e-5 Na20}o 2 0.5 PbO · ' {2 4 Al20 3 1:

0 

e·5 Na20}o 3 0.5 PbO ·• Al 20 3{i:g 

e-5 Na,O}o 4 0.5 PbO · Al {i:~ 

{0.5 Na,O}o 5 0.5 PbO · AI 20 3G:g 

e-5 Na20}o 55 AI 0 {3.1 0.5 PbO · 2 3 1.0 . 

{0.5 Na20}o 6 0.5 PbO · Al 20 3{r:g 

{0.5 Na20}o 65 AI 0 f·3 0.5 PbO · 2 • 1.0 

e-5 Na20}o 7 ,\,] 0 rA 0.5 PbO · " 2 3 1.0 

e-5 Na,O\o 75 AI 0 {3.5 0.5 PbOf. 2 " 1.0 

{0.5 Na,O}o 8 0.5 PbO · Al20 3 r6 1:

0 

Com1wsition. 

~!8:} --- ----. --- ----- ---- -- -- -- ---- . -----.-- -- ~!8:} ___ , ____________________________________ _ 

Si03} B,03 ---- ---------· ------ -·------------- ·-----

~!8~} ----------------------------------------- SiO,} B2

03 -----------------------------------------

~!8:} ----------------------------------------- ~!8:} ---- -. ---- ---- -- ---- -- --- --- ---- -- ---- .. -

~!8:} -- -- -- -- -- ----- . ----. -------- --- --- -- --- -

~!8:} ------·---------------------------------- ~ig,}-------------------.---- ·_--.------------- 2 3 

Si02\ B,(l3

J · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · -· · --· · · · · · 

~~8~} -------........... --...... ---....... ----. 

{0.3 

0.7 

K20}0.2 CaO 0.3 ~!:8:{g:gg ~!8:} .. -.-----.......... ---.-.----------.-----

{0.3 

0.7 

K20}0.2 CaO 0.3 ~~1:g:{g:~g ~!8~} --------". -----------.. ------ .. ··-------. 

e-3 0.7 

K20}0.2 CaO 0.3 i~~8:{3:~g ~!8:}----- ........ ·-.. ------------..... -.- .. -- {0.3 

0.7 K,0}0.2 

CaO 0.3 i~~8:{g:~~ ~!8:}------ .. -----.---------------------.--.--

e-3 0.7 

K,0\0.2 

Ca0f0.3 r~:8:g:~8 ~!8:} ---------.-----------.--------.-... ------- {0.3 

0.7 

K 20}0.2 CaO 0.3 ~~:8:{3:Z~ ~!8:} ---------------------------------:-------

Fusing point. 

0 c. 

1,094 590 

1,148 620 

1,202 650 

1,256 680 

1,310 710 

1,364 740 

1,418 770 

1, 472 800 

1,526 830 

1, 580 860 

1,634 890 

1, 688 920 

1, 742 9,50 

1,778 970 

1,814 990 

1,850 1,010 

1,886 1, 030 

1, 922 1 1,050 
No. of cone. 

.04 

.03 

.02 

.01 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

PHYSICAL PROPI<;RTIES. 25 ' 

Cornposition and fusing points of Seger cones-Continued. 

Composition. I 

I Fu:-;ing point. 

------------------------~-------------------------------1----~-----

{0.3 

0.7 

}0.3 

\0.7 

e-3 0.7 

e-3 0.7 

{0:3 

0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

e-3 0.7 

e-3 0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

e-3 0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

e-3 0.7 

e-3 0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

e-3 0.7 

e-3 0.7. 

{0.3 

0.7 

f0.3 

lO. 7 

{0.3 

0.7 

e-3 0.7 

e-3 0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

{0.3 

0.7 

K 20}0.2 CaO 0.3 

K 20}0.2 CaO 0.3 

K 20}0.2 CaO 0.3 

K 20}0.2 CaO 0.3 

!~~8:{g:~8 t8:} .. --------------------------.--:---------

!1~8:{g:~g ~!8~}--:-------------- ------- ~-.---.--'------. 

!~~8:{g: i8 ~!8:} . ---------- . --.------------------.----- .. 

~~~8:{g:~~ ~~8~} ---- --: --- -- ------- ------ ----- --------- -. r~~ :}4 SiO,. ___________________ .. __________ . _ ,_____ .. __ .. 

!1:8:}4 SiO, .. _ ......... __ . _ ......... __ .. _ ...... _ . ~.- .... _. 

~~8}8:~~ r1:8:}4 SiO, .......... -..... -- -------- .. ------------------

~~8}o.5 Al 20 34Si02 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• 

. ~~8}o.5 Al20 35Si02 ••••••••.•••••••••• - •• - •• -- ••••••• ----- -.·.-.- ••• 

~~8}0.6 Al,036Si02 .......... -_----· ....................... - .... ----

~~g}o. 7 Al20 37Si0, .......................... -......... -..... --- .. . 

~~8}o.8 Al,038Si02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

~~8}o.9 Al 20 39Si0, ------ ... --- __ .................. ---- ........... . 

~~8}1.0 Al 20 310Si02 ................................. ' ............. . 

~~8}1.2 Al20312Si02 ........................ --- ............ ___ ... .. 

~~8}1.4 Al,0314Si0, .... : . . -.-: .................................... . 

~~8}1.6 Al 20 316Si02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 

~~8}1.8 Al,0318Si0, ................................... -.......... . 

~~8}2.1 Al20 321Si0, ................. : ......... ·_ .................. . 

~~8}2.4 Al 20 324Si02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 

~~8}2. 7 Al20 327Si02 ••••••••••••••••••• , ••• ------.- •••• -----••••••• 

~~8}3.1 Al20 331Si0, ~ ............................................. . 

~~8}3.5 Al20 335Si0, __ .. _ ... __ .. _ ... : ............ _ ....... _ .. _ .. _ .. _ 

~~8}s. 9 :Al,0339Si0, _. -.- _ .. __ .. _ .... __ ....... : .............. _ .. ___ . 

~~8~-4 Al,0344Si0, _ ................................ ~-- --- ...... .. 

·o ltl. oc. 

1,958 1,070 

1, 994 1,090 

2,030 1,110 

,2,066 1,130 

2,102 1,150 

2,138 1, 170 

2,174 1,190 

2,210 1, 210 

2,246 1,230 

2,282 1, 250 

2,318 1,270 

2,354 1, 290 

2,390 1,310 

2,426 1,330 

2,462 1, 350 

2,498 1,370 

2,534 1,390 

2,570 1,410 

2,606 1,430 

2,642 1,450 

2,678 1, 470 

2,714 1,490 

2, 750 1,510 

2, 786 1,530 

2,822 1,550 
26 

No. of cone. 

CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Composit'ion and fusing point.~ of Sege1· cones-Continued. 

Con1position. Fusing point. 

---------------------------------------

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

{8:~ ~~8~-9 Al 20 349Si0 2 _ ----------------------------------------------

{8: ~ ~~8}5. 4 Al 20 3 54 Si02 ____________ : __________ • ________________ • ____ _ 

{8: ~ ~~8 }6. 0 Al 0~ 60 Si02 _________ - ____ -- _________ - __________ --- ___ - __ _ 

{8: ~ ~~8}6. t1 Al20 3 66 Si02 --.-.-----------------------------------------

{8: ~ ~~8}7. 2 Al 20 3 72 SiO, ------------------ -~---- ---------------- ~----­

{8: ~ ~~8}20 Al 20 3 200 SiO, __ ---------- _---------------- _---------------

Al20 3 10 

Al20 3 8 

Si02 _____________ -·-------------·----------------------------, 

Si 0 2 ___ • _____________________ ... _ .. _________________ - .... __ __ 

Al 20 3 6 Si02

• ____________ . ___________________________________________ _ 

Al 20 3 5 Si 0 2 _______________ • ________________________________________ _ 

Ai 20 3 4 Si 0, ___ · ______ .. __________________________ . _______________ . __ _ 

Al20 3 3 Si02 _______________________ · _________________________________ _ 

Al20 3 2. 5 Si02 ________________________________________________________ _ 

Al,03 2 Si 0

2 

________________________________________________________ _ 

Al20 3 1. 5 Si02 ______ . _: ____________________ . ___________________________ _ 

o If. 0 c. 

2,858 1,570 

2,894 1,590 

2,930 1,610 

2,966 1,630 

3,002 1,650 

3,038 1, 670 

3,074 1,690 

3,110 1,710 

3,146 1,730 

3,182 1,750 

3,218 1,770 

3,254 1,790 

3,290 .1, 810 

3,326 1,830 

3,362 1,850 

For the burning of common bricks the . temperatures reached will range from 

cone 05 to 01; for hollow ware 05 or 01 is p1·obably reached in most cases. In burning 

paving brick the temperature may range from cone 1 to cone 3; for terra cotta most 

manufacturers burn frorri cone 5 to cone '7, unless calcareous clays or impure shales 

are used, when the temperature would be much lower, ranging from perhaps cone 03 

to 1 or 2. In the manufaeture of white earthenware the biscuit is commonly burned 

at from cone 6 to cone 8. In fire-brick manufacture it ranges from cone 10 to 

. cone 14. 

A second means ofmcasuring the tempel'ature of the kiln is the thermoelectric 

pyrometer, which measures a current generated by the heating of a thermopile.a 

The latter consists of two wires, one of platinum and. the other of rhodium and 

platinum, which are soldered together at one end, while they are isolated by being 

inserted in two fire-clay tubes. The two wires connect with a galvanometer, 

the declination of whose needle increases with the temperature· at the end of the 

wires. In order to measure the temperature of the kiln, the tubes carrying the 

wires are put in the kiln either at the beginning of the burning or during the firing .. 

Such a machine, while expensive, is ver.y accurate and is used· to a considerable 

extent by probably at least eighteen clay-working firms in the United States. 

a Barus, Carl, On the thermo-electric measurement of high temperatures: Bull. U.S. Geo!. Survey No. 54. 
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 27 

Oolm\-The color of a clay is not always an indication of its quality. Many 

clays are so brilliantly colored with iron-for· example, the residual clays of the 

south-that the color at once indicates their nonrefractory character. "'\Then the 

color, however, is due to carbonaceous or organic matter it is less easy to tell. what 

the color-burning qualities of the clay in question are. 

Many black clays burn pure white or cream white. On the other hand, some 

black clays may burn red, in which case the organic matter masks the presence of the 

iron. Aside from increasing the shrinkage of the clay, and probably also its absorptive capacity for water, the organic matter exerts iittle effect on the material. Clays 

which contain large quantities of it have to be burned rather slowly in order to get 

it out of the pores of the mass before the clay begins to shrink and vitrify. 

Slaking.-The slaking quality of the clay refers to its property of falling apart 

or disintegrating when thrown into water. Clays which disintegrate rapidly can he 

mixed up readily, and can be easily washed in case they have to be freed from 

impurities by mechanical means. Clays which are dense slake very slowly. Many 

shales will not slake when thrown into water, but exposed to the slow disintegrating 

action of the weather they fall to pieces slowly but completely. 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY. 

The ordinary quantitative analysiE?, as carried out on clays, shows the quantity 

.of silica, alumina, ~ron oxide, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda which they contain. 

In addition to these, there 1imy also be titanic acid, manganese oxide, phosphoric 

. acid, and sulphuric acid, but these four are rarely determined in the ordinary chemical analysis, since they are usually present in but small amounts. The practical 

clay worker usually considers a physical test far more valuable than a chemical 

analysis, for the reason that the facts contained in the former are easily capable of . 

interpretation~ while those of the latter can not as a rule be utilized by him. While 

a chemical analysis is always valuable if capable of proper interpretation, it is more 

so in the case of high-grade than in low-grade clays. 

All the cons~ituents which are determined by ordinary chemical analysis 

influence the fusibility of clay, by either decreasing or increasing it, and consequently such constituents are sometimes grouped as fluxing and nonfluxing ones. 

Clay ·COntaining only kaolinite, the hydrated silicate of alumina, is very refractory' 

but its fire-resisting qualities may be decreased by addition of any of the fluxes 

or fluxing impurities, such as iron, lime, ~magnesia, alkalies. It may therefore be 

well to refer briefly to the effect of the different ele[llents individually, and also to 

their sources. 

Alkalies.-These include potash and soda, which are prese'nt in nearly all clays. 

They have usually been derived from feldspar or mica, both of which are present in 

at least small quantity if not in larger amounts. Other minerals, such as garnet, 
28 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF ~!IS SIS SIPPI RIVER. 

" hornblende, and pyroxene, may also yield these elements. The alkalies found in 

kaolins probably come from feldspar and white mica, while those found in the 

residuai clays have been partly derived from the iron-bearing· minerals, such as 

garnet, hornblende, and pyroxene. If the alkalies are present in the clay as an 

ingredient of feldspar grains, they form a desirable fluxing material, and it is on 

this account that much feldspar is added to kaolin in the manufacture ·of porcelain, 

white earthenware, and other wares having a white, dense body. The alkalies 

probably do not exert any influence on the color of the burned ware. 

Ferric omide.-This may serve either as a flux or as a coloring agent. Its role as 

the latter is mentioned in another part of the paper. V cry few clays are free from 

iron-indeed, it is present in large quantities in some, such as ocher. The residual 

clays of the Southern States owe their brilliant shades to this coloring material. It 

also gives the red or brownish colors to many of the shales which arc used in the 

manufacture of paving brick. In fact, it may color a clay or shale red, yellow, 

brown, or even bluish gray, and sometimes green, according to the compound of 

iron which is present. Iron is a widespread ingredient'of clays, partly because it 

can be derived from such a large number of minerals. As found in clays, it is 

present probably in the form of one of the oxides, such as limonite or hematite, or 

sometimes it may be present as a silicate or even a carbonate. In not a few cases it 

is found in the clay in the form of a sulphide, as in the mineral pyrite, but its 

presence is then easily recognized by the fact that it forms yellow metallic grains or 

bunches, which in black or bluish-black clays are often associated with the lumps 

of lignite that :the deposits contain. Pyrite may cause considerable trouble in the 

treatment of the clay, for in burning it gives off sulphuric acid, which may make 

the ware poor, or if present in the clay in little. lumps, and these are not extracted 

or crushed in the preparation of the clay, the lunips will tend to melt and swell up 

during the burning and split off pieees of the ware. When iron is present in the 

form of a carbonate or' the mineral siderite, it often forms round, stony, or 

concretionary masses, which are sometimes know"u as carbonate ore. These are 

abundant in many of the Carboniferous shales of eastern Ohio and Kentucky, and 

are present in not a-few or-the Carboniferous shales of Michigan. They also occur 

in the Potomac clays in some States.a In the mining of the clay these ironcarbonate concretions are usmtlly thrown out. Some clays contain iron in the· form 

of the phosphate, as the mineral vivianite, which is most easily recognized by the 

presence of blue specks or lumps which it forms. 

Whatever iron eompound is present in the green clay during the process of burning will be converted into the ferric condition, provided the atmosphere o£ the kiln 

is oxidizing-that is, clear and free from smoke; and later in the burning, when the 

aRies, H., The clays of Maryland: Maryland Gcol. Survey, Vol IV, ,p. 224. 
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 

clay softens or begins to melt, the iron unites with the silica and other elements in 

the day and forms a complex silicate. In addition to affecting the fusibility of the 

clay the iron also colors the burned ware, a small quantity of iron yielding a buff 

color, a larger quantity a red tint; and the shade produced in anj' case deepens with 

higher firing. If lime is present in the clay in excess of the iron the red coloring qf 

the latter will be destroyed and a buff color will be produced instead. It is for this 

reason that calcareous.clays burn to a white or creamy tint. 

Lime.-Most clays contain this compound, but certain types are peculiarly rich 

in it. These are the.drift clays of the Northern States and the lake clays of the same 

region, as well as many of the Paleozoic shales, especially those of the Cambrian and 

Silurian formations. The residual clays of the Southern States and most of the clay 

deposits· of the Coastal Plain region, with the exception of those of Tertiary age, are 

usually very low in lime. Calcareous shales may form residual clays low in lime, 

because during weathering the latter is usually leached out. Lime in clay i~ conlmonly derived from the minerals calcite and dolomite, and in rare cases from certain 

species of feldspar, hornblende, or ga~·net. Lime, whatever its form, serves as a flux 

in burning and, as has already been pointed out, tends to destroy the red iron coloration. It also increases the rate of softening of the clay under fire, and consequently, 

as explained on another page, calcareous clays are undesirable for the manufacture of 

vitrified ware. The presence of calcium carbonate in a clay can usually be deteeted 

by putting a few drops of muriatic acid on it. The effect of the presence Of carbonate of lime depends somewhat on the manner of its occurrence or distribution in the 

clay. Where present in a very finely divided condition it is much less injurious than 

if it were scattered throng~ the clay in the form of lumps or pebbles. In burning, 

ear bonate of lime is apt to cause difficulty on account of the expulsion of the carbonic 

acid gas it contains, which forms blisters on the surface of the ware. If present in 

the form of lumps or pebbles, these ~my absorb moisture after the brick is burned, and · 

slake, thereby splitting the product. Good bricks can be made from clays containing 20 per cent or more of carbonate of lime, provided it is in' a finely divided condition. Calcareous clays are often used in the manufaeture of common brick and also 

for making common earthenware, drain tile, and, less often, terra cotta. They ar~ noL 

suitable for the manufacture of paving brick, stoneware, or sewer pipe. Many such 

clays are now being ut>ed for 'the manufacture of Portland cement. In addition to 

affecting the color and fusibility of the clay, lime may also decrease the fit:e shrinkage. 

fl'[agnesia.-·with the exception. of a variety known as fuller's earth, very few 

clays contain magnesia in large, quantities. As far as known, its aetion seems to be 

similar to that of carbonate of lime. 

Silica.-T)le silica present in clay may be of three different kinds, namely: 

(1) Quartz, (2) that which is combined with alumina and water in kaolinite, and 
30 CLAYS Ol!' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

(3) that which is combined with one or more bases in the silicate minerals, such 

as feldspar, hornblende, or garnet. In the ordinary chemical analysis the first 

and third are sometimes placed together under the head of sand, or often 

incorre<;tly termed free silica. The silica included, un.der the term sand is practically insoluble in caustic soda and sulphuric acid. There are probably no clays 

which are perfectly free from quartz, although the amount which they contain 

may sometimes be very small. Quartz acts as a flux at high temperatures, but 

at low temperatures ·it acts as a refractory agent. a 1t also serves to decrease the 

fire shrinkage and the plasticity of the clay. It may also increase the porosity 

of the burned ware. 

Titanic ac£d.-This mineral is no doubt widely spread in clays, but is seldom 

determined in the ordinary chemical analysis. In small amounts it does not seem 

to exert any effect on the pyrometric characters of the material. Clay never 

contains enough of it to warrant its extmction.b 

Orqanic matte1·.-This affects not only the color of the clay, but possibly its 

plasticity and no doubt its absorpthTe power. It is contained in the clay in the 

form of very finely divided plant tissue or larger portions of plants or leaves 

which have settled in the material during its deposition. The color of mariy of 

the Carboniferous shales· and also of the Cretaceous clays is due to the organic 

matter which they contain. 

Water ·1:n clay.-Clays contain two kinds of water, namely, hygroscopic 

moisture and chemically combined water. Moisture is the water mechanically 

mixed with the clay grains, and in clays freshly taken from the bank is often as 

high as 30 or 40 per cent. Shales contain but a. small percentage of moisture. 

The air drying usually causes the evaporation of most of the mechanically combined water, and its expulsion is accompanied by a shrinkage of the mass. 

It ceases, however, before all the moisture has passed off, for the reason that the 

shrinkage stops when the particles have all come into contact with one another, 

but there still remain. in the mass pores which hold a certain amount of moisture 

that is not driven_ off until the early stages of burning. Moisture may exert a 

very injurious effect on clays, in that it tends to dissolve the soluble salts which, 

they sometimes contain and to bring them to the surface during air drying, thus 

forming a scum or effiore~cence. If driven off too fast during the early stages 

· of the burning a blistering of the ware may follow. 

Combined water is present in every clay, there being nearly 14 per cent in 

pure kaolin and as low as 2 to 3 per cent in some impure or sandy clays. The 

sources of combined water in clays are dry kaolin.ite, limonite, or hydrated silicates. The combined water is dnven off at a red heat, and when this occurs an 

additional shrinkage of the mass takes place. --------------------

a The Collected Writings of H. A. Seger, Vol. I. p. 537. 

bSee analyses of fire clays given under Penn,)·lvauia and New Jers~y. 

•
CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OJ<' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 31 

l\IETHODS OF l\IINING CT_.A YS AND SHALES. 

The methods employed for mini'ng clay or shale are in most c:tscs essentially 

the same. When the deposit is of great thickness and extent and the quality of 

the clay throughout the bank is the same the extraction of the material is very 

simple and can be accomplished more cheaply and more quickly than if the clay 

deposit is of small extent or contains a number o£ varieties of clay intermixed. 

The methods commonly employed are two-(1) quarrying or open-pit work, and 

(2) underground working. 

PIT WORKING. 

I£ the deposit of clay or shale which immediately underlies the surface is of 

great extent and the material is to be extracted in largequantities it will be found 

economical to usc a steam shovel for digging the clay .. The capacity of such 

machines is great and their cost of operation is low,'· provided they can be kept 

steadily employed. Excavators of this type are much used in some of the large shale 

and clay banks of Ohio and Indiana and parts of Pennsylvania, butin other States 

their use is rather limited. In the States mentioned they are employed chiefly for 

digging Carboniferous shales, which often form beds of great thickness and horizontal extent. For smaller excavations a custom more commonly followed is to dig 

the clay by means of pick and shovel. This is done at those yards where the operations are not on a sufficiently large scale to warrant the installment of a steam 

shovel, and also in those deposits where the clays vary in character in different partt> 

of the bank and can not bemixed in the mining, as would necessarily follow from 

the use of a steam shovel. This is the method of excavation employed at probably 

the majority of clay-working plants in the United States. It is employed in most 

. of the Coastal Plain deposits and in the drift clays of the Northern States. Some 

surface clays are dug with a wheel scraper, a method which is advantageous provided the clay is not too tough. 

A modificatio~ of the open- pit method is employed in the case of kaolin deposits, 

which commonly occur in the form of veins. In these deposits circular pits are 

often sunk to a depth of 50, 60, or more feet, and lined with a temporary crib work. 

When t~e kaolin is all worked out the pit is filled, the cribbing being taken out as the 

filling proceeds. When, the entire pit is filled a second circular pit is sunk next to 

the first one, a·nd the process is thus continued until the whole vein is worked out. 

The clay is hoisted from the pit in large buckets. 

In cases where the clay has to be washed, and is of a very sandy and open character, it is sometimes possible to flood the pit with water, and with a combination· 

scraper and pump to.]oosen up the clay and earry it up to the works through a pipe, 

In not a few regions the clay is found forming banks or terraces along the sides 

of a valley, and the clay-working plant is often located at the base of the bank. At 
32 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

some of these localities the undermining system is adopted. In this method th.e clay 

is undermined at the base of the bank to a distance of several feet, and wedges are 

driven into the top of the bank several feet from its front edge, thus prying off large 

masses, which break in falling. 

UNDERGROUND MINING. 

Where the desposit of shale does not immediately underlie the surf~tce, but is 

covered by many feet o{ other beds of rock, the stripping of the overlying 

layers would become too costly, and consequently underground mcth,ods of mining 

are adopted. H a bed of shale or clay outcrops at the surface, the usual method is to 

run a drift or slope in along the clay bed, while from this drift gangways radiate outward in different directions along the line of the deposit, the method of mining being 

somewhat similar to that followed in the case of coal. 'V'here the clay does not outcrop at the surface it is usually necessary to sink a shaft to the bed, and to run levels 

from this shaft in different directions into different parts of the clay or shale stratum. 

In many cases the shaft sunk may encounter more than one bed of clay, so that several 

deposits can all be mined at the same time. Some of the Carboniferous clay or shale 

deposits often underlie coal seanls, ·and in such cases the coal also is mined and not 

infrequentl,.v is used as fuel at the brickworks. In rare instances the shale beds have 

been so upfolded that their dip is nearly vertical, and it is then possible to mii1e out 

the shale without removing the rocks that are interbedded with it. 

After it is mined the clay is loaded into blirrows, carts, or tram cars and hauled 

to the works. Where the quantity extracted is comparatively small and the lead is 

very .short, the t'nost profitable method is to use wheelbarrows. Where the output is 

large, cars drawn by horses or tram cars run on a temporary track are found to be 

.the most suitable. 'V'here the scale of opei.'ations is large, steam haulage is prefer- · 

al;le, and this is commonly employed where the factory is some distance from the 

bank and the quantity of the clay to be hauled is considerable. A very few factories 

in this country transport their clay from the barik to the plant by means of a wirerope t1:arnway; this method of haulage is frequently employed abroad. 

PURIFICATION OJ!' CLAY. 

Many clays, as they come from the bank ohnines, contain mineral impurities which 

it is undersirable to retain in the clay, and means are therefore often taken to remove 

them. These methods of purification are not often applied to low-grade clay, for the 

reason that they would increase the expense of manufacture too much, and they are 

consequently confined chiefly ';o the better grades of raw material. The two methods 

commonly employed for cleansing clays are screening and washing. Clays are often 

screened to free them from limestone pebbles oi· lumps of pyrite or other stony 
PURIFICATION. 33 

matter whose presenc~ is undesirable. As the injurious cffeet of these substances 

can often be greatly lessened by reducing them to a finely divided condition, it is not 

uncommon to crush the material rather than to screen it, for the screening process 

usually. necessitates previous drying. 

WASHING. 

Clays employed for the manufacture of pottery are usually was~1ed. The pi·ocess 

of washing consists in disintegmting the clay, either in troughs by rotating kniyes 

or by slaking it in water and then exposing it to a current. This operation effects a 

mechanieal separation of the material-the finer grains of clay, on account of their 

lightness, being carried off to settling tanks, while the coarse, sandy partieles and 

pebbles, on account of their greater weight, fall to the bottom of the washing troughs. 

Low-grade clays are rarely washed in the United States, but abroad the simple 

washing process is often used to free the clay from an excess of sand. 

Following is a description of the washing process: a 

"Clays are washed by one of t";o methods. \Vith the first method, the clay is 

thrown into large circular tubs filled with water, in which it is stirred up by revolving arms, and the clay lumps are thereby disintegrated. By this treatment the. fine 

kaolinite particles, as well as very fine grains of mica, feldspar, and quartz, remain 

suspended in the liquid, while the eoarser grains settle in the bottom of the tank. . 

The water with the suspended elay is then drawn off to the settling tanks. 

"A modifieation of this eonsists in the u8e of a large cylinder, closed at both 

ends, whieh is set in a horizontal position, and eontains an axis with iron arms, their 

revolution serving to break up the clay, whieh is charged through a hopper at the 

top. A current of water passes through the eylinder and carries the fine elay particles with it, while the coarse ones are left behind in the machine. Tl:e speed of the 

current has to be regulated by experiment, for if too mueh water is used eoarsc 

material will be washed out of the cylinder, and, eonversely, if the eurrent is too slow 

the elay will not yield a suffieient percentage of washed produet. One objeetion to 

this apparatus is that it has to be stopped from time to time to remove the coarse 

sand from the maehine. 

"The method most eommonly used at the present day for washing kaolin is in 

its general detail as follows: 

"As the kaolin eomes from the mine it is generally diseh!lrged into a log washer, 

a semieylindrie trough, in which revolves a horizontal axis bearing short arms. The 

action of the arms breaks up the kaolin more or less thoroughly, aeeording to its 

density, and faeilitates .the subsequent washing. The stream of water directed into 

the log washer sweeps the !}aolin and most of the sand into the washing trough, 

which is about 15 inehes wide and 12 inches deep, but should be wider and deeper if 

the kaolin is very sandy. 

"The troughing has a slight pitch, commonly about 1 inch in 20 feet, but the 

amount depends on the kaolin and whether the eontained sand is fine pr coarse. If the 

a .Bull. New York State ~Iuseurn No. 35, p.799. 

9647-No. 11--03--3 
34 CLAYS 01<' UNl'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

kaolin is very fine and settles slowly, the pitch 11eed not be so great, and vice versa. 

A large quantity of very coarse sand in the kaolin is a nuisance, as it dogs up the 

log washer and the upper end of the trough more quickly, causing much labor to 

keep them clean. As it is, considerable sand settles there, and to keep the trough 

clear sand wheels are used. The wheels are wooden, bearing a number of iron scoops 

on their periphery. A8 the wheels revolve the scoops catch up a portion of the sand 

which has settled in the trough, and as each scoop reaches the upper limit of its turn 

o.n the wheel, by its inverted position, drops the sand outside the trough. These 

sand wheels arc a help, but it is often ncces8ary, in addition, to keep a man shoveling 

the sa,nd from the trough. " 

"If the sand is finer it is not dropped so quickly and, distributed more evenly 

along the trough, does not clog it up so fast. 

"The zigzag arrangement of the troughing has been objected to by some, as it 

produces irregularities in the current, causing the sand to bank up in the corners, at 

the bends, and at certain points along the sides of the troughing.a The effect is to 

narrow the channel and consequently increase the velocity of the current, thereby 

causing the fine sand to be carried still farther toward the settling tank. This difficulty, which is not often serious, has been obviated either by having the troughing 

straight or by allowing the water and ·suspended elay as they come from the log. 

washer to pa8s through a section of straight trough, and from thi8 into another of 

the same depth, but five or six times the width, and divided by several longitudinal 

partitions. The water and the clay then pass into a third section, twice as wide as the 

second, and divided by twice the number of longitudinal divisions. By this means 

the water inovcs only in a straight course, but as it is being continually spread out 

over a wider space, it flows with an ever-decreasing velocity. 

"By the time the water has reached the end of the troughing· nearly all the coarse 

gr~ins have been dropped and the water is ready to be led into the settling vats, but' 

as a further and necessary precaution it is discharged on a screen of 100 meshes to 

the linear inch, with the object of removing any coarse particles that might remain, 

and also of eliminating sticks and other bits of floating dirt. 

"Two kinds of screens can be used-the first stationary, the second revolving. 

The stationary screen is. simply a frame CO\Tered with a eopper cloth itnd set at a slight 

angle. The water and suspended kaolin fall on the screen and pass through, otherwise they run off and are lo8t. A slight improvement is to have two or three screens 

overlapping one another, so that whatever does not get through the first will fall on 

the second. If the vegetable matter and sticks are allowed to accumulate they clog 

the screen and prevent the kaolin from running through, consequently stationary 

screens must be elosely watched. 

"The revolving sereens are far better, for they are self-cleansing. Such screens 

are barrel-shaped, and the water, with the kaolin in suspension, is discharged into 

the interior and passes outward through the screen cloth. As the screen revolves the 

dirt caught is carried upward and finally drops; but instead of falling down on the 

other 8ide of the screen it falls on a board, which divcrt8 it out to the ground. 

"The settling tanks, into which the kaolin and the water are discharged, may be 

and often are about 8 feet wide by 4 feet deep and 50 or mot·c feet long. As soon as 

a Hotop, E., Thonindustric Zeitllng,. 1893. 
PURIFICATION. 35 

one is filled the water is diverted into anothet·. The larger a tank the longer it will 

take to fill it and allow the kaolin to settle. Clays obtained in this manner are expensive, particularly when the market takes the output of washed kaolin as soon as it is 

ready. Small tanks have the advantage of permitting the slip to dry more quickly, 

especially when the layer of clay is not very thick, furthermore a small pit takes less 

time to fill and emvty. But one disadvantage urged against a number of small tanks 

is that a thoroughly average product is not obtained, owing to the thinness of the 

layer of settlings and the small amount in each. In addition, a series of small tanks 

requires considerahl~ room. The advantages asserted in the case of large tanks are 

that the clay ean be discharged into any one for a considerable period, and if the clay 

deposit varies in character the different grades get into one tank and a better average 

is thereby obtained. 

"If the kaolin settles too slowiy, alum is sometimes added to the water to hasten 

the deposition. When the kaolin has settled, most of the clear water.is drawn off; 

the eream-like mass of kaolin and water in the bottom of the vat is drawn off by 

means of slip pumps and forced by these into the presses. 

·''The presses consist :oimply of fiat iron or wooden frames, between whieh are fiat 

canvas bags. These bags are connected lJy nipples with a supply tube from the slip 

pumps, and by means of the pressure from the pumps nearly all of the water is 

forced out of the kaolin and through the canvas. When as much water as possible 

is squeezed out, the press is opened and the sheets of semidry kaolin arc taken out. 

It is then dried either on raeks in the open air or in a steam-heated room. 

"A:o for every ton of kaolin usually nbout two-fifths or one-quarter of a ton of 

washed kaolin is obtained, it is desirable to have the washing plant at the mines, to 

avoid the hauling of 60 or 70 per cent of useless sand which has to be washed out 

before the kaolin can be used or even placed on the market." 

AIR SEPARATION. 

This is a method of cleansing clays which has been rarely t1:icd, yet in some of 

the cases where it has been used it is said to have met with success. It is especially 

applicable to those clays from which it is necessary to remove simply coarse ot· sandy 

particles. The process consists, in brief, in feeding the dry elay into a pulverizer 

which reduces it to the eondit1on of a very fine powder. .As the materilLl is discharged from the pul ~erizer into a long box or tunnel, it is seized by a powerful cin·-

rent of air, which'at once picks up the fine particles and carries them along to the end 

of the airway, where they are dropped into a bin. The coarser pa.rtides, which are 

too heavy to be picked up by the current, drop baek and arc carried through the 

pulverizer once more. Such a method would be especially applicable to kaolins that 

are free from iron, but probably would not be found adaptable to nmny of those 

containing feri·uginous particles. 

There are several forms of separators on the market. In the Raymond pulverizer and separator the material is pulveri~ed in the lower part of the machine and 

then thrown upward, the finer particles ·being carried off by a fan to the discharge 

hopper, the coarser ones falling back into the hopper. 
36 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

COJ\fMERCIAT~ VALUE OE' CLAY. 

Since most clays are manufactured into clay products by the firm mining them, 

but a small proportion cif the total quantity of clay mined is sold. The grades which 

are sold are usually kaolins, ball days, fire clays, paper clays, and some pottery and 

terra-cotta clays. Clays are commonly sold by the ton, the price being quoted either 

f. o. b. or at the market. Their value ranges from as low as 50 or 75 cents per ton 

:for some pottery and terra-cotta clays up to as high as $10 or $12 per ton for washed 

kaolins. 

The valuation of· clay is based on its purity, physical characters, distance from 

market, size of deposit, and demand. Clays which might be valuable if ncar 

transp<;n'tation lines are often valueless because of their remoteness from rail ways. 

Kaolins commonly bring from $10 to $12 per ton, delivered in Trenton, N .• J., or 

East Liverpool, Ohio. Ball C?lays vary in price. The rate per ton delivered in 

Trenton would be somewhat as follows: Florida ball clay (washed), $10 per short ton; 

English ball clay, $8 to $10 per long ton; New Jersey crude, $5 to $6 per long ton; 

New Jersey washed, $7: to $8; Kentucky and Tennessee clay (washed), slightly more 

than New Jersey. 

Fire clays usually bring :from $1 to $2 per ton f. o. b., the average value in 

1900 being $1.70 per ton. Many fire clays are sold for pottery and terra-cotta 

manufacture. 

Paper clays vary :from $7 to $10 per ton for domestic ones, the value being based 

on freedom from grit and whiteness of color. 

The structure and mode of occurrence are potent factors which must enter into 

the valuation of any clay bed. Persons unfamiliar with clays are apt to .look only at 

the character of the material itself, giving no attention to the extent and thickness 

of the deposit, amount of overburden, etc. Many clay deposits in the Cretaceous or 

Tertiary formations of the Southern States often show a variety of plastic material 

in the same section, but the different gmdes arc so closely mixed that the amount of 

labor required to separate them in mining would be so great as to prohibit the sale 

of the clay. 

USES OJ!' CLAY. 

The uses of clay can be best shown by the following table, compiled originally 

by R. T. Hill a and amplified by the writer. 

Dmnestic.-Porcclain, white earthenware, stoneware, yellow ware and Hockmgham ware for table sen'ice and cooking; majolica stoves; polishing brick, bath brick, 

fire kindlers. 

Structural.-Rrick, 'common, front, pressed, ornamental, hollow, glazed, adobe, 

a Mineral Resources U.S. 1891, p. 475. 
COl\niERCLAL V .ALUE .AND USES. 

terra cotta,; roofing tile; glazed and encaustic tile; drain tile; paving brick; chimney 

flues; chimney pots; doorknobs; fireproofing; terra-cotta lumber; copings; fence posts. 

Hygienic.-Urinals, closet bowls, sinks, washtubs, bath tubs, pitchers, sewer 

pipe, ventilat~ng flues, foundation blocks, vitrified bricks. 

Decorative.-Ornamental pottery, terra cotta, majolica, garden furniture, tomb-

. stones. 

llfinor 'ltses.-Food adulterant; paint fillers; paper filling; electric insulators; 

pumps; fulling cloth; scouring soap; packing for horses' feet; chemical apparatus; 

condensing worms; ink bottles; ultramarine manufacture; emery wheels; playing 

marbles; battery cups; pins, stilts and spurs for potter's usc; shuttle eyes and thread 

guides; smoking pipes; umbrella stands; pedestals; filter tubes; caster wheels; pump 

wheels. 

Refractm'y wares.-Crucibles and other assttying apparatus; gas retorts; fire. 

bricks; glass pots; blocks for tank furnaces; saggers; stove and furnace bricks; blocks . 

for fire boxes; tuyeres; cupola bricks. 

Engineering works;-Puddlc; Portland cement; railroad ballast; water conduits; 

turbine wheels. 

CLAYS EMPLOYED. 

Very few of the above materials are made from one grade of clay alone; in fact, 

probably 90 per cent of the articles mentioned in the above list are molded of a mixture of at least three clays, and many clays are used for several purposes. 

The aim of the manufacturer in each case is to get a mixture of the proper 

plasticity, color-burning qualities, shrinkage, and refractoriness. This is a subject 

to which much consideration is given in the manufacture of the medium and higher 

grades of ware, for neglect of these points may cause much loss in burning. 

T~e class of clays employed in the more important kinds of wares mentioned 

above is.as follows: 

CHINA CLAYS.ct 

Porcelain, white earthenware, and granite ware are made of a mixture of kaolin, 

ball clay, feldspar, and quartz, all rendered very fine grained by preliminary wash-· 

ing or grinding. 

The clays used must be of the best quality, burning· to a white color at the 

fusing point of cone 8 (about 2,350° F.). This necessitates the selection of a clay of 

very low ferrio-oxidc content, preferably under 1 per cent. Good plasticity is also 

desired, and is supplied by the ball clay. The kaolins and ball clays employed arc 

partly of domestic production and partly imported. The imported ball clays coi:ne 

from England, anclvitrify at a much lower temperatnre.b 

a For distribution see Pl. IX, p. 284. 

b For 11nalyses and tests of kaoline and ball clays see Alabama, North Carolina; Florida, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 

Tennessee. Also Ries, H., The pottery industry of the United States: Seventeenth Ann. llept. U. S. Geol. Survey, l't. III 

(continued), p. 842. · 
38 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following physical tests will give some idea of the character of the materials 

used: 

KAOLIN. · 

I!m'r£s Otay (/ompany, TVebster, JY. C.-Works up with 42 per cent of water to 

a lean mass. Air shrinkage, 6 per cent; fire 1-lhrinkage, 4 per cent, making a total 

of 10 per cent. Average tensile strength, 20 poundi:l per square inch, with a maximum of 22. Incipient fusion, 2,300° F.; vitrification at 2,500°; viscosity above 

2,700°. Burns white. a 

Arnold land, Tlwyer, Davidson Ommty, .LY. 0.-\''{orks up with 23 per cent 

water to a lean mai:ls, whose air shrinkage is 3.2 per cent and fire shrinkage 3.3 

per cent, giving· a total of 6.5 per cent. Average teni:lile strength per square inch, 

13 pounds; nmximum, 14 pounds. Incipient fusion at 2,300° F.; complete fusion 

·at 2,600°; viscosity at 2,700°. Total per eent of fluxes, 2.36/' 

Glen Allen, .21£o.-Requires 23.2 per cent water to work it up to a lean paste, 

whose air shrinkage is 4 per cent and iire shrinkage 8.4 per cent, making a total 

shrinkage of 12.4 per eent. Average tensile strength per square inch, 12 pounds; 

maximum, 14 pounds. Incipier1t fusion at 2,200° F.; vitrifieation at 2,500°; viscosity 

not given. 

BALL CLAYS. 

Regina, Je.fferson County, J1£o.-With 22.7 per cent of water it worked up to a 

very plastic mass, whose air shrinkage was 7. 7 per eent. and fire shrinkage 12.2 per 

eent, giving a total of 19.tl per cent. Average tensile strength per square inch, 99 

pounds; maximum, 108 pounds. Incipient fusion at 1,800° F.; vitrification at 2,100°, 

and viscosity at 2,400°. Total fluxes, 5.15 per cent.u 

Edgar, Fla.-V cry plastic and has an average tensile strength of ab~:mt 65 

pounds per square inch. Incipient fusion \1-t 1,800° F.; vitrifie1ttion at 2,100'-\ and 

viscosity at 2,400°. Total fluxes, 5.15 per cent." 

Bout!~ Amboy district, New Jersey.- When burned at cones E and 9 is of a 

yellowish-white color, and shows a total shrinkage of 14 per cent. This is rather 

plastic, but has a low tensile strength. 

a Bull. North Carolina Geol. Survey No.13, p. 59. 

b Missouri Geol. Survey, Vol. XI, p. 578. 

c Langen~eck, Chemistry of Pottery, p. 101. 
KINDS OF OJ, A Y. 39 

The following t'able gives. the composition of several American ball clays and 

kaolins, as well. as of the English clay, the latter being added for purposes of 

comparison: 

AnalyHes of ball clays. 

-------------------------------·------------~----~----~------.--~---

l. 2. 3, 4, 5. G. 

·-------- ----- 1----

' . Si02 ______ -------------------- ____ ---------- 46. 11 44. 40 44. 89 56. 40 48.99 59.61 

AI,03 .. ________________ -- _, ____ ------------- 39. 55 38. 34 37. 269 30.00 32.11 26.81 

FeO 2. 34 I 2.03 ... ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

Fe,O, _ ...... _ .. __ .. _ . _ - _ ... _ .. _ ... __ -. __ ... : . . 35 . 86 . 97 _______________ _ 

~!~: : - - _ - -:_ :~ r: :; 1 ~i:, 2T:: 

K 20 ---------------------------------------- _________ !· .26 .317 3.26 

·.43 . 82 

. 22 .44 

3.31 3.57 

H,O ... ------------.------------------------- 13. 78 13. 50 14.47 7.\J3 9.63 7.46 

803 ----------------.------ -·---------- _·_---- . 07 -------- -------- -------- --------

TiO, ____ .. ___ ........ - __ .. _. _. ___ .... ___ ... l. 20 

Moist--------------------------------------------------~--~~- ::::::::1:::::::::::::::: 2.33 

1, Edgar, Fla.; 2, Burts Creek, N.J.; 3, South Aml)(!y, N.J.; 4, Mayfield, Ky.; 5 and 6, "Poole" 

clay from Wareham, England. 

Analyse.s. of 1w.shed kaolins. 

------------------~------~~----------~----------~----~------~----- I l. 2. 3, 4. 5. 6. I 7. S. 

48.26 47. 7l 46.87 1)9. 42. 

---------

SiO, ... ---------------,----- 46.278 45.70 46.50 50.96 

Al,Os ---------------------- 36.25 40.61 37.40 33.30 37.64 36. 78 38.00 27.15 

Fe20 3 ---------------------- 1. 644 1. 39 .80 . 82 . 46 . 89 1.77 

CaO ... --------------------- . 192 .45 Tr. . 06 Tr . 

l\'IgO ----------------------- . 321 .09 2.42 Tr. . 35 .52 

Alkalies -.- .. -.. __ . __ .... -.. 2.536 2.82 1.1 1. 56 2.58 1. 22 a 1. 50 

H,O --------- -------- ~ ----- 13.535 8.98 12.49 8.95 12.02 13.03 12.70 9.85 

«All K20. 

1. Brandywine Summit, Pa. 5. Corn wall, England. 

2. Harris Clay Company, near ·w cbster, N.C. 6. Coussac-Bonneval, Francco. 

3. \Vest Cmnwall, Conn. 7. Zettlitz, Bohemia. 

4. Glen Loch, Pa. 8. Pilsen, Bohemia. 

FIRE CLAYS. 

Fire bricks, crucibles, and similar wares are made from clays whose· main requisite is refractoriness, although plasticity is also needed. Consequently mixtures of 

several different clays must be mude for the best results. A clay to he considered 
40 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

refractory should not fuse under 3,000° F. (cone 27). The following analyses show 

the composition of several standard American fire clays: 

Analyses of fire claps. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. i. 8. 

-~------ ------------------------ --~ 

Si02 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 4. 25 

Al20 3 ...... ------ ••• ---- -----· 17.25 

.FeO __ .. __ ..................... · ..... . 

Fe20s ------------------------ 1.19 

CaO __ ........................ . 40 

63.00 

. 23.57 

. 46 

1. 87 

.44 

l\igO .............. __ .. __ .. __ . Tr. . 89 

Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

TiO" ------------------------- -------

H,O .... ______ .. ------ -~- .. .. . 6. 30 

]. Bibb\•ille, Ala. 

2. Mecca, Parke County, Ind. 

3. Mineral Point, Ohio (flint clay). 

4. Salineville, Ohio (flint clay). 

5. East Palestine, Ohio. 

2.69 

]."10 

G.45 

52.52 59.92 57.80 61. 75 51.92 46.90 

31. R4 27.56 25 . .54 23.66 31.64 3.5.90 

··----- ------- ------- 1. 93 1.134 -.. ----- . 67 1. 03 2. 51 ------- ------- 1. 10 

. .50 Tr . . 2.5 . 45.5 . 03 -------

. 19 Tr . . 61 . 353 . 443 -------

. 59 . 67 2.69 2.418 .402 .44 

1. 68 ------- 1. 78 l.IG 1. 30 

11.68 9.70 R. 3.5 7.20 13.49 12.80 

6. New Brighton, Pa. 

7. Salina, Pa. 

8. Woodbridge, N. J. 

9. Sayreville, N. J. 

9. 

44.20 

38.66 

. 74 

.46 

1. 20 

1:~ .. 55 

There a1:e several special grades of fire clay whose value depends on other 

properties than refractorine~s. These are glass-pot and zinc-retort clays. 

GLASS-POT CLAYS. 

The manufacture of glass pots calls for a clay which is not only refractory, 

but ·burns dense at a moderately low temperature, so that it will resist the fluxing 

action of the molten glass. It must posseils good bonding power and burn without 

warping. Great care is necessary in the selection of the clay and the manufacture 

of the pot." 

Most of the glass-pot elay used in the United States is imported from Germany, 

but in recent years much clay ftom Missouri, and a smaller quantity from Pennsylvania, have been used to mix with the imported material. In the following table is 

.the analysis of a Pennsylvania glass-pot clay: 

a For discussion of manufacture see Orton, E., jr., Report on the clays of Ohio: Ohio' Geol. Survey, Vol. VII, part 1; 

Ries, H., The clays of New York: :Hull. New York State Museum No. 35, p. 786. 

, 
KINDS OF CLAY. 41 

Analysis of glass-pot clays from Lctyton stat'ion, Pa. 

Per cent. 

Si 0 2 ••• ___ • __ • ___ •• __ , _ • ___________ • __ • - - _______ • _ • __ •• _ _ _ 64. 89 

Al20 3 ___ •• __ ••• __ ••••• - •••• - •• --- • - • - - -. - • - -. -- •••••• _. _ 24. 08 

Fe20 3 •• ___ •••• _ ••••• _ •••••••• _., ••••••••••••••••• _ ••• _.. • 29 

FeO ___ . ____ . ______ ..... - ......... - - - - - -.... -.. - -..... __ . . 21 

CaO. ______________ .. __ ~ ______ . ___ . ___ .. _ ..... __ . _ __ _ __ __ . 41 

J\fgO __________ . _______ ---------------------- .... __ ____ __ .19 

Alkalies_ .. ____ ._ ........ _ ............................ _ _ _ 1. 03 

H 2

0. ____ . _ .. ________ .. __ :. --- ___ ...... - --·. ____ . _______ . 9. 29 

Total ... _____ . __ ........ ___ .. ___ .. _ ... ______ .. ___ • • 100. 39 

STONEWARE CLAYS. 

Stoneware is commonly made of a semirefractory clay, which burns dense and 

holds its form well in burning. The clays may often show high plasticity and tensile 

strength (often 150 to 200 pounds per square inch), and not uncommonly burn buff. 

This is the type employed in chemical and sanitary apparatus. The physical 

characters of several stoneware clays are here given: 

TVctltemers, Barton Cmmty, 1J£o.-With 19.2 per cent of water this !V'Orks up to 

a rather lean mass, whose air shrinkage is 5. 5 per cent and fire shrih kage 6.1 per 

cent, giving a total of 11.6 per cent. Average tensile strength per square inch 87 

pounds, maximum 98 pounds. Incipient fusion at 2,000° F., vitrification at 2~200°,a 

viscosity at 2,400°. Total fluxes, 2.42 per cent. 

Callwttn, IIenry Cmtnty, lYio.-A very plastic, buffcburning clay requiring 16.5 

per cent of water to temper it. Ait~ shrinkage 5.5 per cent, tire shrinkage 2.2 per 

cent, total 7. 7 per cent. Average tensile strength per square inch 150 pounds, 

maximum 168 pounds. Incipientfusion at 2,100° F., vitrification at 2,300°, viscosity 

at 2,500°. Total fluxes present, 5.04 per cent.b 

Sammis's pits, Little Neck, nea·r Nortltport, Long Island, N. Y.-A yellow,sandy 

clay requhing 25 per cent of water to work it up, and having fair plasticity. 

Average tensile strength per square inch 25 pounds, maximum 30 pounds. Air . . 

shrinkage 5.5 per cent, fire shrinkage 6.5 per cent, giving a total of 12 per cent. 

At 2,300° F. nearly vitrified, and becoming viscous at cone 27. Burns buff;c 

Fernbank, La11wT Cmtnty, Ala.-A very plastic clay which works up with 32.6 

per cent of water. Air shrinkage 10 per cent, fire shrinkage 7 per cent, giving a 

total shrinkage of l7 per cent. Average tensile strength 152 pounds per square 

inch, maximum 185 pounds. Incipient fusion at 1,?00° F., vitrification ::),t 2,100°, 

viscosity at 2,300°, Clay burns reel and has 6.65 per cent total fluxes. a 

"olissouri Gcol. Survey, Vol. XI,. p. 575. 

b Ibid., p, 577. 

c Bull. New York State l\luseum No.•35, p. 821. 

a Bull. Alabama Geol. Survey No.6, p. 174. 
42 CLAYS OE' UNITED S'l'ATES EAS'l' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

CLAYS FOR.VITRIFIED WARES OF LOW GRADE. 

Sewer pipe, paving briek, and other vitrified wa1;es of nonrefractory eharaeter 

are made from clays or shales of fine grain, ferruginous eomposition, and preferably 

good plasticity 11nd tensile strength. They vitrify usually. at a low temperature, cone 

2 to 4, have a low fire shrinkage, and burn to a dense red body. In 'Ohio a mixture 

oflow-grade fire clay and shale is sometimes preferred. The following analyses give 

the average composition of a number of carefully seleeted clays used for paving brick: 

A 11al!!Se8 of clays 'II Sed for nwking paving bricks. a 

·j·nriuinium. }.laxiinum. 'Average. 

------'-------------- I 

Silica ............................................ ----.----- ... ----i 49.00 75.00 56.00 

Alumina ..... _ .... _. __ ............................... __ ......... _I 11.00 25.00 22.50 

Ferric oxide .................... , ................................. I 2.00 9.00 6.70 I 

Lime ............ _ ........... _ .......... _ ....... _ ............ __ . __ 1 .20 3.50 1. 20 

lVIagnesia .... ·: ........... __ ................ __ .................... . .10 3.00 1.40 

Alkalies .... :· ........ · .................................. - .... ' .. -.. 1. 00 5.50 3.70 

Ignition ......................... ' ............................... : _- 3.00 13.00 7.00 

a Wheeler, Vitrified Paving Brick. 

The analyses show that the iron oxide, lime; magnesia, and alkalies are usually 

rathei· high. 

The following tests of clays and shales obtained from different localities will 

illustrate fairly well the physical character of the raw materials used in the man,ufacture 

of paving brick. 

CaTbomferous slwle from. tlw pit of the SaginctvJ Clay .11-Iam.{facturing Company, 

1 mile north of Flu8h.ing, 1J£ich.-The lower shale layer, or so-called fire clay, 

requiring 20 per cent of water to work up into a moderately. plastic mass with an air 

shrinkage of 5 per cent. Tensile strength of air-dried briquettes from 60 to 65 

pounds per square inch. Incipient fusion at cone 1, with total shrinkage of 10 per 

cent; at cone 5, shrinkage 11 per cent; vitrification at cone 7; viscosity at cone 11.a 

lfpper shale from the 8ame brtnk, lwrd, and sand11 1:n chamcter.-With ·20 per 

cent of water worked up into a lean mass having an air shrinkage ·of 3 per cent;· 

total shrinkage up to cone 05, 5 per cerit, with incipient fusion occurring at cone 1. 

At this latter point the color was red and the total shrinkage was 7 per cent. Vitrification at cone 6; total shrinkage 9 per cent; viscosity at cone 8 .. Tensile strength 

froni 35 to 40 poun~s per square inch. A mixture of the two shales is used. a 

Oar·boniferous shale from Galesburg, 1ll.-This requires 28 per cent of water to 

work up. Air shrinkage, 4 per cent; total shrinkage at cone 03, 10 per cent; vitrifia Michigan Geol. Survey, Voi. \'III, Pt. T, p. 32. 

I 

( 
. KINDS OJ!' OI.AY. · 43 

cation at cone 2, and viscosity at cone 5. Tensile strength, 60 to 70 pounds per 

square ineh. a 

Pleistocene day .from Tlw·ee Rivers, l'lew ToTk.--Requir~s 28 per cent of water 

to work it up into a very plastic mass. Air shrinkage, 5 per cei1t. Incipient fusion 

at cone 05, ";ith. total shrinkage of 7 per cent; vitrification at cone 1, with 11 per 

cent total shrinkage. Viscosity at cone 3. Tensile strength of briquettes, 60 to 

70 pounds per square inch. These figures are probably low.b 

Paving-brick sli.ale, (/octldate, Ala.-A yellowish-red shale with considerable 

grit. Mixes up to a lean mass with 22 per cent of water and 4 per cent air shrinkage. 

Total shrinkage up to vitrification, 9.5 per cent. Tensile strength, 25 to 35 pounds. 

'Incipient fusion, 1,900° F., nncl viscol'lity at 2,150c F.c 

TERRA-COTTA CLAYS. 

Terra cotta is made from a great number .of different clays, but most manufacturers of this material arc now using fire days, for these give the best results at the 

temperatures (cone 6-8) attained in their kilns. The color of the body of the burned 

mixture is usually buff, the exterior or surface color being due to an fLpplication of 

slip to the outt>ide of the ware. A few terra-cotta makers use low-grade red-burning 

· clays or shales. Since the clays that are used in the manufacture of terra cotta are 

often employed for the manufacture of other grades of clay products, it is not possible to give a· table of analyses of what might be strictly called terra-cotta clays, and 

therefore only four are given in order to show what a wide range of niaterials is 

used~ a These are (1) Devonian shale from Alfred Center, N. Y.; (2) shale from Billings, Mo.; (3) Pleistocene clay from Glens Falls, N. Y.; and (4) Cretaceous clay 

from Woodbridge, N.J. 

Analyses of clay used for the mCW'!tt.factttre of terra cotta. 

-------------------------c-------c-------,--------,-----

1. z .• 3. 1. 

--------

Silica ... __ ...................................... ___ ._. 53.20 63. 11 48.35 44.20 

Alumina .......................... _ ........... _. _____ . 23.25 23. 11 11.38 38.66 

Ferric oxide .................................... _ ... __ 10.99 1.79 4.02 . 74 

Lime-·--···································-···--·--· 1. 01 .42 15.38 ---------- Magnesia .. ___ . . . _ ... _ .......... _ ... _ ......... __ .. __ .62 .70 3.17 ---------- Alkalies .. __ ................... _ ............. _ .... _ .. 2.69 3. 71 6.05 .46 

\Vater ....................... -................ _ -. __ . __ . 6.39 7. 05 ----·----- 13.55 ----- Total _____ .............................. ··-· ... . 98. 15 91!.89 ---------· 97.61 

Clay for terra cotta should bum to a hard body at a moderately high temperature, say 2,300° F., producing a nearly impervious product. ·while it is desirable to 

a Bull. New York Slltle Museum No.3;,, p. 744. 

b Ibid., p. 757. . 

· c Bull. Alul,anul Geol. SurYe)' Ko. 6, p. 187. 

d ~Iineral 111(1 ustrr. Vol. IX. 
44 CLAYS 01<' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISRISSIPPI RIVER. 

' have a vitrifiable clay, the burning of the bodyis seldom carried to this point for the 

reason that it is accompanied by too much risk of cracking by overshrinkage. 

Aecordingly, it is customary to use a semirefractory clay which is burned to a 

hard body, but not an impervious one. a 

BRICK CLAYS. 

PRESSED BRICK. 

Pressed or ornamental brick are often molded from refractory or semirefractory clays because the buff product thus obtained is very popular, and, furthermore, the bu.ff color makes a good base with which artificial coloring material may 

be mixed for the production of many other shades. Red clays are still used to 

some extent, but the demand for them is not nearly as great as formerly. 

"\Vhatever the class of clay used for pressed brick, uniformity of shade and 

freedom from discoloration are ess~ntial features of the burned product. The 

discoloration is due to improper mixing or the presence of sol\lble compounds in the 

clay, which form a scum on the surface. a 

The physical properties Of. the clay are of much importance. High refractoriness is not essential, but since straightness of outline is ealled for, 9lays of low· 

shrinkage are preferred. Excessively plastic material is undesirable where the 

stiff mud proeess is employed, but for dry press brick the plastic qualities of the 

clay do not play so important a role. 

Clays· of streaky character are often avoided unless they mix readily in the 

machine. Many Coastal Plain clays contain layers of tough whitish~burning clay 

mixed with ferruginous sandy layers. Imperfect mixing of such a clay shows itself 

in the brick by the presence of w hitc spots scattered through it. 

In the following table arc given analyses of pressed-brick clays, showing the 

range of materials now used: 

Analyses of clays ttsed for rnaking pressed lir·ick. 

Shalc-Kn.n- White clay- sa~ City, .Mo. Grover, N.C. 

Silica. ______ .............................................. 55. 75 68.28 

Alumina ________ ~ _______ .... _ ..... _____ . ___ .............. 21. 16 18.83 

Ferric oxide . ___ . __ .. _. __ . _____ .... ___ . __ ................. 5. 69 2.60 

Lime _____________ ...... _ ..... _ .. _ . ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 25 . 70 

1\iagnesia ___ .. _ -........ __ ............ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 84 .13 

AlkaliPs ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 02 2,29 

\Vater_ .. _ .......................... · ........ ,............. 8. 45 6.47 

1\iqisture ............ _ ........ ·; .................... ----- .............. . . 76 

Titanic acid ........................ ---~- ___ ,------ ........ ---- .... -... . 27 

a For manufacture of term cotta see Bull. New York State 1\Iuseum No. 35, p. 761. 

bBull. New York State 1\Iuseum No. 35, p. 681. 

Front brick 

clay-Sayre' 

viile, N:J. 

56. 10 

27.42 

2.68 

-----------·· 

.18 

2.71 

6 

2.90 

1 
KINDS OF OL.A Y. 45 

COl\HfON BRICK. 

These are made from almost any kinq of clay, ranging from the calcareous, pebbly 

clays found in the r~gions around the Great Lakes to the impure, ferruginous, residual 

clays found all over the South. Little care is taken, as a rule, in the manufacture of 

common brick, although when the clay at. hand is'too plastic or f~t it is customary to 

lessen its pastiness by the addition of sand. The addition of too great a quantity, 

. however, will make the brick porous and weak. 

A clay to be used for the manufacture of common brick should burn red if possible, 

since there is then more possibility of its burning dense at a comparatively low ternperature and thus avoiding the use of too much fueL Most brick clays are burned 

to about cone 0.05, and at this temperature the clay commonly shows incipient fusion. 

Good brick clays should burn hard at a te~perature of not over 2,000° F., namely, at 

cone 1, or preferably lower. This means the presence of sufficient fluxing material 

to bind the clay grains together into a hard body when burned. Large sand grn,ins 

and pebbles are undesirable, for they tend to make the product porous and weak. 

The best results are commonly obtained with clays carrying from 5 to 7 per cent of 

ferric oxide. The residual limestone clays are often ferruginous, and those derived 

from gabbros or other dark-colored igneous rocks of the crystalline area are oftEm 

highly so-too much so, in fact, for the production of really good brick. 

·The following figures give the maximum, minimum, and average percentage of 

the different constituents in brick clays, the figures being deduced from a number of 

analyses from different parts of the country: n 

Analyses of b1·ick r:lnys. 

Minilnnm. _Maximum. Average. 

Silica ........ - ____ .- . -. - . - - - - . - - - - . - -- - - - . - - . - - - . - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34.35' 90.877 49.27 

.Alumina ___ . _____ , ______ . ____________ .... _______ . ________________ _ 22.14 34 22.77 

Ferric oxide : _ ...... _ .... ___ . _ . _ . __ .. _____ .. _ .. __ . _. ____ . _ .. _____ . .126 15 5. 311 

Lime--------·-------------------.--------------------------------- . 024 13.20 2.017 

Magnesia . __________________ .. ____ ... ____________ . ______ . ________ . .02 11.03 2.66 

Alkalies ... ____ . _ .. , _. _ .......... ____ ..... -..• _ ..... __ .- ..... _ ... . .17 15.32 2.768' 

"rater ___ . _ ..... ___ . __ .. __ . _ ... __ . __ .. _ .. _ ....... __ . __ .. __ . ___ .. __ . 05 13 .. 60 5.749 

~1oisture ... _. _______ . _____ . _ . ____ ... ____________________________ _ . 17 9.64 2.505 

------------· ---------'-----

The following tests indicate the physical character of brick clays: 

Pleistocene b1•ick clay fron~ tAe Hudson Valley at Roseton, N. Y-Air shrinkage, 

5 per cent; incipient fusion at cone 0.05; vitrification at cone 0.04, with a total 

shrinkage of 14 per cent; viscosity at cone 0.01. Tensile strength, 75 to 93 pounds 

per square inch. b 

a Bull. New York State-Museum No. 35, p. 737. 

b Ibid., p. 68~. 
46 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSlSSII'PI RIVER. 

Pleistocene cl(ty from Canandaiq~ta, N. Y., ·uppeJ' layer in bank.-Requires 

22 per cent of water to work it up to a plastic mass;· air shrinkage, 8 per cent; 

incipient fusion at cone 0,05, with a total ::;hrinkage of 15 per cent; vitrification at 

cone 0.03, with total shrinkage of 16 per cent; viscosity at cones.' Burns red.a 

Lower or bifff'-bitrninq clay from same locality.-18.5 per cent water required to 

temper it. Air shrinkage, 6 per cent; vitrification at cone 1, with 14 per cent 

shrinkage; viscosity at cone 2. Tensile strength 95 to 110 pounds per square inch. 

Brick clay of glacial age, Southold, &fffolk County, .N. }':-A very plastic 

clay requiring 40 per cent of water. Air shrinkag~, 8 per cent. Vitrification at 

cone~' with total shrinkage of 16 per cent. Viscosity at cone 4.b Clay burns deep 

red. Tensile strength 133 to 140 pounds per square inch. 

Brick clay .from Ol·ippert BPothers' yaPd, Detroit, Mich.-A calcareous clay. 

Twenty-four per cent of water required to work it up, the briquettes having an air 

shrinkage of 4 per cent. At cone 0.05 total shrinkage 6 per cent, elay burns red; at 

cone 0.01 incipient fusion occurs with a total shrinkage of 14 per cent, the bricklet 

being buff; vitrification occurs at cone 2, and the clay becomes viscous at cone 4. 

Its tensile strength is 150-190 pounds per square ineh.c 

LoweJ' clay fPmn the same locality.-A very plastic blue clay requiring 26 per 

cent of water. Inc.ipient fusion occurs at cone 0.05, with a total shrinkage of 9 per 

cent; vitrification at cone 1, with a total shrinkage of 15 per cent; viscosity at cone 

5. Tensile strength, 175 to 190 pounds per square inch. It is found difficult to 

work thi& clay alone. 

Residual brick clay near Oreensbm·o, .LY. C.-Twenty-eight per cent of water 

required to work it up. Air shrinkage, 9 per cent. Total shrinkage up to vitrification, 15 per cent. Average tensile strength, 85 iJounds per square inch. Incipient 

fusion at 2,050° F., vitrification at 2,250°, viseosity at 2,450°. Clay burns red.ll . 

An alluvial bJ'ick clay from JS:irkpatJ·ick' s yard, Greensboro, .N. C.-Thirty per cent 

of water works it up into a very plastic mass. Air shrinkage, 11 per cent. Total 

shrinkage up to vitrification, 16 per cent. Average tensile strength, 220 poqnds per 

square inch; maximum, 232 pounds. Jncipient fusion ·at 1,900° F., vitrification at 

2,100°, and viscosity at 2,300°. It burns_ to a dense red body, but requires slow 

heating to prevent cracking. e 

Bn:ck clay, JqffeT80n City, .L1{o.-A lean clay, requiring 17.2 per cent of water to 

temper it. Air shrinkage, 5. 7 per cent. Shrinkage in burning, 4. 3 per cent. Incipient fusion 2,000° F., vitrification at 2,000°, and viscosity at 2,300°. Average tensile 

strength, 151 pounds. per square inch.f 

Brick clay, Iiansas Oity, .Llfo.-18.4 per cent of water required, giving a lean 

mass. Air shrinkagfl, 5.1 per cent. Total shrinkage in burning, 10.8 per cent. 

a Bull. New York State Mtjseum No. 35, p .. 719. 

b Ibid., p. 737. 

c Michigan Geol. Survey, Vol. VIII, Pt. I, p 50. 

d Bull. North Carolin11 Geol. Survey No. 13, p. 114, 

,, IIJid., p, l15. 

!Missouri Geol. Survey, VoL XI, P·. 486. 
GEOLOGIC DISTRlBUTION. 47 

Inc.ipient fuswn at 2,000° F., vitrification at 2,200°, and viscosity at 2,200°. Avet·-

age tensile strength, 151'pounds per square inch. This is a loessoid clay.<' 

Brick clay (loess) .f1'om Denver, Colo.- A lean clay, taking 14.5 per cent of water 

to work it up. Air shrinkage, _6 per cent; total shrinkage in burning, 9 per cent; 

air-dried briquettes. average tensile strength of 55 pounds per square inch. Incipient fusion at 2,000° F., vitrification at"2,100°, viscosity at 2,200°. Clay burns recl.b 

EARTHENWARE CLAYS. 

:Many 'of the smoother surface clays employed in making cmumon brick are also 

foEnd satisfactory for the manufacture of earthenware. The material:,; needed are 

such as will form a mass of good plasticity with "\Vater, will turn readily on the 

potter's wheel, and will burn to a porous body without excessive shrinkage. 

The clays used are commonly the less gritty sedimentary clays, for the low price 

of the ware seldom permits the expense of washing. 

PAPER CLAYS. 

These form a type of clay mi:wh used by papm· manufacturers and having special 

qualities. Since the clays are not to be mqldcd or burned, plasticity and behavior 

under fire arc of no· importance. The great e::;sentials arc whiteness of color and 

freedom from grit. The former property must be onginally possessed by the clay. 

The percentage ofgrit, however, can often be lowered if the color is good. 

The best grades of paper clay are imported washed kaolins, but larg·e quantities 

of good paper clay are also obtainPd from the Potomac formation of South Carolina 

and Georgia, the Algonkian kaolins of Maryland and Delaware, and the white 

residual clays of the Cambro-Silurian formations of southeastern Pennsylvania.· 

GE()]'_~OGIC DISTRIBUTION 01!' CJ:..A'Y;S EAS'l' OE' '!'HE MISSISSIPPI. 

CLAYS DERIVED FROM CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. 

KA9LINS. 

These include the highest grades of clay found in this country, being those which 

arc used in the manufacture of. porcelain, white earthenware, and other objects 

requiring a white-burning material. They are usually formed from the weathering 

of pegmatite veins, granites, or feldspathic gneisset>, whieh are free from ferruginous 

minerals and consequently are to be sought for chiefly in those regions of metamorphic 

ot' igneous rocks in which the products of rock decay still remain. In rarer instances 

talcose schists seem to have been the parent rock, as in the case of those white 

a )Iissouri Geol. Survey, Vol. XI, p. 486. 

bEightccnth Ann. Rept. U.S. Gcol. Survey, Pt. V (continued), p. 1131. 
48 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

residual clays found in the great valley region of southeastern Pennsylvania .. This 

would mean their possible occurrence in those area'J of Ne~ England and the 

Appalachian region where igneous and metamorphic rocks of the types above mentioned are to be found, and also in similar areas in vVisconsin and Michigan. They 

will rarely be found in those portions of these areas lying north of the terminal 

moraine of the continental icc sheet, as the latter in its advancc·across the country 

scraped up most of the residual clay that had formed up to that time. Since gneissic 

or granitic rocks are rarely free from iron-bearing minerals, such as biotite, hornblende, garnet, ete., over large ai·eas, the feldspar veins must be looked to for most 

of our supply of kaolin. . 

Up to the present time true kaolins are known to occur in Alabama, Delaware, 

Conneetieut, Maryland, Massaehusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. 

(See Pl. IX.) 

Alabama.-Kaolins oeeur in the e_astern part of the State, in the eounties of Randolph and Cleburne (see detailed aeeount of Alabama clays, p. 68). They are rather 

siliceous, yet are of exeellent quality, but most of them lie too far from the railroad 

for present utilization, and are therefore still undeveloped. 

In Alabama Cambrian kaolins also ttre said to occur, espeeia1ly in Etowah, 

Talladega,, Calhoun, and Blount counties. 

Curiously enough, these masses of white elay may often be found in elose assoeiation with or even surrounded by a very ferruginous elay that carries limonite. Many 

of the present white-day pits are in abandoned limonite mines. 

C'Onnecticut.-Deposits of kaolin are not usually looked for north of the terminal 

moraine, for the 1;easons already given. One deposit i~ known to exist near \Yest 

Cornwall, and a second one is found north of New Canaan, but the latter probably 

lies within the State of Massachusetts. Both of these have been derived from the 

decay of metamorphic. rocks free from iron, but the former only has been found to 

burn white enough for making white earthenware. 

Delc7ware.-Kaolin pits have been worked for a numbei· of years at Hockessin and 

N cwark. They are formed from pegmatite veins. (See Pl. II, A and B.) 

Gem'gict.--No mention is made in any publications of the occurrence of true kaolin 

in the crystalline area of this State, although the writer has seen specimens from 

Georgia that were undoubtedly white clay of residual character. It is very likely 

that veins of this material will be found by prospecting in the proper regions., The 

Knox dolomite yields white residual clay, bu't docs not burn pure white. 

Indianct.-Indianaite is a white clay, found in pockets of Carboniferous limestone in Lawrence, Martin, and Owen counties, Ind. 

Jlfaryland.--The feldspathic gneisses underlying the Coastal Plain fo1mations in 

Cecil County seem to have been extensively decomposed, and at Northeast the kaolin 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 11 PL I 

A . BALL-CLAY PIT AT EDGAR, FLA. 

B. KAOLIN MINE NEAR DILLSBORO, N.C. 
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION. 49 

is mined and washed for the market. The deposits have also been prospected in the 

surrounding area. The Maryland kaolins have been used chiefly in the manufacture 

of paper. 

Jlfassachttsetts.-A deposit is found near Blandford. It was formed from pegmatite veins occurring in the schist of that region. It is used in the manufacture of 

white brick, but has not been made into higher grades of ware. 

North Carolina.-This State contains some of the most important deposits of 

kaolin worked in the United States. They are mostly confined to the western counties of the State and were formed from pegmatite veins. (See Pl. I, B.) 

Pennsylt•ania. a_ The deposits near Brandywine Summit contain some of the oldest 

mines in the country. Others occur at Kaolin and Columbia. The origin of these 

viens is similar to those of Delaware-indeed they form part of the same group. 

In some cases the lower limit of the kaolin has been reached and the mine is now 

worked for feldspar instead of clay. 

In southeastern Pennsylvania the decay of schistose or limestone rocks along 

the contact of the Cambrian and Silurian has yielded some white residual clays 

which, after washing, are suitable for white earthenware manufacture (see Pennsy 1-

vania). In the Southern States the decay of the Knox dolomite also yields them in 

some places (see Georgia and Tennessee), and though siliceous they are used for 

making fire bricks. 

Vil'ginia.-Kaolin is found in Henry and Patrick counties, and possibly elsewhere, 

but the deposits are just being developed. The writer has seen some very white 

samples of kaolin which were said to come from a locality about 50 miles west 

of Richmond. 

General.-All of the kaolins mentioned, with the exception of those from Massachusetts, New Canaan (Conn.), :Yiaryland, and Alabama, are being used in the manufacture of white ware. The white-burning sedimentary ball clays found in Florida 

are sometimes incorrectly spoken of as kaolin. The term is also incorrectly applied 

to certain micaceous feldspathic sands found in the Cretaceous brmations of New 

Jersey. 

The output of the American mines furnishing kaolins of proper quality is 

insufficient to supply the demand, and hence a large amount is imported annually 

from the Cornwall district of England. 

IMPURE RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

Many impure residual clays are found along the ..... ppalachian belt, which have 

been derived from pre-Cambrian rocks. They are usullly ferruginous, often gritty, 

a HopKins, T C., Clays of the Great Valley and South Mountain areas: Ann Rept. Pennsylvania State College, 1899-

1900, Clays of southeastern Pennsylvania (In part)· Idem, 1898-99. 

9647-No. 11-03-4 
50 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

and sometimes highly plastic. They are rarely used for anything better than common brick, but in Maryland are dug, near Dorsey, for fire brick, and at Catonsville 

for earthenware manufacture. 

CAMBRIAN. 

The Cambrian formations carry few shales which can be ground up to a plastic 

mass, but the residual deposits are of much commercial value. 

Impure residuals."-Throughout that part of the eastern United States lying 

south of the terminal moraine where limestones, shales, or schists are exposed, there 

is an abundance of residual clays, usually of high plasticity and good tensile strength, 

and that commonly burn red. In the upland regions of Tennessee, Kentucky, and 

neighboring States these Cambrian residuals are used for brick and tile, and sometimes for pottery. 

In Wisconsin (see p. 262) the Cambrian shales supply residual clays, often of 

good quality. 

LOWER SILURIAN, OR ORDOVICIAN. 

The clays derived from the Ordovician or Lower Silurian formations are mostly 

residual, the shales being only occasionally used. 

Httdson shales.-,Though a widespread formation, these shales vary greatly in 

character from one locality to another. They form a great area in New York, 

but are sometimes more or less metamorphosed, and \lence develop little or no 

plasticity on grinding. In other parts of the same State they are too siliceous, and 

hence have no commercial value. They are worked near Belvidere, and also near 

'Vashington, N.J., but south and west of Pennsylvania, although the shales are of 

common occurl·ence where the Ordovician is found, they are in most instances too 

calcareous to be used in their unweathered condition for the manufacture of clay 

products. The Cincinnati shales of northern Illinois have been used for pottery. 

Re.~id1tal clays.-These are abundantly developed in the Southern States, being 

derived from both the Hudson shales and the Ordovician limestones. The Trenton 

limestone yields the clay soils of the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, and is also found 

in neighboring States. These residual clays are mostly ferruginous, but are often 

well adapted to making brick and tile, and in some cases even pottery. Although 

these clays are derived from calcareous formations, the weathering leache::> out most 

of the lime carbonate. 

UPPER SILURIAN. 

This system contains more shaly members than the preceding, but fewer than the 

Devonian, which succeeds it. The shaly members are found in the Medina, Clinton, 

Niagara, and Salina. 

a See Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey So. 52. Also descriptions of clays in Alabama, Georgia, )IaryJand, Kentucky, and 

Tennessee, on later pages. 
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION • 51 

.1.1£edina shale.--This shale is found in considerable quantity in Ohio, New York, 

and in the middle and southern Appalachian region. It is but little used for the 

manufacture of clay p1:oducts, partly because it is often too siliceous, ferruginous, or 

calcareous, and also because better clay materials are usually obtainable in the areas 

where it occurs. Its weathered outcrop is employed in Canada for the manufacture 

of dry-pressed brick. The Medina shales have been worked in Ohio for tile manufacture, but no mention is made of their having been utilized in other localities. 

Clinton shale.-Tbis may have value for the clay worker, but no mention is 

made anywhere of its being used. In Pennsylvania there are considerable belts of 

it in the east-central part of the State. a Outcrops also occur in western Maryland 

which gh·e promising results in laboratory tests/J (see Maryland, p. 135). 

Shale of .LYiagara group.-This is usually highly calcareous or magnesian, and is 

not used in its fresh condition. It is common in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. 

Shale of qalina gruup.-This shale is especially well developed in New York 

State. It is soft, plastic, and i:nolds readily when used for brick manufacture. 

Calcareous bands and gypsum streaks are not uncommon in itc (see New York, p. 172.) 

DEVONIAN. 

In the upper part of this system are found several important shale-bearing 

formations-the Chemung, Portage, and Hamilton. Under the Hamilton is the 

'Marcellus, but this is not utilized, and indeed gives little. promise. 

The Hamilton is of great thickness in New York and Pennsylvania, but much 

less important in Ohio. In New York it is worked in the western part of the State, 

in Erie County, but in the eastern portion it is too siliceous to be used without 

mixing in the surface day. It will probably be found suitable at many localities in 

Pennsylvania where argillaceous beds occur. The Portage and Chemung both carry 

many shale beds in southern New York, and are there much used by clay workers. d 

They are likely to b1 found useful in Pennsylvania. In Ohio the Hamilton beds are 

followed by two formations, known as the Ohio shale and the Bedford shale. The 

former, which is either a black or greenish shale, is siliceous, but bas been used at 

Columbus for sewer pipe and common brick. The Bedford shale resembles the 

preceding somewhat, and has been used. for pressed brick at Akron and also near 

Independence. . 

In the Southern States the Devonian gives good results at Cumberland, Allegany 

County, Md., where the formation known as the Jennings shale is employed for the 

manufacture of.' vitrified brick. The same formation when followed westward into 

the adjoining county of Garrett, however, shows little material of plastic character. 

a See geologica.lmap of Pennsylvania, Final Summary Feport Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, 1893. 

bl\Iarylllnd Geol. Survey, Vol. IV, p. 455. 

··Bull. ~ew York State :IIuseum No. 35, p. 829. 

rl Ibid., pp. 834 and 836. 
52 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The Devonian shales are known in Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, and Alabama, but 

their extent is not comparable with that seen in the North. 

In Michigan the Marshall shale series of the Devonian is well developed around 

Jordan, and its weathered outcrop yields some tough plastic clays. a The Hamilton 

shales outcrop around Alpena. 

In Indiana the Devonian underlies a great area in the central part of the State, 

but offers little promise to the clay worker. 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

This system contains the most widely distributed and perhaps the most important 

clay-bearing formations found in the eastern United States, being important in 

Pennsylvania, Ohio, \Vest Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, and 

of less importance in Maryland, Virginia, Alabama, and Tennessee. 

In the Appalachian area, especially of Pennsylvnnia, Ohio, West Virginia, 

Mnryland, and Virginia, the Carboniferous section remains fairly uniform, and contnins the following members, enumerated in order, from above downward: 

Carboniferous formations in Appalachian region. 

1. "Gpper Barren Measures, or Dunkard group. 

2. Upper Productive :Measures, or ~lonongahela group. 

3. Lower Barren Measures, or Conemaugh group. 

4. Lower Productive :\ieasures, or Allegheny group. 

5. Pottsville conglomerate, or New River group. 

The Upper and Lower Productive Measures contain each several coni beds of 

well-marked stratigraphic position, which are often underlain by persistent beds of 

fire clay. The Pottsville conglomerate may also carry fire-clay deposits, while the 

Upper and Lower Barren Measures contain inexhaustible supplies of shale suitable 

for common, pressed, and vitrified brick and .roofing tile. 

Pottsville conglomerate.-This is made up largely of hard sandstones and conglomerates, but carries several beds of fire clay associated with the Mercer coals. 

The well-known Mount Savage clay, mined in Allegany County, Md., and also in 

Somerset County, Pa., is from this horizon. In Mercer County, Pa., fire clay underlies the Sharon coal, and in the Hanging Rock district of Scioto County, Ohio~ fire 

clays are found under the Upper and Lower Mercer and Quakertown coals. The 

clay underlying the latter has furnished an important supply of pottery material. 

On the whole, however, the conglomerate series is not nearly so important to the 

clay worker as the higher-lying ones. 

Lower Coal Measures.-These contain a number of valuable deposits of fire clay. 

The thickness of the series is 300 feet in western Pennsylvania, and rarely less than 

aRies, H., The clays and shales of Michigan: Michigan Geol. Survey, Vol. VIIi, Pt. I, p 45. 
U. S. GEOlOGICAl SURVI;Y r' ..... r=ESSIONAL P ... PER NO. 11 PL. II 

A. KAO L IN PIT NEAR HO CK ESSIN , DEL. 

Showing drift over kaolin and the starting of a c1rcular shaft. 

B . KAOLIN -WASHING PLANT OF J . T. BURG ESS, HOCK ESS IN , DEL. 
' 

GEOLOGIC DISTRIBU'l'ION. 53 

250 feet in any other part of the State. In Ohio it is less than 200 feet, but it 

thickens southward, so that in the region of the Kanawha River it is 1,000 feet 

thick/' Beginning at the top, the following members are recognized: 

Section of Lower CoalJ1feasuns. 

1. U ppcr Freeport coal. 

2. Upper Freeport limestone. 

3. Lower Freeport coal. 

4. Lower Freeport limestone. 

5. Freeport sandstone. 

6. Johnstown coal. 

7. Johnstown cement. 

8. Kittanning middle coal. 

9. Kittanning lower coal. 

10. Kittanning sar~dstone. 

11. Buhrstone iron ore. 

12. Ferriferous limestone. 

13. Clarion coal. 

14. Brookville coal. 

Of this section fire clays are found under 1,. 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, and 14. 

\Vhercver the Upper Freeport limestone is absent or thin, a fire clay known as 

the Bolivar clay comes in. It is a fine nonplastic or flint clay, found especially in 

vV estmoreland, Fayette, and other counties of Pennsylvania. In Ohio it is said to . 

be valuable at only one or two points, in .f efferson and Muskingum counties, while 

in West Virginia it is valuable only on Deckers Creek, in Preston and Monongalia 

counties.b It has recently been found in Garrett County, Md." 

Another important bed of fire clay is found in many regions under the Lower 

Kittanning coal. In parts of West Virginia and at several places in Ohio it does 

not all immediately underlie the coal, but may reach down nearly to the top of the . . 

Fcniferons limestone.ct East of the Allegheny River it does not appear to be very 

important, but west of that river it is generally present and attains its maximum 

development along the Beaver and west of that stream, down the Ohio, the potteries 

of New Brighton, Rochester, East Liverpool, New Cumberland, and other points in 

these valleys all deriving their clay from this horizon. Prof. I. C. White makes the 

following statement conceming this bed : e 

"In the Beaver County region the thickness is generally about 8 to 10 feet, but 

occasionally. runs up to 15 and down to 5. It often consists of two portions-an 

upper soft clay and a lower hard clay, the latter being used in the manufacture of 

fire brick, etc. In western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio this clay bed is often a 

very valuable element in settling questions of stratigraphy which would otherwise 

be extremely difficultof solution; in f[\.ct, it is valuable for this purpose clear·across 

a White, r. C., Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 99. 

b!bid., p. 159-160. 

cl\Iaryland Geol. Survey, Vol. IV, p. 503. 

<l White, I. C., Bull. U.S. Gcol. Survey No. 65, p. 172. 

e Ibid. 
54 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF l\HSSISSIP.PI RIVER. 

the Ohio coal field, since, according to Orton, although not entirely persistent, yet it 

furnishes valuable clay mines in every county of its outcrop from the Pennsylvania 

line across the Kentucky border. 

"ln ·west Virginia (except along the Upper Ohio River) the deposit is seldom 

of value, being too sili<~ious, and it has been developed in only one region, viz, at 

Nuzum:;; [now Hammond] on tho Tygarts Valley Hiver. Here, along the crown of 

the Chesnut Hidge anticlinal, t_he coal above disappears locally, ~tnd then a valuable 

bed of hard day replaces it, just as it ofteu does in Ohio, when the hard flinty clay 

is present." 

A bed of good fire elay often underlies the Clarion coal in both Ohio and 

Pennsylvauia, and may at times rest directly on the Pottsville. conglomcrate.a A 

good fire clay is also seen under the Brookville coal in some parts of Pennsylvania, 

especially ,Jefferson and Cbrion counties. It is mined in Clearfield County, at Blue 

Ball, W allaccton, and other points along· tho line of the Tyrone and Clearfield road. b 

A fire clay is found under tho Middle Kittanning coal in Pcnnsylmnm in tho counties of Armstrong, Beaver, Allegheny, Blair, and Tioga, nnd another bed is known 

under the Upper Kittanning. 

Ju Ohio the Lower. Freeport clay has not been developed, although-Prof. E. 

Orton, jr., states that there is a g·ood flint clay at this horizon southeast of Zanesville. 

LmDm~ Barren: Mcasn1'cs o1· Conemaar;l1 g1'01tp.-The npper part consists chiefly of 

shales, while the lower portion shows more massive sandstones. Among the former 

there are many red and marly shales, which make a broad band of rod soil extending· 

from Pennsyhrania southward throug-h central \Vest Virginia and beyond the Kentucky line. Their outcrops then circle around throug·h eastern Kentucky and southern Ohio and back to Pennsylvania. The group :-:bows a maximum thickness of 800 

feet uear Charleston, W.Va., and a minimum of 300 feet along its northwest border 

in Ohio. lt ttverages about 600 feet in Pennsylvania and northern \'Vest Virginia. 

The many beds of shale., though lacking in fire days, should form an inexhaustible supply of material for making common, pressed, and paving brick, roofing tile, 

floor tile, terra cotta, etc. They are utilized in Allegheny County, Pa., and at 

Clarksburg, Fairmont, Charleston, and Huntington, vV. Va. They arc not wanting 

in Ohio, but have not thus far been used. 

UjJpm· Coal JJ{easures 01' Jlfononqrr,h.ela group.-This series begins at the base of 

the Pittsburg coal and extends to the Cassville shales. Its greatest development 

is along the Monongahela River in southwestern Pennsylvania and W ~st Virginia. 

lt contains six distinct coal seams. At the 110rthern end of the bnsin interstratified rocks are mostly lim:;stones,c but toward the south these disappear and 

md shales take their place. This change shows itself in the more subdued character 

of the topography. 

a White, I. C., Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 176. b Ibid., p. 178. c Ibid., p. 43. 
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION. 55 

Up to the present time the rocks of this series have been little used outside 

of western Pennsylvania, but' they offer, no doubt, an important field for exploitation by the day worker. 

Upper Ba?'J'en J.Vleas·upes, Penno- Cm'ooni(eTmls OJ' lJnnkc;nl qr(mp.-Concerning 

these, I. C. ·white makes the following· statement: a 

"These deposits occupy a rather limited area in the Appalachian field, being 

found in only two counties (Greene and "'Washington) of Pennsylvania, with the 

exception of small isolated patches in Fayette, 'V estmoreland, and Allegheny. In 

Ohio there is a larg-er area of them bordering the Ohio H,iver through the counties 

of Belmont, Monroe, 'Vashington, Meigs, and Gallia. But i.t is in 'Vest Virginia 

that we· find the principal belt of these beds, for there they cover a wide region 

bordering the Ohio River between the Pennsylvanht line at the north and the Great 

Kanawha River on the south. 

"The character of the rocks varies greatly in different portions of this area. At 

the northeastern end of the field, in vVashington County, Pa., limestone>; seem to 

predominate in thickness over the gray shales, sandstones, and thin coal beds with 

which they are there interstratified. But southwestward the limestones and coals 

gradually disappear, so that in Jackson County, vV. Va., no regular coal beds are found, 

and only one limestone (the Nineveh) remains. The limestones continue in considerable number in Greene, Ohio, MarshaU, and Monongalia counties and the southern 

part of Vl etzel County, but southward from this line they mpidly disappear, with . 

the single exception noted. The coal beds all die. out with the disnppearance of the 

limestone except one (the vVashington), which seems to extend beyond the Little 

Kanawha River before it passes out of the series. 

"As the limestones and thin coal beds gradmtlly fade out to the southwest, red 

shale, a variety of rock almost unknown in ''r ashington County, Pa., gradually comes 

into the section, in thin beds at first, but finally extends throughout the whole serie~ 

and forms nearly one-hal£ its thickness, thus making a broad band of red soil from 

the Pennsylvania line southwestward to the Great Kanawha River." 

The series conta,ins little fire clay and the shales have not been used except, 

perhaps, in Pennsylvania. 

The Carboniferous section of the other States included in the area under discussion is not wanting in clays and shales. Alabama contain>; many Carboniferous shale 

deposits of commercial value, some of which arc now utili;,ed in the manufacture of 

paving brick. The Carbonife,rous coals of both Tei.messee and Kentucky are often 

underlain by deposits of fire clay, a. few of which have been worked, but there is 

still great opportunity for much profitable exploitation. Some of tlie more important clay seams of Ohio are traceable across the border into Kentucky. In Indiana 

many beds of fire clay, stoneware clay, and shale are found intedJedded with the coal 

beds of the Coal Measures in the southwestern part of the State, and they hav~ been 

sufficiently developed to demonstrate their value for mai1y different purposes. Jllia White, J.·C., Bull. U.S. Geol. Survel"No. 65,_p, 43. · 
56 CLAYS O]' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

no is also contains many beds of clay, especially under the lower coal scams found in 

the Carboniferous section of that State. In addition to these there are also heavy 

beds of shale which ha:vc been extensively used in the manufacture of paving brick· 

and other clay products. 

Owing to the absence of folding in the Coal Measures of both Indiana and Illinois and to the fact that the country is flatter than that in the Appalachian States, 

the.seams often have no outcrop, and consequently shaft mining has to be resorted to. 

Many beds of shale are found in the Coal Measures and the Lower Carboniferous 

formations of Miehigan, but up to the present time they have been but little developed. .. The work that has been done shows that the shales are adapted to the ma:nu · 

facture of paving brick, pressed brick, and sewer pipe, but that fire clays are not 

likely to be found, for although many shafts have already been sunk in mining the 

coal of that State, not one bed of refractory clay has been encountered .. 

Considering the Carboniferous system as a whole, it is seen that it is a most valuable one to the clay worker, as it contains all grades of clay in inexhaustible 

quantities. These deposits arc referred to in much greater detail under the various 

States. 

JURA TRIAS, OR NEW ARK. 

This formation is eomposed chiefly of red micaceous sandstones, and has up to 

the present time been of little value to the clay worker. It is found in the Connecticut Valley in Connecticut and Massachusetts, and in southeastern New York, and it 

extends in a belt aeross New Jersey and Pennsylvania and into Maryland. A narrow area of it is found in North Carolina and Virginia. Throughout this region it 

is composed chiefly of micaceous sandstones, but in places may also carry shale beds. 

Up to the present time these shale members have not been U:sed by the clay worker, 

except in one locality in North Carolina. As a rule they are too micaceous or sandy, 

and develop little plasticity on being ground and mixed with water. Furthermore, 

on account of their high percentage of iron oxide, they fuse or sinter at a very low 

temperature. In North Carolina the weathered outcrops of the Triassic shales have 

been used as an ingredient in sewer-pipe mixtures. It is also possible that the shales 

~tssociated with the Triassic coals in the Richmond field of Virginia and in the neighboring area of North Carolina may be found suitable for the uses of the clay worker, 

· but up to the present time they remain tl.ntouched. 

CRETACEOUS. 

The Cretaceous system is an ·important source of plastic materials throughout 

the Coastal Plain region of the Atlantic and the Gulf States, since it carries clay 

deposits throughout its entire length from Marthas Vineyard to Missis.sippi. As it 

embraces the oldest of the formations underlying the Coastal Plain and as these dip 
GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION. 57 

southeastward, it is fouf!d outcropping along th.e western and northwestern edge of 

this area. The outcrop forms a belt of variable width, which reaches its maximum in the Southern States. The clays found in the Cretaceous formations represent nearly every class of plastic material known, ranging from those that are very 

impure or very sandy to others showing a high degree of purity or extreme fineness 

of grain. Consequently they furnish a supply of material that is suitable for the 

manufacture of many different kinds of ware. The general section of the formation . 

varies somewhat from place to place and is referred to in the detailed descriptions 

under the different States. 

The Cretaceous system is divisible into a lower group of sands, gravels, and elays 

and an upper or marme group of sandstones and marls. a 

The nonmarine or lower division is the most important to the clay worker. It 

extends across New Jersey from Perth Amboy to Philadelphia, then across JYhrylancl 

and beyond, passing by way of Alexandria, Fredericksburg, and Richmond to the 

vicinity of Petersburg. It is well exposed at many points along the Rappahannock 

and James rivers, but only to a small extent along the Appomattox. South of 

Petersburg the exposures are few, most of the Cretaceous formation being covered 

by Tertiary deposits, so that the former appears only in river cuttings. 

In the Gulf-border region the inland boundary of the Cretaceous extends from a 

point on the Mississippi River a few miles above its confluence with the Ohio to a 

point on the Savannah River near Augusta, Ga. From the point of beginning just 

mentioned it extends eastward to a point on the Ohio River a few miles above its 

confluence with the Tennessee River, and from there it may be followed along tt 

strongly convex· and not very irregular line to the eastern terminus. :From its northerly point within western Kentucky the direction of this line is almost due south, 

through western Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi. There it takes, a southeasterly direction and passes into northwestern Alabama. Thence by a broad curve 

it passes nearly centrally through Alabama, and through a part of Georgia, to the 

point near Augusta mentioned above. 

The structural characters of the Cretaceous are very similar throughout the area 

under consideration, the deposits being made up of a series of alternating beds of 

sand, clay, and gravel. In some places the beds. of clay are fairly persistent, as in 

New Jersey, but in most of the States where the Cretaceous il'l exposed the clay beds 

are usually of a lenticular character, interbedded with and surrounded by masses of 

sand. (Fig. 3.) This structural peculiarity is due to the ever-changing conditions 

under which the beds were deposited; the water over the same area being at one 

time quiet, when fine clay would be deposited, and at other times rough, owing to 

the shifting of the currents, when more sandy material would be laid down. This 

a See Bull. U .. 8. Geol. Snrvey'No. 82, Correlation papers-Cretaceous. 
58 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF lHSSISSIPPI RIVER. 

fact indicates the necessity of carefully exploiting any deposit in this region before 

a factory is located ncar it. In the northeastem part of the area the Cretaceous clays 

occur on ~hrthas Vineyard, and arc well exposed in the section at Gay Head. At 

thil-l locality there are some small deposits of refractory material, but the clays are 

often coyered by a largo amount of oYerburden and ha,·e been much disturbed by 

ice action, resulting in the mixing up of pure and impure layers, thus rendering the 

working of them rather difficult. Farther southwest the Cretaceous beds outcrop 

at a few points on the northern shore of Long Island, where they are worked for 

obtai ning a refractory or semirefractory Biliccous clay, used chiefly in tho m::umfacture of stoneware. Deposits of limited extent and Rimilar nature are also known 

on Staten Island. The most important cleYelopment of the Cretaceous clays occurs 

FIG. 3.-Scction 'howing lenticular character of clay deposits in Coastal Plain region. 

in New .Jersey, where Lower Cretaceous beds form a strip :J: to 6 miles wide, extending in a northeast-southwest direction from tho vicinity of South Amboy to a point 

opposite Philadelphia. In this sec.tion sev0ral well-marked members have been 

found, such as the Woodbridge fire-clay bed, the Amboy fire elay, and the Amboy 

stoneware clay. These have been worked for a number of years, as will be seen 

from the detailed description of them given under New Jersey. They supply a 

great variety of clays, ranging from the most refractory to the most fusible. In 

the seventies it was only the more refractory grades that were chiefly sought after, 

but since that time uses have been found for the poorer qualities of clay found in the 

New Jersey area. These are being much exploited at the present time, and are used 
GEOLOGIC. DISTRIBUTION. 59 

especially for the manufacture of hollow brick and conduits. The Upper Cretaceous 

beds which outcrop to the southeast contain two important beds of clay marl, which 

are of much value for the manufacture of brick, tile, earthenware, and possibly other 

low- or medium-grade wares. They are well exposed ne!Ll' l'I'Iatawan, Moorestown, 

and Camden. 

In Maryland the Cretaceous beds extend ac1'oss the State in a belt about 12 

miles wide, through Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard, Anne .Anmdel, and Prince 

George counties. Here these clay beds belong to the Potomac group of the Lower 

Cretaceous, which is also important. In Anne Arundel County its width of outcrop 

is great. As pointed out under Maryland (p. 139), the lower or Patuxent member is 

usually sandy, but may carry refractory clays. . . . The Arundel formation, which _is especially developed in Anne Arundel County, 

carries htrg:e deposits of brick clays. The Patapsco yields the greatest variety of 

clays found in the Cretaceous within the boundaries of Maryland, embracing stoneware clays, fire clays, and brick clays. The Raritan, which overlies it, is little 

worked, although clay beds are well developBd in it along the Magothy and Severn 

rivers. 

The clay:;; of the District of Columbia are similar to those of Maryland, but 

their continuation across Virginia is narrow and their commercial value is not in all 

cases well know~. 

In Georgia the Cretaceous outcrops form a trianguhtr area having its apex at 

Macon and following the fall line to the Chattahoochee River. The sections show 

many deposits of white clay of highly refractory charader but of low plasticity and 

tensile strength. 

In North Carolina the Cretaceous beds outcrop near the western border of the 

Coastal Plain, but carry little clay of value. 

In South Carolimt the Potomac group of the Cretaeeous fqnns a belt 4 or 5 

miles wide, extending through Aiken, south of Lexington, and through Columbia to 

Camden and Cheraw.a The finer clays occu1· near the top of the formation, or 

toward its southeastern edge. 

The Cretaceous becomes of great importance in Alabama, especially in the 

Lower Cretaceous or Tuscaloosa formation, which carries clays of varied character, 

some being nearly pure or white, others dark gray and ver~' plastic, and some 

ferruginous. So far as the writer's observations have gone the Cretaceous clays of 

Alabama rank next to those of New Jersey in general quality. The formation 

crosses Alabama in a general northwe'lterly direction, forming a curve that enters 

the State at Columbus, Ga., and leaves it in Colbert County, at the Mississippi 

border. It forms the northeast comer of Mississippi and small: areas in Tennessee 

and Kentucky. ---------------------·--------------~-- -------- a Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 138, p. 208. 
60 OI,AYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

TERTIARY. 

The formations of this age have thus far proved to be of little value to the clay 

worker, although they are widely distributed throughout the Coastal Plain region 

and up the Mississippi Valley as far as Ohio, overlying the Cretaceous and, indeed, 

sometimes completely hiding it. They, in turn, may be covered by Pleistocene 

deposits. 

Owing to the complexity of their relations to other formations it is often difficult 

to recognize the Tertiary beds, and detailed statements regarding them are given 

under the descriptions of the States rather than hero. The formations consist of a 

series of sands, marls, and some clays. The latter are usually of local extent. 

In New Jersey (see p. 166) the Miocene clays arc worked for brick. In 

Maryland (soc p. 143) a red clay of importance is found in the Eocene. Ter_ 

tiary clays are worked in North Carolina and Georgia and are of importance. 

Mttny deposits are also said to exist in Alabama and are now being studied by the 

geological survey of that State. 

The Tertiary clays of western Kentucky and Tennessee are perhaps as important 

as any in the eastern United States, and are actively worked at several points for fire 

brick and stoneware. Jn the former State they are restricted to the Jackson Purchase 

region. 

The Lafayette formation, of Upper Tertiary age, is a prominent member of the 

Coastal Plain deposits, and consists of a series of loams, clays, sands, and gravels, 

usually of orange color. Jt extends :from New Jersey southward to Florida and 

thence westward, its greatest width being on the Roanoke River. a In centml Georgia it stretches from the fall line to the inland margin of the coastal sands all the way 

from the Savannah to the Chattahoochee River. It expands greatly m Ahibama, 

forming an almost continuous belt reaching from the fall line at Montgomery and 

Tuscaloosa to Mobile Ray, and it is even more extensive in Mississippi. 

The Lafayette :formation may contain a variety. of clay deposits,b especially in 

western Kentucky and Tennessee, but there is doubt whether these clays are really 

of Lafayette age. 

In most regions the Lafayette forms an objectionable mantle of sands and gravels 

over the Cretaceous and early Tertiary clay-bearing beds under it. 

PLEISTOCENE. 

The Pleistocene :formations serve as tb~ chief source of brick- and tile-making 

materials in the United States east of the Mississippi, the deposits, which are often 

clays or loams, forming a great mantle over the pre-Pleistocene beds. --- ~Twelfth Ann. Rept, U. S. Geol. Survey, Pt. I, p. 489. b Ibid., p. 505. 
DISTRIBUTION BY KINDS. 61 

In the area north of the terminal moraine the clays are found in ponded valleys 

in the glacial till, underlying terraces along rivers, or around the Great Lakes. They 

are well adapted to the manufacture of the lower grades of clay products, such as 

common brick and earthenware, and less often paving brick, terra cotta, sewer pipe, 

and stoneware. 

In the more Southern States the Pleistocene clays form plastic loams in the 

lower~lying districts, especially along the main river valleys and estuaries of the 

coastal region, and are known as the Columbia formation, the type locality of ,which 

is in the District of Columbia, where it is well developed along the Potomac River. 

There it consists of a sheet of brown loam, passing down into a bed of pebbles and 

bowlders.a The loam ranges from 3 or 4 to 20 or 30 feet in thickness. 

To the no~·th the formation grades into pebbly beds in southern New .Tersey, 

while the sandy clays are well developed along some of the waterways, such as the 

Rappahannock, the James, the Appomattox, the Roanok~, and intermediate rivers, · 

hut farther south they increase greatly in sandiness. 

In some of the Southern States, as Alahama,b there are extensive stretches of 

fluvial or river deposits of Columbia loam, known as "second bottoms," which stretch 

from the coastal zone to the fall line and sometimes beyond. Typical exposures of 

second-bottom loam occur along the Chattahoochee River about C~lumbus, Ga., and 

on the Tuscaloosa River at Tuscaloosa, Ala. They arc worked around Philadelphia, 

Baltimore, vVashington, and other cities. The clays underlying the flood plains of 

the broader river valleys in the South may also he placed here. 

DISTRIBUTION OF CLAYS BY KINDS. 

BRICK CLAYS. 

There is no grade of clay which is more widely distributed or found in larger 

quantities than common brick clay, hardly a township being without an available 

deposit. (For distribution see Pls. III, IV, and VII.) 

In the northeastern or New England States practically all the brick clays are 

glacial deposits, in some places filling depressions, in others included in the drift, or 

elsewhere underlying terraces along river valleys. 

In New York many kinds of brick clays are obtained from the drift deposits,C hut 

the. Silurian shales of central New York, the Devonian shales of southern New York, 

and the Cretaceous days of Long Island may likewise he drawn upon. 

In Pennsylvania the drift clays and river-terrace clays arc still available and are 

used both in western Pennsylvania and around Philadelphia. In addition to these, 

however, there are the mellowed outcrops of the Carboniferous and Devonian shales, 

a Twelfth Ann. Rept, U.S. Geol. Surv., Pt. I, p. 38i. blbid., p. 389. cScc New York Pleistocene clays, p. 175. 
62 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

the former especially being extensively used around Pittsburg, the latter as yet at 

only a few isolated localities. In addition to these the residual clays of the Great 

Valley region are much employed. 

Throughout the Southern States brick days are dug from the Columbia loams 

and Cretaceous beds of the Coastal Plain region, and from residual deposits in the 

uplands. The wash from the latter may often be collected in the valley bottoms and 

serve to supply some local brickyard. 

·In Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin the drift clays are almost 

invariably drawn upon for common brick materials, for they lie on the surface and 

the clay is therefore easily obtained and worked. The same formations are often 

drawn upon for earthenware clays, except that it is usually the less.sandy beds that 

· are soug·ht. If red earthenware is to be made the caleareous deposits arc avoided: 

These are not very abundant, except in Indiana, Illinois, ''Visconsin, and Michigan. 

PRESSED-BRICK AND TERRA-COTTA CLAYS. 

Since these two grades of ware arc being made from very similar raw mate.rials 

at the present day, they can be discussed together. Two classes of clay are usedrefractory or buff-buming clays and red-burning ones. The refractory clay sought 

is commonly a No. 2 fire clay, and must be obtained mostly from either the Cretaceous or the Carboniferous formations, and hence its distribution is limited. Since 

pressed brick and tm:ra cotta both command a good price, the manufacturer can afford 

to tmnsport the product some distance to the market. 

In Massachusetts, at Blandford and south of Clayton, there are residual days 

which have been used for light-colored wares, but the clay had to be mixed with more 

plastic material brought from other States. New York has limited quantities of the 

proper elay on Staten Island and Long Island. In New Jersey much buff-burning 

material ean be dug from the Cretaceous deposits, and the same is known to be true 

of Maryland and Alabama. The Tertiary deposits may also yield some light-burning 

clays in New .Jersey. 

In Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana great supplies are obtainable from the day 

underlying the coal. Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee may prove to have similar 

supplies, but the two last-named States are still far from the markets consuming the 

greatest quantities of terra cotta. The Tertiary and Pleistocene formations of the 

Atlantic and Gulf coast contain at times beds of buff-buming, semirefraetory clays. a 

Calcareous clays might also be used for buff wares, but they are not preferred, owing 

to their low fusibility. 

Hed terra-cotta and brick clays are obtainable from the same formations as 

common brick clays, but there is little demand for them tLt the present time. Many 

a See New Jersey, p. 166. 
DISTRIBUTION RY KINDS. G3 , I 

of the Carboniferous shales, and ev(m Devonian ones, have been fmmd to yield a rich 

red color. Such are used near Pittsburg, Pa., and Corning, N.Y. 

STONEWARE CLAYS. 

Under this title may be in eluded those semirefractory clays that arc used for 

many other kinds of material than stoneware, all of which~ ho~vever, call for a den-se 

bnrt~ing- clay of moderate fire-Tesisting quality. Their distribution is rather 

restricted (see Pls. III, IV, and VII). Most important are the dep_osits of Carboniferous age, especially those of the Lower Coal Measures, for in these rocks 

_ considerable deposits of plastic elay are often :found undedying the coal seams. 

They are worked to an enormous extent in Ohio to supply the stoneware industry 

of that State, and arn~ng these clays th~ Lower Kittanning is especially important. 

The same beds are worked iu the eastern extension of these rocks in western Pennsylvania~ but they are not utilized in Kentucky or West Virginia, though they mayoccur. ln New Jersey good stonmvare clays are. found in the Cretaceous belt, 

especially in Middlesex County, and in rocks of the same age in Maryland, especially 

in Cecil County, but in no State are they as valuable as the Ohio materials. 

Beds of good quality are found underlying many of the coals in southwestern 

Indiana and probably Illinois, but little is known of the occurrcr1cc of any in Michigan or ·wisconsin. Stoneware clays occur in the Cretaceous of Alabama, especially 

in the counties of Autauga, Perry, Bibb, Tu;.;caloosa, Pickens, Fayette, Lamttr, and 

Franklin. (t They may be_ looked for in the Cretaceous area of Jones, Baldwin, Twiggs, 

and 'Wilkinson counties, Ga., in the Jackson Purchase of western Kentucky, and 

especially in the Tertiary formations and beds of similar age in western Tennest>ee. 

FIRE CLAYS. 

These are ·widely distributed, both geologically and geographically, being found 

in 21 States out of the 24 lying cast of the Mississippi, and iu three·of these, viz, 

Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New .Jersey, they are of va~t importance (see Pls. III, IV, 

and VII). Refractory clays are commonly used in the State in which they are mined, 

bnt in some States much of the supply is shipped. Thus fire clay from New Jersey 

is sent to Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virgini<t, N~w York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 

Maryland, and Maine. lndiantt chty is sent in small quantities to Kentucky and 

Georgii-t, and Alabamtt elay is sent to Tennessee. 

The u8es of fire clay lmve been already referreu to m1dcr another head.b Attention should once more be drawn to the fact, however, that the term "fire clay" is very 

loosely used, so that clays ttre termed "fire clays" which have no claim to the title. 

Bricks that are used for boiler settings are called" fire bri~k," but experiment shows 

that they melt completely at cone 27 or lower. 

uSee Alitbama, p, 7L bSee "Uses of clay,'' p. 3i. 

\ 
64 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following table shows the refr~etoriness of some of our better American fire 

clays, the figures being the result of tests made by H. 0. Hofman and the writer: 

Refractoriness of Ame1·ican ji1·e clays as shown by tests made with Segen cones. 

Locality. 

I 

Fusion I' point. 

Kreisch.erville, N. ~-,No.1 white ______ ------1 35+ 

St. Lotus, .M:o., Ohnsty raw clay------------- 31-30 

Cone. \ 

Golden, Colo _____________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32-31 

Mineral Point, Ohio_________________________ 33 

Mount Savage, Md _. __ . _______ . ___ . __ • ______ . 33 

Sayreville, N .. r _____________ . ______________ . 35 

.J \Voodbridge, N.J ........................... _:_1_3_4 _ ___; 

Most of the fire clay mined goes into fire brick, but large quantities are· used as 

one of the clays in mixtures for saggers, terra cotta, zinc retorts, gas retorts, stoneware, etc. 

As the refractory clays arc of much value their distribution is here given in 

some detail. 

AZabanw.-TheTesidual clays or kaolins of Randolph and Cleburne counties are 

very rcfntctory, although they lackplasticity. Their most important use will probably be for china manufacture rather than fire brick. Similar white clays are found 

at times in the residual days of the Cambro-Silurian areas, as in Calhoun and Cherokee 

counties. ·white refractory clays are fou~d in the Lower Carboniferous clays of the 

·wills Valley regio.n and are worked for shipment to fire-brick factories at Chattanooga, Tenn. No fire-clay deposit» have been discovered in the Coal Measures up to 

the present time. 

Refractory clays are most commonly found in the Tuscaloosa formation (Lower 

Cretaceous), being worked at "\Voodstock, Bibbville, and other places. They usually 

possess high plasticity and often burn dense at a comparatively low temperature. 

Other important occurrences arc at Hull station and Tuscaloosa, in Tuscaloosa County; 

Potters Mills, Marion County; and Pegram, Colbert County. 

The Tertiary may contain fire clays, but they have not thus far been exploited. 

A peculiar flint-like clay is found in Choctaw, Conecuh County. 

Georgia.-'-Thc fire clays of this State arc derived chiefly from the Cretaceous 

and Paleozoic formations. The best fire clays are those found in the Potomac 

grmip,of the Cretaceous, in the southeastei·n part of the State. They form lenses of 

white clay, having very high refractoriness but low plasticity. Important areas are 

located around Griswoldville, Lewiston, Butler, and Macon. 

Many residual clays have come from the decomposition of the Cambrian and 
DISTRIBUTION BY KINDS. 65 

Ordovician limestones, and these, though commonly ferruginous, often contain white 

siliceous clays of good fire-resisting qualities. 

Indiana.-The only rocks in Indiana carrying fire clays are of Carboniferous 

age, found in the southwest corner of the State. They usually underlie the coal 

seams, and several of them are persistent. They vary in thickness, but are often 

3 to 4 feet thick. They arc commonly mined by means of shafts, from which coal 

also is extracted. Actual fire tests arc lacking, but the Indiana clays are probably not so refractory as those found in Pennsylvania and New Jersey or in Ohio. 

I{entucky.-Analyscs published by the Kentucky geological surveya show the 

presence of many fire clays in the Carboniferous. The beds of clay often underlie 

tbc coal, but their degree of persistence is not known, nor do many of them seem to 

have been developed. In Greenup, Boyd, Carter, and Lawrence counties one bed of 

fire clay is known near the base of the Subconglomerate, and another under coal No.6. 

The former is a flint clay and is said to resemble that found at Sciotoville, Ohio. Fire 

clays arc also known under seams 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in the eastern field,b but are not 

always present, and in some cases may be thin enough to require mining with the 

coal. Fire clay is sometimes found in the U ppcr Fcrriferous limestone in Greenup, 

Carter, and Boyd counties and has been used in the manufacture of fire brick. 

Refractory clays occur, no doubt, in the western coal field, but little has been published concerning them. 

Many fire clays occur in the Tertiary and also in the Cretaceous of the Jackson 

Purchase region, but they have been used more for the manufacture of stoneware 

than for fire brick. 

1V£arylanrl.-Refractory clays exist in the Algonkian, Cretaceous, and Carboniferous. The Algonkian refractories are residual in character and are found along the 

western border of the Coastal Plain area, especially at Dorsey and Northeast. Those 

of the Potomae formation are found chiefly in the Patuxent and Raritan members, 

but also show. in the Patapsco. They do not occupy any definite stratigraphic position, and form more or less lenticular masses. Many of them are decidedly refractory and of low shrinkage, but are rather low in bonding power. Their chief use 

is for the manufacture of stove brick, ·fire brick, and gas retorts. 

The Carboniferous fire clays are the basis of an important local industry in Allegany County and are found in the Conglomerate series belonging under the Mount 

Savage coal. Both the flint and the plastiC varieties ~:>ecur. They are known at several 

points on Savage Mountain, also at Swallows Falls· and Blaine, Garrett County. 

More recently the Bolivar fire clay has been found ori the Castleman River in Garrett County. The Carboniferous fire clays are much used for fire brick and also 

for enameled brick. 

a Sec Kentucky Geol. Survey, Chern. Anal:, Pts. I, II, ITT. b See detailed account of Kentucky clnys, p. 112 this paper. 

9647-No. 11-03--5 
66 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST 0.1!' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

~riicAiqan.-No fire clays have thus far been discovered in this State. 

Jr!iss1:ssippi.-Firc clays are found in the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds of the 

northeastern portion of the State; but they are not extensively worked. 

JYew Jersey.-Few States contain a more important series of refractory clays 

than docs this one," and although they arc confined almost exclusively to the Lower 

Cretaceous beds, they have been worked for many years not only to si1pport a 

local industry but also to supply factories in other States. Curiously enough, this 

same member of the Cretaceous carries much less refractory clay in the States farther south. In New Jersey several well-marked members are recognized in the 

series of Middlesex County, including the Woodbridge fire clay, Amboy bed, and 

Raritan bed. The materials arc all plastic, soft, 'and range in refractoriness from 

low-grade fire clays up to others of high heat-resisting power. 

New York.-The fire clays occur in small quantity on Staten Island and at several 

points on the north shore of Long Island. Few of them are highly refractory. 

They are usually sandy and plastic. 

North, Om·oUna.-Thc only highly refractory clays that have been found in this 

State are the kaolins resulting from the decay of pegmatite veins. They are of more 

value for making white ware than for the manufacture of fire bricks. 

Ohio.-This State is one of the two most important producers of refractory 

clay products. The fire clays are obtnincd entirely from the Carboniferous, especially the Coal Measures. In the Lower Carboniferous an important flint clay is 

worked at Sciotovillc and Portsmouth. In the Conglomerate mensures the Tionesta, 

Upper and Lower Mercer, Sharon, and Quakertown coals arc underlain by a seam of 

fire clay, which is worked at Massillon, the Lower Mercer being worked in Stark, 

Tuscarawas, Hocking, and Muskingum counties. In the Lower Coal Measures, clay 

underlies the Upper and. Lowet Freeport, Middle and Lower Kittanning, and Brookville coals. Thnt from the Kittanning far exceeds all the others in value and is 

' extensively worked. 

Penn8ylvrtn'ia.-Rcfractory clays are found in the Cambro-Silurian and CarbonifeTous formations. The former occur mainly in southeastern Pennsylvania, and 

result from the decomposition of talcose schists, slates, and limestones. The latter 

are found in western and central Pennsylva.i1ia and serve as the basi~ of a large 

industry. They are referred to in some detail under Pennsylvania, but their distribution may be summarized as follows: 

Distribution of Carboniferous forrrwtions in Pennsylvania. 

CONGLOMERATE GROUP. 

Alton fire day; Elk County . 

. 1\'Iercer clay; .North Butte, Beaver, Lawrence, and .Nlercer counties. 

Bharon clay; Elk and Mercer counties. 
DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS. 

Disl'ribtttion of Carboniferous .formations in Pennsylvania-Co;1tinued. 

LOI\"F.R PRODUCTIVE )!EASUHES. 

Brookville clay; Clearfield, Elk, and Jefferson counties. 

Clarion clay; Indiana and Beaver counties. 

Ferriferous; Armstrong County; hard and also semiplastic. 

67 

Kittanning. fire clay; a valuable re.fractory plastic clay, sometimes termed the New Brighton. 

Known in se\·eral counties, ineluding Armstrong, Beaver, Tioga, Blair, Fayette, and "restrnoreland. 

Upper Freeport or Bol1var; the important flint clay deposit of Pennsylvania. Widely distributed, but not always refractory, for its place may be taken by shale. It has been noted in 

Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Indiana, Somerset, and ·westmoreland counties. 

UPPg!{ COAL )!EASUHES. 

These often carry a thin seam of fire clay, which forms a parting in the Pittsburg coal scam. 

Tenne88ee.-The fire clays occurring in the Tertiary formations of western Tennessee are worked locttlly for making fire brick, notably at Grand .Junction and 

Pinson. The Carboniferous rocks contain nmny fire-clay beds, but mo~t of them are 

undeveloped. The residual clay from the Knox dolomite is at times refractory and 

has been utilized.for fire brick. 

Virg·ini(t.-Fire clays arc, no doubt, to be found in the Cou,stal Plain formations, 

and kaolins occur in the crystalline ttrea. No fire clu,ys have been reported from the 

Carboniferous rocks. 

lVest Virginia.-Fire clays are known in the Pottsville conglomerate of the 

Coal :Measures, as at Piedmont. Refractory clays are also found under the Upper 

Freeport and Kittanning coals, but they are not nearly so abundant as those o{ 

Pennsylvania or Ohio. 

1V1:8con.sin.-The days derived from pre-Cambrian schists and Potsdam sallllstoues may he refractory, but they are not developed. 

DESCRIPTION 01'-, CT~AY DEPOSITS, BY STA'l'ES. 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama 1s the only one of the Gulf States whose clay resources have been 

investigated in a systematic manner, and the investigations made show. the presence 

of a great variety of materials that arc of value in the fietile arts. The geologie 

map of> the State shows a wide range of formations, nearly all of which carry 

valuable clay deposits. 

ARCHEAN AJ.'ID ALGONKIAN. 

Archean and Algonkian rocks underlie a roughly triangular area in the eastern 

part of the State, the base of the triangle extending from near the northei·n border 

of Clebu~·ne County southward to itussell County, and the apex being at Clanton, 

Chilton County. The roeks of this area are granites, gneisses, and schists, all of 

which may, by surface decay, furnish residmtl elay. The schist areas are, however, 

of additional importance, for they carry many pegmatite veins which have been 
68 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAS'l' OF l\HSSISSIPPI RIVER. 

changed to kaolin in their upper part. A belt o£ mica-sehistt> extends from Clc~x<rne 

and adjacent parts o£ Randolph through Clay and Coosa into Chilton County. 

The deposits, according· to Dr. E. A. Smith, State geologist, lie near Milner, 

Pinetucky, and Micaville, in Randolph County, and Stone Hill, in Cleburne County. a 

At the present time these kaolins arc undeveloped, as railroad facilities arc lacking 

in that regiQn. 

The Alalmma kaolins are rather siliceous, highly refractory, and burn to a very 

white color. 

CAMBRIAN AND SILURIAN. 

The clays obtained from these formations are either residual deposits or are 

concentrates from these, which have been carried by surface waters down into sinks 

and other depressions. b \Vhile the Silurian rocks contain some shaly members, 

these arc not, so far as known, used for the manufacture o£ brick, but the residual 

clays are extensively employed for this purpose. These clays are usually rather 

impure, but in places may be quite free from impurities, as are those ronnel near 

GadRden, Etowah. County; Kynmlga, Talladega County; Peace burg. and Oaxahna, 

Calhoun County, and in Blount County., Indeed, these white clays sometimes form 

masses in the 1 csidualliinonites, as in T. 15 N., R 8 E., sees. 21 and 23. Another such 

deposit, a residual limestone clay, is in T. 14 N., R. 8 E., in Calhotin County. 

In Che1:okee County, north of the line o£ the Southern Railway, in sees. 1 and 

2 o£ T. 12 N., R. 1 E, are many beds o£ limonite with horses o£ white clay. These 

have been tried at Chattanooga for fire-brick manufacture. 

Accumulations o£ good clay are not uncommon in the depressions or sinks of the 

Cambro-Silurian limestone region. They are utilized at Oxford, Calhoun County, 

for pottery manufacture, and at De Armanville, in the Choccolocco Valley, for brick. 

In the following table are given the physical and chemical characteristics of 

Alabama clays. -

Per cent Num~ 

ber. water re- quired. 

-----

1 37.5 

2 25 

3 16 

:I 28 

26.75 

PhyBical and chemical charcwter.9 of clr~ys from Alabama. ' 

Tensile 

strength. 

Aver- l\faxiage. mum. 

-----· 

143 154 

20 25 

9 10 

45 55 

130 144 

I I 

Air .Fire Ir shrink- shrink- £ 

age. age. 

- I I Page of 

cipient Vit!ifica-1 Viscosit . Color when Varieh_,.. Bu\L fi, -= _:!. _ _!_ ___ ) · ~J-ur-n-er-l.-l------ ~~f~: ----

8 7 

5 8 

2 2 + 

5 15 

10 81 

Cone. Cone. I 

27 1{ Cre~m } China elav. __ white • 2,250 

2, 250 30 1· ..... _ .

1 

____ • ___ . Fire clay .... 

2,500 -----·-- ., ...... Buff ____ .... do.------

121 

135 

1R6 

2,200 2,3501 27 __ .. do._. Stoneware .. _ ..... _ 

2, 200 2, 400 2,600 , ____ d0---1-----~-------- 189 

"Bull. Alabama Geol. SnrYey No.6, p. 70 .. blbirl.. p. 73. 
U.S .GEOLOG I C AL S URV EY 

~Lt\P SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF CLAYS IN THE NORTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION 

S cale 

PRO FESSIONAL PAPER i"" :: ?L.III 

LEGEND 

Shales(usuo.lb' lrnpure)forpmring bric:kandOI.berstroct-ural products 

Impure shales 

lmpure residual cl~Ys Some 

calcareous shales 

D Rtsidual c::l.l..\'S (usually impure) may contain kaolin 

1-----1 Terminal moraioo 

Impure stmbce clnvs - abUndant in ,;rea.nOrttt 

or terminal moraine 
' .MAP SHQ'\VING DISTRIBUTION QF CLAYS IN MICliiGAN, WISCONSIN,U.LmOIS ,INOIANA, AND I<ENTUCKY 

Scale 

,;;..=""=-'===~0;..., __ ..;.•o'===='=-"-.... --w<=o'===="'"---.a'""'o==="'"'"""---l!uO mtlee 

LEG END 

Slone-\vnre and nrcclttys 

I .. ~ 'I Shales and Ore clays 

D 

~~~f~~~"fs~~ , impuro suffooocla_\18 

lmpm'C resi(lual cln.)'fl, 

,omc ro1cureous slulles 

1------1 1't..•nninn.l momine 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PriOFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 11 PL. V 

A. SHAL E PIT NEAR BELLEVILLE, ILL. 

B. CRETACEOUS CLAY AT WOODBRIDGE, N.J. 
A.LABAl\IA. 69 

Physical rmd chemical characters of clays j1·om Alabamct-Continued. 

--~---

1. 2. 3. 

I 4. 5. 

---~ 

·Silica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7.95 51. 90. 84.21 61.50 71.30 

A I umina. . .......... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0.15 35.00 9.75 2!).20 17.16 

Ferric oxide ............................... . 1.00 . 99 . 69 2. 10 1. 94 

Lime ................................. ~ .... . 1. 00 . 23 .70 .50 .60 

iVIagnesia ... _-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . T race. .10 . 14 .43 .43 

Alkalies ................................... . 1. 87 .55 ·---·----- .70 . 95 

·Ignition .............................. : .... . 8.00 11.30 4.10 7.29 7.60 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 100.071 

----~ 

9.97 99.591 98.72 99.98 

1. J. R. Hughes, Gadsden, Etowah County. 

2. Peaceburg, Calhoun County. 

3. Oaxanna, Calhoun County. 

4. F. S. White, Blount County. 

5. Oxford,· Calhoun_ County. 

LOWER CARBONIJ<'EROUS. 

This series underlies small areas in the northern portion of the State, but no 

mention is anywhere made of cl!tys belonging to it. ln Wills Valley, however, it 

contains one of the best-known deposits of white clay. It occurs in the lower strata 

of the series, close ttbovc the black Devonian shale. The deposits arc found in the 

upper or northeastern end of the valley, and on both sides of it, although the most 

important is on the east side. a 

The Red Mountain regions are made up of Clinton and Devonian rocks, and the 

clay occnrs in the lower strata of the Lower Carboniferous, not far above the black 

shale, and is found to be present on both sides of the valley for 10 or 12 miles from 

the State line southward. 

In the northwe::;t corner of sec. 3, T. 6 N., R. 9 E., on the west side of the valley, 

the following section is exposed in a test pit: 

Section in test pit in northwest corner of sec. S, T. 6 N., R. 9 E., Alabama. 

Chert ledge weathered into sandy rock of yellow color_ .. __ ...... ____ .... _ .. __ ._ ..... . 

Strata hidden b); debris .......................... __ ........ ________________________ · 

White clay without grit, in places like halloysite .................. __ .... _ .... ______ __ 

Feet: Inches. 

8-12 

2-3 0 

3 0 

H irlclen ...................... --- ................... ·-- ...... _ . ___ .. __ _ : . .. ____ . _ . __ _ 3 0 

Devonian shale ......................... _ ............ _ ..... _ .. _ . _ .. _____ ..... ___ . . . 25-30 0 

a McCalley, H., Alabama (leo!. Survey, Valley Regions, Pt. II, pp. li5-182, from which the description quoted is taken. 
70 CLAYS OJ<' UNITED STATJ£8 EAST OI!' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The white clay is locally known as ehalk. Near the State line about Eureka station 

and thence southward for 2 miles the clay i::> worked in many places, having· an 

aggregate thickness of about 40 feet, but thickens occasionally to 180-200 feet, of 

which as !JlUCh as 60 feet are white clay. The clay is often mined by tunnels, and 

one of these _mines is operated by the Montague Company of Chattanoog.a. The 

· clays are refractory, as is shown by analyses and tests. Some beds of potter's clay 

have also been found in this formation. 

Analyses and tests of Lower Ga.rboniferous clays of Alabama. 

--------------- --------.-

-----------------------

Silica ........................ - .............. - - ... - -. - - . -.. 

Alumina .. ___ ........ -- .. __ .. ·--- ....................... . 

Ferric oxide ............................................. . 

Lime ................................................... . 

Magnesia ........... · .. : ................ -': ........... -.... . 

Alkalies ................................ -... - ..... -.- .. -.. 

Ignition ........................................... --' ... -

Clay substance ........................................... . 

Quartz .................................................. .. 

Feldspar .............. : .................................. . 

1. 

82.04 

12.17 

Trace. 

Trace. 

. 327 

.60 

4.325 

31. 10 

64.80 

3.90 

Water required .................................. per cent.-~ 35 

:~:s:~~:~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :·::::::::::::. _____ _ r:~~~l: _ Fire shrinkage............................................ 2 

Incipient fusion ........................................... 2,400° F. 

Vitrification ............................ -.............. -.. Cone 27 

Viscosity ............................................................ . 

Tensile strength .................................. pounds· .. 

Color ............ _ . . . . . . . . . ........ _ ... : _ ............ _. .. . 

5-6 

Yellow. 

--------------------'------

1. Montague mines. 

2. Valley Heatl. 

3. Fort Payne, Dekalb County. 

COAL MEASpimS. 

2. 

79.80 

11.75 

1. 75 

: 75 

Trace . 

1. 50 

4.11 

39 

Lean. 

3. 

66. 25 

22.90 

L 60 

Trace. 

Trace. 

. 75 

9.05 

40.70 

47.90 

1L 20 

40 

Lean. 

8 ........... .. 

9 ........... .. 

2, 350° .F. 

' 2, 700 

Cone 27 

2, 300° F. 

Cone 27 

20 -- -- .. -- .. --

Yellow. Yellow. 

The Coal Measures occupy a large triangular area in the northern part of the 

State, and should prove to be of importance to the clay worker. The following 

counties are largely covered hy them: LMvrence, Morgan, Jackson, Marshall, 

Dekalb, Cullman, \Vinston, Walker, Blount, Jefrerson, Shelby. Unfortunately a 

large portion of this are11 lies remote from the railways, although it is traversed. by 

the Northem Alabama and the Louisville and Nashville railroads. 

The under clays in some parts of the eoal fields have been employed for making 
, ALABAMA. 71 

pottery, as at ,Tugtown, near Sterrit, in St. Clair County, and also ttt Fort Payne 

and Hodentown, in Dekalb County; Advance station, in Tuscaloosa County; Summit, 

in Blount County, and Arab, in Marshall C01mty. 

The shales arc used in some parts of the State for making vitrified brick, 

especially at Coaldale. At the Graves coal mine, ncar Birmingham, there are two 

bodies of shale which are promising .. Good exposures of Carboniferous shale also 

outcrop near Pearces Mills, in Marion County, and are probably well adapted for 

pressed brick or even terra cotta. No fire clays have been found in the Coal 

Measures. a 

The following tests indicate the characters of some of these materials: 

Analyse.~ and te!lts o,{; C'urboni,f'erous shales o.f' Alabama. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

------ ~-----'-----------~---1------.---

Silica ________ , _________ ' ____ . ________ . _______________ _ 

Alumina __________________________ .. __ ........ _ .... . 

Ferric oxide .. .. . .. _ .. , ....... _ ..... : _ .... __ .. _ . __ _ 

Lime __ .. - --. -. -- -- - - - . -- · -- -- --- - ·- --- -- · - - · · -- · - · · 

57.80 

25.00 

4.00 

2. 10 

. 80 

61.55 

20.25 

7.23 

Trace. ----·---·"';· --:-------- Magnesia ..... ____ .-- __ ~ ... _ . _ ...... __ .. _ ~ ____ ... __ __ 

A 1 kalies _ ..... _ .......... _ -- ...... -- .. -- -- - . -- -- -- - -

\Vater .. ____ .... ____ ... _ .. _ .. _ ..... ___ ..... __ ....... 

Water required_ .... _ .. __ ........ _. __ ...... per cent... 

Plasticity . _ .... __ ... _ ... _ ... __ ... __ . ___ ....... ____ .. 

Ten silt~ strength_ ....... _ ......... __ ........ _~ ___ .. __ . 

Air shrinkage ...... ___ : ..... _ ..... __ ... ___ .per cent .. 

Fire shrinkage .. _ ..... _ .. __ .. .- ..... __ ....... _. do ... . 

1. 80 

7.50 

25 

. Good. 

105 

2 

10 

Incipient fusion . _ .... _ ........ __ .......... _ ...... __ . 2, 000 

Vitrified ___ ..... _ ........ _____ . __ . __ . _ .. __ . _______ .. 2, 200 

Color __ ·- ..... _. _ . _. ______ ... · .. ___ . ___ ... __ ........ .-. Re<l. 

. 986 

2. 25 ---------,- ----------

6.19 ·---------- ----------

. 20 I 22 40 

Moderate . Lean. ----------

40 25 ----------

H 4 4 

5 5 . .'i 5 

2,000 1,900 2, 100 

2,250 2,150 2,300 

Re<l. Red. Red. 

---------------~ -------- ~--- ---

1. Gray shale, Birmingham. Alaban1a Geol. Survey, Bull. _No. 6, p. 186. 

2. Yellow shale, Birmingham. Ibid. 

3. Shale, Coaldale. Ibid., p. 187. 

4. Shale, Pearces Mills, Marion County. lbid., p. 188. 

CHETACEOUS.b 

The Cretaceous formations are no doubt the most important clay-bearing beds in 

the State, and most of the deposits have thus far been found in one member of the 

Cretaceous, namely the Tuscaloosa. This consists usually of yellow and grayish 

sands, with smaller beds of pink and light-purple sands thinly laminated, dark-gray 

elays holding many leaf impressions, and gray lensc5 of massive clay which vary in 

color from yellow to almost pure white. This formation occupies a belt of country ~----~-~-----~ 

a Bull. Alabama Geol. Sun-e~·.No. 6, p. 80. b Alabama Geol. Survey, Coastal Plain, Pt. I, p. 255. 
72 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPL RIVER . 

. extending from the northwest comer of the State around the edges of the Paleozoic_ 

formations to the Georgia State line at Columbus. Its greatest width is at the 

northwest boundary of the State, where it is 30 or 40 miles wide in Alabama and 

about the same width in Mississippi. From here the belt gradually diminishes in 

breadth toward the southwest, until at Wetumka and thence eastward to the State 

line it forms the surface along a belt only a. few miles wide. East of the Alabmmt 

River the proportion of clay to the rest of the strata is less than in any other section, 

and at the same time the clays in this region are more sandy. From the Alabama 

River northwestward, in the gullies, ravines, and milroad cuts, there are many exposures of these belts exhibiting sections of day bed8 from 6 to 50 feet thick and of 

v~trying degrees of purity. The purer clays .have as yet been found in only the 

northern part of this area, in Fayette, Marion, Franklin, and Colbcrteountics, and 

iu the adjoining parts of Mississippi." 

Some of the more important occurrences may be mentioned, beginning with 

the counties in the southeastern end of the Lower Ci·etaceous belt. 

In Russell and Macon counties clays are exposed along the river .flowing 

through Girard,· in the hills west of the town, . and mottled clays outcrop near 

Marvyn,_ Crawford, and Society Hill. 

In Elmore and Autauga counties pottery clays are worked ftround Edgewood, 

the section at Chalk Bluff, Elmore County, being as follows: 

Section at Chalk Bl1{{{, Rlmore C'ounty, Ala. 

Feet. 

1. Lafayette red loam and pebbles . _ .......................... J 5 

2. Gray and yellow sandy days, irregular layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

3. White clay .. _ .... __ .. 1 ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.• _... 3 

4. Ocherous day .. _ ... _ .... _ .... _ .... _- ............... __ ..... 3 

5. Gray, plastic blue clay, with vegetable !llatter ............... 10 

North and northwe8t from Plattville thet·c are many exposures, but they are 

rather sandy. 

In Bibb County good exposures of massive clays are found between Randolph 

and Centerville, !tnd again southwest of Centerville, in Ts. 21 and 22, Rs. 7 and 8. 0 

Additional good exposures occur along the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, 

as at Bibbville, where the clays have been used for fire brick, much clay being 

shipped to Bessemer from this locality. Other pits arc at Woodstock, which lies to 

the north. 

In Tuscaloosa many good exposures occur within the city limits, and some of 

them have been worked for pottery. The clays are exposed in ravines and along 

the Alabama Great Southern Railroad east of Tuscaloosa. 

a Local detail~ of the 'l'uscnJoosn formation in the counties of Pickens, Fayette, ~Irtrion, Franklin, Colbert, Lee, 

Russell, l\Iacon, Lamar, Autaugu, Cherokee. Perry, Blbb, and Tuscaloosa are given in the Alabama Geol. Survey, Coasta:l 

Plain, pp. 307-849, 531, 532, 536, 541, 549, 554, 556, 559. 

u Ibid., !>. 345. 
ALABAMA. 73 

The following section, 10 to 12 miles east of Tuscaloosa, illustrates the character 

of the formation: 

Section 10 to 12 miles east of Tuscaloosc!, Ala. Feet. Inches. 

1. Purple, massive clays..................................... 5 0 

2. Ferruginous sandstone crusts .............................. 6-8 0 

3. Variegated claye.y sands, holding small pieces. of purple clay. 10 0 

·4. Purple days with partings of sand......................... 10 0 

5. Ferruginous crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 

6. Laminated gray and yellow, sandy clay .................... 6-8 0 

7. Lignite with pyrite nodules------------------------------- 2 .6 

8. Dark-gray, somewhat massive clays ................ · .... :... G 8 

9. Strata obscured by debris from above...................... 1 8 

10. Purple clay at base of hill, thickness undetermined. 

In Pickens County clays are seen near the line of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad 

from the Tuscaloosa County line to near Columbus. Lamar County contains many 

deposits of clay underlying the surface red loam of the Lafayette formation, 

especially at .Millport, Fern bank; between Fayette Court-House and Vern on, also at 

Buttahatchie Creek above Hunnels Bluff, and on Wilson Creek near Friendship 

Church. The clays show considerable variety. 

Pottery clays have been worked one-half mile east of Sulligent and 6 miles north 

of Millville. The products from these compete with those made at Holly Springs, Miss. 

Fayette County contains many beds of purple, gray, and white clay. The lastnicntioned occur around the court-bouse. 

The following section, 1 mile cast of Concord Church, shows several bed:,; of 

promising character:" 

Section 1 mile east of Concord Church, Alab(tma. 

Ft. In. 

Reel loarn and sand of Lafayette formation .. _. ______________ . 4 0 

Ferruginous sandstone crust .. _ ............ _ .... _ ............ 0 2 

·white clay ................. _ ................. _____ . _ ... : .. 6 0 

Yell ow sand .......... _. ................................... _ 5 0 

Variegated clay ......... _ ...................... _ ·- ..... ~ . . . . 2 0 

}fottled red and white day .. _. __ ._ .......... __ ...... _ ...... ::: 0 

Marion Countyb shows much Tuscaloosa clay, the materials being exposed in the 

cuts from Eldridge to Guin along the Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad. Thick beds also outcmp around Glen Allen, 0 and white ::;iliceous clays occur 

around Chalk Bluff and Pearces Mill, Marion County. (See No. 6 of the analyses.) 

:Much clay also occurs near Bexar, and this closely resembles that used for pottery 

across the border in Mississippi. 

a Bull. Alabama Geol. Survey No.6, p. 103. 

b Alabama Geol. Survey, Bull. No.6, p. 104, ~tnd Coastal Plain, pp. 331, 332, 333. 

c Bull. Alabama Geol. Survey No. 6, pp. 104 11nd 105. 
74 0LAY8 OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF b'llSSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Colbert County contains fire clays, which have been worked near Pegram, on the 

Southern Railroad. The clay is obtained from the following section, exposed in the 

NW. tsec. 34, T. 3 N., R. 15 W. 

Section neaT PegTam, Ala. Feet. 

1. Pebbles and sand ......................................... 30 

2. "'hite clay ...... .' .... , .............. , .................... 3 

3 .. Small gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

4. '\Vhite clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

5. Sand and graveL .......................................... 16 

6. Y cllow clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

7: White clay ....................................... :....... 1 

8. Purple and black clay ..................................... 10 

9. Gray clay .............................................. , . . 5 

Tests are given below of 4, 6, 8, al1d 9.a 

Lauderdale County contains a bed of paint clay 10 feet thick, near the county 

line. 

In the following table are given the physical tests and chemical analyses of a 

number of Lower Cretaceous clays, taken from Bulletin 6 of the Alabama Geological 

Survey. In each case the page on which the tests appear is given. 

Analyses and tests of Lowe1· Cretaceous clays of Alabama. 

1. 2. 3. I. •1. 5. 6. 7. 

--- --------

Silica ................. 60.50 56.28 74.25 I 65.8?. 58. 13 52.95 80.55 

Alumina ............. 26.55 32.50 17.25 24.58 24.68 35. 10 10.50 

Ferric oxide ......... ·I . 30 . 20 1.19 I 1. 25 3.85 . 80 1. 53 I 

Lime ................. ' . 90 '!'race. .40 ----- ·--- .15 Trace . . 34 : 

Magnesia ............. .65 I Trace. Trace. Trace. . 32 Trace. Trace. 

Alkalies .............. 2.70 I Trace. ·.52 . 60 1. 78 . 9:3 ------------ Water ................ 7.20 ] 1. 05 6.30 8.165 11.78 11.40 5.85 

Moisture ... , ......... . 70 . 20 ---------- ---------- ---------.- ---------· 1. 70 

Plasticity ............. Lean. Lean. Good. Moderate. Good. Lean. Lean. 

Per cent H 20 required. RO 25 22.6 23 36 37 28.6 

Tensile strength ....... 9 14 102 105 ---------- ---------- 46 

Air shrinkage ......... 4 3 fi~ 7 12 4 10 

Fire shrinkage ........ 12 12 3.} 11 6 ---------- 3 

Incipient fusion ....... 2,000 2,300 2,300 2,150° F. 2,200 Cone 27 

I 

2, 150 

Vitrification .......... ---------- 2,500 Cone 27 2, 360° F. Cone 27 Cone 30 2,360 

Viscosity ............. .... ~--- -- 2, 700+ ---------- 2, 900° F. ____ ., _____ Cone 33 2,500 

Color when burned .... Whitish. White. Buff. Buff. Redclish.1 Whitish.! Yellowish 

white. 

I I -------·-------------~---

aBull. Alabama Geol. Survey No. 6, pp. 110,130,158; and Valley Regions, Pt. I., p. 180. 
A.,LABA~fA. 75 

Analyses a.nd tests of Lower Cretaceous clays of Alabama-Continued. 

----

~-~ 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1~. 

--· -~------- ------- --~-~ ------

Silica ................. 60.38 60.03 68.23 60.9 69.50 65.58 67. 10 

Alumina ~ ... --.... ----- 20.21 24.66 20.35 18.98 13 19.28 19.37 

Ferric oxide .......... 6.16 3.69 3.20 7.68 6.40 4.48 2.88 

Lime ................. . 09 .13 . 34 Trace . . 25 Trace . Trace. 

Magnesia ............. . 72 .38 Trace. Trace. Trace. Trace. .725 

Alkalies .............. 1. 80 Trace. . 74 Trace. Trace. Trace. . 672 

Water ................ 10.21 11.342 6.10 12.46 6.70 5.50 6.08 

Moisture ------------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- . 90 3.40 1.40 1. 71 

Plastictty ............. ---------- Fair. ---------- Good. Fat. Good. Good. 

' Per cent H20 required. 38 36 31.5 21.8 45 32.6 34.3 25 

Tensile strength ....... 300-384 I 117 f a95 

100 85 I 100 I 1i.i2 116 l'l b1J1 

Air shrinkage ......... 6 11 9 4 12.5 10 7 6.2 

Fire shrinkage ........ 7 7 8 8 6.5 7 6 5.8 

Incipient fusion ....... 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,000 1, 900 1,900 2,000 2,000 

Vitrification .......... 2,200 2,300 2,200 2,200 2, 100 2, 100 2,200 

Viscosity ............. 2,600 Cone27 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,300 2,400 2,400 

Color when burned .... ---------- Red. Buff. Buff. Red. Red. Red. Red. 

===--===-===== 16. 17. 18. 

I 

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 

----- ------

Silica .................. 72.20 67.50 ()6.45 71.32 75.70 71.33 72.40 

Alumina ---·--------- 17.42 19.84 18.53 20. 10 14.36 21.88 14.86 

Ferric oxide .......... 2.40. 6. 1.S 2.40 1. 05 4.64 . 32 7.64 

Lime .................. Trace. . 12 1 . .SO Trace. Trace. . 234 .20 

Magnesia ............. Trace. .10 1. 25 .. 316 Trace. . 305 .40 

Alkalies .............. .56 l. 50 Trace. Trace. --.. -~ -.. - -------- -------- -------- Water ................ 7.40 6.15 8.68 7.505 4.45 5.54 5.05 

Moisture ............. .12 . 78 ----·----- ............ 1. 24 1.05 . 65 

Plasticity .......................... ·. ____ ..... ___ ....... __ .. _ .... _ ......... __ .. ____ . _ .. __ .. .. 

Per cent H20 required. 33 20 26 33 40 28 26 39 

Tensile strength ....... ,{ a 106 a 102 ({ 30 ----·----- ---·---- a45 a66 a 55 

b 123 b 127 b 35 ---------- -------- b 5: ( b 68 b 80 

Air shrinkage ......... 10 10 5 6 6 6 6 

Fire shrinkage ........ 4 4 10 10 14 3 3 11 

Incipient fusion ....... ::!,000 1,900 2,150 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,000 2,000 

Vitrification ......... : 2,200 2,100 2,300 2,200 2,250 2,250 2, 160 2,150 

Viscosity ............. 2,400 2,300 2,500 Cone 27 Cone 2 2,400 2,300 2,300 

Color when hu rnecl .... Buff. Reel. Yello\\·ish Cream. Brown. Buff. Buff. Reel. 

white. 

a Aycrage. b:Maximum. 
76 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7: 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

OLA YS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Rock Run, Cherokee County. Alabama Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 6, p. 119. 

Pearces l\fills, Marion County.. Ibid., p. 130. 

Bibbville, Bibb County; fire clay. Ibid., p. 151. 

Elgin property, near Woodstock, Bibb County. Ibid., p. 153. 

J. C. Bean, Tuscaloosa County; fire clay. Ibid., p. 154. 

Pearces :Mills, Marion County; fire clay. Ibid., p. 157. 

J. W. Williams, Pegram, Colbert Cotinty. Ibid., p. 158. 

Chalk Bluff, Elmore County; stoneware clay. 

J. C. Bean, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa-County. Alabama Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 6, p. 170. 

J. C. Bean, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County. Ibid., p. · ~1. 

Roberts Mill, Coal Fire Creek, Pickens County. Ibid. 

Cribbs's place, Bedford, Lamar County; pottery clay. Ibid., p. 173. 

J. B. Green, Fernbank, Lamar County. Ibid., p. 174. 

IV. Doty, Fayette County; pottery clay. Ibid., p. 175. 

W. Dot.y, Fayette County; pottery clay. Ibid., p. 1i6. 

Shirleys Mills, Fayette County; pottery clay .. Ibid., p. 178. 

T. Rollins, Franklin County; pottery clay. Ibid., p. 181. 

J. W. \Villiams, Pegram, Colbert County; pottery clay. Ibid., p. 182. 

Shirleys Mills, Fayette County. Ibid., p. 190. 

Chalk Bluff, Elmore County. Ibid., p. 191. 

W. D. Bagwells, 7 miles north of Fayette Court-House, Fayette County. Ibid., p. 195. 

H. Palmer, Bexar, Marion County. Ibid. 

Bexar, Marion County; mottled clay. Ibid., p. 197. 

TERTIARY. 

The Tertiary formations underlie the southern third of Alabama. While it is 

known that they eontain extensive deposits of elay, they have not been investigated. 

A siliceous clay, resembling flint elay in appearance, is found in abmidance in the 

counties of Choctaw, Clarke, Conecuh, etc., in the Lower Claiborne or Buhrstone 

division of the Tertiary. The eomposition of this flint is as follows: 

Analyses (!f fire clay from Choctaw County, Ala. 

----c-----------

1~1. ______ 2. ---

Silica __ . _ .... --- .... --------.-. 

Alumina ·--- ... ·-·----··-. -----

Ferric oxide .. ___ ... ___ . _. _. ___ _ 

S6.30 

5. 12 

1. 60 

85. 70 

6. 15 

1. so 

Lime ... _ ... __ .. __ .. __ . ___ . _. _. . 46 Trace. 

Water ...... ----··-----··--·---- 6.60 7.00 

Total .. ____ .. ___ ... ___ .. -1----wo.-os ----wo.-65 

PLEISTOCENE. 

Over much of the Coastal Plain in the second bottoms of the rivers there is v. 

great extent o£ yellow loam suitable for brick making. It corresponds in age to the 
ALABAJ\IA. 77 

Columbia loams of the· Northei·n States. No laboratory examination of it has been 

made. 

CLAY-WOHKING INDUSTRY. 

Alabama r~mked number 26 among the elay-producing States in 1900, and number 23 in 1901. In view of the variety of clays available this indieates a small 

development of the industry, due no doubt partly to lae.k of knowledge of the available raw materials and partly to absenee of market. For the former reason it may 

be well, therefore, to group together the occurrenees of the more important kinds of 

clay thus far described. 

Ch-ina clays.~The kaolins have already beeil collectively deseribed on a previous 

page and need not be dis<;mssed again here . 

.Ji?:re clays.~The fire clays of Alabama come from Jour geologic horizons, 

namely: (1) The Cambrian and Silurian limestone formations of the Coosa Valley 

region, seen at Pe&ceburg, Calhoun County, Oxanna, Calhoun County, and Rock Run, 

Cherokee County; (2) the cherty limestone of the Lower Carboniferous formations 

of Wills Valley, seen at Wills Valley and Valley Head, Dekalb County; (3) the 

Tuscaloosa formation of the Lower Cretaceous, occurrences being known at Bibbville and Woodstock, in Bibb County, Hull station and Tuscaloosa, in Tuscaloosa 

County, Potters Mills, in Marion County, and Pegram in Colbert County; (4) the 

Lower Tertiary formation, Choctaw County. 

Very few of these deposits have been worked, bnt a number of them have been 

tested for the Alabama geological survey, as previously mentioned. 

The refraetory character of some of these Alabama fire clays can be judged from 

the following tests made on them in the Deville furnace: 

Rejractm·iness (d Alabanw fire clays. 

Locality. Refractoriness. 

~--------------------------~--------:-----------------~-------------------

Peace burg, near Anniston.................. Vitrified at cone 30 and still retained its shape. 

Rock Run, Cherokee County . _ ..... _ .... _ ..... _ _ Some bauxites vitrified at cone 30, while others 

showed only incipient fusion. 

Fire clays from same place ...... _ .. _._ .... __ .... _ Usually vitrified at cone 30. 

Valley Head, Dekalb County, Montague mines. __ . Incipiently fused at cone 27. 

Second grade of fire elay, same mines .. _._ .. __ ._._ Viscous at cone 27. 

Bibbville, Bibb County._ ..... _._. ___ ._ .. :_._._ .. Incipiently fused at cone 27. 

J. C. Bean, Tuscaloosa County_ ......... ___ .. _ .. _. Vitrified at cone 27. 

Pearces Mills, Marion Count·y. _· __ .... _ ..... _. _... Vitrified at 30; became viscous at 33. 

Clays suitable fen· the ma_uufacture of pottery and stoneware are found at a 

number of places, among which are the following: Property of F. S. 'Vhite, Blount 

County; C. C. Davenport, Rock Run, Dekalb County; McLean Pottery Company, 
78 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Coosada, Bedford, Fernbank, Lamar County; Cribb's pottery, Tuscaloosa, and J. C. 

Bean, Tuscaloosa County; Coal Fire Creek, Pickens Count};; Shirleys Mill, Fayette 

County; Pegram, Colbert County. 

Brick clays.~Mariy deposits occur in the State, in ;o;eventl formations, among 

them the Carboniferous shales, Cambro-Silurian limestone residuals, and tho second 

bottoms of the Coastal Plain. 

Clay _prodnct8.-Brick works are located at a great many places, chief among 

which may be mentioned Anniston, Bessemer, East Birmingham, Geneva, Mobile, 

Montgomery, N01:th Birmingham, and Talledega. Fire brick are made in the vicinity 

of Birmingham, and at Anniston, Ashby, and Pegram. There are no fewer than 30 

potteries scattered over the State, the products consisting of earthenware and 

stoneware. No white ware is manufactured in Alabama. The value of tho clay 

products of Alabama has been as follows: 

Value of clay products uf Alabamn in 1901. 

Common brick ....................................•.... $742, 6!)] 

Front brick .. _ .. ___ ..... _ .. _ .................... _...... G, 990 

.Fire brick ____ .. _ .. _: _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 783 

' l\fiscellaneons. _. ___ . __ . _ . ___ ....... _ ..... _ . __ ..... _. _ . . 1, 800 

Red earthenware ... _ ............................... _·_.. 1, 030 

Stoneware .. __ . __ .. _ .. _ .......... _..................... 17, 252 

Fire clay . _ ........ _ .............. '_.............. . . . . . . 15, 758 

Value of clay prodllcls <if Alabwnafrom 1895 to 1.901. 

,-----------;--------- ------

Year. 

1S95 .... ---- .. ------

1896 .. --------------

1897----------------

1S98 ... _. __ ........ . 

1899 .. --------- ----

1900 ... -------------

1901.---------------

Value. 

$301,341 

372,185 

443,378 

456,597 

897,810 

712,727 

94G,791 

CONNECTICUT. 

CLAYS. 

Rank. 

28 

2G 

24 

2() 

23 

26 

23 

Proportion 

of United 

States 

product. 

Per cent. 

0.46 

.60 

.71 

. 63 

. 94 

. 74 

. 8() 

The clays of Connecticut arc nearly all surface deposits of Pleistocene age, and 

hence arc suitable only for the manufacture of structural produCts, drain tile, or 

the lower grade of pottery. 
CONNECTICUT. 79 

A depoi;it of 'kaolin, formed fr-om the decomposition of feldspatbic gneiss, occurs 

about 4 miles west of 'Vest Cornwall. It is washed and shipped to white-ware 

potteries. Indications seem to warrant the assumption that the deposit is very large. 

An analysis of the washed product is given below: 

A;·wlysi.~ of kaolin; from We.qt Cornwall, Conn. 

Per cent. 

Si02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ................. _ 47. 50 

Al20 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••• ·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37. 40 

Fe20 3 ••••••••••••• _. _ ••• _ ••••••••••• _ ••••••• : •••• _ ••• _. _ • 80 

CaO ......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace. 

Alkalies ............ __ .................................. . 

H 20 ............... ·- ......... -.............. __ .......... _ 

Total ... __ ... _ . ________ .....•.... _ ..... ___ . : .. _. _ . 

1. 10 

12.48 

99.28 

Clay substance ........ ___ :............................... 99.00 

Quartz ............. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 00 

Total ........ _ ... _ ......... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. 00 

The material is very refractory, its fusing point l,)fing above cone 27. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

:Many common bJ·ick are made in Connscticut from surface clayt>, et>peeially 

around Berlin, Hartford, New Haven, and Middletown. ]''ire brick arc produced at 

New Haven from New Jersey clays. Some pottery is also manufactured. 

The total value of the clay products of Connecticut and Rhode Island a from 

1895 to 1901 was as follows: 

Total valt1e of clay prod:ncts of Connecticut and Rhode 18land.from 1895 to 1901. 

I Proportion 

Y~ar. Value. , Rank! of United 

States 

product. 

-------

Per cent. 

1895 ...... -.- ... -. $831,925 20 l. 27 

1896 .. -- -- . -- --- .. 1,151,598 ll l. 85 

1897 .. -... ---- .. -. 1,336,670 10 2.13 

1898 .......... ··-- 952, 180 16 l. 32 

1899 .. ----.------- 1,074,202 20 I. 12 

1900 .. -- .... ---.-- l ,-099, 972 20 1. 14 

i 901.. .. -- -- ---- -- 1,130,909 21 1. 03 __________ !_ 

a Rhode Island is incln<l?d in the Geological Survey statistics nfter 1897, ~tnd hence it is necessary to give the' two 

together. 
80 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

DELAWARE. 

CLAYS. 

Little has been published regarding the <~lay resources of this State. In its 

northwestern part, along the Pennsylvania boundary, deposits of kaolin similar to 

those found in southeastern Penns.Y.lvania have been worked for a number of years at 

Hockessin and Newa1:k, Del. The product is washed before shipment. 

The Potomac beds of the Coastal Plain area are said to contain stoneware and fire 

· clays, and have been worked at one or two localitie,; not far from ·wilmington to 

supply the ehemical stoneware works at Philadelphia. 

J .. C. Booth, in his Memoir of the Geological Survey of Delaware (1841), refers 

to a r~d-clay formation which shows well in the borders of Christiana Creek, where 

it forms hills rising to 60 or 80 feet above tide. It i5 mostly red, but contains 

occasional veins of white clay. It is stated to be of value at one locality on the 

Delaware shore below Newcastle. 

ClJAY-WOHKING INDUSTRY. 

Delaware is of little importance as a producer of clay products. The total value 

between 1895 and 1901 is given below: 

Value of clay products ~if Delawa1·ejrmn 1896 tu 1901. 

Year. V~tlue. Rank. 

Proportion I 

of United 

1 

States 

product: 

Per ceut. I 

1895 ______________ $58,615 41 0.09 

1896______________ 61,~03 41 .10 

1897- - - - - - - - - . - - - -II 68, 458 40 . H 

1898. ___________ ;_ 90,555 39 . 13 

HJOO.............. 156,274 39 .16 

1899 ______________ 1 168,485 38 .18 

1901==--=i __ l31, 16~----4-0---~~ 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

CLAYS. 

A small but energetic local industry is based on clays derived from the Coastal 

Plain formations of this area. According to Darton, a there is an abundanee of brick 

clay in the vicinity of Washington, and much of it is used. The clays worked are 

a Geologic Atlas U.S., folio 70, Washington, D. C. 
DELA W ARE-DIS'l'RlCT OF COLUMBIA-FLORIDA. 81 

?hiefiy of later Columbia age, hut at the intersection of Bladensburg road and 

Florida avenue extensive excavations have been made in sandy Potomac clays. 

The chief workings in Columbia loams are on the west side of the Potomac l~iver, 

between ·washington and Alexandria, and just south of Alexandria. 

In the eastern part of ·washington wide areas have been stripped of a thin layer 

of loam for brickmaking. _ The upper loam is suitable for brick over the greater 

. part of the .wide later Columbia terraces adjoining the Potomac River. On the 

smaller areas along creeks and on the tenaces adjoining the greater part of the 

Anacostia River the deposit is usually too sandy for working. 

The sandy clays of the Potomac are often suitable for brickmaking, and have 

been used to some extent. On the wider terraccs.of earlier Columbia and Lafayette 

formations are many local areas of loam which are available. Other sources of 

supply are detrital days and alluvium from crystalline rocks. 

The Potomac clays arc worked. for tiles at Terra Cotta, University station, and 

Lamond, on .the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Many 

mas'ses of these clays occur, especially east of the Anacostia R.iver. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The value of the clay product,; of the District of Columbia each year since 1895 

is as follows: 

Value of clay products of District of Columbia from 1895 to 1901. 

Proportion 

Year. Value. Rank. of United 

States 

product. 

Per cent. 

1895 .............. $373,304 27 0.57 

1896 .............. 353,565 . 28 . 57 

1897 .............. 288,981 30 ,46 

1898 .............. 320,320 30 . 45 

1899 .............. 481, 145 33 .50 

1900 .............. 288,933 35 . 30 

1901 ........•.. ~ .. 324,008 35 . 29 -

FLORIDA. 

The clays of Florida are mostly surface deposits of Tertiary or Pleistocene age, 

and occur chiefly in the northern part of the State. · Very little has been published 

regarding them. The following facts are taken mostly from published notes made 

by the writer several years ago. a 

«Seventeenth Ann. Rcpt. U.S. Geol. Survey, Pt. ITI (continued.), p. 875. 

9647-No. 11-03-6 
82 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Brick clays are of common occurrence in Florida, especially in the northern hal.f 

of the State, but they are often sandy and are worked on only a small sc~le at many 

localities. A large pit has been opened at .Jacksonville for brickmaking. Other 

plants arc at Ocklocknee, west of Tallahassee, Bartow, Leesburg, etc. 

BALL CLAY. 

Florida is one of the few States producing this material. It occurs .at several 

points in .the north-central portion of Florida (Pl. IX), and the different areas may 

represent portions of a formerly continuous bed. It is undoubtedly of sedimentary 

origin, and the.occurrence of such an. extensive deposit so free in most places from 

impurities is remarkable. The mass is made up of a mixture of white clay and quartz 

pebbles, the latter forming 65 to 75 per cent of the entire mass, so that for every ton 

of washed clay about four tons of the crude material have to be mined. The quartz 

pebbles vary in size from· that of a pin ·head to a diameter of three-quarters of an 

inch. The largest ones seem to occur chiefly at the northern end of the area in which 

the kaolin is found. If the deposits wc1'e nearer to the pottery centers, or if freight 

rates were lower, the pebbles could no doubt be ground for potter's use. The largest 

pit which was being ~or ked at the time of the writer's visit was that at Edgar, Fla., 

(Pl. I, A), which is about 50 miles southwest of Jacksonville. The section in the pit 

at thit; loeality was as follows: 

Section ·in clity pit at Edgar, Fl(t. 

Feet. 

Top soil ________________ -- - ...... _- --- -- .... ---- ..... _ - -- --. 8 

Impure upper clay .... ___ ._ .. _ ... _____ -.- _____ -- .... ___ .. ____ 8-10 

\Vhi te clay _____ ..... _ .. _____ .. ___ . -... , _ . _ ..... ______ -- . . . 25 

Green clay. 

The thickness of the green clay is not exactly known, but at other localities it is 

seen to rest on limestone. 

Another but more extensive area of this clay occurs along the Palatlakaha Hiver, . 

south of Leesburg, Lake County. This large clay tract begins 1 mile south of 

Lake Harris, into whieh the Pa1atlakaha River flows, and extends along both sides 

of the river nearly to Villa City. Throughout this belt there is an overburden of 

about 3 feet of loose sand, under which lies the white ball elay, of a depth varying 

from 10 to 30 feet. _It is .frequentl,r well exposed in the bluff's along the river. 

This deposit has been opened up at a point about 4 miles south of Leesburg, where 

it is said to be 25 to 30 feet thick. 

Another area of this same clay occurs at Bartow Junction, Polk County, about 

45 miles northeast of Tampa. 

The sandy charaeter of the raw clay permits its being worked by a. method 

somewhat different from that usually practiced at most kaolin mines. At Edgar 
FLORIDA. 83 

the pit is filled with water, and on this there is a float carrying a scraper and pump. 

The former loosens up the clay in the bottom of the pit and the latter draws it 

up to the surface and discharges the water, with suspended clay and sand, into the 

washing troughs. 

Owing to the fact that this .Florida clay is very plastic it is put on the market 

under. the name of ball clay. It is very refractory and burns white. In the table 

below are given chemical analyses of the clay from different points. It differs 

from the English ball clay chiefly in its greater refractoriness, and also somewhat in its plasticity. The shrinkage of it at cone 8 is stated by Langenbeck to be 

15 pe1: eent." 

Analyses of Florida ball clay. 

,-1 ~-- ---~----

1 

Silica. __ ~ ... ____________ . ____ ... 

Alumina····--··----····---·---. 

Ferrie oxide . _ . _ . ___ ...... _ ... __ 

l. 

46. 11 

39.5 

. 35 

Lime .................................... . 

.:\iagnesia ..................... _ _ . 13 

. Alkalies _ ..... _ .............. _. _____ .. ___ _ 

\Vater ...... _______ ......... : ... _ 

, Sulphur trioxide ............ __ .. 

13.78 

. 07 

TotaL .... ___________ .... _ 99. 94 

1. ·washed clay· frotn Palatlakaha River. 

2. Washed clay from Edgar. 

2. 

45.39 

39. 19 

.45 

.• 51 

.29 

.83 

14.01 

100.67 

According to .Mr. T. W. Vaughan, of the United States Geologieal Survey, 

who bas been doing field work on the Tertiary formations of northern Florida and 

southwestern Georgia, another deposit of ball clay occurs on the land of Mr. 

Augustus .Munroe, sec. 32, T. 10 S., R. 23 E. Mr. Vaughan states that-

" The material is very sandy, but its thickness could not be ascertained from 

observation. Several auger holes had been sunk, and these indicate a thickness of 

about 10 feet. The bed is said to be thieker near the summit of the hill. The overburden varies from _4 to 10 feet, and the deposit can be economically worked over an 

area of several acres. The transportation faeilities are good, as the Plant System 

railway is only a hal£ mile distant." 

Mr. Vaughan has supplied a number of data regarding the clays in that region, 

whieh are given below. 

·white cakareons clay outcrops. on the land of vV. B. Stoutamire, 18 miles 

southwest of T:illahassee, Leon County, and thi·ee-quarters of a mile north of his 

house. The outcrop is on a hillside in sec. 1, T. 1 S., R. 4 W. 

"The Chemistry of Pottery, p. 101. 
84 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The chemical composition of the clay is indicated by the following analysis: 

Analy15is of clay .fro_m Leon County, Fla. 

[Analyst, H. Ries.] Per cent. 

Si02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35. 95 

Al,03 •••••••••••••••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13. 23 

Fe20 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1. 27 

CaO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 00 

IVIgO .................. -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 40 

:~~t~~~ }-.--.---.. -.. ------... -...... --- .... -... .' ... ---. 10.55. 

C02 •••••••••••••••••••••• ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18. 50 

TotaL .............................................. 99. 90 

Brick clay crops out on the property of J.D. Stoutamire, in sec. 15, T. 1 S., R. 4 \,7 , 

A physical examination of this clay shows it to be very plastic and to absorb 40 per 

cent of water in being worked up. It has a larg·e air shrinkage-17 per cent-and 

when being burned up to cone 05 its fire shrinkage is 4 per cent, and up to cone 

2 its fire shrinkage is 5 per cent. Its tensile strength is very good, ranging from . 

175 to 210 pounds per square inch. The clay is peculiar in that it burns to a very 

light-buff product, due apparently to a low percentage of iron oxide, and not to the 

presence of carbonate of lime. Incipient fusion occurs at 05, and the clay burns to 

a hard, dense product at eone 2. If mixed with sufficient sand to prevent its shrinking so much in buming, it could, very probably, be utili:t:cd in the manufacture of 

light-colored front brick. It does not show the same tendency to crack in drying 

that the sample from Climax, Ga., does. Owing to its light eolor, the soluble salts, if 

present, did not tend to show themselves. 

Another locality at which calcareous clay was found is on the land of Mr. 

W. \V. Williams, about one-half mile southea:-;t of .Jackson Bluff, on the Ochlockonee 

River, in sec. 21, T. 1 S., R. 4 W. The outcrop occurs in the bed and alongthe sides 

of a small creek. The material is overlain by about 6 feet of sandy alluvium, and 2! 

feet of clay is exposed. The chemical composition is given below: 

Analysis of calcareous clay from the land of J.fr. TV. TV. T¥illiams, near Jackson Bluff, Ochlocbnee River, Fla. 

[Analyst, H. Ries.] Per cent. 

Siliea .. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. 83 

Alumina ..................................... :. . . . . . . . . . . 15. 40 

Ferrie oxide ............................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 40 

Lime ................................................. ~ .... 13. 78 

M.agncsia. ... .. ...... .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .... .. . . • .. .. 7. 50 

Alkalies ........... · .............................. Undetermined. 

Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. 14 

Water ........ ·............................................. 7.16 

TotaL.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9G. 21 
FLORID .A. 85 

This clay behaves very differently from mo.st calcareous clays and may possibly 

contain some silica in the hydrous form, which perhaps accounts f01; its great 

shrinkag·e in burning. The br.icklets made from it took 45 per cent of water to 

. work them up, and the mixture had an air shrinkage of 16 per cent. Although this 

was not of very plastic feel, yet its tensile strength was very high, averaging 338 

pounds pei· square inch, with a minimum of 300 and ·a maximum of 388. \\Then 

burned to cone 05 the fire shri~kage was 5 per cent. 'l'he bricklet was still 

scratched with a knife and was very absorbent. At cone 01 the fire shrinkage 

was 7 per·cent, the bricklet still absorbent and barely scratched with the knife. At 

cone 1 the fire shrinkage remained the same, the hardness about the same, and 

the color was creamy. At cone 3 the fire shrinkage was 7 per cent, the color 

light buff, and the bricklet was very absorbent. At cone. 5 the fire shrinkage 

was 12 per cent, the color reddish buff; the bdcklet could. not be scratched by a 

knife, but it had not yet vitrified. It seemed to vitrify at about cone 6. Up to 

this point it held its form, but when heated up to cone 8 it rapidly became 

viscous and went to a slaggy mass of yellowish color. The clay behaves peculiarly 

for a calcareous one, and the writer expects, therefore, to examine it a little further 

and to report more fully on its peculiarities. It could not be· used alone in the 

manufacture of day products on account of its high shrinkage, but no doubt it would 

make excellent binding material if mixed in with another clay. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTUY. 

The totalvalue of the clay products of Florida for each year from 1895 to 1901. 

was as follows: 

Ya1tte of clay products of Floridctfrmn 1895 to 1901. 

Year. 

1895 .. ----- --·-. --

1896.-.-----------

1897--------------

1898.--.----------

1899.-------------

1900 ... ---.-------

1901. .... ________ _ 

Value. 

114,015 

122,144 

89,435 

130,987 

138,808 

140,604 

190,674 

Runk. 

39 

39 

38 

38 

41 

40 

39 

Proportion I 

of United 

States pro- duct. 

Per cent. 

0.17 

.20 

.14 

. 17 

.14 

.15 

.17 
86 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVEB. 

Value of clay protlucts in Florida in 1901. 

Common brick. ___ ......... ____ . ______________________ _ 

Front brick_ ... __ ..................... ____ : ________ , __ _ 

Drain tile ....... _ ., .. _ ......... _ ........ ____ . ____ . _____ _ 

Sewer pipe ..... _______ . _ ......................... _. __ _ 

Miscellaneous ... _ . _______ .................. _ ......... . 

Ball clay ................. ____________ . _ ............... . 

GEORGIA. 

$185,759 

(a) 

1,515 

(a) 

2,500 

(a) 

Georgia is divisible, geologically, into three areas, viz: (1) A northwestern area, 

underlain by rocks of Paleozoic age, consisting of ;-;hales, limestones, and sandstones; 

(2) a central broad belt of pre"Cambrian rocks, such as granites and gneisses; (3) a 

southeastern belt, in the Coastal Plain region, composed of unconsolidated sedimentary 

rocks of recent geologic age-Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Pleistocene. 

PALEOZOIC AREA.b 

This belt includes tho counties of Polk, Flqyd, Barton, Gordon, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, Chattooga, vV alker, and Dade. In this area the rocks range from the 

Cambrian to the Carboniferous, inclusive, with the exception of the Lower Cambrian c 

and Upper Ordovician beds. 

The general-section involves the following foni1ations: 

Carboniferous formations of Georgia. 

'Vaiden sandstone. 

Lookout sandstone. 

Carboniferous ...................................... Bangor limestone. 

Floyd shales. 

Fort Payne chert. 

Devonian ......................................... _ Chattanooga shales. 

(

Rockwood shales and sandstones. 

Silurian ........................................... Chickamauga limestone. 

. Knox dolomite. 

Cambrian __ ... · .. _ .... ___ .. __ .... __ .. _ .. _ .. _______ -{Conasaugadshale. 

Rome san stone. 

The thickness of this section is eonsidcmhlc,_ but is difficult to determine accurately because the strata have been much folded and have also been displaeed by 

•extended faulting. It can be said, however, that the different formations extend 

across the northwestern part of the State in a northeast-southwest direction, [wd 

that within the area occupied by them they furnish both residual elays and shales. 

The rc:,;idual days have been derived h}r decomposition ft'Om various types of rocks, 

including sandstones, shales, and limestones, and the general product of weathering -----------------------------

.a Less than three prorl ucers. 

;b Spencer, J. W., The Paleozoic group: Georgia Gcol. Survey, 1~~:3. Also Geologic Atlas U.S., folio 2, Ringgold 

,c Spencer, J. W .. ibid., pp. 28-29. 
GEORGIA. 87 

is a ferruginous clay, which may vary in siliceousness and plasticity, the degree of 

these depending on the character of the parent rock, etc. 

The impure residuals" may b~ derived from calcareous Paleozoic shales. 

In places the limestones may be decayed to a depth of 22 feet. b 

The residual earths from the lime;;tones run as follows in composition:c 

Composition ~f residttal earth from l-imestone. 

Per cent. 

Silica _ ... _ ..... ___ . _ . _ ..... ___ ....... __ ........ -... _.... . . 64-84 

Alumina . ________ , _________ . __ .. _ ........ ___ .... _ ...... _ _ 6-15 

Ferric oxide ............. _ ............. _ .............. __ .. 3-10 

The Knox dolomite and Chickamauga and Bangor limestones are important sources 

of residual clays, and while these are commonly rather impure, pockets of white 

materi!1l may occur which may yield clay suitable for fire brielc The clay deposits 

are often large. In the cherty remains of other portions of the Knox dolomite the 

siliceous nodules are embedded in white, siliceous, chalky clay, as near Cave Spring, 

or in the Lookout Valley in Fort Payne chert. The siliceous matter could probably 

be separated by washing. At Woodlands a fine quality of clay is said to exist. 

The following two analyses show the composition of these residuals: 

Analy.~es of white residual clay.gfr·om northwe8t Georgia. 

--- --------- -----

1. 2. 

Silica (combined) ....... _ ...... . 

Siliea (free sand) ........... ~ .. . 

Alumina ...................... . 

Ferric oxide .................. .. 

40.40 

. 80 

38.60 

1. 45 

20. 10 

46.10 

15.41 

6.06 

Lime .................. ' .............. · .. · .. -· · · · · · · 

Magnesia . __ ....... : .... _ ...... . .30 1. 29 

Pota~h ........... __ ........... . . 09 4.55 

Soda .......................... . -02 . 34 

Titanie add .................... . 1. 95 1. 35 

'\Vater ......................... . 16.35 4.75 

Moisture .... _ ...... _ ...... __ . __ . 35 . 20 -------- TotaL ... _ ... _ ....... ____ .. _ 100.31 100. 15 

1. Clay from bauxite beds on Flowery Branch, .Floyd County. 

2. Clay from a" horse ".m the iron-ore beds at Grady. 

These clays are probably refractory, judging from the char~cter of the bauxite 

at Rock Run, in adjacent territory in Alabama. 

a Spenc.er. J. \V .. The Paleozoic group: Georgia Geol SurveY, 1893, p. 282. b Ibid., p. 22. cibid., p. 23. 
88 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'.rES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following analyses of Paleozoic shales, ghren by J. W. Spencer, will show 

their composition: 

Analyses of Paleozoic shales and cla:ysfrorn Oeorgia. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

1-. --~~-

Silica (combined) __ . _....... 9. 30 19.40 

Silica (free) ............ _ ... _ 62. 30 ;)\-), 20 

Alumina--------·········-- 11.50 18.05 

Ferric oxide ........ :. .. .. .. 5. 59 8.31 

Lime ....... __ ............................. -.- ... 

Magnesia .................. . 

Potash ........ __ ....... _. _ . 

Socia . _ ........ _ ...... ___ .. . 

i\1 anganese dioxide ......... . 

1. 30 

4.20 

. 35 

.60 

Titanic acid................. 1. 10 

Water...................... 3.80 

' Moisture .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .15 

TotaL .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 100. 19 

1. 55 

4.63 

.33 

. 68 

7.60 

.40 

100.15 

a Included with alumina. 

} 52.82 

26.17 

9.46 

Trace. 

1. OS 

2. 71 

. 20 

( ") 

7.00 

. 23 

99.67 

69.33 

19.01 

2.02 

Trace. 

. 87 

2.10 

.18 

(et) 

6.88 

. 26 

100.65 

1. Light-colored hydromica shale in ridge above Etowah iron bridge south of Cartersville. 

2. Light-red shale, 1mile south west of Cartersville, of Oostanaula series. 

3. Less calcareous clay of same series 2 miles northwest of Cartersville. 

4. Light-colored plastic clay, from near head of .McLamore's cove, of Lower Carboniferous age. 

PRE-CA~IBRTAN liELT. 

This covers an area of about 12,000 sq nare miles, and consists of granites, gneisses, 

schist>:, and marbles, and in places pegmatite veins. The latter should afford kaolin, 

and throughout the region residual clays are abundant. The wash from them may 

form secondary deposits in the valleys. 

COASTAL PLAIN REGION. 

The Coastal Plain district of Georgia includes that portion of the State lying 

southeast of a line drawn through Augusta, Macon, and Columbus, these' towns being 

along the ''fall line" which represents the boundary between the older and younger · 

formations of the State. In this area the formations range' from Cretaceous to 

Pleistocene, and contain many clay deposits of varying character, ranging from the 

impure, easily fusible clays to snowy white clays of high refractoriness. The general 

character of most of the deposits is that of a lens-shaped mass surrounded by sand 

or sandy clay. 

The Cretaceous oeeupies the srimllest area at the surface, consisting of a triangle, 

of which the base is on the Chattahoochee River, the apex is at Macon, and the 

northwest side coincides approximately with the f!!,ll line. It includes, however, 
GEORGIA •. 89 

the . most important clays found along the fall line in Geo.rgia, representing the 

Potomac series. The Cretaceous section shows considerable thickness, for in following down the Chatt~thoochee River from Columbus about 1,6.40 feet of Cretaceous 

beds are seen, affording an excellent opportunity for studying their character. A 

belt of clays occurs near the base of the Georgia Cretaceous section, and these have 

been traced across the State into South Carolina. (t 

The Eocene and Miocene beds of the Tertiary overlap the Cretaceous beds to the 

south and east and extend to the coast. Both the Cretaceous and the Tertiary, however, are covered by a mantle of L.afayette and Columbia sands, gravels, and days, 

which may at times so effectively conceal the older beds that thei are seen only in 

railroad cuts, ravines, or hillsides .. 

CRETACEOUS. 

·within the triangular area mentioned above the Cretaceous is well exposed in 

cuts along the Central Railroad of Georgia, especially between Columbus and Macon; 

and for a number of miles east of Macon along the railroad there are many exposures 

of white clays and sands. The region around Griswoldville, 10 miles east of Macon, 

contains the best Potomac clays along the fall line. It includes the southern half of 

Jones and Baldwin counties and the northem half of Twiggs and Wilkinson. 

According to Ladd, clay is exposed at many points on the property of J. R. Van 

Buren & Co., especially in the railroad cuts and gullies along the terrace followed 

by the Central Railroad.· The clays of this region are from 6 to 10 feet thick, often 

white in color, free from ·grit, and have a soapy feel, for they contain many muscovite 

scales of microscopic size. Some of these clays have been shipped to Chattanooga 

for use in the manuf~icture of fire brick 

Thick beds of white clay also occur at Lewiston, east of Griswoldville, and are 

nuned for wall paper ,and encaustic tiling. The product, after mining, is separated 

into ·three grades-w bite, yellow, and spotted. The follow1ng section, ·exposed in 

the eastern pit at this locality, may be regarded as fairly typical: 

Section 'in pit at Lewi.ston; Ga. 

Feet. 

1. Red and yellow clayey sand, with seams of laminated clay; also thin seams of brown. iron ore 

containing coarse pebbles ........................... : ............ ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

S. Irregular siliceous beds resembling quartzite, and eontaining drusy quartz cavities and many 

fragments of shells ............................ ______ . _ .. _ .. __ ... _______ ..... _ ..... _ ... _. 4 

i:l. ·white sand, free from iron stain, cross bedded in places, containing mica and kaolin, and also 

nodules and fragments of white clay, in the upper surfaces of which are sharply outlined 

pear-shaped cavities, each filled with a yellowish clay. These cavities vary in diameter from 

one-fourth to one inch __ ._ ... __ . _· ___ ~. __ ... __ . _. ___ .. _____ .. ___ ... __ .. ________ . ___ . _____ . _ 7 

4. White clay free from grit .. __ .. _. __ . _ ... _____ .. ____ . _________ .. _ ... _ ... _. ______ .. ___ ...... _ 2 

5. White sand at bottom. ' 

Another deposit occurs H miles cast of Lewiston, on the prop~rty of J. J. 

Whitehurst, the clay there being 8 to 10 feet.thick, with ·6 to 8 feet of stripping. 

a Ladd, G. E., The clays of Georgia: Bull. Georgia Gcol. Survey No.6, p. 80. 
'. 

90 OLAYS OF UNITED BTA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

There are many pits of Potomac clay 2t miles south of Gordon, on the E. ,J. 

Massey estate, along the northern base of the ridge, but in most places they are 

overlain by a great thickness of Tertiary clay and Orange sands. Outcrops of 

Potomac clays abo occur around Mcintyre, and at a point H· miles south of Dry 

Branch, a station on the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad in Twiggs County. 

Here the clay, which is similar to that at Lewiston, is 15 feet thick, and mostly white. 

\Vest of Fitzpatrick and between there and Bullards station are similar occurrences 

of Potomac clay. Potomac clays are also found west of the city of Augusta; around 

Grovetown, Columbia County, and 3 miles south of the same locality. They are 

also traceable eastward from Columbus, and range from mottled to pure white. 

They are overlain by Lafayette and Columbia. At .Butler the clay is from 20 to 25 

feet thi.ck and is mined for paper. In Crawford'County the Potomac clays are used 

in the manufacture of common pottery, while around Macon they crop out on both 

sides of the river. 

From the following table, giving the chemical and physical .properties' of some 

of these clays, it will be seen that they run low, usually, in fluxing impurities, and. 

hence are highly refractory. Their tensile strength in most cases is rathe1: low . 

. They are used for paper manufacture, pottery; and encttnstic tiling. The paper 

clays have to be washed for shipment. 

AnalyNes aml physical characters of Coa~tal Plain cla.ys in Georgia. 

--1--1. ·I~· 2. 

Moisture ______________ 

Ignition ····----------

Combined SiO, ________ 

Al,03 -----------------

Free SiO, ------------- Fe,o, _________________ 

CaO ------------------ MgO ____________ ---. __ 

K,O ------------------ Na,O ----------------- Absorption ____________ 

Air shrinkage ---------

Tensile strength _' ______ . · 

I 

Cone of fusion _________ 

Specific gravity _______ _ 

0.57 0.99 

13.08 12.98 

44.94 44.92 

39.13 39. 13 

1. 23 1. 55 

.45 1. 05 

.18 . 40 

.11 . 17 

. 51 Tr. 

.63 Tr. 

112 ----·----- . 8 

25 

36 

]. 76 { 

.9 

19 

36 

1.5 

1.9 

3. 

0.21 

14.52 

42.79 

40.42 

. 82 

. 70 

.37 

---------- Tr . 

. 83 

80 

8 

Under 10 

36 

1. 89 

1. 94 

4. 

1. 91 

13.39 

43.08 

40.63 

1. 94 

1. 01 

. 16 

.00 

. 27 

Tr. 

---------- 8 

12-1.5 

35-36 

1. 72 

l. 89 

Color when burned ____ ..... _-- .. I White ..•. ______ . Whitean"d 

>1ro '"'"•lmgc. . .... j .......... j. . . .. ·I 4 

pinkish. 

. 0 

5. 6. I 

I /, 

8. 7 0. 721-· 3.64 

11.24 13.641 19.41 

54.39 43.85 13.62 

14.64 38.281 11.56 

1. 89 . 2. 77 I 36.80 

. 28 1. 02 2.2 

7.08 . 18 13.89 

1.71 ---------- 1. 73 

4 . 05 Tr. 

23 . 08 1. 36 

200 100 98 

25 s 18-20 

{ 143 

21:-J 24 304 

255 

---------- 35 ---------- . 9 1. 6f) 1.8 

1.2 1. 75 2 

R;~~e y~l- ----.---. ·r· .. -.. ---- low. 

6 2 2 
GEORGIA. 91 

1. ,J. R. Van Buren & Co., Griswold ville. Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No. 6, p. 108. 

2. T.ewiston Clay ·works. Tbid., p. 115. 

3. Z. T. Miller property. Ibid., p. 126. 

4. Pa)•ne and Nelson pit near Macon, Twiggs County. Ibid., p. 133. 

5. Tertiary clay, 1 mile east of Fitzpatrick. Ibid., p. 135. 

6. Fire clay, Stevens Pottery, Georgia. Ibid., p. 139. 

7. Summit. 

Clays 1-6 are Potomac days (Cretaceous); clay 7 is Tertiary. 

The following notes on Cretaceous clays of Geor;gia have been supplied by Mr. 

T. Wayland Vaughan, of the United States Geological Survey: 

Clay is well exposed on the Plant System Railway 1 mile west of Climax, Ga. 

The bottom of the section is about 23 feet below the level of the. railroad, and the 

top of it is 30 feet ~hove. The section is as follows: 

Section 1 mile west of Cti.nw.'t·, On. 

15. Soil and humus. From a few inches to a foot or mote. Feet. Tnehes 

H. Yellowish sands, small gravel .............................. _ ............ ____ . ____ . 6 0 

13. Mottled sands and day ......................................... ____ . ___ . ___ . __ . __ _ 5 0 

12. Sands and some day, showing distinct stratification, whitish, yellowish, and reddish._ 2.5 0 

(The upper 20 feet .cross beddea. There is some ferruginous sandstone.) 

11. Clays, blotched reddish .. ____ .. ____ •. __ .... ;. ____ . ___ .. __ . ________________ . __ . __ ._ 5 0 

(About 2 feet below the level of the railroad.) 

10. Stratified sands and clays, blotched red ____ . ______ .. __ ... ______ . ___________ .. , ___ .. 6 0 

9. Stiff day, blotched red __ . __ . ____________________________________ . __ . __ . _________ : 2 0 

8. ·white sands with seams of clay ____ ... __ . __ . __ ... _. __ . ____ . ________________ . ____ . _ 3 0 

7. Stiff blue clay, blotched red .. __ . ____ .: ____ . ________________ .~ __ _-________________ __ 3 

6. Finely laminated sand and clay _ ...... ______ .. ____ .. __ . __ . __ ... __ ... : ____________ _ 1 0 

5. Bluish day (specimen collected) . __ . __ . __ ..... __ .... __ . ___ .. ____ ... __ . _____ . ____ __ 1 0 

4. ·whitish sands .. __ ....... __ .. ______ .. ____ . __ . __ .. __ .. ____ . ___ . __ ... __ ... _. ______ _ 3 6 

3. Blue clay ... _.- _.- ..... _ .. -............ -........... -........... :-· .... ........... . 

2. Whi-tish sands, little clay ____ . __ . ________ .. ____ . _______________ . ____________ . ____ __ 

2 0 

0 9 

1. Fine sandy bluish clay ... ____ .... ______ ... __ ......... _______________ . ________ .. __ 1 6 

The clay from this p~int is reddish, and is doubtless suitable for the manufacture 

of brick. It is exceedingly fine g-rained and on this account takes up considerable 

water in mixing, the amount being 40 per cent. A number of bricklets and briquets 

were made from this mixture, and the former in drying showed a total shrinkage of 

17 per cent, which was sufficient to induce cracking in the clay. On this account it 

would have to be more or less thoroughly ri1ixcd with sand. The clay contains a 

large proportion of soluble salts, and in the process of air drying- these form a white 

scum on those surfaces and edges of the bricklet from which the water evaporates 

most rapidly. The tensile strength of air-dried briquets ranged fron1 140 to 180 

pounds per square inch, but in most cases they probably broke before the actual 

limit of strength was reached, by reason of the f01·mation of incipient cracks in drying. 
CLA Y:S ·OF UNITED S'l'ATRS EAST OF ~ISS IS SiPPI RIVER. 

The day burns to a red color at a very low temperature-cone 05-and at this point' 

is dense and hard, showing a total shrinkage of 18 per cent. Most common brick 

·clays would not show a shrinkage of more than 10 per cent up to this point. 

Olay from Oolm tobacco plantation.-The clay used on the Cohn & Co. tobacco 

plantation in the manufacture of brick for usc in buildings; etc., on the plantation 

took the same quantity of water as the clay just described to mix it up; and its air 

shrinkage was 15 per cent, but it showed less scum on the surface, due to soluble 

materials in the clay. At eone 05 the clay burns to a good red color, with a fire 

shrinkage of 2 per cent, which is less than that of the other two samples. There 

were a few small cracks. · 

vVhen burned to cone 2 the color was a much deeper red, and the fire shrin,kage 

5 per cent, while the brick was dense, though not vitrified. It also cracked somewhat, due to the high shrinkage. 

The tensile strength of the air-dried briquets made from the clay was hig·h, 

ranging from 260 to 300 pound:; per square inch, with an average of 270 pounds. 

This clay would also need to have sand mixed with it in molding, but owing to 

its high tensile strength could no doubt take considerable of this material. 

TERTIARY CLAYS. 

The Tertiary clays, though probably more extensive than those of the Cretaceous, 

·are uot so well known.· 

Ladd" rnentions their occt1rrence around Fitzpatrick and 1 mile east of that 

place. A Tertiary outlier occurs 6 miles northwest of Griswoldville, and is well 

exposed in the railroad cut at Summit. It is a bluish or greenish, more or less laudnatcd clay, of calcareous character, melting at 1,100' C. It is used with Potomac 

clays, and Ladd suggests that it may be used for the manufacture of paving briek. 

Beds probably of Tertiary age are also known in the railroad cut east pf Grovetown 

station. 

COLU.l\IHJA CI~A YS. 

These arc widespread in the Coastal Plain region. They are worked around 

Hudson, and also in the terraces around Macon, ;here they are employed for making 

brick and sewer pipe. 

Additional l;eds are· worked for brick around Augusta, and at Milledgeville. 

This latter deposit is at least 10 feet thick. 

According to Spencer 0 most of the bricks manufactured in northwestern Georgia 

are made from alluvial clays. Good material for this purpose is found along the· 

Etowah Hiver at Cartersville. This is less fusible than the same class of material 

aLadd, G. E., 'rhe clays of Georgia: Bull. Georgia Geol. Survey No.6, p. 135. 

b Spencer, J. W., '.:'he Paleozoic group: Georgia Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 286. 
GEORGIA. 93 

worked at Rome, but the latter is said to make a better briek. The following 

analyses indicate the composition: 

Analyses of Columbia brick clays .froni Georgia. 

1. 

Silica (combii1ed) .... ...... .......... ..... 69.18 

Silica (free) ................. : ...................... . 

Alumina.................................. 15.43 

Ferrie oxide ...... :.. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 5. 83 

2. 

17 

50.80 

13.82 

5.74 

3. 

14.30 

63.30 

10.90 

2.25 

Lin1e ......................... ' ............ , ............... · ............ .. 

, .Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 . 81 .63 

Potash ................... , .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. 1. 83 2 1. 83 

Soda . ....... .. .. ..... ...... .. . .. . ... . ... . .15 . 55 .32 

Titanic acid ................. _ ............ , ....... ~ .. 1. 67 1. 98 

\Vater.................................... 6. 61 7.35 4.70 

Moistu"rc ................ _................. . 22 .25 .20 --------[-----

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. 96 99.99 100.41 

1. Brick clay from Cartersville, on Etowah River. 

2. Surface clay at Rome. 

3. Lower clay at Rome,. 10 feet below surface. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

Geotgia in 1901 ranked sixteenth among the clay-producing States, having 

g::dned considerably in the last six years. The value of the clay products has been 

as follows: 

Value of clay p1·oducts of Georgia .from 1895 to 1901. 

Year. 

1895 ........................ ····-····· 

1896 ................................. . 

1897 ................................. .. 

1898 ................ , ............... .. 

1899 ..... : ........................... . 

1900 .................................. . 

1901_ ..................... -- .......... . 

Vttlue. 

$867,355 

904,813 

()62,513 

857,258 

'1, 263,995 

1,193,218 

1,545,083 

Rank. 

15 

15. 

14 

. 18 

15 

17 

16 

Proportion 

of United 

St11tes 

product. 

Per cent. 

1. 33 

1. 46 

1. 54 

1. 20 

1. 32 

1. 24 

1. 40 
94 OLA YS OF UNITED ST A'l'ES EA3T OF M[SSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The values of t~e various clay products in 1900 and 1901 were as follows: 

Value of clay pmdttcl.s of Georgia in 1900 cmd 1.901. 

1900. 1901. 

Common brick ... ___ ..... _ .... _. _____ . _ .. _ .... _. $982, 08:3 

Front brick __ .. __ .. __ . _- ____ .... __ ......... _..... 49, 800 

· Terra sotta ................ __ .... ___ ... __ ........ 66, 000 

Fireproofing .... ____________ . , ___ . : . _____ . ______ ) 

Sewer pipe .. __ .......... __ ....... _ ............. . 35,450 Vitrified brick ... ___ . __ ._._._ ... ________ .. ·. __ ... _ 

Drain tile ...... _ ..... _ .................... - .. - .. 

Fire brick .. _.· __ ..... __ ......... __ ._ .......... _.. 35,502 

Pottery_ ....... __ .. ___ . _____ .... ___ .. _______ .. __ 21, 033 

Clay ..... _ ..... __ .... _ .... __ ... __ ... __ . _ ... ___ . . 32, 645 

a Le:-·s Umn three producers; hence not given. 

$1' 182, .53:3 

55, 700 

71,800 

( 

( ") 

151,500 

(a) 

(a) 

35,000 

17,230 

44,315 

Common brick are made from the residuals of the Bangor and Chickamauga 

limestones in the northwestern corner of the State, much clay having been dug 

near Blowing Springs. The calcareou::; Cam brian shales have been worked for the 

same purpose at a point 4 miles ::;outh of Lafayette. a Common brick, and even 

pressed and paving brick, are made from alluvial clays found in the valleys at Rome, 

Maeon, ttnd elsewhere, and the Coastal Plain clays are likewise worked for structural 1 pl'Odncts. Fire brick, sewer pipe, and pottery arc produced in limited quantities 

from the Potomac clays along the fall line. Stcphenil Pottery, at Stephens Pottery 

post-office, is the chief factory. Some of these clays arc suitable for paper manufacture and are shipped to factories in other States. A valuable deposit of clay 

has recently been exploited_ in the southeastern portion of the State for use in 

roofing-tile manufacture. 

ILLINOIS.b 

The clay materials of this State come from the Ordovician, the Coal Measures, 

and the drift. 

ORDOVICIAN. 

This is probably of little importance, but the Cincinnati slu1lcs are recommended 

for pottery or brickmaking," where they outcrop in DaVIess and Boone counties. 

( OAL :MEASURES. 

The Coal Measures underlie a large area in the central, eastern, and southern portions of the State, within aline passing from Hampton, in Rock Island County, to the 

a Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 2, Ringgol'l. 

bSee Worthen, A. H., report" on Eeonomic Geology of Illinois, Vols. I, li, III; also Illinois Geol. Survey, Vol. VII. 

clllinois Geol. Survey, Vol. III, pp. 37, 101. 
U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 11 PL. VI 

PLEISTOCENE CLAYS IN HUDSON RIVER VA LLEY. 
ILLINOIS. U5 

junction 9f the Kankakee and Iroquoii:l rivers, and extending thence southward to 

near Chatsworth, in Livingston County, and westward to the Indiana boundary. 

The Coal Measure section embraces sixteen seams of coal, No. 1 being the lowest, which are interbedded with a great series of shales, clays," and sandstones. The 

under clays are often of tt refractory character. Owing to the nearly horizontal position of the beds, mining is usually carried on by shaft, although at several localities, 

as Galesburg and Belleville (Pl. V, A), ·great outcrops of shales oceur. The best beds 

of potter's and fire clays in the State arc associated with the lower or No.1 coal seam. 

Many excellent i:lections are given in the reports of the Illinois Geological Survey. 

Unfortunately little has been published regarding the economic value of the days and 

shales of this State, although they form the basis of an acti\'e clay-working industry . 

. The Carboniferous shales are employed, however, in the manufacture of paving brick, 

terra cotta, pressed brick, roofing tile, and other clay prodnctt>, the results produced 

being excellent." 

}!any references are given by Mr. \Vorthen b to individtml occurrences of clay 

in Illinois, tunong which the follow~ng may be specially mentioned: 

Beds of ji1'C clay in Tll·inuis. 

-------- -----~ -------

County. Occurrence. 

Adams ........................ yood fire and pottery clays under coal seams 1 and 2. 

Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Good potter's clay at Ripley and Lagrange. Fire clay under No. 2 

seam. 

Clark ... ·..................... Good white clay reported in a shaft near Marshall, 80 to 85 feet 

below the Livingston limestone. 

Fulton .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Fire-elay beds 3 to 5 feet thick under cannel coal at A vOii; at other 

localities under lower coal. 

Greene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pottery clay under coal in 'Volffs Run. 

Grundy .................... :. Brick yards at lYforris use weathered calcareous shale overlying lower 

coal. Below this are 35 feet of fire clay and soft shales. c 

Hancock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire clay under lower seam. 

Lasalle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\'lnch fire clay under several beds. 

St. Clair...................... Fire clay under two lower coal seams. 

Scott .... : .................... ·valuable clay under Exeter seam near 'Vinchester. 

Schuyler ..................... 

1 

Fire clay under No. 2 coal seam, exposed on Sugar Creek. 

bed ncar Rushville. 

a Illinois Geol. Survey, Vol. Vll, P- 1-38. 

L- Economic Geology of Illinois, Vols. I, II, III. 

cldem, Vol. III, p. •10-1. 

Another 
96 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVE&. 

TERTIARY CLAYS. 

In Pulaski and Alexander counties the Te.rtiary contains beds of potter's clay, 

as at Mound Cit,)r on the Ohio Hiver atid near Santa Fe. The clays at both these 

points are said to have been used for pottery manufacture. 

DRIFT CLAYS.a 

These form an abundant supply of surface material all over the State. Around 

Chicago these clays are lake deposits of considerable extent, but they are very calcareous and conta\n many pebbles. They ai·e extensively worked for making common 

brick and roofing tile. In other portions of the State the elays are found in the drift 

or underlying terraces along the broader rivers, especially the I~linois. · At Fielden, 

·Jersey County, the clay at tho base of the drift is used for pottery.b Many loess 

and drift clays occur in Pike, Ripley, Fulton·, McHenry, Lake, Morgan, Bm:eau, 

Will, Salina, and Rudolph counties. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUS'l'RY. 

Illinois is the fourth State in importance as a clay producer, having over 560 

clay-wcirkii1g plants. Common brick arc manufactured at many places in all parts 

of the State, 9hicago being the most important. Considerable quantities are also 

made at ~loomington,, Danville, Peoria, Quincy, and Streator. Surface clays are 

commonly employed. 

Pmsscd brick are also an important item of production. Illinois is a large 

producer 'of paving brick, factories being located at Utica, Streator, Springfield, 

Galesburg, Alton, etc.. Two roofing-tile works are located in the State, the one at 

Ottawa using Carboniferous shales, the other, at Chicago Heights, employing calcareous lake clays. Fire brick are manufaetured to some extent from the under clays 

of the coal seams to supply a local demand, but many fire clays are also sent from 

Ohio. Stoneware and earthenware are produced in considerable quantities, and some 

white ware is made at Peoria, but the clays used arc obtained from other States. 

Terra cotta is made near Chicago from a mixture of Illinois and Indiana materials. 

nSee Leverett, F., The Illinois glacial ·lobe: Mon. U.s. Geol. Sun·ey Vol. XXXVIII. 

b Economic Geology of Illinois, Vol. II, p. 41. · 
ILLINOIS AND INDIANA. 

The value of the clay products made in 1900 and 1901 was as follows: 

Yalue of clay products of lllinoi8 in 1900 and 1901. 

Common brick ............................. . 

Front brick ........ __ ..... : ................ . 

Paving brick ............... _ .. __ .. _ ........ . 

Fancy brick ............................... . 

Fire brick ................................. . 

1900. 

$3,981,577 

240,989 

720,089 

15,705 

175,259 

Drain tile .......... _ ..... : __ ................ 734, 249 

Sewer pipe .... •-. ~......................... 271, 035 

Terra cotta .................. __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ _ 

Fireproofing ....... _. _ ...................... 

1

. 76, 34 7 

Other tile .......... " ...... ___ ............... 229, 729 

Miscellaneous .............................. . 

Red earthenware ........................... . 

Stoneware ................................. . 

C. C. ware .................................. ] 

White granite .............. _. __ ... ___ ..... __ 

Miscellaneous. _ ............ _ ............... . 

Clays (pipes, terra cotta, firestone ware) ..... . 

25,237 

57,068 

578,405 

68,000 

52,872 

1901. 

$5,188,654 

204,980 

899,454 

13, 105 

212,510 

696,588 

348, 716 

812,015 

263,276 

229,746 

28, 121 

6,600 

585,649 

83,900 

63, 131 

~----------~-----------

Yalue of clay pr~ducis of Illinois from. 1895 to 1901. 

Year. Value. Rank. Proportion 

of U.S. product. 

Per cent. 

1895.--------------------------------- $7,619,884 3 11.67 

1896-- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - --- - - - - --- --- 5" 398, 247 4 9.44 

1897.--------------------------.------ 5, 398,574 5 8.86 

1898- - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - .. - - - - - 6, 866, 71.5 4 9.37 

1899- - - - - - - --- - - - - - --- - . - - - - --- - -- - - - - 7' 259, 82.') 5 7.58 

1900-- . ------. -------------------.---- 7, 708, 859 4 8.01 

1901 . __________________ . _____________ -I 9, 642, 490 4 8. 75 

INDIANA. 

97 

The geologic map of Indiana shows a series of Paleozoic formations, ranging 

from the Hudson formation to the Coal Measures (see Pl. IV). Outcrops are scarce, 

however, owing to the heavy covering of drift, and a,re to be sought chiefly in the 

valleys. Of these Paleozoic rocks, the Carboniferous are the only ones of importance 

to the clay worker, for they ccmtain. many beds of shale and clay of considerable 

9647-No. 11--03-7 
98 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

value, while neither the Devonian nor Silurian contains plastic materials that offer 

promise. The Carboniferous rocks are confined to the southwestern corner of 

Indiana, and contain the most valuable clay deposits found within the State. The 

drift covers nearly the entire State, and contains many brick and other clays. 

KNOBSTONE OH WAVERLY SHALES. 

These are found in the western part of Clark and Scott counties, northwestern 

Washington, most of Jackson and Brown, western Bartholomew, and most of Morgan 

and Hendricks counties. ·' 

In .Jackson County there are important outcrops along the White River south_ 

west of Seymour, and also west of Surprise station. The shale is locally known as 

soapstone. It also outcrops south of Freetown. The best deposits are at a place 

called Blue Lick on the south side of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad. 

The following is the composition of an average sample of Knobstone shale from 

''Blue Lick," Jackson County, Ind., suitable for paving brick, sewer pipe, roofing 

tile, and other vitrified products. 

Analysis of Knobstone shale from Blue Lick, Jackson County, Ind. 

Per cent. 

Si02 . , • • •••••••••••••••••••• ___ • ____ --- _ • _. _ •• _ • ~ •• ___ • - 59. 64 

Ti02 ___ • ___________________ • ______________ • __ ••• _ ••• _ •• _ I. 05 

Al20 8 •• - • __ ------ - _______ • _ •• _ ••• ___ • _____ .-- • - -- .. ____ • • 19. 14 

H 20. __ . ____ . --- __ ---------- ____ -------- ___ . ____ . ___ . ___ _ 4. 36 

Fe20 3 • __ • __________ ••• ____ •• _ • _ •• __ • __ • _ • _- -- • _____ • __ • • 3. 39 

FeO ___ . ___________ . ___ . _______ . _ .. _______ ... ___ ... _ .. __ _ 4. 20 

CaO. _________________ . _________ . ______ . ___ .-. _ .• _.: ... _. 0. 26 

MgO .... --- _____ ----- ___ ------- _ .. __ --- ___ . ---- _ --- .. __ .. 2. 31 

K 20 ____ ..... __ . _. ___ . __ .... __ ... __ .. - _ . _ ... - . -...... __ . . 3. 53 

Na20 ....... _____ . _. _ .. _ ... _. _. ______ .... __ --- -.-- _....... 0. 80 

C02 ---- •••• - ••• -. _ ••••• --- •• - ••••••• ----- •• ---- •••••••• - o. 3'5 

Total. ___ . _ . _ .... _ ..... ___ .. _ .. __ . _ . __ . ___ . ___ . _ . . . 99. 03 

Quartz ____ . _ . _ .. _ . ___ ................... _ .. --- -- _ ... _ .. - 25. 57 

Feldspathic detritus .......... _.--- ............. -......... 6. 86 

MgC03 ___ •• - • - • - ••••• .'. - •.•••.••••••• - •••• -. - ••••• - • • . . • 0. 67 

Clay substance .. _ ........... __ .... -._ ....... -... __ ._._ .. - 66. 90 

Total ........ _ . _ . ________ . __ . __ . _ ........ _ . _ .. __ .. _ 100. 00 

COAL MEASUHES. 

The Coal Measure clays underlie the surface of the southwestern part of the 

State, as shown on the map (Pl. IV). From this it is seen that Carboniferous clays 
INDIANA. 99 

and shales arc to be found in the counties of Fountain, Vermilion, Parke, Vigo, Clay, 

Owen, Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Dubois, Pike, Gibson, Vanderburg, 

\Varrick, Spencer, and. Perry.n ~osey Comity, in the southwestern corner, is 

entirely covered by the Upper or Barren Coal Measures, and since little coal is mined 

there, little is known about the clays. The following section shows the arrangement 

of che elay deposits in this part of the State: a 

1\jpical section of Coallffea~ure .1trata and interbedded rock8. 

Feet. Inches. 

1. Soil and surface drift clay............................ 9 0 

2. Blue, compact shale .... _ ....... , .... ____ ............ 27 0 

3. Dark, bituminous shale. _______ ......... _ ..... _. ____ . 3 2 

4. Coal. ................................... ------------ 2 7 

5. Fire clay.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 

6. Dark, siliceous shale ........ ___ ........ , ............. 18 0 

7. Sandstone.------------------------------------------ 6 3 

8. Dark, bituminous shale................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 

·9. Coal................................................ 4 8 

10. Fire clay ...... ______ ............................. __ . 3 10 

The fire clays 5 and 10 in the section are almost inyariably found with the coal 

seams which they underlie. The dark, bitummous shales 3 and 8 of the above section 

are usuaUy found on top of most of the seams of coal and arc known to the miners 

as "black slate." The Hue and drab shales 2 and 6 " comprise the greater part of 

the Coal Measure rocks of Indiana and, taken as a whole, are the most valuable clay 

deposits appearing in the State. They are not closely related to the strata found 

above and below them and their thickness and composition vary excessively." 

The relations of the shales, elays, and coal are such i:hat the three can often be 

mined by one shaft. Since the accompanying coal scams are often referred to, it 

. may be well to state that 14: seams are recognized in the Indiana Coal Measures and 

r.1·e lettered from A to N. 

For detailed information the report a hove referred to should be consulted. The 

more important occurrences are mentioned below. 

Clay County.-This is probably the .most important clay-producing county in 

the State, Brazii, the county seat, being an important clay-ni.anufacturing center. 

This development dates lnrgely from 1890, and the clays now used supply several 

branches or the industry. 

aPlatchley, W. S., Preliminary report on the clays and clay industries of the coal-bearing counties of Indiana: 

Twentieth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat, Res., p. 42. • · 

b Ibid., p. 43. 
100 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIV .ER, 

A section at the sewer-pipe works, 1 mile northwest of Brazil, in SE. i sec. 25, 

T. 13 N., R. 7 vV., shows the following bedH: 

Section near Brazil, Cla.y County, Ind. Feet. 

1. Soil and yellow surface clay_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

2. Blue drift clay ("hard pan")-------------------·----- 7 

3. Gray argillaceous shale _ . _____________________________ ilil 

4. Coal K (top or "rider" yein) _ . _____ . __________ -. __ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

5 . .Fire clay (potter's clay) _________________________ .- _ _ _ 3 

6. Blue argillaceous shale ________________________________ 19 

7. Dark fissile shale. _________ ,___________________________ 1 

8. Coal, main block "I" ____ , ________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 3 

9. Fire day. ____________________ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

Inches. 

0 

0 

0 

3 

2 

0 

6 

6 

4 

The fire clay 9 is said to make a. Htrong, di1ra.ble sewer pipe. The potter's 

day beneath the coal K has been used since 185\:l in the pottery at Brazil, and the 

gray shale 3 is utilized by the Indiana Paving Brick Company, the bed being 30 

feet thiclc The Chicago Sewer Pipe Company, 1 mile southwest of Brazii, makes 

sewer pipe from the clay shale 3. This is found at present on all sides of Brazil 

to a distance of 2 miles; except to the southeast, where it seems to be largely replaced 

:by the sandstone. The blue shale 6 overlies the middle vein of the block coal I 

wherever the latter is found. One mile northwest of Clay City the under clay of 

the main block coaJ is mined and shipped for use in the manufacture of ornamental 

brick, Jire brick, and term cotta. It is similar to the under day found at the same 

hori:wn at Brazil, but not so refractory as the clays at 'Nionteznma. A Htoneware 

pottery has been in operation at Clay Cit.y since 1846. 

J)ubo-is Oinmty."-The most important clay deposits of Dubois County are in the 

vicinity of .Jasper and Huntingburg, where there are outcrops of soft, light-gray 

shales. There are three veins of coal here, under each of which is fire clay 3 to 5 

feet thick and good for pottery or fire brick. A potter's clay is obtained here which 

is used at Huntingburg and Evansvillc. 0 A. section at the mincH of the Huntingburg 

J>ressed Brick Company in Beelers Hill is as follows: 

Section at Beelers Hill, Dubois County, hLd. 

Feet. Inches. 

1. Surface and yellow clay ____________________________ 14 0 

2. Blue argillaceonH ~hale ___ . _ ·- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 0 

3. Dark bituminous shale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 0 

4. CoaL _________ .. __________________________________ 11-14 

5. Potter's day (choice)------------------------------ 5 10 

6. Fire cll:iy impregnated with small grains of iron ore.__ 2 0 

7. Soft, grayargillaceousHhale ________________________ 7 0 

No. 5 h.as been shipped arid brings 85 cents a ton f. o. b. ---------

"Twentieth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geul. and Nat. Res., p. 106. 

b Analysis given in table. 
INDIANA. 101 

G1'eene Oounty. 0 -Beds of shale of commercial value are rarely found above coa"t 

A, wnich outcrops in the eastern half of the county, but the fire clay under it is 

often of excellent quality. 

Iinox Omtnty.b-The Upper or Barren Coal Measures form the surface rocks of 

most of the county, the Lower or Productive Measures outcropping only on the. 

eastern border, especially in the bluffs of \Yhite River. The cla}'S have been but 

little used, although several beds of fire clay' occur under coal seams .L, K, and M. 

Owen Oounty.c-The more valuable deposits of clay and shales are found in 

Ts. 9 and 10. N., and Rs. 5 and 6 vV., in which region also are located the upper 

coal veins. The fire clay is again found under block coal I. The deposit of shale 

over the coal is one of the best in the State. It belongs to the same horizon and is 

similar to that worked at Brazil for sewer pipe and other products. The fire clay 

under the coal is inferior because it contains much pyrites. The fire clay is abo 

found in the mines north of Patricksburg and southwest of the same town. The 

shal.e overlying coal I comes to the surface at many places. 

Near the town of Freedom, in Owen County, there is a large deposit of pinkish 

and red chiy lying near the surface. It underlies a considerable area and has been 

shipped to the Encaustic Tile and Terra Cotta Company works at Indianapolis, the 

Encaustic Tile Works at 'Anderson, Ind., and to Newark, N.J. It is one of the most 

important clays of Indiana. Although appearing to be a surface elay it really is a 

decomposed shale, a,nd when mixed with the less refractory clay from Carbon, Ind., 

makes a red floor tile. 

Perry Oounty.-Potter's and fire clays are exposed in the shaft at the coal mines 

one-half mile above Troy. Sewer pipes are made 'from a shale obtained near Cannelton, and the same material is also found to be suitable for the manufacture of 

stoneware, supplying one of the largest factories of its kind in lndiamL. The clay 

used at both factories is the under clay of the top coal found extensively in the vicinity 

of Cannelton. The following section is seen on the land of the American Cannel 

Coal Company, 1t miles cast of Cannelton: 

Section new· Cannelton, Ferry County, Ind. Feet. 

1. Soil and yellow clay .................................. · 6 

2. Gray arenaceous shale. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 14 

3. Sandstone ............. · ........................... _.. 8 

4. Blue arenaceous shale . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 11 

5. Coal (top vein) ...................................... 1- 1z 

6. Potter's clay......................................... 4-6 

7. Blue argillaceous shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

8. Blaek bituminous shale............................... 1~ 

9. Coal (main vein)..................................... 4 

10. Fire·clay............................................. 5 

11. Sandstone .............. · ... · ......................... : 20 

u Twentieth Ann. Hept. Ind. Dept. Gcol. and Nat. Res., p. 87. 

b Ibid., p. 94. 

c Ibid., p. 85. 
102 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED S'l'A'l'ES EAS'.I' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Fire clay 10 .burns to a buff color and is not highly refractory. Large quantities of both 7 and 10 in the section have to be handled each year in the mining of 

the coal, and at present nre not being used. 

P£ke Oo'unty. a-Fire clays r1re found in the section:; under the coal at Sand Hill 

2 miles north of Petersburg; also at Blackburn and again at Plainfield. 

Gibson Oounty.b-Large deposits of, shale occur uear Princeton. 

Sullivan Oom1ty.c-Fire clays underlie the coal, hut only one deposit of pottery 

clay is known, and that is ncnr Pleasantville. 

Vitnderburr; Oounty.d-There are severallargc·clay works_ at Evansville, among 

them the Evansville Pressed Brick Company, which uses shales. Fire clay occurs. 

in this county beneath coal N, and is of much better quality than that below vein M. 

At the Pressed Brick Company's works, the shale section on Pigeon Creek 

shows the following beds: 

Section on Pigeon Cred:, Vanderburg County, Ir;d. 

Feet. 

Surface and yellow clay . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 5 

Drab argillaceous shale ....................................... 14 

Blue arenaceous shale........................................ 5 

Sandstone ................................. ____ ....... __ ... __ 

This shale, which is both drab and blue, i:,; said to cover a large area north and 

northwest of Evansville, and outcrops m a number of places along Pigeon Creek 

and its tri butarics. e · 

The shale outcrops are also used ncar Babytown, in this county, for brick 

manufacture. 

VermiUon Oounty.f-Thc entire area of this county is included in the Coal 

Measure formations, but about one-third is taken up by the terraces and lowland 

bottoms of the Wabash and its tr:ibutaries. The remainder is upland, along the 

eastern border of which are high bluffs rising above the level of the river. Along 

these bluffs large and a\·ailable deposits of under clays and shales are exposed. They 

are used I)ear Clinton by a brick and pipe company, and also for paving brick, hut I . 

some of these shales require the admixture of drift clay to the extent of about 25 

per cent to prevent warping and cracking in burning. There are many outcrops of 

shale hrther north,. between Clinton and Hillsdale, and also north of the httter 

place. The following rather complete section is found in a ravine in the SW. i 

sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 9 \V., a short distance from 'Vest Montezuma station: 

a Twentieth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. GeoL' and Nat. Res., p. llO. 

I> Ibid., p. ll4. 

c Ibid .. p. 98. 

<I Ibid., p. llO. 

eibid., p. lli. 

f Ibid., p. 65. 
INDIANA. 103 

Section near H1est 1lfontezurna, Vermilion Cmmty, Ind. 

Feet. Inches. 

1. Silt and drift.. ______________ . _· ................. _ _ 5- 7 0 

2. Sandstone ____ . __________ . __________ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2-10 0 

3. Grayarenaceousshale ..... ----------------------- 1-6 0 

4. Coal._. ___________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3- 5 6 

5. Fire clay ____________________ ................ _ _ _ _ 3- 4 0 

6. Blue or drab argillaceous shale .. _ ... _ ......... ____ 25-30 0 

7. Concretionary iron carbonate (2 bancls) .... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ 6 

8. Black fissile shale . _ ..... _· ____ ................. _ _ _ 2- 3 0 

9. Coal. _______ . ___ . _ .... _____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 

10. Fireclay (white siliceous)------------------------ 5-7 0 

11. Blue anct· drab argillaceous shale ............. : ____ 42 0 

12. Black fissile shale . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 0 

13. CoaL _________ , ______________________ ........... _ _ 1 8 

14. Fire clay _________ . _____ . ________ .. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 0 

Fire clay 10 of the section is the most refractory under clay that has been 

found in the State, the bricks made from it being sent to Georgia and Alabama. 

Many good clay. outcrops are found west of Newport along the Little Vermilion 

River. The largest pressed-brick plant in the State is located H miles southwest 

of Cayuga, in this county, and utilize8 the shales outcropping northwest of Newport. a 

Vigo Oounty.-Thc largest and most valuable shale and clay deposits arc found 

on the west side of the Wabash River and north of the old National road. The folloV'ing section is given from Broadhu~·st's mine, 1 mile west of Maxville, and can 

be taken as ipustrative of the general section in this county: 

Section near Jlfaxville, Vigo County, Ind. 

Feet. Inches. 

l. Soil ancl drift clay _ . ____ . __ . __ . ____ . _. _ . ____________ . _ 13 0 

2. Fossiliferous limestone _________________ . _____ .. __ . __ ._ 2 0 

3. Gray argillaceous shale _. ________ • _ ....... ________ . ___ 12 0 

4. San<lstone, massive ..... _______ .. _____________________ 12 0 

5. Shaly sandstone, merging into blue sha\e· or "soapstone"_ 42 6 

6. Coal ___ . _____ ....... ___ ...... _ .. __ . _ . __ .. _____ ... _ _ _ _ 4 8 

.. 7. Fire clay (not passed through) ________________ ... _ _ __ _ 6 0 

Ncar Terre Haute a brick and pipe company il') working a shale for hollow brick, 

which is similar to 5 of the above section. 

lVarrick Oounty.-Coal seams and the accompanying clay and shale be~s arc 

knowri to occur in the county, but on account of lack of railway facilities they have. 

been little developed. 

a Twentieth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., p. 70. 
104 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAS'l' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

SHALES AND CLAYS l<'OR VITRIFIED BRICKS. a 

The best deposits of unworked shales and clays for making vitrified bricks lie 

, just east of Mecca, Parke County; west of Montezuma, Parke County; west of Terre 

Haute and near Riley, Vigo County. 

Other large deposits of shale of good quality arc located 1 mile southeast of . \ 

Veedersburg; on Cold Creek; on Brouillets Creek; south of Clinton, Vermilion 

County; section 6, Pie.rson Township, Vigo County; near Patriclu;lmrg and Woodside, 

Owen County; and near Farnsworth, Sullivan County. 

In the tables given below there will be found a number of analyses of Car\>oniferous shales and elays of Indiana . 

. Analyses of under clays of Indiana CoalJ1feasures. 

Si02 •••••••••••••• -~ •••••••••••••• 

Ti02 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 

Al,03 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Combined H,O _. __ . _ ............ . 

Fe20 3 ••••••••••• _ ••••• _ •• _ ••• ___ • 

FcO ............................. . 

CaO ............................. . 

l\lgO ............................. · 

1. 

69.23 

1.50 

18.97 

5.46 

1. 57 

0. 551 

0.12 

0.36 

K 20.... .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 2. 27 

Na,O............................. 0. 33 

co,···················-·········· ......... . 

Total .... _ ................. . 

Quartz .......................... . 

Feldspathic ctetritus .. _ ........... . 

100.36 

39.36 

1. 67 

FcC03 ••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Clay substance .................... [ 58. 37 

2. 

---

57.57 

1. 10 

21. 70 

. 6.78 

2.26 

4.11 

0.32 

1. 12 

2. 16 

0 .. 33 

1. 73 

--

99. is 

27.95 

1. 95 

3.65 

66.81 

3. 1. 

----· 

54.46 63.00 

1. 20 1. 10 

25. 71 23.57 

8. 50 6.45 

5.51 1. 87 

0.91 0.46 

0.24 0.44 

0.83 I 0.89 

2.68 2.40 

0.33 0.29 

---------- ---------- ---------

100.37 100.47 

19.69 26.31 

0.83 1. 00 

---------- -----·---- 79.48 72.69 

5. ll. 

83.44 68.13 

1.29 --------- 10.36 20.80 

3. 15 5.72 

0.27 1.20 

0.28 --------- 0.36 0.42 

0. 14 0.37 

0.03 2.28 

0.71 0.27 

---------- --------- --------- 100.03 99.19 

46.33 ---------

39.28 --------- ---------- ---------

14.39 ---------

1. Under clay No. 5, from mine owned by Bockting Bros., Huntingburg, Dubois County. 

Used for stoneware at Huntingburg and Evansville. 

2. Under clay from beneath the vein of coal worked by the American Cannel Coal Company, 

Cannelton, Perry County. 

3. Under clay No. 8, from the land of S. L. McCune, 1\lccca, Parke County. 

4. Under clay 16, from the land of S. L. McCune, Mecca, Parke County. 

5. Under clay No. 10, from the land of Joseph Burns, 'Vest Montezuma, Vermilion County. 

Used for fire bricks. 

6. Average of stoneware clays seleeted from the ground clay~ used in several of the large Akron, 

Ohio, stoneware factories, anrl then mixed. (Inserted for comparison.) 

a Twcuty-fonrth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., p. 31. 
' 

INDIANA. 105 

Analyses of Carboniferous shales of Indiana. 

·-----

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 

---------- ---------

SiO, ................ 56.62 59.55 61.46 65.87 65. 78 55.09 59.77 59.02 58.83 

Ti0 2 --------------- -------- 1. 00 1. 20 1.10 1.00 1. 20 . 80 1. 10 . 70 

Al,03 ••••••••• -- •.•• 21.63 16.21 16.54 14.66 14. 79 20.76 20.60 20.93 22.34 

(Combined) Hp ... 6.53 5.62 5.09 4. 59 4.9R 7.01 4.53 7.59 5.22 

Fe20 3 -------------- 7.08 2. 18 0

:3. 77 6.23 8.03 3.00 2.22 4.45 5.13 

FeO ................ -------- 7. 13 3. 71 I. 37 4.01 3.70 1. 56 1. 44 

CaO ........... ---- l.ll . 75 . 66 . 39 . 54 1. 51 . 64 . 51 .49 

i\IgO ............... .1. 41 1. 58 1. R1 1. 54 1. 42 1.18 1. 98 I 1. 66 1. 56 

K,O ................. 3.14 2.81 

I 

3.28 2. 66. 2.82 2.36 

I 

3. 10 

I 

. 2. 92 

I 

4. 18 

Na,O ............... .48 . 28 1. 09 1. 31 . 97 .34 . R5 . 41 . 63 

CO,---------------· -------- 3.15 1.45 . 26 3.04 . 90 1·----·-· -------- ---

TotaL ........ 98.00 100.26 .100.06 99,72 100.59 99.50 99.09 100.15 100.52 

Quartz _ ... _ ........ -------- 34.61 27.94 36.87 34.34 20.90 26.04 23.82 22.81 

Feldspathic detritus. -------- 1.R1 8.56 13.07 12.58 2.03 8.37 3.28 8.30 

Ferrous carbonate ... -------- 8.61 3.82 -------- -------- 6.46 2.37 

MgC03 ---------·--· -------- -------- -------- -------- .50 1.13 -------- -------- Clay substance ...... -------- 54.97 59.68 50.06 52.58 69.48 63.22 72.90 68.89 

10. \_,_~_-- ~ - --13_.- 11. 15. 16. 17 .. I 18. I 19. 

--------------

I SiO, .................. 61.05 56.68 53.26 64.05 46.07 56.32 55.31 62.04 67.82 68.46 

TiO, ----------------- 1. 20 .90 1. 05 1. 00 1. 19 1. 07 1. 15 l. 30 1. 10 1. 49 

Al,03 • __ ••• _ • _ • _ ...... 21.46 I 20.33 25.77 

I 

16.00 24.22 24.34 22.46 18.49 13.60 16. OS 

(Combined) H,O ----- G.94 G. 54 7.00 3.79 9. 76, 6. 3:3 7.48 6.50 H. 72 7.04 

Fc20 3 • __ •••• ___ •••••• 5.57 4.35 3.32 0 89 9.65 5.60 7.18 7.54 4.04 ·1. 92 

FeO .................. . 71 3.69 3.82 5.85 . 34 . 24 . 23 .06 0 45 . 06 

CaO ......... _________ . . 25 0 57 .32 .42 .19 . 31 .66 .16 . 57 0 99 

l\'IgO -·-·------------- . 70 2.04 1. 90 2.00 1. 31 .54 0 93 .IJl .44 • 05 

K,O ............. --- .. 2.34 3. 15 2.54 2.59 1.66 2.85 2.05 . 93 1. 68 1. 31 

Na,O ................. .30 . 63 . 44 1.19 2.76 2.34 2:06 2.04 1. 1R 2.40 

co,------·-······--·- -------- . 47 1. 10 2.68 2.87 1. 24 ------- ------ --------·-----·-------------_I __ 

TotaL .. _ ....... 100.52 99.35 100.52 100.46 100.02 f!9.94 100.75 99.97 100.60 f!9.80 

Quartz . _ ..... _ ....... 25.87 29.85 28.66 15.91 13.19 11.91 30.60 38.70 37.58 

Feldspathic detritus ... 1. 62 8.24 2.32 ------- 13.39 13.21 25.38 cJ6.68 17.90 16.87 

Ferrous carbonate ..... -------- 1. 23 2.90 . 54 .37 ------- ------- ------ l\'IgC08 •• _ •• __ • ____ • • • • • • • • • • • • __ • • • • • ___ • • • • • • • • • • • • __ • • • • • , • • • • • • __ •••• ____ • _ • __ • • • • • ___ •• 

Clay substance........ 72. 51 60. 68 66. 12 ... _ _ _ _ 70. 72 73. 54 63. 46 52. 69 44. 00 45. 35 

1. Average of ten analyses of shales used in the manufacture of paving brick and sewer pipe in 

the· State of Ohio. Adopted as the standard for this report. (Inserted for comparison.) 

2. Mixture of shales and surface clay as used by the \Vabash Clay Company, Veedersburg, 

Fountain County, in the making of paving blocks. 
106 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSI'3SIPPI RIVER. 

3. Mixture of shales and small amount of surface clay as used by the Clinton Paving Brick Company, Clinton, Vermilion County, for the making of paving brick. Average sample. 

4. Mixtures of shales an<l surface clay as used by the Evansville Pressed Brick Company, Evansville, Vanderburg County, in the making of paving and dry-pressed briek. Average sample. 

5 .. Wixture of shales 3 and 4, fr~nn the clay pit of the Cayuga Pressed Brick Company, Vermilion 

County. Used for making red dry-pressed brick. Average sample. 

6. Bastard shale 5, from the pit of the Cayuga Pressed Brick Company, Vermilion County. 

Used in the making of buff dry-pressed brick. Average sample. 

7. Shale 2, from the land of S. L. McCune, Mecca, Parke County. 

8. Shale 9, from the land of S. L. McCune, Mecca, Parke County. 

9. Shale 5, from the land of S. L. McCune, Mecca, Parke County. 

10. Shale from the land of H. T. Thorp, near Terre Haute, Vigo County. 

11. Mixture of shales from railway cut near Lincoln City, Spencer County. 

12. Shale 7, from above the main vein of coal worked by the American Cannel Coal Company, Cannelton, Perry County. 

13. Shale from above the worked vein of emil, Prospect Hill mine, Vincennes, Knox County. 

14. Shale 6, from the land of Joseph Bwns, 'Vest Montezuma, Vermilion County. 

15. Shale 11, from the land of .Joseph Burns, West Montezuma, Vermilion County. 

16. Shale 8, from aboye· the worked vein of coal, shaft No. 1, Island Coal Company, Linton, 

Greene County. 

17. Shale from near "Air-line" shops, Princeton, Gibson County. 

18. Shale from the land of Frank J.anders, near Stonebluff, Fountain County. 

19. Shale from the laud of J. "\V. Shuster, near Stonebluff, Fountain County. 

KAOLIN. 

At several localities in Lawrence, Martin, and Owen counties are fourid deposits 

of white clay known as indianaite, the best-known occurrence being near Huron, I Lawrence County. 

These deposits were first mentioned by E. T. Cox, in the report for 1874, and 

the kaolin was locally known as mirieral tallow. It was at one time used at Cincinnati for making white ware, and later it was used by the Pennsylvania Salt 

Company. It varies.from 4 to 11 feet in thickness, with an average of 5t to 6 feet, 

forming a horizontal stratum overlain by ::mudstone, and in places contains a light 

green mineral known as allophane.· The upper half of the kaolin stratum is chiefly 

composed of massive Rnow-white clay, associated with which, near its upper part, are 

occasional concretionary masses, some of them a foot or more in diameter. They 

disintegrate on exposure to air, but the kaolin is nonplastic. The lower half of the 

kaolin ranges from pale buff to rich, deep brown in color. An analysis of this 

kaolin is as follows: 
INDIANA. 

Composition of indianaite. 

Silica ............................ ~ ........ · .· ............ . 

Alumina ............................................... . 

"'ater .................................................. . 

Ferric oxide ............................................ . 

Lime ................................................... . 

'Magnesia ............................................... . 

Potash ................................................. . 

Soda ................................................... . 

Per cent. 

44.75 

38.69 

15.17 

. 95 

'37 

.30 

.12 

'23 

1'0tal. ... _______________________________ , _____ .. _.. 100. 58 

107 

Kaolin outcrops at several places in the eastern half of Martin County, and beds 

have been worked on small scale." One mine i;; on the south side of 'White lUver in 

NW. t sec. 27, T. 3 N., R. 4 W., 2t miles west of Shoals. Here the kaolin is 4t to 5 

feet thick, but is not uniform in character. The uppermost layer is a hard, semitransparent, milk-colored clay. Under this is a soft, chalk-white to cream-colored 

clay. The third layer is bard, dark aii1bcr brown to black, with much iron oxide. 

Kaolin is also found near vVillo,w Valley and Pleasant Valley. A number of outcrops are seen north cif vVhite River, one of these being near the town of Dover HilL 

Another deposit is three-fourths of a mile south of the Indiana Springs Hotel. The 

kaolin i;; considered to underlie the greater part of the eastern half of Martin 

County, at the lower horizon of the Conglomerate sandstone of the Carboniferous. 

In Owen County b kaolin is known to occur 5 miles southeast of Spencer. It 

probably underlies the greater part of T. 9 N., R. 3 W. 

In Greene County c kaolin si_rnilar to that found in Lawrence rind Martin counties· 

is found in Beeeh Creek Township and near Newark. 

l'LEISTOCl<:NJ<J CLAYS. 

These are soft, plastic clays, found at the surface or at no great distance below 

it, and while occurring over a large part of the State, they are especially important 

in the northwestern part of Indiana, and on this account have been made the subject 

of a special report. d 

In this region three classes are distinguishable, viz, drift days 01··"hard pans," 

alluvial clays, and silty or marly clays. 

The drift clays are the most common type, forming a large percentage of the 

unstratified morainic material, but they are usually too impure for-making anything 

· but common brick and tile. They are often calcareous. 

a Twentieth Annual Rept. Ind. Dept. Gcol. and Nat. Res., 1895, p. 101. 

b Ibid., p. 86. 

c Ibid., P- 88. -

ll Blatchley, W. S., The clays of northwestern Indiana: Twenty-s~cond Ann. Rep!. Ind. Dept. Gcol. and Nat. Res,, 1897. 
108 OLA YS OF UNITED ST A'l'ES EAST OF MIStliSSIPPI RIVER. 

The alluvial days form larger deposits along the lowlands and second bottoms of 

the larger streams of northwestern Indiana. They have been formed during periods 

of overflow, and in some places show a thickness of 30 to 90 feet. They are free from 

- pebbles or coarse particles, and usually possess high plasticity. 

The silty or marly clay resembles the pt;eceding elas:-; very elosely, hut differs in 

having been deposited in hay:s, lakes, or harbors in quiet water. 'i'hese elays are 

usually finer grained than the alluvial ones, a,re thinly laminated, and often highly 

calcareous, so that they produce a buff product. The occurrence of these clays in 

Benton, Newton, Jasper, Starke, Lake, Porter, Laporte, a1~d St .• Joseph eounties 

has been discussed in a report of the Indiana geolog·ical survey.a Their general 

character can be judged from the facts g·iven below. 

Benton Oounty.-This county lies on the western border of the State, and the 

clays found in it are all of glacial origin, many of them lying immediately under the 

black prairie loam. Their thickness ranges from 5 to 20 feet, and the best deposit, 

which is at Earl Park has been worked since 1891. Its section is as follows: 

Section at Earl Par·k, Benton Cmmty, Ind. 

Feet. 

1. Soil stripping _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

2. Coarse-grained yellow clay with small pebbles _____ -. ___ ••••• 4 

3. Fine-grained drab clay __ ... _____ . _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 

4. Blue clay, marly, fine grained. _____________________________ 38 

5. Limestone. 

2 has little lime; 3 and 4 are similar, often contain pebbles, and are calcareous. 

At Loehiel the clay resembles the upper stratum of the Earl Park section and i:-; used 

for making hollow briek. Drain tile and ordinary brick are made from the drift 

clays at Fowler, and tile factories are located at other places in the county. 

Newton Ommty.-Much of the surfaee of this county is covered with loose sand, 

and the clays are all drift or marly ones, being either deposits from the melting- ice 

or laid down just after the close of the Glacial epoch. In places their thickness is 

120 to 140 feet, but in others it is less than 10 feet. A sand cover in the northern 

part of the county conceals much of the elay. The most extensive workings are 

around Brook, where the following section was taken: 

Sn;tiun at Brook, Newton County, Ind, 

Feet. 

Black soil _________________________ . __ . _________________ · ___ _ 

Yellowish, loamy day __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 

Gray or drab marly clay _________________ -. _________________ 3-6 

Tough-blue marly elay _: _ .. _________________________________ 2-5 

Gravel and sand. 

'a The clays nnd clay iTHlnstries of northwestern Indiana, Twenty-seeond Ann. Rept.. Ind. Dept. Gcol. unll Nut. Res., 

p. 112. 

• 
INDIANA. 109 

The clay is used in the manufacture of term-cotta h1mbm··and hollow brick. 

Jasper Oowdy.~Clays occur at several points, the best being H miles north of 

Rensselaer, where the deposits are 13 to 15 feet thick. 

Stadce Ommty.~There is much marshy land in this county which has been 

drained, and at other places there are sandy and prairie soils; but beneath these 

throughout northwestern Indiana there is a vein of fine-grained ash-blue bowlder 

clay. At times this appears at the surface. 

Lafi:e Omtnty.-Two kinds of clays are found in this county, viz, the drift clays 

and the silty or marly clays. The former are used at Lowell and Crown Point for 

brick and tile, the latter on large scale at Hobart for terra-cotta lumber, flue lining, 

fireproofing, and common and pressed brick. The pit at Owen, north of Hobart, 

has an area of 4 acres and is 25 feet deep, showing the ·following section: 

Section at Owen, Lake County, Ind. 

Feet. Inches. 

1. Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

2. Fine-grained, yellowish marly clay .................. 2~-:'; 0 

3. Bluish gray day, very fine grained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zl 0 

These clays arc evidently lacustrine deposits formed during the highest stage of 

the glacial Lake Chicago." 

Portm' Oow{ty.~Here again the drift clays and the marly ones occur. The 

former are used for common brick and common tile at Hebron and Valparaiso. The 

marly clays are used in the manufacture of pressed-brick at Porter and of common 

brick at Granite City and Uhester.b At the junction of the Michigan Central and 

Lake Shore railroads at Porter, Ind., is the largest pressed-brick faetory in the 

State, operated by the Chicago Hydmulic Pressed Briek Company. The clay underlies· an area of 45 acres to a depth of 6 feet. 

La:porte Oonnty.~This includes Michigan City, northeast of which, along Treaty 

Creek, arc large deposits of bluish-gray marly clay. c . 

St. Josepli Oonnty.~The best deposit::; are in the immediate vicinity of South 

Bend, and along the St. Joseph River, consisting of thick beds of pearl-gray 

ma~·ly clay which is vei-y fine-grained and plastic. Blmshelay here is in pl;lCe::; 50 

feet thick. 

a Twenty-second Ann. Rept. Irul. Dept. Gcol. rrnrl Nnt. ReS., p. 33. 

b Sec table of analyses below. 

c Analysis No.4 of following table. 
110 CLAYS 01!' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following analyses indicate the character of these surface clays: 

Analyses of clays of noTthwe.ltern Ind:iana. 

,. 

I 

----

1. 2. ~- 4. 

Si02 ..•• _ •• ____ ••• ____________ 50.56 50.37 58.02 50.47 I 

TiO, ____ ---------------·------ 1.00 . 65 1.30 

I 

1.45 

Al20 3 _________ • _______________ 18. 11 9.93 10. 72 12.77 

Combined water -------------- 2.76 1. 50 2.21 I 3. 14 

Fe,03 .-.- _ •••• ________ -------- 2.98 2.10 2.54 I 2.44 

.FeO ________ .... ___ _. __________ 2.34 2.05 2.22 2.52 

CaO ___________ . ______________ 7.87 

I 

10.26 8.08 8.17 

MgO ------------------------- 5.06 6.26 5.28 5.22 

K20 __________________________ 3. 74 3.04 3.25 3. 70 

Na20 _________________________ 0.70 0. 79 0 86 0. 73 

co, --------------------------- 9.62 12.50 10.48 9.80 ---- ----,-

Total ___________________ 99;72 99.45 100.26 100.41 :__________::_~ -------

Quartz ----------------------- 23.61 28.78 24.89 21.39 

Feldspathic detritus, ___ .. ____ . 15.94 11.14 14.91 12.70 

CaC03 ____ •. __ • _ • __ " _____ •• ___ 14.05 I 18.32 14. 86 14.59 

MgC03 ----------- -----------· 6.54 8.48 7.60 6.42 

Clay substance·_. __ . __ ... __ . __ . 39.R6 33.28 37. 74 44.90 

1. Average or the material used in making terra-cotta lumber at Hobart, Lake County, Ind. 

2. Average sample of the upper portion of the bed of bluish-gray marly clay at Garden City, 

Porter County, Ind. 

3. Average sample of the bluish-gray·marly clay from the pit of P. E. Anderson & Sons, Chesterton, 

Porter County, Ind. 

4. Average sample of the bluish-gray marly day from the pit of Roeske Bros., Michigan City, 

Laporte Cqunty, Ind. 

Jlfiscellaneo·us occurrence8.-Prof. W. S. Blat0hley, State geologi:;t of Indiana, 

informed the writer that the majority of the surface clays of the northern portion of 

the State arc similar to those that occur around South Bend. The following analysis 

IS somewhat typical of the drift clays of northern Indiana: a 

Analysis of dr·(ft clay IJ miles northwest of Turkey Lake, Lagrange County, Ind. 

Silica _ .... _ . _ . ____ . _ .. ___ ~ _______ ......... _. _ ... - - - - --- -

Alumina __________ ........... ____ ..... _. _ ... _. -.-.------. 

Ferric oxide _ . _____ ............. : ..... _ - - - - -. - - - --- - --- - -

Lime·----·-----------·---------------------------·------

Magnesia _____ . ____ ....... _ . ________ . __________ ... - - ~ - - - -

Loss on ignition . __ ....... _ . ______________ . ______ .--- -- - -

Per cent. 

56.74 

19.43 

4.83 

7. 27 

3.05 

10.39 

Total. _____________________________________________ 101. 71 

a Twenty-fifth Ann. Rept. 1nd. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., p. 112. 
INDIANA. 111 

The section of the deposit is as follows: 

Section of d1·ijt-clay depo.sit.s 2 mile.s northwe.st of Turkey Lake, Laqrange C'o·unty, htd. 

Feet. 

Sand ............................ -..... -.------- .. - ........ -- It 

Clay ____ · ___________ . _____ ·--------------------------·-------- 6 

Clay with pebbles ............................................ 3+ 

At Coal City, in Owen County, is one of the largest ordioary brickyards m 

western Indiana. a The ciay used is a yellow sui·face clay, free from lime. 

A yellow surface clay near Huntingburg makes a fine red-front brick and closely 

resembles that worked at Washington, Ind. b 

A surface clay occurs near Princeton, resembling those so characteristic of the 

southern counties of Indiana. Fine pressed brick are made from it at Huntingburg-; 

Dubois County. It burns to agood red color. Its analysis is as follows: 0 

Analysis of surface clay near Princeton, Gib.qon County, Ind. 

Per cent. 

Silica .................... _ ............................. _ _ 71. 20 

Titanic acid, .................. _ .... _ ... _ .............. _. . . . 88 

A!umina _ ............................. _ .................. 18. 56 

Ferric oxide _ . _ .................. _. _ . . . . . . . . . . _.. . . . . . . . . 1. 34 

Fer;ous oxide .......... _·_ ..... _ ........... _............... . 15 

Lime._ ..... __ .... __ ................... _.................. .14 

l\'lagnesia .....•. _. _ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

Potash ...... __ ... _ .. _ ............... __ .. _ ....... __ ·- . __ .. _ . . 32 

Soda ...... _ .. _. _ .... _. _. ...... -.- ............. ___ .......... 1. 26 

\Vater_ .. _ .... _ ....... , ......... _ ..................... __ .. 6. 30 

Man_v: deposits of good surface clays also occur in the vicinity of Gosport, Owen 

County. They ai·e abundant in Spencer County, around Rockport. a 

At Switz, drift clay is found 3 feet below the surface; aP..d also a thick stratum of 

tough, blue drift clay, making excellent drain tile. e 

In the vicinity of Washington, Daviess County, there is found a good grade of 

yellow surface clay, averaging 15 to 18 feet in thickness, which can be made into a 

fine, dry-pressed, front brick. Fire elays foi· mixing with it are obtainable not 

far off. 

The river bottoms of Vigo County are bordered by river terraces which vary itt 

width from 3 to 8 miles and contain considerable quantities of recent sedimentary 

clays. A good grade of dry-pressed brick is made from a bed of such clay over 20 

feet thick found in the low.lands of the " 7 abash River, near Terre Haute, in this 

«Twentieth Ann; Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res., p. 85. 

bibid., p. 109. 

<'Ibid., p. 114. 

dlbid., p. 121.. 

e Ibid., p. 88. 
112 CLAYS OF UNITED S'l'ATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

county. The clay is of even texture and free from pebbles, but an objection to it is 

the lack of uniformity in the shade of the burned clay. 

The following is an analy;;is of the Terre Haute sedimentary clay: 

Analysis of Tern Haute sedimentm·y clny. 

Per cent. 

Silica 66.11 

Alumina ____ .. _____ . _. _________ . ______________ :. ______ . __ J 3. 78 

'\Vater ____________ .. __________________ .. _. ___ ·_____________ 6. 34 

Ferrie oxide ____ . __________ . _ .. ____ .. ________________ . _ _ _ _ 5. 35 

Lime. ________ .. _ .. _____ . _____________ , _____ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 67 

Magnesia _. ___ . ______ . ___ . __ . ____ . _ . ___________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ·1. 78 

Potash ______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. i 1 

Soda ......... _ ........ _________ .. __ .. __ . ___ .... _____ . _ _ _ _ 1. 15 

TotaL __________ . ____ . __ .. _ . _____________ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ 98. 29 

Drift clays are said to occur over most of Miami County." They occur either at 

the surface or interbedded with sand and gravel. Pottery clays arc known at Denver. 

In Allen County brick and tile clays are common in the surface formations,b and the 

same is true of Marshall County." 

CLAY-WOl{KING INDUSTRY. 

Indiana ranks seventh among the clay-producing States. This is due partly to 

the presence of many clays well suited to the manufacture of brick and other clay 

products, and also the proximity of several large cities; such as _Indianapolis and 

Chicago. 

The value of the clay products of Indiana is shown by the following figures. 

Value of clay product8 ·i.n Trul·ia:m~ from 1895 to 1D01. 

Proportion 

Year. Value. Rank. of United 

I 

States 

--~--~~-~~~- -~-- --

1895.---------------------------------

1896.---------------------------------

1897------------------------.---------

1S98 ..... ___ ..... __ .......... -----.---

1899 .. --------------------------------

1900.---------.-------------.---------

1901.---------------- -·----------------

~3,117,520 

2,674,325 

2, 712,309 

3,331,997 

4,235,354 

3,858,350 

4, 466,454. 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

n Sixteenth Ann. Rept. Ina: Dept. Geoland Nnt. Res., p. 176. 

b Ibid, p. 127. 

c Fifteenth Ann. Rcpt. Ind. Dept, Geol. nnd Nat. Res., p. 1~0. 

product. 

Per cent. 

4. i7 

4.30 

4.62 

4.49 

4.42 

4.01 

4.05 
INDIANA. 

Vahte of cla:y prodnct8 of Indiana ·in 1900 and 1.901. 

r---------~··--~--~---.---

Common brick ......... . 

Front brick ............ . 

Vitrified brick ......... . 

Fa11cy or ornamental ... . 

Fire brick ........... .- .. 

Stove linings ........... . 

Drain tile .............. . 

Sewer pipe ............. . 

Ornamental terra eotta .. . 

Fireproofing ........... . 

Tile ................... . 

Hed earthenware ....... . 

Stoneware ........... , .. 

Otlier pottery wares, .... . 

Clay mined ............ : 

Miscellaneous: ......... . 

1900. 

$1,391,873 

172, 752 

331,276 

7,810 

40,976 

( ") 

674,602 

279,719 

(") 

116,581 

343,985 

_4,337 

44,207 

229,830 

21,145 

112, 57() 

19Jl. 

$1, 624, 133 . 

234, 775 

320,221 

R,160 

51,526 

( ") 

i72,241 

2.53, 626 

(") 

91,081 

478, 130 

(),6.50 

47,712 

413,000 

25, 705 

50, 790 

--------~···-···~~-~--'--------' 

a Less tl_!an three firms reporting. 

'113 

Common brick.-Common brick are manufaetured at a great many localities, 

usually from drift elays. 

Pressed brick.-Pressed brick are produced at Cayuga, Vermilion County; Hillsboro, Fountain COlwty; Terre Haute, Vigo County; Huntingburg·, Dubois County; 

Evansville, Vanderburg County; and Montezuma, Parke County. They are made in 

part from semifire days, but also from alluvial ones. At Porter, Porter County, the 

drift clays are used. 

P(}fl)ing b1'ick.-Paving brick are manufactured at several places in Indiana, 

among them Clinton, Vermilion County; Veedersburg, Fountain County; Brazil, 

Clay County; Evansville, Vanderburg County; an,d New Albany, Floyd County . 

. Fireproofing.-This is made in large quantities near Hobart, in northwestern 

Indiana. The material used is calcareous glacial clay. 

8ewerpipe. a--The chtys used for making these are the same as· those employed 

for paving brick, namely, the under clays and shales. Shale is used at Brazil, but 

most of the works at other places prefer the under clay. Pumps are made from semirefractory clay at Brazil, Ind., and sewer pipes are manufactured also at Mecc~, 

Parke County; Cannelton, Perry County; and Terre Haute, Vigo County. 

a Twentieth Ann, Rept. Dept. Ind. Geol. and Nat. Res., p. 164. 

9647-No. 11-03--8 
114 otAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Fire brick8.-These are made but at four factories in Indiana, which ·get their 

clay from the stratum underlying rt large area in Parke and Vermilion .counties. It 

is a white semiplastic under clay. The factories are located at Hillsdale and 

Montezuma . 

. Potter·y.-Both earthenware and stoneware are made by many small works in 

the coal-bearing counties, there being 11 factories making stoneware, 3 of which are 

of considerable size. One factory at Evansville makes white -graniteware. Stoneware clays are es!Jccially mentioned by Blatchley, a from the vicinity of Annapolis, 

Parke County; Brazil, Clay County; Shoals, Martin County; Huntingburg}, Dubois 

County; and Cannelton, Perry County. Stoneware is made at Annapolis, Bloomingdale .and Rockville, Parke County; Brazil and Clay City, Clay County; ·worthington, Greene County; Shoals, Martin County; Huntingburg, Dubois County; 

Cannelton, Perry County; and Evansville, Vanderburg County. 

KENTUCKY. 

No _systematic report has ever been issued on the clays and shales of the State, 

and .except as to the ,Jackson Purchase region the information published is mostly of 

a scattered character, although many samples, collected from time to time by the 

geologists of the Kentucky geological survey, have been analyzed and the resulis 

arc pn blished in the State geolog·ical reports. b 

·within the State there are found a series of geologic formations ranging from 

the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. · Some of these-. contain deposits of soft, plastic 

cl!tys or shales, while others yield clays only as a result of surface weathering. 

A section across the State from east to west shows that the formations. are not 

highly tilted, as they arc farther eastward, but that they are rather flat, having a 

comparatively gentle cliri, so that in any one area where two formations are exposed 

the older of the two may have been laid bare as a result of erosion. 

Beginning with the oldest or Ordovician, we find that this occupies an irregularly shaped area in the northern p~rt of the State. The Trenton limestone of this 

series forms a large portion of the surface in the counties of ,Jessamine, Woodford, 

Mercer, Boyle, and portions of Scott, ]j'r~nklin, Bourbon, and ·Fayette. ·Surrounding this is a much larger area where the upper portion of the Ordovician is exposed 

in the counties of Boone, Kenton, Campbell, Gallatin, Ca1'roll, Grant, Pendleton, 

Bracken, Mason, Robertson, Harrison, Henry, \Vayne, Nichols, Scott,.Sbelby, Spencer, Anderson, Washington, Garrard, Madison, Clark, Montgomery, and Bath. Outcropping on the eastern and western sides of this .area is a strip of Upper Silm·i~n 

wliieh on the western side passes through the counties of Trimble, Oldham, ,Jefferson, 

Bullet, Nelson, and on the eastern side through r .. ewis, Fleming, and Bath counties: 

a Twentieth Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. nnd N[lt. Res., 1895, p. 171. 

bSee Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chern. Annl., Pt,. I, IT, TIT. 
KENTUCKY. 115 

Devonian rocks surround the· Silurian areas on the east, west, and south, forming a 

nan'ow, irregular patch, whose exact distribution can best be seen from an examination of a geologic map of the State. The Lower Carboniferous is found in b;th the 

eastern and western hal£ of the State. It forms an irregular band extending southwestward fromoppositc Portsmouth, Ohio, through Lewis, Rowan, Menifee, Powell, 

-and Rock castle counties, and then broadening considerably, it is exposed through 

the central part of the State as far eastward as the western boundary of Howard 

County. The area then splits, one portion spreading northwestward into Hardin, 

Breckinridgc, and Meade counties, the other fork extending through the southern 

part of the State in W an·en, Logan, Todd, and Christian counties, as far west as the 

Tennessee River and noith to the Ohio. The Upper Carboniferous r~cks underlie 

two large areas of more or les~ solid outline. One· of these areas is in the eastern 

part of the State and extends from the West Virginia and Virginia borders northwest and west to the Lower Carboniferous boundary. The second area forms a 

large more or less rectangular patch in the westcm par~ of the State, reaching along 

the Ohio River from Skillman, in Hancock County, to Blackburn, in Union County. 

-South of these points this area extends approximately as far as the northern boundary 

of Christian, Todd, Logan, and Warren counties. Frorn the southeastern corner of 

it ~ branch extends eastward, covering most of Edmonson and Grayson counties. 

The Tertiary area occupies that portion of the. State between the southern boundary 

and the Tennessee and Ohio rivers. In this area there arc some small strips of Cretaceous in Marshall and Calloway counties and some broad patches of Pleistocene 

along the Ohio River. 

LOWER SILURIAN, OR ORDOVICIAN . . ,. 

The Ordovician rocks may yield two types of plastic material, viz, residual 

clays and shales. 

The residual clays arc derived chiefly from the limestones of this formation 

and form a tough red clay, the dominant soil type of the Blue Grass region. 

They are probably well adapted to the manufacture of red brick and perhaps 

earthen wm:c. 

The Ordovician shales occur in both the Cincinnati and the Hudson groups, 

but in most places' they at;e probably ~alcareous, so that they are better adapted 

to the manufacture of Portland cement than bricks. Calcareous clay is derived 

from the i1pper Hudson shales in Oldham County; a from the Cincinnati group, on 

the Lexington turnpike, 2 miles south of. Covington; b in Jefferson County; c !)>nd 

in Campbell County, one-fourth mile from Newport. a Shales obtained from the 

Cl.ncinnati group near Brl.dgeport have been used for making paint.e 

a Kentucky Geol. Survey, Report on Oldham County, p. 19. 

b Idem, Report on Kenton County, ·p. 133. 

c Idem, Report on Jefferson County, p: 50. 

dldcm, Chern. Anal., Pt. I, 1884, p. 34. 

elbid., p. 7G. 
116 CLAYS OE' _UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following are analyses of some of these shales:· 

Analyses of Lower Silurian shales from Kentucky. 

1. 2. 4. 

-------------------- -----~-----

Silica ...... ___ ............. -·- ..... -.-.-- ... . 56.40 

Alumina. __ .... ______ ... _ . __________ . _ .. _ .. -~ 

Ferric oxide ____________ . _ ... _ ...... __ ..... _ 

Manganese dioxide .. _ .. _______ .. __ ...... __ .. 

29.971 

Lime carbonate _ ..... _______ .. ____ ........ .. ~ 760 

43.461 

21.000 

27.040 

47.16 

22.85 

20.14 

47.32 

28.05 { 

13.49 

Lime ....... ----.----- .. ------------·------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Magnesia .. __ ....... _________________ . _ . ____ 1. 514 . 680 .84 1.135 

Phosphoric add. __________ ... ___ ........ _ ... .166 . 607 .128 3.254 

Potash ------------------------------------- 3.538 2.447 2.301 . 64 

Soda --------------------------------------- . 551 . 915 1.590 .345 

Ignition ------------------------------------ 7.100 3.85 5.200 4.80 

5. 

47.96 

21.34 

6.60 

5.824 

3.524 

[}.264 

.250 

9.238 

1. Clay from Cincinnati group, 2 miles south of Covington. Kentucky Geol. Survey, Chem. Anal., 

Pt.. r, p. 133. 

2. Marly shale, Cincinnati group, junction of Ohio and Licking rivers, 12 feet above low-water 

marlc Ibid., p. 134. 

3. Marly shale, between impure limestone, 5 feet above low-water mark, Whitehall. Ibid. 

4. Marly shale from Cincinnati group, one-fourth mile from Newport, upper blue clay. Ibid., p. 36. 

5. Clay shale from Cincinnati group, Jeffersontown, .Jefferson County. Idem, Pt. II, p. 50. 

UPPER SILUlUAN. 

The Upper Silurian rocks yieM clays and shales similar to the Ordovician as far 

as known. Some good clays are said to exist iri the lower beds of the series.a 

In Madison County b a good quality of clay is mentioned from Waco, 9 miles east of 

Richmond, while marly shales occur in Henry,c Fulton,a Campbell, and Franklin . ' 

eo unties. In Fleming County e the shale of the· Niagara group yields a stiff, blue 

clay. Other clays ai·e found in Madison and Clark counties.f 

a Kentucky Geol. Survey, new series, Vol. III, p. 156. 

bidcm, Chem. Anal., Pt. I, p. 288. 

c Ibld., p. 130. . . 

d Ibid., p. 83. 

eidem, Re-port on Fleming County, p. 70. 

fIdem, Report on Cl11rk County, p. 28. 
KENTUCKY. 117 

The following analyses indicate the composition of some of these Silurian shales: . . 

Analy.~eB of Upper Silurian shales fmm. Kentucky. 

1--1-.- __ 2_. -:--3-. -1--4~-~--5-. -:--6-.--

Siliea _ . __ ... _ ... ___ . _____ . __ . ___ .... _ . _ .... _ 42. 3 48.78 59. 976 I 56. 96 59. ooo 42.56 I 

1

------- 20. 68 } 20. 98 

28. 74 4. 96 

··----- -------- ---····---

Alumina __________ ._ .. _._._. __ . __ -.-: ___ .... _ 20.84 17.32 l 

Ferric oxid ____ . __ . __ .. __ . ____ . __ ..... _. . . . . 4. 12 3. 24 27. 64 

l\1:n0 and P00 5 • _________ ••• _ •••• - •••••••••••• _ ••••••• - ••••••• 

CaS04 -------·-···················--······-· -----.--- 19.28.~ ---------------------------------

Lime _ . _____ . _ . _ . _________ .. __ ........ _ .... _ 13. 32 

Lime ear bonate ..... __ .............. ·_ ....... -.-.-.......... . . 280 

Magnesia . _ .... ·. _ ..... _ ............... -..... . 461 . 496 . 606 

Potash .. : ............. _ .. _ .. _ .......... _ . _ . . 2. 387 4. 768 3.931 

Soda........................................ .351 .24 .547 

Loss on ignition, etc _. _. _. _ ...... __ .......... 16. 221 5. 871 7.02 

1 and 2. Analyses of shale of Niagara group from :Madison County. 

.20 

. 752 

2.5.02 

. 315 

10.531 

1. 456 

1. 096 

5.500 

. 217 

8.091 

8.680 

7. 247 

<1. 819 

.166 

15.548 

3. Potter's clay, ·waco, Ky., first grade. KenttlCky Geol. Survey, Chem. Anal., Pt. I, p. 288. 

4. Potter's clay, \Vaeo, Ky., secon·d grade. Ibid., p. 288. 

5. Shaly clay from land of F. \V: Lewis, 2 miles south of Bobtown, in Madison County; sample 

of upper 10 inches. Ibid., p. 296. 

6. Shaly clay from same locality, from 10 to 20 inches below the surface. Ibid. 

DEVONIAN. 

· Little is known regarding the value of the Devonian for clay working. As 

stated above, it occupies a rathl:)r limited area. 

The following analysis is given of the "Ohio" shale: a 

Analy.gis !{{Ohio shale from. Kentucky. 

Per cent. 

Silica .............................. ······-·····-···-----·- 63.12 

Alumina and ferric oxide .................. _. __ ._. __ .... _. 8. 56 

Lime._ ......... ______ ..... _ ........... _ ....... ____ ..... _ 6. 261 

Magnesia ............................. _. _ .......... : __ .. __ . 2. 034 

Phosphoric acid ... · __ ... _ ...... __ ..... __ .. ____ .... _____ . _ . . 143 

Potash ... _ . _ .......................... _. _ ... _ ......... _. 1. 363 

Ignition ..... ·.· ....... _ ........... _ .............. __ . . . . . . 12. 00 

Total ....... -... -............. _ ....... : ........ _. . . 93. 481 

An excellent grade of pottery is made at Waco from the residual clay of the 

P1tnola shale. 

"Kentucky Geol. Survey, Chern. Anal., A, Pt. I, 1884, p. 150: 
118 CLAYS OF UNl'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

LOWER CA RRONIFEROUS. 

The Lower Carboniferous contains several deposits of shales and clay, whose 

charaCter must be mostly judged from the, chemical analyses given below. In 

Montgomery County the Lower Carboniferous shales yield heavy clays. a 

Analyses of Lower Carbon:ijerous clays and shales. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 

--'-----------~- --~- --~-- -- ------

Silica. ____ -----------------. 66.96 80. 16 77.66 74.46 71.56 67.56 49.689 61.10 

20.44 22.86 22.54 {19.026 18.20 

3.932 6.00 

Alumina ------------------- 15.626 }11.60 16.80 

Ferric oxid _________________ 8.38 

Lime __________________ -·-- __ 0.493 a.76 .48 .64 . 68 . 98 . 927 4.904 

Magnesia ___________________ . 677 .56 Undct. Undet. Undet. . 671 1. 96 1.542 

Phosphoric acid. ___________ . .154 Undet . ... do -- __ .do __ ... do __ ,025 -------- -------- l'otash _____________________ 3. 29.') 3.854 1. 002 __ .do __ __ .do __ 2.47 3.827 4.101 

Soda----------------------- .628 . 58:;! . 484 __ .do __ __ .do __ . 058 . 288 -821 

Ignition _________________ , __ 3.787 2.483 4.34 4.46 4. 90 •. 5. 696 17.41 3.332 

------ -~----·-·· 

a Carbonate. 

1. Marly elay shale, Tar Creek Hill, near Cloverport:, Breckinridge County. Kentucky. Geological Survey, Chem. Anal., Pt. I, ·p. :n4. 

2. Siliceous day, Rouder's farm, near Green River, Chester group; 4 to 6 feet thiok. Ibid., p. 242. 

3: Same farm,on Caney Branch, 1 mile from Green River, 7 to 8 feet thick. Upper layer. Ibid. 

4. Same, second layer. 

5. Same, third layer. 

6. Same, lowest layer. 

J,ast four (3, 4; 5, 6 ), suggested for common pottery. 

7. Plastic clay, ·waverly group, land of G. Glasgow, 3 miles south of Berea, ·Madison County. 

Idem, Pt. II, p. 297. 

9. Marly ck!y, Keokuk group, Nelson County. Recommended for term cotta. Ibid., p. Gi. 

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS, OR COAL MEASURES. 

The Upper Carbonife~·ous of Kentucky occupies, as already stated, two distinct 

areas, one in the eastern part of the State, the other in the western. 

CLAYS OF EASTERN COAL FIELD. 

The eastern area covers about 11,000 square miles, and is a continuation of the 

Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia areas. Attempts to correlate the Kentucky seams, 

however, with those of the 'States mentioned, have met with difficulty, and It is not 

always possible; indeed, the sections at opposite ends of the Kentucky area rn·e hard 

· to correlate. 

«Eng. and Min. Jour., Vol. LXVI, p. 190. 
KEJ."TUCKY. 119 

The following· comparative sections are g·iven by MacFarland: a 

;'iection showing correlative beds in Kenlttcky, Ohio, and Pennsylmnia .. 

Kcntueky. Ohio. Pcnnsylyania. 

Coal No. 1 ............. . Jackson Shaft ........ . Sharon. 

Coal No. ::l ...•..•. ---.-- No.3 .. --------------- Lower or Upper Mercer. 

.Elkhorn ................................. - - - - - - -

Jellico. ___ . _____ . . . . . . . . . ....... - - - - -.... - .. -.. . 

Peach Orchard ........................... -..... . 

Coal No.4 .............. No.4 ................ . 

Coal No.5 ............. . No.6 ............... .. Brookville. 

' Coal No. 7 ............. . Sheridan ............ . 

Ashland .............. .. 

Coal No. 8 ............ --I Hocking Nci. 10 ...... . 

No. 11. ........ , ...... 1 Lower Kittanning. 

The general section given for Greenup, Boyd, Carter, and part of Lawrence 

counties, b shows a bed of fine clay near the base of the subconglomerate, and a second 

one under coal No. 6. 

That in the subeonglom'erate bed is a fire cJay.c Like the coal with which itis 

often closely associated, it may sometimes be entirely wanting, as at points where the 

conglomerate sandstone follows the limestone without an intervening bed of shales 

of considerable thickness. This fire clay is said to correspond to that used-at Scioto- . ' 

ville, Ohio, and is of good quality and inexhaustible quantity. Following 1s an 

analysis of average sample from the upper part of the bed at Boone Furnace: 

Analysis of fire clay from Boone Pam ace, Ky. 

Silica .................................................. . 

Alumina , ............................................. . 

I ron oxide ................................. · .......... -. 

Lime ...... ____ .............. ______ .. _____ ............. . 

Magnesia ....... -.. : ................... -..... --. ---... ---

Phosphoric acid ........................................ . 

Potash .. _ ...... ·. _ ... _ ....... _ ... _. ___ .................. . 

Soda ............................................... , .. . 

Ignition .................................. _ . _ .......... . 

Per cent. 

48.56 

3i. 471 

trace 

.112 

trace 

. 255 

. 289 

. 283 

13.03 

Total. ........... , ................................. 100 

Other analyses show more silica. The bed is from 4 to 6 feet thick. On Mr. 

Ratcliffe's place, near the lime kilns, it shows a thickness of 8 feet, but is not all of 

good quality. 

a Trans. Am.lnst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXV, p. 520. 

b Kentucky GeoL Survey, Eastern coal field, Pl. I. 

c Il>id., section 2, Pl. XXIX, and section 28, Pl. VIII. 
120 CLAYS OF UNlTED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

· The bed occurs in nearly all of that portion of Greenup and Carter counties which 

presents the rocks of this horizon above drainage. (t It bas also b.een noted further 

southward along the western outcrops of the Coal Mea:sures, and has been mined 

and shipped in large quantities to Cincinnati from the head of Indian Run, in Greenup 

County. 

In the valley of Schultz Creek and on Plumb Creek, at the place of Judge 

Fullerton,b the section shows shale underlying the block iron ore and overlying the 

Conglomer:1te sandstone. Fire day is wanting on the south side of the valley, where 

the Conglomerate sandstone has great development, but on the opposite side the 

conglomerate is not so prominent and fire clay is said to be present. The fire clay 

would probably be found all along the ridge. An interesting section is seen at 

Thomson's hank, c where the coal is underlain by 20 feet of shales, including fire clay. 

West of Boone Furnace,a at the old orchard drift on Overmans Creek,e the 

section shows a bed of nonplastic fire clay underlying the double coal seam.f The 

subconglomerate shales are also -present, as is shown by the occurrence of the fireclay bed exposed above forks of the creek on the middle branch, where there are 6 

feet of nonplastic clay of fine quality. The general section in thisregion,'known 

as the Stewart section, is given belowf. 

General section of Coal lfeasures in Rocl.·castle County, Ky. 

. Feet. Clay shales ............ ________ . _____________ . .'. __ . ___ : __ . _ . ___ _ 

Stewart ore slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Block ore slope .................................. _ . _____ . . . .. 165 

Thin coal slope (shales) .... _ .. __ ~ ... __ . __ ... _. _. _ .. __ ....... 45 

Conglomerate sandstone ____ .. ___ . _ . __ . _ .......... _________ . _ 30 

Non plastic fire clay ....... , . -........................... ,.... 6 

Covered (shales) ............................................ 15 

Limestone ...................................................... . 

The sections given in the report referred to above g indicate the presence of fire 

clay at several poirits. Thus under coal 2 it is seen at the McHenry coal property, 

at Beach Orchard, and under Bogg's coal, all in Lawrence County. On Irish Creek 

shale underlies the coal. Fire clay is shown under coal 3, at Raccoon Fur~ace, 

Pennsylvania Furnace and Bellefont Furnace, Hunnewell Furnace, head of Dry 

Fork, and also in the Holbrook Bank, Brushy Creek.h Under coal 4 it is indicated 

a See Kentucky Gt·ol. Survey, Eastern coal field, 1884, sections 1 and 4, Pl. II; 5, 7, and 8, Pl. III; 9, PL IV; 19, Pl. VI; 

25, Pl. VllL 

b Ibid., p. 30. 

c Ibid., p. 32. 

dlbid., p. 33. 

e Ibid., p. 43. 

!Ibid., sec. 7, Pl. B. 

g Ibid., p. 43. 

hlbid. 
KENTUCKY. 121 

at Indian Run and Hunnewell, both in Greenup County. Coal 5 f'hows under shale 

at "Willard. Coal 6 bas an under fire clay at \Villard, Keyes Creek, and Turkey Pen 

Creek, Boyd County, also at Horse Branch, near Catlettsburg, Boyd County. Under 

coal 7 fire elay occurs at Fourmile Creek, Boyd County; clay or shale underlie it at 

Star Furnace, East Coalton, and \Villard, Boyd County. Coal 8 carries an under 

clay at Blaine Falls, Lawrence County, and at \Villard. The L~'ckness of these 

beds seems to range in most ·cases from 2 to 3 feet. 

In Menifee County" the Coal Measures in the We'3tcrn part of the county arc 

represented by shale series and by the Conglomerate sandstone. · · In Greenup and 

Carter counties these shales are present, though they are not always separated from 

the shales above the conglomerate, the Cong·lomerate sandstone being entirely 

wanting near the Ohio River in places, but becoming prominent to the southwest. 

In that region the section includes a thick hP.d of nonplastic fire clay associated with 

limestone, ore, and coal. The fire-clay bed seems to fall off in importance in 

proportion as the Subconglomerate shales become more prominent, and few traees of 

it are found in this region. 

Fire clay aecompanies many of the coal seams in parts of .Jackson, Pulaski, 

Laurel, and Rock castle counties, but is not worked. b 

UPPER FERRIFEROUS LIMESTON~]. C 

This carries a bed of ore which in Greenup, Carter, and Boyd counties is usually 

overlain by a heavy bed of white marl or fire clay which sometimes directly overlies 

the ore, especially where ~he limestone is absent. At Amanda Fnrnacea the ore is 

overla'n by two or three beds of fire clay of different quality, from 10 to 15 feet thick 

in all. This elay is largely used for the manufactu1·e of fire brick at the Bellefonte 

works and for potters'' use in Cincinnati. The following section is given from one of 

the beds back of Amanda. 

Section neaT Amanda, Ky. 

Soil ......... , .......... · ............................. . 

·clay shales .... · ...................................... . 

Coal. ................................................ . 

No. 2fireclay ....................................... . 

Potter's clay ......................................... . 

No.1 fireclay .................. : ............ .' ........ . 

Limestone ore . ·_ ..................................... . 

Top of limestone ......................... _ ...... _ .... . 

«Kentucky Geol. Survey, Eastern coal field, 1884, p: 201. 

b Geologic .~tlas U.S., folio 47, London. · 

c Kentucky Geol. Survey, Eastern coal field, 1884, p. 140. 

dlbid., p. 141. 

Feet. Inches. 

4 0 

6 0 

4 

3 0 

4 0 

3 0 

8 

0 0 
122 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

ANAJ.YSES OF EASTERN KENTUCKY "CLAYS. 

The following analyses are of clays from eastern Kentucky: 

Anal:yses of cla,ysjrom eastern Kentucky. 

-----

L 2, 3, 4, I 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 

·--- ----------- ---

Si02 •••••••••••••••• 48.56 45.96 54.62 62.46 45.56 64.26 66.06 62.68 43.58 

Al,03 ............... 37.471 38.531 32.466 27.203 4:3. 775 124.604 2:3. 726 14. so:~ 40.86 

Fe,03 ·····--------- Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. I U~det. Undet. 6.H.i . 76 

CaO ................ . 112 .145 Tr . Tr. .145 . 5:38 a.30 as. 28 . 29 

MgO ............... Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. .209 a. 121 a}. 65 .14 

P20 5 --------------- .255 .563 . 243 .147 . 307 . 946 .127 . 217 -·------- 803 ----------'- •••• Undet. Undet. · Undet. Undet. UndeL .I57 Undet. -------- -------- K20 ................ . 289 .25 .212 1. 85 . 96:3 . 751 2.093 3. 108 .19 

Na20 ....... · ........ . 283 . 341 . 679 . 584 . 728· . 515 2.273 .149 . 05 

Ignition ............ 13.03 14.21 il. 78 7.756 8.522 8.30 5.30 2.953 14.43 

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 

-· --- ---

SiO, ........ -------- 44.84 41.28 41.58 49.68 62.92 66.56 47.06 67. 70 55.56 

Al20 3 ..••••••••••••• 40.18 40.56 38.38 35.281 20. 735 22.679 36.62 22.092 31.027 

Fe;03 -------------- 1. 76 4~42 4.04 Tr. 3.82 Tr. Tr. Tr. Tr. 

CaO ..... :---------- . 21 . 60 . 21 . 213 . 213 .157 . 616 .101 . 325 

MgO .............. . 13 .17 .10 .136 2.281 . 605 . 389 . 285 .403 

P,Os --------------- -------- ------·t--·--·· . 626 . 3i1 . 563 .626 . 498 . 358 

803 ---------------- -------- -------- -------- Undet. UnO.et. Undet. U ndet. Undet. Undet. 

K,O ................ . 17 .11 Tr . . 193 2. 601 L946 1.156 1.156 1. 167 . Na,O .......... _ .... . 06 Tr. Tr . . 211 . 659 . 69 . 234 . 268 .66 

Ignition ............ - 12.65 12.86 15.69 13.66 6.40 6.80 13.30 7.90 10.60 

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. I 28. 

---------- ----------- ---

Si02 ....... ·......... 47.56 59.10 84. 76 54.18 51. 66 69.26 70.86 62.76 40.14 56.44 

Al2

0 3 ..... ____ • __ •• _ 40.661 

}29. 76 11. 40{ 

26.36 16.56 16.64 19:24 26.42 4:3.72 } 28.00 

Fe20 3 ·------------- Tr. 4.82 7 .. 68 4 .. 52. 3. 12 1. 58 1. 98 

cao._, _____________ . 28 Tr . Tr. . 549 7.269 Tr. Tr. . 325 } 1. 60 1. 30 

MgO --------------- .497 . 72 .65 1.614 . 817 . 893 . 425 ·Tr . 

P,05 ---------... ---- .249 -------------- ____ ... Undet. Tr. Tr. 

IJndot 1 803 ------ ·--------- Tr. -------------- ----··- -------- ·------ K.o. _______________ .308 3. 86 1. 58 4. 286 3. 276 3. 102 2.351 . 916 12.56 14.30 

Na20 ............... .409 'l'r. . 05 . 348 . 2931 . 210 . 253 . 268 

I Ignition ....... _ .... 10.0:!6 6.66 1. 56 9.80 13. 445 6. 376 3.751 7.731 

a Determined as carbonate. 

1. Ridge between Grassy and Three Prong creeks, Boone Furnace property, Carter County, 8. to 

10 feet. Kentucky Geol. Survey, Chern. Anal., Pt. I, p. 43. 

2. Same locality, lower heel. 

3. Same locality, rougher part of upper layer. 
KENTUCKY. 123 

4. Fire clay under coal, Old Orchard diggings, Boone Furnace property. Ibid., p. 44. 

5. Same bed as 1. Ibid., p. 44. 

6. Fire clay under 12-inch coal, G. Osenton's land, near Grayson, Carter Com1ty. Ibid., p. 44. 

7. Clay sha)e, railroad cut, one-half inilc south of station, Grayson, Carter County. Ibid., p .. 44 . 

. 8. Washed sample ferruginous .marly' clay, Limestone station, Carter County. Idem, Pt. II, 

1885, p. ] 81. 

fl. Fire clay, Perry's branch of Tygarts Creek, near mouth, and ncar E. L. & B. S. R. R.; l:Jed 9 

feet thick. Il:Jid., p. 276. 

10, 11, 12. Same locality. 

13; Fireclay, I~ouder's land, near Kenton Furnace, Greenup County. Idem, Pt. I, 1884, p. 100. 

14. Fire clay, 2 feet above limestone ore, head of Powdermill Hollow, 2 miles from Kenton 

Furnace. Ibid . 

. 15. Clay, fourth above lih1estone and limestone ore, on Pea Ridge, 21 feet thick. Ibid. 

16. Clay resting on limestone ore, Pea Ridge, near Hunnewell. Ibid. 

17. Clay, 2~ feet, second above limestone ore, Pea Ridge. Ibid. 

18. Clay, 14 inchesthick, third bed above limestone ore, Pea Ridge. Ibid., p. 101. 

19. Fire chty, Thomas bank, .headwaters of Wings Branch of Shultz Creek. Average sample of 

. upper layer; 5 feet above the cherty limestone. Tbid. 

20. Clay, 5 feet thick, on Indian Creek, Whitley County. Idem, Pt. III, 1888, p. 204. 

21. Jellico clay, Whitley County. Ibid. 

22. Bituminous shale, 5 feet thick, on Knoxville. branch of L?uisvillc and Na~hville Railroad 

ncar BrummittH station. Idem, Pt. II, 1885, p. 009. Burns buff, gray. 

23. Shale, below coal at Mud Creek mines, Butler County. 

24. Shale, belmv ·coal F, mouth of Brush Run on I{ough Creek, Ohio County. Idem, Pt. I, 

1884, p. 418 .. 

25. Clay from Elm Lick, R. B. Thompson's lan(l. Ibid. 

26. Clay from Bald Knob Church, Caney precinct, on Pinchico road, 2 feet below a coal bed. 

Burns salmon. 

27. Upper layer of fire clay used at Ashland. 

28. Lower layer of fire elay used at Ashland. 

CLAYS ,OF WESTEHX COAL FIELD. 

Very little information has been published regarding the clays of the Western 

coal field. A bed is mentioned near Bald Knob Church, Ohio County, where a on 

B. F. Jenkins's farm the following section is seen: 

Section near Bald Knob Clmrch, Ohio County, Ky. 

l<'eet. Inches. 

Covered spaee, red clay on surface ___ -.- ___ . _____ .. ___ .. 5 0 

Coal F _ ...... : _ .. _ .. _ ...... ___ . _ . ____ . : ______ . __ . _ . ___ . 0 9 

Under elay _ .... , __ ......... __ ......... _. _. __ ...... _ .. 3 0 

Mottled limestone._ .... _____ ._._ .. ___ .··-_. _______ . __ .. 1 0 

Sandy shale and shaly limestone ____ ._._ ....... _. __ . ·.-. 28 0 

Covered, mostly sandy shale_._. __________ . ___ .. _____ .. 8 0 

Soft, disintegrating sandstone __________ ._ ... ____ . _____ . 35 0 

a Kentucky GeoL Survey, Western coal field, 1884, p. 163 .. 
124 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

In Ohio County" a hard clay occurs below coal F at the mouth of Brush linn in 

Rough Creek; also near Elm Creek on R. B. Thompson's land. This is mnch used 

at Louisville. Again clay is seen at Bald Knob, on the Pinchico road. 

·Clay suitable for making-vitrified brick has been worked at GloveriJort in Grayson County, near Millwood station, on the Illinois Central Railroad. An 11-foot 

bed is worked br making sewer pipe, and is overlain by 18 inches of coal. The 

vitrified brick now made at Louisville arc a mixture of this clay with a shale 

obtained 2 miles west of New Albany, Ind. 

RECENT, OR ALLUVIAl, CLAYS. · 

Leaving those of the Jac~son Purchase region out of consideration, alluvial clays 

may be looked for in many river valleys where terraces have been formed. They 

are found in the ter~·accs along the existing streams and are usually very sandy, 

although often of excellent quality, especially along the Ohio. Shaler states that in 

various sections along the Ohio he has failed to find any fine-graii1ed clays in the belt 

of land below the top of the hig·hest water, while the next level, rising, say, 10 feet 

above this high-water mark, contains very generally, in the district near Covington, 

at least, a blue-gray clay that is of fair quality.b In Clinton County c small areas are 

found along the Columbia River and its tributaries, and are underlain by dark clays; 

In Henry County d deposits valuable for brick making arc found along the Kentucky 

River. 

Clay deposits are found in many sink holes. of the limestone region, and while 

the clays may be suitable for pottery, still, owing to their origin, the deposits can 

. never be extensive. 

JACKSON PURCHASE REGION. 

The clays of this area are so distinct from those found in other parts of the State 

that they can best be treated by themselves. They httve furthermom been dealt with 

quite fully in a report on the Jackson Purchase region issued by the Kentucky 

geological survey, from which most of thefollowing facts bave been taken. 

The Jackson Purchase includes the eountry embraced between the Mississippi, 

Ohio, and Tennessee rivers and the Tennessee State line. The geologic section 

beginning atthe top is as follows:e 

Section in JackBon PurclwHe region, Kentucky: 

ALLUVIU~I (of river and creek battoms). 

PLEISTOCENE." 

Brown loam; surface loam of uplands. 

Loess; gray silt of Mississippi bluffs. 

Port Hudson ( Hilgard' s Louisiana); stiff dark and bluish clays with calcareous concr?tions 

under the river alluvium. 

Stratified drift. 

aGeol. Atlas U.S., folio 46, Richmond. 

b Kentucky Geol. Survey, new serieR,~ Vol. III, p. 405. 

c Idem, Report on Clinton County, p. 25. 

dldem, Report on Henry County, p. 12. 

e Idem, Report on Jackson Purchase region, p. 17. 
KENTUCKY. 125 

Section in Jackson Purchase 1-egion, Kenttwky-Continued. 

TERTIARY. 

·Lagrange; stiff plastic clays, variegated in color and interstratified with whitish sand, and 

. carrying le!lf impressions. 

Lignitic;. black arenaceous clay and-claystone. 

Porters Creek; massive and jointed clays, locally called soapstone. 

Hickman; siliceo~1s claystone over a thick bed of buff-co"lored elays .. 

CRETACEOUS. 

Ripley; black clay in very thinlaminm, separated by fine white and yellow micaceous sands. 

LowER 0ARBONH'ERous. 

Lower; heavy limestone beds interpolated with dark flint layers. 

DEVONIAN. 

:Massive quartzose sand rocks. 

Most of the clays in this part of the State, which we found in all the counties, 

appear highly refractory before the blowpipe. The classes recognized are: 

1. Drab clays of Hickman Bluffs/' 

2. Siliceous ~lays from Columbus Bluffs, which face theMississippiRiveratColumbus and at the chalk banks below. These rise more than 100 feet above the town. 

The upper portion is made of 30 feet each of gray silt or loess and gravel. Under 

the gravel is variegated colored plastic clay 15 feet thick; undin· this 85 feet siliceous 

clays. These clays burn hard to a light-creamy eolor. They are finely siliceous. 

The clay_ beds are exposed in the bluffs east of the town. The siliceous clays show 

iri the deep ravine by the Clinton road and the plastic clays in the face of the bluff 

south of the railroad cut." The siliceous fire clays in places have been cut away, as 

at the chalk banks, and their places are taken by interstratified beds of fine clay and 

white sand. The same is true in the bluffs north of Columbus to a short distance 

beyond Laketon~ These were supposed to belong to the Lignitic (Tertiary) group, 

and are found farther cast associated with the belt of dark clay in McCracken and 

Graves eountie::;. c 

3. White or light-colored plastic clays. These fo1~m beds of greater or less size 

in each of the counties and are pnt in what is known as the Lagrange group of the 

Tertiary .. The clay has heen deposited sitice the deposition of the black clays. It 

usually is white or light purple in color, fine grained, and varies in thickness from a 

few inches to many feet. 

4. Black and bluish-black clays. These are confined to the Ct;ctaceous and the 

Lignitic or Lower Tertiary belt that passes through Calloway, Marshall, McCracken, 

and Ballard countie8, and to the Port Hudson group of the Pleistocene, which. 

occurs in the valley and bottom land of the three bordering rivers. The dark color 

is due to vegetable matter. These clays are said to be refractory. 

a Section given on p. &; of Report on _Jackson Purchase region. bJbid., p. 101. clbid. 
, I 

126 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l;ES ·EAST OF l\HSSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Anal11ses of white and sil·iceou.g rPfmctory clays of Hickman (,1nmty, Ky. n 

1. 2. 

-·-3. _-I" 

Silica .............................. . 

Almnina ........................... . 

Ferric oxide ...................... .. 

Lime ............. ~'-··············· 

l\iagnesia .......................... . 

Potash ........................... :. 

Soda .............................. . 

Water, etc ............. : ........... . 

85.18 

10.26 

1. 12 

'l'race. 

0.064 

0.,954 

0.146 

2.276 

84.918 76.360 

10.56 14.951 

1.102 2.109 

0.572 0.325 

0.108 0.173 

0.651 1.171 

Not est. 0.125 

2.089 4.786 

1-----1---------

TotaL ......... , ............. . 100.000 100.000 100.00(1 

---------

a Kentucky Geol. Survey, Report on Jackson Purehuse region, 1888, p. 102. 

1. Fire clay, bluff above Columbus, Hickman County. Plastic. 

I 

I 

I 

2. ·Clay from bluffs in upper part of town of Columbus, Hickman County. Same bed as 1. ·Light 

gray, burns to hard body and light-cream color. 

3 .. Clay fr~m "Chalk banks," 2 miles below .Columbus. Burns hard. 

Analyse.~ of clnyB. from Hickma;, Blt(/t:~, Fulton County, Ky. a 

1~3_-_ ~-~-~- -, ---

Silica ............... .. 

Alumina ........... .. 

Ferric oxide ......... . 

Lime ................ . , I 

Magnesia ........... .. 

Potash .............. . 

1. 

n:340 

i7.190 

2.770 

1. 612 

'. 209 

. !)25 

2. 

83.3 

!J.8 

2. 1 

.9 

. 1 

.6 

Soda................. .2:!2 .l 

Water, etc............ 5. 722 2. 8 

Total ......... _ ·11oO.Ooo 100. o ----

8 

0 

2 

63 

87 

17 

18 

15 

00 

·1.' 

---

I 71.08 74. 10 

19.05 16.46 

2.81 2.70 

. 627 . 358 

. 403 .187 

. 578 .559 

. 225 .135 

5.227 5.501 ---- 100.000 100.000 

5. (i, 7. i 8. 

----- --,------

83.50 77:96 76.8fl 64.80 

9.94 13.97 14.60 21.07 

2.50 2.39 3.02 5.27 

. 358 .134 . 425 1. 40 

. 173 .163 . 308 . 05 

. 539 .797 . 736 . 646 

.109 .124 . 257 .202 

2.881 4.462 3.794 6.562 ---- 1 00.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 

a Kentucky GeoL Survey, ){eport on .Tilckson Purchase region, pp. 98--100. 

1. Greenish or bluish sandy refractory clay, 1 mile north of Hickman, Fulton County. Burns 

light gray buff. 

2. Greenish to' bluish sandy refractory clay, under gravel beds in bluffs i'n upper part of Hickman, Fulton County; 6 feet thick. Burns light brick color. 

· 3. Refractory day stone. Burns light gray bufL 

4. Slate-colored or bluish refractory joint clay from HiC'kman Bluffs and under pnece<ling. Burns 

to hard body oflight brown color. 

5. Greenish claystoue and green refractory clay from Hickman Bluffs. Underlies No. 4. Rather 

plastic, burns to light brick color. Bed, lQ.feet thick. 

6. Greenish indurate<! and refractory joint clay, lower ixut of Hickman Bluffs. Burns brownish 

buff. Bed, 50. feet thick. 
KENTUCKY. 127 

7. Greenish. refractory clay, Hickman Bluffs; 95 feet above low water. Same bed as No. 6. 

Rather plastic: and burns red buff. 

8. Indurated clay, Hickman Bluffs, 45 feet above -low water. Plastic. Burns light buff and is 

easily fusible. 

Analyses of r~fractory, white, ancllight-colorecl clays from Jitckson Pui·chase ?"egio11, Kentucky. a 

Locality. 

-----------------·-

.g 

0 

U2 

Per ct. 

White pipe clay, 3 miles cast of New l'rov- 61.680 28.500 1. 680 0.101 0.136 · 1.158 0. 822 5. 923 White, un- idence, Calloway County. gla.zefl. 

White. plastic clay, 6 miles. northeast of i>i.840 30.3•10 1.180 .011 .050 .618 .519 9.442 Cream .... ~lurra)', Calloway County. 

'Vhite clay, 1 mile east of \Vyatt's school~ 46.020 38.980 house, Calloway County. 

Tr. 

Howard's pottery, Bell City, Graves 56.980 32.160 2.160 County; 6-10 feet. 

Stiff plastic clay, 16-15 feet................ 62. 680 25.880 2. 900 

.773 

'l'r. 

Tr. 

Panther Creek, 6 miles east of Mayfield; Graves County; plastic. 75.550 16.751 1.198 Tr. 

Fire clay, Wickliffe, Ballard County; 10- 12 feet. 73.210 15.750 i 1. 920 . 325 

Refractory white clay, one-hall mile northwest of Blandville; bluish white. 74. 84o 16. 58o 1. 1oo I . 269 

White plastic clay, Cane Creek, 2 miles north of Wickliffe, Ballard County. 

Clay, T. D. Campbell, Laketon, Ballard County; purplish gmy. 

63. 840 26. 040 

G7. 501 23.001 

. 740 Tr. 

2.109 . 257 

.13G .309 

. 209 . 838 

. 319 1.147 

.144 1.094 

. 519 

. 209 

1. 4671 

1.293 

.137 . 714 

. 065 .412 

.172 13. GlO Brown, 

white 

when 

glazed . 

. in 7.54~ Cream .... --------

. 928 6.146 'White, un- 10 glazed . 

. 2i6 5.047 Snlmon .......... . 

. i47 6.622 Buff····-· ....... 

.283 5.126 White .. '·J·---.... 

.207 8.822 

.020 6.585 

Sam ucl farm, 4 miles south of Blandyille, 71. g40 20.700 Ballard County. Tr. . 370 . 350 . 630 0. 0 6. 200 White .......... .. 

Plastic clay, G. Ryan, 4 miles northen~t of Milburn, Ballard County; 4 feet. 

Bluish plastic cl~ty, a miles east of Bland- ville, Ballard County; 3 feet. 

76. 5<10 11. 820 1 . 960 

i 71. 180 20. 800 1. 780 

1\Iietteeous clay, 5 miles north of Benton·, 84.580 10.650 . 330 Marshall County. 

Micaceous clay, 2 miles cast of Palma, 62.920 29.880 Tr. .Marshull County; plastic. 

l<'ive miles sout.h of Paducah, 1\IcCrackcn 64.480 24.691 1. 869 County; bluish, plastic. 

Tr. . 331 . 926 

Tr.· .101 . 247 

. 137 . 101 . 954 

Tr. . 209 1. 564 

. 448 . 137 1. 457 

G.191 Light gray ........ 

.291 5.601 

. 292 2. 955 D a r k 10 crea1n, 

glazed. 

.172 5.255 ..... do.... 15 

. 083 6. 835 

Refrac\ory,Moore'sMill,1milcsouthwest 74.460 18070.1633 .3H .2·1:> .940 .021 4.317 Darkbuff. 15 of Blandville. . I . 

a Kentucky Gcol. SurYcy, Report 011 Jackson Purchase region, p. 103 et seq. 

Clays which are easily fusible are found in a number of the counties, but are 

said to be confined chiefly to those on ·the eastern side of the .Jackson Purchase 

rcgwn, namely, i!l McCracken, Graves, Marshall, and Calloway counties. They 

vary in color from nearly white to black. Some are highly gypseous, while others 

are sprinkled with vivianite. T~ey are pre-Pleistocene, ·and arc overlain by gravel, 

sand, and brown loam of that period, They inelude some of the white varieties 

belonging to the period intermediate between the Tertiary P,nd Pleistocene and the 

black clays of the next hjgher or Port Hudson group. 
128 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST 01<' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Analyse.~ of nonrejractory clays frorn Jachon Purchase region, Kentucky. a 

Localit,-. ~im~_M_:_i'f_._e·IP_o_t_a_sh_. _s_·o_d_"_· Water. _c_,~_;,_~~-nw_c_a_~nStiffelay,'4ntile~southof Pudn- 59.50 2·1.96 cah. · . 72 . 32.5 . 396 1. 931 . 286 11. 879 -Buff .......... . 

Shrinkage. 

Pe1·r:t. 

15 

Gypseouf! clay, 4milesHouthwest of Paducah. fi7.58 20.04 .54 1>1.743 .158 1. 34 .075 8.524 Dark cream .. . 12f 

Purplish plastic clay, 3 mileR eust of Lovelueeville, Me- Cracken County, 3 feet thick. 

Stiff plaRtic clay, railrond cut 

66.32 22.93 1.19 .437 .209 1.107 .470 7. 3i7 

south of Guill Hill and 3 7G.12 miles south of \Vingo, Graves 

County. 

15.96 

180.060 

31. Oi 

1. 42 1 Tr. . 317 1. 351 . 245 5.1i87 Brown ...... _._ 7~ 

I Plastic clay, north of Boaz stn· , 61.92 tion, Graves County. . 30 Tr. . 064 1. 602 . 239 5. 815 1\filk white, un- ....... . glazed. 

Plastic cluy, ju:-;t smith of Scale, 52.58 Marshall County. 1. 51 .137 . 245 1. 775 . 318 12.365 Buff, when ....... . glazed. 1 

Dark rlay, Tennessee River 60.98 lu.urling, Highland, Mar~hall, 

County. 

18.48 7. 50 . 78 1.128 2.664 . 627 7. 841 Darkred ............. .. 

Hlue Inicaceous clay, west 73.192 16. 5,1 

edge of Paducah, McCracken 1.84 . 369 .541 I 5.088 ........................ . 

County. I 

Mic~tccous clay, ~ mile east of 69.22 17.54 Baring's ford, Clark River, or 7 miles southea~t of Pad iwah, 1. 44 .437 . 858 2. 452 . 472 i. 581 Brick red ...... 

~!cCruckcn County. 

a Kentucky Geol. Survey1 Report nn Jackso11 Purchase region, 1888, p. 110 et seq. 

"As gypsum. 

12 

Oclwrous days.-Yell ow ocherous clays occur at rnany points in the Jackson 

Purchase counties and have been used loc~lly for paint. On btirning they oxidize to 

a bright red. In addition there are certain hluish clays which burn to a good red. 

One of these beds outcrops in the banks of the Tennessee River at Highland Landing, 

Mtirshall County. In Ballard County they are prominent near Wycliffe and Laketon, being expot;ed in ravines. Another bed of ocher is known in McCracken County, 

one-half mile east of the boring on Clarks River, 7 miles from Paducah. It burns a 

deep red. Still another lies at Wadesboro in Calloway County. 

An"lysis 4 yrl/uw uehei' fTorn HarklesR place, north of Wydiffe, Ballard County', Ky 

Per cent. 

Silica ............ _ .............................. .-. .. . . . . 44. 840 

Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. 831 

Ferric oxide _ ............................................ 20. 350 

Lime ...... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

,.1\'Iagncsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 

\Vater .. _ ................................................ 11.740 

100.000 

Since the clays of ~his area are so important commercially, it seems desirable to 

mention them in some detail. 
KENTUCKY. 129 

Fulton County.a-The bluffs at Hickman and southward to the Tennessee line 

contain much pur~ clay free from coarse sand and iron pyrites which, it is claimed could 

be used for the manufacture of tile, terra cotta, and pottery. White and bluish pipe 

clay occur between the san~s of the Lagrange group in the eastern part of the 

county, but are covered too deeply by Pleistocene sands and loams to render their 

. working profitable, unless worked by drifts. 

Hickman Cmmty.b-Pottery clay is prominent in tl).e bluffs at Columbus and 

other points bordering the Mississippi. The clays belong to the Tertiary beds 

proper, while those of the Lagrange group, which have been analyzed, appear as 

white plastic ;'ltrata in heavy beds of white sand. Less plastic clays occur in the bluff 

east of Columbus. Two potteries at Columbus have used the blue clay from the base 

of the sand and day from the bluff just north of the chalk banks. 

Ballard Cmtnty.c-Many exposures of white and variegated clays occur in the 

central and southern portions of the county, some of these being refractory. No 

exposures have been observed'north of Cain Creek and Hinkelville. The clays which 

may be considered most valuable are those in the western part of the county, exposed 

in the bluffs along the Mississippi and in the banks and river bottoms tributary to 

that stream.. They vary from dark-gray or black clays of the. Lignitic group to 

whitish and more plastic varieties of the more recent or Lagrang·e group. The 

former are exposed at the base of the bluffs along the Mississippi bottom from 

Laketon to Wycliffe, along Mayfield Creek to and beyond Blandville, along Cain 

Creek north of as \veil as in the creek bottom in the flats to the eastward of W ycliffe 

and in an isolated bed 2 miles west of Milburn. For the most part they are covered 

deeply by Pleistocene gravel and soil. In the neighborhood of vY ycliffe there is less· 

covering. These dark lignitic clays are several feet thick and are siliceous and 

refractory, thus resembling tbose of the Columbus Blufi's. (See analyses, p. 127.) 

Their use for fireproofing is suggested.· 

Second clays, or whiter and more plastic clays, are not extensively found in this 

county, their beds being mostly thin. They are seen in the high bluffs from 

Laketon southward apd at a few points in the eastern part of the county. An 

outcrop is 1 milo north of Blandville, and a few miles south of the same town. 

They have no great value. 

Me Cracken Cmmty. <l_ The clays in the county vary from black to white, and arc 

usually distributed according to geologic formations. The black clays are found 

in the Cretaceous and ~lso in the Tertiary (Eocene) belts in the· eastern and middle 

'parts of tho county. Those of the former outctop ,in the banks of Clarks River 

a Kentucky Geol. Survey, Report on .Jackson Purch11se region, 1888, p. 214. 

b Ibid, p. 225. 

c Ibid, p. 241. 

d Ibid., p. 256. 

9647-No. 11-03-9 
, 

I . 

130. CLAYS OF UNl'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSiSSIPPI RIVER. 

above the railroad bridge and are highly mic::tceous in character. They have no value. 

The Tertiary black clays, overlying these, also occur in the Clarks River bluffs, 

with an exposure of about 15 feet, and again at the foot of the hills south of 

Paducah. Although only 12 feet thick here, to the northwest or west of Paducah 

the thickness is as much as 90 feet. An analysis of some clay taken out of the same 

belt near Murray, Calloway County, is given in the table on p. 127. This same clay 

is found 5 miles south of Paducah, and at Florence station. Also on the east side 

of Clarks River. 

The whitish clays belong almost entirely to formations later than the Lignitic 

(Lower Tertiary), and in this county are exclusively found in the central and western 

portion. The Lagrange group eomprises most of the beds. This would include 

the clay 4 miles southwest of Paducah, on the Hough place; and farther southwest 

on the place of Dr. Roof, and of Mrs. Annie Grief, 10 miles from Paducah. Also 

in the north bluff of Mayfield Creek. 

J.rfct7'slwll Ommty.a-The clays comprise grayish-black joint clay of Tertiary age, 

and more recent, 'plastic, lighter-colored and more or less refractory pipe clays, 

together with a thinly laminated, dark, and micaceous Cretaceous clay, which is 

exposed in the beds on the sa11d hill north of Benton. This same clay outcrops also 

below the f~ot of the belts bordering Cl::trks River bottom near Sharps post-office. 

Black joii1t clay is found west of Benton, forming a part of that belt which reaches 

, from Murray, Calloway County, on the south, into McCracken County, on the 

northwest. 

The plastic clays of variegated white to purple color are found chiefly cast of the 

belt of black clay just mentioned. The blue clays referred to as occurring in the 

valley of the Tennessee River are well exposed at Highland L~nding. A section of 

the river bank, beginning at the top-, shows: 

Section of bank of Tennessee River at Highland La.nding, Ky. 

Feet. 

Surface <:overing, light brownish micaceous loam .. _________________ . 7 

Light-bluish clay, laminated with yellow sands ____ .. _ ..... ____ ..... 15 

Blue, micaceous, in layers 1 to 2 feet thick, with yellow sand between. 10 

Graves Oonnty.b-White pipe clay is abundant. throughout the county, and is 

penetr~ted by almost all well'l that reach below the gravel beds. It outcrops frequently in the clamp ravines. Along the line of railroad fl'Orn northern part of 

county southward many good elays are exposed in the cuts, especially north of Boaz, 

bnt no thick elays arc exposed until withip 2t miles south of Wingo. The clays in' 

the next or "big" cut ate of white, purple, and yellow colors and somewhat sandy. 

"Kentucky Geol. Survey, Heport on .Jackson Purchase region, 1888, P- 277. 

b Ibid., p. 294. ' 
KENTUCKY. 131. 

They are again exiJosed 3 miles north of Water Valley, and outcrop to that_station 

and Fulton on the State line. 

Galloway Oonnty.a~A great variety of clays occurs within the county. These 

are both refractory and non{.efractory, and many are well situated for workings. The 

black joint, clays occupy a belt from the Tennessee line northward through Murray 

and Wadesboro, into Marshall County, being exposed at a number of points along 

the west side of Clarks River. They are exposed in the southern part of the county 

west of New Providence. A prominent exposure is at the Paris b1:idge 1 mile 

south of Murray. Other exposures are seen in the bluffs of creeks north of Murray, 

and in the ravines that border the road north to ·wadesboro. They are from 10 to 

20 feet thick. 

·white pipe clays are abundant and found chiefly on the east and west of the black 

joint clay belt. A highly plastic white variety is found near Mayfield, in sec. 4, T. 3,. 

R. 3 E. The same clay appears in the branch south of this place and also in the 

bluffs east of the river, at Backusburg, to the east of Murray. On a line passing 

through it 110rth and south are several beds of white clays, notably at Russell's pottery·.· They burn to a good color, but difficulty was experienced with the crazing, 

Another locality of white clay is in the river east of New Providence. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The value of the industry of this State in 1900 and 1901 was as follows: 

Value of clay ]!roducto~ of Kentncky in 1900 and 1901. 

-------~----------, 

1900. 1901. 

Common bri<:k .. · .................... _ ........ . $608,334 $621, i5(1 

Front brick ...... _ ........................... . 21,098 1l1,535 

Vitrified brick ............................... . (b) (b) 

Faney brick ...................... , .......... . (II) (b) 

Fire brick .......................... : . ....... . 393,220 377,741 

Stove linings ............................ _ .... . (b) (b) 

Drain tile .......................... ~ .......... _ 2l1,727 29,498 

Sewer pipe ................................... . (b) (b) 

Terra cotta ....... __ ..... ___ . _ .. _____ .. __ .... . (b) (b) 

Fireproofing ........ _ ......................... . (b) (b) 

Red earthenware ...................... ~ ...... . 

Stoneware ........ __ ......................... . 

21,202 } 139,697 110, 29.'i 

1----~-------------------------------~~---- - ---·---- --·----

a Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1:\eport on .Jackson Purchase region, 1888, p. 312. 

I> Product included in other States. 
"\.32 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Value of clay products of Kentucky from .1895 to 1901. ' . 

Year. I 

1895 _________________ . ____________ : ___ I 

1896.---------------------------------

1897-- -·-------------------------------

18!)8_ ----------- _, --------------------

1899 ____ ------:.----------------------

1900 ... ------------------------------- 1901_ _____________ • ____________________ . 

Total valne. 

$839,198 

829,684 

806,368 

988,390 

1,358,428 

1,481,324 

1, 514, 54:;! 

Rank, 

-·--

19 

18 

17 

15 

14 

12 

18 

Proportion 

of United 

States prod- uct. 

PeT cent. 

1. 29 

1. 34 

L29 

1. 38 

1. 42 

1. 54 

1.37 

Common brick, fire brick, and stoneware are the most important clay products 

manufactured. by the State. Brickyards are locat.ed at many localities, especially 

Ashland; Covington, _Louisville, and Paducah. Wall tile are made at Covington, 

chiefly from clays obtained in other States. l~aving brick are made at Louisville 

from a mixture of Indiana shale and low grade Kentucky fire clay. Fire brick are 

produced at several places from local clays. About 12 potteries are in operation, 

most of them located in the western part of the State. They obtain their material 

chiefly from Tertiary clays. · 

There is, no doubt, an abundance and variety of raw clay and shale in Kentucky, 

but distance from the more important markets, together with the fact that neighboring States on the north and northeast also contain a wealth of clay, and are therefore 

dangerous competitors, will interfere with the rapid development of her clay 

resources. With the increasing industrial development of the region to the south 

and west of Kentucky, good markets should be found· for the disposal of her clay 

wares. 

MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, AND VERMONT. 

The larger portion of these three States is underlain by either pre-Cambrian 

crystalline rocks or metamorphosed Paleozoic formations·, consequently httle clay is 

to be looked for in such areas. Covering the entire surface of these States, however, 

is a mantle of Pleistocene deposits, mostly glacial drift, which is employed at many 

places for the manufacture of bricks, as it often eontains clayey members. None of 

the deposits are refraetory, and indeed, they may often be quite caleareous. The 

glacial clays are found in the till or have accumulated in hollows, but in addition to 

these there are to be found a series of estuarine deposits, represented by the clay 

beds that have been formed in the larger valleys during a sinking of the land, and 

consequent drowning of these valleys, in post-Glacial time., The deposits of this 

character arc usually more persistent and thicker than the preceding type of drift 
MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, AND VERMONT. 133 

clays. They are found especially in the larger valleys. They also underlie the 

terraces along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, where they reach a height of 

se~ eral hundred feet ab_ove sea level. 

A rather important series of residual clays 1s found in Vermont in connection 

with the deposits of manganese and iron ore. These materials are of residual character, and are said to occur a at Brandon,. Monkton, and Bennington, as well as in 

Shaftsbury, Wallingford, Plymouth, and Chittenden. They have been worked in 

past years for the manufacture of porcelain, stonewa~e, fire briek, and paper, but 

now are dug chiefly for the paper trade.. Some of them are very white in color, 

others are often ferruginous. The following is an analysis of clay from the mines at 

Forestdale, Vt., which are worked by the Brandon and Montreal China Clay Company: 

. '· .Analysis of clay from rnines at Forestdale, Vt. 

Per cent. 

Siiica· _____ . _. ___ .. _ ..... , ___ .. _ .·. ___ .. _____ .... _ .. __ ... 53. 70 

Alumina .. __ ... ______ ... __ ... _ .. ____ ... _ .... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35. 12 

Iron oxide. ___ .. __ ......... ____ . ___ .. _._ ... _____ ._ ... __ . . 06 

Lime •........... : ... ___ ... __ .......... __ .. __ ......... _ . . Trace. 

Magnesia ....................................... _. . . . . . . Trace. 

Loss on ignition._ .... ______ ._ ........ ___ .. ___ ... _ .... ___ 10.55 

Alkalies, by difference ..... _ .... __ ... _ .. , ....... ___ .. __ . . 57 

Total ............................... ___ ......•. . . . 100. 00 

The products manufactured in these three States eonsist chiefly of common brick 

and earthenware. Where higher grades of ware are manufactured the raw materials 

used are obtained entirely or in large part from other States. The following tables 

give the production for the year 1900: 

TTalue of clay products of lffctine, New Hampshire, and TTermont in 1901. 

Common brick .. ________ . __ . _____ . __ 

Front brick._ .. ______ .. _____ , _____ ._ 

Vitrified brick _______ ... __________ . _ 

Fire brick ...... __ ...... __ .. _. __ ... _ 

Drain tile ..... ___ .. _______ .. ______ .. 

Sewer pipe _______ ... ____________ ... _ 

:Maine. 

$407,354 

22,350 

(b) 

(b) 

3,830 

(b) 

New Hu,mpshire. 

$741,589 

(b) 

(b) 

Vermont. 

$61,554 

(b) 

Fireproofing _. ___ . _____ .... __ ...... ___ .. _ . _. __ , _________ ... _ . __________ _ 

.i\iiscellaneous. ·_ .... _______ .. ______ .. __ . _ .. __ . _ .. _ . _. ___ . _ .. _ 16, 000 

Pottery _____ . ___ .. ___ . ___ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( b) ( b) ______ • _ •• __ 

Total _ . _______ . ____ .. _ .. ___ .. 734,678 765,964 77,554 

a Geol. of Vermont, Vol. II, p. 802. 

b Product obtained from less than three firms, and hence can not be given., 
134 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

MARYLAND.a 

The clay deposits of Maryland ai·e found in formations rangmg from the 

Algonkian to the Pleistocene, and the sev!:lral formations arc each more or less 

limited to one of the three topographic provinces into which the State is divisible-

. the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian region. 

The Coastal Plain ar;ea oontains the Pleistocene, Neocene, Eocene, Cretaceous; 

J uratrias, and some of the A~gonkian formations, -and forms a tract extending across 

the State from northeast to southwest, being bounded on the southeast by the, 

Atlantic Ocean and on the. northwest by a line passing from ·wilmington through 

Baltimore to vVashington. Although rather fiat, still the numerous small streams 

which disscct·it afford many good exposures of the underlying formations. , 

The Piedmont Plateau region, which extends from the we;;tern boundary vf 

the Coastal Plain to the Appalachian Mountains, is characterized by broken, hilly 

country with undulating surface, and is crossed by numerous river;; which cut into 

the underlying formations. Within this area the clays are obtained partly from 

the Paleozoic and to a less extent from the Mesozoic and pre-Cambrian formations. The first two yield shales, while the third gives a series of residual clays 

which may at times be of value. vVhere the Paleozoic rocks have been metamorphosed, however, into slates· and schists, they are seldom of any value to the clay 

worker in their unweathe1'ed condition. ln th0 castcm part of the Piedmont Plateati 

region we find considerable areas of metamorphic rocks, such as gneisses, and also 

of igneous rocks, such as granites and gabbros, which yield residual clays, often 

of a ferruginous eharacter. b In the western portion of the Piedmont Plateau the 

Cambdan and Silurian rocks cover considerable areas in Frederick and Carroll counties, and by their decomposition yield residual clays. 

The Appalachian region consists of a series of parallel mountain ridges composed 

of upturned Paleozoic strata. Here the shales are contained partly in the Devonian 

and partly in the Carboniferous rocks, which arc abundant in Allegany and Garrett 

counties. 

ALGONKIAN RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

The residual Algonkian elays have attracted considerable attention, especially 

m Cecil County (Pl. IX), for the reason that they have been derived from feldspathic gneiss th~t contains but little iron, so that the plastic product is of white 

color and burns to a similar tint. \Vhile there are many prospect holes in the kaolin 

deposits around Northeast and at other points in Cecil County, still there is only one 

clay-washing plant in operation. Field tc;;ts show that the amount of overburden 

varies, as does also the depth of the kaolin deposit, but that there is no doubt a.large 

a lUes, H., The clays of .1\Iaryland: .1\Iaryland Geol. Survey, Vol. IV. 

bFor map showing distribution of these, see l\Iaryland Geol. Survey, Yo!. TV, Pl. LVIII. 
MARYLAND. 135 

quantity of the material awaiting exploitation and development. The material always 

· requires washing·, and where washed the product amounts to about 30 per cent of the 

quantity mined. In the Maryland day report already referred to a number of occurrences of kaolin are mentioned.a Farther south an important deposit of residual 

clay has been opened up along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1 mile northeast of 

Dorsey sta:tion, Howard County. It contains too much iron to permit its being used 

in the manufacture of whitewaTe, and is P-onsequently sold in its crude condition for 

making a refractory brick. 

IMPURE HESIDUAL CLAYS. 

In addition to the kaolins, there are a number qf residual clays found within the. 

State which have been derived from various geologic formations, and occur at many 

localities in the Piedmont Plateau. They are usually ferruginous, and hence burn 

red, and even in their natural condition often show brilliant tints of yellow, brown, 

or red. These residual clays may have been derived from the granites, gabbros, serpentines, gneisses, shales, limestones, and schists. They vary in thickness, and, 

except in the case of the limestone residuals invariably pass by slow gradation into the 

parent rock below. The clay obtained from the gabbros and other dark-colored 

. igneous rocks is usually extremely plastic and may show a very high tensile strength. 

The areas in which these are found are: (1) The Stony Forest area in Ha~·ford and 

Cecil counties; (2) a belt extending from Conowingo on the Susquehanna, in a southsouthwes_t direction to Baltimore; (3) an irregular area beginning west of Baltimore 

and extending as far south as Laurel. These dark ferruginous clays are used for 

brick ma~ing at several points, and in some cases also for pottery. The granites 

which also yield ferruginous clays form extensive areas around Port Deposit, vV oodstock, Ellicott City, a~d Guilford. 

There arc a number of crystalline limestones in Baltimore and Harford counties, 

but owing to the fact that they are magnesian in character they form a sand on 

weathering rather than a plastic clay. To the west, however, in Washington County, 

there is a broad belt of Shenandoah limestone about 16 miles wide, extending across 

the State in a northeast-southwest direction, which gives an abundance of brick clay 

when weathered. 

SILURIAN SHALES. 

These with few exceptions have no value in Maryland for the manufactme of 

clay products, unless they have weathered to residual clays. The reason for this is 

that in most cases the beds have been too much altered by folding. One of the few 

exceptions is the Clinton shale, which outcrops on the hill above the cement works at 

Pinto. 

--·---- -~------------------

o.i\Juryland GeoL Survey, VoL IV, p. 458. 
136 CLAYS 01!' UNITED STATES EAST OI<' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

DEVONIAN SHALES. 

'i'hese are represented in Allegany and Garrett counties by a great series of 

shales, sandy shales, and shaly sandstones. In some cases the shales have been so 

altered by folding that they develop little or no plasticity when ground and mixed 

with water, while at other times they arc of excellent value for the manufacturer of 

clay products.· Of the several subdivisions the Hampshire, or uppermost one, while 

of considerable thickness, is of little value, for the reason that the shales are in mo,;t 

cases too siliceous to make a good product. In the Jennings formation, however, 

the shales are in many places capable of utilization. They are well exposed east of 

Cumberland, and have there been used for the manufacture of paving brick, for on 

grinding and mixing with water they form a plastic mass that has a body of a good 

density aud burns to a good red color. 

CARBONIFEROUS SHALES. 

These arc found in the western part of the State in Garrett County and ~estern 

Allegany County, and are divisible into a number of different formations. The shales 

are sometimes refractory, but more often are not so. None of the beds except the 

fire elays are being used at the present time. The Dunkirk formation, which overlies 

the Waynesburg coal, contains a number of shales, some of which outcrop ne!tr 

Frostburg, but none of them seem to mellow down rapidly to a clay. In the 

·Monongahela formation, whose limits are marked by the Waynesburg coal above and 

the Pittsburg coal below, there are a ,number of beds of sandstone and shales, the 

latter being both sandy and clayey. lt is doubtful whether they would be suited to 

the manufacture of brick without being weathered. 

_i}Irt7tclL Olwnk fm~mat£on.-This is perhaps the richest formation in the State in 

shales, and is consequently of the greatest interest to the clay worker. It flanks 

the ridges of western Allegany and eastern Garrett counties, and grades gradually 

downward into the Greenbrier deposits. The formation ·il'l composed chiefly of red 

shales, which are interbedded with reddish-brown sandstones. In places these shales 

arc mellowed down to a plastic clay of red color. Both the Greenbrier and the 

Pocono formations, which lie under the Mauch Chunk, are of little value to the clay 

worker. 

The Mount Savage fire clay, which occupies a well-marked stratigraphic position, 

is a deposit of great value, for it possesses high refractory qualities. It is fortunate 

that its stratigraphic position is known, for, owing to the heavy covering in the 

region of Allegany and Garrett counties, outcrops of it are very scarce. It has 

already been opened up at two points on Sav·age Mountain, which are west of 

Frostburg and Mount Savage, and also on the Little Allegheny Mountains west of 

Ellerslie. The deposit il'.l also found outcropping near Blaine and at Swallows Fall~. 
MARYLAND. 137 

Garrett County. The bed sometimes contains flint ~lay and sometimes plastic shale 

clay. The analyses and tests of the material aregivenin the table on pages 145-147. 

Pottsville formation.-The Pottsville formation is the only one of the Carboniferous formations which has been commercially exploited for clay in Maryland, for 

it contains valuable deposits of fire clay whose position is indicated by the following 

section, measured in Pennsylvania just north of the Maryland line. 

Section of Pott81rilie formation. 

Ft. In. 

Massive sandstone ...................................... . 7-5 0 

Mount Savage coal .................. , ................... . 4 0 

Mount Savage fire clay .................................. . 7 6 

Conglomerate sandstone ................................. . 125 0 

Dark shaly sandstone ...................... _ ............ . 10 0 

Shale .................... -............................. . 1 0 

Coal and shale ............... ' ................. _ .. _.-._. __ _ 8 

Impure fire clay ....................... ~ ................. . 10 0 

Dark shales with iron ore ...................... _ .. _ ... _. __ 20 0 

Massive sandstone ...................................... . 35 0 

TotaL ................................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . 288 2 

Allegany format,ion.-The Alle_g-any formation underlies the Conemaugh and 

outcrops on the eastcri1 side of the Georges Creek coal basin, high up on the western 

slope of Dans and Little Allegheny mountains. It contains many beds of shale, as 

can be seen from the following section:_ 

Section ot Franklin village, A 1le,r;a.ny County, jlfd. 

Massive sandstone: Feet. 

Greenish shaly sandstone ........................... _ .... ,_ .. 55 

Massive sandstone .......... _·_............ . . . . . _ ........ __ . 24 

Ferruginous shale, showing spheroidal weathering ...... _ . . . . . 3 

Thin black and brown shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Grayish-green shale ................................. -........ 10 

Fine grayish-green shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Arenac11ous shale ........................................ _.. 9 

Greenish sandstone and shale .............................. ·_ . 26 

Shaly sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Fine shale and concealed ............. _- ............ ·.......... 9 

Shaly sandstone ............................................ f3~ 

Concealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Coal [Davis]--------------------------------------------···· 6 

Sandstone, shale and concealed ........ _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Flaggy sandstone ............... _ .... _ .... _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

1\'lassive sandstone ...... _ ... _ .... __ ... _ ... _..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Shale .................................. _ ... _... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Coal ["Split-six"] ................. ~-- .. _ ..•........ __ ....... ~ 

Concealed .............. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 
138 CLAYS OB' UNI'l'ED STATES EAST 01!' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

None of these l'lhales ai·e at the present time being used, but some of them appear 

promising. Even though they might not be used for bricks, they could perhaps be 

used in the manufacture of Portland cement. 

Oonemctugli formation.-This formation, formerly called the Barren Measures, 

contains many shale deposits, with the Mahoning sandstone atthe base. The shales 

are usually argillaceous ai1d are sometimes associated with coal. The following 

section from the upper part of the formation is found along the Potomac gravity 

plane, in Allegany County, and illustrates the general sequence of the beds. 

Section at the Potomac plar~:e, Allegany County, lrfd. 

Ft. In. 

Black shale ________________________________ - ________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 

Very coaly shale __________________________________________ _ 3 

Black, somewhat coaly shale. _____________________ - ________ _ 1 8 

Impure coal ____ ------ ______ . ____________________________ - __ 2 8 

Black shale with very thin coal streaks. ___ ·- ______ c _________ _ 4 

Coaly shale _______ . ___________________________ - ___ - _____ --_ 1 1 

Coal, apparently all good. ________________________ -- __ - ____ _ 2 4 

Shale, dark above, gray lower clown. ________ -- __ - _____ --_--_ 5 

Clay------------------------------------------------------ 7 

Massive bluish-gray argillaceous limestone.' ________ -'- ______ _ 2 1 

Massive light-gray argillaceous brecciated limestone. ______ - __ 1 9 

Very argillaceous limestone. __________ ---_----- ____ ---- ____ _ 4 6 

Soft, weathered shale. ______________________ .- __ -- ____ ------ 4 

Iron-ore band _____________ · __________ - ___ - _____ ------------ 4 

Black, coaly shale ______________ - __ ' ______ -----_--_--------- 2 0 

Some of the shales which were tested developed fair plal'lticity. None of them 

l'lhowed refractory characters. 

CRETACEOUS AND JURATRIAS CLAYS. 

The depositl'l of Cretaceous and J uratrias age underlie large areas 111 Maryland 

and are perhaps the most important series of clays in the State. The subdivisions 

of the Crctaeeous are as follows: 

CretaceouN mid Juratria.s j01·mations of Maryland. 

· !Rancocas. 

Upper CretaceouH __________________________________ -- ---.- -.. ---- - - - Monmouth. 

Matawan. 

Lower Cretaceous -.. -··---- ---------:--- --- ----- - ---- -· .---- -: -- - -· · ·-{~:;~;:;~. ]Potomac group. 

Juratrias (?) ---------· ______ _._ ------ _ --·-· _________________________ -{Aprundel. · atuxent. 
MARYLAND. 139~ 

The Upper Cretaceous deposits of Maryland, which are a continuation of similar 

large beds in Delaware and New Jersey, cross the State from northeast to southwest, 

being developed in Cecil, Kent, Anne Arundel, and Pi·ince.George counties. They 

bear little clay and at the present time no pits have been opened in them. Those 

of the Pqtornae group, or Lower Cretaceous, are highly important, however.. This 

group consists of a series of sands, sandy clays, and gravels which have been 

deposited at different periods and under varying conditions, the result being that 

the most unlike materials passed into each other horizontally. In vertical sections 

the most contrasted materials may overlie one another. The general dip of the beds 

is slight and ranges from 30 to 50 feet per mile to the southeast. Although the dip 

is fairly uniform, still the different members: of the Potomac group have no welldefined upper and lower limits, or even top. On the contrary,· the upper surface 

of any one member may be very uneven, owing to the fact that it has been much 

eroded or worn down by water action before the next member above it was deposited, 

while, therefore, if traced horizontally along the line of strike, any one member 

might be found at different levels, still the regularity of succession of· the different 

members can be recognized if we follow across the surface at right angles to theline 

of strike; and thm~eby encounter successively the outcrops from the lowest to the 

highest division. 

Pahtxentfor-nwt·ion.-This tJhows its type development in the upper valleys of the 

Big Patuxent and Little Patuxent rivers. As it is the basal member of the Potomac 

group it is natundly found near the land ward margin of the Coastal Plain and rests on· 

the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau. The Patuxent formation can be traced 

as a narrow, irregular, and sometimes broken belt from Cecil County on the northeast 

across Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, and Prince George counties to the borders 

of the District of Columbia on the southwest. While the deposits of the Patuxent 

are mostly sand, often of high purity, still beds of sandy clay sufficiently plastic for 

the clay workers' usc arc occasionally found. Stoneware clays are also at times met 

with in this formation. The thickness of the Patuxent is estimated at about 150 feet, 

and it is less important than the Patapsco, Arundel, or even the Raritan. In Cecil 

County it contains little clay of commercial value, b.nt around Baltimore and in 

Harford County refractory clays have been found in it near Sewall on the Baltimore 

and Ohio Railroad. Owing to the sandy character of these Patuxent clays they are 

usually low in tensile-strength, hut also show a low shrinkage in drying and bul'lling: 

Some of them even have been used with much success in the m·anufacture of terra 

cotta, being mixed with more plastic Arundel clays. 

Ar"nndel .fi:mnatl:on.-This ~eceives its name from its oecmTe~ce i~ Anne 

·Arundel County, where the deposits of this horizon are well developed. Like 

the Patapsco, it can be traced as a broken belt the entii·e distance from Cecil 
'140 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

County to the District of Columbia; <_>r more properly, it may be said to occur 

as a series of long, narrow belt" that extend in a general northwest-southeast 

direction, forming _a low angle with the border of the Piedmont Plateau. The 

deposits consist of a series of great and small lenses of clays hearing iron ore, which 

have commonly been deposited in old depressions in the surface of the Patuxent 

formation. These clays, which are commonly spoken of by the miners as blue 

charcoal clay, are usually dark colored and very tough, and at times are highly 

carbonaceous. These lens-shaped deposits of the Arundel formation vary considerably in sb-:e and may range in thickness from a few feet up to 125 feet. The 

following two sections give an idea of the character of the Arundel: 

Section at Reynold'.~ mine, Piney Run, Anne Arundel Connty, Nd. 

RARITAN: .l<'eet. 

'\Vhitc and light-brown sand, gravel containing crus.ts of iron stone.................... 10 

PATAPScb: 

"\Vhite and variegated argiliaceous sands ("fuller's earth"), etc., "paint rock," at base .. 10 

ARUNDEl,: 

Drab-colored, compact, laminated clays containing nodules of ore and also plant· impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · .................................................... -. . . . . . 70+ 

Total thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90+ 

Section of Old Blue Ramk, 1lfuirkirk, Prince George County, 1lfd. 

PLEISTOCENE: Feet. 

Sandy gravel .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. 4 

PATAPSCO: 

Mottled, gravelly loam .............................................. _................. 12 

ARUNDEL: 

Massive blue clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Highly lignitic elay, with "charcoal ore" .............................................. 2 

Tough, dry, blqc clay, with "white ore".............................................. 15 

PATUXENT: 

'IVhite sand . _ ......... _ ....... ___ . _ ...................... --................ ... . . . . .. .. 10+ 

Total thickness .............. · ....................................... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

These lenses of Arundel elay are well seen near Piney Run, Anne Arundel 

County;at Sewall and .Toppa, Harford County; on Stenuners Run, Baltimore County; 

and at Locust Point, Baltimore. The Arundel clays are usually blue in color, 

often silice~ms· and of good plasticity, but as a rule do not have high tensile strength. 

They are used in large quantities for the manufacture of common and pressed brick, 

terra cotta, roofing tile, and i:on:imon pottery. On account of the great abundance 

of iron ore in them it is sometimes necessary to adopt some special means to free the 

clay from the lumps Of thi~ material. Arundel clays are found in the counties of 
MARYLAND. 141 

Cecil, Harford, Anne Arundel, Howard, Prince George, and Baltimore. In the City 

of Baltimore they are used in the manufacture of !:'ewer pipe, and at Spring Gardens 

(Middle .Branch of Patapsco River), near the same city, the clay has been dug for 

pottery, being used even in the manufacture of yellow ware. Some refractory clay 

is obtained from the Arundel formation at Locust Point, near Fort McHenry, and 

brick clay is dug at Curtis Bay Junction. In fact many of the brickyards around 

Baltimore use Arundel clay. The c;Jay from this same formatio~ has been dug for 

terra-cotta manufacture south of Baltimore, and at this point is underlain by a layer 

of red clay that is used in the .manufacture of paint. Aside from these uses the 

Arundel clays have also been found suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement, 

Physical tests of these clays are to be found in the annexed table (p. 146). The 

Arundel formation does not contain any deposits of white refractory clay, such as 

are founfl in the Raritan, Patapsco, or the Patuxent. 

Patapsco formation.-The typical exposures of this formation are on the shores 

of the Patapsco River~ It is very abundant and extends entirely across the State 

from the Delaware line to the Potomac River. The Patapsco deposits are chiefly 

bright-colored and mottled clays, which sometimes occur in much lighter-colored 

sands and clays. At times they may be ore bearing, and again they are often 

· more or less dark colored and lignitic. The strike of the formation is practically 

the same as that of the Raritan, and its total thickness is at least 200 feet. A 

prominent feature of the Patapsco formation ai·e the great banks of red and white 

variegated clays which outcrop at many points and are known as terra-cotta clays. 

The Patapsco clays are perhaps more worked than any of the other members of 

the Potomac group. Thus, bluish stoneware clays are dug from near the base of 

the Patapsco in Cecil County. The Patapsco also contains a number of deposits of 

refractory clay, which ar·e usually whitish and sandy in character. These are 

found in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, and Prince George counties. 

The variegated clays occur at so inany points that it would be impossible to 

mention them all in detail, but they are very prominent in Cecil- County, northeast of Havre de Grace, being exposed in the cuts along the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

Raritan .formation.-The deposits of the Raritan consist of sands and clays, the 

former largely predominating in the upper portion of the formation; in other words, 

in the eastern and southern portions of the belt in which it outcrops. The l)lay~:; arc 

usually light colored, and may become variegated, red, or even black. The thickness 

of the Raritan in central Maryland is estimated as not far from.200 feet, but it lessens 

in thickness greatly to the south, nearly disappearing in the District of Columbia. 

The following section of the Raritan on the west shore of Elk Neck, at the Lower 

White Banks, indicates its character. 
142 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Section at Lowa Whi,te Banks, 1ce.~t shrwe of Elk Neck,. .Md. 

PLEISTOCENE: Feet. 

Gravelly loain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-6 

RARI1'AN: 

White sandy clay (fuller's earth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Buff and brown eross-bedded sands, brightly iron tinted in the middle and lower portions, 

containing pebbles of white Clay, indurated below ........•.......... .- ....... _ ... _______ 20 

Jointed light-drab clay ........ , . . . ........... _ ......... _. _. _ ....... _ ........ _ .... _. _ _ 2 

Fine, dense, drab. plastic clay, laminated above and obscurely bedded below (conchoidal 

fracture), rich in exogenous leaf impressions .. _ ........... _ ...... _ .... _. ___ : _______ · __ _' 

Light-drab and buff laminated elay with filmy partings of fine white sand _____________ .. _ 

Light-colored sands, locally consolidated ........... __ ......................... c .••••••• _ 

PATAPSCO: 

:i\iassive, variegated,_ and drab clays, mostly covered· by talus, to tide level. 

2 

2 

0-115 

This section does not show much clay, and yet there are localities in which the 

Raritan may contain _an abundance of it. The counties in which the Raritan clP,ys 

are found are Ceeil, Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Prince George, Howard, 

and Montgomery. In most of these, especially the eastern ones, there are often 

beds of white, sandy, fairly refractory day, known as fuller's earth. Among the 

important exposures of the Raritan may be mentioned those occurring· along the 

:Magothy and the Severn rivers, around the glass pits at the head of the latter river. 

Up to the present time the Raritan clays have been but little worked. 

EOCENE CLAYS. 

The Eocene' deposits extend across the State m a northeast-southwest direction, forming a belt of varying width,,which is greatest in the region of Upper 

:Marlboro, Prince George County. They are composed of several mem hers, as follows: 

Eoceue deposits of 1lfaryland. a 

Group. Formation or stage. Member or substage. 

Pamunkey 

· {Woodstock. 

_______ (Nanjemoy········ .. ·· .. ·-- .. ···· Potapaco. 

Aquia _. _________________________ {Paspotansa. 

. · Piscataway. 

These different members involve beds o£ sand, clayey sand, greensand or marl, 

but only one containing day deposits of any importance is the Potapaco. This' 

contains a clay deposit near its . base, the material being very charaeteristic in. 

appearance. It is not found north of South Hiver, but extends :from that stream 

southwestward, showing many good outcl'Ops, among which the following are 

especially prominent: 1 n the valleys of the \>'{estern and Charles branches of the 

a n.fnrylu.nd Geol. Survey, Em~ene, p. 58. 
MARYLAND. 143 

Patuxent; on the road from D:widsonville to Annapolis; halfway between the 

former locality and South River; at Upper Malboro; also at many points south of 

Hardesty. It also occu.r:s on the west side of the Patuxent River, in every little 

cove between Hardesty and Hills Bridge. This red clay is also exposed m 

the Potomac Valley in Prince George County, and even across the Potomac in 

Virginia. 

It is a fine-grained red material with more or less fine sand and has a thiekness 

of at least 20 feet. It is not woi'lred at present, but could probably be used for 

pressed brick, but is insufficiently plastic for pottery. 

NEOCENE CLAYS. 

These underlie a broad area in the· eastern portion of. the State, ancl form 

deposits of considerable thickneRs. The deposits of this age have been divided into 

the Lafayette and the Chesapeake formations, respectively the upper and lower 

members of the series. 

The Lafayette con1-3ists of gravel, sands, and clays, which. are irregularly stratified and often change rapidly within narrow limits, seldom exceeding 25 feet in 

thickness, rarely being of much value to the clay worker. On the divides in Charles 

County the Lafayette formation contains a buff-colored loamy clay, resembling 

somewhat the Philadelphia brick clay in appearance.· 

'rhc Chesapeake formation contains sands and marls, with only local developments of clay or diatomaceous earth. It is of little economie value to the clay 

worker. 

PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

These overlie the earlier formations of the Coastal Plain, and in some cases 

extend up em the rocks of the Piedmont Plateau. They form a mantle of sandy elay, 

loam, and gravel of various thickness. The loams, which belong to the Columbia 

group, are very extensive and rarely wanting, so thttt they form an abundant"source 

of brick-making material which is not overlooked. In most cases the Pleistocene 

clays underlie terraces at no great elevation above sea level, but up to the present 

time the Pleistocene clays have been used for nothing except common brick and 

· earthenware. Columbia clays arc well developed at a number of points, as in the 

cut north of Penyville, CeCil County; at the base of Bull Mountain, Ceeil County; 

and at many points around the city of Baltimore not more than 30 feet above sea 

. level. At the last-named locality they arc extensively used for the manufacture of 

common brick, for they arc moderately plastic. and have sufficient iron to bum to a 

good red color. In Anne Arundel County they are well exposed in brick-elay pits 

ncar Curtis Bay. An important series of Pleistocene clays of higher grade is found 

outc.ropping along the shore of Chesapeake Bay from Bodkin Point southward. · 
144 QLAYS OF UNITED STA'.rES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Many of these outcrops· have been found to be well s·uited to the manufacture of 

stoneware, for they burn to a dense body of creamy color, and are often of very fair 

refractoriness.a Other deposits are found in Howard County, north of Savage 

station; and along the west side of the Anaeostia River, especially within the District 

o£Columbia. In the counties of southern Marylaf?.d there are considerable deposits 

of clay of Pleistocene age which could no doubt be used for the manufacture of brick 

and tile. The deposits tire often lens-shaped, some of them similar in appearance 

to those of Bodkin Point. Important lenses of these clay are found one-half mile 

northeast of Drum Point, one-fourth mile west of Drum Point, one-half mile south 

of St. Leonard Creek, 1 mile west of Cedar Point, 5 miles south of Cedar Point, and 

at other places. Along the eastern shore of southern Chesapeake Hay are scattered 

clay deposits of Pleistocene age, which· are often rather loamy in their character. 

Pits have been opened near several of the larger towns, especially Centerville, 

Queen Anne County; Greensboro and Ridgely, Caroline County; Cambridge and 

Vienna, Dorchester County; St. Michaels and Tilghman, Talbot County; Salisbury, 

Wicomico County; Crisfield, Somerset County; Berlin and Pocomoke, Worcester 

County. 

ANALYSES AND PHYSICAL TESTS OF l\iARYLAND CLAYS. 

The following tables show the physical properties and chemical analyses of a 

number of Maryland clay and shale samples: b 

a Sec table of tests of Maryland clays, pp. 14G and 147. 

b From Maryland Geol. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 494-496. 
<:.0 

OJ 

f!:-

-.1 

I 

'Z 

? 

....... 

....... 

I 

0 

C.>:) 

I 

....... 

0 

... 

Analyses of ltfar:~Jland clays. 

Locality. Age. 

--------------__:1 . 1---IM~\~~\~-i~\Al~l~l~-1~ ______ ---.-----'-'=----~ ___ ·fluxes. 

Character. Si02• 

Allegany County: 

Cumberland......................... Bott01n shale for ~aving brick ........ -~ Jennings ........ . 

Do............................... Top shale for pavmg bnck .................. do .......... .. 

Frostburg . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. Not worked ............................ 

1 

Conemaugh ..... . 

North of Westernport .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. do .................................. Allegheny ...... .. 

l)iount Savage ........................ Flint clay ............................... Pottsville ........ . 

Anne Arundel County: 

Severn River ......................... Baldwin's sandpit, not worked ........ ·1 Raritan ......... .. 

Bodkin Point ......................... Not worked .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . .. .. .. .. . Ple1stocene ...... . 

Dorsey estate, Severn River ............... do ................................. Raritan .......... . 

Swan Cove, Magothy River ............... do ....................................... do ...... : .... . 

Shore below Bodkin Point ........... Vivianite clay, notworked ............. Pleistoce.ne ...... . 

Baltimore . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . Sewer-pipe clay .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Arundel ........ .. 

Baltimore County: . 

Curtis Bay, Baltimore ................ Brick clay ................................... do .......... .. 

F. Link's pit, south of Baltimore ..... Term-cotta clay .... _ ........................ do .......... .. 

Cromwell Bros.' brickynrd east of Sandyredclay,8feetfrom top ............................ . Baltimore. 

Do .............................. ,_l Lcss·sandy-gray clay, 22 feet from top ................ .. 

Do_ .. _............................. Clean blue clay, 38 feet from top ........................ .. 

Cecil Conn ty: 

Bacon Hill .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Grosh stoneware clay .................. · Patapseo ..... .. 

Carpenter Point ..................... : Stoneware clay .............................. do ......... .. 

Bnlll\fountain .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . Not worked .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . Pleistocene .... . 

Northeast ............................ Kaolin ................................. Algonkian ...... .. 

Garrett County: 

Blaine ................................ Flint clay, unworked .......... , ....... Pottsville ........ . 

Swallow Falls........................ Flint clay ................................... do .......... .. 

Do ................................ Shale fire clay ............................... do .......... .. 

Prince George County: 

Upper l\lurlboro ...................... Not worked ............................ 1 Eocene .......... . 

Washington County: 

Williamsport ..................... .' ... ·I D~rk-red ~ric~ clay ._ ............... ~-- .. ·1 Pleistocene ...... . 

Do ................................ L1ght-gray bnck cia> ....................... do ........... . 

n P20u undetermined. 

70.25 17.71 

68.30 17.50 

51.05 28.60 

56.50 22.90 

56.15 33.295 

75.40 16.73 

f>9.40 19.70 

7o:o8 23.00 

58.00 19.10 

58.10 26.00 

59.70 127. 00 

71.55 17.70 

68.30 21.27 

77.62 12.46 

72.02 16.66 

71.66 16.92 

65.70 20.30 

72.50 17.00 

76.80 15.00 

55.G5 80.53 

~~~~00 61.00 2~35 

~-W 3~00 

58. 60 I 28. 71 

67.50117.20 

. 61. 30 22. 30 

4.10 

·1.00 

3.75 

6.37 

.59 

1. 27 

2.00 

. 96 

2.80 

3.90 

2.10 

2. 25 

1. 43 

4.10 

1.38 

1.82 

1.00 

1. 50 

2.50 

. 97 

1.01 

.83 

1.05' 

3.22 

G. 70 I a ..so 

0.70 0. 40 1. 76 

.80 .65 3.10 

3.80 1.24 .50 

1. 60 1. 58 1.60 

.17 I .115 ........ 

.35 

.20 

. 931 

. 90 

.GO 

.GO 

• ,j2 

. 52 

.121 I .... 

8.50 

.35 

.20 

. 75 

.90 

.GO 

.08 

. 3.5 

.52 

.86 

. 80 

.46 

.85 

.93 

1.44 

.GO 

.41 

. 60 

. 50 

. 62 

.80 

.60 

1. 96 

.42 

. 20 

. 62 

1.10 

. 62 

. 20 

. 31 I Trace. 1 Trace. 

. 21' .10 Trace. 

.39 .!iO ........ 

::j " . (;3 

1. 76 

.70 ........ 2.10 

4.80 99.72 

5.l0 99.45 

10.85 99.79 

10.00 99.55 

9. 68 100.00 

5.30 100.45 

7.85 100. 37 

5. 96 100.00 

18.20 «99.91 

2. 40 99.25 

8.20 100.08 

G. 50 99.88 

7.55 100.07 

4. 58 100.74 

6.35 97.381 

fo.14 97.47. 

7.60 100.1G 

6.[1() 99.45 

5.15 100.(i8 

12.30 100.35 

15.20 100.82 

11.00 100.04 

12.95 99.14 

• 8. 90 100.81 

5.90 99.51 

8.00 98.20 

6. 96 

8.55 

9.29 

11.15 

.. 875 

3.02 

3.42 

.96 

4.61 

5. 75 

5.18 

1.13 

2.95 

5.08 

2.35 

2. 75 

G. 56 

3. 55 

3. 73 

2.52 

1. 32 

1.11 

2.04. 

4. GO. 

8.91 

6.60 

~ 

~ 

...., 

~ 

t"' 

~ 

~ 

~ 

,.... 

""' <:;11 
Locality. 

Tal,lc .<!towing 1·e.mlts ujphy.,icul te~t,,_on Jfaryland clay.,. 

U. S. Geological Survey 

atlas sheet. Age. Rate of slaking. I 

.... 

"'"' -ie 

>iio 

-a:r: 

"'~ 

s" "'" 

E-< "'" 

I 

Shrinkage. 

I 

....; 

~ -~ :g -<: i£ E-

.::: .§~ %' oo.Q 2 

~ .ES 0 

~" ~ 

I 

I Plasticity. 0 "" " ~- ~ -~ C,l ] "'" 0 

" -~ c Q ~ ~0 ;;; > E-< ~-·~-·~-·~~-1~--~1~-1----

Allegany County: 

· Savage :lloun tain 

Near Franklin ................. . 

Frostburg ............... ·1 Mauch Chunk.---~ Slow ............ .. 

.... do .................... Allegheny .......... : .. do ........... . 

Anne Arundel County: 

Boc1kin Point_____ _ ___________ North Point --------------1 Pleistocene . .... .. _ ... do. 

1 mile south of Bodkin Point ........... do .................... : ..... do ................. do ..... . 

2 miles south of Bodkin Point ........... do .................... : ..... do ............ Moderately fast .. . 

:_a;:";;.~ ~;:i~e s-~~~~-:: ::::::.::::: :~:;~~~~- :::::::::::: ::::'1 ~:~~~:;:::::: :::: ::::::: ::::::::::::1 

Severn Rive~, BrO\\n's .............. Rela~~---·················- Raritan ........... Slow ......... ... . 

Bal~~~::~~~- :'~~::: :::::::::::::::::.:: ~::;i~~~~- :::::::::::: :::J~;~~~~;::::: ::::: ~~\~:::::::::: :::: 

Per ct. 

19 

16 

30 

35 

40 

19 

22t 

24 

17 

30 

Rittenhouse, Baltimore . . . . .. .. . Baltimore . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . Patapsco......... Moderately fast ... 1 31 

Baltimore County: I 

~:~:i~ ~:~n~~~~~i~_n: :::::: :--·-- .:::::::::::::::::::::::::: -~~~~:~~::::::.. ~;~~~-~ ::::::::::::1 ~~i 

4 

5 

1~ I 

4 

10 

9 

4 6 

6 9 

6 10 

5 11 

7 11 

~I 1l 7 

7 

Cecil County: 1 

Bull Mountain . . . . . . . . . .. . . Elkton ... : ............ .-. Pleistocene... . ... do ............ i 25 5 5 

10 18 I 

20 

10 

15 

16 

16 

18 

20 

12 

12 

10 

Carpenter Point................... H<tvre de Grace .. ... .. Patapsco .. .. .. .. .. .. do............ 33 G G 1 2 

J<:der ................................ Elkton................. ...do......... .. .. do................ 6 8 1 4 

Grosh stoneware clay .............. Elkton .................... ! ..... do.......... . ... do ............ ; 23 6 10 

Leslie ............................... Elkton .................... Residual ......... Fast .............. [ 20 2 

Northeast .......................... 

1 

..... : ........................... do ............ [ ..... do ....... : .... i 18 1k 1: 

Northeast River .................... 1 Elkton ................... Patapsco --------·1 Slow .............. ! 30 6 

16 

21 4 

:k a~~ 

•I 8k 

551 01 

40 1 l&-6 

40 8 

160-180 1 

22&-250 05 

60-70 

77 

Low. 1-2 

90 

134 

111 I 05 

75 2 

I 

27+ ~ 

4 7-8 

2 7 

8+ ------! 6 

I 

10 

10 27 

8 10+ 

8+ 

4 17-8 

8 10+ 

Lean. 

Do. 

Good. 

Do. 

Very good. 

~foilerate. 

Good. 

:lfoderate. 

Good. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

65-70 6 10 27-1 Very good. 

123-134 01 

110-125 

68-75 

110-125 01 

Good. 

Very good .. 

Do. 

Do. 

Lean. 

Do. 

Modera-te. 

Shannon Hill. ...................... l Elkton ........................ do ............ , Moderatelyfast. .. i 20 5 c Fair. 

Howard County: 1 1 ! I I ! j 

Dorsey ........................ ------1 Relay .................... Residual ..... ··--j Fast .............. ! 25 4 1>5 ....... 15 27+: ...... 1------j Lean. 

Prince ~~-~~~~;;;):, .................. ·i Relay ..................... Arundel. .............. do ........... i 22' 5, 7 121 60 ------~ 12 I 27 Good. 

Upper ~larlboro ........... --I~~ Washingt=l~~~~-:.·.~:·l Eoe-=~~--1--·--do==.:.:.:L g~J~~L-~-~~ 132 Oo I 6 10 [Fair. 

a At cone 10. bAt cone 8. · 

,_. 

..,. 

o;, 

a 

t< 

> 

>1 

r:t1 

-~ 

q 

!Z 

....., 

H 

I?:J 

l:j 

r:t1 

8 

> H 

tr: 

w 

tr: 

> w 

H 

0 

"'.. 

~ H 

w 

r:t1 

...... 

w 

r:t1 

H 

H 

~ 

~ H 

<1 

I?:J 

?:' 
MARYLAND. 147 

Table .sh~wing tlw behavior of a mtmber of, J.faryland clays heated to cone 27. 

Locality. Sheet. Geologi<! age. Rchrt.vior. Remarks. 

Allegany County: 

~!ount Savage ................... Frostburg ........ Pottsville ......... Incipient fusion ...... Flint cltty. 

Do .............. ·.· ................ do ................. do ............ Barely incipient fu- Shttle. 

sian. 

Anne Anindel County: 

Severn River, Baldwin pit ...... Relay •............ Raritan ........... Nearly vitrified White eltty. 

Severn River, Brown pit ..... _ ....... do .. ~ .............. do ........... . Viscous............... Yellowish-white clay. 

Ear leigh Heights .. : ...................................... do ......... . Vitrified ............. . 

Deep Run ....................... ·Relay...... Patuxent ...... . Nearly incipient fusion. 

Raritan. Vitrified.............. Clay . 

Residual ........ ~ ··:··do:····:·:········! 

Ran tan..... . . . )'ot qmte vttnfied ... . 

Pataps~o ....... Vitrified ............. . 

Dorsey estate .. ...................... do ..... . 

Harwood ........................................... . 

Wade estate ..................... Relay ............ . 

Baltimore _ ... _ ........ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . Bttltiruore . _ 

Rnltimore County: 

lf tnilcs sonthea~t .Mount 'Vi- ..... do ................. do ................. do ............... . 

nans. 

Cecil County: I Atkimon Cut. ....... : ... :·I Elkton ........... Reoidnal ........• 

1 

I~cipient fusion ...... Crude kaolin. 

Carpenter Point ................. 1 Havre de Gmce ... l'atapsco ......... Vtscous ............... Stoneware clay. 

Elle~~:::::: ·: ::::::::::::::: ::::i:~:l:~~i:::::::: :::: :::: :~~ :::::: :··:::1.~~~~! ~~~~~~~: ::::: Elk Neck ................ ······\··--·do ............ Raritnn....... Viscous .............. . 

GLensll)t:e'".H ..i.l_l_. __ ··_· __ ··.· .. ·.··.·.· .. .. · ·.·_·_·:.·.·_·_·l .. ·.·· __ ·_·ddoo.·.·_·_·:.·.·.·.·.·.·.· P~tta]"Co ......... Vitrified ............. . Residual ......... Incipient fusion ...... Viscous 30. 

)fcKinncytown ................ i ..... do ... _ ...... _. Raritan ........... N-early vitrified ... _. ~ 

Northeast ...................... .I. .... do............ Patapsco ......... Vitrified ............. . 

~!arylan·d Clay Co.......... J .... do... Residual ............. .clo ................ \Vf"hed clay. 

:Northeast River ............. I __ .. (10, ........ _ Patnpseo .............. do ............... . 

Nor~~~~~~-:.::·::·:::::::.:.:·.: 1::: ::~~ :::::::::::. :: :::::~: ::::: ... ::. ~::~:~::: ~t 3~-:: :::::: 

.Jackson............. ---·-----~Havre de Gruc'e .. Hesidual Incipient fusion. 

Gu.r~1~iD~:o,~.~-~~.~-l-.·~.----.·.·.·.·.·_·_·_·· .. ·.·.·· .. ·.·.·.·~.- ............... do. . .... do......... Flint clay . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do .. . . ........ do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shale. 

Swallow Falls ....................................... PottsYille ........... , .. do................ Flint clav. 

Do ....... : ............................................ do....... Ne~trly incipient fu- Shale. 

sion .• 

Harford County: 

Sewall........................... . . . . . . . . . . Patuxent ........ ·. Viscous ............... ·'Vhite,tnicaceousclay. 

Hw3h River .......................................... Patapsco ......... Incipient fusion ... . 

Howarct County: [ 

Dor~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :1. ~el_~:·:::: :::::::: 

Residual .............. do ............... . Used for lire brick. 

. -\rundel .... Viscon:-J .............. . 

Prince George County: 

Rntnchville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East. \Vashington. Residual ......... Incipient fusion._ ... . 

Do ................................ do............ Patapsco . . . . . . . . . Vitrified ............. . 

Horsepen Run .................... -------------······· Raritan ................ do ............... . 
148 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The chief product manufactured in Maryland is common brick, as clays suitable 

for brick making arc found at many localitiRs, being obtained from the Coastal 

Plain sedimentary clays, the residual clays of the Piedmont Plateau, and the shale 

deposits of the Paleozoic area. In the Coastal Plain region the Columbia loams are 

most sought. Comparatively few ·pressed brick are manufactured within the State; 

although dry-pressed ones have been made at .Baltimore, and re-pressed soft ones 

are made at Williamstown and several other localities. Paving brick are manufactured from the Devonian shales east of Cumberland, with good success. 

The terra-cotta industry of Maryland is comparatively little developed, and yet 

the results thus far produced are very promising. Buff-colored terra cotta and 

roofing tile are manufactured in the vicinity of Baltimore from mixtures of the 

Arundel and Patuxent clays. The variegated Patapsco clay has not been used for 

this purpose, although beds containing material very similar to. it are being made 

into terra cotta in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. Sewer pipe is manufactm'ed 

at but one locality, and it is made from a mixture of Arundel clays. The fire-brick 

industry is of consi~erable importance within the State of Maryland, the refractory 

clays being obtained from the Coastal Plains formation, or from the Carbonifei·ous 

deposits of the Appalachian region. The Carboniferous fire clays of Maryland hav~ 

been worked since 1841, and the mines on Savage Mountain supply the fire-brick 

works at Mount Savage, Frostburg, and Ellert:~lie. Around' the city of Baltimore 

there are firc~brick works which obtain their raw material in part from Pleistocene 

clays and in part from residual Algonkian deposits. There is an abundance of 

refractory material, however, in both the Patapsco and the Patuxent. Around 

Northeast, in Cecil County, there is a considerable development of the stove-brick 

industry, the raw materials being obtained at no great distance from the works. 

Maryland possesses one of the few enameled-brick works in the United States. 

The factory is at Mount Savage, and the product is made froin a mixture of flint 

and plastic tire clays, which are also used for the manufacture of fire brick at that 

locality. There are several important white-ware potteries at Baltimore, which 

have been in operation for a number of years, but, curiously enough, they draw 

their entire supply of c1ays from other States. Red earthenware, Rockingham 

ware, and even stonewa~e, are made from local clays at several localities near 

Baltimore, as well as at places in other parts of the State. The relative importance 

of the Maryland clay-working industry can be seen from the. following figures, 

which give the value of the clay products of Maryland in 1900 and 1901, and also 

the total product~on since 1895: 
MARYLAND-MASSACHUSETTS. 

Value of clay products of .Maryland in 1900 and 1901. 

Common brick .... _______ --- ____ ------------

Front brick. ______________________ ._ ....... . 

Vitrified brick _______ . _______ .. __ ... -- ------

Fancy brick ___ .. ____ . ________ .. -. ---------. 

Fire brick __________________________ ....... . 

Stove linings __________ . _ . _____ .. __ . _ . -------

Drain tile. ________________ . _________ .. --- .. -

Sewer pipe . __________________ •..... -------- ) 

~~:~-~~t-~- : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :·: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

Pottery ______ . ____ ............... ----- ------

Miscellaneous ________________ . ________ . _. _ .. 

"Less than three producers. 

1900. 

$724,013 

60,729 

595 

9,886 

321,666 

36,049 

2,363 

(a) 

119,938 

436,617 

26, 193 

Value of clay products of Maryland from 1895 to 1.901. 

Year. Value. Rank. 

1901. 

$676,708 

76, 792 

(a) 

11,000 

342,055 

40,237 

-2,402 

(a) 

(a) 

16,586 

333,480 

12,586 

Proportion 

of United 

States 

product. 

--------------------------- ---

1895 0 ---- .. -- . -- . --- -- 0 ----- . ----- ---- $1' 066, 987 

1896.--------- 0---0-.................. 1, 450,055 

1897 ...... 0 .... 0 .... ... .. .......... ••• • 1, 305,282 

1898 ... -.-.-- .. 0- ... -.- .... 0.......... 1, 542, 853 

1899 ......... -.... · ...... : ....... 0 0.-.. 1, 679, 641 

1900...... ............ .... . ........... 1, 711,856 

1901.-.-- ~ 0 •• 0 ••••••••••••••• --. • • • • • • 1, 605, 655 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

13 

10 

11 

10 

11 

11 

13 

Per ce:nt. 

1. 63 

2.33 

2.09 

1. 75 

'1. 75 

1. 78 

1. 46 

1.49 

The workable beds of clay, with very few exceptions, are confined to the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Plei~;>toccne formations. The first two occur on Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket, and belong to the same series as those found on northern Long 

Island arid in New Jersey, while the latter are scattered all over the State. 

Residual clays are rare. 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

Two remarkable deposits of white residual clay or. kaolin arc found in Massa-

-chusetts. One of these is at Blandford, Hampden County; the other is 4 miles south 

of Clayton, Berkshire County. 
150 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The Blandford kaolin ha:,; been formed from the decomposition of a peg·mntite 

vein cutting through mica-schist, having at one point a width of r~early 100 feet.a 

The material has been used at East Russell, 5 miles from Blandford, for the manufacture of white brick and terra cotta, bei~g mixed with New Jersey clays for this 

purpose. Its composition is as follows: 

Aual!fSi8 4 kanlin fmm Blandford, JJfass. 

Per eent. 

Silica. __________________________________________ ._________ 52. 03 

Alumina ______________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31. 76 

Water _______ . __ . _____ ... __________ . ___ " __ . _____ .. __ . _ _ _ _ 15. 55 

Magnesia _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 54 

.Ferrie oxide ___________________ . _ ...... __ .- _ ... , ___________ Traee. 

Lime. _____________ . ___ . __________ .. _________ . __ . ________ Trace. · 

Alkalies. __________________________ . ___ . _________________ Traee. 

TotaL __ ._. _____________ .. __ ..... _. __ . _____ ._. ______ 99. 88 

The kaolin deposit south of Clayton i,.; lar.ge, but ha,.; not been described. It no 

doubt has been derived from the decomposition of quart7.itc OJ' fcldspathic gneiss, 

and has been worked since l8fl3 for the manufacture of terra cotta. 

Its composition is given belo~v. 

Analysis of kaolin .from deposit south of C'laytou, l>lass. 

Per cent. 

Silica __________________________ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50. 00 

Alumina __________________________________ ~ _____________ 44.00 

Iron protoxide _____________________ .. _____ -\ : ______ . _ _ _ _ _ 1. 00 

Lime _________________ . _ : __ . __________ . _ . _ , _______ . __ . _ . . 024 

Alkalies ____________________ . _ . ____ . _ .. _ .. ___ .. __ - - .. _ _ _ _ 1. 24 

Total 86.264 

1\f.ESOZOHJ CLAYS. 

The Cretaceous and TeTtiary beds form a thick series of clays and sand:,; which 

are well exposed in the ,cliffs at Gay Head. Although originally deposited horizontally, they have since been much folded and broken by the continental glaeier which 

advanced against them, so that between th~ir disturbed condition :,md their rapid 

variation in character the bed:,; are of little commereial value. ·where they are 

least disturbed, as on Gay Head, the shipping faeilitics arc poor. Here and there 

in the deposit::; white or buff day:,; have hecn found in pockety form, rmd these haYe. 

been dug at several points. These clays have found a limited application for pottery 

manufacture. 

nCrosl>y, \\'. O., The kaolin in Blandford, Ma"·' Tech. Qnur., VoL III. No. :l. Ang. 1890. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 151 

PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

Above the Cretaeeous and Tertiary 'deposits is ano_ther s.eries of beds, known as 

the \V eyquosque series, which aggregate 200. feet on the southern side of the island. 

The Pleistocene beds arc extensive on th~ islands of Marthas Vineyard, Nantucket, and in southeastern Massachusetts on Cape Cod, but most of these are not 

well adapted to brick manufacture, as they-warp too much in burning. The latter 

or true glacial clays are found and worked· at many points. Some of these were 

formed in estuaries, others in pools, under or in fron.t of the ice, while still others 

occur in the morainal drift and· represent ground-up rock flour. In the region south 

and east of a line from the mputh of the Merrimac River to Stonington, Conn., they 

are not found above an elevation of lOOfcet. Around Boston theseglacial clays are 

well developed in the estuaries of the Charles, Mystic, and Saugas rivers north and 

west of Boston. The clay is bluish, plastic, and very fine, and may at times contain 

bowlders or scattered pebbles. Around North Cambridge the days are H2 to 85 feet 

thick, and are underlain by gravel.. These clays arc also extensively worked along 

the Mystic River at Medford; at Cambridge and Belmont; on the· Charles River; at 

Holyoke and South Hadley, on the Connecticut; and at Taunton, on the Taunton 

River. a 

V cry few analyses have been published of Massachusetts clay, and no physical 

tests. Such analyses as have been obtainable are given below. 

Analyses 1({ JJ[assachusett.~ clays. 

---~ . . 1--1. _2.1 

S1hca: .. ·.-- ........................................ -~ 48.99 57.50 

Alumma.............................. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28. 90 31. 21 

Ferric oxide . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 89 ......... . 

Lime ....................................... ,_...... 7.1 

1\iagnesia ..................................... , . . . . . 3. 66 

Alkalies . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . 4. 73 

Moisture ................................ , . . . . . . . . . . 3. 31 

.19 

. 20 

.40 

9.83 

Total .................. ~ ......... _ .. _ .. __ . __ ... 99.33 

1 

100. 58 

-----' 

1. Glac:ial clay, " 7est Cambridge, Middlesex County; J. Card, analyst. 

2. Red clay, south end Gay Head section, Duke's County, SeYenth Annual Rept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, p. 359. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

Considering the lack of clay resources in Massachusetts, the State possesses a 

remarkably varied clay industry. This consequently necessitates the shipping in of 

"Whittle, C. L., The clays of Massachusetts: Eng. Min. Jour., Vol. LXVI, p. 245. 
152. CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

many clays from other States, chiefly New Jersey, and to a lesser extent New York. 

Since these raw materials can be sent to the consumer by boat usually, the cost of 

manufacture is not necessarily great. 

Brick are made from local surface clays at a great many localities, notably 

around Boston, in the towns of Medford, Revere, Cambridge, Belmont, and Everett, 

as well as at several places in southeastern Massachusetts near Taunton and Bridgewater. In the northeastern part of the State common brick are also made at Newburyport and Danvers. There are also many firms scattered over other parts of the 

State, most of them supplying a local demand. Pressed brick are made at but few 

localities outside of Boston. Fancy brick are manufactured at South Boston from a 

mixture of New Jersey and Gay Head clays. Some glazed brick are also produced. 

Many stove linings are made at Taunton from New Jersey materials, while at 

.Chelsea a high grade of art tile is manufactured from a mixture of Pennsylvania 

kaolin, New .Jersey clay, and Massaehusetts quartz. Fireproofing is produced from 

common clay at Revere, and terra cotta at Clayton in part from a residual clay. 

Potteries are located at about 18 loealities. The product is chiefly earthenware, 

hut some stoneware is also turned out. The Grueby fayence made at Boston is a 

unique type of pottery which has won considerable reputation. 

The value of clay products in 1900 and 1901 in Massachusetts was as follows: 

Value of clay products of jj[assachusetts in 1900 and 1901. 

Common brick ............ _. _ .............. . 

Front brick ................................ . 

·Fancy brick ............................... . 

Fire brick ...... .' .............. _ . __ ........ . 

Stove linings .. __ . __ ... ____ .. __ . __ ._ ..... __ .. 

Terra cotta ....................... _ ........ . 

Fireproofing ..................... __ ......... · 

Tile (not drain) .. ~ ..... __ .... _. _ .. _ ... _ ... __ 

Pottery ......... __ .... _ ..... _. __ . ___ . ___ ... . 

Miscellaneous ........................ _ .... .. 

TotaL __ ................ ___ . __ . _____ .. 

a Less than three producers. 

1900. 

$1,123,586 

87,575 

( ") 

69,400 

144,044 

( Ct) 

(a) 

(a) 

238,724 

11,791 

1,833,101 

1901. 

$1,060,493 

98,892. 

(a) 

57,945 

135,570 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

281,368 

13,301 

1,870,837 
MASSACHUSETTS-MICHIGAN. 153 

The total value of the clay products produced from 1895 to 1901 was as follows: 

Value of clay products of Massachusetts from 1895 to 1901. 

Year. Rank. 

1895 .. -- ·--.-- ------------------------

1896 .... ------------------------------

1897------ ---·- -----------.----- ___ , __ 

1898 ..... -. -- --·- ---------------------

1899.-:- ... -.---.-- _·_------------------

1900 ______________ ·-------------------

190f ____________ ----------------------

MICHIGAN.a · 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

Value. 

$2,221,590 

2,264,974 

2,179,396 

1,809,070 

2,181,710 

1,833,101 

1,870,837 

Proportion 

nf United 

.States 

product. 

Per cent. 

3.40 

3.63 

3.50 

2.48 

2.28 

1. 91 

1. 70 

The clays of Michigan are derived from two types of deposits, (1) Paleozoic 

shales (Pl. IV), and (2) Pleistocene clays. 

PALEOZOIC SHALES. 

'Ihe formations yielding shales suitable for the manufacture of brick arc those 

of the Uoal Measures, the Michigan series, the Coldwater series, the ~1arshall shales, 

and the Hamilton or Traverse shales. The last two belong to the Devonian. The 

Hudson group also contains shales, but most of these are too calcarepus .to ~e used, 

although they could perhaps find application for the manufacture of Portland cement. 

COAL MEASURE SHALES. 

These occur interbedded with the coal seams and sandstones and are of three 

types, namely, a light-gray shale, often underlying the coal and erroneously called 

fire clay; a black fine-grained brittle shale; and a dark grayish-black shale. These 

last two usually overlie the coal seam. These shales are found associated with the 

coals in the different mines around Saginaw, Owosso, Corunna, St. Charles, Verne, 

Bay City, and Sebewaing. The sections at any two mines, although often but a. 

short distance apart, may be quite different; but the following, taken from the shaft 

of the Standard Mining Company at Sa.ginaw, b will illustrate the usual character of 

the Coal Measure sections. 

a Most of the information regarding the clay industry in this State hils been taken from the Report on the clllys and 

shales of IIIichigan, by H. Ries: Michigan Geol. Survey, Vol. VIII, Pt. I. 

b Ibid., p. 33. 
154 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST 01<' MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Section at coal,qlwft nea.r Sagina.w, 1lfich. 

Feet. 

Sandy clay . _______ ......... __ .. ____ . __ .. _ .................. _. 90 

Fine-grained blue clay .......... __ . ___ .. __ .. __ . _ .. _. _ ..... __ . ,10 

Impure fire clay . __ .............. __ .... _ . _ ... _ .. _ .. _ . __ . __ .. _ 3 

Shale ........................ _____ . ___ . _ ....... __ . _. _ ... : .. _ 8 

Cong~omerate. _ ....... _ .. _ ...... __ ... _ ............ _________ . . 4 

Black shale ...... _ . _ .. _ . _ .... _ ... __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Coal ....................................................... . 

Soft gray shale (called fire clay) .................. __ . _.... . . . . 6 

When ground up and mixed with water all of these shales give a plastic mass, 

hut one whose tensile strength is usually low, as can be seen from the appended table 

(p. 156). Nevertheless they have in several places been found sufficiently plastic to be 

molded in stiff-mud brick machines for the mixing of paving brick or sewer pipe. 

They usually vitrify around cone 3 or 4 and become viscous anywhere from cone 5 

to 11. 

The Coal Measure shales form a basin lying southeast of Saginaw and having a 

diameter of about 50 miles. The outcrops are found chiefly around the edges of the 

basin, and in the center the shales are not only at a considerable depth below the 

surface, but there is usually a heavy covering of glacial drift or lake deposits ,at 

many points. 

~IICHIGAN SHALES. a 

Rocks of this series form a belt from 10 to 20 miles' wide surrounding the Coal 

Measure rocks in the Lower Peninsula. They are best exposed at Grand Rapids, 

where they form a bed from 6 to 10 feet, thick, overlying the gypsum deposits. 

They arc also seen in Huron and Arenac Counties, and along the Cass River in 

Tuscola County. From laboratory tests it itl found that the Michigan shales are 

usually more fusible than those of the Coal Measures and that they burn to a good 

red color, although they may, in some cases, contain an abundance of soluble salts. 

Samples of them taken from weathered outcrops show considerable plasticity. These 

shales have been worked for the manufacture of brick at Grand Rapids. 

COLDWAT~JR SHA LEH. 

The deposits of this series are very extensive and have been opened up in quarries at Bronson, Union City, mid Coldwater. On the northeast side of the Coal 

Measures area they are well exposed near Forestville, on ·Lake Huron. Although 

hithe1:to used chiefly for the manufacture of Portland cement, the Coldwater shales 

will no doubt be found to be well suited for the manufacture of clay products. Samples tested show that they vitrify at about cone 2 and becomes viscous at cone 5. 

a A geologic map showing distribution of the different formations is given in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 

30, U.S. Geol. Survey. 
MICHIGAN. 155 

MARSHAI,L SHALES. 

The shales of the Marshall series of the Devonian are very extensive and are well 

developed around East Jordan, while the mellowed outcrops form a very tE-nacious 

clay and are used in the manufacture of brick. Like the Coldwater shales, they 

contain considerable soluble salts. 

HAMILTON SHAT,ES. 

These outcrop around Alpena, but have not been used in the manufacture of 

clay products. Their chemical composition seenis to show that they may be promising. 

The search for shale outcrops in Michigan is often attended with difficulty, 

owing to the heavy covering of drift. In the central part of the Michigan coal basin 

the drift is very thick, so that prospecting is best carried on around its edges. 

The coal shafts at Saginaw, Bay City, and other localities all afford an excellent 

. opportunity for examining the shale beds. 

ANAT,YSES AND PHYSICAL TESTS 0~' PALEOZOIC SHALEH. 

In the two following tables there are given the physical tests andehemical composition of a number of Michigan shale samples: 

Analyses of Michigan shales. -----,- ----------.-----;-----,------,--- -,------;----, -----,-----c----

1. '2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 

----1--------------------- --------

Si02 .............. 55.30 57.10 52.45 62.10 53.44 58.70 55.95 58.60 61.09 

Al20 3 .............. 14.20 20.02 23.27 20.09 24.80 18.31 17.43 17.66 19.19 

Fe20 3 :............. 3.62 R.18 7.93 7.81 7.19 7.67 7.44 6.7~ 

CaC03 ............. .30 .71 1.82 ........ ........ 1.80 2.14 2.14 

CaO ... _ ............................... _..... 1.11 .83 1.00 ........ .65 .76 .......... .- ............ 2.51 

MgCO,............. 2.61 1.47 1.06 ... ~.... ........ ........ 1.85 ........ ........ .98 1.5'> 2.19 ...... 

MgO............... ........ ........ ........ 1.50- 1.83 .74 .96 .25 ........ ........ ....... .65 

Alk................ 2.15 2.76 4.37 2.00 2.70 5.54 59 .. 9487 ... 7·.·9·0 .. }'2·0·.·~~5-- , 93 .. 63"51 2.86 :l.16 

HoO ............... } 21 82. 9."16 9.10· 17.64 00 0 - O;g ___ .. · _________ . . · 9. 8. 7 12. 40 1 1. 97 U. 13 

co,........................................ 2.36 

so, ................................ ! .............. .. 1. 32 

.12 :::::::: :::::::: .... :~;- :: :::::r:::::: :::::::: ::::::: --i: ~; 

1. CoaLMeasures day under coal, Standard Mining Company, Saginaw. Michigan GcoLSurvey, 

Vol. VIII, Pt. I, p. 26. _ · · 

2. \rpper layer· of shale, underlying coal, Michigan Coal and Mining Company's shaft, Bay City. 

Ibid., p. 36. 

3. Shale over coal, Wenona Coal Company, Bay City. lbid. 

4. Gray shale, Grand Ledge. l bid., p. 38. 

5. Black shale, same locality. Ibid. 

6. Shale, Michigan series, Grand Rapids. Ibid., p. 40. 

7. Shale, Michigan series, Alabastine quarry, Grand Rapids. Ibid., p. 41. 

8. Coldwater series, Bronson. Ibid. 

9. Coldwater series, Coldwater. Ibid., p. 43. 

10. Same, Forestville. Ibid., p. 46. 

11. Devonian sha)e, East Jordan. Ibid. 

12. Devonian shale, East Jordan. Ibid. 

13. Hamilton shale, Alpena. Ibid., p. 48. 
156 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Physical characters of Michigan shales. 

-------,-------~----.-- --,------,----,---;---··------

1 

ce~~rof , . Air Fire IncipLocality. wat~r 1 ensJle Plasticity. shrink- shrink- ient Vitrifi- Viscus- Color. r:!J¥~~- strength. age. age. fusion. cation. ity. '. mixing, 

------------1-------- ----------------

Owosso, under clay ...... _ ..... 19 

St. Charles. _______ ... __ . _____ .. 18 

_ . {Dark-gray shale .. . 20 

Flushmg._.. Light-gray clay .. 20 

Saginaw, Standard 

Co., under clay. 

Mining 20 

Bay City, Central Coal Mining 

Co., under clay. 20 

Sebewaing, Michigan 

ard Coal Co. 

Stand- 17 

Grand Rapids, Alabastine Co., 32 

quarry. 

Coldwutcr, somewhat weath- 21 

ered. 

Quincy, fresh shale ............ 19 

White Rock ................... i.9 

Norwood ----····----·--------· 24 

31>-40 

-------·-· 31>-40 

60-65 

55-65 

50-60 

90 

105 

12.'}-139 

75-80 

36-42 

135-150 

Low.: ..... 

..... do .... 

..... do .... 

Fair ...... 

..... do .... 

..... do .... 

Good ..... 

.. ... do .... 

.. ... do .... 

Fair. ..... 

Low ...... 

Good ..... 

4 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

6 

1 

4 

6 

5 

8 

6 

7 

10 

7 

8 

Cone. 

02 

05 

03 

Cone. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

5 

5 

01 

2 

3 

3 

Cone. 

9 Red ...... 

8 Gray, buff. 

8 Deep red . 

i1 I Gray, buff. 

9 Red .... .. 

11 Buff .... .. 

9 ..... do .... 

3 Red ...... 

5 ..... do .... 

6 Deep red. 

6 ..... do .. .. 

~~I -~~-~-- -----

3 ............ ! 

PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

.Michigan 

Geol. 

Survey, 

Vol. 

VIII, 

Pt. I. 

Page. 

27 

28 

32 

31 

33 

,35 

37 

40 

42 

42 

44 

46 

These are divisible into three groups, namely, lake deposits, river deposits, and 

moraine deposits. All of these deposits are very calcareous except the river clays, 

which are least so, and these are rather gritty. In many cases the lake clays have 

been leached in their upper portions, and being thus freed from lime these beds 

nearer the surface' tend to burn red. The lake clays are extensively developed around 

Detroit, Port Huron, South Haven, Marquette, Saginaw, and Escanaba. They are 

found often at a height as much as 50 or 60 feet above the present lake level. .They 

are usually fine-grained, nearly always calcareous and fuse at ~ low temperature. 

Their tensile strength commonly ranges from 150 to 170 pounds per square inch. The 

moraine clays form irregular. masses in the terminal moraine, and are worked at 

Ionia and at Lansing~ Their physical properties are similar to those of the lake 

deposits. The river clays are less extensiv_e. They are being worked to the north 

of Sebewaing. 

No clays of a refractory nature have thus :far been found in the State. At Row lee, 

in Ontonagon County, there is found a very fine-grained calcareous clay which can 

be used for slip and pottery. 
MICHIGAN. 157 

Analyses of Michigan surface clays. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 

---- ----- -·~ --- -·-~~~-~-~- ~-~- ~-- ~- ~~ 

Si02 •••••••••••••.••••••• 58.50 52.35 54.62 55.35 44.15 40.15 42.85 47.75 4L86 52.26 52.92 57.75 

Al20, .................... } 18_

69 { 14.90 12.82 17.89 10.00 11.25 9.87 i7.60 10.70 22.95 12.25 14.39 

Fe20 3 _____ ••• _ ••••••• ___ • 5. 60 2. oo 6. 86 4. 08 4. 88 3. 43 9. 13 5. 02 8.15 6.45 4.41 

caco, _____ ... _ ............. ___ .. 15. 10 7. 25 24 . .64 21.43 25.55 2. 60 14. 33 13. 84 

CaO . . ...... ......... .. . . 1(.46 ... . . ... 13.68 ---- ............ -- .............. ·-'····· . ------. 4.48 -------- 7.18 

1\fgCO,................... ........ 5 75 2 65 150 I 8.93 13 23 70 2.81 .. 3.55 

~~~;;~~::::::::::::::::: ... :~~- -<·~~-) ;;; '~ ~---~-~1·-~---~9·.~5·-·- ------~2-_:_·_~o-_:5·_-_ }:·:·:~::-: 0 .. _~:·: {:_--~:~_--~:·~---~:·:- -_-_ ·.~-.:_--~~-~--- ::::~_--~::_--~:~:-: :-_--_--~::_--~---~:_-- }····:;:~ ~£:::::::::::::::::::::: ::~~-:~;: :::~:~~: 12.01 . - . 9.60 

so,----------------,..------------ .34 -------- .86 -------- ·------- ------·- -·------ -------- -------- ------·- --------

L Prairie Farm, junction of Flint and Shiawassee rivers. Michigan Geol. Surv., Vol. VIII, Pt. 

I, p. 49. 

2. Grayling, Crawford.County. Ibid. 

3. Marquette, Marquette County. Ibid. 

4. Middle Lake. Ibid. 

5. Detroit, Wayne Qounty, brick clay. Ibid., p. 53. 

6. Detroit, Wayne County, pottery clay. Ibid. 

7. Harrietta, Wexford. Ibid., p. 54. 

8. Saginaw, at shaft of Standard Mining County. Ibid., p. 55. 

9. Lansing, Ingham. Ibid., p. 59. 

10. Jackson, Jackson County. Ibid., p. 60. 

11. Rockland, Ontonagon, slip clay. Ibid., p. 61. 

12. Rockland, Ontonagon, slip clay. 

Physical tests of Michigan surface cl{Ly8. 

.; 

... 

0 

Locality. Color. Po Plasticity. " .. 

0 

<l) 

~ "" ---------------------~----~---------'1----

Detroit, Clippert Bros., up·per clay ........... 2,1 150-190 11 01 2 4 Buff _ _. ____ 50 Excellent. 

Detroit. Clippert Bros., lower clay ..... , ..... 26 175-190 ~-- ... 15 05 1 5 Gray, red. 50 Do. 

Ionia Pottery chty ............................ 28 150-170 Bt ...... 05 2 Cream .... 51 

Brick clay, Ionia ............................. 18 6 05 2 4 Red bnfL. 52 

Saginaw, over Standard Mining Co. section . 33 105-110 11 05 01 3 ·-········-- 55 

KalamaZoo, 6 miles from ........ -~--- ........ 23 135-150 6 11 94 4 Red ...... 56 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The clay-working industry of Michigan is confined chiefly to the lower grades of 

clay products. Common brick are made in considerable quantities from the calcareous surface clays at many localities, especially around Detroit, Port Huron, Lansing, 

etc. They are often of a buff color, b~t are someti~es red, especially when the 
158 CLAYS 0.1<' UNITED STATES EAST 01<' MTRSISSIPI'I RIVER. 

leached surface beds are used. In most cases the market for the product is chiefly 

loeal. Pttving- brick are manufactured_ from the Carboniferous shales in the vicinity 

of Saginaw and Bay City, and sewer pipe are made at Grand Ledge, from shales of 

the same age. Though there is a considerable quantity of shale in the State which 

is available for the manufaeturc of clay products, such as paving brick, still the 

development of these branches of industry will probably be slow, owing to the 

conditions that exist in that region. Located as Michigan is, right next to the State 

of Ohio, which has enormous deposits of shale and elay that can be worked with the 

greatest ease and economy, it would be difficult for Michigan manufacturers to compete, even within the boundaries of their own State, with the Ohio products. The 

glaeial clays at Ion.ia arc used in the. manufacture of earth~nware, especially flowerpots and jugs. 

The value of the clay products in Michigan in 1900 and 1901 was a;; f.ollows: 

T!(!~ue of cla.y products of llfichigan ·in 1.900 a.nd 1.901 . 

. -----------------------· 

1900. 1901. 

·-------- -------1------

Common bri<:k ............................. . 

Pressed brick .............. .' ...... , ....... .. 

Vitrified brick ................... : . ........ . 

Fancy brick .............................. .. 

Drain tile ............. __________ ........... . 

Sewer pipe ____ .... __ ._ .. _. ___ .......... __ __ 

· Fireproofing ..... _._·.- ___ ._ ..... _ ... __ ..... _ 

Earthenware and stoneware. __ . __ ·_. ___ . __ . __ . 

Miscellaneous __ .. __ . __ ....... , . - - - -.-- _ ... : .. 

Total. ______ .... -... ~ _ ...... _. _ .... __ _ 

a Less than three prod uccrs. 

$863,250 

48,411 

(a) 

4,500 

114, 747 

57,916 

2,350 

34,317 

406 

1,181,695 

$1,095,254 

64,031 

(a) 

(a) 

98, !l72 

(a) 

1,880 

42,465 

637 

1,542,034 

The totaJ value of the clay products of Michigan for ;.;cveral years pa;.;t has been 

as follows: 

Value of clay products of Jlfichiga.n from 1895 to 1901. 

Year. 

18\J5_; __ ,_ ---- .. -.---- ...... ----------

1896 ..... -.----.- ... --.- .. -... -... --.-

18\J7 .. -- ......... -. ·-----.--.. -.- .. ---

1898-- -.. -....... --.. - -............. .. 

1899 ........ --- ---------- .. -..... -.... ·i 

~:~~:: ::::::: ~:::::::: :::::::: ::: : : : : :I 

I 

Value. 

$1, 129, ~ \J,) 

l, 005,405 

791,870 

1,018,312 

1,283,997 

1,181,695 

1,542,034 

I Rnnk. 

11 

12 

19 

14 

15 

11) 

17 

----·---

Proportion of 

United States 

product. 

Per cent. 

l. i3 

1.61 

1. 27 

I. 42 

1. 34 

1. 23 

1.40 

·--~---··--
DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS. 159 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The day deposits ·of this State are all obtained from recent formations. The 

Cretaceous beds occupy the northeastern corner of the State, being a continuation of 

the Alabama area. 

The following notes are given by Dr. Hilgard in his Report on the Agriculture 

and Geology of the State of Mississippi, 1860, regarding the clays· in townships 4:, 

5, and 6, in Tishomingo County:" 

''A large deposit of white pipe clay of great purity . occurs in Tishomingo 

County, chiefly in the southern portion of the territory of the Carboniferous formation, following very nearly its we$tern outline: It there forms a regular stratum 

of considerable extent, which, in one locality at Least, was found to be more than 30 

feet in thickness. The bed attains its best development, so far as the quality of the 

material is concerned, in the northern portion of township 5, and in T. 4:, R. 11 E., 

where it is about 30 feet underground in the uplands, though at times appearing 

in limited outcrops .on banks of the streams. Northeastward and so.uthwestward 

from the region ·mentioned. the bed also occurs, but changed in character, at least 

near the surface, to a white, gritty hardpan, or clays of various colors and of much 

less purity. It forms the lowest visible portion of the Orange Sand formation, and 

is almost invariably overlaid by strata of pebbles and puddingstone, which in their 

turn are sometimes overlaid by common orange-colored sand. · 

''The most southerly exposure of these beds known to me occurs on a small 

branch of McDouglas Mill Creek, on sees. 4: and 9, T. 6, R 10 E., nea,r Mr. Pannel's 

place. For more than a mile along this branch there are exposures in which about 

20 feet of a whitish mass, varying from fine, clayey sand to a white, plastic clay, 

appears overlaid by thick beds (20 to 4:0 feet) of ferruginous pebble conglomerate, 

the latter in its turn being overlaid by the common ferruginous sand and b1:owr't 

sandstone on the hilltops. 

"Similar outcrops appear in the neighborhood of ·Mr. Aleck Peden's place on 

sees. 3 and 27, T. 5, ·R. 10 E., northeast of Pannel's. Here also a white stratum, of 

which only a few feet are exhibited, is overlaid by pebble conglomerate, and this 

by the common Orange Sand. The white mass varies from white, plastic clay to 

fine-grained aluminous sandstone. Its upper layers are sometimes composed ·of a 

singular conglomeratic mass, consisting of small, white, quartz pebbles imbedded in 

pure white pi]'>e clay. In both localities copious springs of pure water are shed by 

the impervious clay strata. At Mr~ Peden's there is a fine, bold, chalybeate spring, 

which seems, however, to derive its mineral ingredients (sulphates of iron and magnesia arid common salt) from the adjacent Carboniferous strata rather than from 

those of the Orange Sand. In either of the localities mentioned, materials suited for 

fine pottery, or queensware, might be obtained. 

"Thence northwa~·d the stratum is not often found outcropping, but [lies], as has 

been stated, 20 to 30 feet below the surface of the uplands, the country heing but 

slightly undulating. At :Mr. Clingscale's, sec. 8, T. 5, R. 11 E., the clay stratum was 

struck at the depth of about 30 feet beneath sand and pebbles; it was dug into 

aOp. cit., pp. 34-36: 
160 OLRYS OF UNITED STATES EA.ST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

without being passed through, for nearly 30 feet more, no water being obtained from 

below, but dripping in above from the base of the pervious strata. The whiteness 

and plasticity of the material seemed to increase with the depth. The best portions 

of what wat> dug out of the well had already been removed at the time of my visit, 

· having been used for various economical purpose~>, as 'chalk,' whitewash, and 

'Lily White.' The specimens examined were, therefore, rather below the average 

quality, and on long exposure to the air their surface shows some yellowish spots. 

I found, nevertheless, that in baking at a high heat they yielded a biscuit of greater 

whiteness than their natural color whe11 fresh, and that fine splinters exposed for 

ten minutes to the highest heat of the mouth blowpipe retained their shape 

perfectly while reduced to a semitransparent grit. A quantitative analysis of the 

clay from Clingscale's well gave the following results: 

White pipe clay from Cling scale's. Per cent. 

Insoluble matter ________________________________ " ________ 90. 877 

Lime.___________________________________________________ . 140 

Magnesia. _____ ~_~ ______ .. ________________ ·- ______________ Trace. 

Peroxid of iron _________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 126 

Alumina _________________________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. 214 

Water _______________ - - -.. _________ ·- ____________ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6. 930 

TotaL ________ ~- __ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 99. 864 

"This analy~>is (which was made solely for the purpose of ascertaining the ingredients foreign to the clay proper) proves the singular fac~ that this clay, though 

occurring in a formation characterized by the large amount of iron it commonly 

bears, contains a remarkably small amount of that substance, which, together with 

minute proportions of lime and magnesia, explains its infusibility." 

The usual section seen in the clay pits involves Lafayette red sands which seem 

to overlie unconformably the beds of stoneware clay and white sands: 

Several potteries are located at Holly Springs, at which locality two different 

clay pits are extensively worked. The section, according to E. C. Eckel, is as follows: 

Section at Holly Springs, Miss. Feet. 

Clay and sandy soil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Alternations in 2 to 4 inch bands of yellow sand and clay_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Gray clay __ - ___________________________________ --- ______ - - _ _ _ 6 

The eastern pits of this company show about 20 feet of clay, with much interbedding of white and yellow sands. 

Harper, in his report on the Geology and Agriculture of the State of Mississippi 

(1857), refers to white claya occurring· in sec. 14, T. 7, R. 6 W., in Wayne County. 

Pottery clay is mentioned from near W.oodville, sec.· 28, T. 2, R. 2 W., and also in 

Tippah County, sec. 17, T. 2, R. 3 E. All of these are plastic. Clays similar to 

those found at Holly Springs are said to occur in Panola County, sec. 18, T. 8, R. 8,b 

a. Op. cit., p. 169. blbid., p. 244. 
MISSISSIPPI-NEW JERSEY. 161 

and in Yazoo County, at the base of the hills crossing the county from north to south, 

and again in Calhoun County, ncar Hartford. 

Pottery clay is also noted a in the bluff at Natchez, and at ·white Cliffs. 

The value of the clay products produced in Mississippi in 1901 was as follows: 

Value of clay pmduct-3 of Mississippi ·in 1901. 

C01:nmon brick ................................................. .. 

Front briek ........................ , ......... : . .......... . 

Pottery ...... · .............................................. .. 

Rank ..................................................... . 

Per cent of U uitecl States product ........... · ... , ......... .. 

NEW JERSEY. 

$443,939 

$6,455 

$4,779 

33 

.41 

The val'ious geologic formations extend across the State in .a general northeastsouthwest direction, their arefts being somewhat as. follows: 

A band of pre.cCambrian gneisses, limestones, and schists enters the State on the 

northern border, having a width of about 20 miles and covering eastern Sussex, 

western Passaic, portions of Morris, Hunterdon, and Warren counties. It narrows 

considerably southward, and is inter belted with areas. of limestone, leaving the. 

State at Riegelsville and Easton. Northwest of this area, in westei'n Sussex and 

'Varren counties, are strips of Hudson shales and Trenton limestones, while along 

the west border of the State, from the V\T ater Gap to Port Jervis, arc narrow belts· 

of Medina sandstone, Ononqaga (Corniferous) limestone, and ~Iarcellus shafe. 

The Triassic or Newark group forms a belt lying southeast of the preCambrian rocks, its southeastern limit being the Hudson 1~iver, Arthur Kill, and 

thence southwestward through Bonhamtown, Milltown, Monmouth, Port Mercer, 

and Trenton, where it leaves the State. Its western edge extends from west of 

Mahwah, Bergen County, to Morristown, then through Bernardsville, Peapack, 

Lebanon, ,Tuttland, Pattenburg, an,d Holland. The Triassic consists of sandstones 

and shales with intrusions of diabase. 

7he Lower Cretaceous forms a straight and even, belt, 7 miles wide at South 

Amboy a_nd 5 at Trenton, and then continues as a· narrow irregular band from 

Kinkora to opposite Philadelphia, and beyond that as isolated patches. The 

Upper Cretaceous forms a broader belt, whose border passes through Long Branch, 

Pro_spectown, New Egypt, New Lisbon, Clementon, Hurffville, East Lake, and 

Salem. Between this line and the coast the surface is underlain l:iy Tertiary and later 

deposits, but the latter may also cover the Cretaeeous in places. 

The terminal moraine marking the southern limit of the glacial drift extends 

from Perth Amboy in an irregular line to Danville, and then westward to Belvidere. 

a Wailes, B. L. C., Agriculture and Geology of Mississippi, 18~>4, p. 228. 

9647-No. H -03--11 
16~ CLAYS OF U~ITED STATES RAST OF liHSSISSIPui RIVER. 

The character and qualities of the clay-bearing formations arc summarized 

below. 

HUDSON SHALES. 

This is probably the only formation of the Paleozoic series .which is likely to 

prove of value to the clay worker. The Hudson shales are found in a broad 

belt in vVantag~, Frankford, Hampton, and Stillwater townships of Sussex County, 

and Hardwick, Blairstown, Knowlton, ~tnd Frelinghuy:->en townships of ·Warren 

County. In this area they arc worked near Port Murray for the manufacture of 

fireproofing and bricks. 

MARCELLUS SHALES. 

The Marcellus shales form a narrow strip along the northwestern border from 

Tristates to Egypt Mills. They are of no value to the clay worker, for they contain 

too mueh sand and ferrie oxide. 

NEWARK GROUJ'. 

The rocks of this group underlie a large area in the counties of Passaic; Union, 

Somerset, Hunterdon, and Mercer, and consist of sandstones, conglomerates, and 

shales, pierced by sheets and dikes of trap rock. The shales are found throughout 

the area, but predominate iti the southwestern portion. Attempts have been made 

from time to time to develop the shaly beds, but with little success, as they lack 

plasticity and are of yery low fusibility. 1t is of course possible to work them into 

bricks, but with the abundance of other and better clays in the State they are not 

likely to be utilized for some time at least. 

CRETACEOUS. 

This, the most important clay-bearing· serie:-> found in New .Jersey, forms a 

broad belt extending across the State from Haritan Bay and Sandy Hook to the Delaware River, Trenton marking its northwestern edge and Salem, in Salem County, its 

southeastern edge. 

In New Jersey the Cretaceous is divisible into an upper and lower ·portion, and 

since the Cretaceous dips gently to the southeast, the Lower Cretaceou:-; outcrops on 

the northwestern side of the Cretaceou:-; belt'. 

LOWER CRETACEOUS. 

The outcrops of these beds form a belt 4 to 5 miles wide, extending from Perth 

Amboy to Trenton, and thence farther southwestward along the Delaware River as 

a narrow irregular band. These beds formed the basis of a large report on the clays 

of New .Jersey a by the late Professor Cook, and up to the present time this volume 

is pr:ictically the only published information concerning them. 0 

aNew Jersey GeoL Survey, 1878. 

bA new report covering th~ entire State is now in preparation by the New Jersey GeoL Survey. 
NRW ,JERSEY. 163 

From the study of the beds Professor Cook made the following sections: 

Section of Lower Cretaceous rocks of New .Jersey. 

Feet. 

1. Dark-colorecl clay, with beds and lamime of lignite . . . . . . 50 

2. Sandy clay with sand, in alternate layer~...... . . . . . . . . . . 40 

3. Stoneware clay bed ............................ ·. . . . . . . . 30 

4. Sand and sandy clay, with lignite near bottom........... 50 

5. South Am boy fire-clay bed.................... . . . . . . . . . 20 

6. Sandy day, generally red or yellow..................... 3 

7. Sand and ''kaolin"------·---------------------------- 10 

8. Feldspar becl. ........................... ~............. 5 

9. Micaceous sand bed ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 · 

10. Laminated clay and sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

11. Pipe day, top white ..... _ ...... _·_ .................. '.. 10 

12. Sandy clay, including leaf bed.......................... 5 

13. Woodbridge fire-clay bed .......... c ••••• :.............. 20 

14. Fire-sand bed......................................... 15 

(

Fire clay .. _ ...................... _ _ 15 

15. Raritanclaybeds. Sandyciay.......................... 4 

. Potter's clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Of this series several are very important and well marked, viz, the Stoneware 

clay 3, the "Kaolin" bed 7, the Woodbridge fire clay 13, and the Raritan clay 15. 

The beds all clip to the southeast, that of the Woodbridge being 51 feet per mile, of 

the South Amboy bed 48 feet, and the Stoneware 28 feet. While the section i:-; fairly 

well differflntiable, and the individual members are often traceable for considerable 

distances, :-;till the subdivisions vary in thickness, a bed being sometimes 6 feet thick 

in one pit and 3 feet in an adjoining one but a few feet distant. 

Among· such a series of deposits a variety of clays is naturally to be looked for, 

and there are those which are used for fire brick, saggers, pressed brick, hollow 

brick, flue linings, white earthen ware, ter,ra cotta, gas retorts, floor tile, ~tc. The 

Raritan potter's clay, found at the base of the series, is often very plastic, but not 

refractory. The Raritan fire-clay bed contains mueh fine sand, but has greater fireresisting power. The fire-sand bed is seen in numerous pits about Woodbridge and 

the Raritan River. It is a white sand with some gravel, and oeeasional bits of 

lignite.· The \Voodbridge fire elay is named from its occurrence around the town 

of that name, having been extensively worked here and also at other points from 

Eagleswood to Bonhamtown. It ranges from a few feet up to 40 in thickness, 

averaging 20, but in places has been eroded. a A good exposure is shown in Pl. V, B. 

Its character is that of a bluish-white refractory ,day, the different layers varying in 

siliceousness, and therefore being separated in mining. 

a Cook, op. cit., ·p. 50. 
164 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVE.R. 

The laminated clays and sand8 are well developed about Woodbridge, but e"pecially 

along the Raritan River. These. were formerly looked on as useless overburden 

in the mining of fire clay, but they are now extensively used in the manufacture of. 

hollow brick, conduits, and common brick-indeed the quarrying work is done on such 

a scale that steam shovels are employed. They consist of alternating layers of sand 

and sandy clay, with li~nite, pyrite, and mica. Of the-feldspar and kaolin beds, the 

former represent a decayed feldspathic gravel with quartz pebbles, while the so-called 

kaolin is a micaceous sand, eontainiug white quartz and mica, and is therefore 

incorreetly named. 

The South Amboy fire-clay bed is best developed on the south Hide of the Raritan 

River, and is similar to the vV oodbridge day in importance. Its average thickness 

is 8 feet. 

The stoneware clay outcrops southeast of the Amboy fire-clay bed and averages 

15 feet. 

These Lower Cretaceous beds are the most important found in New ,Jersey. They 

are extent>ively worked around vVoodbridge, Perth Amboy, South River, South 

Amboy, and Bonhamtown, while farther southward newer developments are found 

along the. Delaware River. While the clays form the basis of an important local 

industry, large quantities of them are also shipped to neighboring States, induding 

New York, Connecticut, MassachuHctts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Ohio. 

The following table gives the composition of the different Lower Cretaceous clays: 

----~ ·------

Locality. 

Analyses of New .Teney fire clays. 

RARITAN FIRE-CLAY mm. 

SilieiL 

com- ~~~~~ Al,O,. Fc,03 • CaO. MgO. bined. -----

W. B. Dixon, Woodbridge........ 31.12 28.81 26.95 1. 24 0. 07 Tr. Tr. . l. 90 9. 63 0. 57 78 

B. Ellison1 ~outh-southwest of Bonham town ......... · ... 00 .. . 17.90 57.35 15.50 1. 20 0.17 ]. 60 4. 90 l. 30 165 

WOODBRIDGE FTRE-CLA Y BED. 

W. H. Berry, Woorlbridgc........ 40.50 G. 40 35.90 

Loughridge & Powers, Wood- bridge ... 00. 00. 00 00 00 00 ••• 00 oo'. 42. 23 . 5J 39. 53 

Same, extra sandy, Woodbridge. } 20.00 51.80 18.92 

A. Hall & Son, Woodbridge...... 42.05 5. 70 35.83 

II. Cutter & Sons,_ Woodbridge... 43.90 1.10 38.24 

W. H. P. Benton, Woodbridge.... 42.00 1. 40 36.56 

c~,~I~";e ~~~~~s .. ~ .. ~~~.'. ~:-'.~~~:. } 34. 30 20. GO 31.66 

Crossman Clay and :Manufacturing Co., Haritan River .. 00.... 37. 8.'> 10.50 35.75 

R.N. & H. Valentine, Sand Hills. 39.80 8.10 36. 3•1 

C. A. Campbell & Co., Sand Hills, 

\Vhitefireelayoo ............... 36.20 12.20. 35.94 

1.10 0.28 0.16 1. 30 12.80 1. 50 82-84 

0 50 0. 10 00 00.. • 0 41 . 08 1. 40 13. 59 1. 21 90-92 

.SR .. 00 ......... . 

. 77 ... -- 00 0. 11 

0 "" 

Tr. .11 

1. 04 

.74 ............. . 

0 48 . 00 00 00 {:~i$, } 6. 70 

.44 1.10 12.20 

. 15 00 00 00. 1. 30 14. 10 

.35 .37 1.40 14.60 

{

with 1. , 1. 53 ....... Al,o, 1 10.50 

.50 93 

1. 50 94-96 

. 70 105-109 

.80 114-115 

0 60 115-116 

.95 ....... ....... .87 ....... 1.60 12.30 1.00 144-146 

1. 01 .04 {

with } . 15 .. .. .. . Al,Oa 12. 90 1. 20 153 

.96 ....... ....... .08 ....... 1.50 12.10 1.10 150 

"Figures given are pages for reference in Rcpt. New Jc"ey Geol. Survey on Clays, 1878. 
Locality. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Analyses of New Jersey .fzJ·e cla.y.s-Continued. 

SOUTH .UIBOY FIRE-CLAY BED. 

Silica 

com- 1~~~~' Al20 3• Fc.,03• CaO. i\fgO. K20. Na-,0. Ti02• 

bined. H 20. 

165 

Illois- Refer- tore. cncc.u 

-----------------------------------------------

E. F. Roberts, pits ncar Eagles- \VOOd ...••.•.•....•.•.•........ 

E. F. & J. l\1. Roberts, pits nctu 

South Amboy----·-------··--· 

Same, selected elay ............. 

G. Such, Burts Creek, washed 

clay------ .. ·-·----·----------· 

Sayre & Fisher, Sayreville ...... 

W. l\1. Weidner, Forbes farm, Perth Amboy town,hiv. __ ... _. I 

Edgar Bros., Woodbridge township----------------- .. -----·---

Knickerbocker Life InSurance 

farm, Perth Atnboy township. 

---------

~~~~~r~tt> _ ~c~~~- ~~n~'-";: _:~~~~---~ ~~~~head estate, Washington.-~ 

A. Hall & Sons ................ :. 

A. Hall & Sons. _______ ... ______ _ 

} 40.40 5.20 38.40 1.20 0.22 0.25 0.59 ---···· {with 

Al20 3 } 12.50 

42.71 . 70 39.24 .46 ,20 . ·17 0.42 1.60 13.32 

44.20 . 20 39.14 .45 ------- ------- . 25 1.05 14.05 

'42. 90 1. 50 38.34 .86 ------- ....... . 26 .18 1. 20 13.50 

11.10 3.10 38.66 . 74 ------· ·····-· .28 .18 1. 20 13.55 

:FELDSPAR BED. 

ul.ul,.~l 0.49 rvith} 4. 90 I -----·- --·---- 0.15 0.21 Al,03 

16.50 57.10 17.46 .M ···---- ·------ .12 .21 . 90 G.30 

77.40 16.07 .53 0. 25 .15 ------- ....... 4.30 

I 

"KAOLIN" BED. 

I I 77.10 17.10 --- -. --- - ------ . -- ---- 1. 30 - ----- .. ------ 4.50 

89.40 

I 

I 96.30 

02.oo 

I 

7. so 

FIRE SANDS. 

3.15 

6.65 

2.60 

I 

1. 30 

1. 58 

. 90 

1.10 

1. 00 

o.so I 

.50 

135 

-200 

203 

197 

188 

119 

137 

125 

129 

178 

l\1. Compton's, SE. of Bonham- to\VU ......................... . 98.00 1.45 -----·-- Tr. ------- 0.20 Tr. 0.25 ------'-- ------- 159 

l\1. Compton .................... . 96.40 

I 2.10 ---· ---- _____ .. ·------ ---- ·-- ------- ------- ·---·--- ------- -----·--

"Figures gi_vcn are pages for reference in Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey on Clays, 1878. 

UPPE!t CRETACEOUS. 

The Upper Cretaceous is of less importance than the Lower Cretaceous. It is 

composed,of a series of sands, clays, and greensand marls, forming a belt lying to 

the southeast of the Lower Cretaceous zone of outcrop. The following classification is made by W. B. Clark:" 

Upper CretaceouB _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Rancocas formation. 

) ~Manasquan formation. 

Monmouth formation. 

Matawan formation. 

The lower of these, the Matawan, is the only one of importance to the clay 

worker. It contains beds of sand and clay, the latter being generally black or drab 

and sometimes calcareous. 

This formation occurs typically on Matawan Creek, in Monmouth County. I~ 

its lower part are a series of clays, known as the Qrosswick clays from their occurrence at Crosswick village, on Crosswick Creek, Burlington County. The clays are 

a Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey 1897, p. 174. 
166 CLAYS OF UNTTRD STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

plastic and in their lower beds many carry pyrite. They 'lrc well exposed on the 

shores of Raritan Bay" and in the valleys of Matdmponix Creek, Cro:-;;.;wiek Creek, 

Black Creek, and other tributaries of the Delaware River. To the south the:-;e clays 

pass into sands. 

The Crosswick clays have been extensively used for brickmaking along Matawan 

Creek, Monmouth County; on Cros:-;wiek Creek and near Bordentown and Kinkom, 

in northern Burlington County; on Pensanken CrePk near Senola, east of Camden, 

Camden County; and at ~Woodbury, in Gloucester County.b 

TEHTIARY AND PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

These form scattered areas lying southeast of the Lower Cretaceous belt. They 

do not form continuous beds, but are irregular in form, with a tendency town,rd a 

ba;.;in-shaped structure. Their exact. vertical or horizontal distribution lms not yet 

been worked out. The form:.ttions recognized are the Bridgeton (Lafayette), Pensauken (Columbia), and Cape May. They contain many beds of clay, often of high 

plasticity and tensile strength. Some of the deposits :tre buff burning and semirefractory, and will no doubt serve as au important basis for the future development 

of Ne·w .rersey's already extem;ivc clay-working industry. 

North of the terminal moraine are many small deposits of glacial clay, which are 

found chiefly in the valleys and often afford an excellent briek-nmldng material. 

ThPse· clays may also be found in the terminal moraine as well. To the 'south of the 

latter alluvial clays arc not lacking in the valleys, hut here they are usually the wash 

from the residual clays formed on the neig-hboring hillsides. 

CLAY-WOUKING IN])U.STRY. 

New Jersey now ranks fifth among the day-producing States, as may he seen 

from the following- table: 

Valne of clay products of New .Tfr.~ey from 1895 to 1901. 

Year. Vu.lne. 

1895. _ ........••.......••............. 1 $4, 899, 120 

1896 ............................ 0' .... i 4, 728, 003 

1897.0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6, 180,847 

1898 ... 0 .................. 0 .. 0........ 8, 706,357 

1899.0 0 0 0. 0. 0 .. 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,787,273 

1900 .... 0 ...... 0 0 .. 0...... ...... .. .. .. 10,928,423 

1901. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 11' 681, 878 

I 

a Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geoi. Snn·e;-, 1897, p. 178. 

Rank. 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Proportion 

of United 

States prod· net. 

Per cent. 

7.50 

7.58 

9.91 

12.01 

11.26 

11.36 

10.60 

b l!Jid., p. 208. 
NRW JERSEY. 167 

This position of imr>ortance among the States supporting a clay-working industry is dne partly to the presence of many good clays and partly to the proximity to 

the important eastern markets, vi:1., New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Furthermore, the location of many of the factories along tide water permits of the cheap 

shipment of the product. This applies to all grades of ware. 

The value of the different grades of clay products made in New Jersey in 1900 

and 1901 was as follows: 

Value of clay products of New Jersey i.n 1.9~0.and 1901. 

1900. 1\JOl. 

Common brick ............................. . $1,809,906 $1,675,406 

PreHHeu brick .............................. . 426,692 473,138 

Vi trifled brick .......................... _ .. . (a) (a) 

Fire briek ..... : ........................... . 1,072,535 780,327 

Drain tile .................................. . 55,655 22,612 

Sewer pipe ...................... _ ......... . 154,481 (a) 

Terra cotta : ............................... . 647,884 920,644 

Fireproofing ............................... . 873, 706 610,864 

Fancy bri<;k : . ...... ~ ...................... . 4,112 11,514 

Stove linings ........................ __ ... _. (a) (") 

Tile (not drain) ............................ . 508,392 486,122 

i\'Iiscelhmeou~ .............................. . 286,424 458,316 

Plairi red earthenware .. _·_ .................. . 28,600 21,489 

Plain stoneware . , .......................... . 46,650 60,000 

Yell ow ware .. ~ ............................ . ( ") (") 

Plain C. C. ware ... · ............ _ ............ . 345,249 293,455 

Plain white granite an<l semi porcelain .... _ .. . 494,282 718, 613 

Semi vitreous, incl. N. H .................... . 96,447 60,321 

Total plain .......................... · ....... . 3,820,948 4,361,127 

Deeorated C. C. \Yare ....................... . 199,000 150,000 

Decorated white granite .................. _ .. 645,338 767,650 

Decorated semi vitreous .................. _ .. . 292,479 (a) 

. Total decorated ............................ . 1,431,703 1,53S,946 

China (plain) .............................. . 345,112 :H4, 224 

China (decorated) ......................... . ( ") 321,724 

Bone, delft, and be !leek (plain) .......... _._. 38,800 237,835 

·Beine, delft, and belleek (decorated) ..... _ .... (a) -------------- Sanitary (plain) .......... ___ ... _. _... _. _ .. 1,"807, 953 2,194,354 

Sanitary (decorated) .............. ___ . _. __ . _ (a) -----~ -------- Pon:clain electrical supplies ........ __ . ____ . __ 285,466 342,479 

Miscellaneous ............ _________________ . _ 325,389 88,357 

a Less than three producers. 
168 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Common brick are made at many points, especially in the vicinity of the larger 

towns; but the region around Hackensack is the most important, for,the extensive 

beds of Columbia clays found there are actively w~rked, supplying the mark~t of 

New York City. Many common brick are also made from the Cretaceous clays 

around S.outh River. In 1900 New .Jersey ranked third as a producer of pressed 

brick, being outranked by Pcnnsylvania,and Ohio. Large quantities of this product 

are made from the huff-burning fire clays of the Cretaceous belt near Perth Amboy, 

Sayreville, Trenton, etc. Hydraulic pressed brick arc produced from Pleistocene 

clays at Winslow .1 unction and Mays Landing. Very few vitrified brick are made 

in New Jersey, chiefly because the raw materials are absent. 

Terra cotta forms one of the important clay products of the State. In fact, New 

Jersey has been the leading producer of terra cotta for several years nntil1900, when 

she fell slightly behind New York. Still, most of the terra cotta manufactured in 

the latter State is made hom New .Jersey clays. The terra-cotta factories are located · 

chiefly in the Cretaceous clay belt, especially around Perth Amboy, the raw materials beit~g drawn from various clay mines in that region. 

Fireproofing is manufactured in enormous quantities, the production of New 

J crsey far exceeding that of other States, and forming aboi1t 4 7 per cent of the United 

States production in 1900. The ware finds a ready market in the Eastern cities. The 

industry is based chiefly on the impure sandy clays outcropping along the Raritan 

River, near Perth Amboy, and also on the Hudson shales at Belvidere. In the 

former district conduit pipes are also manufactured in lnrge amounts from similar 

clays. 

Sewer pipe were made in considerable quantities in New Jersey in former years, 

but the industry has deClined, for the clays available are much less suitable for this 

purpose than those found in other States. 

Glazed tile for interior decoration and floor tile of different solid colors are 

manufactured at Trenton and also Perth Amboy, but the raw materials are mostly 

imported from other. States. 

Fire brick and pottery are the two most important branches of the New Jersey 

clay-working industry. The fire brick of New Jersey have long held a high reputa. 

tion, and the clays around W oodbridgc are extensively w:~;ought for this purpose. 

The shapes include ordinary brick, cupola brick, locomotive blocks, tuyere nozzles, 

and many special shapes. Most of these are made from a mixture of several clays, 

and ','the product not uncommonly shows a high percentage of silica. The following 

analyses were made some years ago by the Pennsylvania geological survey: 
NEW JERSEY. 

Analyses of fire brick made at Woodbridge, N. J. 

. 1-

sio •.. ________________ -------~---~-7-1-.5-5- A 1

2

0 3 __________ , _____________ • _ -~ 25. o9o 

Fcz03 -- - - -- -- -- ---- -- ---- ------ 1. 280 

L 

Ti02 --------------------------- 1.05 

CaO _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 65 

MgO --------------------------- .364 

Alkalies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 384 

2. 

58.75 

36. 79 

1. 39 

1. 75 

.11 

. 301 

.913 

1. Hall & Sons, No.1. fire brick. Second Pennsylvania Gcol. Snr\•ey, Rept. MM,'p. 269. 

2. Hyzer & Lewellen. Made from Woodbridge clay. Ibid. 

169 

A series of fire tests carried out by ~rof. J. C. Smock showed that the bricks 

compared very favorably in refractoriness with those from other States.· 

Trenton is oue of the two great pottery centers of the United States, the other 

being East Liverpool, Ohio. The location of factories at this point is due rather to 

its being a central point for shipment than to proximity of raw materials. The chief 

product is C. C. ware sand white granite ware, but belleek, electrical supplies, vitreous 

china, and delft are nuide in smaller quantities. In recent years the manufacture of 

sanitary ware has been developed to an enormous ex~ent. Fire brick, saggar clay, 

wad clay, and some ball clay are practically ,all that the white-ware manufacturer at 

Trenton draws from New Jersey. Most of the ball clay, and all of the kaolin, 

feldspar, and quartz are brought from other States, and even from England. 

In .addition to the factories located at Trenton, there are several others, situated 

at various points, as can be seen by reference to the map, Pl. IX. 

Common earthenware, stoneware, and yellow ware are produced at Trenton and 

other localities. 

CLAY-MINING INDUSTRY. 

Much of the clay mined in New Jersey is shipped to other States, to be there 

worked up into refractory and other products. 
170 CLAYS 01<' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The production of clay in 1900 and 1901 was as follows: 

Production r!f clay in New Jersey 'in 1.900 and DIOJ. 

--------------------------------

lllaterial. 

1901.. 1 

1----~----i------- ----.. 

1900. 

Kaolin (so-called) .. : .. ____ ....... __ . 

Ball clay (raw) ........... _ ........ . 

Ball clay (washed) ............ : .. . .. 

Fire elay (raw) .................... . 

Fire day (washed) ................ .. 

Sto~ewar~ clay ... _ ... _ ..... ___ .. _._. 

Pipe clay ................ _ .. ____ ... . 

Terra-cotta elay .............. _ .... __ 

1viiscellaneous _ . ____ . __ .... _ . __ ..... . 

Total. . ______ ......... _ . _ ...... . 

Quantity 

(short tons). 

2,986 

(a) 

(rt) 

210,635 

(rt) 

16,621 

8,705 

:18,123 

25,704 

321,219 

Value. 

$2,456 

···-········ 

-----------· 272, 707 

(a) 

29,189 

6,812 

43,687 

41,562 

467,8!31 

a Less than three producers. 

NEW YORK. 

Quantity 

(short tons). 

3,541 

(a) 

(a) 

225,424 

16,023 

26,538 

116, 170 

392,946 

Value. 

$4,040 

------------

------------ 828,370 

63,1)79 

46,290 

.594, 894 

The greater portion of New York State is underlain by sedimentary rocks of 

Paleozoic ~ge, ranging from the Cambrian to the Carbonif~rous, inclusive. These 

consist iri very large part of shales, but sandstones and limestones are at times 

prominent. In the northeastern and southeastern portions of the State arc two great 

areas of cry~;talline rocks, forming the Adirondacks and Highlands. The rocks 

composing them are anorthosites, granites, gneiss~s, and schists, which would yield 

clays only by their decomposition. The Cretaceous and Tertiary formations, so 

abundant in States farther south, are found in New York only on Staten Island, 

Long Island, and Fishers Island. 

Overlying all of the above arc deposits of Pleistocene age, composed of either 

glacial drift or of sediments deposited by streams flowing from the ice sheet during 

its retreat across the State. 

The clay deposits of the State may be grouped as follows: (1) Residual days, 

(2) Pa~eozoic shales, (3) Cretaceous and Tertiary clays, (4) Pleistocene clays. 

RESIDUAL ULAYS. 

Owing to the location of New York State north of the southern limit reached by 

the continental ice sheet during the Glacial epoch, yery little of the residual clay 

which was formed by the smface decay of the rocks in pre-Glacial time has been left. 

Somfl small deposits of kaolin are known to occur southeast of Sharon station 

and southeast of Fishkill Village, near Shenandoah Corners. Hesidual clay of more 
NEW JERSEY-NEW YORK. 171 

or less ferruginous character is found in the limonite deposits at Amenia, Dutchess 

County, and small deposits have also been noted near Morrisani·a, where they have 

resulted from the decay of the dolomitic limestone/' None of these deposits have, 

however, proved of much commercial value. Tt is possible, though,. that some 

kaolin beds of workable size may be found east or southeast of Sharon station, for a 

large one has been developed just east of the boundary line in Connecticut. If the 

material exists, it is to be looked for in the gneissic or schistose rocks. 

The mellowed outcrops of some of the Paleozoic shales can perhaps be classed 

atl residual deposits, but they differ from those mentioned abo\re in being the results 

of disintegration and not of decomriosition. 

PALEOZOIC SHAI.ES. 

These may be developed into one of the most important clay resources of the 

State. Those found in New York State belong to the fo1lowing formations: Chemung, 

:Portage, Hamilton, Salina, Niagara, Medina, Clinton, and Hudson. All of these 

sh!tle formations, with the exeeption of the Hudson, form bands of variable width 

extending across the State in an east-west direction. Their distribution can best be 

seen by reference to the geologic map of New York, from which it will appear that 

the oldest formations outcrop toward the north, in belts running parallel to Lake 

Ontario .. The formations have a gentle southward dip of 40 to 60 feet per mile, and 

in passing across the State from the lake shore southward the outerops traversed will 

be successively younger. 

Of the shale formations mentioned above, the Hudson has no economic value 

for the manufacture of clay prod~cts, for it lacks plasticity and is very siliceous. 

The Niagara also is both calcareous and siliceous. ' ' 

The Medina shale is well developed at Lewiston, on the Niagara River, 0 and 

along the Genesee River. It is not utilized. in this State, but gives good results·for 

dry-pressed brick in Ontario. 

The Clinton shales are about 30 feet thick in places, notably in eastern \Vayne 

' . County, and 24 feet thick at Rochester, Monroe County, and Wolcott Furnace. 

They have not been used and are probably often ealcareous.c 

The Salina forms a belt extending from Symcuse westward. The shale is soft, 

weathers easily, and possesses. good plasticity, but may be quite calcareous, although 

. good wares are made from it. Good exposures occur at Warner, Onondaga county. 

Th~ Hamilton, though extending from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, shows 

considerable lithologic variation, ranging from a sandstone to a. clay shale. The 

lattet phase is more common in the western part of .the area underlain by it. It is 

a Martin, D. S., and Merrill. F. J. H.: Trans. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. IX, 1889, p. 45. 

b Bull New York State Museum No. 35, p. 827. 

c Ibid., p. 828. 
172 · CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF ~USSISSTPPI RIVEH. 

worked at Cairo, Greene County, and Jewettville, Erie County, in one place for 

paving brick, in the other for dry-pressed brick. 

Overlying the Hamilton is the Portage, which consists of a lower sha.ly member, 

the Cashaqua, a middle member of shales and sandstones, and an upper sandstone. 

The shale occurs along Cashaqua Creek, also along Seneca Lake and at Penn Yan, 

but becomes gritty east of this point. It is 33 feet thick along Lake Erie at Eighteenmile Creek, and 150 feet thick along the Genessee River. The shale is worked 

at Angola. 

The Chemung includes the most southern shale formation of New York State, 

but it is interbedded with sandstones which become very prominent toward the east. 

The section given py Professor Hall, beginning at the top, is as follows: 

Section of Chemung jo1'1nation in New Yvrk. 

Sandstone and eonglomerate. 

Red sandstone. 

Black, slaty shale. 

Green shale with gray sandstones. 

Gray and olive shales and shaly sandstones. 

Olive shaly sandstones. 

Specially good exposures occur on the Genesee River, and much shale is found 

westward from this point. 

The following tables, compiled from Bull. New York State Museum No. 35, 

show the physical character and chemical composition of some of these shales. 

Analyses of New Yori~ shales. 

Localit.y. I Geologic age. Uses. Si02• Al20 3• Fe.,03. CaO. llfgO. Alkalies. H,O. co,. .MiscelI laneous. 

---- --~ -~ --- Lewiston .... _. Medina _______ Not worked .... -. 59.50 20.60 8.00 0.80 0.35 3.60 5.50 ·-··-·· .......... 

Rochester-·--· Niagara ...... -.- .. do .......... -. 28.35 10.47 1. DO 21.47 8.24 5. 73 ....... ....... 

Warner ...... -. Salinu. (cal- Paving, common, 25.40 9.46 2.21 22.81 10.39 . 95 "7. 60 20.96 careous and hollow I a y er in brick. 

bank). 

{K20 4.65 Do_ }n5.30 .. ____ .. Salina red ..... do ............ 52.30 18.85 6.55 3.36 4.4D 3.04 shale. Na20 l. 35 

Do. ___ .. ___ Sa1irut blue ..... do ......... _ .. 57.79 16.15 5.20 2. 73 '1. 67 {K"O 4.11 )<11.50 3. 42 Na,o 1. 22 .......... shale. 

Windom .... --. Hamilton _ ... Not worked ...... 57.30 21.61 6.50 2.52 1.50 . ........... 7.80 . ...... .......... 

Do ......... ..... dO .. -..... .. _ .. do ............ 61.15 H. 57 7.20 3.06 .20 1. 90 5. 95 ....... . ......... 

Angola ........ Portage ...... Flue liriingR ...... 65.15 15.29 6.16 3.50 1.57 5. 71 ....... ····-·· . ......... 

' {Mn02 .i\2 Alfred Center .. Chemung .... Roofing tile ...... 53.20 23.25 10.90 1.01 . 62 2. 69 6.39 . ...... Ti02 .91 so. .41 

Hornellsville _, .... -do ... _ .... Paving bricks .... 6<1.45 17.77 7. 04 .58 1. 85 {K,O 2.52 Na,o 1. 95 } ...... .. · ..... .......... 

Corning ...... _ ..... do_.,_ .... Terra cotta ....... 58.10 17.50 6.00 4.50 2.88 '1.15 5. 90 ······· .......... 

aOfganie. 
Locality. Geologic age. Uses. 

NEW YORK. 173 

Physical iPsts of New York shales . 

.2 § I ~ . ~ g g ~- ~~ 

-~ ~ -~ -a s t! H ~ ;>- U . _,; 

·o:'" s 

1 

:s ..: "g. 

------1-----1-----1----------------------

Lbs.pcr 

Sq. VI. Cone. Per ct. Per ct. Pe>· ct. 

Lewiston ......... Medina ..... Nol work eel. 15 .04' 4 Red .. 16 Lean ··-·· 3 6 

Win<}om ......... Hamilton .. No.2 ....... 40 .03 4 Red . . 22 Fair ...... 4t 9~ 

Do ·····---··· ..... do ...... No . 3 .. ····· ······-- . 05 4 Reel .. 20. Fair ...... 2 6 

Do ---------·- ..... do ...... No.4 ....... ........ . 06 1 ··------ 21 ------------ 3 4 

Do ·····-····· ..... clo ...... No. 5 ., ..... 35 .03 5 19 -----------· 3 

Angola ........... Portage ..... ·············· 92 .06 01 4 21.4 Fair ...... 4 10 

.Jamestown ------ ,Chemung .. ,- .............. a45-69 .06 01 2 17 Lean ----· 3 7 

Alfred Center .... ..... do ...... ---------····· 61 .06 01 3 20 :Moderate. 4 9 

Horncllsville .... .. , .. do ...... ····-·····-··· a34-39 .06 01 4 20· Lean ..... 2. 7 5.3 

Corning ....... ···!·· ... do ...... , ......... ·····/···· .... .05 3-•1 18 I Lean ..... 2 r······· a Range. 

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY CLAYS. 

These inclu<le the Cretaceous clays of the Coastal Plain region of I~ong-, Staten, 

and .Fishers islan<ls, and some of possihl~ Tertiary age i1~ the same ai·ea. The clays 

of this region are of variable character, ranging from ferruginous ones to others that 

are low in impurities and are hence of refractory character. They arc frequently 

siliceous, owing to the ever-changing conditions of deposition, and do not forrn beds 

of great extent, but on the contrary are often poekety or lens-shaped, the deposits of 

clay being surrounded by beds of sand, and the latter may thus often necessitate 

considerable stripping. Some of the deposits, as those at Glencovc and Northport, 

have been worked for a number of years. 

The Cretaceous ag(~ of many of these beds has been settled, a 'but those of supposed Tertiary age arc still in Joubt. On Long Island and Fishers Island the upper 

layers of the clay beds have b.cen crumpled and shoved by the icc as it advanced 

southward from Connceticut. 

The more important localities at which these clays are exposed arc at Kreischervillc, Staten Island; Glencove, West Neck, Oyster Bay, Little Neck ncar Nort~lport, Wyandance, and Farmingdale, Long Island .. Most of the Long Island localities are along the north shore, the clays outcropping in the bluffs. In the central 

portion and along· the south shore of the island clays are rarely seen. The poorer 

grades arc worked locally but the better ones are shipped. 

a BulL New York State l\Iuseum No. 35,_ p. 610 et seq. 
174 CLAYS 01<' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The following table gives the composition of the clay of a number of the 

deposits: 

Analyses 1(( CTetaceous and TertiaTy clny~ in New York State. 

!;,~\~~- Refer- neous. ence. a 

b.07 818 

820 

------- ....... -------r 820 

..... do ...... ..... do ...... 68.34 19.89 ". 90 . 35 Truce . 3.55 .84 6. 03 821 

..... rlo •••••. ..... do ...... ::;8.8•1 23.40 a I. IS ····-·· ....... 5.04 .34 -------1 9. 20 c 1.03 821 

..... do ...... . ! ... do ...... 62.35 23.14 "1. 1~ ······· ....... 3.17 1. 76 6. 77 Cl.09 821 

..... do .. _ .... Firebrick ... 47.40 39.01 .15 Trace. Trace. Trace. Trace. H.lO 789 

Pleistocene. Cominon fi9. 73 16.42 2.58 1.66 brick. .69 6.27 733 

('?) ..... do ...... 61.01 19.23 5.43 . 96 ].88 4.60 735 

(?) ..... do ..... 53.77 20.49 9. 23 2. 04 

(?) ..... do ...... 62.39 23.60' 3.39 . 70 

(?) Pressed 

brick. 60.20 23.07 1.45 1. 20 

a Figures given are pages for reference in Bull. New .York State Museum No. 35. cso,. 

Tlrese clays show as wide a variation physically as well as chemically, varying 

from easily fusible brick clays to semirefractory or even highly refractory ones. 

The physical characte1·s of a few samples are summarized below.a 

Physical tests of Long Island and Staten Island clnys. 

--------,---------------,-- --~- --"7"'- ·----,------- --.-----

No. 

An1ount 

of water required 

to work 

up. 

Plasticity. Tensile 

strength. 

- ---------·-------

.Per cent. Lbs.per sq. in . 

1 ... , ....... 34.7 Fair ....... 20-25 

2 ........... 28 Good ...... 30-40 

3 ........... 31 Fair ....... 50-60 

4 ........... 33 ..... do .... 40-50 

5 ........... 32.40 ..... do .... 22-50 

6 ........... 25 ..... do .... 25-30 

7 ........... 38 ..... do .... 11-14 

8 ........... :n ..... do .. o. 20 

Air 

shriuknge. 

PCI' cent. 

6 

8 

5 

6 

8 

5.5 

10 

6.5 

Fire 

shrillkugn. 

Per cent. 

8 

7 

9 

10 

5 

6.5 

8. 7 

8.5 

Cone. 

. 05 1 

.04 1 

.03 2 

.04 1 

8 

7 

.1 ........ 

I 

.09 

I 

9 

1. Upper clay, Meyer's brickyard, 2 miles north of Farmingdale, Long Island. 

2. Lower clay, same locality. 

a Bulletin New York State l\Iusenrn No. 3'1. 

4 Red. 

5 Do. 

5 Do. 

5 Do. 

27 Buff. 

27 Do. 

35+ White. 

34+ Buff. 
NEW YORK. 175 

3. Top sandy clay, Garden City Flrick Company, Farmingdale, Long Island. 

4. ~fixture of middle and bottom clay, same locality. 

5. Stoneware clay, Mrs. H. McKenzie's property, on north side of ·Mosquito Inlet at Glen cove, 

Long Island. 

6. Yellow stoneware clay, Sammis pits, Little Neek, near Northport, Long Island. 

7~ 'Vhite Cretaceous clay, Kreischerville, Staten Island. 

8. Buff fire clay, Kreischerville, Staten lslan<l. 

l'LEISTOCF.NJ<J CLAYS. 

They arc divisible into four groups, viz, (1) morainal clays; (2) lacustrine clays, 

(3) local deposits formed in lakes; (4) estwtry deposits. 

The terminal moraine of the Ghtci~1l epoeh crosses New York State.in an in·cgular line, forming a series of irregular, hummocky hills, which often contain considerable clay. In most·cases, however, the elay is either too stony or too sandy to be of 

. economic value. In places, as at Newfield and other points in Tompkins County, 

these clays are comparatively free from stones, and can be worked for brickmaking. 

They are rather calcareous. 

The lacustrine clays were laid down during post-Glacial timel when the waters of 

Lakes Erie and Ontario were dammed up to the north by the retreating continental 

glaeier, and spread over the land in the we_stern ttnd northwestern pttrt of the State, 

much clay being deposited during this time. These days underlie the flatR around 

Buffalo, Lam~aster, Tonawanda, and other places in the northwestern portion of the 

State, and are used locally for brickmaking. They often contain lime pebbles and 

concretions, although the clays themselvc~ are not very calcareous. 

The lake deposits represent the most widely distributed source of brick elays 

found in New York State, since they occur in many of the fiat-bottomed valleys, 

which have been filled up by fine clayey sediment deposited in local lakes. They 

may be calcareous, often contain beds of sand, and !Ll'e of varittblc depth, being 

commonly underlain by hardpan. The extremes of depth_ are shown by· the two 

following sections: 

Section of Pleistocene clay ut Rochester. 

Ft. in. 

Loam ____________ - _____________________ - - __________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 6 

Sandy clay ______________________ - ___ - _________ - - _______ - __________ . _ _ 2 o 

Fat elay __ - ___ - ___ - _________ - - - - - - __ - __ ·- - - - - - _ -- - _ - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 0 

Hardpan_- __ --- ______________________________________________________ . 
176 CJ,AYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF l\IISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Seciion of Plei8tocene clay at Jamestown. 

Pt. "in. 

Yellow sand .. __ . ____ .. _ . __ . _____ .. __ ... _____ . __ . _____ . ___ .· .. ____ ... _ _ _ 4 0 

Quicksand. __ .. _ . ~ __ . ____ ... _ .. _ . ____ .. _ .. _______ .. _ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 

Yellow clay . ____ .. __ .. __ .. __ ....... _ .. __ ... _ .. ______ . __ . ____ . __ . ____ . _ 5 0 

Blue clay .... ____ .. __ .. __ .. __ .. : _ ... _____ . ·_ ..... _ . ___ . ___ .. ______ . __ .. 70 0 

Hardpan· __ ._ .. _ ... ____ ......... _ ........... _ . .' ..... __ ................ . 

Most of these lake clays burn red ai1el are used for common brick and fireproo:fing, though pressed brick and drain tile are sometimes made. Their areal extent 

.may also vary. They are worked at a number of points, among which may be mentioned ,Rochester, Syracuse, Rome, Jamestown, Utica, Binghamton, Elmira, etc. 

The estuarine clays are confined to the valleys of the Hudson River and Lake 

Champlain, and were formed during post-Glacial time, when the land stood at a 

. lower level. There was then deposited a great mass of impure clays. Subsequent 

to this .the land was elevated and still l:;tter these beds 1vere cut down by streams, so 

that the remnants now form terraces along the sides of the valley. The deposits are 

of variable thiekness, due to the irregular ·surface of the underlying bed rock and 

glacial drift. The section involves three meinbers, viz, an upper sand, a yellow 

clay, and a blue clay. The elay bed is made of many thin layers separated by very 

thin lamime of sand, and the deposit often. sho.ws a thickness of not less than 60 feet 

and in some instariees over 200 feet. (Pl. VI.) The elays are easily fusible, redburning materials, very constant in character from place to place. The physical test 

of one from Roseton illustrates well the physical nature. 

Tests of clay from Roseton, N. 1': 

Water required for working ........... _ .......... ,_ .......... per cent..· 29 

Tensile strength. _______ ... _ .. ____ ... _ ... ____ .pounds per square inch._ 75-90 

Air shrinkage_. __ . _______ .. _ ... _ .. __ . _ ... _ ... _ .. __ ... _ ... _._per· cent.. 5-6 

IncipienUusion. _____ .. _________ ........ ----- __ -- ............ _ .. cone.. . 05 

Vitrification. __ _. ___________ .. __ . ___ ................. , ....... : ... cone... . 04 

. Viscosity_ .. · .... _ ... ______ ... _ ....... _ .......... __ ....... _ .. __ .cone.. . 01 

Fire shrinkage ........... _ ........ -----.--- ........ -- _ _. ____ .per cent.. 10 

Though abundant in both the Hudson and Champlain vaJieys, those in the 

former are more extensively worked, but It is unfortunate that with the abundance 

and location of this material it is not adapted 'to the manufacture of other gmdes of 

product than common brick, drain tile, and eommon red earthenware. One exception 

is the deposit at Glens Falls, which is employed for terra cotta. 
~~EGEND 

Potten .. and flre cla)'St also lower grades 

linpure residuals 

fmpure re'!rlduals,some"kaolln 

rmpure residual clays and some calc<IJ'COUS shales 

MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF CLAYS IN NORTH C.AROLli\TA., SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGJA,ALABAMA,TENNESSEE.~D PARTS OF ADJOINING STATES 

Scale 
NEW YORK. 177 

Analyses· of Plei81ocene or surface claysfrorn New York"State. 

II · I I ---~- . I . l Mois-\. c~\~-~Refer· Localit)". Origin. Uses. S102• Al20 3• Fe20 3• CaO. ~IgO. K,O. ~a,o.

1 H,O. 'ture. 

1 

.;'ue;_ -

1

ence.o 

Southold ...... Drift clay ..... Common brick ..... 59.05 22.1~16.54 -:;~; 2.64 ~--6.~- r=~~=-· = 737 

Roseton . . . . . . . Estuary clay ....... do.............. 55.00 34.54 5: 33 3. 43) . 48 1. 22 890 

Rondout ........... do ............. do .............. 57.80 22.60 4. 85 2. 07 . . . .. . . . . . . . 12.68 . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 

Plattsburg .......... do ............. do .............. 65.14 13.38 7. 65 2.18 2. 36 8. 51 1 .............. '.... .. .. .. 710 

Newfield ...... Drift .......... Common and pav- 51.30 12.21 3.32 11.63 4.73 4.33 ............. bl.50 728 

Rochester ..... 

llutralo ........ 

Canandaigua .. 

Watertown .... 

Ogdensburg ... 

Glens Falls .... 

Do ......... 

Croton Point ·.· 

Do ......... 

Eust Kingston. 

ing brick. 

················ Common brick and 50.55 

fireproofing. 

Lacustrine Common brick ..... 57.36 

clay. 

Upper clay ... Pressed brick ...... 62.23 

------·----·---· Common brick ..... M.39 

Lake ......... ·------------------·· 49.2 

Estuarine ..... ·Pressed brick and 48 3[i 

terra cotta . 

..... do ........ ..... do .............. -'7.46 

Blue day ..... Common brick ..... 51.61 

Yellow clay .. ..... do.-~- .......... 56. 75 

Estuarine .... ..... do .............. 55.45 

--· ·-

15.46 4. 38 10.95 

16.20 4.55 5.34 

16.01 6. 96 1. 2•1 

14.40 5.00 3. 60 

17.47 6. 23 7.86 

11.33 4.02 15.38 

21.15 5.52 3.65 

19.2 8.19 7. 6 

20.15 8. 82 3.14 

18.91 7. ~9 li.10 

3. 35 

3. 90 

2. 21 

l. 31 

•1.87 

3.17 

1.5 

l. 25 

]. 20 

3.39 

G. 3 

6. 98 

5.08 

1. 66 

9. 82 

6. 05 

4. 72 

5. 32 

5.30 ............ ,. 

cG.64 .......... .. 

....... ------------ ............. 1>1.18 

d7. 25 

·: .. ~:~ ..... J d~:~~ 5. fi8 e. 74 

--~--~--~--~ 

a Figures given are pages f,>r reference in Bup. New York State Museum No. 35. 

h Organic matter. 

c And organic. 

riC02 

eso •. 

THE CLAY-WORKING INDUSTltY. 

720 

723 

719 

• 711 

7i2 

760 

760 

890 

892 

892 

The·rank of New York State among those making clay products IS due rather 

to her location with respect to the Eastern markets than to the o~currence of proper 

raw materials within her boundaries. 

The following table gives the total value of New York clay products during the · 

last eight years: 

Value of clay producf.g of NPw York .(1·om 1894 to 1901. 

Year. 

1894 .. -· ...... -·-- .. -.... · ... -· ....... . 

1895 .. -- ..................... -.... --.-

1896.- -· ........ -·-·-· .......... -· ---· 

1897 .............................. · ... . 

1898 ................................. . 

1899 .. -.... ·- ..... -- ... -·- -· .. -. -·.--. 

1900 .......... -........... ··-· ...... .. 

1901. ..................... ······ .... .. 

9647--No. 11-03---12 

Rank, 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

Totttl value. 

$5,164,022 

5,889,496 

6,414,206 

5,615,504 

6,448,989 

8,076,412 

7,660,606 

8,291,718 

.Proportion 

United 

States 

product. 

Per cent. 

8. 00 

9.02 

10.29 

9.91 

9.01 

8.43 

7.96 

7.52 
178 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OJ<' MISSISbiPPI RIVER. 

The clay products manufactured within the State include common brick, paving 

brick, front brick, fireproofing, drain tile, sewer pipe, fire brick, stove linings, teFra 

cotta, red earthenware, white earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. 

The first five of these are, .except at few places, made entirely from clays dug 

within the State. The rest, with the exception of red earthenware, are molded almost 

entirely from days brought in from neighboring States. 

The value of the,different grades of clay products made in New York in 1900 

and 1901 was as follows: 

VaZ.ae of clay p1'0dacts of New York ·in 1.900 ancl1901. 

Common brick ............................. _ 

Front brick ...... __ ...................... __ 

Vitrified brick ...................... , ...... _ 

Fancy or ornamental brick ................. _ 

Fire brick ................................. _ 

Stove linings ..... _ .... _ .................. __ _ 

Drain tile ... __ .......... _ .................. _ 

Sewer pipe ......................... _. _. ___ _ 

Terra eotta .................... _ ....... _ . _ . 

Fireproofing ....... _ . _ ............. _ ..... _ .. 

Tile, not drain .... _ ...... _ .... · ...... _ ...... . 

Red earthen ware _ ....... _ . _ . _ .. _ .... _ ..... . 

Stoneware ........... _ .. __ ................. _ 

C. C. ware ... _ ........... __ ._ .............. _ 

Plain china (includes Ohio) ................ .. 

Sanitary ware ...... _ ............... _ ....... _ 

Poreelain electrical supplies (includes Indiana). 

.i\'liscellaneous ..... _ ........... _ ............ . 

Total clay products ..... _ ............. . 

a Less than three producers. 

1900. 

$4,266,715 

249,078 

347, 671 

(") 

360,93:3 

93,188 

89,019 

94,293 

676,408 

93,!194 

105,519 

25,207 

37,008 

(a) 

395,774 

(a) 

382,832 

107,136 

7,660,606 

1901. 

$4,947,599 

254,696 

343,343 

(a) 

293,944 

115,054 

73,554 

96, 770 

754, Hll 

98,947 

140,890 

27,472 

48,596 

( ") 

242,868 

(a) 

810,214 

94,532 

8,291,718 

Common brick are made from the Pleistocene days,_ the Hudson Valley being one 

of the greatest brickmaking regions of the United States and well located for the 

New York market, but active competition and large output keeps the price of brick 

lower than in most regions. Other groups of brick phwts using surface clays are to 

be found near-the larger cities, as Rochester, Syracuse, and Buffalo. While a number 

of common-brick yards are located on Long Island, still the manufacturer in this 

region has to contend with heavy strif)ping, but here the product goes mostly to New 

England and eonnnands a higher price. In recent years the Devonian shales or 

southem New York have been utWJ~ed with much success for common-brick manufacture .. Pressed brick are made in small quantities on Long Island, Staten Island, 

and at Canandaigua. Paving brick are made at several localities from a wide I 
NEW YORK-NORTH CAROLINA. 179 

variety of materials. Thus at Catskill from clay and Devonian shales; at Syracuse 

from surface clays; at Newfield from calcareous mominal clays, and at Hornellsville, 

Corning, and Jamestown from Devonian shales. The product in many cases stands 

the usual tests well. 

There are several terra-cotta works in New York, but the largest draws nearly 

all of its clays from New Jersey. Local clays are employed at Glens Falls and 

shales at Corning, while similar matedal is also used at Alfred Center for making 

red roofing tile. 

For the manufacture of higher grades of ware, such as white earthenware, 

porcelain, and refractory goods, the factories around New York City obtain their 

clays from other 8tates. There are a few potteries and refractory-ware factories 

scattered over other parts of the State (Pls. VIII and IX). Porcelain electrical 

goods arc made at Syracuse, Victor, and Brooklyn. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

The clay deposits of North Carolina arc of two types, (1) residual clays and (2) 

sedimentary clays. 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

These may occui· in any portion of the State west of the Coastal Plain region, 

especially that part underlain by granitic, gneissic, or schistose rocks. The eastern 

borde!· of this area passes through Halifax, Franklin, vVake, Chatham, Moore, 

Richmond, and Anson (see Pl. VII). West of a line passing through Weldon, 

Raleigh, and Rockingham, the thickness of the clay beds varies from 2 feet to 20 or 

more, depending on the slope and character of the rocks. These clays arc usually 

impure, gritty, and suited for little else than the manufacture of common brick. In 

rarer instances, as at Pomona and Grover, they may be semirefractory in their 

character. 

KAOLINS. 

In western North Carolina, in the 8moky Mountain region, there are many 

veins of pegmatite carrying coarHely crystalling quartz, feldspar, and mica (generally muscovite), with some garnet. These are usually decomposed to a depth of 

60 to 100 feet, or sometimes more, yielding a mass of kaolin which, when washed, is 

of much value for the manufacture of white earthenware. These veins vary in 

width from a few inches to several hundred feet, and may be many hundred feet 

long, running sometimes parallel with the foliation of the metamorphic rocks in 

which they occnr, at other times cutting across the strike. They may also branch. 

or cui·ve. 

The most important of these deposits is near 1.,V ebster, where a vein, which in 

places is 300 feet thick, has been wm·kecl for a number of yeat:s. 'this vein is split 
180 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

in t\Vo parts by a large horse of quart:r.. The analysis and physical characters are 

given in the table below. 

In addition to this deposit there are others known-and in some cases workedat Sylva, Jackson County; Bosticks Mills, Richmond County; Troy, Montgomery 

County; and Wests Mills, Macon County. Others, according to Dr. J. H. Pratt, 

are loeated 2 miles a little west of north of Bryson City, Swain County; another 

between this and Bryson City and 1 mile from the town; also 2 miles south of Hall 

station, .Jac.kson County; and 2t miles southwes~_at Canton, Haywood County. 

The chemical and physieal properties of a number of residual clays from North 

Carolina are given herewith. 

Chemical analyses of residual clays of North Ca:ml·irw. a 

c.i ,; " ,0 00 '0 0 "' .§. "' c.i d "P, ,; 00 ooo ::lc.i >I -d 00 ·c;; "'" " ,; 

Locality. ... .s 0 

-~ ~+:: ~oo ,; "" :;1 t: ~ d s ·e " "' "'" c.i ,; ';J ;;·~ ~0 -;; p.._g '";1 "' d 

~ s on s ·s " " "' ..... w -~ 0 ""' 0 " :<1· "' ~ ~ :<1 Pl"~ ~ ... <ll ,... li< ,... Eo; 0 Eo; li< ~ 

-~-~-- -- ~- ~- ~- ~-

CLEVELAND COUNTY. 

I I F.~kridge pit, Grover .... 0. 7G 68.28 18.83 2.60 0. 70 0.13 2. 29

1 

G. 47 Ti02,0.27 100.33 46.99 5. 72 53. ~0 Fire clny. 

Po\vhatan Clay lllanu-} facturing Co.'s pit, 1. 29 53.07 29.54 1. 27 .15 . .14 JNa20;:K20.!} 9_93 FeO, 1. 00 98.54 61.99 4. 71 36.55 White 

Grover. l . 8t-1.28 pressed 

Same, one-half mile cast . 9f> 61.1~ 22.35 1. 95 .10 . 22 . 99-1.81 5.98 98.48 46.88 5.07 51.60 briek. ---······· of Grover. 

ll.J 10.65 

GUILFORD COUNTY. 

Greensboro Brick and 1. 64 56.81 20.62 6.13 . G5 .58 4.47 8.60 ---------- 99.3 58.85 Brick. 

Tile Co.'s clay, Greens· boro. 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Washecl knolin, Hnrris . 35 45.70 40.61 1.39 . 45 .09 2.82 8.98 ·········· 100.01 96.81 4.75 25.40 White 

Clay Co., near Webster. ware. 

Crude kaolin, Spring- cr mine, near Webster. . 25 62.40 26.51 1.14 . 57 .01 .98 8.80 ·········· 100. 66 66.11 1. 70 34.52 

Washed kaolin, Springer 1nine, near \Yebstcr. 2.05 45.78 36.46 .28 .50 .04 .25 13.40 Fe0-1.08 99.84 93.24 2.15 G. GO 

Washed kaolin, North 3.07 44.08 36.26 1.86 . 43 .20 .50 13.56 -------··· 99.96 94.21 2. 99 5. 75 Do. 

Carolina Mining and 1\funufucturing Co., near Sylva. 

MACON COUNTY. 

Crude kaolin, near ----- 53.10 33.06 1.18 .38 .08 . 83 11,.32 .......... 99.95 83.39 2.47 16.56 

Wests Mill, land. Brindcl's 

I 

I 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. I Dark kaolin, washed, 4 .53 86.03 6.46 2.14 .17 .04 1. 00 2.90 .......... 99.27 20.83 ~.35 78.54 

miles west of Tro)'. I White kaolin, washed, 4 . 7fi 63.10 23.33 2.97 .15 .09 1.90 7.65 .......... 99.94 58.92 5.11 41.08 

miles west of Troy. 

RICH::\lOND COUNTY. I 

I 

Kaolin, near Bosticks . 08 70.63 21.81 1. 49 . 20 .29 1.45 4.04 .......... 99.99 47.14 3.13 52.86 NotworkMills. I C<l. 

Do ................... .17 68.15 19.99 l. 86 .13 .16 2.85 1.70 .......... 98.01 49.30 5.00 50.70 Do. 

Do ................... ..... 73.70 16.03 1. 57 .38 .47 1. 90 4.33 .......... 98.38 36.05 4.32 62.33 Do. 

R. L. Steele's pit, 4 miles 1.98 59.59 22.07 1. 27 .65 .49 2. 70 7.53 .......... 99.28 51.63 8.11 47.65 Brick. 

north of Rockingham. I ·---

a Bull. North Carolina Geol. Survey No. 13. 
Physical tests of residual clays from North Carolina. 

Locality. 

s~ '! ~ ~ ~~ ·;; ·a; .e I :g ~ . a.i !:= • ~ • -; ..:.. I ci d a:J w ~ ~ Q),.c: ~..c: rz c: .s: ~1~ ~ ~ ~ :i s; 0 ~ i ~ g 

§ ~ :§ :§ ~ ! ~~ .§~ ~ -~ ·S. ~ '§ :~ i- ~ ·E 'E b.o~ ~ ~ ~ 6 I ~ ~ I $· 

~-~ ~ ,; -~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ -~ ~ -~ 

----------------------1 "".., -""-- __::_ __::__ __:::___ _::__ ;;:: 0 <-< I__.::_ ~ ~ 

Lbs. Lbs. 

CLEVELA~~D COUNTY. Per / Pe1· cent. cent. 

Eskridge pit, Grover ...................................... I 32 Lean .l1o. 6 

Per I per per cent. sq. in. sq. in. 

16.6 38 42 I Slow. __ ... I Coarse to 

OF. 

2,100 

op_ op, 

2, 300 2, 500 

fine. 

2,100 2, 300 2, 500 

0: 

"' >< 

g 

-~ 

'C 

C) 

E 

2 

.: 

C) 

--" " ... 

0 

0 

0 

5. 721 White to red. 

Powhatan Clay Manufacturing Co. pit,southwcstof Grover.l28 4. 71 Whitish .. 

Same, one-lutlf mile east of Grover ..... __ .... __ ...... _.... :)1 

Good ·1 8 

Lean .

1 

4 

13 

4.5 I s.5 

391 451 .. --do_ ... 1 Fine_ .. __ _ 

31 1 35 Very slow. Coarse .... 2, 150 I 2, 35o I z, 550 I 5. 07 1. __ .do ... _. 

JACKSOS COU:'i'TY. 

Washed ' kaolin, Harris Cluy Co., near Webster ............ 142 [ Lean.' 

Crude kn.olin, Springer mine, near Webster ............... 32 ~ ... do __ 

Washed kaolin, Springer mine, nearWebstcr ...... -...... 138 j' ... do .. I b 

Wn..<hcil kaolin, North Carolina Mining and Manufactur- 40 . _.do.. 8 

ing Co., ncar Sylva. 

MACOS COUNTY. 

Crude kaolin, near Wests Mill, Brindel's lar>d .... _ .. _ ... -.1 31 

l'riONTGOl\IERY COUNTY. 

Dark kaolin, washed, 4 miles west of Troy ............. _ .. 130 

Crude white kaolin, 4 miles west of Troy _. _.............. 28 

Lean. 

Lean -1 3 

... do .. 

4 110 

4 6 

4.5112.5 

4 12 

6 

10 

9 

12 

13 

12 

20 22 Slow ...... Very fine_ 

6 7 Fast .. .. .. Coarse to fine. 

23 24 Slow .... __ Veryfine. 

15 . ---- ... __ do .. _ .. ____ do ___ .. 

15 

9 

10 

181 Slow .... -.1 Very fine. 

121 Fast .... -·1 Fine _____ _ 

12 .... do- .... _ ... do- .... 

2, 300 2, 500 12, 700+! 4. 75 White .. .. 

2, 300 2, 500 2, 700+ 2. 7 ... do .... . 

2,3-50 2,550 1 2,700+ 2.15 ... do ... _. 

2, 200 2, 450 I 2, 700+ 2. 99 ... do .... . 

2, 300 I 2, 600 I 2, 700+1 ~- 47 I White . _ .. 

2,100 

2,100 

2, 300 ,2, 500 

2, 300 2, 500 

3. 35/ Pale bnff . 

5.11 Yellowbh 

whito. 

s 

-~ 

'-' "" 

·z "' 

"' 0. 

rn 

2. 57 

2. 2·i 

2.51 

2.43 

2.!\8 

2. 27 

2. 31 

2.31 

2. 32 

2.34 

White kaolin, washed, 4 miles west of Troy- .. -.... _ ... ___ j 31 .. _do·' 11 14 l ___ _do ..... l_ .. _do -.... I 2,100 I 2, 300 I 2, 550 l ... ___ l .... do ._ ... , ... __ _ 

RICHl\fOXD COUNTY. 

Kaolin, ncar Bostwicks Mills_ ...... __ ... _ ... _ .. _ ..... _ ... _ 27. 7 Lean. 

Do ..... _ ...... -..... -.................. -........ -.... -.. 126 1 .. -do .. 

Do ..... _ ...... _ ......... -......... _ --------- ...... _ .. 27.7 l ... do ·' 

·Was~~~ -~~t-~1~~-· .~.~~~-~~~~~~v-i~-~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::: I ~: 

R. S. Steele, 4 miles north of Rockingham ...... ______ .... I 26 

.. _do .. 

.. -dO-. 

I Good. 

4 

3. 5 

4 

4 

8 

8 

9 

·s 

113 110 1 

11.5 

I ~~ 'n 

13 

15 

10l I 

81 

i 14 1 133/ 

14, Slow ...... l Fine ... -.. 

16 .... do_ .. __ l .... do- .. .. 

16 ..... do ..... 

1 

.... do -.. .. I ' 12 .... do ......... do_ .. __ 

11 :. __ ._do, ___ .... do ..... 

i 

1541 ... _do .. · ~Iediurn .. 

2, 250 

2,300 

2,250 

2,250 

2, 250 

2,000 

2,500 

2,500 

2,450 

2,450 

2,450 

2,200 

2,700+1 3._43 

2, 700+ 

Yellowi~h I 

white . 

.... do ..... 1 

2,700+' 4.32 .... do .. __ _ 

2,700+ .... -- Yellow ... 

2,700+ .. ·--· Lightyellow. 

2, 400 8. 11 Red ...... 

! 

2. 41 

2.52 

2.43 

2.54 

~ 

0 

~ III 

0 

> 

~ 

0 

t-i 

H 

~ 

> 

,...... 

00 

t-' 
182 CL.AYS 01<' UNITED ST.ATES E.AST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

SEDIMENTARY GLAYS. 

These are very extensive, being found throughout the Coastal Plain area and in 

the broader upland valleys of the State. ln the former r.egion there are found many 

extensive beds of laminated clay, which are often well exposed in the river bank 

traversing that region. Along the Cape Fear Hiver, 50 miles below Fayetteville, 

there are extenf:live beds of dark-colored days, which burn red, but in places have 

much pyrite. On the western border of the Coastal Plai·n, especially in Moore and 

Harnett counties, there are occasional exposures of clays of Eocene age whieh range 

in thickness from 5 to 15 feet.n The Miocene deposits may carry beds of a calcareous blue elay, such as are seen along the bluffs on the Roanoke and Tar rivers. The 

Lafayette formation, though a common surface deposit in the Coastal Plain i·egion, 

commonly contains nmch gravel and sand and but little clay. 

Most of the clay deposits found in the Coastal Plain area of North Carolina are 

rather lenticula~· in their character and hence lack great horizontal dimensions, 

passing within a short distance into beds of sand, not only vertically but also horizontally. The best deposits of sedimentary clay thus far developed in the State are 

those found in the valley bottoms, as around Fayetteville, Goldsboro, \V eldon, 

Greensboro, etc. These are sediments which often show com;idemble plasticity. 

In many valleys of the uplands the rivers· arc bordered by terraces of Columbia 

age. These clays are sometimes gritty and adapted to brickmaking·; at other times 

are very plastic, free from grit, and suited to pottery manufacture.· Terrace clays 

are abundant along· the Catawba River near Morgantown and Mount Holly, on the 

Clarks River at Lincolnton, along the French Broad Hiver at Asheville, and at 

Wilkesboro on the Yadkin Hiver. The depth of these terrace clays commonly 

ranges from 5 to 10 feet, and they :ire il). most instances covered by from 6 inches to 

a foot or more of sand or loam. 

The Triassic shales form a narrow belt in Granville~ Durham, Chatham, Moore, 

southeastern Montgomery, and Anson counties, but their value for making clay 

products is said to have been but little tested. At Pomona a weathered shale outcrop r 

has been used in the manufacture of sewer pipe. Shales are also associated with the 

coal beds, but no information is available concerning them. 

The following tables contain.the physieal tests and chemicat analyses of anumber of North Carolina sedimentary clays: 

a Ilolmes, J. A., The k11olin und cluy deposits of North Carolina: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXV, p. 929. 
Chem'ical analyses of sed·imentary clays of North CaroUna. 

I Mois- I Silica I Alu-1 Ferric ) H,O MiscelI c•"' Locality. Tot!ll Free Lime. Ma,gne- Alkalis. Loss _on ·lane- Total. suti- Remarks. ture. · m1na. oxide. Sia. ~f~~~ ous. stance. fluxes. sand. 

------ ------------------

BLADEN COUNTY. I 

Upper brick clay, middle of _bluff, Prospect Hall ..... 4. 50 56.13 17.80 5. 85 0.10 0. 79 2. 45 11.60 ----···- 99.22 ········ 7. 29 27.18 Not worked. 

Middle brick clay, bluff at Prospect Hall ............ , 2. 80 63.30 15.87 5.48 .27 . 21 2:40 8. 25 al. 78 100.36 43.06 10.14 57.30 Do. 

Bottom brick clay, bluff ut Prospect Hall .... , , _. _ .... 4. 26 5f>. 65 20.86 5.11 . 30 . 64 2,13 9. 94 ul. 18 100.07 85.0:) 9.36 15.05 Do. 

BUNCOMBE COUNTY. 

Upper clay, Penniman's, Emma ...................... 1.15 tiG. 27 19.95 3.16 .20 .32 1. 85 6.17 (10.67 99.74 49.34 G. 20 

::~~:~~:I Br1ck. Lower clay, Penniman's, Emma ........ ~ ............. .80 70.66 17.21 s 14 .10 . 07 2.45 5.00 ........ 99 . .73 41.71 7.16 

Clay, Fletcher ............................... __ ........ 1.10 75.08 13.73 &. 47 • :JO . 17 I. 48 4.65 ··-····· !)9. 98 45.18 .5. 42 

BURKE COUNTY. I 

Pottery clay, McDowell's, Morgantown 6.41 I 8. 731 ............... 1.68 69.58 14.03 ' .40 . 27 I 1.65 5. 73 ........ 99.75 45.47 54.2ti Not worked. z 

0 Brick clay ............ _ ................................ 1. 80 G7.03 16.88 6.50 1.00 1.16 .90 4. 78 ........ 100.05 39.90 9.5G 60.05 ..., 

~ 

CATA WRA COUNTY. Ill 

Pottery clay, northwest of Blackburn ........... _ ..... 2. OS 50.17 28.77 2. 88 . 05 . 22 1.04 14.03 ·····--· 99.24 7:3.19 4.19 26.05 Stoneware. 0 

P>- CLEVELA"SD CO"GNTY. :;.:1 

0 Under clay, Cleveland Brick Co., south of Grover .... 1.18 61.75 23.30 3. 34 0" . 25 1. 31 7. 75 b.50 99.65 u0.62 5. 67 39.05 Red brick. t-< __ , 

Upper clny, Cleveland Brick Co., s'outh of Grover ... _ .m 6~.4~ 20.02 4.18 . 2,~ . 29 1. 51 6 .. ')8 98.91 47.0fo 6. 23 51.4-51 Do. ---< ---····· z CUMBERLAND COcNTY. 

.431 

I "' E. A. Poe's p,it, one-half mlle south of Fayetteville; 2.48 64.93 17.08 5.57 . 59 3.85 G. 58 ........ 101.51 53.13 10.44 45.90 Bricks . average cay. _ 

E. A. Poe'~ pit, one-half mile south oi Fayetteyille; 3. 23 58.17 20.10 7.43 . 60 . 77 "tough " clay. 2.60 7. 34 ........ 100.24 48.09 11.40 52.15 Not worked. 

FORSYTH COUNTY. 

Lower clay, Bethania ................................. . 90 . 64.39 19.11 5. 39 I . 80 .22 1. 72 7. 75 ....... 100.28 .53. 18 8.131 . 46. GO I Brick and tile. 

Upper clay, BethS:nia ................................. 1. 85 55.81 20.06 11.79 .33 .16 1. 42 8.80 ...... 100.22 67.44 13. 70 32. 78 Do. 

GASTON COUNTY. 

5. 51 1 llfount Holly, one-fourth mile south .................. 1. 43 61.28 20.83 .49, .14 .841 8.7.5 ·--·--il \19.21 1 50.991 6. 981 49.05 1 Not worked. 

GUILFORD COUNTY. 

Dean's P.lay, Greensboro .... __ ............. _ ........... 1.90 1)9.~7 22.31 I 6.691 . 251 .131 . 90 I 9.00 ~---.-----: 100.451 67.20 I 7. 971 33. 251 Brick . Kirkpatrick's clay pit, Greensboro .................... 1.50 69.70 12. s1 I 6.13 2. ii.5 . 57 2. 79 4.08 .... . 100.19 35.27 12.04 64.92 Do. 

Fire clay, first pit, Pomona Te!ra Cotta Co ... ___ ._ .... .98 70.45 11.34 I 3.16 .25 . 22' .70 6. 63 I> 0. 33 100. OG 48.26 4. 66 51.50 f-' aS03• I>FeO. 00 

~ 
Locality. 

Che:m·ical analyses of sedimentary clays of North Carolina-Continued. 

Moisture. 

i 

Silica. '1 A;lu- \ Ferric m1na. oxide. Lime~ 

I H20 ; Loss on Mall'ne-\Alkalis.i igni- sut. tion. 

Miscel' 

1aneous. TotaL Clay 

substance. 

----------~----------------·---·-----·-----·-----·----·----·-----·---·-----·----·----

Total I Free 1 Remarks. fluxes. sand. 

--1---------

GUILFORD COUNTY-COntinued. 

Under pipe-clay, first pit, Pomona Terra Cotta Co .... . 

Upper pipe-clay, first pit, Pomona Terra Cotta Co ... . 

Pipe clay, second pit, 'Pomona Terra Cotta Co ....... . 

Under fire-clay, Pomona Terra Cotta Co ............. . 

Woodruff's fire-clay, 1 mile north of Pomona ... . 

HAI~IFAX COUNTY. 

Upper sandy clay, Roanoke Rapids ................. _ 

Middle clay, Roanoke Rapids ....................... .. 

Under clay, Roanoke Rapids ...................... . 

HARNETT COUNTY. 

Clay, C. F.& Y. V. R. R. 02-93-mile post, southeast of 

Spout Springs. 

Clay, C. F. & Y. V. R. R. 100-milc post, southeast of 

Spout Springs. 

Clay, west of Spout Springs station ................ . 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Brick clay, three-fourths mile south of Sylva ..... . 

LIKCOLK COUNTY. I 

Pottery clay, T. Rhodes's place, 2 miles north\vcst of 

Lincolntown. 

Same, 2i- mile, northwest of Lincoln town .... -~ ... ___ . 

MECKLI:!•,BURG COUNTY. 

I. K. Cecil's yard, Charlotte. 

F. W. Shuman'ssard, Charlotte ..................... . 

F. )f. Sassaman's yard, Charlotte ......... _ .......... . 

Upper clay, S. Asbury's yard, Charlotte ............. . 

ROWAN COUNTY. 

D. G. Cecil's pit, Salisbury ........................... .. 

ROBESON COUNTY. 

~~';!~::!e~~:~n;:;~ ~~:.~- ~;~: ~-~;~~ ~~~~ -~f ~;~;~~ .o.: I 

1. 53 

2.05 

2. 20 

1.17 

1.43 

1.63 

2.45 

2.05 

1.42 

1.35 

1.05 

58.73 

54.28 

70.75 

70.15 

7L60 

67.55 

65.58 

59.68 

(;4.16 

23.94 

22.27 

13.87 

15.51 

15.27 

13.16 

17.04 

16.09 

21.71 

50. 68 ' 32. 51 

53.65 ! 28.66 

• . 45 I 66.70 19.75 

1. 10 i 57. 20 I 

. 69 57. osj 

24.82 

26.11 

1. 35 

7.10 

1. 27 

. 63 

1. 91 

1.00 

.90 

68.351 

59.15 

65.95 

60.33 

13.13 

18.36 I 

14.67 I 

18.57 

69.89 15.31 

78.16 8. 26 

59. 48 19. 24 i 

3. 71 

8.45 

5.01 ! 

3. 34 

3.33 ' 

8. 54 

5. 76 

8. 91 

1.58 

3.06 

4.60 

3.25 

3. 25 

4. 64 

6.87 

6.04 

7. 61 

10.03 

4.39 

4.00 

8.26 

.05 

.45 

.82 

.83 

.17 

.17 

.72 

L35 

.23 

. 30 

.10 

.45 

.73 

. 20 

2.10 

. 20 

2.57 

.20 

.55 

.40 

.60 

.09 

.18 

. 29 

.07 

. 21 

. 28 

.28 

.14 

. 15 

.02 

1. 35 

. 16. 

.13' 

.16 

.32 

.34 

.25 

.14 

.16 

. 22 

1.01 

L25 

.60 

L15 

3. 75 

1.12 

2. 65 

2.30 

3.24 

. 77 

.58 

.29 

2.12 

. 93 

1.42 

2.82 

1.72 

2.55 

. 55 

. 70 

2. 91 

3. 76 

1~:!~ ~--~~:~~- 5.00' ........ 

5.14 

5.40 ........ . 

5.08 

5.58 

6.33 

8.30 I bl.08 

11.08 

10.79 

6.65 ......... 

8.25 I bl.42 

8. 52 

5.20 

7. 47 

5.52 

7. 83 

6.37 ........ 

4.14 

6.41 

99.10 I 65. 70 5.10 

100.11 67. 57 ' 11.01 

99. o9 39. 4o I 7. 27 

99.96 

99.53 

99.06 

99.71 

39.46 

42.83 

41.98 1 

56.70 

7. 99 

5.83 

11.64 

9. 06 

97.79 ! 42.28 I 13.24 

99.40 I 58.55 I 3.81 

99. 58 I 83. 43 i 3. 96 

100. 39 I 73. 77 I 6. 24 

99.53 

98.83 

98.82 

100.18 

100.38 

100.39 

98.28 

47.28 

62.27 

62.76 

38.73 

43.84 

56.23 

6.08 

6.46 

6.42 

12.15 

8. 30 

12.98 

10.92 

33. 40 Sower pipe. 

32.51 Do. 

59.70 Do. 

60.50 

56. 70 Fire brick. 

57. 08 Brick. 

31.50 Do. 

39.82 Do. 

40.90 I Not worked . 

16.15 I Do . 

26.65 i Do. 

52.25 

36.57 

35.96 

6L45 

39.50 

56.45 

42.05 ; 

Do. 

Stoneware. 

Do. 

Brick. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

99.28 47.38 5.80 I 51.90 Brick. 

99.27 

99.66 

15.22 

49.21 

i 7. 62 ' 74.05 Brick. 

13.53 ! 50.35 Not worked. 

1-

00 

~ 

a 

t' 

> 

~ [f1 

0 

trj 

q 

~ 

8 "" 

trJ 

l::;j 

[f1 

8 

> 

8 

t>j 

[f1 

t>j 

> [f1 

8 

0 

trj 

is: 

..... 

[f1 

[f1 

H 

w 

w 

...... 

"d 

1-;j 

...., 

~ H 

< 

t>j 

~ 
UNION COUNTY. 

9. 98 1 J. T. Shute's.pit, 1\fonroc .............................. 1. 65 76.60 4.46 . 30 .27 2. 251 

WAKE" COUNTY. 

Brick clay, penitentiary pits, Raleigh .... _ ..... __ .... _ 1. 60 70.03 15.64 2.88 .80 .57 1. 47 

WAY~E COUNTY. 

Brick clay, H. L. Grant's pit, Goldsboro ____ .. ____ .... 1. 58 66.05 17.81 6.69 .30 :I 1. 04 

Chty, Wcil's pit, Goldsboro_._ .... _ .. __ .. _ ..... _._ ..... _ 1. 85 67.90 18.74 3.16 .40 1. ~5 

Fire clay, H. L. Grant's pit, Goldsboro ... __ .. _ ........ 1.12 65.95 13.51 4. 64 .35 .36 2. 82 

1VILKES COU~TY . ., 

Pottery clay, just west of Wilkesboro ................. 1. 28 54.38 27.27 5.48 .45 .41 .68 

Pottery clay, C. Cowles's pit, Wilkesboro ..... __ ... ____ 2. 20 54.24 21.97 4.83 . 67 . 70 2. 52 

Brick clay, D. Smoak'.s pit, Wilkesboro. __ .. __ .... ____ 1.03 53.75 24.91 7. 99 . 70 1.12 2. 94 

Bottom clay, D. Smoak's pit, Wilkesboro ............ _ 2.10 52.25 20.66 11.14.' .60 1. 08 4.62 

WILSON COUNTY. 

Redtop cltty, Lucas's south pit, northeast of Wilson._-~ 2. 31 62.99 13.56 11.52 "I . 29 2. 07 

Blue clay, ~ucas's north pit, .~orthcast of Wilson ..... 1. 70 68. ~0 I 14.36 6.04 . 03 . 31 2. 30 . 

Clay, 1.411 Lucas s bank, cast of W 1lson .................... 1. 68 68.28 13.59 5. 66 .15 .47 

I 

a Sulphur. bFeO 

4.30 ··-···-- 99.81 34.26 

6.37 ······-- 99.36 44.81 

6.32 ---···-· 100.04 51.47 

6.03 ········ 100.38 46.23 

11.58 ........ 100.33 49.63 

9. 78 ·····-·· 99. 73 75.73 

9.40 ········ 99.43 67.08 

7.60 100.04 34.04 

7.4fi ........ 99.90 57.4.5 

6. 03

1 

bO. 33 99.20 55. go I ~.83 ........ 99.47 46.72 I 

6. 00 .. -- .. -- 97.24 43.691 

csurry County. 

7.28 

5.72 

7. 76 

5.86 

8.17 

7.02 

8. 62 

12.75 

17.44 

14.31 

8.68 

7.69 

65.55 Brick. 

54 .. )5 Brick. 

48.05 Brick. 

54.15 Do. 

50.70 I Not worked. 

24.00 Stoneware. 

82. 3:J Not worked. 

46.00 Brick. 

42.45 Do, 

43. 251 Briek. 

51.75 Do . 

53.55 

I 

!:<: 

0 

,_, 

~ 

il1 

0 

> 

~ 

0 

t-< 

,..., 

!:<: 

> 

I-' 

00 

01 
Locality. 

.e;a5 " 

,~ 

ogj 

~""' """ "~ """' """' ot5 "''"'" 

~1~ 

Physical test.g of sedumentary cla:ys from North Carolina. 

Plasticity. ,.,. " ~ 

" ·,:; 

{l 

... 

·~ 

5i, 

"' "" ·.: " {l 

~ 

io:: 

g, 

~ ·c 

ii 

3 

0 

E-< 

" 

~ 

=..:: 

"~ ~"' a,}§ 

, ... 

~~ 

" > 

-<: 

l~ 1-~ ~ . ~ S ~ Chara<?ter Texture of clay.', ~ ~ ... · ~ Color when C o 0) of slaking. ::::: :: c = burned. ~ 

-~~ :~ ] '§ i ~ I~ ;l ~ ~ ~ $ -----------[-~[. ~-~[-~[-~,-~, --·--

BLADEN COUNTY. Per 

cent. 

Middle black clay, middle of bluff, at I 22 

Prospect Hall. 

Upper black clay, bluff at Prospect Hall -~ 38 Bottom black clay, bluff ut Prospect Hall. 40 

BUNCOMBE COUNTY. 

Upper clay, Penniman's, Emma ....... -I 20 

Lower clay, Penniman's, Emma ........ l 28 

Clay, Fletcher ........ . 25 

BURKE COU~TY. 

Pottery clay, McDowell's, Morgantown.l36 

Brick clay, McDowell's, Morgantown ... 22 

CATAWBA COUNTY. 

Pottery clay, northwest of Blackburn ... ~· 30 

CLEVELA!<D COUNTY. 

t:nder cl~y, Cleveland Brick Co., south 135 

of Grover. 

Upper clay, Cleveland Brick Co., south 35 

of Grover. 

Cu~rBERLAND COU!<TY. 

E. A. Poe's pit, one-half mile south of 128 

Fayetteville; average clay. 

E. A. Poe's pit, one-half mile south of 28.5 Fayetteville; "tough" clay. 

FORSYTH COUNTY. 

Lower brick clay, Betha)lia ............. 125 

Upper brick clay, Bethania ............. 27 

GASTON COUNTY. 

Mount Holly, brick clay ................ I 29 

Per 

cent. 

Lean ....... 1 5 

..... do .... .. 

..... do ...... !12 

Moderate .. . 

.... do .... .. 

Slight .... .. 

. Slight .... .. 

i ..... do .... .. 

4 

9.6 

6 

I Veryg~od .. i 12 

I Good ..... .. 9 

·Lean ...... . 7.5 

Good ....... 1 8.5 

Fair ........ ! 9.8 

Good ....... · 10 

Lean .... ---~ 8. 5 

Good ....... 8 

Per Per per per Lbs.\ Lbs. 

8 113 I 46 58 I Slow ...... ! Coarse .......... 

cent. cent. sq. 'in. ;;q. in. 

5 

14 

1i 

4 [13 

11 

11 

4. 5114.1 

5 11 

19 

G •• ) 15.5 

5 1~. 5 

13.5 

64 

59 

63 

58 

37 

GO 

56 

148 

98 

42 

144 

77/ ..... do ··--1 Coarse to fine .. . 

90 ..... do . .. . Medium ....... . 

80 ' Fast. .... -~ Coarse ........ .. 

60 ..... do ......... do ........ .. 

40 I Slow...... Fine .......... .. 

811 Frtst. ..... l Fine:··----··---

83 ..... do .. .. Coarse .......... 

200 I Slow ...... I Fine .......... .. 

115 I Slow ...... ll\fedinm ........ 

511 Fast ...... ' ..... do .......... 

16.8 84 

1751 Quick .... , ~Iedium ....... . 

120 Slow...... Fine· ............ i 

5 [15 

:J :::I 12i 

65 

131 

I 160 I Slow ...... / Coarse ......... . 

89 ..... cio ......... do ....... .. 

160' Slow ...... l Fine .•.......... 

op, 

2,000 

1, 900 

1,900 

2,000 

2, 050 

2,000 

1, 950 

1, 950 

1, 950 

1, 900 

1, 950 

1, 900 

1,850 

1, 900 

2,000 

1, 950 

op, 

2,150 

2,100 

2,100 

op, 

2,"300 

2,300 

2, 300 

2, 200 2,400 

2, 250 2, 450 

2, 200 2, 400 

2, 100 I 2, 250 

2,100 2, 250 

2, 100 1 2, 2.so 

I 

2, 1oo 1 2, soo 

2, 1oo 1 2, s5o 

2, o5o 1 2, 2oo 

2,050 

2,100 

2,150 

2,100 

2, 250 

2,300 

2,300 

2, 250 I 

10.14 ' Deep retl ..... I 2. 43 

7.291 ..... do ........ / 2.:l4 

9.:36 ..... d~ ........ 2.80 

6.20 I Red .......... 12.50 

Gray buff...... 2. 48 

5. 42 1 ................ I 2. 41 

8.731 Red .......... 12.;)9 9 .• 16 ..... do ........ 2.Gl 

4.19 Gray brown .. 2. 3.-) 

5. 67 Light red .... . 2. 3G 

6.23 Red ......... . 2.(;1. 

10.44 I Red .......... 1 2.5.1 

11.40 [-----rlo ........ , 2.45 

I 8.1H I Red .......... / 2.50 

13. 7 ..... do .. .. . .. . 2. 51 

G. 98 I Red .......... I 2.47 

...... 

00 

~ 

a 

t"l 

~ 

>-1 

en 

0 

"'J 

c:::: 

~ ..... 

f-3 

trl 

t;l 

w 

""' p; 

f-3 

:-<j 

en 

t:=J 

~ 

en 

f-3 

0 

"': 

::::: 

H 

Ul 

en 

,.... 

en 

w 

..... 

~ 

~ H 

::0 

H 

<1 

~ 

~ 
GUILFORD COUNTY, 

Dean'sclay pit, Greensboro ............. 28 

Greensboro Brick and Tile Co.'s pit . . . . . 28 

Brick clay, Dean's brickyard, Greens- 28 

boro. 

Kirkpatrick's clay pit, Greensboro ...... 30 

Fireclay,firstpit,PomonaTermCottaCo. 26 

Under fire clay, Pomona Terra Cotta Co .. 33 

Under pipe clay, first pit, Pomona....... 40 

Brick clay, Greensboro Brick and Tile 28 

Co.'s brickyard. 

Upper clay, Pomona Terra Cotta Co ...... 30 

Pipe clay, second pit,.Pomona .......... 33 

Woodrotfe's fire clay, 1 mile north of 28 Pomona. 

HALIFAX COUNTY. 

Lean ....... 110 

Slight...... 9 

Lean ....... , 10 

High ....... Ill Lenn ....... 10 

..... do ...... 3 

Good ....... 1 10 

..... do .... .. 

Lean ....... 110 

Good ....... 8 

Lean....... 9.3 

Upper sandy clay, Roanoke Rapids ..... ,25 I Lean ...... . 

Middle clny, Roanoke Rapids ........... 26.5 Good ....... /10 

Under clay, Roanoke Rapids ............ 26 Very good .. ', 10. G 

HARNETT COUNTY. 

Clay, c. F.& Y. V. R. R., 92-93 mile post, 135 Lean ....... 110 

southeast of Spout Springs. 

Clay, C. F. & Y. V. R. R., 100-mile post, 32 ..... do...... 8 

sout~east of Spout Spring~. . I . Clay, JUSt west of Spout Spnngs statwn., .15 ..... do ...... ) 9 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Brick clay, three-fourths mile south of I 28 

Sylva. 

UNCOLN COUNTY. 

Fair ........ 

6 

6 

6 

3 

5 

5 

4 

6 

.s 

.j 

16 

15 

16 

16 

12 

6 

16 

15 

lf) 

11 

13.3 

13 

15 

15.6 

14 

14 

117 

14 

Pottery clay, T. Rhodes's place, 2 miles 135 

northwest of Uncolnton. 

Good ....... I 10 I 7 I 17 

Pottery clay, T. Rhodes's place, 2t miles 40 

northwest of Lincolnton. 

~IARTIN COUNTY. 

Bric~ c~~-~·- ~~~~~-~~-~- ~i-~~~::::::::::::::: I ~~ 

MECKLENBURG- COU.~·nY. 

D. K. Cecil's yard, Charlotte ............ ,25. 8 

F. W. Shuman's yard, Charlotte .. .. .. .. 3.5 

F. 1\L Sassaman's yard, Charlotte ....... 1 35 

Uppe~ clay, J. Asbury's yard, Charlotte.)25 

..... do ...... I 9. 5 I 5. ii I 15 

Lean .... : .. 113 

..... do ...... 10 

Fair ........ 1 6 

Lean ....... 5 

Good ....... 13.3 

Very plastic 

! 2 

4 

16 

12 

12 

9 

21.3 

12 

66 

85 

66 

220 

47 

14 

86 

85 

59 

145 

51 

46 

151 

206 

27 

24 

191 

58 

771 Fast ...... I Coarse .......... I 2,100 

96 ..... do ......... do.......... 2, 050 

77 ..... do....................... 2,100 

232 Slow...... ~1edium........ 1, 900 

49 ..... do .. .. Coarse...... .. .. 2, 150 

16 ..... do ......... do .......... 2,200 

103 ..... do ......... do.......... 2,050 

96 Fast . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 2, 050 

67 1 ..... do .... Coarse.......... 2, 000 

160 I Slow ........... do .. .. .. .. .. 2, 000 

56 ..... do ......... do .......... 2,100 

50 ) Very slow I Course ........ .. 

168 · Fast ...... Medium ...... .. 

218) ..... do ......... do ........ .. 

31 l ..... do .... I Very fine ....... 

1, 900 

1, 900 

1, 900 

1, 950 

2,400 

2,250 

2,300 

2,100 

2,350 

2;400 

2,250 

2, 250 

'2, 150 

2,20_0 

2, 300 

2,050 

2,050 

2,050 I 

2,150 1 

I 

29l ..... do .... l ..... do ......... . 

2-> : ..... do .... 1 ..... do ......... . 

1, 9-50 1 2, 15o 

2. ooo I 2, 200 

2,500 

2,450 

2,400 

2,300 

2,550 

2, 600 

2, 450 

2,450 

2,300 

2, 400 

2, 500 

2, 250 

2,250 

2, 250 

2, 3fJO 

2,:3.'50 

2, 400 

67 I Slow ...... ! Coarse to fine ... [ 2,100 I 2,:l00 I ~.GOO 

157 I 186 I Slow ...... I Fine ............ 1 1, 9oo I 2,100 I 2, 300 

133 I 158 : ..... do .... l ..... do .......... I 1, 900 I 2,100 I 2, 300 

7.97] Red .......... 12.46 

11. 83 .... do .. . .. . .. 2. 44 

7.97 ............... 2.46 

12.04 Red .......... \ 2.48 

4. 66 Buff .. .. .. .. .. 2. 55 

7. 99 Gray huff ... .. 

5.10 Red .......... 1 2. 52 

11.83 .... do ........ 2.44 

11. 01

1

1 Red brown .. -~ 2. 50 

7.27 ..... do ........ 2.51 

5.83 Light rcd ..... l 2.60 

11.641 Red ........ .. 

9.06 ..... do ...... .. 

13.24\ ..... do ...... .. 

2. 39 

2. 59 

2.5G 

3.81 I Red buff ...... 1 2.43 

:uG 1 Red ......... ·I 2 .. 53 

li. 24 I Red gmy ..... 1 2. 41 

6.08 I Hcd .......... 1 2.59 

G. 46 I Dark red ..... I 2. 51 

6.42 I Red .......... 1 2.53 

67 

74 

781 Fast ...... , Coarse ......... . 

100 ..... do ......... do ........ .. 

2,000 

2,000 

2,150 

2,150 

2,300 1 ........ 1 Red .......... , ... .. 

2, 200 ............. do ........ I .' .. .. 

88 

26 

105 

60 

951 Fast ...... ,Fine .......... .. 

28 Slow...... Coarse ......... . 

125' ?11edium :Medium ...... .. , fast. 

72 I Fast .. . . .. C011rse ......... . 

1, 850 

2,100 

1,950 

1, 900 

2,050 

2, 200 

2,100 

I 

2,100 ! 

2, 250 

2, 300 

2,250 

2,300 

1.2.15 

8. 30 

12.98 

10.92 

Red .......... 1 2.68 

Reddish ...... 

1 

2. 44 

Red .......... 2.60 

..... do ........ ) 2.60 

21 

0 

~ Pi 

0 

P>-

:;d 

c 

t" 

~ P>-

f-1 

00 

-1 
Phys·ical tests of sedimentanJ clays from North Carolina-Continued. 

"' > ' "S£.~ 

Ool 

-o. 

"'"' Locality. o~ Plasticity. ,.a ' """' 

oo "~ 

~> 

~~ 

. ROBESON COUJ\"TY. I {;~~- Bri~k clay, Red Springs ................. 17 Lean ....... 

ROW AN COUNTY, 

I j 

Do ... 24 l ..... do ..... 

WILSON COUNTY. 

Red-top clay, Lucas's S. pit, northeast of 32 Lean ...... Wilson. 

B~re\~~fs;~~y, LUcas's N. pit, northeast 30 Gocd ...... 

Blue-top clay, Lucas's bank, east of Wil· 33 ..... do ..... son. 

'" '"' "' "" ·6 

~ ... 

-~ 

'" '"' " "" '" ... 

~ 

2 

if; 

'" '"' "' "" = ·c 

7il 

d 

0 

E-- ~ 

"' 

'". "..::: 

~~-

""' i>IJ'-< c1n 

" 

coo 

> 

< 

~ I ffi~ 

~ 0o Ch~racter 0 iii of slaking. 

st: ·-'" ~ 

;;: "

I 

' 

Texture of clay. 

;:i 

0 

·o; 

.s 

-= 

·a "' 

-~ 

.::: 

c 

~ 

"' " ·s "' 

> 

I 

' 

~· '" 0 

.~ 

> 

ci. 

'" :..; 

0 

"' 

~ E-< 

Color when burned. 

0 

S:?. 

w ---- --·--•--•--1 ----- -- ·------------- .. I 1--1--1--1--1 1-

Per Per Per cent. cent. cent. 

8.8 4 12.8 

Per I Per I Per cent. cent. cent. 

8. 8 4 12.8 

8. 5 I 5.5. I 14 

7 -9 )16 16 

I 

6 3 9 

9. 3 4I I 13.3 

8 I 6 

8.3 3. 

s .. s 5 

8. 31 3 

s .. s 5 

7. 5 12 

10 5 

7.5112 

5 

10 

8 

11 

10 

9 

5 

.).5 

4 

11 I 11.3 

13.5 

19.5 

15 

15 

15 

15 

13.5 

15 

Lbs. J1Js. 

per· per 

sq. in. sq. in. 

41 51 

Lbs.l J1Js. per· per 

sq. in. sq. in. 

41 51 I Fast ...... 1 Coarse .......... 

OF. 

2,100 

op, 

2, 250 

129 144 I Slow ...... 

69 73 I Slow ...... 

Fine........... ·1,850 

Medium fine 1, 900 

2,050 

2,100 

124 

123 

65 

85 

107 

51 

169 

74 

71 

84 

I I 

I 

1481 Slow ...... ! Medium ....... ~ 

144

1

. Medium :lfedium ........ j . fast. 

I 

741 Medium Coarse to fine ... fast. 

102 Slow ...... Fine ........... . 

125111Ioderate ..... do ......... . fast. 

63! Slow ...... l Fine ......... .. 

192 ..... do ......... do ........ .. 

;: I ~~~~ I ~;.;~:,;;~;; 

98 I Fast .. .. .. Medium ........ 

1, 950 

2,000 

1,900 

2,150 

2,150 

2,100 

1, 900 12,100 

1, 950 2,150 

1. 900 

1

. 

1, 950 

2,100 

2,150 

1, 900 

1,800 

1,90000. 

1,900 I 

1,800 

2,050 

2,000 ::::I 

2,100 

1,950 

op, 

2,400 

2, 250 ' 2, 2501' 

2, 300 I 

2, 350 

2,300 

2, 300 

2,300 

2, 300 

2,200 

2,200 

2, 300 

2,300 

2,100 

I 

107 1291 Slow ...... l ..... do .......... l 1,900 I· 2,050 I 2,200 

138 155l ..... do .... l ..... do .......... l 1,9501 2,100\ 2,·250 

7.62. 6 I Red .......... 1 2.6 

5.80 I Red .......... , ..... 

13.53 I Red .......... 1 2.5 

7.28 I Red .......... , ..... 

5.72 I Red .......... 1 2 ... 

I 

7. 76 I Red .......... I 2. 5' 

5.86 

8.17 

5. 861 Light red ... --~ 2. 5' 

8. 17 Deep red .. .. . 2. 5 

7. 02 

8. 62 

I 

7. 021 Red .......... I 2. 37 

8. 62 Gray brown . . 2. 4f: 

12.751 Deep red .... ·1 2. 6c 

17.44 ..... do ........ 2.44 

14.31 I Red .......... 1 2.62 

8. 68 1 ..... do ........ I 2.45 

7. 69 ) ..... do ........ 1 2. 52 

...... 

00 

00 

0 

::-< 

~ 

"< 

w 

0 

"1 

C! 

~ H' 

"' ~ 

t::l 

w 

H 

p... 

H 

t<J 

w 

[>; 

~ 

X, 

-l 

0 

"J 

~ ...... 

UJ. 

w 

H 

w 

w 

..., 

"d 

"C 

..., 

,_ 

~ 

<: 

t<J 

td 
NORTH CAROLINA. 189 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The most important product of NOI'th Carolina is washed kaolin, which is shipped 

to many potteries in the Northern and Central States. The most numerous class 

of clay works is that engaged jn the manufacture of common brick, many yards 

being scattered over the eastern hal£ of the State. Local centers arc at Goldsboro, 

Fayetteville, Greensboro, \Vilkcsboro, Charlotte, and Raleigh. The clays used are 

mostly surface sediments, and in some instances residual. 

Sewer pipe arc made at Pomon!L from a mixture of clays dug in the valley of 

Buffalo Creek, and fire-brick factories nre located at Emina, Buncombe County; 

Grover, Cleveland County; and Pomona, Guilford County. The clays used in each 

case are semirefractory and siliceous. 

StonewaTe is made at several small potteries in Catawba and Lincoln counties. 

Others are scattered over the State, as at ·wilkesboro, Wilkes County, and 2 miles· 

north of Morgantown, Burke County. 

The potteries in Lincoln and Catawba counties obtain m~st of their clay from 

the lowlands along the Clarke River, north of Lincolnton, some of them having to 

haul it 15 miles. They pay 50 cents a ton for it. The methods of manufacture are 

vc~·y crude, and the glazes are usually a ground mixture of ashes and glass. 

The following figures give the production of the different grades of ware for 

1900 and 1901, and also the total production for the paRt several years: 

Vavue of clay prod:ucts in North Ca1·olina. in 1900 and 1901. 

1900. 1901. 

I Common brick ............... ____ .. __ . __ . ___ ' $737,577 $682,469 

Front brick ................................ . 4,025 8,070 

Paving brick. __ ........................... .. (a) -------------- Fire brick ................................. . 714 3, 720 

Stove linings ............................... . (a) --------------

Drain tile ................................. .. 7,186 5,042 

Sew_er pipe .... __ ............... _ . ______ ... __ (a) -------------- Miscellaneous.-............................ .. 5,000 5,000 

Red earthen ware ......................... __ _ 1,937 2,015 

Stoneware ...................... __ .... _ .... _ 16,498 17,470 

TotaL ............................ ., .. 815-;-975 771,338 

I 

"Product made by less than three firms, and hence output not given. 
190 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'rES E.AS'l' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Valtte 1!( clay products of North Carolinafrorn 1895 to 1901. 

Year. 

1895 .. --------------------------------

1896.---------------------------------

1897.------'-------- ... ------- ... ----

1898.-----------------.---------------

1899.---------------------------------

1900.---------------------------. ·- ---

1901. _______________ ·-----------------

OHIO. 

Value. 

$400,983 

420,899 

368,194 

419,782 

774,202 

815,975 

771,338 

Rank. 

26 

24 

27 

29 

26 

24 

27 

Proportion 

of United 

States 

product. 

Per cent. 

0.61 

. 68 

. 59 

.ll9 

. 81 

. 85 

. 70 

The g-eolog-ic scale of Ohio a indudcs strata ranging from the Trenton limestone 

up to the glacial drift. This is shown in the following table: 

Geologic fornwtions of Ohio. 

Feet. 

18. Glacial drift ........... ----.-.-------------------- ..... _ ..... _____ 0-51JO 

17. Upper Barren Coal Measures .......................... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 500 

16. Upper Productive Coal Measures _ .......... _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 200 

15. Lower Barren Coal .Measures . - - - - . - - - - - --- - - - -- --- - -.. ~ - - -... -- -- - 500 Carboniferous. 

14. Lower Produeti ve Coal Measures __ ..... _____ . _________________ . _ _ _ 250 

13. Conglomerate group ___ .......................... _ .. ____ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250 

12. Lower Carboniferous limestone, Max ville, Newtonville, etc._. __ ._._. 

! 

llc Logan group __________ . _. _ _ _ _ 0-350 j 

llcl Cuyahoga shale ______________ 150--450 500 ) 

11. Waverlygroup .. llcBereash~le __________________ 2~-50 to 

llbBereagr1t ------------------- a-160 800 

lla Bedford shale .......... ______ 50~150 

251 

Lower Carboniferous. 

500 

(

lOe Cleveland shale ___ . _____________________ .. ·1 250 

10. Ohio shale...... lOb Erie shale ... '- ...... ___________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to 

lOa Huron shale ............. _. ______ . ______ . _ _ 3,000 

9. Hamilton shale (Olcntangyshale) --------------------------------- 25 

S. Devonian limestone, Upper Helderberg or Onondaga (Cornifcrous), Devonian. 

in eluding \Vest Jefferson sandstone ............... __________ ..... 75 

7. Lower Helderberg limestone or water lime, including Sylvania mndstone, 50 to 600 feet. __ . __ . ______ .. _ . ___ .... ___ .... __ . _ ...... _ .. _ 500 

n.Clays of Ohio, their origin, composition, and vnrieties. Vol. VII, Pl. I, Geology of Ohio, pp. 4-68. Norwfllk, 

Ohio, 1893. 
NORTH CAROLINA-OHIO. 

Geologic formations of Ohio-Continued. 

6d Hillsboro sandstone ............... _____ ..... _. 

6c Guelph or Cedarville limestone, 50 feet to 200 feet. 

6. Niagara group. 6b Niagara limestone ................ ____ ........ _ 

6a Niagara shale, including Dayton lime8tone, 5 feet 

to 100 feet _________ . _______________ . _______ _ 

5. Clinton group, in outcrop, 20 feet to 75 feet; under cover, 75 feet to 

150 feet ___________________________ . __ . ______ ..... ____________ _ 

4. J\iedina shale, in outcrop, 25 feet; under cover, 50 feet to 150 feet. __ . 

3. Hudson formation, 300 feet to 750 feet. .......... ----- ............ . 

2. Utiea shale, not seen in outerop, but 300 feet thick under cover in 

northern Ohio __ .. _________ . __ .............. , ... -- ............ . 

1. Trenton limestone, seen only in Point Pleasant quarries, if at all . · __ _ 

LOWEH SILURIAN, OR ORDOVICIAN. 

30 

150 

50 

Upper Silurian. 

100 

50 

75 

750] 

Lower Silurian. 

300 

0-50 

191 

The rocks of this formation form a triangular area in southwestern Ohio, in 

Brown, Clermont, Hamiltoi1, Highland, Clinton, ·warren, Butler, Montgomery, 

Greene, Clark, Preble, and Miami counties. The shales are too calcareous for most 

uses aside from Portland cement, and are not worked. 

Ul'PER SILURIAN. 

The Silurian rocks underlie a forked area in the western third of Ohio, whiuh 

extends from Lake Erie betw~e1,1 Toledo and Sandusky Bay so~lthward, increasing in 

width. Its eastern boundary runs nearly north and south, from Sandusky Bay te> 

Washington Court-House, Fayette County, while the western border extends from 

Toledo to the western boundary of the State at a point south of the northwestern 

border of Mercer County. These formations contain two shales, the Medina and 

the Niagttra. The lowest argillaceous bed known to have been worked is the Medina 

·sandstone (No. 4), which is confined to southwestern Ohio. It is a reddish, whitish, 

yellowish, or bluish shale, and probably contains considerable lime or magnesia. 

The outcrops ~Lre very similar. It was used at one time for drain tile, but it is not 

now worked. - The Hudson formation, which direetly underlies the Mcdinlt shale, is 

no doubt similar, but it is rather calcareous, and no attempts have been made to usc 

it. The Niagara shale a forms an extensive calcareo-argillaccous deposit, and is to 

Le elassed as a marl shale. Its maximum thickness in Adams County is 100 feet. 

DEVONIAN. 

The Devonian rocks form two separate ar0as m Ohio. The one occupies the 

northwestern corner in the counties of Williams, Fulton, Defiance, Henry, Paulding-, and V,an vVert, and parts of Wood, Putnam, and Lucas counties; the other 

ft Clays of Ohio, etc. 1 Gcol. Ohio, Vol. VII, Pt. I, p. 56. 
192 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAS'l' OF MISSrSSIPPI RIVER. 

extends across the State in a belt from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, through 

Erie, Huron, Seneca, Crawford, 'Vyandot, Marion, Morrow, Delaware, Franklin, 

Piclmway, Ross, Pike, and Adams counties. The beds dip eastward, so that the 

shale formations occur in the eastern half of the belt. 

The shale formations are the Hamilton and the Ohio. The Hamilton has not 

been worked for clay products and does not seem likely to be, for there are few 

outcrops and its thickness is only from 15 to 20 feet. The Ohio shale, however, 

is said to have possibilities, being a great formation with many outcrops, and 

ranging between 250 and 400 feet in thickness. If followed eastward its thickness is :found to increase to more than 2,500 feet, and its outcrops occupy a belt 

10 to 25 miles wide that reaches entirely across the State :from north to south. 

It is not a homogeneous formation, the beds varying considerably, but two leading types noticeable are a black shale and a greenish-blue shale. They are all 

highly siliceous, but the black shale has 8 to 10 per cent organic matter, and the . 

greenish-blue variety owes its color to the silicate of iron which it contains. 

Columbus is practically the only point in the State where this series- has been 

used. Here both sewer pipe and common brick are made of it. It wat~ the 

greenish phase that was used in every case. 

LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 

The Bedford .shale is not always distinguishable from the pre?edin_g-, and some-

. times resembles it closely in color. In most places it is a red shale, and hence where 

it has this color can be easily identified. It is a very persistent bed, ranging from 

20 to 80 feet thick. The Akron Vitrified Brick Company uses the red shale in making pressed brick, and it has also been mined and worked at or near Independence. 

The Cuyahoga shale is a great bed, 150 to 450 feet thick, of light gray or blue 

color, but, according to Prof. E. Orton, is not being worked. 

The Lower Carboniferous limestone horizon holds a valua,ble argillaceous deposit, 

found in a few places in southern Ohio, and in many places in Kentucky a hard flint 

clay comes into the section. Indeed this clay is one of the two or three strictly firstclass elaysof the State. It has been worked largely at Sciotoville and Portsmouth, 

and i:; hence known as the Sciotoville clay. It also occurs near Logan, Hocking 

County, and there is called the Logan clay. It has been much used for fire brick. 

COAL MEASURES. 

These underlie the eastern third of the State, their western border passing 

through Lawrence, Scioto, Jackson, Vinton~ Perry, Licking, Coshocton, Holmes, 

vVayne, Medina, Summit, Portage, and Trumbull counties. 

The lower members are found in the western portion of the area, while the 

upper members immediately underlie the surface in the middle and eastern parts, 

toward the Pennsylvani<t border. 
OHIO. 193 

The best clays in the State are found in the Coal Measures, and beds of clay or 

shale are very numerous throughout the entire series, from the Conglomerate group 

up to and including the Barren Measures . 

. CONGLO)!ERATE GROUP. 

The Conglomerate group includes several gray sandstones and conglomerates, 4: 

or 5 . coal seams, ~ thin limestones, 3 or 4 iron-ore seams, and a half dozen clay beds 

that are known as fire clays and shales. The following is the section: 

Section of Conqlomemte group of Ohio Ca.rboniferous. 

Tionesta sandstone. 

Tionesta eoal. 

Tionesta clay and shale. 

Upper Merctrr ore. 

Upper Mercer limestone. 

Upper Mercer coal. 

Upper Mercer fire clay. 

Lower Mercer iron eire. 

Lower Mereer limestone. 

Lower 1\'Icrcer fire elay. 

Massillon sandstone (lower). 

Sharon· shales. 

Sharon coal. 

Sharon elay. 

Sharon conglomerate. 

T~e important beds in this section are the Tionesta clay and shale, the Upper 

Mercer clay, the Lower Mercer clay, the Quakertown elay and shales, and Sharon 

clay and shales. The lowest coal seam, the Sharon coal, is also known as the· 

Mahoning coal, the Youngstown coal, the Akron coal, the Massillon eoal, and the 

.Tackson shaft coal. Under this is a thin deposit with a small amount of clay, which 

in turn is underlain by the Sharon conglomm:atc. It is not used. 

SHARdN SHALES. 

The Sharon shales overlie directly the Sharon coal and vary in thickness from 

1 to 50 feet. They arc usually dark blue; sometimes almost black, with heav:y iron· 

ore nodules at certain levels. The shales proper have lately become the basis of 

one of the largest sewer-pipe itidustries in the United States, at Akron and in its 

1mmediate neighborhood. The same <;leposit is also worked for roofing tile, but the 

shale is usually high in iron oxide, the amount. of this substance ranging between 10 

and 15 per cent. 

QUAKERTOWN CLAY AND SHALE. 

The Quakertown clay and shale occupy a space of 5 to 30 feet between the 

two divisions of the Massillon sitndstones, when such a division occurs. They over96,t7-No. 11-03-13 
194 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED ST.A'l'ES F..AST 01<' MISSISSIPPI RIVE&. 

lie and underlie the Quakertown coal, although the latter may become extremely 

thin at times. The argillaceous deposits of this age are worked in Summit, Portage, 

and Stark counties. The Summit deposits furnish stock for the potteries of Springfield, and the Portage bed supplies the Mogadore potteries. The Massillon Fire Brick 

Company has developed an important deposit at this horizon. · It is a streak of hard 

fire chty 4 to 5 feet thick, immediately underlying the Carboniferous, and representing the Quakertown coal. The bottom of the fire clay is 30 feet above the Sharon 

coal. This clay resembles the hard No. 1 fire c1ay of southern Ohio in general 

·appearance. Overlying the coal streak are 10 feet of shale, used for paving blocks. 

LOWER :\IERCER CLAY AND SHAI~E. 

The best-marked hori:wn of the entire Co,iglomerate measures is that of the 

blue or Lower Mercer limestone. Above it there is often a· valuable iron ore, 

while under it is a coal seam of little value. Below the coal the argillaceous 

deposit is sometimes shale, but generally clay, which is worked to a great extent. 

This forms the basis of important manufactures in Stark,· Tuscarawas, Muskingum, 

and Hocking counties, especially in the latter. The Columbus Brick and Terra-Cotta 

Works, at Union Furnace, use it, and it is also worked at Millersburg, Holmes 

County. There is considerable r!tnge in the quality of this clay throughout the 

State, and it is nowhere of specially high character. The shale or clay immediately 

overlying the Lower Mercer limestone is promising. 

The following two analyses indicate tlie composition of this clay as mined at 

Haydenville: 

Analyses of Lower Mercer, or 1lfingo, fi;·e clay. 

[E. l\1. Reed, analyst.] 

Silica ..... _______ .. __ ..... .. 

Alumina ______ . _____ .. ____ ~ _ 

Ferric oxide . ____ ... _ ... _ ... 

Lime ................ - --.- --

JVIagu esia __________________ _ 

Alkalies .. _ . __ .. _____ .. __ . _. 

vVater ___ . ___ ... _ ...... _ .. __ 

TotaL_. __ .......... .. 

L Outcropping of vein. 

2. Hard clay from mine. 

i 

L 

69.92 

23.46 

.20 

. 48 

. 41 

1.43 

3.84 

99.74 

2. 

76.24 

16.87 

.16 

.50 

Trace. 

1.09 

5.14 

100 
OHIO. 195 

UPPER :\lERCF.R CLAY AND SllALE. 

The Upper Mercer coal is not of economic importance, hut the clay is more 

persistent than the coal seam. lt is a light-colored plastic clay, of widespread 

occurrence in the State. At Haydenville, Hocking County, it i:,; extensively worked 

under the name of the Mingo clay, being one of the most valuable clay deposits 

of the entire series that is included within the Haydenville coal field, the series 

ranging· from the Mercer to the Freeport horizon. The deposit here is 8 to 10 

feet thick. 

TIONESTA CLAY. 

This ranges from a few feet to 20 feet above the last-named deposits, and there 

1s found at times another valuable clay bed. It is used and highly valued in the . 

Union Furnace Works mentioned above. Above this come the Lower Coal Measures. 

LOWER COAL )!EASURES. 

The principal clay d~posits of the Lower Coal Mea:mres are as follows: 

Clay deposits of Lower Coal Measw·es of Ohio. 

Upper Freeport clay and shales. 

Lower Freeport clay and shales. 

Middle Kittanning clay and shales. 

Kittanning clay. 

Fcrriferous limestone clay. 

Putnam Hill limestone clay and shales. 

Putnam Hill limestone horizon. 

PUTNA::\[ HILL OR BROOKVILLE CLAY. 

The Putnam Hill horizon covers a coal seam called the Brookville coal, and a 

valuable clay deposit is found in the central Coal Measure counties at this level. 

It is specially well developed in Muskingum County, and is there largely worked. 

It continues in, good volume and of good character also through Coshocton, 

Tuscarawas, and Stark counties, \\rhere it is largely worked, and it appears promising 

in Perry, Hocking, and Vinton counties to the south. Like the Lower Mercer clay 

of the Union Furnace section, it yields on calcination, at least as it is found in 

the vicinity of Zane~ville, a buff or cream-colored brick. This clay is the main basis 

of the great tile factory at Zanesville. It has also been shipped to North Baltimore, 

Wood County, for pressed brick. The clay uncle!· the Brookville coal is also worked 

at Greenford, Mahoning County, and New Lexington, P3rry County. A_ red shale, 

presumably of this age, is also worked here. 

In the Zanesville area the clay ranges from 3 to 10 feet thick, with an average 

thickness of 6 feet. It is usually divisible into an upper or plastic portion and a 
196 CLAYS 01!' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

lower or more siliceous divisi~n. It is largely worked at Canton for the manufacture 

of paving brick. The following analysis of this shale at North Industry, near Canton, 

shows its character: 

Analysis of shale at NoJ·th lndt1.~try, O.'rio. 

Per cent. 

lVIoisture . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 45 

Combined water......................................... 5. 41 

' Siliea.................................................... 63. 09. 

Alu1nina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20. 17 

Oxide of iron .. ~......................................... 2. 12 

Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 76 

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. 00 

The lower portion of the seam at the same point was analyzed by itself with the 

following result: 

Analysis of lower bed of clay at North Industry, Ohio. 

Per cent. 

Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 0. 42 

Combined water......................................... 12. 72 

Silica............ . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 41. 15 

A lumina .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 28. 78 

Oxide of iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 38 

Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 55 

· Total. ........................... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. 00 

This horizon is looked upon as one of the most valuable in the State. The 

limestone furnishes a good roof for underground workings. Parts of it are good for 

fire brick. The Harris fire-brick works, 6 miles above Zanesville, on the west side 

of the river, uses the lower part of the formation. The section here beginning .at 

the top is as follows: 

Section near Zanesville, Ohio. 

Feet. 

Putnam Hill limestone ................................. -.--. 

Putnam Hill limestone shale................. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 11 

'white clay ................................................. 4-5 

Dark elay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Fire clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Sandstone and sandy shale .... ~............................. .5 

Brown clay................................................. 14 

The beds known as fire clay and sandstone and sandy shale in this section are 

used for brick making. 
OHIO. 

FERRIFEROUS LDIESTO~E AND CLAYS. 

The Ferriferous limestone and clays underlie the limestone . coal with a thickness of 2 to 6 feet. It is light-colored, plastic, of fair quality. Prof. E. Orton, jr., 

states that this forms a very valuable stonewm;e clay in the district running from 

Zanesville down to New Lexington on the Ci?cinnati and Muskirigum Valley Railroad. It is also used in southern Ohio, around Scranton, either as a potter's clay or 

for shipment as a second-grade fire clay. It is not very high grade at this point. 

LOWER KITTANNING CLAY AND SHALES. 

The Lower Kittanning clay and shales constitute the great clay horizon of the 

State, being much more important than any other in Ohio; indeed, Professor Orton 

considered it equal in value to all other clay sources of the Coal Measures combined. 

lt belongs between the Ferriferous limestone and Lower Kittanning coal, and often 

fills in the interval between thein. In the more important occurrences its thickness 

ranges between 8 and 30 feet, and sometimes it is even continuous with the clays 

above the Lower Kittanning, only the coal seam being between, in which case the 

combined section is not less than 50 feet, The Kittanning clay horizon proper is 

best seen where it enters the State from Pennsylvania, and again where it leaves the 

State in its extension into Kentucky. At both of these localities in the Ohio Valley, 

namely, in Columbiana and Jefferson counties on the one side and in Lawrence 

County on the other, it shows great quantities of clay of gooc,l quality. In Tuscarawas, Stark, and Muskingum counties also it is scarcely less developed. It is 

extensively mined at Haydenville, Hocking County-, and also at Canton, Dtark 

County. The horizon uFually yields a white plastic clay of good quality, and this 

is the foundation of the great eastern Ohio pottery industries. A second and more 

valuable bed of the clay is found at a few points in Stark, Tuscarawas, and Carroll 

counties, where it yields a flint clay which is known as the Mineral Poip.t clay, 

being largely worked at the village of this name and at Canal ·Dover. Many 

analyses are given of the white plastic variety, but it is hard to pick out one which 

can be ealled thoroughly representative. The products of this horizon are used 

in the manufacture of saggers, Rockingham, ariel yellow ware, as well as stoneware. It is also the main dependence of sewer~pipe factodes and is even sometimes 

employed for ordinary fire brick. It is likewise used ·in large quantities for paving 

briek. The following analyses are from different points: · 
198 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Anabyses of Lowe1'. Kittanning clays, from Okio. 

1. 

SiO, (comb)·----------------- 35.39 

Si02 (free) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. 13 

Al,03 •••••.••••••••• _·_........ 31. 84 

H 20 ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. 68 

Ti02 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 1. 68 

Fe20 3 •• __ •••••••• :. • • • • • • • • • • • 67 

CaO ... _...................... . 50 

MgO .. ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 19 

K,O ...................... .'... .59 

M,O ......................... -------·--

Fluxes . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1. 95 

Moisture .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . 69 

Total .................. -~- 100. 36 

I 

! 

2. 3. 

35.'72 

20.65 } 61.86 

29.62 26.02 

8. 71 9.98 

I --- ~~ ~ ~- -~- . -. -.- ~~--

. 45 .19 

.14 1.26 

. 79 . 31 

.29 ---------- 2.81 ----------

·1. 92 ----------

99.43 100.25 

4. 

57.45 

21.06 

5.90 

---------- 7.54 

. 29 

1. 22 

3.27 

:39 

12.71 

1. 90 

99.02 

5. 

55.60 

24.34 

6.75 

.. --- .. -----

6.11 

.43 

. 77 

3.00 

.09 

10.40 

2.65 

99.74 

6. 

61.86 

26.02 

9. 73 

---------- . 63 

1. 26 

.19 

} . 31 

1. 76 

-- .. ----.. --

----------

1. Flint clay, C. E. Holden, Mineral Point. For refractory wares. Ohio Geol. Survey, Vol. VII, 

Pt. I, p. 221. 

2. Flint clay. Sampled in 1892. Ibid. 

3. Flint clay. Sampled in 1892. Ibid., p. 139. 

4. Ohi_o Paving Brick Company, Darlington, p. 133. 

5. Shale and fire-clay mixture. A. 0. Jones Co.,. Zanesville. Ibid. 

6. Haydenville. 1\-IIDDLE KITTANNING CLAY. 

At one locality, namely, Oak Hill, Jackson County, the Middle Kittanning clay 

yields a No. i or hard tire clay, and there is the basis of fire-brick manufacture. 

Nodules of iron ore are seen in many of its outcrops, and these interfere with its use. 

It has no. special peculiarities, but it forms a good adjunct to the Lower Kittanning. 

LOWER FREEPORT CLAY. 

The Lower Freeport clay shows no great development. At one locality, namely, 

m the vicinity of Moxahala, Perry County, the seam is found in the condition of 

hard or flint clay, but of only moderate quality. It contains enough iron to shut it 

out for use in the highest grades of ware. Usually the clay is of the ordinary type 

of plastic under clays found in the Coal Measures. 

UPPF:R FREEPOHT CLAY AND SHALE. 

The Upper Freeport clay and shale is muc.h more important than either of the 

preceding, for it occurs in great quantity and is more widely distributed than the 

coal seam from which it get~; its name. It assumes a flinty phase at several points. 

In western Pennsylvania this is known as the Bolivar clay, but in the Muskingum 

Valley, below Zanesville, it has been worked to a small extent under the name of 

the Ballou clay. It is not worked at present, except perhap.s at Salineville. 

LOWER BARR~cN MEASURES. 

The Lower Barren Measures overlie the Lower Coal Measures in order and 

contain vast deposits of shale, which were just beginning to be used at the time the 
OHIO. 199 

Ohio report a was written. They serve as the basis of paving-brick industry. These 

shales are distributed through the entire series, but about the middle portion of this 

division some deposits of peculiar excellence have been developed, particularly in the 

Sunday Creek Valley, and that part of the series which is bounded by the Cambridge 

limestone below and the Crinoidallimestone above seems especially well adapted to 

paving-block manufacture. No true fire clays are known below the summit of the 

Pittsburg coal. A good fire clay has been noted under this coal at a few points in 

Athens County, and at one point in eastern Ohio, namely, at Bellaire, a bed of shale 

20 feet or more in thickness directly underlies the Pittsburg coal. This deposit gaYe 

good results for paving brick and sewer pipe. Professor Orton is of opinion that 

Shales. ~andstone, and concealed .............. . ............... . 

Shales, 1nassiYe, l\Io_rgantown ..... . 

Limestone, fo~silHerou~, crinoidal ..... ... ...... . ....... . . .. ... . 

Red shale" ................... ................................. . . 

Concealed, with shales and flftggy '"ndstone ............. . .... . 

Sandstone, l\Iahoning, and concealed, under rh·er ............ . 

FIG. 4.-Section of Barren ~Ieasnres opposite Steubenville, Ohio. 

certain deposits of red clay and shale in the Barren Measures will also prove suitable 

for clay products. 

In fig. 4 is given a section b which illustrates the position of these red shales. 

a Clays of Ohio: Geol. Ohio, Vol. VII, Pt. I, p. 68. b White, I. C., Bull., U.S. Geol. Sun·cy ::-;o. 65, p. 77, fig. 39. 
200 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

UPPER PRODUC'l'IVFJ ~IEASURES. 

This series of beds extends !rom the base of the Pittsburg coal up to the Cassville 

shale. Ihl thickness in Ohio is about 200 feet. 

The following section, given by I. C. ·white, from Bellaire, Belmont County, 

shows the eharacter of the series: 

Secl'ion near Bellaire, Belmont County, Ohio. 

Ft. In. 

\Vaynesburg coaL ... _ .. _._. __ . _ ........ _. __ ..... _____ .. _ 2 0 

. Shale, sanely .. _ .. _ . __ ........ _ . __ .......... _ ........ _ .. : 6 0 

Shale----·----·---·-------·-------· .... ---------------- 12 0 

Limestone. ___ . __ .................. -., ...... -' ....... --. 3 0 

Concealed . ____ . __ ..... ____ . __ .. _ .............. _ ....... . 5 0 

Coal, blossom, Little \Vaynesburg ..... ____ . _ .. __ .. _. ___ _ 

Concealed _ •. _ . __ .. __ . _____ .. _ . _ . __ . _ ... _ . __ . _ .. _ . __ . _ _ _ 14 0 

Coal, blossom, Uniontown ....................... ·--·---- 1 0 

Shale _ .. ____ .. _ . __ .. __ . _. __ .. ___ .. __ .. ____________ . ___ . 4 0 

Sandstone . ______ .. __ . __ . _______ .... _ ... _ . _ ... __ ... __ . . 6 0 

Shale, argilla9eous ___ .. __ ..... ___ .. _ .. _ . _ . _ .. _ . __ .. __ . _ _ 20 0 

Concealed . ___ ... _ ... _, ____ ...... _ . __ .. __ .. _ .. __ . _ .. ___ . 32 0 

Shale ... _ .. _ ... __ ... __ .. _ . __ . _ .. __ .. ___ .- __ ...... _ . : .. _ _ 2 0 

Sandstone ___ . _ . _ . _______ . _ . _ . _______ . _ .... __ .. _ ... ___ . _ 3 0 

Shale _ .. __ .. _____ .. _ . _ . ____ . _ .. _ .. ___ . __ ...... _ . ______ . 3 0 

Concealed .. _ .. __ . _ . __ ... __ . ___ .. _ .. _ ..... _ ... __ . ___ .. _· _ 33 0 

Caleareoue, with thin limestones_ .... _._ .... __ .. ___ . __ . __ 24 · 6 

Coal, Sewickley.,_ . __ ... _ . _ ... ____ ...... _ . _ . __ . _ ... ____ . 27 0 

Shales, argillaceous._ .. ____ ... _ .. _ ... _ . __ . _ . _ . _ ... ___ . __ . 2 0 

Limestone, thin clay in center . __ ...... _ .... __ .. _ .. _. _ _ _ _ 8 0 

I~imestone, magnesian, cement rock __ ... _ .. ___ ~ ____ ._ .. __ 5 0 

Clay ...... -------------------------·----·····--···----- 0 

Limestone .. _ .... __ . ___ ...... ______ .... _ .. _. _ . __ . _ . _ ... _ 11 0 

Concealed . ___ ... _ .. _ .. _____ .. __ .... __ . _ .. _ . _ .. ·- . _ ... _. . 11 0 

Coal, Redstone, blossom ____________ ·, ____________________ 2 0 

Concealed ........... __ ... __ . __ ... __ ............. _ . . . . . . 17 0 

Shale _ . __ .. ____ .. __ ... _ .. _____ . _ .... : _ .. ____ . _ . _ ..... _ . 1 0 

Coal, Pittsburg ......... -----··------------··------------ 7 0 

The area of outcrop forms a narrow, sinuous band, extending in a northeasterly 

direction from Gallipolis to Steubenville, and southward from there to and beyond 

Bellaire. a 

UPPER BARREN ~IEASURES. 

In Ohio these form an area extending through the counties of Belmont, Monroe, 

Washington, Athens, .Meigs, and Gallia. 

a See map, Pl. I, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey Xo. 65. 
OHIO. 201 

The following section from Barcsville (Hannibal post-office), "Monroe County, 

illustrates well the mimy shale beds present: b 

Section at 13aresville, 1lfonroe County, Ohio: 

145 0 

6 0 

18 0 

2 0 

14 0 

21 0 

20 0 

36 0 

18 0 

2 0 

20 0 

3 0 

4 0 

3 0 

18 0 

11 0 

4 0 

3 0 

3 0 

3 0 

4 0 

1" ·)0 

0 

12 0 

G 0 

4 0 

5 0 

f) 0 

4 0 

23 0 

12 0 

3 0 

2 0 

28 0 

4 0 

20 0 

3 1 

b Quoted by I. C. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 28, fig. 7, from Ohio Geol. Survey, Vol. II, p. 587, map xiii, · 

sec. No.ll. 
202 CI,AYS. OF UNITED S'l'ATES EAST OF MISSIS8IPPI RIVER. 

8ecl'ion at Ban~ville, J,[om·oe County, Ohio-Continued. 

Feet. Inch. 

Clay·-----------------------.-------------:------------

Shale-------------------------------------------------

Sandstpne ______________________________ -.- ___ -.- _______ _ 

Shale-------------------------------------------------

Sandstone ____________________________________________ _ 

Shale---------------·------·-·---------··--·---------· 

2 

2 

5 

1 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Concealed _ .. _ . __ .. ___ . _ . _ -. ______ . _ . ____ . ______ . _ ... _ _ _ 156 0 

Sandstone, ·waynesburg_. __ .... _ .. __ ........ _ .... _ ................ _ . . . . . 15 0 

Shale _ .. _ . · ..... ____ .. _ ... ____ ....... _ ..... _ ........ _ ... _ ..... _ .. _ _ _ _ 3 0 

Coal, Waynesburg .... _._. __ . __ . _____ ... _________ . _____ ._ 

The following analyses give the composition of many of the several important 

grades of day worked in Ohio: a 

Analyses of Ohio stoneware clays. 

Constituent. 1. 1_2.__ 3. -1. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 

--------

Silica (combined) ............ -··········· 25.60 28.61 23.88 27.68 27.71 25.40 29.35 25.48 30.36 32. 3~ 

Alumina ~ ... -. -. -.... -- -.. - -.. -...... -- .. 19.08 23.01 19.31 22.95 23.08 21.13 23.0-'> 20.80 24.88 26.60 

Water (combined) --------··············· 5.57 8.03 5.08 6.74 6.88 6.29 7.39 5. 72 6. 96 7. 57 

Clay,base ................................. 50.25 59.65 48.27 57.37 57.70 52.82 59.79 52.00 62.20 66.50. 

Silica (free) ·····--······--······-········ 43.73 34.79 45.91 36.58 35.73 40.81 35.85 42.65 33.19 24.11 

Titanic acid .............................. . 29 .35 ------·- ........ ·······- . 55 -----·-· ........ ........ 

Sandy impurities .......................... 44.02 35.14 45.91 36.58 35.73 40.81 36.40 42.6fi 33.19 24.11 

Oxide of iron ............................. l. 26 1.50 1. 28 1. 31 1. 28 . 99 1. 20 1.17 2. 00 

Lime ··-····················---·-····-·--· .60 .11 .45 .51 .51 . 58 .42 .56 • 47 

Magnesia ................................. . 63 .62 . 37 . 46 .18 . 58 .37 .47 .63 

Potash, .................................... 2.14 1. 26 1. 81 1.71 1. 42 ]. 45 2.28 2.27 3.20 

Soda ...................................... .02 ········ ········ ·.15 . 22 .38 . 27 . 26 

Fluxing i.mpurities~ ......... _ ............ 4. 65 3. 81 4.80 4.06 1. 21 3. 77 3. 60 4.M 4.47 6.-56 

Moisture ................. , ................ . 94 1. 97 1. 02 2.05 2.18 1. 65 1.11 1. 00 1. 38 2. 48 

-------·--

1. Brurnage's stoneware clay, Roseville. 

2. Allen's stoneware clay, Roseville. 

:;, -walker's clay used for cooking wares, Roseville. 

4. Zanesville Stoneware Company, clay ground in tracing mill for hand turning. 

5. Zanesville Stoneware Company, same clay washed and pressed for use in jollies. 

6. Bagley & Roberts, Zanesville. Clay for cooking ware. 

7. Uniontown stoneware clay. 

8. Akron stoneware clay. Average of several samples selected in different plants. 

9. New Brighton, Pa. Sample from factory there for comparison. 

10. Steubenville. Stoneware clay deficient in fire qualities. 

«Ohio Geol. Survey, Vol. VII, Pt. I, p. 94. 
OHIO. 203 

Analyses of Ohio shale clays used in the manufacture of paving brick and sewer pipe. 

Constituent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 

-~---c---- ---------------- --------------

Silica {total) .......... 57.15 58.30 57.10 49.30 57.45 55.60 58.20 58.38 57.28 57.40 53.38 56.18 52.19 56.61 

Alumina . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 20.26 19.67 21.29 2•1. 00 21.06 24.34 22.47 20.89 21.13 21.20 19.36 26.70 14. 61 21. 63 

Water (combined) .... 5.50 5.15 6.00 9.40 5.90 6.75 6.15 7.53 5.22 7.75 .............. 5.62 

Clay a!'d sandy impurities ...... _....... 82.91 83.12 84.39 82.70 84.41 86. 69 86.82 86.80 83. 63 86.35 .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 72.42 

Oxide of iron .......... 7.54 7.43 7.31 8.40 7.54 6.11 5.63 5.78 8.52 6.57 14.86 7.43 10.00 7.08 

Lime._ ...... ____ ...... . 90 . 84 . 29 . 56 . 29 . 43 . 62 .'14 5. 79 1. 00 1. 48 . 52 ...... _ 1. 11 

Magnesia.............. 1. 62 1. 35 1. 53 1. GO 1. 22 . 77 . 98 1. 57 2.13 1.40 1.06 1.12 .... _.. 1. 41 

Potash ................. 3.05 3.04 3.44 3.91 3.27 3.00 3.08 4.68 4.10 ..................... 3.51 

Soda................... .58 .73 .61 .19 .39 .09 .42 .34 1.00 ....... ....... ....... .48 

Fluxing impurities .... 13.69 13.39 13.18 14.63 12.71 10.40 10.73 12.81 16.44 14.07 ........... _.. 4. 96 

Moisture . .. .. .. .. .. . .. 2. 70 2. 65 1. 30 1. 20 1. 90 2. 65 1. 65 ........................... _ . .. . .. . 12. 62 .... .. 

1. Shale used by Bucyrus Brick and Terra Cotta Company; mined at Glouster, on horizon of 

Cam bridge limestone. 

2. Same shale, with addition of one-fourth leached drift clay, added to increase plasticity; same 

place. 

3. Shale from Royal Brick Company, Canton; from the horizon of Putnam Hill limestone. 

4. Shale from '\V'aynesburgh Brick and Clay Manufacturing Company; from the Middle Kittanning horizon. 

5. Shale from the Ohio Paving Company, Columbus; mined at Da'rlin~ton, from the Lower 

Kittanning horizon. 

6. Shale and fire clay mixture, from the A. 0. Jones Company, Zaiwsville; Kittanning horizon. 

7. Shales and fire ·clays, mixed, from the ·r. B. Townsend Brick Company, Zanesville; Freeport 

shales and Kittanning fire clays. 

8. Shales from Columbus Sewerpipe Company; Huron shale horizon: 

9. Bedford shale; from northern Ohio. 

ljl Same shale, different sample and another chemist. 

11. Shales from Royal Brick. '\<Yorks, Canton; Putnam Hill horizon. 

12. Same shales from another opening. 

13. Shales from Holloway Paving Brick Company, North Industry; Lower l\1ercer. 

14. Average of first ten .analyses. 
204 CLAYS OB' UNITED STATES RAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Analyses of Ohio fire clays used in paving btick and sewer pipe. 

Elements. 1. I 2. _I 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. '14. 

-------- --- -- M.53 I I 51 . '? 

,_ 51.82 62.81 57.80 64.10 70.00 57.75 59.75 65.90 77.65 59.20 58.10 56.71 

27.88 130.10 28.69 21.41 25.54 21.79 19.35 28.66 27.45 24.20 12.78 26.10· 29.60 3B. 72 

8.87 9. 95 9.67 6.52 8.35 G.05 5.39 8.35 5.45 4.80 4.10 8.55 8.70 6.89 

91.78 91.77 90.18 90.74 91. 69 I 91. 94 9•1.65 95.76 92.65 94.90 94.53 93,85 96.40 97.32 

1.26 1.35 . 72 1. 26 . ...... ·------ ···--·- ·····-· ------- ------- ------- ···---- ······· ·-----

Silica (total) ......... . 

Alumina ............. . 

Water ...... : ......... . 

Clav and sand impuritfes ................ .. 

Titanic acid .......... . 

Ferric oxid ........ : . . . 2.41 1. 94 2.77 2. 65 2. 51 2.51 2.22 1. 94 2.00 3.3!! 2. 70 1.20 

Lime ................. . .42 . 62 . 77 . 58 .25 :10 .15 .15 . 75 .so .55 1. 05 .40 . 29 

l\Iagnesia ............. . .68 .53 1.41 ._85 .61 .58 .34 .24 ,65 .54 .'45 • 75 .&1 l. 58 

Potash ................ . 3.31 2. 74 2.57 2.89 2.51 2.62 2. 90 2.55 3.58 2.30 1. 30 1. 53 l. 75 1. 01 

Soda .............. -.... . .12 .2.'\ . 21 .18 .03 ------- ------- ---···· --.---·· ···-··· ....... ·------ ------ 6. 94 5.83 7. i7 7.18 6.0G 5.84 5.61 4, 88 4.98 5.64 5. 62 6.03 3. 89 2.88 

. 76 1. 05 l. 72 l. 47 2. 251 1.10 -----·- --·---- -------~---···· ....... ....... ···---- ------

Fluxes ............... . 

~Ioisture ............. . 

1. N. U. ·walkers, sewer-pipe clay, Columbiana County. 

2. Freeman's sewer-pipe clay, Jefferson County. 

3. Island Siding clay, Jefferson County; fit for sewer pipe. 

4. Same clay, another sample. 

5. E. Palestine, paving-brick clay,· Upper Freeport horizon. 

6. Massillon Fire Brick and Stone Company, mixture of fire clay with shale and surface clays used 

for paving blocks. 

7. Toronto sewer-pipe clay, top. 

8. Toronto sewer-pipe clay, bottom. 

9. Average, top and bottom, Toronto. 

10. Empire sewer-pipe clay. 

11. Elliottsville se,ver-pipe clay. 

12. Elliottsville sewer-pipe clay. 

13. Croxton Run sewer-pipe clay. 

14. N. U. Walk_er's sewer-pipe clay. 
OHIO. 

Analyses ~f jh"nt clays from Ohio. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

SiO,(combined) -------------· 35.39 35.72 44.34 59.92 

Al 20 3 .------------------------ 31. 84 29.~2 40.05 27.56 

H 20. _ -- __ -- ------------------ 11.68 8.71 14.23 9.70 

SiO, (free)-------------------- 17.13 20.65 .26 ---------- Ti02 ------.---------------·--- 1.68 ---------- __ .,. _______ ---------· Fe2

0 3 ____________________ • _. _ _ 67 1.14 . 80 1.03 

CaO- _-- ____ - _ -- _- - - - -- - -.. --- . 50 .45 . 27 Trace . 

MgO ---------.---------------- .19 .14 Trace .. Trace. 

K 20 ___________________ - _ _ _ _ _ _ . 59 . 79 Trace. . 67 

Na2o· _________________________ ---------· . 29 Trace. ---·------ .Moist ___ , ____ .. ______ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ . 69 l. 92 _______ .,. __ 1.12 

~--- -------·-----

Total. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100. 06 

Fluxes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 95 

99.43 

2.81 

99.95 

1. 07 

100 

1. 70 

- ----- -------~----'------'-----------

1. Flint clay from C. E. Holden, Mineral Point, Lower Kittanning, 1883. 

2. Same, finely ground and averaged, 1892. 

3. Gaylord clay,· Scioto Cou~ty, Ohio, Portsmouth Fire Brick Company. 

4. Salineville flint clay, Furnace Fire Brick Company, Salineville, Ohio. 

PLEISTOCEN:E. 

~05 

Pleistocene clays arc found in all parts o£ the State, but they are used chiefly 

for common brick and drain tile. The alluvial elays along some of the rivers have 

been utilized for paving brick. 

CLAY-WOUKING INDUSTRY. 

Ohio is the leading producer of clay products in the United States, producing 

the largest quantity of paving brick, fancy brick, sewer pipe, tile (other than drain), 

and all grades of pottery except chinaware, sanitary ware, m:d electrical supplies. 

'The common brick industry is well developed at many localities, being based specially on the surface o_r drift clays, which are common in nearly all part<; of the 

State. Yards are located chiefly around the cities of Cleveland and Columbus. 

The great abmidance of fire clays and red-burning· shales form the basis of a 

flourishing pressed-brick industry, and many are made both by the stiff mud and 

dry press process. Among the localities at which this class of products is made 

may be mentioned Columbus, Shawnee, Portsmouth, and Cleveland. 

Paving bricks arc made in enormous quantities from the Carboniferous shales 

and fire clays of low grade found in the Coal Measures of the eastern half of the 

State. In a few cases the surface clays are drawn upon, as in the Ohio Valley, 
206 CLAYS OE' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

where the alluvial river clays are employed. The dis_tribution of the paving-brick 

plants in this State can be seen from the map, Pl. VIII. The Ohio paving bricks, 

especially those made at Canton and other localities, bear a high reputation. 

Terra cotta is manufactured in very small quantities in Ohio notwithstanding 

the leading position which she occupies in the line of clay-working States. 

Floor tile of plain colors and the encaustic variety form an important item of 

productio_n, being partly from native shales and fire clays at Zanesville and Hamilton. Roofing tile of the Roman type are produced at Akron, and glazed tile at · 

Hamilton. 

In the production of fire brick Ohio stands second to Pennsylvania, but those 

made from the well-known fire clays occurring at Mineral Point, Portsmouth, Sciotoville, I-bydenville, etc., bear a high reputation. 

It is in the pottery industry that Ohio becomes especially prominent. Stoneware is made in vast quantities from the shales and impure fire clays of the Coal 

Measures, factories being located at Steubenville, East Liverpool, Palestine, Zanesville, Mogadore, Massillon, Roseville, and other towns. Rockingham and yellow 

ware arc also produced, though the value is not more than one-quarter that of the 

stoneware. Yellow and Rockingham are important products, but are not manufactured to the same extent as stoneware, although they are among the earlier forms of 

ware made in tl)e State. Red earthenware is a product of equal importance. White 

warE\, chiefly of the C. C. and white granite variety, i,; actively produced at East 

Liverpool, which is one of the two great potting centers of the United States, the 

ware made here supplying the western more than the eastern markets. Other whiteware factories are in operation at Tiffin, East Palestine, Akron, Steubenville, Wellsville, Toronto, etc. The Rookwood pottery, made at Cineinnati, and the Weller 

pottery, manufactured at Zanesville, form a grade of art pottery which is unlike any' 

produced elsewhere. 

Some china is produced at East Liverpool, and electrical supplies arc manufactured at the same city, but the quantity manufactured is not so large as that molded 

in New Jersey or New York. 

Sewer pipe is turned out in great quantities at Akron, the production· being 

controlled by a few large corporations; in fact, Ohio at the present time represents 

the center of the sewer-pipe industry. 

· The total value of clay products for the last seven years is given below, together 

with the itemized production for J 900. 
OHIO. 

Value of clcLy procluct.s of Ohio f1·om 1894 to 1901. 

Year. Value. Rank. 

1894 ......... -......... -.......... -. . . . $10, 668, 498 

1895 ................................ .. 

1896 ........... -· .................... . 

1897 ................................. . 

1898 ................................. . 

1899 ........ --- ...................... . 

10,649,382 

10,609,571 

11,067,684 

12,667,627 

16,500,625 

1900.... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . 18,304,628 

1901 ........ -............ -............ 21,574,985 

Value of clay products of Ohio in 1900 ami 1901. 

Common brick ............................. . 

Front brick ................................ . 

Vitrified brick ............................. . 

Fancy brick .. _ ............................ . 

Fire brick ................................. . 

Stove linings ................... _ ........... . 

Drain tile ............................... _._. 

Sewerpipe ................................. . 

Terra cotta ............................... _ . 

Fireproofing ............................ _ .. . 

Tile (not drain) ............ __ .............. . 

l\'l iscellaneous .............................. . 

Earthenware and stoneware ....... _ ......... . 

Yellow and Rockingham ware .............. . 

C. C. ware ................................. . 

White graniteware ......................... . 

Semi vitreous porcelain ware ................ . 

Electrical supplies ................. _ ..... · ... . 

'Miscellaneous pottery ... _ .................. . 

Clay, mined .... ·-···········-·········· ... . 

. 1900. 

$2,232,090 

433,086 

1,118,106 

47,155 

1, 340,775 

(a) 

715, 874 

2,243,386 

2,857 

351,884 

690,257 

491,735 

949,451 

175,176 

1,056,226 

2, 767,837 

2,251,213 

247, 135 

549,994 

143,547 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Proportion 

of United 

States 

product. 

Pet cent. 

16.52 

16.30 

15.96 

17. 75 

17.34 

17.22 

19.03 

19.58 

1901. 

$2,725, 9p. 

612,718 

1,443,537 

60,908 

1,287,059 

(a) 

707,409 

2, 735,703 

(a) 

357,284 

996,005 

599,682 

952,329 

206,843 

726,321 

2,710,726 

3,520,008 

325,664 

400,957 

152,785 

'------------------·---·-------.'__-~-----' 

a Included in misccllaacous. 

207 
208 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The geologic formations of Pennsylvania· range from the early pre-Cambrian 

crystalline rocks to the youngest formations of the Pleistocene. 

In the wostern portion of the State, except the northwestern counties, the 

roeks are almost all of Carboniferous age. The beds are bent into a series of 

gentle :folds, but often the exposure of the lower or older beds is due partly to 

the overlying beds having been worn away. 

To the east the rocks become highly folded in the central counties of the 

State, so that the strata often have a very steep dip, and not only the Carboniferous 

but also the lower-lying Devonian and Silurian :formations are exposed, giving rise 

to bands which extend in a general northeast-southwest direction. 

The eastern portion of the State is underlain largely by crystalline rocks and· 

more or less altered Cambrian and Ordovician sediments, which in many cases yield 

a mantle of residual clay that may be of considerable economic value. 

In the extreme eastern portion of the State there is a nart·ow strip of Coastal 

Plain formtttiops, but with the exception of the Columbia loams they have little 

value in Pennsylvania. North of the line of the terminal moraine the drift clays 

arc not uncommon and are :found in many of the river valleys. 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

These may occur at almost any locality in the area lying south of the region 

covered by the glacial drift. The causes governing their formation and distribution 

have been explained on a previous page. The most important belt of these deposits 

is probably that :found in the Great Valley, all aloug the line of which, as well 

as in the South Mountain region, there are great quantities of white and variegated clays. These clays have been derived :from the decomposition of hydromica 

slates, which are interstratified with Ordovician limestones ,and quartzites, talcose 

slates, and limestones of Cambrian ago. In places the deposits contain iron ores, 

which have been worked, but the widespread utilization of the days for the manu-· 

facture of clay products is comparatively recent, although mention is made of their 

:former use for making bricks a and in paper manufacture. b 

a Second Pennsylvania Gcol. Survey, Rept. D 3, Vol. II, p. 364. 

b Ibid, p. 366. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 209 

The composition of such a clay from the Hunter mine, on the Kemp farm, is as 

follows: 

Analysis of clays from Hunta mine, on Kemp j(trm. 

Silica .......... ·- ........... , .......... : ................ · 66. 17 

Alumina __ ........................... : ............. -.-... 19.89 

Lime ................................................. :. . 26 

Magnesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 902 

Iron protoxid ......... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 

Alkalis and undetermined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 211 

"\Vater_ .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 784 

TotaL ............................................ 100.000 

The clays are referred to in the Pennsylvania reports,a but from the standpoint 

of the clay worker the most recent important paper is one by T. C. Jlopkins,b according to which a kaolin deposit lies H- milf:ls north of Glen Loch station, on the north 

side of Little Chester Valley. This kaohn is near the contact of the Chester Valley 

(Ordovician) limestone and 'the North Valley Hill (probably Cambrian) sandstone. 

It is said to show great similarity to the South Mountain kaolins of Cumberland, 

Franklin, Adams, and York counties. 

"The most extensive developments have been on the Gettysburg Railway, south 

of Mount Holly, and on the Hunters Run and State Belt Branch Rail way. Although 

known for a long time, the commercial introduction of these clays is of recent date. 

The white clay is found in many of the ore mines which were worked in former years, 

and may either underlie or overlie the ore. 

"Another clay-washing plant is working a deposit of clay a mile cast of Henry 

Clay station, the pits being sunk on the mountain side and having a depth of 90 to 

100 feet. At Cranes siding, 1 mile above the Hunter Run station, is a deposit of clay 

which is worked to supply a clay-washing plant also located here. The kaolin comes 

from the old Crane iron ore mine, where it underlies the ore on the south slope of 

South Mountain. The mining is clone by tunneling, and the clay run out on tram 

cars. It is used for paper filler and pottery." 

Though these clays occur over a large portion of southeastern and central Pennsylvania, the most productive localities are South Mountain, Cumberland County; 

Mertztow~, Berks County; and Ore Hill, near Roaring Springs, in Blair County. 

Pits have also been opened at the Upper Mill station on the Hanover and Gettysburg 

Railroad, at Cranes Siding, Henry Clay, and Lowell station on the Hunters ~un and 

State Belt Railroad, at Montello, near Reading (worked for fire brick), north of Glen 

Loch station, in Little Chester Valley,_ and north of Conshohocken. 

nNotably D 3. 

~The white clays of southeastern Pennsylvania: ·Eng. Min. Jour. Vol. LXX, p. 131; and urticle on Kaolin: 1\Iin. 

Indus., Vol. VII, p, 156. ~lost of the information under this heading, 'vhcrc not credited to the Pennsylvania geological 

survey, has been obtained from these two papers. 

9647-:No. 11-03- 14 
210 ClAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Paper clay is obtained from a point one-half mile south of Mertztown, Berks 

County, and kalsomine clay at Maple Grove, southeast of Mertztown. Other deposits 

of white clay are seen in many of the old ore pits in Berks and Lehigh counties, 

notably Ironton, Klines Corners, Friedensville, west of Kutztown, on Neversink 

Mountain, at Reading. Residual clay;,; are also found in Cain Township, Chester 

··County, hiwing been derived from hydromica schist, which is interbedded with limestone." In east Caln Township, near Baldwins ;,;tation, variegated clays occur.b 

Other localities are in west \Vhiteland Township, the type of variegated clay being 

one commonly found in York and Lancaster counties. c Still other deposits .occur 

northwest of .·Whitehorse, in east Whiteland township,a ncar 'Warren Tavern postoffice,e and New Garden township/ Hed residuals are kno~n in Penn Township, 

Chester County.q Small deposits of white residual clay have been mentioned as 

occurring 1 mile f.rom Truemans Mill." The-residual clays found near Hanover have 

been used for making bricks. i 

The white clays have been used to some extent for chinawarc, but their chief 

application is in paper manufacture and for kalsomining. They have also been 

employed in the manufacture of white brick encaustic tiles, stove linings, and fire 

brick. 

"The first use made of the clay was in 1893, when the Penn Tile Works were established at Asper, :tbout the sanie time that the brick works at Pine Grove began operations. About three years later two clay-washing plants were established on Mountain Creek, between Pine Grove and Mount Holly Springs. 

" The works at Pine Grove manufacture omamental bricks of different kinds. 

The white elay, together with some co)ored clay, is used .simply as a bond, the body of 

the material being a slate for reddish colored brick, and a greenish taleose slate for 

light colored ones. The slate is brought to the works by rail wny from the slate quarry, 

3 miles to the southwest, the talcose rock is hauled from a qual'I'J' three-quarters of 

a mile distant, and the clay is brought by rail from Laurel station, also 3 miles distant." 

A second type of white residual elays or kaolin are those of Delaware and Chester 

counties which have been formed by th~ weathering of pegmatite veins. These 

deposits have been worked for a number of years, especially those ncar Kaolin postoffice, in Chester .County, where kaolin has been dug since 1839. The vein here occurs. 

in mica-schists and strikes northeast-southwest, having a width of 120 to 150 feet, 

with at least one parallel vein. Near the surface the color of the kaolin is buff or 

yellow,·due to the intermixture of soil from neighboring rocks. The clay is mined by 

means of eircular shafts with temporary crib-work linings. These have a depth 

usually of 80 to 100 feet, but one reached 130 feet. The kaolin is washed and the 

separated sand i>J used in part for silica brick and in part is ground and sold to the 

a Second Pennsylvania GeoL Survey, Rept. C 4, p. 272. 

l> Ibid., p. 274. 

c ibid., p. 275. 

d !bid., p. 277. 

'!I bid., p. 279. 

f Ibid,, p. 325. 

g Ibid., p. 340. 

h Ibid., p. 137. 

i Idem, Rept. CC, p. 203. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 211 

potteries as flint. The wa8hed kaolin is shipped to the potteries at East Liverpool, 

Ohio, and Trenton. N. ,J. 

Other mines occur near Brandywine Summit, in Delaware County, and up to 

1895 the kaolin mined at these was washed. Since that time the production of white 

kaolin has ceased, and one of the two companies located at this locality is engaged in 

mining feldspar from the pits, while the othet' is utilizing, foi· the manufacture of 

ornamental brick,a the poorer kaolin, which had been thrown on the dumi) in former 

years. 

At Elarn post-office, about 3 miles southeast of the Brandywine Summit kaolin 

mines, is a white chty which Hopkins considers to be the waste from some kaolin 

vein. It was worked at one time for the manufacture of fire brick. 

Analyses of Pennsylvctn:itt 'White ;·esidtwl clays. ' ' 

-~-----~- ---------- ----' -----

L 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 

-----------·- ----- --------------------------

Al 20 3 ••••••••••••••••• 9.44 17.30 17.43 31.29 26.96 26. 12 20.10 31.29 36.25 20.53 

Si02 .................. 84.05 73.80 73.30 51.90 59.88 60.37 67.10 51.90 46.26' 67.71 

H20 .................. 2.18 4.~9 4.68 8.90 9.56 5.42 5.90 8.90 13.54 3.12 

Fe20 3 --·------------- 0.28 0.35 0.37 Tr. 1. 98 0. 69 3.90 ------- 1. 64 7.7P, 

CaO .................. 0.23 ------- 0.02 Tr. 0.11 Oc05 0.10 Tr. 0.19 0.39 

1\igO .. -- -- . - -- --- ---- 1. 35 1.18 1.28 1. 52 0.50 1. 93 0. ~0 1. 52 0.32 0.04 

K20 ................. 2.37 2.49 2.99 4.01 0.94 5. 74 } 2. 00 } 4. 01 1. 69 } .29 

Na20 ................. 0.28 0. 20 0. 17 2. 99 0. 24 0.29 I 2.99 0.85 ------------------ Total ........... 100.18 100.01 100. 24 100. 61 100. 12 100.61 99.80 100.61 100. 74 99.86 

I 

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 

--· -

SO>>d ••••••••••••••••• ···········1 37. 17 10.96 51.30 45.52 50.16 30.46 

Feldspar .................. _ . _ .. ·,. 0.54 0.19 2.66 1. 31 1.19 1.62 

Anhydrous clay .... · .............. 56.75 84.47 42.16 49.77 46. 3.'i 59.90 

Water --------------------------- 5.54 4.38 3.88 3.40 2.30 1--8.02 ------------ Total ...................... 100.00 100.00 

' .. 

1. Crude white clay, Upper :Mill. 

· 2. Refined white clay, _Upper 1\iill. 

3. i\iixed white claY., l\iount Holly. 

4. White land white clay, Chester County. 

5. Conshohocken, parti-colored clay. 

6. Barren Hill gray clay. 

7. Chestnut Hill. 

8. Glen Loch. 

100.00 100.00 100.00 I 10(!, 00 

9. Brandywine Summit. 

10. Brandywine Summit. 

11. Jno. Allen's white clay, South i\fountain. 

12. Philadelphia Clay Company, South i\fountain. 

13 .. Mr. Hooper, South i\iountain .. 

14. White clay, Latimore. 

15. Damourite slate, Latimore. 

16. Conshohocken parti-colored clay. 

a See ;leconcl Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Report Co_ ·and Ann. Rept. for 1885, p: 5i1. 
212 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF ~IISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN. 

The formations. of these series, which contain vast beds of shale, ocQupy a large 

area in the eastern and south-central portion of Pennsylvani~ and should afford an 

excellent field of exploitation for the clay worker. 

The Devonian is found over large areas in the.extreme northwestern corner of 

the State in Erie County, as well as in Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna, ~Wayne, and 

'.Pike counties. In the easter:U counties the beds are apt to be sandy .. To the south 

~and southeast the rocks are much folded, and the Devonian and Silurian formations 

appear as a series of bands in Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Cumberland, Snyder, 

Juniata, Perry, and other counties, and the shale beds found in them arc worked at 

several localities for the. manufacture of both building and paving brick. Their 

general distribution is indicated on the map (Pl. III), hut for more detailed information the map issued with the Final Summary Report of the Pe~nsylvania Geological 

Survey for 1893 should be consulted. For locating suitable shale beds in these 

formations it would be necessary to do more or less field work. The Clinton shales 

have been dug for brickmaking near Laurelton and Hartleton townships of Union 

County. a Mr. A. W. Bheafer, of Pottsville, informs me that the shales are worked 

at Pine Grove, Williamsport, Sandy Run (Mauch_ Chunk shale), ancl. Reading (Hudson 

shale). 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

The clays and shales derived from the Carboniferous rocks of Pennsylvania are 

foremost among this' type of economic deposits found in 'the State. They include 

a wide range of materials, from impure sandy shales, of little value except for the 

manufacture of common brick, np to the highest grade of refractory clay. It is 

impossible to enter upon a detailed discussion of these shies in the space which 

is here available, and unfortunately, but little information regarding them is to be 

found in the reports of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, for at the time these 

were written shales had not come into extensive use for the manufacture of clay 

products, hut the abundance of them is shown by the various published sections given 

in these reports under the different counties, and also by the seC'.tions on page 232. 

Of more importance, however, are the fire clays, which often occupy well-marked 

stratigraphic positions, and in some places form persistent and important beds that 

are traceable over wide areas. 

The Carboniferous rocks cover a large portion of the western half of Pennsylvania, as is shown on the accompanying map (Pl. III), and £rom what follows it 

will be seen that the refractory beds of aluminous mater~ials have ~·eceived much 

attention in the various geologic publications. The occurrences are taken up in 

regular order, beginning with the oldest. 

CONGLOMERATE GROUP. 

This member o£ the Carboniferous is composed chiefly of sandy beds, as sand-

. stone and conglomerates, but there are several beds of shale and coal. The latter 

ar·e often underlain by shale and in some instances by fire clay. 

a Second Pennsylvaniu. Gcol. Sun·ey, Rept. F3, p, 123. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 213 

l\IERCER OR A I. TON' FIRE CLAYS. 

On the Wilmarth coal tract, southwest of Wilmarth station, Elk County, the 

Alton upper coal is found to be underlain by a :fire clay, ranging from 20 to 61 feet 

thick, the section as exposed at an air shaft being given below. a It is probable that 

this entire thickness does not rep~:esent pure :fire clay. 

'Section .southwest of Wilmarth station, Elk County, Pa. 

Feet. 

Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

Sandstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-40 

Coal .............................. _.................... 1-41 

Fire clay . __ . __ .... __ . _. _ .. _ ..... __ .. _ .. _ .. _ ~ ... __ . _.... 20-61 

Alton lower coal ...... __ . _ ... __ .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4r1r65l2' 

The following analyses, No. 1 by J. M. Stinson and No. 2 by A. S. McCreath, 

'lhow the composition of this clay: 

Analyses of },[ercer or Alton fire clay from Pemisylvania. 

1. 2. 

---- -- , _____ ,_ ----

Silica .......... -.......... --

Alumina ...... __ .......... . 

I ron protoxide . _ ..... __ .... _ . 

Titanic acid ... _ ..... __ ..... _ 

Lime ..... _------------------

_Magnesia ....... _ ....... _ .. _ 

Alkalies ......... _-. _ ...... _ . 

Ignition ...... --.-_ ........ _. 

TotaL ........ · ....... . 

51.72 

21.736 

7.875 

. 87 

.06 

2.378 

4.581 

10. 78 

.,100.00 

56,27 

23.225 

5.4 

1.19 

.01 

2.086 

4.039 

7.78 

100.00 

At Parker Township, in northern Butler Cou.nty, between Columbia Hill, in 

Allegheny Township, and Donnelly station,b the following section is shown: 

Section in Parker Township, Butler Connty, Pa. 

Feet. 

H d

. {Massive sandstone ..... _ . __ . _. _ ..... ____ .. _ .. __ .. _ 15 omewoo sandstone · Shales and slates .............. _ ..... ___ . . . . . . . . . . 50 

Bituminous shale (Mercer) ...... _ ........... _ ....... _ .. _____ . _ .. _ .. __ . _ _ 3 

Sandy fire clay ......................... · ..... _·_ ............... _.......... 12 

Blue slate ............................................................ _. 5 

Bituminous shale (Mercer) .................. __ . _. _ ....... ___ .... __ ... _ _ _ 5 

OliYe shale and blue slate, nodular ore at top _ ... " ....... __ . _. __ ..... __ . _ _ 47 

Shaly sandstone .. _____ . _ ... _ . _. __ ...... _ ........ _ ..... _ . _. __ ..... _. ____ . 20 

Blue and olive shale. _____ ............ _ .................... _ .. _. ___ ._.... 43 

Sandstones, thinly beddede ...................................... __ . _.... 20 

TotaL ............. _ ..... ___ ......................... _ ....... _ _ _ _ _ 220 

"Second Penns)·Jvania Geol. Survey, Rept. RR, p. 140. b Idem, Summary Final Rept., VoL ITT, Pt. I, p. 1897. 
214 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

On Millers Run, in the Broadtop district, the Mercer coal is underlain by 10 

. to 15. feet of fire clay, while at Robertsdale, Huntington County, it is said to be 

only 1 to 2 feet thick. 

In Beaver, Lawrence, and Mercer- counticsa there seems to be several shale beds, 

but no fire clays. In the columnar sections given in the atlas of Rept. RR., Second 

Pennsylvania Geological Survey, fire clays arc indicated under the Alton coals of the 

Pottsville conglomerate at Lafayette, Clermont, and on the Bi1tterfield lands, 

McKean County; at Johnson Run, Norwich, and Benezette, Elk Co~nty; and at 

Cameron, Cameron County. 

THE SHARON OR l\IARSHBURG Ul'PER COAL FIRE CLAY. 

In Elk County a bed of .fire clay is often found associated with the upper Marshburg coal bed between the Olean conglomerate and the Kinzua Creek sandstone. It 

is frequently of sufficient thickness and of proper quality to be worth mining. ·This 

bed has been worked in western Benezette Township, between Benezette and Rock 

Hill, Elk County, and again It miles southwest of Benezette, ·where it ranges from 

4 to 9 feet in thickness, but may be less.b Fig. 5 shows the section at Benezette. 

At one locality it w~s 50 feet abovethe Maueh Chunk red shale. The fire clay also 

underlies the coal in Spring Creek Township on Laurel .llun. The following analyses 

indicate the composition of this clay: 

Analyses of Sharon or flfar·shburg Upper Coal fire clay. 

----------- -----~ -----;-- -----,-- ----

J,l0ments, 1. I 2. I 3. 

-----------]------,----· ------1- --- 'Silica............................... 44.45 44 045 I 44.960 

Alumina .. : .................. ~...... 38. 945 :m: 445 [ 38. 172 

Iron protox1ne.,.................... 2. 135 . 940 I . 513 

~::::i_c_~~~~: :::::::::::::::::::::.::: ....... · ~;~-- ....... · ~;~--, 1: ~:o Magnesia........................... . 155 . 115 [ . 084 

~~~:~~;i~ -~r:i~;:::: :: :::::::::::: :::: T;a~~~ T;a:~~ I~ ..... ~ ~~~ .. Water and organic matter ... : ...... . 13.287 14. 138 1 

)'otal. ...................... .. 99.905 99.478 

1. Jones mine, hard, compact, conchoidal fracture, and pearl gray: 

2. .Fletcher inine, similar . 

. 3. Barr and Radcliff mine, hard and brittle. 

All three analyzed by A. C. McCreath. 

14.840 

ioo.9oo 

In Mercer County the Sharon coal is underlain by fire clay in places. c 

a H. M. Ch11nce, Second Pennsylvania Geol. Snf\'ey, Rept. V. Pt. II, p. 190 et seq. 

bldem, Rcpt. RR, p. 260. 

<'Idem, Rcpt. Q3. p. 33. 

-I 
PENNSYLVANIA. 215 

SAVAGE l\IOUNTAI:S FIRE CL.AY.u 

ln the report on Bedford and Fulton counties it is stated that no good plastic fire 

cl.ay was seen in the Broadtop region, anil that most of the clays contained considerable iron. The Savage Mountain fire cl(ty reaches the south,ves~ corner of Bedford 

County in Londonderry Township. No exposures of it are found, but it is mined on 

the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Somerset County, just beyond the line of Bedford .County. The deposit in places reaches a thickness of 21 feet. Much of the 

clay makes only second-grade products, but at least one-half in the present workings makes bricks of first quality~ These clays make excellent coke-oven bricks. 

Analyses of the clays are given below. 

Analyses of Savage Monnta.in fi.re cla.y j1·om 8omerset County. 

]. 2. 

-------- ----

SiQ, __________________________ _ 

Al 20 3 •••••• ____________________ _ 

Fe20 3 • _ •••• _ •• __ • __ ••• _____ • __ •• 

CaO ______ . ___________ ; _______ __ 

l'ligO . -----.----.--------- ---.--

Alkalies . _. __ . __ ...... _ ........ . 

'Vater .. _____ .... _____ .. _______ _ 

54.65 

30.74 

.08 

'19 

. 13 

.11 

14.02 

Organic and loss. ___________ . _________ . ___ _ 

55.21 

31.18 

.07 

. 18 

.11 

'23 

13.02 

.23 

---------------------

LOWER PRODUCTIVE MEASURES. 

These contain a number of important fire-clay beds, as may be seen from the 

following sections: b 

Section of Lower Productive 1lfeasures in vic-inity of Bolivar and Lockport, Pa. 

Feet Inches. 

Upper Freeport coal, bed E ______ . ___ . __________ . __ .. _ 8 0 

Clay shales ... _ .. __ . _____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 0 

Shales with ore masses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 0 

Sandstone and sandy shales. ______________________ .___ 10 0 

Fire clay, worked _____ . __________________ . _ .. ____ . _ _ _ 3 0 

Limestone, impure .. __ . ______________ ._______________ 8 0 

Thin-bedded sandstones _________ .____________________ 7 0 

Clays, slates, and shales ______ . ____________ . __________ . 15 0 

Lower Freeport 'coal, bed D ____ . ____ . __ , _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ :l-3 0 

Clay, impure. __ .... __ . _____ . __________ .______________ 3 0 

Limestone ______ . __________ . __ . ______ . ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 0 

Clay shales ______ . _________ . ____________ ._. _____ . __ .__ 10 0 

Sandstones _____ . __ _- __________ . ___ . __ . _____________ . _ 7 0 

Sandy fireclay ________________________ . __________ . _ _ _ 3 0 

Slates and shales. ___ . ______ . ______ . __ ~. _____ .' ___ .. __ . 20 0 

o Second Pem{sylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. TT, p. 336. 

b Idem, Rept. H5. P- 88. 
216 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STA'l'ES EAS'l' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Section uf Lower Productive 1lfeasures in vicinity of Bolivar and Lockport, Pa.-Continu~u. 

Feet. Inches. 

Sandstones __ .......... _ .......... _ ......... __ ....... _ 10 0 

Gray sjates _ ........... _ ....... _. __ ......... __ . . . . . . . . 6 0 

Coal bed D ..................... :..................... 1 10 

Fire clay, impure ............. , ... _ ....... _ ... _....... 6 0 

Limestone, Johnstown cement bed ... __ ................ 2-4 0 

Dark slates and shales.... . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 0 . 

Sandy shales with ore nodules......................... 20 0 

Carbonate iron-ore band............................... 0 6 

Black slates .......................................... 10 0· 

CoalbedC ........................................... 1 0 

Slates . • .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . 8 0 

Shales...... . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 10 0 

BlaP.k slate and shale ...................... , .. .. .. .. .. . 30 0 

CoalbedB ........................................... 5 0 

Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 

Sandstone ................... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 

Shales and clayey slates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0 

Coal................................................. 7 0 

Sandstone .... ·..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 

Coal bed A........................................... 1 0 

Fire clay ........ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 

Shales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 

Sandstones, heavy compar~t............................ 30 0 

Coal bed A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 

Fire clay, :plastic ............. ~........................ 4 0 

Interval to Piedmont sandstone ............... ·......... 15 0 

Total ........................ : .................. 330 6 

Section nf Lowa Coal Jfeasu:res at Km·thaus, Clearfield County, Pa. 

[Sec fig. 6.] 

Feet. Inches. 

Coal, Upper Freeport ............... _ ... _ .......... ~ : . 6 0 

Fire clay .................... -......... --------------- 2 6 

Sandstone, brown .................................... . 45 0 

Coal ................................................ . 10 0 

Fire clay ..................... -.... -..... :------------ 2 0 

Limestone, siliceous ................................. .. 3 6 

Shale . _ .- __ ~ ......................................... . 1 0 

Sandstone, brown .................................... . 26 0 

Coal, Lower Freeport ........ _ ...................... .. 3 0 

Slate ............ · .................................. , .. 1 6 

Sandstone, gray, Freeport ........................... .. 37 0 

Coal, Upper Kittanning .............................. . 3 2 

Shale, containing iron ore ........................... .. 11 0 

Coal, .Middle Kittanning ...............•... __ ........ . 1 0 

San'dstone and slate ................................. .. 21 0 
PENN8YLV ANIA . 217 

100' sandstone and shale. 

5' black slate. 

30' conc~aled. 

fire clay. black slate. 

6" coal. 

fire clay and shale. 

limestone. 

60' ierrugiuous shales. 

1' 6" Lower Kittanning coal. 

15' sandstone and shale. 

3' ocher clay and iron ore. 5' limestone. 

34' slate and shale. 

5' 3" Clarion coal. 

2' 6" coal. 8' shale. 

3' 6" coal. 

12' fire clay and shale. 

2' 4" coal. 

55' sandstone and shale. 

60' sandstone and conglomerate. 

FIG. 5.-Scction at Benezette, Elk County, Pa. FIG. 6,-Section of Lower Coal Measures at Karthaus. 

Clearfield County, Pa. 
218 CLAYS OF UNl'l'ED. STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Section of Lower Coal Measures at Karthaus, Clearfield County, Pci.-Continued 

Feet.' Inebes. 

!

Coal ............... 1 foot) 

C~al, Lower Kittanning .... Slate ......... : ... 3 ~nches 

Coal ....... 2 feet 6 mehes 

3 9 

Fire clay .... : . ...................................... . 2 6 

Sandstone, brown .................................... . 35 0 

Coal, Clarion ....... · ............................ ·_ .... . 1 6 

.Fire clay, ferruginous ........ : ....................... . :J 0 

Shales, containing iron-ore band ...................... . 11 9 

Shales and slate ........................ ~ ............. . 22 0 

Coal, Brookville ..................................... . 0 

No. XII conglomerate ................................ . 

Total ....... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 245 0 

The above sections show an abundance of' coal beds, and accompanying them a 

good development of fire clays; in fact it is the most important sourec of the Pennsylvania fire clays. The clays are found in greater or less quantity underlying the 

Brookville and Clarion coal, the Ferriferous limestone, and the Kittanning and Freeport coals. RitOOKYILLE COAL UNDER CLAY. 

The Brookville coal bed is underlain by a persistent and widely distributed clay. 

It is used for making fire brick at Sandy Ridge, Blueball, \Voodland, and Hope 

Station, Clearfield County; Benczette, Elk County; Parkville, Jefferson County; 

and Queens Run and Farrandsville, Clinton County. It has also been extensively 

worked at ,Johnstown, Cambria County, where it is over 4 feet thick, but shows 

two kinds of clay.a Jt is often too impure for the manufacture of fire bi-ick. 

An analysis of this elay is given in the table below. The same bed is worked by 

the Burl Firebrick Company at Blacklick, Indiana County, the mine being located 

on the west slope of Chestnut Ridge, about It miles east of the village of Blacklick. 

The clay overlies the Pottsville conglomerate at the base of the Lower Productive 

. Measures, and varies in thickness from 3 to 11 feet, but averages from 7 to 8 feet. 

It contains many ore balls, and has to be hand picked, hut can be mined by open 

pits.b These mines have been in operation for about tnirty-five years. 

The Brookville clay as found at Bolivar is plastic, and the same stratum also 

appears on Blacklick Creek, but there it is somewhat impure. This should not be 

confounded with the hard fire clay used at the Bell~ Mills, on Blacklick Creek, the 

latter being 20 feet lower str~tigraphically and not recognizable at Bolivar. 

A section from the Upper Freeport down to the Lower Freeport is given on 

page 65, Rept. H4, Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 

At a point 2t to 3 miles west of Blueball station, on the Tyrone and Clearfield ~~----~--- --·--~-------.. --~- --~----~~~~~~~-

"Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. HH, p.l46. I> See analrses 18 and 19 in table on p. 220. 
PENNSYL V .ANIA. 219 

branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, are the following sections, the second being 

m a shaft. a The mines are near the top of an anticlinal axis, similar to that ttt 

Sandy Ridge.· 

Section near Blueball station, Clearfield County, 

Pa. 

Section 1'n shaft near Bluebctll station, Clemjield 

County, Pa. 

~'t. In. Ft. ln. 

0 Surface and loose stuff . ___ ..... _ . . . . . . . . 6 0 Surface clay . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 2 

Coal smut ... __ ....... __ .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 

10 

Fire clay .... __ . ______________ . __ _ __ __ __ 6 

Dark fire clay ____ ... __ ..... __ : ..... __ .. 1 

2 

0 

6 

Impure fire clay .. ~ .......... :.. .. .. .. .. 7 

Hard impure fire clay . , .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. 4 

Soft impure fire clay. 

Soft fire elay ...... __ .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 0 4 

Hard fire clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 

Brown sandstone ....................... 0 2 

Massive sandstone. 

Fire clay also occurs three-fourths of a mile northwest of Woodland station and 

. one-half mile southeast of the Hope mine.' J\t Br1rrett's station, on the Tyrone and 

Cle9,rfield branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, fire clay was opened up, but found 

to be of uncertain quality.b At Clearfield, east of the railroad station .at the north 

end of the town, the fire clay showed a curious local thickening, but a later examination showed that the bed had so diminished or changed in purity that the mine was 

abandoned. At Benezette, in the third coal basin, fire clays oecur immediately on 

top of the Pottsville conglomerate, notably from a point one-half mile above Benezette 

up to Trout Run, a distance or 2t miles. It showed from 3 to 7 feet of hard clay. c 

Another occurrence was 2 miles west of Benezette. 

At Brookville, ,Jefferson County, the coal is underlain by a be_d of fire clay 15 

or more feet thick, as shown by the following section from Redbank Creek; south 

of Brookville. d 

&ction at Brookville, J~fterson County, Pa. 

Hill top. Feet. 

Shaly slates .............................................. _. . 25 

Coal .. , ...................... ___ . _ .. __ ... _ .. ____ . _ . __ . _ . _ . . 2-3 

Fire clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 or more. 

Concealed (sandstone) .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . 120 

At the time the report referred to was written the upper 6 feet were worked. 

The composition is shown by Nos. 15, 16, and 17 in the table on page 220. The clay 

has been mined at Newsome, and while of the same age probably as the clays at 

Blueball, Sandyridge, and \Voodland, it carries a higher percentage of silica·, as a 

comparison of the analyses will show. 

ln Mercer County the Brookville coal IS underlain at many points by several 

feet of tire clay. e 

a Second Pennsrlvania Geol. Snr\·ey, Rept. H, pp. 120 and 121. 

b Ibid., p. 124. 

c Ibid., p. l3·L 

<llbid., p. 225. 

eldem, Hept. Q3, pp. 27, 81, 111, 13~, etc. 
220 CLAYS OF UNI'.rED STATES EAS.T OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Analyses of Brookuille under clays. 

1. 2. 3. 4. ---5-. - ~--6.-- ~-7-.- -~--8-. --9. 10. 

SiO,. ~ . . . . . . 45. 42 45. ~5 44. 95 45. 82 7 4. 95 42.7 43. 35 44. 55 46. '25 45.45 

Al20 3••• •••• 36.80 64. 73 37. 75 35.95 15.94 37.6 37.55 39.00 37.50 36. 126 

Fe20 3 ••••••• 3. 33 3. 546 2. 70 3. 33 1. 899 

FeO .........•..................... _I_ •••••••..••.••• 2. 385 2. 145 . 1. 44 1. 935 2.275 . I 

Mn02 • • • • • • • 48 -------- -------- ..................... -..... --- ..... -...... --- ....... --- ... -..... ----- -------- -------- CaO........ . 87 .112 . 302 .112 .106 .112 .084 .028 .168 .168 

MgO.. .. . .. . 45 . 619 . 216 . 573 . 407 . 270 .234 .072 .126 . 342 

Alk ............... . 5. 75 .985 4.13 1. 756 . 73 . 235 . 53 1.115 1. 29 

H 20 ..... -.. } 12. 65 

Org ....... . 9.65 13.05 10.13 4.885 . 13.84 14.17 13.66 13.54 13.73 

. LiO, __ ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 50 . 2. 825 1. 70 .............. .. 

80s - --· - -- - · · - -- -· · .'. - - - -· · -· · · --- - · · · · - --· - -; · · · · - · --· · -· · -- -· · · · · · ---· -· - · --; · · · · · · · - - - -· 

FeS, --- .. -- ... -... -... ---- -- ..... -... -- -- ..... -........ ---- ... -.... -..... -- .. - -........ -- ...... -... --- ......... ----- ...... -.. -... -- ........... -.. - . . 

.. 11. 12 . 13. 14. 

SiO, ........ 45.23 46. 18 44.45 44.045 

AlPs----··· 38.03 36.88 38.945 39.445 

Fe,03 ••••••• 1. 98 2.25 -------- -........ --- .. 

FeO .. ___ ... -------- -------- 2. 135 I .94 

:Mn02 I ------ -------- .. -..... -... -- --- .. -- ....... --- .. -- .. 

CaO ........ .163· .173 . 173 . 075 

:M:gO . -- .... . 237 . 317 .155 .115 

Alk _ ... ____ . 830 2.76 . 76 . 72 

H20 ........ t 

13.605 11~58 13.287 14.138 

Org ........ 1 

.15. 16. 

58.125 60.675 

26.5 25.915 

--------..... ---------- 3.234 2.21 

-----· ---- .... ------- .. 

.078 . 089 

. 555 . 465 

. 2.18 1. 926 

9.725 9.09 

17. 

78.075 

14.44 

---------- 1. 59 

....................... . 

- . 056 

.48 

1.67 

4.163 

18. 

64.83 

23.95 

---------- .9 

---------- .11 

.187 

.296 

9.39 

19. 

68.49 

18.46 

1. 566 

'23 

. 551 

2. 755 

6.:n 

Li02 ....................... ... : •••• ............................ ···'·--··· • 88 2.15 

S03 .... _ ••• __ ....... __ ... • • Tr. . Tr. . 058 Tr. 

1 

Tr. -.. · ... --. 

FeS2 ..... _.. ........ ........ ........ ........ .008 ............................ .. 

1. Fire clay, Johnstown, Cambria County. Second Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., Rept. HH, p. 147. 

2. Fire clay, Sandy ridge, Clearfield County. Top layer used for furnace bottoms. 

3. Second layer, same locality. Userl for bricks. 

4. Third layer, same locality. Used for tiles and in walls of furnace. 

5. Bottom layer, same locality. Sandy and not used; 2 to 5 feet thick. Idem, Rept. H, p. 119. 

6. Upper or "Shell clay" from shaft of Harris Firebrick Company, 2! miles west of Blueball. 

Ibid., p. 121. 

7. Middle or Black day, same pl~ce. Ibid. 

8. Lower or "Flag clay," same loeality; 6 to 8 feet. Ibid. 

9. From south side of Roaring Run Brook, near \Voodland station. Ibid., p. 123. 

10. North side of Roaring Run Brook, three-fourths 111ile west of \Voodland station. Bed 4 to 5 

feet hard clay. Ibid., p. 123. 
PEN.NSYLV ANIA. 221 

11. Hard chiy, one-half mile southeast of Hope mine. Ibid., p. 124. 

12. Soft clay, one-half mile southeast of Hope mine. Ibid. 

13. Fire clay from ·Jones ·mine, between Bcnezette and Trout Run, Lycoming County. Ibid., 

p.134. 

14. Hard fire clay, E. Fl(ltcher & Brother, 2 miles west of Benezette. Ibid., p. 135. 

15.] . 16. Fire clay, Newsome. Ibid., p. 225. 

17. 

18. Upper clay} · · . Blacklick, Indiana County. Idem, Rept. H4, p. 194. 

19. Plastic clay ' CLARION COAL ~NDER CLAY. 

Below the Clarion emil there is a bed of fire clay which seems to be good at 

nearly all the localities where it is exposed, and which has been used at Bolivar for 

fire brick. a A large bed of fire clay from 7 to 10 feet thick, the lower part being 

nonplastic, underlies Clarion coal along Big Beaver .ll The Brush Creek coal is underlain by fire clay in several places in Butler County, notably in Cranberry and Adams 

tmynships, also' Middlesex Township. Again, on the north and east side of the 

Yo11gbiogheny River, at Ohiopyle, and thence along the road leading to Springfield, 

the fire clay occurs above the· Clarion coal bed.c The Clarion clay has also been 

mined by the Fallston Pottery Company, Beaver County, on the east side of Bradys 

Run a, where it is 10 to 12 feet thick. The same clay is also exposed in the bottom 

of Pine Run near the Enterprise Pottery.e 

An importa.nt deposit of 'fire clay oceurs ncar' top of shales between Brookville 

and Clarion coal, at a point lmile northeast' of Kittanning.· . The clay seems to be of 

local importance, and not noticeable elsewhere.f It is semiplastic and averages 5t 

feet. . A general sectio~ is given. Its composition is as foll~ws: 

Analy.~i8 of .fire-clay deposit between Brookville and Clarion coal. 

Silica ...................................... · ........... ~. 

Alumina ................ · ........ ~ .......... _ .......... ·_ 

Iron protoxide ............................ _ ...... ; ..... . 

Manganese, oxide of ................................... .. 

Titanic acid ............ __ .............................. . 

Lime ................ : ....... -.... - - - - - . - - . - - . ~ . - - - - - --. -

Magnesia ............... __ . _ ..... _ ... _ .... .-. __ .,. __ ..... _ 

Alkalies ... ___ ....... _ ....................... , .... ~:. __ . 

\Yater __ .. __ .... __ ... ___ ... ____ .. __ .. __ .... _ .. _______ ... 

58.75 

25.17 

2.195 

Trace. 

1. 05 

.71 

. 936 

3.535 

8.110 

Total.: .. ·_ ............................ : ... _ .. _ .. , _ 100. 456 

a Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. K3, p. 43. 

I> Idem, Rept. Q, p. 63. 

cidem, Rept. K3, p. 94. 

<I Hopkins, Clays of Westcrn.Pennsylvania, p. 31. 

•Ibid., p, 32. 

!Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. H5, p. 245. 
222 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The thickness of the Clarion at several localities in Pennsylvania is as follows: , 

Thickness of Clarion clay in Pennsyrvanin. 

Ft. In. 

Johnstown, .Cambria County __ .. _ ... __ ...... _ .. _ ... __ ._._. 3 6 

Bens Run, Cambria County ..... _ .... _ _ ....... _ .... ___ . . . 6 0 

Pinkerton Point, Somerset County .. ___ ... _, ___ . __ . ___ ... _ 6 0 

.FERRIFRROUS COAL UNDER CLAY. 

A deposit of fire clay is found between the Ferriferous coal bed and the Buhrstone 

iron ore in Armstrong· County, a and is found in workttble quantity near Allegheny 

Furnace, and also at Kittanning. To the north it seems to be replaced by shale. 

The clay is both hard and semiplastic. The latter analyzed gives: 

Analysi.~ of clay ttnder Ferriferous coal. • 

Silica .... _ ............................................. . 

Alumina .. __ ....................... __ ............... _. _ 

Iron protoxide ............................ -.- ........... . 

Titanic acid .. __ .. __ .................... __ ...... __ .... .. 

Lime ........ _ ............ _ ........... · ................. . 

Magnesia ..... _ ........ _ .. · ...................... _ ...... _ . 

Alkalies .................................... _ .......... . 

\Vater and organie matter .............................. . 

50.370 

32.890 

1. 641 

1.1l30 

. 310 

0 353 

0 290 

13. 760 

TotaL __ .......... _ ......... · ............... _ . . . . . . 100. 644 

Another deposit has been opened under the Ferriferous coal near Mineral 

Spring, at Kittanning.b It is overlain by a considerable thickness of shales, which 

nuty at times replace it. The composition of the fire clay is: 

J. 

Analys-i.~ of fire day near 1lfineral Spring, at Kittanm:ng, Pn. 

Silica __ ....... _ ............. _. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 55. 96 

Alumina ...... _ .... _ ...................... _ .. ·.. . . . . . . . . 28. 415 

Iron protoxide ..... _ ... _ ........... _ ................... . 

Titanic aeid . _ ........... _ ............................ _ .. 

Lime ................... : .............................. . 

l\iagncsia .. _ . _ . , .. , -.· _ ......... _ .............. ; ....... .. 

Alkalies_ ..................... · ................... -.. -.. . 

\Vater and organic matte1·. _ ........................... .. 

1. 641 

1. 01 

. 07 

0:196 

0 615 

12.690 

--- Total. __ .... _ ......... _ ................ _ ... _. . . . . . 100. 797 

LOWER IOTTA~NI~G FIRE CLAY. 

The Kittanning fii·e clay is one of the most valuable refractory plastic deposits 

found in Pennsylvania. It occupies a well-marked position under the Lower Kittanning coal, and is tlometimes called the New Brighton fire clay e (fig. 7). Folding· ----- ~--~--- ----------------------- a Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. H5, p. 239. 

b Ibid., p. 249 . 

. cClaye of western Pennsylvania: Ann. Rcpt. Penn·sylvanitt State College, 1897, p. 53. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 2~3 

of the rocks and subsequent erosion have exposed it at a number of localities, 

and outcrops of it are known and worked in Beaver, Armstr~ng, Fayette, W estmoreClarion, and Jefferson counties. The following notes regarding its occurrence are 

taken chiefly from the special reports of the tlecond Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 

PAVE RUN. BLOCKHOCSE RUN. BRADYS RUN. OAK HILL. THROUGH RUN. 

FIG. 7.-Section showing Lower Kittanning fire clay in western Pennsylvania (after Hopkins). 

At times it does not immediately underlie the coal, but may be found as low as 

the top of the Ferriferous limestone. It is best developed west of the Alleg·heny 

River/' attaining its maximum development along the Beaver River and westward 

from that stream down the Ohio. 

--------- --

a Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 171. 
224 CLAYS OF UNITED ST.ATES E.AST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The thickness of the Lower Kittanning fire clay at several localities in Pennsylvania is as follows: 

Thicl.:ness of Lower Kittanning fire clay in Pennsylvania. 

Locality. County. Thickness. 

Feet. 

Beaver Run-------------------- 'Vestmoreland_______________ · 25 

Bennington_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Blair _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

· Carpenters Station _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 'Vestmoreland _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 

.Fall Brook _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tioga _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Kittanning _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .Armstrong ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 

Putneyville .. ------------------- ..... do--------.-------------- a6 

Sewickley ____________ . _________ Allegheny_-.-________________ 8 

a Impure. 

A'l'mstronq Oounty.-The Kittanning fire clay is exposed at several points in 

this county, but at no locality forms a bed of great importance. a 

Beavm· Ommty.-The Kittanning clay is found in nearly every part of the 

county, and forms the basis of an important fire-brick industry.b The bricks are not 

of the most refractory character, but are especially adapted to those parts of the 

furnace where resistance to abrasion is required. The clay is rarely less than 10 

feet thick, and may reach 15 feet, but the lower 6 to 7 feet are usually too siliceous. 

It has been mined in the townships of Ohio," New Sewickley (Freedom),d Mariou,e · 

Pulaski/ and Rochester.Y 

The Lower Kittanning clay is 'used between Rochester and . Brighton by 

Ingraha'm & Co.; also at Conway by G. Dando & Brother. Here it is 8 feet thick. 

This clay bed supplies nearly all of the potteries, hollow-ware, fire-brick, and pavingbrick factories at New Brighton and vicinity4 · In 1897 it was mined at Crows Run, 

near Freedom, at Monaca and Van port, and below Beaver, on the north side of the 

Ohio River; al!3o opposite Beaver, and on Bennetts Rp.n, above New Brighton. It is 

probably continuous to Ohio, but west of Vanport dam the drift covering is said to 

be too heavy to permit its being profitably mined." The thickness of the clay 

deposit is rather uniform in the Beaver Valley region, but the thickness of bed 

worke.d varies according to the kind of ware to be made from it, some manufacturers 

being· able to use a larger proportion of the sandy layerR than others. The thickness 

worked at seVeral 1ocalitic~ is as follows: i 

a Second Pennsylvania Gcol. Survey, Rept. H5, Armstrong County. 

b Idem, Rcpt. Q, pp. 58, 59. 

c Ibid., p. 265. 

cl Ibid., p. 190. 

e Ibid., p. 215. 

!Ibid.' p. 195. 

v Ibid., p. 193. 

It Clays of western Pennsylvania: Ann. Rept. 

Pennsylvania State College, 1897, p. 33. 

iibid. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

Thicknes.~ of Lower Kittanning clay at mriou.s point8. 

Sherwood Bros .......................................... . 

Enterprise Pottery Company .............................. . 

Sewer-pipe works .................... : ................... . 

A. F. Smith & Sons· ....................................... . 

Ingram &Co ............................................ . 

'Velcl1, Gloniger & Co., Mo.naca ........................... . 

Bradys Run Fire Brick Company, Monaca ................. . 

Stahl Fire Brick Company, Beaver ........................ . 

Feet. 

7 

8 

6-7 

6-7 

7-8 

6 

16 

6 

Park Fire Clay Company, Mahan ....................... : ... 10-12 

The clay is often weathered before being used. 

225 

Fwyette Cmmty.-In Springhill Township a bed of good fire clay occurs from 

15 to 20 feet below the. Kittanning coal, and has been used for fire brick. It is 

usually free from iron, but pockets of ore occur occasionally and may replace the 

day for a short distance. 

Westmoreland Cmmty.-The fire clay usually found is a plastic clay from 5 to 7 

feet thick.a It may at times be gritty, as in Cook and Ligonier townships. 

Analyses of Kittanning lower coaltmder clay. 

-- - -----·---~--

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 

--· --------- ----· ---

Si02 ................ 61. 970 61. 750 62.890 62.260 66.610 56.670 57.670 60. 190 61. 980 

Al20 3 ••••••••••••••• 22.940 2~.660 21.490 23.890 18.390 26.560 27.520 24.230 23.880 

FeO ................ 1. 818 1.930 1. 818 1. 408 1. 964 2.106 1. 494 2.097 1. 395 I 

Ti0 . 1. 825 2 •••••••••••••••• 1. 975 1. 780 1. 780 2.810 1. 790 2.540 2.345 1. 830 I 

CaO ................ 0.440 0.455 0.380 0.470 0.490 0.260 0.380 0.850 I 0.040 

MgO ................ 0.522 0.353 0.569 0.309 0.547 0.277 0. 122 i 0.036 i 0.281 

Alkalies ~ ~ ---------- 1. 750 2.418 2. 52.5 1. 977 1. 079 3. 790 0.619 1..669 i 1. 217 

H20 (hygroscopic) ... 1. 480. 0.680 1.160 } 7.640 7.495 8.360 9.680 9. 015 '{ 1. 460 

H20 (combined) ---- 7.370 7.200 7.580 7.820 ---~ 

Total .......•. 100.265 100.226 10.0.237 99.734 99.385 99.813 100.025 100.432 99.903 

-- ---= Sand --------... ------ 34.250 -------- ::: ~~~ I:::::::: :::::::: :·::::::: :::::::: :::::::: -------- Si02 in sand ......... 34.180 --------

1 to 4. From Elverson & Sherwood's mines, near New Brighton, Beaver County, being, respectively, first, second, and third grades of clay and the raw clay. Second Pennsylvania Geological 

Survey, Rept. MM, p. 262. 

5. Mandon, Hall, and Chamberlain mines, near New Brighton, Beaver County. Ibid. 

6. Coale's clay, near New Brighton, Beaver County.'· Ibid. 

7. Couche's clay,- New Brighton, Beaver County. Ibid. 

8. Severn's clay mines, ncar Vanporte, on Ohio River, New Brighton township, Beaver 

County. Jbid. 

9. S. Barnes & Co.'s clay, near Bridgewater, 1 mile north of Rochester, Beaver County. Ibid .. 

a Second Pennsylvania Gcol. SUf\'ey, Rept. K3, p. 40. 

9647-No. 11-03--15 
226 CLAYS Olf UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF :MISSISSIPPI RIVE~. 

)fiDDLE KITTANSISG CLAY. 

This 111ay, at times, be underlain by fire Clay, as seen in the section at Ore Hill Furnace, Armstrong County, where a bed 2 feet 6 inches thick is found. a The Lower 

Kittanning is found in the same section. 

The thickness of the Middle Kittanning in Pennsylvania i8 as follows: 

Thickness of Middle Kittanning clay in I'enn.~ylvania. 

Locality. County. Depth. 

Feet. 

Beaver River ..................... · ........ Beaver............ a3 

Bennington ............................... Biair ....... ·....... b6 

Blossburg ................................ Tioga : .. .. _,.. .... 3 

Kittanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . Armstrong. . . . . . . .. 4 

Logansport ............................... -.... do . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Sewickley ......................... : .. ~ .. _ Allegheny . . .. . . . .. 8 

a Plus 40-foot shnlcs. blmpure. 

UPPER KITTANNING CLAY. 

This underlies the Freeport sandstone, a bed of 'shale lying between. Under it . 

is a fire clay of very good quality. 0 

I.OWER FREEPORT CLAY. 

This underlies the Lower Freeport coal at several localities at Frostburg," and 

is of proper quality .for potters' use. 

UPPER FREEPORT OR BOLIVAR FIRE CLAY. 

This is a bed of nonplastic or flint clay, nad is one of th'e most valuable of the 

rcfractoq· deposits found in western Pennsylvania, where it is also very extensively 

worked. It gets its name. from the fitct that it is best developed at Bolivar, at the 

eastern end of the Conemaugh Gap through Chestnut Ridge .. Stratigraphically it 

lies near the top of the Lower Productive series, being immediately under the 

Upper Freeport limestone; but a similar clay, which is sometimes confused with it, 

appears directly below the Upper Freeport coal hed.a 

While the Bolivar clay is widely distributed, at the same time it is not found at 

every one of the localities where its horizon is reached, and its place is sometimes 

taken by a less refractory shale. At the type locality at Bolivar it is from 20 to 25 

feet thick, a;cording to T. C.· Hopkins, but it is said to vary greatly throughout the · 

region of the western slope of Chestnut Ridge 1wd the Ligonier Valley. 

a Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 107, fig, 60. 

bSecond Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. Q; p. 265. 

cidem, Rept. II6, p. 16. ' 

dSecond PP.nnsylvanin Geol. Survey, Rept. K3, p. 34; and The clays of western Pennsylvania: Ann. Rcpt. Pennsylvania 

State College, 1897, p. 53. · 
PENNSYLV .ANI.A. 227 

The counties from which occurrences of this clay have been described are Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Indiana; Somerset, and Vv estrnoreland. 

The thickness of the Upper Freeport at various localities is given below. 

Thickne&s of Upper Freeport or Bolivm· fire cla.y in Pennsylvania. 

Locality. County. 

Bcns Creek ... _- ...................... Cambria .............. . 

Carp~nters Station ............... _.... Westmoreland ........ . 

Horton Township ... _ .. , ...... _._. ___ .. Elk ... __ ._ ... ______ . __ 

, I NearJohnstown ----------------------Cambria ______________ _ 

Karthaus ............. __ ........... _.. Clearfield ........... __ _ 

Clarion ....... _____ ... _ 

"Morrisdale ................... _ . . . . . . . . Clearfield. __ .......... _ 

Putneyville . _ ..•.... _ ....... _ ..... : . . . Armstrong. ____ . _ .... _ . 

Sewickley ... _ .................... _... Allegheny .. __ . ___ .: _. _ 

---~-----------------

n Includes shales. b Includes sandstone. c Fire clay and sandy ·shales. 

Alleglwny County.-The Bolivar clay forms a bed 3 feet thick on Gourdbead 

H,un, Hampton Township, as well as at several other points.a 

- A1•mstrong Cmmty~-Thc Upper Freeport fire clay is said to be of importance 

at Salina, but 'seems to fade out in a westerly direction down the river. It contains 

occasional sni::ill lenses of iron ore.b At Apollo, it is exposed underneath the lime-

~tone, and there are said to he 8 feet of it, of somewhat impure character, at Leachburg. c It is also well exposed at the top of the hill south of the rolling mill at 

Bradys Bend and at Templeton. The clay has also been_ mined ncar Manorville, a 

and may occur in the Cowansbannoek region. e 

Beave1' Cmmty.-In Big Beaver Township the Freeport clay bas been extensively 

mined and made into fire brick. It ranges in thickness from 2 to 10 feet, but may 

be replaced at times by limestone and iron ore, as at Adams.f 

Butler County.-The Freeport upper coal is underlain by 4 feet of excellent 

fire clay, especially mentioned as occurring in Winfield Township at the Collins bank. 

Fayette County.-In Fayette County the Bolivar clay has been reported from the 

following localities: In ·wharton Township, near ·wharton furnace, where it is 10 feet 

thick, with nodules of clay ironstone; in Stewart _Township, forming a bed 8 feet 

thick along the river hills ·and containing balls of iron o,rc; on Indiana Creek, 

Springh~ll Township, with a thickness of 4 feet; 2 miles north of Ohiopyle village. 

a Second Pennsylvanill Geol. Survey, Rept. Q, p. 158. 

zi Idem, Rept. H5, p. 14. 

cibid., p. 26. 

dlbid., p. 252. 

e Ibid., p. 89. 

fidem, Rept. Q, p. 224. 
228 CLAYS 0.1!' UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

At Baylies Point the flint clay is 12 to 15 feet thick and is overlain in places by 

2 to 4 feet of plastic clays. Another occurrence is 2t miles cast of Muir. The 

Bolivar clay is also mined ncar Layton station, that quarried 1 mile east of the 

station being used for the manufacture of g·lass pots. It is here from 4 to 6 feet 

thick; the clay is carefully selected by hand, the rejected portions being used for 

fire brick. 

Indiana Oounty.~ThP- clay has been mined at many localities in this eounty and 

· varies from 3 to 6 feet in thickness. It is said to be usually of good quality and 

comparatively free from impurities. a A specially large deposit of it is known to 

occur at Bells Mills. b Professor Stevenson" reports the clay from a number of 

localities in the Ligonier Valley south of the Conemaugh River, and states that it 

forms quite a persistent stratum in Fayette County, being traceable across the 

Youghiogheny into West Virginia. 

Analyses of both the hard and soft clay show much Ti02• 

Westmor-eland O,ounty.~The Upper Freeport clay forms the center of an active 

clay-working industry at Bolivar, bnt is also wodmd at several other points. 

The following general section at Bolivar is given by Stevenson: d 

Section at BolivaT, Pa. Feet. Inches. 

Mahoningsandstone ................................ 20 0 

Clay................................................ 0 3-6 

Upper Freeport coal bed .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 8 9 

Drab fire elay ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0. 

Sandstone .. _ .. _ . , .... _ ... : __ ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 

Clay, with iron ore _.. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 8 0 

Coal bed __ ................ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 

Chiy and shale............................. . .. .. . .. .. 30 0 

Sandy shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 0 

Fissile shale .................... , .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . 30 0 

Lower F!eeport coal bed ~ .. __ ....... ___ . ___ .. -.... -.. 1 5 

Clay and shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 

Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 

Dark shale ........... _.............................. 35 0 

Shale _______ ........................................ 10 0 

Upper Kittanning coal bed ......... , .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. 1 6 

Fire clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 

Upper Kittannir:.g limestone.......... . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. 1 6 

Concealed ............... : ........ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 0 

Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 0 

Shale ............................................... 12 0 

Clarion coal bed . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 6 

Fire day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 

Concealed ...........•...... -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 0 

a Second PcnmylvHnin Geol. SnrVC)', Rept. H1, p. R9. V Ibid .. p. JS4. "Ibid., p. 90. d Idem, Rep!. K3, p. ViS. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 229 

8ect.ion at Bolinn·, Pct.-Continued. FeeL Inches. 

Shale _____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 0 

Concealed _ .. _______ . ____ . ___ . ___ : ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 0 

Brookville coal bed _. __ --- ____ . ___ . _ .. -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Blossom. 

Shale __________ . _ . - - ___ .. _ .. - _ .. -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 · 0 

Pottsville conglomerate __ ..... _________ .. __ .. ________ _ 

Total thickness ...... _ ............... _ . __ .. __ .. 380 0 

Hopkinsct says that while this gives a good idea of the general succession of the 

beds, still the thicknesses noted do not agree with -those observed in the present 

working-s, being- in most· cases too small. The following· statement regarding the:;e 

fire clays in the vicinity of Bolivar is an abstract of the description in. his report: 

The Bolivar day varies greatly in thickness, ranging from 6 to 25 feet at 

different points in the State. On the south side of the river it has been· mined 

extensively over a large area on the King tract, about half a mile southeast -of 

Bolivar, on the slope east of Tub Mill Creek, near the base of the ridge. The clay 

here is 18 to 20 feet thick and is worked by open pits. Ore balls are very abundant 

in cert<1in spots, but seem to favor the upper layers rather than the lower ones, and · r 

in mining they can be, and are, picked out. The BoHvar :flint clay is also mined on 

the property of the Lincoln Company, showing there 18 to 20 feet overlain by 8 feet 

of shale and soapstone, followed by 6 feet of coal. The upper 6 to 8 feet are often 

called black clay and arc thought to be superior. On the northeast side of the 

Conemaugh River, in Indiana County, but opposite Bolivar, the upper clay bed has 

been worked rtt a number of places, 22 feet of flint clay being exposed at one point. 

An old flint-clay mine on the northeast side of the river is known as the Garfield flint 

citLy, and is 1 mile cast of Bolivar. The flint clay is also worked ncar the top of the 

ridge ou the south side of Roaring Run. There is said to he a higher bed of flint 

clay known as the Upper Boliva~· flint clay, and fonnd on the hilltops in the form of 

remnants or pots. It is said to be highly refractory, but is not worked on account of 

its scarcity. Below the Bolivar clay is a bed of plastic fire clay, the interval between 

·the two being 200 feet. It is mined on the south side of the- river, near the mouth 

of Tub :Mill Creek, and also on the north side of the river, in the hill below the flint 

mine No. 3 of Reese, .Hammond & Co. This bed really consists of two beds, known 

locally as the upper soft clay and the lower clay. In 9nc mine the material between 

the two layers is sufficiently thin to permit working them together. In the other 

mines only the upper portion of the clay, from 6 to 8 feet thick aud' lyi ., g· above -the 

separating sandstone, is worked. This clay bears an excellent reputation and is 

rather plastic. Another heel is said. to exist between this clay and the flint clay 

overlying, and one or two beds of plastic clay are also stated to occur at a lower 

«Cl!Lys of western Pennsylvania: Ann. Rept. Pennsylvania State College, 1897, p. 77. 
230 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

horizon; but the test of one of these lower beds has shown that it is much less .... refractory. 

Where high refractoriness is desired, it is said that some clay is brought to 

Bolivar from South Fork, Blueball, arid Moshannon, in Clearfield County. The 

Bolivar clay will make a more plastic and porous brick than many other clays of 

greater refractoriness. a 

- In addition to the workings at Bolivar, the clay is also said to occur northward 

from Loyalhanna, on the west side of the valley, extending from the southern boundary 

of Fairfield Township to the Conemaugh ,Valley. b 

At Salina the Bolivar clay dips eastward and varies in thickness from 6 to 

13 feet, including both the flint clay and the soft plastic fire clay. There is no 

regularity of distribution of the two, however, in the same bed. 

In the following table are given a number of analyses of the Bolivar fire clay: 

Analy8e.9 of Bolivm· or Freepo1·t npper coal unde1· clay. 

I i I ' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 

--- --- ' j-------· -------

SiO,_ .. , _____ 59.830 51.920 47.250 40.720 60.520 55. 330 I 55. 680 56. 780 65.370 52.230 

Al20s- -----· 24.580 31. 640 34.350 37.280 24.970 21. 841 I 29. 1so 26.890 24.870 31.310 

FeO ........ 1. 655 1.134 0.693 2.448 1. 650 2. 9161 0.837 0.322 0.756 1. 008 

TiO, ........ 1.170 1.160 1.990 2.280 1. 220 1. 140 i 1. 490 Not determined. 1.680 

CaO. _______ 0.280 0.030 0.580 0.520 0.910 o. 580 I 0.130 0.369 0.168 0.130 

MgO ....... 0.872 0.443 0.090 0.002 Trace. 0. 75'61 0.180 0.987 0.234 a. 165 

Alkalies ___ _. 3.114 0.402 o. 261 I 0.570 0.218 3. 916 I 0.245 3.920 0. 010 0. 720 

Water ...... 7.830 13.490 13.695 15.002 9.395 7.495 I 12.490 8.380 8.790 13. 190 

co, ........ ···----- None. 0.455 0.408 0. 72.5 0.455 -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------------ ----

-Total.. 99.331 100.219 99. 364 I 99. 23o 99.608 100.429 100.232 100.548 10o~37~T-;-oo. 433 

--- -- --- --- ~---·--~ ------

1. E. Robinson's clay deposit in Indiana County. Second Pennsylvani~' Geol. Survey, Rcpt. H4, 

p. 90. 

2. Kier Brothers, Salina, Bell Township, Westmoreland County; flint clay. Idem, Rept. H5, p.14. 

3. Kier Brothers' clay, Salina; top stratum, hard and'brittle. Ibid. 

4. Kier Brothers' cia~·, Salina; middle stratum, hard and brittle. Ibid. 

5. Kier Brotherb' clay, Salina; bottom stratum. Ibid. 

6. Kier Brothers' clay, Salina; plastic clay. Ibid. 

7. R. Hall's, near Laughlinsto\vn, 4 miles east from Ligonier, ·westmoreland County. Idem, 

Rept. K3, p. 249. 

~- Furnace clay' on Jacobs Creek, 2 miles southeast of Jacobs Creek station. Idem, Rept. L, 

p. 112. 

9. Forge clay vn Jacobs Creek, 2~ miles southeast of Jacobs Creek station .. Ibid. 

10. George Potter's clay on Meadow Run, south of Ohio Pyle Falls, Fayette County. Idem, 

Rept. K3, p. 249. 

a Clays of western Pennsylvania, p. 80. • bSecond Pen11sy!vania GeoL Survey, Rept. K3, p. 34. 

.. ' 
PENNSYLVANIA. 231 

BARREN ~~EASURES OR ELK RIVER GROUP, 

The Barren Measures or Elk River series consist largely of shales and sandstones, 

with some limestones, the shales predominating in the upper beds of the section and 

the sandstones in the lower (fig. 8). 

The general character can best be told from a glance at the accompanying section (fig. 8) taken from I. C. White's bulletin a already referred to. 

Pittsburg coal .................................. . . . .. .... . 

Concealed . ........ ... . ........ ........... . ............. .. Limestone .... ..... .... ..... ..... . . . ... ............ . . .. ---

Shales, variegated ...... .... . ....................... ------

Limestone . ...... _ ..... ... .......... -. . -.. -.. -..... -------

Red shal e .... -........ .. .......................... -- ------

Concealed ............ . ........................ -----------

Sandstone, Morgantown .... _ . ...... ........................ 

Coal, Elk Lick ........ .. .... .. ············-·····-······-· 

Shales, variegated ..... . ..... . ·· ·· ·· ····· ·· -· · ···----- ---

£~;:;esto i:;e::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::} 

Shales, variegated ............. _ ......... .. ............ . .. 

~~~e~~~~idc;l~~-i~-~1-:::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::} 

Red and variegated shale ........... _ ........ ......... __ _ 

Sandy shales and shaly sandstone .......... ............ .. 

Coal, Bakerstown .................................. -------

Shftles and sandstone .................................. ---

Limestone, Upper Cambridge ........... .. ......... ..... . 

Sandstone, ma.ssive .... _ . .. . ... . .. . _ .... ...... .. ..... -----

Limestone, Lower Cambridge .. .. ....... ... ............ .. Shales ................................................ ---- Coal, Masontown ........... ......... ... .. ..... .......... . 

Shales ............................. . ............ ...... ----

Sandstone, Mahoning .... ............ .......... ----------

FIG. 8.-Section of Barren Measures in Pittsburg region, Pennsylvania. 

a BulL U.S. GeoL Sun·ey No. 65, p. 72. 
232 CI AYS 01<' UNITED STATES EAST OJ<' MISSISSIPPI. RIVER. 

In Allegheny County the Lower Barren Measures constitute the greater part of 

· the surface rocks, all of the northern half of the county, with the exception of small 

areas of Upper and Lower Productive Measures, and about one-half of the southern 

part being covered by them. Hopkins gives the following sectiop: 

Section of Lower Barren 11feasures in Allegheny Cotm«lf, Pa. 

Feet. 

l. Pittsburg coal bed. 

2. Fire elay ................................................. . 3 

3. Shale .................................................. . 10 

4. Limestone ............................................. . 6 

5. Coal bed ........................................... : .. .. 1 

6. Shale ................................ ~ ............ , .... . 25 

7. Limestone ............................................. . 3 

R. Shale .................................................. . 10 

9. Coal bed .............................................. .. 1.5 

10. Limestone .. · ...................................... · .... .. 5 

11. Connellsville sandstone ................................ .. 60 

12. Shale .................................................. . 35 

13. Coal bed .............................................. .. 1 

· 14. Limestone ............................................. . 4 

15; Morgantown mudstone ..... : ........................... . .50 

16. Clay ...................................... ~ ......... : . . 9 

17. Barton coal bed ......................................... . 1 

18. Shale ................ · ................................... . 36 

19. Crinoidal limestone ................................... .. 4 

20. Shales and clays ....................................... .. 100 

21. Coal bed ................................................ . 2 

22. Shale .................................................. . 60 

23. Black limestone and shale .............................. . 4 

24. Shale and shaly sandstone .............................. . 35 

25. Coal bed ............................................... . 2 

26. Shale ........................ : .......... · ............... . 30 

27. Mahoning sandstone. 

Total.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491. 5 

Affeldera states that at Pittsburg, where 320 feet of strata of the Lower Barren 

Measures are exposed between the level of the Monongahela River and the outcrop 

of the Pittsburg coal near the hilltop, almost all of the rock is shale. So enormous 

are the deposits of shale that the manufacture of brick can be carried on for centuries 

' without materially diminishing the amount; but abundant' as the shale::; are, they do 

not vary greatly in their general characteristics. Nearly all of them, with the exception of the very arenaceous, arc well adapted to the manufacture of brick, and they 

all show evidence of the presence of iron to a greater or le::;s degree. In some the ------------------------------·------- - a The Clays of western Pennsylvaniu: A'nit. Rept. Penns;·JvaiJia. State College, 1897. p. 137. 

I 
PENNSYLVANIA. 233 

prevalent state of the iron is the ferrous, while in others it is the ferric, but the majority are stained with ferric iron, especially after they have been subjected to the action 

of the atmosphere. By far the most common variety of the shale is the yellowish, 

slightly arenaceous one, which grades at the surface to a sandy clay, and, as the depth 

increases, to a more or less impure sandstone. Bluish shales arc common in some 

localities. Some of them are so argillaceous and so distinctly laminated as to look 

very much like slate, but the majority of them are shelly and readily disintegrate to 

smail flakes. In color they vary from slate to bluish gray. Rcce~1tly M. Lam~ & 

Sons, of Pittsburg, have experimented with a bluish shale which occur:,; under the 

shale deposit from which they obtain their material £or making red brick, and have 

succeeded in n1aking a buff brick of good color and quality £or building purposes. 

Greenish shales containing much ferrous iron occur less frequently than the blue, 

and they are always badly discolored as a result of atmospheric action. Red shales 

are not very abundant, but where they do occur they have generally disintegrated on 

the outcrop to a red clay. 

Fire clays ~;tre not abundant in this county, and even where found they are too 

impure to be used £or maki1ig fire brick, although in some localities these clays are 

used to ;advantage in making building or paving brick. At Harmarville an excellent 

reddish-buff repressed brick is made from ;L H)-foot vein of such clay. The presence 

of a small amount 'of irofl prevents uniformity in color, and the brick are adapted 

only to paving. At Briggston a very hard building brick is made from an impure 

fire clay mixed with hard shale. 

A thriving clay-working industry exists in Allegheny Connty, and of 57 yards 

listed in Hopkins's report over two-thirds use shale wholly or in part. 

The product consists chiefly o£ red brick, but some paving and pressed brick 

also are manufactured. 

UPPER COAL ~IEASURES, OR :\IONONGAHEI1A RIVER GROUP. 

These have their greatest development in south western Pennsylvania, and while 

the shale deposits are not so abundant as in West Virginia, still occasional beds of 

good thickness occur. 

An important clay is that found as a persistent parting in the Pittsburg eoal, 

and it is used in the Monongahela Valley. The clay is not more than 6 to 10 inches 

thick, but has.to be removed in mining the coal, hence it is profitable to use it. This 

bed of clay is said to be wonderfully persistent througpout the entire area of the 

Pittsburg coal bed, and Hopkins comments on the fact that it has not been used at 

other places, for there are vast quantiti~s piled up around uumerom; mines over 

southwestern Pennsylvania. This clay is used in part for fire brick The same clayhorseback,'' or clay parting-is worked at Fayette City. The shale over the coal is 
234 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

used for making red brick, the section involved in Dinsmore Brothers' quarry being 

as follows:" 

Section at Dinsmore qua?'17f, Fa:yette Oity, Pa. 

Feet. 

Shale quarried for brick ..•. ______ . _______ . ___________________ 35 

Shale not quarried, partly concealed . _________________ . _______ 20 

The Pittsburg coal seam and clay parting._____________________ 9 

Shale .• __ . _______ . _. _. _____________ . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 

Limestone and shale ____ .. _______ . ____ • _______________ . __ : _ _ _ 10 

Shale ______________________________ , _____ -.--- ________ .______ 8 

A section of the Upper Productive Measures, after I. C. White, is given in fig. 9. 

Coal, Wttynesburg ...... ·-··--- ......... _ ................. --·-

Sandy shales or sttndstone .... _ ......... _ ..... _ .. _ ........ _. --

Cool, Waynesburg ........................................... . 

Limestone, Waynesburg .............................. . 

Shale and shaly sandstone ............. . 

Conl, Uniontown·--------------·············----·-··-·········· Limestone, Uniontown ........... -..... _ .............. _ ...... . 

Sandstone ... ___ ... __ .... __ ............... -.................. _ 

Limestone "Great" ......................................... . 

Coal, Sewickley_ ........... _._ ..... __ ._ ..... _ .. _ .. _ ........ _._ 

Sandstone .............. __ ......... __ .... _ ......... _ ........... -

Limestone, Sewickley ...................................... :. 

Shale or shnly sandstone ................................... .. 

Coal, Redstone .............................................. .. Limestone, Redstone ........................................ . 

Sandstone or shale ................... . 

Coal, Pittsburg ..................... . 

FIG. 9.-Section of Upper Productive Measures in Fayette and Westmoreland Com1ties, Pa. 

At Pittsburg shale of the Upper Coal Measures is used for making common. 

brick at several different yards. The Pittsburg Terra Cotta Lumber Company, at 

Pittsburg, also uses shale, but mixes it with surface clay. Its composition is givell 

below: 

«Ann. Rept. Pennsylvania State College, 1897, p. 132. 
PENNSYLV.A.NU. 235 

Analysis of shale from Upper Coal JJ[easures, near Pittsburg, Pa. 

Si02 •....•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 57.537 

Al20S ............. ·.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. 127 

FeO ...................................................... 5.797 

CaCOs). . 

:003 by difference..................................... 9. 022 

H20 and organic matter.................................. 7. 517 

TotaL ............................................. 100. 00 

At the quarry of the American Clay Manufacturing Company a section show~: a 

Section at qum·ry of American Clay JJfam~fact·uring Company, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Feet. 

Sandy yellow clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Thinly bedded arenaceous shale ............................. ·. 8 

Poor sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Clay ............................................... · ......... 30 

SURFACE, OR PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

These may occur in all parts of the State, more especially along the larg·er 

lines of drainage. They are found existing under several conditions, viz, as terrace 

deposits, basin deposits, or morainal clays. 

The tei·race deposits usually underlie the terraces bordering the rivers, and 

often represent the :fine clay and silt deposited during recent or remote periods 

of high water. The former would be found near the present river level, the latter 

often many feet above it. 

The basin deposits are chiefly to be looked f~r north of the terminal moraine 

of the Glacial epoch, and represent the :fine clay deposited in valleys whose streams 

have become dammed up and converted into ponds or lakes. 

The morainal deposits are clays of hregular occurrence found at times in the 

terminal moraine, and may often be stony. 

The surface clays are usually impure and frequently sandy, and are consequently chiefly adapted to the man_ufacture or common brick, although pressed 

brick and even pottery are made from them in cases where the clays are :finer and 

more homogeneous. In the Carboniferous areas, where shale outcrops are often 

abundant, the latter are sometimes mixed with the surface clays, producing excellent results. In the western part of the State they arc abundant along the Allegheny, Monongahela, Beaver, Ohio, and Youghiogheny. References to these have 

been made in Hopkins's report on the clays of western Pennsylvania and in the 

several county reports of the Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 

«Ann. Rept. Pennsy!Yania State College, 1897, p. 144. 
236 CLAYS OF UNITED S'fATES EAST OF MISSISSil'PI RIVER. 

The valleys of the Ohio and Beaver rivers are filled with glacial drift, and the 

terraces bordering them are underlain by clay.a An important deposit has been 

worked in the fourth terrace at New Brighton. This deposit, which was used for 

m~tking terra cotta, shows the following· composition: u 

Analyse8 of terrace clay at New Brighton, Pa. 

Constituents. 

Silica ..... -------- ............ _______ ----------· 

Alumina ...................... _ ............ _ .. __ 

Sesqnioxide of iron ............ _ ................ . 

Titanic acid ..............•................. _ ... _ 

Lime ................ ---------------------------

.i\'[agnesia .... , ............................. _ ... _ 

Alkalies ...................................... __ 

\Vater ............... . 

Total .................. ___ ------------·- .. 

Mendenhall & Elverson & 

Chamberlin. Sherwood. ___ , ___ , __ _ 

46. l60 67. 780 

26.976 16.290 

7.214 4. 570 

. 740 . 780 

2.210 . 600 

1. 520 -727 

3.246 2.001 

11.220 6.340 

99.286 99.088 

'------------____ .. ---- --'----- -----'----

This same clay has also been successfully employed in the manufacture of flower 

pots. 

In Allegheny County the alluvial clays along the rivers are used for making 

building brick at about 10 per cent of the yards. These clays are obtained from 

river flats which border on the Ohio, Allegheny, Monongahela, and Youghiogheny 

nvers. Some of them are said to be flood-plain deposits. Terrace clays are abundant in the vicinity of many rivers, especially" in and near Pittsburg. In the Monongahela Valley surface clays are used at several localities for the manufacture of brick, 

among them Leetsdale, Braddock, and Wilkinsburg. At some of these places the 

clay is mixed with shale. Surface clays are also worked in theY oughiog·heny Valley 

at Connellsville for building, paving, and pressed brick;" at West Newton, in the same 

valley, the alluvium is worked to a depth of 8 or 10 feet, or even 15 feet. Iil the 

Monongahela Valley many brick arc made from surface elays, as at Monongahela 

City and Charleroi, in Washington County. At this last place the section is as follows: 

Section at Clwrle1'0i, Washington County, Pa. 

Feet. 

Surface clay .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 3 

Shelly sandston<>.......................................... 4-10 

Yellow clay ... _ ......... _........ . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. 4- 5 

Red clay ................................................. 15-20 

----------

a Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. Q, pp. 10, 11, 12. 

I> Idem, Rept. l\Il\1, p. 257. 

c Ann. Rept. P~nnsylv11nia State College, 1897, p. 128. 
237 

The composition is tts follows:a 

Partial analysi.~ of surface clay at Charleroi, lYashington County, Pa. 

Silica· .. __ .. _ .... __ .. _ . _ . _ ... ______ ... __ . _______ . _ . ____ . . 56. 32 

Alumina __ ... __ .. _ . __ .... __ . _ ...... ____ ... ___ . __ .. _____ . 21. 44 

Tron oxide _____ . _. ___ .. __ ... -·- ___ .. ____ . ___ . __ .. ______ .. 9. 92 

Loss on ignition ____ .. ____ .. ____ .. __ ... _ . _ .... - __ . _ . . . . . . . 6. 73 

Total. ____ .. ________ ... __ . _ .. _____ . ____ - ___ .. ___ . _ _ 96. 41 

Alluvial clays arc also worked for common and pressed brick at Freeport, 

Armstrong County; Sheridan, Lebanon County; Hyde Park, Ligonier, and Mount 

Pleasant, Westmoreland County; Uniontown, Dawson, Smithfield, and Fairchance, 

Fayette County; and California, Washington County. 

At Dawson the section involves: 

Section at Da1vson, Pa. 

Ft. Ins. 

Clay ___ . _ ... _____ . __ .. __ .. ___ .. _______ . _. _. _______ . _ _ 14 0 

Iron ore __ ... ____ .' . __ . _ . _ ..................... _ . . . . . . . 0 14 

Blue elay ............................................. 12 0 

In the Allegheny River Valley several brick yards in the vicinity of Allegheny 

use the surface clays for mixing with the Carboniferous shales. Most of the swamps 

in McKean County arc said to be underlain by clays which are sometimes refractory 

in character.b In Perry County common brick clay exists at many points, especially 

near New Bloomfield, where there is a deposit of alluvial clay of a fine white color. c 

In Pike and Miner counties surface clay suitable for the manufacture of pottery 

occurs on the land of T. Bells, 2t miles below Ledgedale, on the Old Valley of the 

. Paupack, and has been manufactm;ed into red ware. The section involves:d 

Section near Leclgedale, Pa. 

J<'eet. 

Olaysoil. ..... .- .......................................... 1~ 2 

Gray clay (full of roots) .................................. 15 -20 

Very sandy clay··············-········--·····-------···· 2 

TotaL ........ · ...................... ·............... 24 

Another deposit occurs on the opposite or Wayne County side of .the Paupack, 

200 feet above the stream level. It is said to be 200 feet thick. · 

In Harmony Township, Susquehanna county,e I. C. White states that the old 

channel of Starrucca Creek has been filled up by 75 feet of impervious reddish-drab 

clay of glacial origin. It bas been used in the-manufacture of brick, and 40 feet 

of it were exposed in a railroad cut. Other deposits of giacial clay occur at 

Williamsport, Hughesville, and other p~ints in Lycoming County .f 

a Am. Rept. Pennsylvania State College, 1897, p. 131. 

bSecimd l'enmylvania _Gcol. Survey, Rept. R, p. 28. 

cidem, Rept. FF. 208. 

<lldem, Rept. G6, p. 170. 

•Idem, Rept. G5, p. 97. 

!Idem. Rept. Z, p. 136. 
238 CLAYS 01!' UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Clays for building brick are found in most of the deeper valleys of McKean 

County. Those having an outlet through the Allegheny River at the State line, 

namely, Tuna and Kinzua creeks, have more extensive clay beds than any of the 

others.· They arc usually surface depo~;its of rather limited extent. a Terrace clays 

are also worked for pottery manufacture at New Geneva and Point Marion, Fayette 

County; Greensboro, Greene. County. 

In Delaware County much clay is foimd at Morton station; Many deposits of 

loamy clay also occur in Upper and Lower Chich~ster township:;;:. 

Around Philadelphia the Columbia loarns form an inexhaustible supply of clay 

for red brick and have been worked for a long period.b 

11fiscellaneous analyses of Pennsylvania clays. 

1. 2. 

Si02

• ________________ ---- ______ _ 

Al20 3

• _________________ -- ______ _ 

Fe,03 _______________________ · __ _ 

cao ___________________________ _ 

MgO ---------------------------

61.81 

27.18 

6.96 

2.00 

1. 50 

54.09 

19.95 

9.84 

. 72 

1. 55 

Na20 ____ . ____________________ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. 20 

K,O ____________________________ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 31 

Ign ____ . _______________________ I ______ . _ _ _ 8. 98 

I 

1. Analysis of brick, Allegheny Brick Company, Limited, Allegheny. 

2. Butler Brick and Tile Company, Butler, Pa. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUS'J'HY. 

Pennsylvania ranks second in the list of clay-producing States, Ohio being 

first, but in certain lines of ware, such as pressed brick, terra cotta, common brick, 

and fire brick, Pennsylvania outranks Ohio. 

Though not the leading State, yet there are probably few others, if, indeed, any, 

in which the raw materials used by the cl~y worker are so uniformly distributed. 

This can be seen by consulting the maps showing the production of paving brick, 

fire brick, and pottery (Pls. VIII and IX). 

Common brick.-This class of ware is manufactured all over the State, although 

local expansions of the industry are seen around the larger cities, as Philadelphia, 

Pittsburg, Allentown, Lancaster, Reading, Pottstown, and Scranton. The materials 

used are commonly surface or alluvial clays, but shales and residual clays are of;;en 

a Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Rept. R, p. Si. bidcm, Rept. C5, p. 9. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 239 

found adaptable. In the Allegheny River Valley shales are worked at Harmarville, 

Sharpsburg, Millvale, Barking, Allegheny, etc, 

Pressed brick.-The red Philadelphia pressed brick made from the Columbia 

loams around Philadelphia have won a high reputation in former yettrs, but arc not 

so much used now as those made from the fire clays in the western part of the State, 

for -the color of the latter is better liked by most architects at the pre~ent time. 

, These buff brick are now being turned out' in large quantities. 

Paving brick;-Pennsylvania again stands second to. Ohio in the output of this 

grade of product, because, while the materials suitable for their manufacture arc 

more widely distributed over the State, still, the great market of the central States 

being farther off, there is less inducement to build up a paving-brick industry in 

this State. 

The industry in western Pennsylvania is not so extensive as the fire-brick or 

building-brick industry. Paving brick are manufactured at many points along 

with other classes of brick, as at, Connellsville, Layton, Kittanning, Fallston, Black_ 

lick, Harmarville, Rochester, Johnstown, Mount Braddock, Hyde Park, Barking, 

and Bolivar. Most of the companies making them at these points make fire brick 

their chief product. 

The distribution of the plants can be seen by reference to the map (Pl. VIII). 

Fire brick.-Pcnnsylvania produces very nearly half of the fire brick made 

m the U nitecl States. This great yield is due to the location of a great iron and 

. steel industry within the State, which creates a great demand for the refractory wares 

made. In addition to this, many thousands are also called for in the lining of coke 

ovens in the bituminous-coa! districts, and for the kilns used in the various branches 

of the clay-working industry, which is in active operation in western Pennsylvania. 

In the vicinity of· Bolivar the upper Freeport clay is worked to supply the several 

fire-brick works in that region. In this distTict fire clay has been mined for more 

than fifty years. Other fire-brick works are located at Nineveh, Johnstown, and 

South Fork, in the Conemaugh Valley, and there are also a number of other 

plants in the Allegheny, Ohio, and Y oughioghcny valleys. 

In addition to the works in the western part of the State, there are others 

in the extl'cme eastern portion which draw on New JcTsey for their raw materials. 

The residual white clays of the South Mountain region are also used. 

Glass pots form an impottant refractory product, and there are several large 

operators located in the State. This type of ware is made of a mixture of German, 

Missouri, and Pennsylvania clays. 

Pottery.-The established potteries are confined chiefly to the western and eastern 

ends of the State, and the product includes white earthenware, ordinary and chemical 

stoneware, and common red earthenware. 
240 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISBISSIPPI RIVER. 

New Brighton is a most important center, for here are three large factories 

making stonewai·e, and there is a large white ware works at Beaver Falls, as well as 

a flower-pot works. The establishm~nt of the pottery industry at this locality dates 

back to the year 1834; and the conditions have been ·such that the industry has 

expanded along several different lines since that time. a The lower grades of ware 

are made from native clays, but the higher. ones are manufactured from materials 

brought largely from other States. Some white ware is made in Philadelphia, and 

there has been a chemical stoneware factory in operation at that locality for a number 

of years. Art tile are made at Beaver Falls, and plain and encaustic floor tile are 

pressed at Pittsburg, the red burning shales of that vicinity producing a tile of great 

purity of color and density of body. ·Terra cotta is made to some extent, the factories being located at Philade~phia and New Brighton. Drain tile are also made at 

several localities, and the Kittanning clays at New Brighton are well adapted for the 

manufacture of sewer pipe. 

The following table gives the total value of clay products produced in Pennsylvania from 1895 to 1901, and also the output of the individual grades of ware in 1900 

.arid 1901: 

Value of clay pmducts of Pennsylvania from 1895 to 1901. 

Year. 

1895 .. -- __ :. ----------.---------------

1896.---------------------------------

1897---.-.-------------------.--------

1898.------.---------.--.-------------

1899 .. --------------------------------

1900 ____ -- ----------------------------

1901.-----------------.-.------ -.·-----

Value. 

$8,807,161 

9,063,313 

7,874,695 

9,642,098 

14,103,245 

13,391,748 

~5,321, 742 

Rank.' 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Proportion 

of United 

States product. 

Pet cmd. 

13.48 

14.54 

12.63 

13.47 

14.72 

13.92 

13.90 

a Clay" of western Peunsrlvania: Ann. Rept. Pennsylvania State College, 1897, p. 36. 
PENNSYLVA~HA-RHODE ISLAND-SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Value o.f.clay prodnct.g of Pennsylvania in 1900 and 1901. 

Common brick ......................... __ .. _. 

Front brick .......................... _ ..... . 

Vitrified brick ........................... _ , . 

Fancy brick ........................ ·- ...... . 

:::::~:~~n~~: : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :I 

Drain tile .................................. . 

Sewer pipe .............................. ___ _ 

'rerra cotta ................................. . 

Fireproofing ................................ · 

Tile, not drain ........................... __ .

1

. 

Red earthenware ....... --- .... ____________ .. 

Stoneware . : ............ ·. ______ ~ .. _ .. __ .. __ _ 

White granite ware ....... _ ...... _._. __ ._, __ . 

Miscellaneous .................... __ ...... __ . 

Total ......... -.- ... _ ....... ____ ... ___ . 

RHODE ISLAND. 

1900. 

$4,484,590 

596,559 

481,670 

57,279 

4,587,991 

90,348 

8,420 

522,650 

180,100 

95,"957 

191,878 

88,6R2 

255,457 

830,000 

920,167 

13,391,748 

1901. 

$5,357,079 

844,08? 

670,081 

74,726 

4,791,083 

86,190 

7,409 

438,99~ 

314,900 

101,652 

188,525 

} 431,43:3 

839,903 

1,175,676 ------

15,:321,742 

I 

I 

The glacial clays of Rhode Island, excluding Block Island, are of limited extent. 

They occur at a few points around Narragansett Bay, but the principal occurrence 

is in the town of Barrington. They underlie an area of a·bout 1 by lt miles a few 

feet above tide level. a They are bluish gray, and' sandy in their upper portion. 

Their depth reaches 60 to 65 feet. The production of Rhode Island is included with 

that of Connecticut .. · (See p. 79.) 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

There has perhaps been less published regarding the clay resources of this State 

than those of any other cast o! the Mississippi except Delaware. The northwestern 

part of the State is underlain by crystalline rocks, which extend to the edge of the 

Coastal Plain, the line of division passing a short distance southeast of Chesterfield 

and Camden, through Columbia and west o~ Aiken. 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

These may be looked for throughout the crystalline belt, and are usually impure. 

No kaolins are reported, but many of the white-burning sedimentary clays found m 

the Coast!!-1 Plain are incorrectly termed such. 

a Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, Pt. I, p. 987. 

9647-No. 11-03--16 
242 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAS'L' OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

COASTAL l'LAIN CLAYS. 

The formations range from the Potomac to the Columbia, and consist of sands; 

clay's, loams, and marls. Of the different formations the Potomac and Columbia are 

perhaps th\'1 most important ·to the clay worker, though the others 'might contain 

local clay deposits of value. 

The Potomac outcrops in a belt from 4 to 5 miles wide, reaching from Augusta, 

Ga., through Aiken, south of Lexington, and through Columbia to Camden and 

Cheraw." It contains lenses of white clay which are worked at Aiken, Columbia, 

Severn, and other points .and sold to paper manufacturers. Some of these may be 

available for pottery or fire brick. 

The Columbia loams are found on the lower lands and along rivers, and may be 

useful for brick manufacture. 

Tuomey, in his report on the .geol?gy of South Carolina, published in 1848, 

states b that pottery clay is common in the Buhrstone formation (Eoce~1e) and that a 

good clay occurs north of Hamburg and also near Graniteville and on Congaree 

Creek. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

South Carolina ranks thirty-first among the clay-producing States, the production since 1895 having been as follows: 

Value uf clay products of South Carolina from 1895 to 1901. 

--· 

I Year. Value. 

! ___________ _ ---

1895 .......................... · ....... . $276,918 

1896 ................................. . 354,275 

1897 ............ -.- ....... --- ........ - 290,497 

189S ........... ____ . _ ... _. _ .......... . 259,232 

1899 ... -- ..... -.- .... --- .. -.- ..... --. --- 605,329 

1900 ... -- .. -.. --.----- .. ----- ........ . 711,336 

1901. .... --- ....... --- ......... ---- .. . 575,218 

a Bull. U.S. Geo:. Survey No. 138, p. 208. 

bPaga 289, 

Rank. 

30 

27 

30 

35 

28 

27 

31 

-

Proportion 

of United 

States 

product. 

Percent. 

0.42, 

. 57 

.48 

.33 

. 63 

. 73 

.52 
SOUTH CAROLINA-TENNESSEE. 

Value of the clay products of South Caroline! in 1900 nnd 1901. 

1900. 

Common brick...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . - $665, 998 

Front brick ............. __ ... _.............. 10, 784 

Fire brick ................... ____ . _ ........ . 14,321 

Stove linings .. _., ....... ____ .. _ .. _ .. __ ... _ .. __ .. ____ . __ ... _ 

Drain-tile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . 

J\fiscellaneous .....................•......... 

Pottery ........................ · ...........•. 

Clay .................•................ · ..... 

300 

1 i, 633 

79,900 

1901. 

$546,028 

1,188 

14,925 

(a) 

(a) 

250 

11,872 

143,700 

-------'------' 

a Less than three firms. 

TENNESSEE. 

243 

The geologic formations occurring in Tennessee belong to the pre-Cambrian, 

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Eocene, and Pleistocene. 

The pre-Cambrian rocks occur in small areas along the eastern border, while west of 

them and folded into many narrow belts lie rocks of Cambrian to Silurian age. 

The Carboniferous reaches from the eastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau 

westward beyond the Tennessee River. In the central part of the State is a large 

area. of Silurian, and another along the Tennessee River in the southern half of 

the State. This i:,; followed on the west by a broad belt of Tertiary, which in turn 

1s separated from the Mississippi River by a strip of Pleistocene. 

l'RE-CAl\IBRIAN. 

No kaolin deposits have been described from the crystalline area of northeast 

Tenncs:,;ee, but they may exist, as they arc abundant in western North Carolina. 

PALEOZOIC RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

The i·ocks of these ·formations yi13ld residual clays from bqth limestones and 

shales, and the latter might abo grind up to a plastic mass. In parts of Cumberland, Rhea, Loudon, M~igs, Roane, Grundy, Franklin, Marion, arid Sequatchie 

counties the residual reel or blue clays of the Chickamauga limestones are well 

adapted for making bricks. These clays and some from Cambrian shales are 

exteno;ively used in adjacent areas for making drain tile. Others are found around 

Pikeville. a In the region around Knoxville b the calcareous Athens shale also yields 

a residual brick clay which accumulates in the hollows. These clays are worked 

at Maysville aud Knoxville.c The Knox dolomite also yields a stiff elay, 'which may 

"Geologic Atlas U.S., folio 21, Pikeville. b Idem, folio 16, Knoxville. . clrtcm, folio 59, Bristol. 
244 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

at times contain much chert. The Conasauga and upper part of the Rome formation likewise yield residual clays. a Along· the TennesseE;~-Georgia boundary the 

residual clays derived from the Bangor and Chickamauga limestones are suited for 

the manufacture of brick and tile. Some of the highly siliceous residual clays from 

the Knox dolomite arc refractory, b and fire brick are made from them n.ear Cleveland. The Bttngor limestone weathers to red and blue residual clays which are 

worked at many localities in parts of Warren, Dekalb, Grundy, \Vhitc, and Van 

Buren counties. Others are found in the region around Pikeville," Standingstone,rZ 

'Vartburg,e and Maynardsville.f Near Smithville a white clay derived from the 

slate in the upper part of the Fort Payne division, is used for pottery.q 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

J. M. Safford, in his report on the Geology of Tennessee, published in 1869, 

refers to the following occurrences of clay in the Carboniferous: 

Near the Cumberland Iron Works, in Stewart County,· is a bed of fire clay of 

Lower Carboniferous age;" another occurs 4mi~es southwest of Cumberland City, in 

Stewart County; in the valley of Crow Cr9ek, near Anderson station, the Coal Meas-

. ures at the margm of the table-land show a fire clay 3 feet thiek, 163 feet below the 

top of the cliff; i in Franklin County, near the Grundy County line, and 4 miles 

northwest of the track of Sewanee road, at the old Logan bank, is a ped of clay 115 

feet below the eonglomerate;i near the lowm; end of the Battle Creek Valley, in 

Marion County, is a bed of fire clay 2 feet thick; 5 miles southeast of Tracy City, 

and H miles from Parmley Bank, a bed of clay underlies the main Sewanee coal; k 

another oqcurs at the north end of Lookout Mountain, below the Upper Conglomerate.! Many of the under clays of the coal seams, according to Safford, are of_ 

refraetory character. m Fire clays, mostly undeveloped, are said to be associated with 

the coals in the areas covered by the following Geologie Atlas folios: Standingstone, No. 53; Wartburg, No. 40 (used for pottery)." . 

In the Kingston region the beds of ·clay which underlie the coals are no doubt 

refractory in many cases, but they are wholly nndeveloped._0 

TERTIARY. 

In western Tennessee the plastic clay immediately underlying the 'Lafayette 

formation serves as the basis of a rather active stoneware and fire-brick industry. 

a Geologic Atlus U.S, folios4 and 8, Kingston und Sewanee. 

b Idem, folio 2, Ringgold. 

a Idem, folio 21, Pikeville. 

dldem, folio 53, Standingstone. 

e Idem, folio 40, Wartburg. 

fIdem, folio 27, Morristown. 

g Idem, folio 22, McMinn ville. 

II Sufford, Geology of Tennessee, p. 349. 

i Ibid., p. 372. 

iibid., p. 373. 

klbid., ]>. 380. 

l Ibid., p. 385. 

m Ibid., p. 513. 

"GcologicAtlasTJ. S., folio33, Briceville: folio 21, Pikeville; 

folio 4, Kingston. 

oldem, folio 4, Kingston. 
TENNESSEE. 245 

The section usually seen in the clay pits involves red Lafayette sands, which seem to 

overlie unconformably the beds of stoneware clay and white sands. 

One pottery, located at Grand Junction, used clay from the various pits of 

the vicinity. The clay varies in quality. In the pits of the Irwin Clay and Sand 

Company,. H miles east of the station, along the railroad, the section given by 

E. C. Eckel a isSection near G~and Junction, Tenn. 

Feet. Inches. 

Red sand. · 

\Vhite sand ........ _................................... 8 

\Vhite clay .... _ .... , ..... __ ... _ ... __ ._ ........ ___ ...... 8 

Gray lignitic chty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10 

·white clay . _ .. _ .... _ .... ____ .. __ .. _. _ ..... _ .. ___ ... _. . 20 

Whiie sand. 

The clay deposits are very irregular, sometimes running together to form overlapping lenses in the white and yellow sand. · The Lafayette seems to overlie the 

section. At Jackson there is another pottery for making stoneware, and the section· 

here is somewhat similar. At Pinson is still another stoneware plant, which also. 

makes fire brick and tiles. There are several around Pinson, all of which show 

the clay associated with the sands. Some of the clay from Pinson is sent to .Jackson 

for use in the pottery there·. The Pinson clay pits are all southwest of the station. 

Another pottery is at .Mackenzie.b 

The clay at Hico, 3 miles south of Mackenzie, is shipped to the potteries at 

Akron and East Liverpool, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky. The clays from Hollow Rock 

are shipped to Nashville. There is a large pottery at Toone and one being erected 

at Henry.· Two potteries are also located nea.r Paris. 

Three miles east of Currier arc the ·pits of I. Mandie, where an area 60 by 50 

feet has been opened up. The section is as follows: 

Section at 1lfandle' .~ clay pits, 3 miles east of Currier, 'renn. 

E~tst side. West side. 

-----------------·-'-----------

2 feet clay. 

4 feet clay. 

1 foot black day (lignitic). 

5 feet brown clay (ball clay). ' 

Reddish sand. 

15 feet light-gray clay. 

1 foot black clay. 

5 feet ball clay. 

The bases of the two sections are at the same level, hence the type beds are very 

irregular. The light-gray clay is shipped to East Liverpool, Ohio, for saggets. The 

ball clay is known as Tennessee ball clay No. 3. Tests of samples of this clay supplied 

a :Ms. notes. b From l\ISS. of E. c. Eckel. 
246 CJ,AYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVl~R. 

by I. Mandie, made by S. Geijesbeek, show that it leaves 10 per cen~ residue on a 

175-mesh sieve. Its rational composition isAnalysis of clay from Mandle' s clay pits, near Paris, Tenn. 

Per cent. 

Clay substance ........... -. ______ -------------------------- 91.35 

Feldspar _ .......... ·_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 70 

Quartz .. _ ............................................... : 5. 95 

It will carry as much as 72 per cent of non plastic material. The shrinkage at 

cone 1 is 12.5 per cent; at cone 2, 18 per cent. It burns white at cone 1 and gray at 

cone 8, being vitrified at that temperature. This is located 5 miles from Paris, and 

the clay is shipped from Currier, which is 3 miles from the mine. 

Tennessee ball clay, No. 1,.found in Henry County, shows the following rational 

analysis: 

Analysis of ball clay from Henry County. 

Per cent. 

Clay substance ............................................ 86. 20 

Feldspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 70 

Quartz ......... , ......................................... 11. 10 

It carries 60 per cent nonplastic material to the mixture. The total fire 

shrinkage at cone 8 is 15 per cent, and at this temperature it burns to a cream-white 

color and dense body. 

ALLUVIAL CLAYS. 

Alluvial elays are found in many of the river valleys, and in most cases are the 

wash from the residual clays of surrounding areas. They often underlie theriver 

terraces. These terrace clays are used in the Maynardville area.a Others are 

common in the region around Morristown,b especially in the low grounds of the Lick 

Creek, Nolichucky, and French Broad valleys. 

The following analyses of Tennessee clays have been gathered from different 

Locality. Si02• 

--

Loudon ................ 45.06 

Pow des Station ........ 68.35 . Chattanooga .......... 68.96 

Robbins ............... "70.57 

Analy8es of Tennessee clays. 

Al 20 3• Fe,o,. CaO. !If gO. Alk. H 2o. !\foisture. ----------------

30.03 a4, 50 4. 70 4.80 10 

12.96 6.44 .23 2.14 7 

20.42 1. 84 .16 . 33 2.18 6.50 

15.19 7. 97 . 78 . 32 2. 30 ........ ........ 

a See Geologic Atlas U.S., folio 75, Maynardvil)e. 

b Idem, folio 27, Morristown. 

MnO. 

0. 9 

Tr. ... 

........ 

Remarks. 

Crossley, analyses of 

clays. 

J. W.Slocum,analy"t. 

Tenn-essee Pa ,-ing Brick 

Co. 

Clay Worker, December. 

1893. 
'.rENNESSEE-VlRGINIA. 247 

CJ,AY-WORKING INDUSTRY., 

Tennessee ranks twenty-fifth among the clay-producing States, the production 

since 1895 having been as follows: 

Yalue of clay p1·od1wts of Tennessee from 1895 to 1.901. 

Year. Value. Rank. 

1895.--- .. ----------------------------

1896.---------------------------------

1897----------- •'•-- -------- ., .. --------

1898 ... --------------------------------

1899 .... -------------------------- .. --

1900 ...... ----- ---------- '. ------- •••,•• 

1901 .. --------------------------------

$522,534 

537,325 

612,293 

513,738 

948,853 

915,578 

893;967 

23 

23 

22 

22 

22 

23 

25 

Value of the clay prod,ucts of Tennessee ·in 1900 and 1.901. 

1900. 

Common brick ............................. . $609,994 

59,493 

87,760 

(a) 

32,573 

Front brick. _. __ . ~ ......... _ ............. _ .. 

I 

Vitrified ~rick ............................. -~ 

Fancy brJCk ..................... _ .... _ .... _. 

Fire brick .................................. : 

I 

Drain tile ................... -.............. . 18,900 

Sewer pipe ........... ____ .. ·, _ . _ . ___________ 1 (a) 

Fireproofing ....................... ' ....... . (a) 

Stoneware .............. · .................. . 48,325 

2,697 ) 808 

3,750 

Fire clay ................................. . 

Stoneware clay ............................. . 

Raw 

Total ................................ . ' 915,578 

a Production not given where less than three factories supplied. 

VIRGINIA. 

Proportion 

of United 

States 

procluct. 

Per cent. 

0.80 

. 86 

. 98 

1901. 

. 72 

. 99' 

.95 

.81 

$610,968 

32,350 

67,129 

(a) 

37,100 

15,961 

(a) 

(a) 

62,093 

32,957 

893,967 

The crystalline, rocks, consisting of granites, gneisses, and schists, with some 

intrusives, crosB the State from north to south in a belt of increasing width, whose 

western boundary follows approximately a line running from Harpers Ferry south-
~48 CLAYS OF UNITED 8TA1'ES EAST OF ~IISSISSIPPI IUVER. 

westward, passing a few miles east of Front Royal. The eastern edges pass through 

Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Bothwell, Richmond, and Petersburg. 

The Cambro-Silurian rocks form a broad belt lying west of the crystalline belt 

and extending to the Virginia-West Virginia boundary with the exception of an 

area of Carboniferous in the extreme southwestern portion. 

The Newark group occupies several narrow hclts within the crystalline region. 

Southeast of the crystalline belt and underlying the Coastal Plain area is a 

series of mostly unconsolidated sands and clays. The Coastal Plain area lies east of a 

line running through Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Bothwell, Richmond, Petersburg, 

and Emporia, and covers 9,800 square miles. The geologic stl'llcture is similar to 

that of eastern Maryland, but the Potomac beds are more sandy. Darton a gives 

following Coastal Plain formations·: 

Coa:stal Plain formations of Virginia. 

- ------~-----~------~--

Formation. Character of beds. Age. 

Columbia___________ Loams, sands, and gravels in terraces __ , ___ . ______ ._____ Pleistocene. 

Lafayette___________ Orange sands, loams, and gravels ___________________ . _ _ _ Plio~:cne. 

Chesapeake_________ Clays, sands, infuserial earth, and marL______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Miocene. 

Pamunkey ____ ._ _ _ _ _ _ Clays, marls, and sands-_______________________________ Eocene. 

Potomac____________ Sands, sandstone, and clays ______ - __ .__________________ Early Cretaceous. 

-------'-------~----

CRYSTALLINE AREA. 

The decomposition of the rocks throughout this area may give rise to residual 

clays, usually of impure chai.'acter, which are thicker on the ge'ntler slopes or level 

surfaces, but the wash from them is often found in the valleys. They are usually 

adapted to the manufacture of common brick. Prof. J. H. vVoodworth informs me 

that at Clayville, Powhatan County, the gneisses weather to a residual clay, which is 

used in the manufacture of light-colored brick. The granite along the eastern border 

of the crystalline belt forms a yellow clay often as much as 20 feet deep. 

Il'aolin.-This is found in Henry and Patrick counties, and perhaps elsewhm:e, 

but the deposits are just being developed. It is also said to occur in Ashe County, 

on the South Fork of New River, and near Wytheville, Wythe County,_as well as in 

Smyth County.b Kaolin and fire-clay mines are said to have been opened in Nelson 

County, near the line of the Southern Railway,c but nothing has been published 

regarding them in recent years. The occurrence of kaolin has also been noted from 

a locality known as Bon Air, 9 miles from Richmond,d and from the erystalline area 

of Prince Edward and Cumberland counties, a little east of their court-houses." 

a Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 138, p. 162. 

b Mineral Resources U. S. 1882, p. 470. 

o The Virginias, Vol. III, p. 160. . 

dlbid. 

e Rogers, Geology of the Virginius, p. 284. 
VIRGINIA. 24V 

CAiiiBRO-SILURIAN CLAYS. 

The Cambro-Silurian shales and limestones yield an abundance of impure 

residual clay, which is well adapted to brick manufacture. These clays are likely 

to be found throughout the region of the Great Valley. 

Some of the residual clay found near the zinc deposits in Pulaski County may 

contain zinc. It has no special commercial value on this account, however. a Its 

composition was: 

AnalysiB of residual clays in Pula.~ki County, Va. 

Si02 .......................................... --~--- ...... 37.38 

Al,03 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24. 67 

Fe20 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. 34 

1\'lnO ..................................................... 12.10 

:MgO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

K 20 ... _................................................... .47 

Na,O................. ... .............. ....... ..... ....... . 27 

Ign . __ ......... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. 35 

:Moist ....... c •••. _ .•••••••.••.•.•...•••.••...••. ~ • • . . • • • • 6. 69 

White residual clay is also reported from Black Rock.b 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

Though containing ·important beds of coal, the clayey members of the formation 

have received but little notice.c · 

vV. B. Rogersrt states that on Ryders Creek, in the region west of the Greenbrier River and in the Kanawha Valley, yellow shales are found lyi'1g below a heavy 

sJam ·of coal. They contain occasional lumps of kidney ore, but the shale was 

thought to be refractory. 

At Catawba Furnace, Botetourt County, beds of fire clay are said to occur with 

the coate The beds dip from 30° to 50° away from Catawba Mountain. 

TRIASSIC. 

No mention is anywhere made of the use of the shales of this formation, but the 

mellowed outcrops of the more shaly members would no doubt prove serviceable.' 

In the vicinity of Harpers Ferry they yield residual clays suitable for brick manufaeture. ·They also form residual clays along their line of outcrops in the Richmond 

coal basin. 

a Heyward, B. H., On a zinc-bearing clay from the neighborhood of the Bertha zinc mine, Pulaski County, Va.: The 

Virginias, VoL JII, p. 4. 

b The Virginias, VoL IV, p. 58. 

c For sections see ~1. R. Campbell, Geology of Big Stone Gap coal field: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 111, 1893. 

<!Geology of the Virginias, p. 3i6. 

eThe Virginias, Vol. IV, p. 161. 
250 CLAYS OE' UNITED S1'A1'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

COASTAL PLAIN FORMATIONS. 

These contain the most important clay deposits found in the State, but in all 

publications regarding them their economic value is rarely referred to. 

The Potomac group is the basal· member of the Cretaceous, and is exposed 

where the overlying ones have been eroded. These areas arc narrow belts in the 

Nottoway, Appomattox, James, Pamunkey, ·and Rappahannock depressions, near the 

western Coastal Plain borders, and from a wide belt from Fredericksburg to Washington. The formation consists of sand, with beds of clay of variable size and shape. 

The lower bedR of the formation dip gently eastward and lie usually on the crystalline 

rocks, but around Bothwell they rest on the Newark sandstones and shales. Pottery 

clays are said to be abundant in the Potomac beds around Fredericksburg and also 

below it. a 

The Pamunkey formation is exposed north of the James River, but does not 

contain many clays of importance. The clays are referred to by W. B. Rogers,b who 

states that they usually contain many shell remains. Outcrops are seen at Herring 

Creek. 

Tl~e Chesapeake fm·mation can be well seen at many points, since it is cut into 

by the Rappahannock, Mattaponi, Pamunkey, and,Jarnes rivers.c It consists chiefly 

of beds of clay, fuller's earth, shell marl, and fine sand. These clays may attain a 

great thickness. The Miocene clays may often contain sulphate of iron. a Many of 

them, however: are suited· for pottery and brick manufacture. e Sandy Miocene 

clays occur in many parts of Hanover, King William, Hendco, and other counties. 

They are of greenish-gray or brown color and have an astringent taste./ 

The Lafayette formation.-This, lying on the surface of ridges between the 

valleys, is probably of little importance to the clay worker, but occasiQnally contains beds of brick clay. 

The Columbia format,ion, which caps terraces along the Potomac, Rappahannock, · 

Mattaponi, Pamunkey, York, Chickahominy, .James, and Blackwater rivers, and 

Chesapeake Bay, and which covers all ~f Norfolk and Princess Anne counties, may 

often carry brick loams,g so that these Columbia loams and other alluvial clays are 

found in many parts of the State. They' are. found. in the stream bottoms of the 

Monterey region," around Fredericksburg·/ around Petersburg, and farther down 

the South Branchi in the Nomini region.k ------------'------ --------------- a Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 13. 

b Geology of the Virginias, p. 435. 

o Bull. U. S. Gcol. Survey No. 138, p. 163. 

d Geology of the Virginias, p. 45. 

e Ibid., p. 49. 

f Ibid., p. 50. 

o Bull. u.s. Gcol. survey No. 138, p. 164. 

h Geologic Atlas U.S., folio 61, Monterey. 

i Idem, folio 32, Franklin. 

j Idem, folio 13, Fredericksburg. 

k Idem, folio 23, Nomini. 
VIRGINIA. 251 

OTHER UNCLASSIFIED OCCURRENCES. 

Great beds of blue sandy clay are reported in the section of the Stratford 

and Chantilly cliffs in Westmoreland County, along the Potomac/' Material 

termed kaolin i:-; reported from ncar Shcrando, 7 miles southwest of Waynesboro, 

in the alluvial lands between Back Creek and South Fork of the Shenandoah. 

The clay, which is said to be 30 feet thick in places, b is inv:olved in the following section: 

Section near 8herando,· Va. 

Surface of sand, gravel, and cobbles. 

Yellowish clay. 

White clay. 

Analysis of day from near Sherarido, Yet. 

Its analysis gave: 

SiO,. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 47. 90 

Al,03 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39. 86 

Fc20 3 •••••••• _ •••••••••••••• : • •••••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 

CaO ...................................................... _ . 23 

MgO .... ·........................................... :. . . . . . 19 

Alkalies .. _ .......... _ ........... _ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .. . . . 1. 55 

H,O .................. _·_ ...... __ .. ... . . . .... .............. 9. 85 

TotaL .................... _ ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. 72 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

Virginia ranks very low as a producer of clay products. The total production 

since 1895-has been as follows: 

Value of clay products of Virginia. from 1895 to 1901. 

Proportion 

Value. Rank. of United 

States 

product. 

---

Per cent. 

1895.--------- .. -· ..... -.--. -------.-. $855,768 18 1.31 

1896 .. -- ... -... -: ....... -----.-- .. ----. 879,526 17 1. 41 

1897- --- ... -- ... -- - . - - . - -.... - - - -- -. -- 812,046 16 1. 30 

1898-- -- ..... -- .. -- - - --- -- -- .... -- --·_ ~ 889,883 17 ·1. 24 

1899 ..... -.-.----- ..... --.-- .. -.. ----. .1 '093, 784 19 1.14. 

1900 ... -- .. -.. - -- ... -... ---- ----.----. 1 

1901.---.--.-.-.-.---------.-----.-.-.: 1 

, 305, 195' 15 1.36 

'439, 347 19 1. 31 

<tGeology <JI the Virginias, p. 428. bThe Virginias, Vol. IV, p. 4i. 
252 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAI3T OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The value of clay products in 1900 and ·1901 was as follows: 

Value of clay productB of Vir[Jinia in 1900 and 1901. 

1900. 1901. 

Common brick .... , ........................ . $934,185 $1,139,894 

Front brick_ ... _ ... _ ..... __ ..... __ .. __ ._ ... . 275,847 267,028 

Vitrified brick ... __ ... _. _ .. __ .. _ .... - ___ .. __ 44,067 -·------------ Fancy brick ........... - ___ • __ . - ___ -. - -.... . 17,921 20,429 

Fire brick . _ ... _ ... __ . _ - _ -..... - - -. -.. - - -.. . 26,573 3, 971 

Drain tile._ .. __ .. ____ ... _______ .... _ .. ___ .. . 3,285 3,978 

Sewer pipe _ ... __ ·_ .... _ .... _. _. _ .. _. __ ..... . (a) ......................... 

Earthenware .... : .. _ ... ~ ...... _ ....... _ .... . 425 (a) 

'Miscellaneous. _ ... ___ ....... __ . _ . _ ......... . 2,392 4,047 

a Included in miscellaneous. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

The westem three-fourths of this State is underlain by rocks of Carboniferous 

age, while the eastern fourth is covered by Cambro-Silurian rocks, crossing the 

State in more or less p~rallel bands, due to their folded structure. 

Since there are no pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks found in the State, kaolins of 

the North Carolina type are not to be looked for, but some white clay may occur in 

the residual products of the Cambrian and Silurian formations of the eastern part of 

the State. 

CAIWONIFEROUS. 

The Carboniferous section of West Virginia is very similar to that of Pennsylvania. The general distribution and character of· the clays can best be seen by 

consulting the map (Pl. III). 

POTTSVILLE CONGLO~IERATE. 

This formation in West Virginia shows many massive sandstone beds, but 

according to the sections given by I. C. White a fire clay is seen in the sections at 

several localities. Thus at Piedmont, Mineral County, dark sandy fire clay 12 feet 

thick is noted under the second coal below the Homewood sandstone and 5 feet 

thick under the fourth coal. Again, at the mouth of the North Fork of Blackwater, 

Tucker County, b a bed of fire clay is found between the second and third coals under 

the Homewood sandstone. Here it is 2 feet thick. The s,ame section also shows 

numerous shale beds. 

a Bull. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 138. blbid., p, 187. 
VIRGINIA-WEST VIRGINIA. 253 

Still another section, taken near the mouth of Sandy Creek, or ori Cheat River, 

Preston County, shows a 7 -foot bed of fire clay underlying the coal. 

The Mount Savage fire clay of Maryland and Pennsylvania seems to be missing in 

theW est Virginia section. 

LO""F.R COAL MF.ASURES. 

The surface areas of these are again so scattered. that the map in Bulletin 65, 

United States Geological Survey, should be consulted. 

These measures may be in place carrying beds of fire day under the Freei)ort 

and Kittanning coals, as in Pennsylvania, but the beds are 1iot as extensive or 

persistent. The following sections indicate their character:. 

Section at Newburg, Preston County, }V. Va.· 

Ft. In. 

1 C al lJ F t · {Coal .......... · ......... 3 feet} . • 0 ' pper reepor · · ·. · · · .... · · .. · · · · .. · · · · · · · · ...... Coal and slate, 2 feet 4 inches 5 4 

2. Shales ... _ ............................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 feet 

3. Sandstone................................................................. 18 feet 

4. Limestone, Upper Freeport ................................................ _ 

5. Shales ............................. : . ........... _ ......... _ ..... _. __ ..... __ 

6. Iron ore .......................................... _ ........... _ ........... . 

8 feet 

45 

6 feet 

1 fo"t 

7. Shales ....... _ .......... __ .................................................. 4 fee 

8. Fire clay (horizon of Lower Freeport coal) ........ ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

9. Shales, gray ........ · ....................................... _ .......... _-..... 14 feetJ 

10. Shale, dark ............................................................... _ 11 feet . . 100 · 11. Shale, gray ................................. _ .... " . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. 9 feet 

12. Sandstone, Freeport........................................................ 74 feet 

. rcoal ------ .. 1 foot} 

Slate .. _ ... 3 inches 

13. Coal, Upper and Middle Kittanning ................... , ...... _.. . C~al, slaty ... 2 feet 7 

F1rc clay ..... 2 feet 

Coal, good _ .. 2 feet 

14. Fire clay and shales with iron ore nodules ................................... _ ........ 15 1 Coal ... _ ................ 10 inches 

Shale, gray ...... _ ...... _ 10 inches 

Coal ..................... 6 inches 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

15. Coal, Lower Kittanning .......................... Coal, bony .. _ ............ 3 inches 9 5 

Coal, main bench .. .4 feet 6 inches 

Black slate ............... 6 inches 

CoaL ....................... 2 feet 

16. Sandstone and shale ..•.................. · ............................ · ................ 38 0 

17. Pebbly sandstone, top of No. XII. 

Total 230 0 
254 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES E.AST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Section at Piedrnont, .Mineral County, W. Va. 

.Ft. 

1. Coal, Upper Freeport .................. Shale and bone ...................... 1 foot 5 

· ~Coal ..............................•. 2 feetl 

Coal ................................ 2 feet 

!: ~~:l:~~~:~i~~-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: :: :::::::::::::: ~:::: ~~ ::::} 20 

4. Coal, Lower Freeport •............................................................. 2 

7. Sandstone, hard ... _. __ ...... __ ..... __ .. ___ ........ ___ ...... ___ . _. _ ... __ . _. 74 

5. Fire clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ... ____ . __ . _ . _. __ .... _. __ . __ . __ ... ___ ....... __ . 2 feet] 

6. Concealed ... ___ ......... _ .. __ . __ . ____ . __ . _ .... __ .......... _ ..... __ .. _ . . . . <J1~0: f!fe:ee:tt: 

8. Sandstone, shaly _ . _ .. _ .... _ .. _ .. ___ .......... ___ ...... _ .. _. _. _. ___ . _ . __ . __ 

9. Shales, sandstone, and concealed ..... ___ .. __ ...... _ .. _. _. ___ . _. __ . ____ .... . 

. . . . {Bituminous slate._ ....... _ ...... ___ . __ ... 5 feet} 10. Coal, Upper Krttannmg .. _. _ .. _ . . . . . : Coal ........... -... _ .... _ . __ . _ ....... _ . _ 2 feet 7 

11. 

12. 

13. 

Dark shales, and concealed _ . _______ .. _ -- --. -- .... --- --.- -. --.- -. -.. --- ----· 10 feetl 

J\fa~sive sandstone, gray_._. ______ .. __ .. __ . ____ ---.- .... --. _ ... ___ .......... 50 feet 65 

Shales, drab .. __ .... _ ... ___ .. __ . _______ : __ . _. _. __ .-...... __ - _. __ .. _ .. _..... 5 feet 

!

Coal, slaty ...... __ ....... ___ .... _ ..... _ .. 1 foot) 

Coal, bony _. _ .. _ ... _. _ ....... ___ ...... 8 inches 

14. Coal, Lower Kittanning .... _____ ... Coal, good_._ .. ___ ....... __ ...... 1 foot 4 inches 

Slate, hard ......... __ ........ _ ......... _ ~ inch 

Coal, good _ . _. __ . __ . _ . ____ .. _ .... 2 feet 6 inches 

5 

15. Fire clay, sandy .... _ ..... _ . __ . __ ......... ___ ..... _ ... _ ......... _. _ . . . . . . . . 3 feet 

16. Shales, with noclular iron ore· .. _ .. _._ ........... ____ ...... ____ .... _ .. ___ .... 2 feet 

17. Fire clay, impure._.· ........ __ ......... ____ ........ ___ ........ -,~_. __ ...... _ 4 feet 

In. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

18. Flaggy sandstone .......... _. _ .. ___ ... _ .. _ .. ____ ., _ ..... __ . - _ ....... _ ... , .. 20 feet 89 0 

19. Concealed . _ .... _ .. _ ..... ___ ... _ .. _ .. ___ ........ _ .... _ ...... ___ .... _. _. __ . 25 feet 

20. Fire clay, sandy .. _. _ ·_ ........... : ..... __ . _ . __ ........ __ -..... _. _. _... . . . . . 10 feet 

21. Flaggy sandstone and sandy shales . ____ ........... _ ........ _ ... __ . _ ... _.... 25 feet 

22. Concealed, and sandy shales . ___ ... _ ..... ____ .. _ . _. _. ___ -. _ - . _____ . _. _ . _. __ . . . . . . . . 40 0 

23. Top of No. XIL .. _ ..... ___ - ___ . _______ . __ ... ________ .... ______ . _ . _______ . _ . ___ .... 

-~--

TotaL .. ___ . _ ..... ________ . _____________ . ______ - __ -·- . - __ - _ · __ . _ .. __ .... _ . ___ . __ .. 307 6~ 

Section neur Thornas, Tucker Coun~if, W. Va. 

Ft. In. 

1. Coat, Upper Freeport.. .... ____ ....... J~::e ~~~-~~~~~- ~~~;::::::::::::::: :: ! ::::l 8 0 l Coal _ -........ - - - - - -..... ___ ... __ .. 3 feet 

2. Sandy, shales, weathering reddish_ ....... ___ .. _. __ -._--.- .. -... __ ._. ____ ....... ___ . 40 0 

!

Coal . ____ .. _ ...... __ . _ . ___ . _ . __ . : 2 inchesl 

3. Coal, Lower Freeport. .... _ ... _ ........ _ Shale . _ ... __ - - -.. -.. __ ..... _ . .. . . 4 inches 

Coal __ -..... -... - -.. _ ... ___ ... __ . 1 foot 

1 6 

4. Concealed . _. __ . _ ..... _ ... _ . _ ...... ____ ... _-. _ .... -.- ... -... -...... _.. . . . . . 10 feet} 70 

5. Massive pebbly sandstone, Freeport.:. __ . ___ -- .. -........ -- ...... _._ .. _ ..... 60 feet 0 

6. Coal, streak, Upper Kittanning . _. ____ . ____ .... ____ -- .. -.--. __ ... _. _ .. _. ___ ..... _ .. 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

Section near Thomas, Tucker County, w: Fa-Continued. 

7. Fire clay and shales _________ . -- -.. __________________________ ' ____________________ . 

Coal, good _____________ .. _ _ 1 foot 5 inches 

Slate. _______________ .. ___________ 4 inches 

Coal, good ____ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ 1 foot 

255 

Ft. In. 

35 0 

8. Coal, Middle and Lower Kittanning _____ Slate ____ . _____________ . _________ 3 inehes 11 

Coal, good _____ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ :3 feet 6 inches 

Shale, gray ________ -.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 foot 6 inches 

Coal, slaty ________ .. _, _ ............ ~ 3 feet 

9. Conceale<_l 5 feet 

10. 1\i:::ssive sandstone ......................... ······------------·-············· 20 feet 

11. Shales .... _ ...... , .......................... :._.: ..... _ ...................... . 2 feet 

12. Iron ore, burrstones ... _ ... _ ............ _ ......... , ........... _ ..... ____ .... . 1 foot 65 0 

13. Limestone, ferriferous ................................. _ .................... . 2 feet 

14. Shales and sandstone .............. _. _ .................. _ ...... _ ... ___ . __ .. .. 3-5 fee 

15. Coal, Clarion ....... _ ... _.............. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 3 0 

16. Shales _____ ... : ................. _____ ... _ .................................... __ ._... 40. 0 

17. Sandsto~e, top of No. XII. 

Total .... _. _ ..... _ ..... _· ..... · ............................................ -....... _ 273 6 

In the sections on the North Potomac, at the Maple Swamp water tank on the 

West Virginia Central Railroad, the clays, if present, are concealed. 

Fire day is noted under the Lower Kittanning coal at Valley Falls, Taylor 

County, where it is 5 feet thick. It may occur under the Upper Freeport, but in 

the section was concealed. 

Near Nuzmns Mills the following section is obtained: 

Section at Nuzums llfills (now Hammond), Marion County, W.Va. 

Ft. ln. 

1. Coal, Upper Freeport ............................ , .. _ .... __ .. __ ....... ___ ....... _ ...... . 3 

2. Cla~ ....... _ ....... · ..............•. _ .... _ . _. _.. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 2 feet 

3. Sandstone ............................................. _.... .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . 15 feet 

4. Limestone, Upper Freeport .......... _ .................. --~.................. 3 feet 

5. Shales and concealed ...................... _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 13 feet 

58 

6. Sandsto;1e, coarse .......................................................... 10 feet 

7. Shales, sandy, drab._ ..... _ ............. _ ............................... : ... 15 feet 

8. Coal, Lower Freeport._ .. · ... _ ......................... , ........................... . 5 

9. Shales and concealed._ ..................... · ... : ......................... ___ . 30 feet·} 55 

10. Massive sandstone, Freeport ...................... _ ......................... 25 feet 

11. Coal, Upper Kittanning ...................................... :_ ....... _ ............. _ 

12. 

13. 

2 

Shales, dark, sandy, with limy beds ....... : ...... _ .. _ .. _ ..................... 40 feet} 

Black slate ............................................. :................... 3 feet 

43 

14. Coal, slaty1 Middle Kittanning .............. _ .... _ ...................... , ........... . 1 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 
256 CLAYB OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Se(~ion at Nuzums Mills (now Hammond), 1~[(~rion ()ounty, ·w: Yn.-Continued. 

Ft. In. 

15. Shales and sandy beds .. __ ....................... : . ...................... -... --.... 20 0 

16. Coal, Lower Kittanning. __ .. ___ ... _ .... -.. _ .. __ ........ _ . ___ ..... - -.......... --.. . . 5 0 

17. Fire clay--------------·----·---------------·------------··--------·--·------ 5 feet 

18. Sandstone, flaggy _______ . _ .. : . . __ -- ____ -- ________ ... __ .. __ .. -- __ - --. -- . _ _ __ 5 feet 

19. Dark shales, with iron-ore nodules ______________________ --.-' __ . _____________ . 12 feet 

ilO 0 20. I ron ore, Ferriferous limestone horizon. _________ . __________ . ___ . _____ . __ . _ . 6 inches 

21. Dark shales. __ . __________ -- - . -- -- ... ___ - ____________ . _____________ .. __ _ _ _ __ 5 feet 

22. Black slate __ ......... .- ... -... -- ---- .... ___ .. ______ . _ ......... __ .. _. 2 feet 6 inches 

23. Coal, Clarion ________________ ... _______ -- ______ .. ___________ . ____ ... ________ .. __ • __ 0 1 

24. Fire clay, sandy __ ... _ .... _ ....... -......... -...... --- . - -... -. -- - --- ... -. --- 3 fee. tl 

25. Dark shales, with iron-ore nuggets near middle ........ ____ ... _ ..... ___ ... _ ... 20 feet 33 

26. Flaggy sandstone ___________ . __ -- __ . ____________________ . _____ ~. __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 feet 

0 

27. Concealed and coal blossom, Brookville __________ .. ____ . _. __ . _ .. _ .. __ ... _. ___ · ____ . _. 6 0 

28. No. XII conglomerate. 

Total ____ . _ . : . __ ... _ ................ _ ....... _ ....... _ .. ___ .. _ ..... ___ ... __ . . 261 8 

The Hammond Fire Brick Companyl at Hammond, is working 12 feet of Lower 

Kittaning clay at present (May, 1902), of which the upper hal£ is flint clay and 

the lower half plastic clay. The composition of the flint clay supplied by the 

company is given below. 

Ana.lyl<i/3 of.flint clay, Hammwnd, 11farion County, W. Va. 

Si02 .... _____________ • __________________________ • _______ • 48. 78 

Al,03 _ ••• _ •• __ • ______ • _ • _ •• _. _____ •••••• _____ ••••••• _ _ _ _ :12. 71 

Fe,O, . ______ . ___ .. __ .. _______ .. _____________ . ______ . __ .. 1. 14 

TiO, __ .. ___ ... ___ .. --·-. _ .. _____________________ . __ . _ __ __ 2. 70 

CaO .. _____ .. ____ . _____ .. __ -- . _____________ . _____ ... _ . __ . . 23 

, .MgO ........ ____ .... _ . _ . __ • ______ ..• _____ ..... _ . __ . __ . . . . 04 

K20 .. ------------------·-··-----------··------···-····-- .56 

H,O . ____ . _____ .. __ . _ .. _________ . _______ " .... ______ . __ .. 13. 84 

TotaL _____ .... _____ .... ___ . ______ ... ______ . ___ .. __ 100 

Between cuts Nos. 80 and 81, west of Rowlesburg, on the Baltimore and Ohio 

Railroad, the section, according to I. C. White, a shows 10 feet of impure fire clay 

about 28 feet under the Upper .Freeport limestone. Forty feet below the Upper 

Kittanning coal is' a 10-foot bed of shales, and 75 feet below the Middle Kittanning or 

Darlington seam there is a 10-foot fire-clay bed with iron-ore nodules. 

Opposite Coalburg, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, the section shows 5 

feet of fire clay below the Cedar Grove coal of the Lower Productive Measures. 0 

The following analyses of Lower Kittanning clay from Spragueville, \V. V a., are 

given by I. C. White: c 

------------------------------------------------------------------·------- a Notes on the geology of West Virginia: The Virginias, Vol. JI, p. 102. 

b Ibid., p. 137. 

c J}rivate report on Spragueville mineml prqpert~v. 
. WEST VIRGINIA. 

Analyses of clay from Lowe1· Kittanning beds at Spragueville, H'. Va. 

~- Silica ................ : .. -............ . 

! Alumina ................. ------.----. 

I 

I 

Oxide of iron ........................ . 

Titanic acid ........ : ................ .. 

Magnesia ................. : ......... .. 

Lime ................................ . 

Potash .... -......................... . 

Soda ........ _. _ .. · ............ __ .. ___ _ 

'Vater .................... -- -- .. ------

1. 

47.880 

33.985 

1. 368 

3.185 

.346 

. 360 

. 079 

.402 

12. 388 

2. 

68.315 

19.620 

1. 575 

1. 370 

.692 

.100 

2.345 

.359 

5.580 

Total ....... ____ . ~~- _____________ -~ 99. 993 

--·~---~ 

99.956 

1. "Hard" clay from Spragueville, iv. Va., McCreath. 

2. "Soft" clay from Spragueville, vV. Va., McCreath. 

_257 

Below are given some additional fire-clay analyses taken £rom various sources. 

Analyses of West Virginia fire clays. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 

------------

SiO, ................ .53. 100 59.008 45.86 68.16 54.27 

Al 20 3 •••• · ........... 32.406 23.061 44.23 . 24.11 33.83 

Fe,03 -------------- 1. 256 4.350 ---------- .01 .01 

CaO ................ I . 210 . 892 . 24 Trace . Trace . 

MgO ........... -- .. . 421 . 976 . 36 Trace. . 02 

Alk .......... , ..... . 397 2.561 Trace. Trace. Trace.· 

H20 ................ 12.27 9.152 8.35 6.66 10.86 

Moisture ----------- ---------- ---- ~- . --- .. 70 . 85 1. 00 

Total. ........ 100.00 100.00 99. 74 99.79 99.99 

1. Flint clay. Supplied by West Virginia Fire Clay Company, Thornton, W. Va. 

2. Plastic clay. Supplied by West Virginia Fire Clay Company, Thornton, W. Va. 

3. Marion County. From Report on the Natural Resources of West Virginia, prepared for 

World's Columbian ExJ_Josition by G. ,V. Summers, 1893. 

4. Preston County. From Report on the Natural Resources of vVest Virginia, prepared for 

World's Columbian Exposition by G. W. Summers, 1893. 

5. Monongalia County. From Report on the Natural Resources of West Virginia, prepared for 

World's Columbian Exposition by G. W. Summers, 1893. 

The Bolivar fire clay, which underlies the Upper Freeport coal and replaces the 

Upper •Freeport limestone, is of value in only one region in 'Vest Virginia, viz, ·on 

Deckers Creek, in Preston and Monongalia counties. a 

a Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 160. 

9647-No. 11-03-17 
258 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The Lower Kittanning clay is said to be rarely of value in West Virginia, a 

except along the Upper Ohio River, as it is usually too sandy. It has been developed 

at Hammond, on the Tygart River, where it takes the place of the coal. 

The Lower Coal M.easures fire clays are also worked in the vicinity of New 

Cumberland, Hancock County, for making pavi~g brick and other clay products. 

BARREN MEASURE!:!. 

These attain considerable thickness in W, est Virginia, being 800 feet near Charleston and about 600 feet near the Pennsylvania border. Important bed~ of shale occur 

at many localities, as can be seen by reference to the accompanying section, fig. 10. 

fue clay ................................................ . 

Sandy shales and sandstone ...... ___ ___ _ .. ....... .. ... . .. 

Coal, Little Pittsburg ... ................................. . Sandy shales ....... -----_ ................ .. . .. .. ......... , Limestone ......... . _ ................................... . Yellowish shales with iron ore_ .................. -...... . 

Sandy shales and concealed ............... -............ --

Sandstone, rather massive .............................. ._ 

Sandy sha les and concealed .......... __ .......... -..... -

Maosive sandstone ....... ___ ........................ _ .. -. 

~luish-green sandy beds_ ....... .. _ ....... ....... .. . -----

Black slate, fossiliferous ... ____ ........... __ ....... .... -·} 

Limestone, Clarksburg ......... _ ... .. _ ....... ...... ... .. 

Shales and sandy beds ..... ...... . .... ........... _______ _ 

Sandstone, )forgan town ........ __ .............. ... ______ _ 

Elk Lick coal. ......... _ ......... . ................ . ...... . 

Shales and concealed ...... ........ .......... ------ ------

Limestone, crinoidal ..... .......................... ------

Variegated shales_ ....... ___ ................ -- --- --------

Limestone, Upper Cambridge ................... . .. _____ _ Shales .................................................... · Sandstone, Upper Mahoning ... . ............. .. ......... . 

Shales and shaly sandstone ____ ............... .... -------

){assive sandstone, Lower Mahoning ....... ............ . 

Shales . ... ........................ ...... ... ... . .......... . 

FIG. 10.-Section of Barren Measures in West Virginia. 

a Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 172. 
WEST VIRGINIA. 259 

The Barren Measure shales ·are worked at Morgantown, just above the Mahoning 

sandstone.· At Huntington, Cabell County, a red shale from the same measul'es is 

worked up into roofing tile., These are also worked at Clarksburg, Fairmont, and 

Charleston. 

Good sections are _given by I. C. White at Little .Falls, :Monongalia County, a 

Newburg, Preston County,b and Fairfax Knob, Tucker County. . 

The section at Huntington, accordin~ to I. C. "White," is as follows: 

Section at Huntington, W. Va~, along Ohio Rjve1·. 

Feet. 

1. Pittsburg coal. 

2. Red shale, containing limestone nodules ........ ~.................. 28 

3. ·sandstone, shaly ........................................ ,.............................. 16 

4. Red shale.s and shaly sandstone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 101 

5. Coal, Little Clarksburg............................................................ 2 

6. tlandstone, massive, Morgantown .......... : ...... , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 

-197 

7. Elk Lick coal .................................................... : .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 

8. Fire clay .................................................................. , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 

9. Rhales, deep red .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. 103 

-106 

10. Limestone, crinoidal......................................................................... 2 

11. Coal, erinoidal .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. 2· 

12. Red shales ....... -...................... · ...... :.............................................. 4 

lli.3. Limestone .... , ........ :.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 

14. Shales and sandstones .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 175 

-185 

15. Limestone, Lower Cambridge .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 2 

16. Shales ..................... c .......................................... : ...................... 10 

17. Coal, Masontown.................................................................... 1 

18. Shales.......................................................................................... 30 

19. :Sandstone, Mahoning ................. · .... : .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12G 

-166 

20. Upper Freeport coal. 

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 660 

UPPER COAL ~IEASURES .. 

These, though of diminished thickness in West Virginia, carry, nevertheless, a 

great thickness of shale bedH, thos~ found immediately over the Pittsburg co~l being 

often well adapted to the mann facture o£ vitrified brick. Good sections are expos_ed 

at Robinsons Run, Monongalia County (fig. 11), and on Scotts Run, same county; on . 

Buffalo Creek, Marion County, where a 4-foot bed o£ fire clay is represented as 

occurring under the Uniontown coal. At Moundsville, Marshall County, a. 7-foot 

a Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 80. b Ibid., p. 81. c Ibid., p. 81. 
260 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

bed o£ fire clay is said to underlie the Redstone coal. Many red shales also outcrop' 

in the bluffs above I-Ittrtford, Mason County, and opposite Winfield, Putnam County. 

Coal---------,------------------------------------------------------- ..... Shale------------------------······---------------------------------------

Coal····-------------------------------------------------------- ......... . 

Sandy shales with iron ore below middle ............................... . 

Limestone, Waynesburg ....................... · .......................... . 

Shales----·----------------------·--------·-------------------------------

Limestone ........................................................... · .... . 

Sattdstoiie, ftugg~- ______ . _ .... _ ........... _ ................... __ ........ _ .. 

Black slate (Uniontown coa-l) ........... -------·-------------------·-··· Limestone, Uniontown, .................................... --- .......... . 

Sandstone and shales .. _ ....................................... _ ......... . 

Lin1estone .... _ .......................................................... . Shales ................................................................... . 

Sandstones, flaggy ....................................................... . 

Limestone, cement heds ................................................. . 

Sandstone, Sewickley ... : ............................................... . 

Coal, Sewickley .................................... _ ........ __ ..... __ ... . 

Shales ................................................. _ ..... __ ... __ ..... . Limestone ............................................................. __ _ 

Shales ......................... , __ ....................................... . 

I.iniestotte ............... ~.- ................ _ ................ __ .. __ .... __ _ 

Shales ............................................ -- ...................... . 

~?~ ~s~e~:,t~~dstOile ~ ~ ~ ~:: ~: ~: ~::::: ~::::::: ::::: ~: ::::::: ::~:: ~:::::: ::: 

Shules and slates ................ __ .... _ .... _ ............... _ ........... _. Cofrl ................. ___________________________ . __ .. ____________________ _ 

Clay ........... · ..................................................... · ..... . 

Coal············----------------------------------------------------------

FrG. H.-section of Upper Productive Measures on Robin,on Rnn, Monongalia County; W. Va. 

In the Buckhannon area a fire clay occurs beneath many o£ the coal beds. Clay 

shales are found in both the upper and lower Coal Measures, but are not developed. 

UPPER HARREN MEASURE~. 

According to I. C "\Vhite,b the beds o£ these cover a large area bordering the 

Ohio H.iver between the Pennsylvania line at the north and the Kanawha River on 

the south. In West Virginia they carry great beds o£ red shale, which increase 

southward, while the limestone beds, so prominent farther north, decrease. These 

shales will no doubt in time become o£ great val~e to 'the cldy worker as the industry 

o£ that region dev_elops. · 

PLEISTOCENE CLAYS. 

- Two types o£ surface clays are found in West Virginia, viz, alluvial clays and 

residual clays. 

The alluvial clays are found in the broader or older river valleys and are not 

infrequently the wash £rom neighboring hill slopes. Much o£ this material is found 

in the ancient channel o£ the Kanawha River and also in its present valley west o£ 

I• BulL U.S. GeoL Stirvey No. 65, p. 21. a Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 34, Buckhannon. 
I 

WEST VIRGINIA. 261 

Charleston. a In the vicinity of Piedmont, clays are said to occur in the wider 

stream valleys, especially along the South Branch. In the old Kanawha River 

valley, kno~vn as Teays Valley, there is an abundant deposit of fine laminated clay, 

sometimes 50 feet thick. b 

The residual clays are to be looked for in many of the valleys, or on gentle slopes, 

especially in areas that are underlain by sllales or limestones. Clays of this type are 

common in the Great Valley. 

CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRY. 

The clay products produced in West Virginia from 1895 to 1901 had the 

following value: 

Total values of clay products of West Virgininfrom 1895 to 1901. 

• Y'ear. "'alue. Rank . 

1895-- -------- ------ ---- ---.-- --------

1896 ...... -------------0--------------

1897-----0------0---0-----------------

1898 .. ---:- --- -- - --- --- --- -- - - - --- --- --

1899----------------------------------

1900.-------:.------------------------

1901. ................................. . 

$895,777 

902,944 

1,115,254 

1, 027,575 

1,451,539 

2,016,765 

1,946,480 

17 

16 

13 

13 

13 

9 

9 

Vnlue of clay products of West Virginia in 1900 and J!J01. 

Product. 

Common brick ................... _ .. __ .... __ . 

Front brick ......... _ .... ___ .......... ____ .. 

Vitrified brick ... _. __ ....... _ ... ____ ... ____ _ 

Value. 

1900. 

$708,861 

16,797 

474,880 

Fancy brick ............... ____ .. _ . _ ..... ___ , ____ ...... ___ _ 

Fire brick .......................... _ .. _.... 149,257 

Drain tile ..... _. _ .......................... . 

Sewer pipe ............... __ . __ ... : .... ____ _ 

Tile, not drain ..... _ .............. : ___ ..... . 

Miscellaneous_ ............. ___ .-- ____ --·-- .. __ 

1 Total plain pottery .... __ .......... _________ _ 

Total decorated pottery. _ .... , .. ________ ..... 

Raw clays ....... _ ....... __________________ _ 

1,346 

(C) 

(C) 

655,797 

222,949 

408,892 

76,628 

Proportion 

of United 

States product. 

Per cent. 

1. 37 

1. 45 

1. 79 

1. 44 

1. 52 

2.10 

1. 77 

1901. 

$348,452 

(c) 

555,389 

(c) 

102,300 

1,485 

(c) 

(c) 

505,912 

297,842 

560,800 

257,343 

aGeologic·Atlas U.S., folio 72, Charleston. b Idem, folio 69, Huntington. (c) Inclndcd in miscellaneous. 
262. CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

WISCONSIN.· 

The clay deposits of Wisconsin belong to two types, viz, residual and transported. The ·latter are much the more extensive, as they are closely associated in 

their origin to the glacial deposits of the State while the former occur. only in the 

driftl.ess area or in places where they have been protected by erosion.a 

RESIDUAL CLAYS. 

These have ·been derived from granite and gneisses, greenstones and allied volcanic rocks, limest011e and dolomite, sandstone, and shale. Although these may have 

been abundant in former 'geologic times, most of the residual deposits were scraped 

off or carried away by the ice sheet during the Glacial epoch, and those now remaining are found only in the driftless area· or in protected situations. The latter type 

occurs along the contact of pre-qambrian schists with Pots·dam sandstones, where the 

residual days have been protected by the sandstone capping. In such cases the clay 

may extend to a dept)l. of from 10 to 40 feet. Deposits of this nature occur in the 

vicinity of Grand Rapids, Ea~ Claire. Black River Falls, Rice Lake, and Stevens 

Point. 0 Though iron stained in their crude condition, it is claimed that they can be 

washed white. At the present time ~he shale residuals are used·for the manufacture 

of soft mud, stiff mud, and dry press brick. The shales burn to buff or red color. 

PLASTIC KAOLINS. 

These are not true kaolins, but white burning sedimentary clays, which have been 

derived from the. resfdual products of lmolinic, schists and sorted by water ·action. 

The layers of clay and sand arc interstratified, so that it has to be washed for market. 

One of these deposits occurs at Hersey, St. Croix. County,c and has been worked 

since 1893. Other deposits occur in the valley of the Eau Claire River. Large 

quantities of this clay are washed annually and sold to the paper manufacturers of 

Minnesota and Wisconsin. 

a See Bull. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hi st. Survey No. 7; Clays and clay industries of Wisconsin, by E. R. Buckley 

from which the information relating to that State is abstracted. 

b Ibid.; p. 232. 

c Ibid., p. 234. 
(...- .. 

WISCONSIN. 263 

The composition of these clays is given below: 

Analyses of kaolinic schists or shales of pre-Cambrian rocks. 

1. 2. 3. . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 

---

SiO, ........ 70.30 59.88 50.17 72.30 55.87 65.52 67.96 61.22 75.66 49.86 

Al,03 ••••••• 18.07 18. 10 17.90 16.06 19.60 16.33 17.25 13.98 12. 19 27.41 

Fe20 3 ------ 1. 65 10.04 1.2. 29 0.35 9.22 4.02 2.27 4.66 2.57 4.43 

CaO ........ None. 0.31 0.55 0.26 1. 05 1.65 0.67 :~. 76 0.82 0.48 

1\'IgO ....... 6.90 3.13 6.86 I. 50 3. 71 . 3.09 2.07 2.03 0. 72 2. 10 

Na,O ....... 0. 76 0.52 0.58 0..40 0.32 0.33 0.38 1. 32 1.53 0.52 

K,O ........ 2.94 3.72 3.06 5.23 3:93 3.94 5.81 3.44 3.00 5.30 

TiO, ....... None. -------- 0.75 None. ~-------- None. None. 0.43 None. None. 

NinO ....... -------- Trace. 0.61 -------- -------- -------- --------~-------- None. 0.32 

P,Q, ........ 0.06 -------- ----·--- Trace. 0.06 0.58 Trace. -------- -------- -----·---

H,O,C ...... 5.26 4.40 7. 16 3.68 6.22 4.38 3.86 9.10 3.79 9.41 ------------------ TotaL 99.94 i00.10 99.93 99.78 99.98 99.84 100:28 99.94 100.34 99.83 

-

11. 1~- 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 

---

SiO, ........ 57.33 I 51. 53 47. 00. 52.52 34 . .44 67.50 34.29 52.60' 54.47 49.29 

Al,03 ••••••• 21.64 20.51 35.26 14.65 17.26 19.23 13.53 14.42 13.68 13.03 

Fe20 3 •••••• 5.57 8.10 I 3.03 18.071 23.80 2.60 16.73 16.00 15.96 20.20 

CaO ........ 0.85 0.90 None. 0.94 0.27 -------- 0.47 0.65 0.55 0.31 

1\'IgO ....... 2.67 4.02 0.28 2.40 11.21 0.83 5.66 3.15 3.17 4.15 

Na20 ....... 0.64 0.66 0.31 0.34 0.22 0.48 0.15 0.36 0.40 0.40 

K,O ........ 6.06 6.86 0.64 5.52 1. 94 2.50 1.32 4.90 4. 60 I 5.72 

TiO, ....... None. 0. 25\ 0.25 1. 35 0.47 ---... ---- 1. 12 0.80 1.101 0.85 

MnO ....... 0.21 Trace. -------- Trace. 1. 55 { 80s } 1 97 0.47 0.33 0.21 0

· 

26 

{C.13.87 } H,O,C ...... 5.21 7.22 3.14 4.69 9. 10 6. 47 H,O 6.86 6.00 6. 14 

10.53 -

Total. 100. 18 100.00 99.91 100.48 100.26 100.27 99.63 100.23 100.26 100.30 

1. Halcyon Pressed Brick Company; Black River Falls, Jackson County. Wisconsin Geoi. Nat. 

Hist. Survey, Bull. No. 7, p. 222. 

2, 3. Halls Creek, Black River Falls, .Jackson County. Ibitl. 

4-8. Halcyon Pressed Brick Company, Blac~ River Falls, Jackson County. Ibid. 

9-13. George T. Thompson (undeveloped), Eau Claire, Eau Claire County. Ibid., p. 270 

.14-16. Scott & Alexander, Grand Rapids, Wood_ County. Ibid., p. 271. 

17. Graphite Works, Junction City, Portage County. Ibid., p. 272. 

18-20. Clay Lumber Company, Ringle, Marathon County. Ibid., p. 273. 
2o4 CLAYS OF UNITED STA'l'ES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Analy.se.s of "kaolin." 

1. 2. 3. 4. .1. 6. 7. ' 

SiO, .............. : ..... _ ....... 61.89 73.14 65.19 58.95 64.50 52.41 58.19 

Al,03 .......................... 18.84 11.64 2.5.34 29 . .56 26.20 34.10 18. 77 

Fe,03 ------------------------- 6.06 .5.00 I 0.21 0.43 0.07 0.1.5 7.90 

CaO ........................... 0.4.5 0.97 -------- -------- -------- 0.0.5 0 . .59 

MgO .......................... 1. 29 0.88 .0.12 I 

-------- 0. 12 3.92 

Na,o ... · ................. · ...... 1. 22 1. 30 0.32 0.18 0.10 

K,O ............................ 2.12 2.38 0.49 0.31 0.31 0.46 3. 78 ·' 

TiO, _____________ .. ____________ 0.63 

I 

0.45 -------- -------- -------- 0.80 0 . .5.5 

{Strong J\'fnO .......................... 0.17 0.18 Trace. -------- -------- trace. 

H 20, c ........................ 7.43 4 . .58 8.80 10.23 8.90 ll. 89 6.18 

TotaL................... 100. 10 100 . .52 100. 0~ 99. 98 99. 98 100. 16 99. 98 

1. Undeveloped bed, Baldwin, St. Croix County. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. I-Iist. Survey, Bull. No.7, 

p. 270. 

2. Syme, Baldwin & Co., Glenwood, st: Croix County. Ibid.; p. 271. 

3. Undeveloped, Glenwood, St. Croix County. Ibid. 

4. Undeve}oped, Hersey, St. Croix County. Ibid., p. 272 . 

.5. Superior China Clay Company, Hersey, St. Croix County. Ibid., p. 271. 

6. Superior China Clay Company, Hersey, St. Croix County. Ibid., p. 272. 

7. Undeveloped, Superior, Douglas County. Ibid., p. 274. 

CLAYS OF DRIFTLESS AREA. 

These lie in an area in the southeastern portion of the State which has not been 

modified by glaci!Ll action. The clay deposits are chiefly residual, formed by the 

decomposition of the underlying rock. Such are usually found in the slopes and 

ridges, while the valleys coritain clay beds representing the wash from the residuals. 

These transported clays are the richest found in the driftless 'area. They arc used 

at a number of points for the manufacture of common brick, but are not used in 

large quantities. 

POTSDAM SHALES. 

Alternating layers of tough plastic clay and sandstone· occur at the base of the 

Potsdam in places, but in others the two a~e so mingled as to form a brown shale, 

which runs from 7 to 10 feet ~n thickness. This shale or clay is found at a number 

of points, notably Merrillan, Durand, Black River Falls, Eau Claire, Neillsville, 

and Fond du Lac. At the present time they arc not used for the manufacture of 

clay products. The chemical composition can be seen from the following analyses: 
WISCONSIN. 

Anctlyses of shales of .Potsdam formation. 

1. 2. 

-------------------

Si02 ••••• -------. : ••• --- ••• -----

Al203 ......... --------------·---

Fe203 ---------------------- ... . 

CaO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . 

l\igO ..... -.-- -- - ----- :--. - ---- · 

Na20 .......................... . 

K20 ..... ·.------------·--·-····· 

Ti02 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

S0 3 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• --

H20,C ......................... . 

Total. ........ -- .... -- ----

62.59 

17.42 

5.88 

None. 

1. 24. 

0.52 

8.08 

0.30 

Trace. 

4.15 

100.18 

62.97 

18.42 

3.36 

'None. 

.1. 03 

0.56 

8.68 

0.35 

Trace. 

4.97 

100.34 

265 

1. Undeveloped, Merrillan, Jackson County. ·wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. No. 7, 

p. 273. 

2. Undeveloped, Merrillan, .Jackson County. Ibid. 

HUDSON SHALE. 

The Hudson shale forms a narrow belt in the eastern part of Wisconsin, and lies 

between the Trenton and Niagara ·limestone formations .. lt i;; a very ealcareous 

shale, with occasional intcrlaminations of limestone, and the outcrops extend from 

the southern boundary of Wisconsin to Green Bay. Where exposed to the weather 

the shale breaks down fast to a powdery mass. On account of its calcareous 

character (as seen by the analyses below) the clay is not suited to the manufactur~ of 

paving brick, but does give very satisfactory results in common brickmaking. 

In using this shale, however, it is ~lways necessary to weather it for a season 

and grind it in dry paps before tempering. An advantage urged fo_r this shale over 

the calcareous brick clays is that the latter contains lime in pebble;;, while the former 

carries the calcium carbonate in a finely divided condition. Although worked at 

only two localities, it is molded in stiff mud, soft mud, and dry-press machines. 
266 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF . MISSISSIPPI RIVER • 

Analy-ses of Hudson .~hale.1. 

---------------,---------

1. 2. 

Si02 ••••• •.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35. 93 31. 70 

Al20 3 .••.•...••••••••••••••••••• 11. 75 9. 19 

Fe,03 • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4. 08 3. 76 

CaO ........ '! ... _ .... _............ 12.43 15.37 

MgO ..... · ................... ~.. 9. 92 10. 90 

Na,O........................ .. . 1. 24 0. 68 

K~O.............. .......... .... 2.46 2. 74 

TiO,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 30 0. 25 

MnO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 10 0. 27 

n,o,c.......................... 22.o6 25.17 

Total .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100. 27 100.03 

------------

1. Frenzel Bros., Oakfield, Fond <lu Lac County. 

p. 273. 

Wi8consin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. No. 7, 

2. Frenzef Bro~., Oakfield, Fond duLac County. Ibid. 

PLEISTOCENJ<] CLAYS. 

The Pleitltocene clays of Wisconsin can be grouped as follows: (1) Lacustrine 

deposits; (2) stream deposits; (3) estuarine deposits; and (4) glacial clays. 

LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS. 

These represent a very extensive type of deposit, and were bid down during the 

former inland extension of the Great Lakes, so that they arc now often found at 

some distance from the present lake shore. Thus around Racine they occur 18 miles 

inland. They are also found at Sheboygan, over all parts. of Door County, and in 

parts of Manitowoc, Calumet, and Fond du Lac counties. Much of Green Lake, 

Wanshara, and ·Waupaca counties. is underlain by them. To the north they are 

found as far as Shawano, in the region adjacent to Wolf River, and also at Oconto, 

the latter locality being 18 miles west of the present shore line. 

The laeustrine clays adjoining Lake Michigan o~ the east and Lake Superior on 

the north are an important source, of cream-colored brick clays. These clays have a 

maximum thickness along Lake Michigan of 150 feet, ·and are reported to be th-Icker 

along Lake Superior; nt Milwaukee borings have shown them to be 100 or more 

feet deep. The upper beds of lacustrine elay·are usually reddish brown, while the 

lower ones are commonly dull pinkish. The upper 1 to 5 feet may sometimes burn 

red, on account of the carbonate of lime having leached out. They are worked for 

brick and tile at many localities, among them, Green Bay, Depere, Manitowoc, Milwaukee and vieinity, and Racine. The celebmted Milwaukee eream brick are made 
WISCONSIN. 267 

from deposits of this class. No physical tests of these clays have been pubiisherl, 

but the following table shows their chemical composition: 

AnalyBes of lacustrine or lake clays of Wisconwi11. 

I 1. I 2. 3. 4. I 5. I 6, 7. s. 9. I 

~ 

i I -- --~--'----

---------

Si02 •••••••••••••••• 29.47 29.87 46.96 49. 79 69.30 47.02 35.57 48.39 44.18 

AJ,o. --------------- 7.11 8.01 12. 79 11.92 12.89 8.51 10.15 12.50 10.83 

Fe,08 ••••••••••...••• 2.58 2. 78 4.40 4.60 4. 90 3.20 4.06 5.40 3,30 

C'aO ................ 18. 18 17.21 10.15 9.30 1. 021 14.28 14.55 10.88 14.05 

MgO --------------- 12.25 12.22 6.27 5.18 1. 35 6.25 9.63 4.82 5.91 

Na20 ... · ............ 0.68 0.68 0.52 0.26 1.16 0.98 0.94 0.68 0.70 

K,O ................ 1. 7ti. 1. 82 3~64 3.32 :1.62 2.69 i. 82 3.901 3.10 

Ti02 •••••••• _, ••••••• 0.35 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.25 0.43 0.30 

J\'lnO ............... -------- -------- -------- -------- ········[······:· -------- Trace .. --------

H20, C .............. 27.85 27.03 15.19 15.40 5. 53 16.57 22.29 13.02 17.34 --- I ------

Total ......... 100.19 100.08 100.42 100. 27 100.27 I 99.88 100.26 100.02 99.75 

10. 11. 12. 13. I 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 

-

SiO, ... , ............ 43.42 59.98 47.66 41.63 43.84 40.17 39.11 47.30 38.54 

Al 20 8 ••••••••••••••• 10.78 16.33 14.98 8.51 7.82 9.14 11.98 12.42 10.94 

Fe20 3 ••••••••••••••• 3.60 7.10 6.00 3.40 2.00 3.00 5.57 5.36 3.60 

CaO ...• · ............ 13.68 1. 02 10.27 14.39 15. 16 14.49 15.45 9.46 14.02 

l\igO ................ 5.92 1. 97 4. 14 8.02 8.03 8.34 4.67 6.22 7.88 

Na,O ···"'··········I 0.88 1.04- 0.74 0.54 0.62 0.34 0.97 1. 35 l. 00 

K,O ···············-~ 3.20 4.22 2.18 2.90 2.44 3.06 3.08 3.17 2.80 

Ti02 •••••••••••••••• 0.40 0.58 0.56 0.35 0.33 0.35 -------- -------- 0.40 

MnO ---------.------ Trace. -------- 0.25 0.23 -------- 0.09 0.06 0.19 Trace. 

H20, C ...... -........ 18. 13 8.15 13.22 20.08 19.79 21.37 19.26 14.79 20.90 --------- ------ Total .... .1 •••• 100.01 100.39 100. 00 1100. 05 100.03 100.35 100. 15 100.26 100.08 

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 1 25. 1 26. 27. 

------ --- ·-------

SiO, ................ 33.97 52.25 45.78 43.56 36.93 s8. 92 I 37.86 36.80 43. mi 

Al20 3 ••••••• c ..•..•• 9.99 9.42 9.39 11. 12 ·8. 76 7.50 7.12 9.43 10.05 

Fe,03 ••••.••••••.••• 2.80 2.50 3.80 3.60 3.10 2.36 3.64 3.00 3.84 

CaO ................ 16.05 10.60 14.86 15.12 16. 73 15.92 16.42 16.38 14.47 

MgO ................ 7. 74 6.70 5.85 5.61 8.69 9.82 9.56 8.78 5.72 

Na20 ............... 0. 70 0.88 0.66 0.58 ·0. 96 0.86 0.86 0.94 1. 06 

K,O ......... -....... 2.60 2. 26 3.02 3.28 2.34 2.00 1. 90 2.36 3.18 

Ti02 •••••••• : ••••••• 0.28 0.28 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.33 

l\inO ............. --!········ Trace. Trace. Trace. -------- Trace. 'rnice. Trace. 0.18 

H,O,C .............. 20.44 15. 73. 16.31 17.29 22.43 22.29 22.82 21.88 17.48 ------- ------ Total ......... 100.57 1 100. 62 100.07 100.56 100.24 99.92 100. ~8[ 99.8 100.31 

--
268 CLAYS OF UNITED STATEB EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

1, 2. William Voigt; Boltonville, Washington County. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 

No: 7, p. 270. 

3, 4. Bristol Tile Works, Bristol, 'Kenosha County. Ibid. 

5, 6. Duck Creek Brick Company, Duck Creek, Brown County. Ibid., p. 271. 

7. Carl Peterson, Fredonia, Ozaukee County. Ibid. 

8, 9. Green Bay Brick Company, Green Bay, Brown County. Ibid., p. 271-272. 

10, 11. William Finnegan Brick Company, Green Bay, Brown County. Ibid., p. 272. 

12. Edward Hartman, Marengo, Ashland County. Ibid., p. 273. 

13. Burnham Brothers' \Vest Yard, Milwaukee, ::\iilwaukee County. Ibid. 

14. Standard Brick Company, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. Ibid. 

15. Burnham Brothers' Howell Avenue Yard, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. Ibid. 

16, 17. J. W. Schultz, Oshkosh, Winnebago County. Ibid. 

18. Gotlieb Gunther & Sons, Port ·washington, Ozaukee County. Ibid. 

19, 20. Hilker Brothers Brick Manufacturing Company, Racine, Racine County. Ibid 

21, 22. Shawano Brick and Tile Company, Shawano, Shawano County. Ibid. 

23. Sheboygan Brick and Tile Company, Sheboygan, Sheboygan County. Ibid., p. 274". 

24-26. August Zimbal & Sons, Sheboygan, Sheboygan County. Ibid. 

27. W. D .. Jordon, Shiocton, Outagamie County. Ibid. 

ESTUARINE CLAYS. 

These inciude aU the clay"s of eastern Wisconsin which are underlain hy limestone and have been modified by glacial action. They were formed at the same time 

and in association with the lake deposits. In fact, they resemble them so closely that 

the two can be mapped together. Th~y arc, however, more variable in their lime 

contents than the lacustrine clays. Estuarine deposits are found along the Fox, 

Wolf, Rock, Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Chippewa, Black, Red, Cedar, and many other 

rivers in the eastern, western, and southern parts of the State. The clays in these 

deposits are commonly thinly laminated, and show a maximum thickness of 50 to 

150 feet.a 

Besides the river deposits of this age, much later deposits of clay have formed 

in the valleys of many of the more important streams of to-day, especially where the 

tributaries are fed from regions heavily covered with glacial drift, or where they 

pass through rock which is largely decomposed. At the present time most of the 

rivers are cutti~g their channels deeper, and only where the streams laden with silt 

meander through swamp lands or discharge their loads into a lake or other reservoir 

are deposits of clay being formed. 

The deposits which occur in the river valleys in the southwestern part of the 

State and. those that arc found throughout the ·glaciated region of the eastern part 

are very calcareous. Thot>c in the west-central part, where limestone is not the 

predominant rock, are hut slightly calcareous. The clays along the rivers in the 

extreme northern part of the State have been permeated with calcium carbonate 

aRull. U.s. Geol. Survey No. 65, p. 37. 
WISCONSIN. 269 

derived from the limestone and niarble which occur farther to th~ north. Limestone 

gravel is found abundantly in the very calcareous clays, having been transported from 

the limestone region either by the glaciers or the waters of the lake, and thus disseminated throughout the body of the clay. The beach deposits which o0cur within 

the body of the clay consist largely of sand and limestone gravel.· 

In Dunn and St. Croix counties, in the western pa1:t of the State, t!Iere are 

consi~erable quantities of pure white kaolin, which is thought to have been derived 

from the decomposed igneous rocks that occur northeast of this region. This kaolin 

is supposed to have been deposited by water prior to the :first Glacial epoch. The 

extent of the deposits has never been accurately determined, although they are known 

to cover a very large area. They are interbedded with _layers of sand and occur 

underneath a considerable thickness of till or bowlder clay. The level of these 

kaolin beds is about 200 feet above the estuarine deposits referred to above. It is 

very certain that these deposits were formed prior to the last Glacial epoch, and 

there are good reasons for believing that they antedate the first advance of the ice 

sheet. The reason for believing this is .that the deposits are now covered with 

bowlder clay which i:s thought to belong 'to the :first Glacial epoch. .Further than 

this, the layers of clay are often crumpled, folded, and broken to a considerable 

depth below the surface. 

The estuari~e ~lays are worked for bi·ick and tile, and among the localities may 

be' mentioned· Burlington, Edgerton, Madison, Merrimac, Portage, and 'vVatertown. 

The composition of these estuarine clays from different localities is given below. 

Analyses of estuarine deposits contiguous to the lacustrine. 

--------------- 1. 2. 3. I 4. 

--------

5. 6. 7. ~- 9. 10. 

~-- ------------ SiQ, ________ 49.39 73.36 49.26 43.68 35.81 49.57 47.57 33.48 32.66 36.65 

Al,03 ••••••• 8.99 12.83 9.25 14.37 11. 19 10.84 10.49 8.95 8. 73 8.39 

Fe,03 ------ 2.10 3.50 3.37 4.40 I cao ________ 12.56 0.89 11.88 10.84 

MgO -··---· 7. 48 0.52 7.47 5.19 

3.60 3.60 3.80 3.50 3.20 3.20 

16.12 10.01 10'.62 16.32 16.93 16.68 

7.54 6;61 6.98 9.68 9.64 9.93 

Na,O ....... 0.74 1. 04 0.84 0.36 0.44 0.82 0. 72 0.76 0.86 0.60 

K20 ........ 1. 90 2.30 1. 52 3.76 2.64 2.50 2.44 2.08 2.30 2.61 

TiO, ....... 0.30 0.50 0.33 0.40 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.27 0.30 0.44 

MnO ....... Trace. Trace. Thace. Trace. Trace. Trace. Trace. 

H,O,C ..... 17.03 5.12 16.30 17.04 

Total. 100.49 100.06 -~- 100. 22 100. 04 

I 

22.35 16.19 17. 06 24.82 25.29 21.37 ---

100. 491100. 03 

------ 100.02 99.8(\ 99.91 99.87 

--------- ----·---- ------
270 CLAYS OF UNI'l'ED STATES. EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER •. 

. Analyses of estuarine deposits contiguous to the lacustrine-Continued. 

~ ·--------~~ -------------- ----

SiO 2 •• ------

Al,O 

.Fe, 

CaO 

.MgO 

Na2 

K.o 

TiO 

.Mn 

H,O 

3•------

03 ------

-.. --- ~ .... 

............. 

0 ....... 

··------

2 ---.- .... 

0 ....... 

;c -----

Total. I 

11. 

--· 

74.12 

11.78· 

4.50 I 

0.96 

0.85 

0.44 

2.62 

0.56 

---------- 4.60 

100.431 

12. 13. 

-------

46.69 73.81 

12.48 12. 72 

3;60 3.40 

10.28 0.52 

6.57 0.81 

0.41 0. 76 

3.01 2.22 

0. 67 I 0.50 

Trace .. Volatile. 

16.33 4.99 

100.04 99.73 

' 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 

---

43.32 38.06 70.15 75.58 31.90 

6.80 . 8. 71 13.98 12.18 8.74 

1. 28 1.20 4.80. 3.30 3.00 

15.50 16.28 1.18 1.01 17.06 

9.62 9.96 1.03 0.84 10.63 

0.98 0. 72 1. 34 1. 08 0. 82 

1.64 1.56 1.94 2.04 2.20 

0.22 

~-- ~~ ~~- ---~~ ~~ -1---~~ ~~- 0.25 

---------- 0.19 

20. 79 ~'· 061 5. Rl I 3. 7R 25.19 

100.15 99.81 100.59 100.19 90.98 

19. 

44.09 

11.87 

4.00 

10.29 

7.15 

0.86 

2.74 

0. 75 

18.03 

99. 78 

1. John Paddocl;:, Baraboo, Sank County. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. No.7, p. 270. 

2, 3. Beaver Dam Brick \Yorks, Beaver Dam, Dodge County. Ibid. 

4, 5. Burlington Brick and Tile Company, Burlington, Racine County. Ibid. 

6, 7. Endeavor Brick Yard, Endeavor, Columbia County. Ihid., p. 271. 

8, 9. Fort Atkinson Brick :Manufacturing Company, Fort Atkinson, Jefferson County. Ibid. 

10, 11. J. :M. Pluck, Horicon, Dodge County. Ibid., p. 272. 

12. Hubbleton, Jefferson County. Ibid. 

13. Janesville, Rock County. Ibid. 

14, 15. A. P. Drinker, Portage, Columbia County. Ibid., p. 273. 

16, 17. Springfieid Brick and Tile Company, Springfield, Walworth County. Ibid., p. 274. 

is: J,, ·H. Cordes & Co., Watertown, Jefferson and Dodge counties. Ibid. 

19. Wind Lake Brick and Tile Company, Wind Lake, Racine County. Ibid. 

GLACIAL CLAYS. 

The glacial clays are distribi1ted over a large part of the northern half of the 

State, and are all underlain by either precCambrian crystalline rocks or Potsdam 

sandstone. These clays are of uncertain and variable thickness; but the most 

valuable are those which arc contemporaneous with· the last Glacial epoch, and such 

may be 40 to 50 feet thick. They are worked at several points, including Antigo, 

Barronnett, Edgar, Menominee, Wausau. 
··,. 

WISCONSIN. 271 

Analyses of glacial clays from the region not underlain with limestone and outside. of .the a.re(t of. lacustrine 

clays. 

1 I ., a . . 4 - -~--6- ·- s ·-~---9 -T--1o ··- . •· · · o. . · '· · i · I · -----1-----··-·-----------1-------------·---

Si02 •••••••• 

Al20 3 ••••••• 

Fe,03 •••••• 

71. n/ 74.36 64.37 60.29 5s. 94 I 61.02 42. 50 47.52 1 68. 74 i 74. 16 

1s. 74 11. 77 13.90 14 12.40 1 15. 59 12. 01 14. 35 ro. 65 i 11. 75 . I 

s. 60 4. 42 5 6. so 9. 20 I 5. 12 s. 90 5. 60 3. 16 ! 2. so 

CaO ....... . 1.23 1.14 2 .. 80 2.84 2.911 3.22 12.72 8.51 3.811 1.31 

.MgO ·------ 1. 17 . 0. 69 2. 15 2. 73 3. 16 2. 49 7. 23 5. 66 2. 73 ! 1. 17 

1. 20 I 1. 22 1. 46 1. 46 1 1. 26 o.- 56 o. 58 1. 94!' 2. 18 

2. so 2. 14 2. 94 3. 64 3 . .s2 I 3. 34 3. o6 3. 44\ 2. 06 2. 22 

0. 45 II 0. 48 0. 40 0. 57 0. 55 ' 0. 52 0. 38 0. 45 0. 43 I 0. 50 

Na,O ...... . 

K,O ....... . 

Ti02 -------

Tr-ace. I Trace. Trace. Trace. I 0. 22 I Trace. .·.. • . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 14 0. 27 

() i 3.51 1_2--~~1 8.73 7.64 1.8 ~~~ 

1\inO . _____ . 

H,O,C -----

Total~ 100: 461 99. 73 100. 38 100. 04 100. 43 100. 16 100. 42 99. 53 100. 21 100. 31 

I I 

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 

----·---------------- ------ ----1~---1·---1-·--

SiO, ___ . . . . . 73. 29 65. 44 64. 50 63. 36 50. 76 62. 74 70. 02 70. 41 

Al,03 ••••••• 11.98 13.51 13.11 14.01 34.05 17.01 14.77· 13.64 

Fe20 3 •• __ •• 3. 32 5. 40 5. 80 6. 40 1. 14 5. 60 5 5. 20 

cao ________ 1.34 2.95 2.69 2.63 0.60 2.38 1.02 1.54 

l\igO _ . _ ... _ 1. 09 2. 20 1. 91 2. 21 ___ ... _ 1. 84 1: 03 1. 49 

Na,o _______ 1.92 1.54 1.22 1.02 0.01 0.34 0.60 1.44 

K,0 ......... 2.10 3.44 4.12 3.48 0.24 3.18 2.73 2.68 

69.46 

14.71 

4.60 

1. 21 

1. 56 

1. 26 

69.86 

13.55 I 

5.46 

0.71 I 

1. 43 

1. 78 l 

2.361 

.70. 54 

13.60 

4.48 

0. 70 

1. 41 

. 1. 94 

2.36 

TiO, ------. 0. 55 0. 60 0. 50 0. 50 ------- 0. 60 0. 62 0. 41 0. 41 I 0. 77 i 1 

MnO ... ___ . 0. 14 Trace. Trace. Trace. ___ . _. . . . . . . . . Trace. Trace. Trace. I. __ . _. _ H,o,c ..... _4._29 ___ 4._6_9 _6._19 ___ 6._7_9 13 _6._72 ___ 4._5_0 _3._3_7 ___ 4._s_s_ 1 

__ 4_.-,4_o ~~ 

99. 77 100.04 100. 39 99. so 100.41 100. 29 1100. 18 1oo. 56 1oo. s211oo.1s 

--··----'---~--~--··· 

Total. 100 

1, 2. J. B. Theriault, Chippewa Falls, Chippewa County. Wisconsin Geol. Nat~ Hist. Survey, 

Bull. No. 7, p. 270-271. 

3-6. East Tramway Brickyard, East Tramway, Dunn County. Ibid., p. 271. 

7, 8. Lindaur & Rhode, Kaukauna, Outagamie County. Ibid., p. 272. 

9-11. Central Wisconsin Pressed Brick Company, Marshfield, Wood County. Ibid. 

12-14. Wisconsin Red Pressed Brick Company, Menomonie, Dunn County. Ibid.· 

15. Rice Lake, Barron County. Ibid., p. 273. 

16, 17. Ri~er Falls Brick Company, River Falls, Pie~ce County. Ibid. 

18, 19. Tomahawk Brickyard, Tomahawk, Lincoln County. Ibid., p. 274. 

20, 21. Langenberg Brick Company, Whittlesey, Taylor County. Ibid. 

CLAY-WOHKING INDUSTHY. 

The mo::;t important clay products made· in Wisconsin are brick and tile, the 

latter being turned out chiefly in the southern part of the State. Paving brick or 
272 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

sewer pipe are not being made at present in Wisconsin; in fact, on account of the 

calcareous nature of the clays, attempts to make vitrified wares in this State have 

been a failure. 

The "kaolins" and white-burning so-called "plastic kaolins" which are found 

are of in1portance for paper making after they have been washed. 

It is suggested by E. R. Buckley that the pure deposits of lacustrine clays could 

be used for flowerpots, cheap cuspidors, etc. 

It seems doubtful, however, whether Wisconsin can ever become an important 

clay-producing State, partly on account of the character of the raw materhlls and 

partly because competition with neighboring Sbtte·s, such as Ohio, would be nearly 

impossible. 

Wisconsin mnks twentieth among the day-producing States, the production 

since 1895 having been as follows: 

Value of clay prodncts of Wisconsin frorn 1895 to 1.901. 

~~~- ----~- ~--- --..,-~~~-

Year. Vnluc. Rank. 

Proportion I of United 

States 

produet. 

$944,196 

788,995 

724,282 

16 

19 

20 

Per cent. 

1. 45 

1. 27 

1. 16 

1, :~~: ~~~ ~~ 1~.: ~1 1~ I 1,072,179~ 21 ' 

---· ------~~~-

1, 247, 544 ___ 2_o--~~3_j 

Value o.f the clay products of .Wisconsin in 1900 and 1901. 

----------- ------·r 

I ----1~-~---~-- Common brick._ .. ______ . ___ .. ______ -.- ... _. 963,461 / 1, 151, 838. 

Front brick .......... ----·--------------:·-- 84,601 [ 54,379 

Vitrified brick--------'····---·-----··--·--- --------------1 (a) 

Fancy brick _____ .. __ . __ . ___ . ___ ........ _ . _. 2, 272 j 2, 105 

Fire brick ____ ......... --- ........ ----.---.. (a) f (a) 

Drain tile. __________________________ :....... 14,995 1 22,727 

,. · fi . . I ( ) Fncproo ng ____ . ___ .-.-- .. --- _.---.----.- ... __ ... __ .. -. _ .

1 

° 

Tile (notdrain) ...... ----------------------- (a) (a) I 

Miscellaneous ___ : ___ .. _ ... _____ . _ ... ____ . _ . _ 

Pottery ...... -. - --- . - -. - . --. - - . -- -... -... -. ' 

I 1, 8oo 1 

(a) I ~, 400 !' 

13,400 . 

a l.ess than .three producers. 
CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 273 

n:ESUJ\f"E OF THE-INDUSTRY. 

COMJUON lllUCK. 

Common brick arc made . in . great quantities m all the States of the region 

covered by this report. Owing to the low price which the product usually brings, 

but little expense can be incurred in the methodti of winning the clay and the manufacture of the brick, and on this account the ordinary surface clays are generally 

used. The .process of manufacture is hurried as much as possible, but little attention being paid to the exact shade of ware produced or to obtaining a very 

smooth surface. In the Northern States the great spread of drift clays affords 

everywhere an excellent inaterial for making· common briek, while in the South 

the great mantle of residual clay, which is found throughout the upland region, 

and the sedimentary clay of the Coastal Plain surface, give opportunity for the 

establishment of some center of br1ckmaking wherever there is a market calling 

for the product. · (Pls. III, IV, and VII.) We thus find in the vicinity of almost 

every one of the larger cities a thriving brickmaking industry developed. On 

account of their low market value common bi·ick are rarely transported for great 

distances, except by water. The price per thousand varies ;with the locality and 

somewhat also ~ith the quality of the product, but in 1901 it ranged fro~ an 

average of $3.78 per thousand in South Carolina to an average of $8.13 in Nevada. 

The largest brickmaking region of the Eastern United States, or, indeed in the 

whole country, is that of the Hudson River Valley in New York State, where nearly 

a billion brick are made annually and sent mo»tly to the New York market. Other 

brickmaking centers in the State al'e Rochester and Syracuse. In New England 

many brick are manufactured from the glacial clays around Boston, and in the 

Connecticut River Valley from the terrace clays of estuarine origin. , 

In New Jersey a great brickmaking area surrounds Hackensack, Bergen County, 

where the clays worked are very similar to those foun:d' in the Hudson River Valley 

of New York·State. Many C<Jmmon brick are also molded around Sayreville from 

the Cretaceous clays, and at Trenton from the Columbia loams. 

·At Philadelphia the Columbia loams have been used for many years for making 

excellent red ·brick, while in the western part of the State, around Pittsburg, many 

shales or mixtures of Carboniferous shales and alluvial elay, have been found suitable for the same purpose. 

The Columbia and Potomac clays support an active brickmaking industry in the 

vieinity of Baltimore and \Vashington, and the former types of elay arc available at 

many localities farther to the south. 

Many common brick are manufactured from calcareous lake clays in States of 

9647-No. 11-03-· 18 
2 7 4 CLAYS OF UNITED ST ATF.S EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

the .Mississippi Valley and those of the Great Lake region, as at Cleveland, Ohio, 

Detroit, Mich., Chicago, Ill., and Mil waukee, Wis. These bricks arc usually buff or 

cream colored, but in some cases are nearly white. Many eommon brick are made 

from the drift elays of Ohio, as well as from those of Indiana and Illinois. There are 

important centers around Brazil, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, South Bend, 

and Terre Haute, in Indiana, and Chicago, Peoria, Quincy, and_Springfield, in Illinois. 

In Kentucky the more important centers of common brick manufacture are Ashland, 

Covington, Louisville, and Paducah. 

Alabama's chief brickmaking center is Montgomery, but large quantities are 

also made at Birmingham. In Missis~>ippi the lmims of the flood plain of the 

.Mississippi River make an excellent red-burning brick· elay and are much- used. 

The great abundance of red ·residual clay all through the South has, however, interfered somewhat with the establishment of permanent plants, and many local but 

temporary yards have been built to supply some passing demand. 

The processes used in the manufacture of common brick have improved greatly 

during the last fifteen years. Most yards, indeed all, with the exception of the. 

very smttll ones, are operated by steam power. The soft-mud process has in many 

instances given way to the stiff-mud method, which, on account of its greater 

capacity, . has gre!lt attractions, but is not adapted to as wide a range of elays. 

There has been a similar improvement in the drying and burning operations, sun 

drying having been replaced by drying in tunnels with artificial heat, and the old 

scove kiln _by modern types, among which the continuous kiln is gaining in favor. 

Yet in spite of the invention of modernand improved ma~hinery, some of the largest 

brickmaking regions cling to the old soft-mud process and open-air drying. 

The production of common brick in the United States east of the Mississippi 

from1895 to 1901 is given below: . . . 

Total value of common brick pmduced in the United States frorn 18.95 to 1901. 

Year. ! Stntes etLst of Mis- Total United States 

_______ ,I, sissippi River. pro._ch~w-t. --I 

1895 ... --- --·----- --- $23,143,772 $31,569,126 

1896 .. -------------- 24,276,620 29,664,043 

1897---------------- 20,429,219 26,430,207 

1898.--------------- 22' 881' 06.5 30,980,704 

1899.--------------- 29,868,646 39,887,522 

1900.--------------- 25,322,478 38,621,514 

1901. _______________ 35,345,367 45,503,076 

- .-----
RESU11LE. 275 

PRESSED BRICK. 

Since these require a higher g-rade of raw material, the clays suitable for their 

manufacture are less widely distributed, and the plants are fewer in number, but 

the higher price which the product commands permits longer' transportation to 

market. In former years pressed brick were made chicffr from red-burning clays, 

as in the ease of the reel Philadelphia brick. · Now, however, buff-buming cl,ays, 

. such as No. 2 fire clays, are largely used. The reason for this is that buff is a color 

much likedl and, furthermore, it makes a good ground with which to mix artificial 

color:>. Many different shades of brick arc now put on the market, ~he ·color being 

produced either by the addition of artificial colorants or by manipulation of the 

kiln fires. Ornamentation is produced by varying the shape and size of the brick. 

The most important works fm; producing pret>t>ed brick are located in those States 

that contain an abundance of fire clays, viz., Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New ,Jersey, 

named in the order of their importance. 

Penm;ylvania leads in the production of pressed brick, three types of. material 

being drawn upon to supply the product. Around Philadelphia the well-known reel 

brick have been made for years from the Columbia loam:,; of that vicinit3;, and these 

have met with great ftwor among the architects of many Eastern eities. In the 

western part of the State the lower grades. of fire clay are much employed for buff 

and other shades of front brick, and a pressed-brick works has become an adjunct to 

several of the large fire-brick factories. vVorks are located at Fallston, Monaca, 

Van port, Kithtnning, and other places. 1 n the Pittsburg region a mixture of surface 

clays and Carboniferous shales is often used, and makes an excellent repressed or 

dry -pressed article. 

Ohio is second in importance to Pennsylvania, and many pressed brick are made 

from the Carboniferous under clays at several localities, among them Akron, Shawnee, 

and Zanesville. 

In New Jersey many huff and pressed brick arc made from the Cretaceous clays 

around Woodbridge, Perth Am boy, and Sayreville, and find a ready sale in the 

markets of New York, Philadelphia, arid other Eastern cities. In addition to these~ 

large quantities of hydraulic dry-pressed brick are made from the Pleistocene clays 

in the vicinity of Winslow Junction, and smaller quanti6cs are made in other parts 

of the State, among the localities of subordinate importance being Trenton and 

Belvidere. 

Virginia, though of little importance as a, clay-working State, produces l~u·ge 

quantities of a white or yellowish-white front brick, which is made in large quantities from the residual· clays occurring near Richmond. The product is shipped to 

many of the markets in the Central and Northeastern States and ~eell!s to possess 
276 CLAYS 0.1<' UNITED .STATES EAS'r OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

freedom from discoloration, which is a trouble many pressed-brick manufacturers 

have to contend with. 

Wisconsin has gained some prominence as a producer of pressed brick on account· 

of the cream bric~, which have been made for many years from the calcareous lake 

clays at Milwaukee. 

Many pressed brick are made in. Illinois from the Carboniferous shales and other 

clays, as at Belleville and Lasalle. Considerable quantities are also produced in 

Indiana from Carboniferous shales and fire days. Additional shades arc often 

produced by mixing these with the surface clays. Among the locafities where 

pressed brick a;e manufactured are Cayuga, Hillsboro, Terre Haute, Huntingburg, 

and Evansville. 

In New York State considerable quantities of pressed brick ~;tre made from the 

Cretaceous clays on Staten Island, and in the western and southwestern part of the 

. State the Devonian shales lend themselves well to the manufacturer of brick for 

fronts. In addition, the clays of Long Island are also used for making a dry-pressed 

product. 

Aside from these States there is a scattered production of pref'sed brick reported 

annually from others. Many plants keep a repressing machine in order to repress 

their common brick to supply occasional orders, and to this is due the varying 

but small and persistent production of pressed brick reported by many States. 

Most. front brick arc now made either by the stiff-mud process and repressed, 

or by the dry-press method of molding. 

The highest average price of pressed brick in 1900 was $20 per thousand in 

Conneetfcut, but this average does not represent the highest price received for 

pressed brick, for those, _with a highly ornamented surface, may bring as much 

as $40 or $50 per thousand. 

The total value of pressed brick (excluding ornamental brick) produced from 

1895 tQ 1901 was as follows: 

Total value of pre.~sed brick produced in the United State8 from 18.95 to 1901. 

Year. I f . I . I States cast o .1\liS· Totu United Stlttcs sissippi River. product. 

----· --i!------

1895 ............... . $3,458,397 $4,399,367 

1896 .............. . 2,638.016 3,390,941 

1897 ............... . 3,194,065 3, 85.5, 033 

1898 ............... . 2,805,073 3,572,385 

1899 ............... . 3,588,189 4, 767,343 

1900.~ .. : ...... ··-· 3,062,338 3,864,670 

1901. .. -.- . -...... -. 3,335,154 4, 709,737 

-----'---~-- ----.. ---. ----------
RESUME. ' ' 277 

FIREPUOOFING. 

The active construction of many modern fireproof buildings in all the larger cities 

at the present time had led to the widespread use of hollow brick or fireproofing for 

the protection of steel girders and the construction of floor arches and partitions. 

Some idea of the expansion of this industry may be gained from a statement U:ade 

in the clay report issued by the New .Jersey geological survey in 1878, in which 

firep1~oofing is referred to as a new kind of brick which was being experimented with 

at that time. In 1900 the value of the fireproofing produced in the United States 

was $1,820,214, and most of this came from thr~e or four States. The clays used for · 

fireproofing are either common brick clays or impure fire clays, and consequently 

the material can be manufactured in almost any State, which accounts for the long 

list of producers, although they are by no means all large ones. Certain States, 

however, as New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana, produce great quantities of this material" 

to supnly the large markets located in their v.icinity, and in,such States there are 

large factories whose output is entirely. fireproofing mateiiaL More recently these 

factories have been turning their attention to the manufacture of conduits for electricai subways, since these can be made on the same type of machine and from a similar mixture of clays. Thes~ are made in large quantities now by some of the plants. 

in New ,Jersey. 

The total value of the fireproofing produced in the Eastern States from 1895 to 

1901 is as follows: 

Total value of fi:reproofing produced ·in the United States from 1894 to 1901. 

Year. ' States east of · Total United Slates 

I ~lississippi River. product. 

--------------•. -.-----------------------

1894 ................ $478,827 $514,637 

1895 ............. -.. 660,626 741,626 

1896 ................ 1,378,860 1,706,504 

1897 ................ 1,890,565 1, 979,259 

1898 ................ 1,571,812 }· 900,642 

1899 ................ 1,555,813 1,665,066 

1900 ................ 1,610,769 1, 820, 214 

1901 ........... -----1 2,874,290 1,820,269 

I 

HOOFING TILBS. 

Roofing tiles are made at few localities, but the industry is slowly expanding, 

although the nmi1ber of plants is not increasing much. Three styles of tile are 

made, vi>~, the Roman, shingle, and interlocking. Each company making roofing tiles 

usually confines itself to on~ type, which it most .earnestly advocates the use of. 
~78 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF ~fiSSISSIPPI RIVER. 

Two faetories are located in New York, two in Illinois, one in Maryl~tnd, one in Ohio, 

and one in Georgia. The tiles are usually red and are sometimes glazed. Some are· 

vitrified, while others are not. 

TERRA COTTA. 

The use of term cotta for· exterior decoration and as a substitute for stone has 

created a great demarid for the material, espeeially in the larger cities, where building· operations are active.· Factories are located in a number of States, but most of 

the product comes from New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. The general character 

of the ware is much the same, e6nsisting usually of a mixture of fire clays, which 

burn to a strong buff, or sometimes a red, if. more ferruginous days are used. The 

color of the ware is contained in the slip, which is spt:ayed over the surface. in the 

form of a thin film. Many shades are made, the color applied being frequently put 

on for the pmpose of matching the building stone which is to he used in the same 

building with the te\!·a cotta. There are a number of firms in New Jersey manufacturing terra cotta which obtain their supply of material from the neighboring elay 

pits. Jhc same material is .used by some of the New York manufacturers, although 

those in the southwestern part of the State employ Devonian shales as well. 

In Pennsylvania considerable terra cotta is made in the eastern part of the State 

from New Jersey elays, while a large factory is in operation at Evanston, Ill. . Very 

little is made in Ohio. Other producing States are Maryland, Georgia, Kentucky, 

and Michigan. The value of the ornamental terra cotta produced in the United 

States in 1901 was $3,367,982, of which $2,874,290 was .prodticed cast of the 

Mississippi. 

ENAmELED HIUCK. 

The enameled-brick industry is a young one in the U nitcd States an.d for mariy 

years has had to compete with the prejudice that existed in favor of the imported 

English enameled materials. At the present day it ean probably be said, howeYer, 

that the domestic product is iu many eases fully equal to the imported material. 

Bricks of this type are made in Pennsylvania, New J·ersey, Maryland, Illinois, and 

·Georgia. 

FLOOR TILES. 

Those made in the United States are of two types, viz, tiles of solid color and 

·encaustic tiles. The tile first named is of the same color throughout, 'while in the 

latter the color or design forms only the upper portion of the tile, the remainder of 

the body being formed of some buff burning clay. The tiles are always made by the 

dry-press process, and while the solid-color ones are molded in many different forms, 

,the encaustic tiles are usually square. The number of shades and cqlors produced is 

:so great that artificial methods of coloration have to he resorted to. Clay tiles have 

gained great favor as a flooring material, and come into active competition with slate 
.RESUlltE. 279 

and marble. They possess the advantage of being harder, more durable, and capable 

of bemg worked into a greater number of designs and colors. .Many factories 

produce both styles o~ these tiles, and supply not only .the domestic demand, but 

also export their product, which is in some cases shipped as far as Australia. 

Floor tiles are manufactured at Trenton, N. ,J., Pittsburg, Pa., Zanesville, Ohio, 

Indianapolis, Ind., and other localities. They are commonly made from a mixture of 

clays and shales, those from the Carboniferous formations being perhaps the most 

used. . GLAZED TILES. 

Glazed tiles for wall decoration are produced 111 several States. The body of 

these has to be necessai·ily much whiter and more porous than that of floor tiles, 

and they are often made from the higher grades of clay, such as kaolin. The 

surface is sometimes pressed in relief, and the glaze may be either colorless, 

colored, or opaque. There is considerable rivalry between the different manufacturers to ·produce new colors and designs, and the number of them is consequently very great. 

Hand-painted tiles and cloissonnee ones are very little made, if at all, 1n the 

United States. The distribution of glazed-tile factories bears no relation to the 

distribution of the raw materials, for these form but a small proportion of the 

expense of manufacture. 

Glazed tiles are made at Chelsea, Mass.; Trenton, N. ,T.; Morrisville and Beaver 

Falls, Pa.; Covington, Ky.; Old Bridge and Perth Amboy, N .• T.; Tarrytown, N.Y.; 

and Indianapolis, Ind. 

VITRIFIED BRICK. 

The production of vitrified brick in the U nitcd States is probably not exceeded 

by that of any other country in the world, and in. the Middie States ei3pecially it has 

developed into an industry of vast extent. This is due partly to the absence of other 

cheap paving materials and to the excellent qualities of brick pavements when subjected to moderate traffic, as well as to the presence in the Central States of suitable 

raw materials so situated that the product can be turned out rapidly and economically. 

The total value of the paving brick produced in the States lying east of the 

Mississippi from 1895 to 1901 is given below: 
280 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI .RIVER. 

Totalmlue of paving b1"ick producecl·in the United States from 1894 to 1901. 

!:ear. States east of l\Iissis- Total United States I 

sippi River product. 

1894 ............ ·--- $2,739,849 $3, 711, 073 

] 8.95.--------------- 2,672,305 3,130,472 

1896 .... ------------ 2,442,939 2, 794,585 

1897----------.----- 2, 729,583 3,582,037 

1898 .... ----- :_- ·--- ·2, 923,715 4,016,822 

1899 ... -.: ..... ----. 3,835,955 4, 750,424. 

1900 ..... ---·-.-.-.- 3,636,365 4, 764,124 

1901.--------------- 4,321,178 5,484,134 

The output for 1901 was as follows: 

Production of paving brick cast of }.fississippi in 1901. 

State. Quantity. 

Thousands. 

Alabama ------------------------- (a) 

·Georgia __________________ .. _______ (<t) 

Illinois ___ ... __ ................... 99,572 

Indiana -------------------------- 31,468 

Kentueky ------------------------ (a) 

Maine ........................... -. (a) 

Maryland ....... ___ . ____ .......... (a) 

Michigan ............... __ ........ (a) 

New Jersey _____ .................. 2,251 

New York .. __________ .. : _________ 29,950 

North Carolina ------------------- (a) 

Ohio ----------------------------- 175,757 

Pennsylvania_ ..... ___ .. __________ 73,498 

Tennessee ------------- .. ---------- 6,624 

West Virginia._ .... ~ ........•..... 62, 80.'i 

Value. 

(a) 

(a) 

.899, 454 

320,221 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

22,024 

343,343 

(a) 

1, 443, 5:~7 

670,081 

67, 129 

555,389 

Average price· 

per thousand. 

$11.00 

7.69 

9.03 

10.18 

12. 71 

20.02 

15.00 

12.30 

9.78 

11.46 

10.00 

8.21 

9. 12 

10.13 

8.84 

a Where the output is contributed by less than three firms the figures are not given. 

Although West Virginia was the cradle of the paving-brick industry, Ohio now 

leads the States in the production of this class o:f ware, but large quantities also come 

:from Illinois, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York, and Indiana, named in the 

order o:f their importance. The general distribution o:f paving-bric.k works is shown 

on the map (Pl. VIII). Most of the bricks o£ this class are made :from fine-grained 

ferruginous shales, these being :found to yield the. best results. ' In some cases a 

certain quantity of low-grade fire clay is added-in :fact during the early stages of 

the industry, fire clays alone were considered necessary. The method o:f manu:fac-
/ 

{ ' ' 

281 

ture has gone through various experimental stages, but the stiff-mud method is now 

p~eferred by most paving-brick manufacturers on account of its greater capacity. a 

Much discussion has taken place in recent years regarding the adoption of a 

standard method of testing pa'\Ting brick, and also of the effect of the method of 

manufacture on the abrasive resistance of the product. This subject bas been one of 

~pecial investigation by a committee appointed by the National Brickmakers' Association, and their report deals with the correet method of making tests so as to 

insure reliable and uniform results; 

DRAIN TILE. 

An examination of the statisties of drain tile production arc of interest as showing the agricultural conditions of. the State in whieh they are made. Since they can 

be manufactured from ordinary brick clays, they are produced chiefly in response to 

a loeal demand. As will be seen from the statisties given annually in the reports of 

the United States Geologieal Survey, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan are the 

most important producers, though large quantities are also made ip New Jersey and 

New York. The variation in the quantity produced by any one State from year to 

year is due to special and irregular local demands. Any manufacturer making brick 

by the auger stiff-mud process can, by changing the die, produce tile instead of brick 

whenever the1:e is a call for the material. 

The tile are made of varying diameters, from 2 up to 6 inches, but commonly 

about 3 or 4. 

Value of drain tile proclucedjrom 1894 to1901. 

Ycnr. States east of Missis-r Total United States 

sippi River. product. 

1894.-. --·- ----·- --- $4,898,931 $5,803,162 

1895.--------------- 3,113,919 3,450,961 

1896 ...... ---------- 2,326,508 2,613,513 

1897--------.-.------ 2,176,932 2,623,305 

1898 ...... ---------- 1,936,582 3,115,318 

1899 ... ------------- 3,141,607 3,682,394 

1900.- , ___ ---------- 2,483,387 2,976,281 

1901. ............... 2,465,875 3,143,001 

SEWER PIPE. 

Sewer pipe are made from a clay which will yield a vitrified product at moderate 

temperatures, and shale therefore usually gives the best results. It is consequently 

not surprising to find Ohio the main producer, leading all the other States by a very 

large margin. The sewer-pipe faetories in that State, especially those near Akron, 

a For a discussion of the manufacture of paving brick see pamphlet by· H. A. Whet:ler on Vitrified Paving Brick, 

Indianapolis, 1895. For tests of paving brick see Ries, H., The clay-working industry of the United States in 1896: Eighteenth Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, Pt. V (continued), p. 1111. 
282 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

are operated on a gigantic scale, and much of the product is shipped to neighboring 

States. 

Next to Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois produce considerable quanti- · 

ties of sewer pipe, and small amounts come from other States. 

The production for 1894-1H01 is given below: 

Val·ue of 8ewer pipe prod·uced in the United State8 from 1894 to 1901. 

--------·· --------,----

Year. r· States ettst of Mis- Total United States 

sissippi River. product. 

1894.--------------- $5,150,497 $5,989,923 

1895.----.---------- 3,573,982 4,482,577 

1896 .......... ------ 3,845,436 4,588,50:-l 

1897---------------- 3,187,615 4,069,534 

1898 .. -------------- 2,209,0:32 3, 791,057 

1899.--------------- 2,646,599 4, 560,3:34 

1900.--------------- 3, 692, 854· 5,842,562 

1901.. ......... ·----- 4,221,018 6, 736,969 

----

FIRE BRICK. 

The production of fire brick has shown a phenomenal increase during the last \ .. 

tht·ee years, most of the production having come from the States lying east of the 

Mississippi. This increased output can be seen from the following table, in which 

the production since 189-! is given: 

Value of fire brick produced in the United State8 .from 1894 to 1901. 

~---"'----- -----;-- -----·-- 1 ' I I· 

Year. I S!tttes east of Mis- j' Total United States ' 

sissippi River. . product. j 

1-------1

- i I 

1894. ·- ------------- $4,221,665 $4,762,820 I 

1895 .. --------------

1896 .. --------------

1897----------------

1898 .... --- ---------

1899 ...... ----------

HlOO .•...•••.....••• 

1901 ...... ----------1 

4,587, 738 

4,461,785 

3,712,875 

5,039,269 

7,886,866 

8,810,360 

8,523,989 

5, 279, 004 II 

4,944,723 

4, 094,704 1 

6, 093,071 1 

8, 641,882 1 

9, 83o, 517 

1

1 

9,870,421 

! '-------------------------

The important position which the Eastern. States occupy as pi·oducers of fire 

brick is due not alone to the presence of refractory clays, but also to the development of metallurgical industries in those areas. In 1900 Penns.r l vania alone produced 

over :four and a half million dollars' worth of fire brick, while Ohio and New Jersey 

each supplied over one million dollars'. worth. This great output is occasioned by 

an active demand, and will no doubt continue as l~mg as the United States is the · 

leading producer of iron and steel. Many others are consumed by other branches of 
RESUME. 283 

the metallurgical industries. Quantity alone is not Cll;lled for, however, but in addition 

the manufacturer has to produce a variety of grades and many different shapes. 

A brick can not be produced which will satisfadorily meet all conditiom;. Some 

bricks are exposed to hig·h heat alone, others must :resist abrasion r~ther than 

excessive heat. · Again, resistance to corrosion at high temperatures is necessary, 

and even h~re i~ is sometimes an acid, at others a basic, brick that is required. 

Comparatively few analyses or tests of refractoriness have been published. 

Of the former a few are collected here, and such indicate bricks of rather siliceous 

character: 

Analyses of fire brief.:. a 

Si02 • _ 

Al 20 3 • 

Ti02 _ 

Fe,03 

CaO .. 

MgO _ 

---1-1.-1--2. J ____ s. ,_4·~~ __________ 52.87 52.48 78.08 58.97 1 

---------- 40.28 40.65 17.89 32.969 I ---------- 2.44 1.67 . 81 1. 62 I 

----------1 1. 32 1. 99 

i . 97 1. 97 I 

---------- 1. 41 . 26 . 56 .12 i 

---------- .396 . 299 I . 35 . 503 I 

Alkali es ________ .98 2.79 2.115 1. 277 I 

I 

------------------I 

Total.____ 99. 696 100. 139 100. 7751 100. 429 i 

I 

5. I 6. 7. 

I 

59.98 I 71.55 58.75 

36.009 

I 

25.09 36. 79 

1. 70 I 1. 05 1. 75 

1. 911 I ], 28 1. 39 I 

. 10 . 65 .11 

Tr. . 364 . 301 

1.174 .384 .913 ------

100.875 I 100.368 100.004 

' ' 

a Second Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, Hept. 1\I~.f., p. 261J. For a series of tests Sl~e ibid., p. 271 et seq. 

1. Clcarfiel(l fire brick, Clearfield County, Pa. 

2. Queens Run tire brick, Clinton County, Pa. 

3. Maxwells, Bradley & Co., Layton station, Pa. 

4. Savage Fire Brick Works, Keystone Junction, Somerset County, Pa. 

5. 'Mount Savage fire brick, Union ]\fining Company, l\{ount Savage, Md. 

6. Hall & Sons' No. 1 fire brick, Perth Amboy, N .. J. 

7. Hyzer & Lewellen's, made from \VoodbridgP- fire clay. 

8. Soisson & Glover's. fire brick, Connellsville. .. 

I 

__ , __ 

8. 

--

65.24 

28.87" 

1. 67 

2. 71 

.09 

. 33 

1. 31 

8 

2 

---

100.23-

Silica brick and basic brick constitute special types, which are manufactured to 

a small extent. 

There are many fire-brick works scattered over Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New 

J crsey, as can be seen from the map on Pl. VIII, and consequently the furnaces in · 

these States rarely send any distance for fire brick. Ma1iy furnaces in eastern Pennsylvania, therefore, draw on the New Jen;ey factories to a large extent. 

Fire brick are also manufactured from local clay~ in \Vest Virginia, Indiana, 

Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

and Maryland. Those produced in other States, viz, Florida, Wisconsin, Michigan, 

New Hampshire, l\1aine, New York, Massachusetts, and Cormecticut arc made almost 

entirely from clays obtained from neighboring Statps. Many brick are shipped by 

water, and evenrail, to Mexico and Canada. 
284 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

POTTERY •. a 

The pottery industry of the United States has shown a most phenomenal grow~h, 

and the product now embraces a number of grades, including red earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, white earthenware, belleek, majolica, etc. The commoner grades 

are usually made at small potteries· scattered over the country, and supported by 

local trade, but the factories making the highest grades of ware arc often grouped 

around a few localities, which have been chosen on account of their being transportation centers. Their distr:ihution is shown on Pl. IX. 

The increase in the total value of the product is shown by the following table: 

Total val·ue of pottery products from 1896 to 1901. 

Year. States east of l\Iis· Total United States 

sissippi. product. 

1896 .... ---- ·-- ·---- $6,351,240 $7,455,627 

Ui97 ________________ 8,880,122 10,309,209 

1898.------ __ , __ ---- 13,381,750 14,589,251 

1899 .. -------------- 16,677,562 17,250,250 

1900-- - ------- ---- ~- 19,189,356 '19,798,670 

1901_ _______________ 21,865,908 22,463,860 

From the above figures it will be. seen that most of the pottery produced in this 

country comes from the region lying east of the Mississippi. This is.due partly to 

a greater demand within this area, and also due to the presence of raw materials and 

manufacturing facilities. 

The rank of the more important States has not changed much during the past 

six years, as is indicated below. 

Rank of States 'in value of pottery from 1896 to 1901. 

Rank. 1896. 1897. 189R. 1899. 1900. 1901. ' 

1 Ohio ............ :. Ohio .............. Ohio ............. , Ohio .............. Oll!o .............. Ohio. 

2 NewJersey ....... NewJersey ....... NewJersey ....... NewJersey ....... NewJersey ....... NewJersey. 

3 Pennsylvanht .... Pennsylvania ... _ Pennsylvania . _ .. Pennsylvania .... Pennsylvunia . . . . Pennsylvania. 

4 Illinois ........... Illinois ........... Illinois ........... Illinois ........... New York ........ New York. 

5 West Virginift .... West Virginia .... West Virginia .... New York ........ Illinois ...... :.... West Virginia, 

6 NewYork ........ Minnesota ........ NewYork.: ...... WestVirginia .... WcstVirginia .... Illinois. 

7 Massachusetts .... Maryland ........ Minnesota ........ Maryland ........ Maryland ........ Indiana. 

8 Indiana .......... Massachusetts .... Maryland ........ Indiana .......... Indiana .. .. .. .. .. Maryland. 

9 Kentucky .. .. .. .. Indiana· c .......... Indiana .. .. .. .. .. Massachusetts.... Minnesota........ Minnesota. 

10 Texas ............ New York ... ·._ ... Massachusetts.... ~Iinnesota ........ Massachusetts.... Massachusetts 

11 Missouri. ......... Kentucky ........ Kentucky ........ Kentucky ........ Kentucky........ Kentucky. 

12 Connecticut...... Connecticut...... Connecticut...... Texas . -.......... Texas .. .. .. .. .. .. Connecticut. 

a An excellent historic account of the industry is contained in E. A. Barber's Pottery and Porcelain of the United 

States. See also Ries, H., The pottery industry of the United States: Seventeenth Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. Ill 

(continued), p. 842. 
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

za•r-J---+----+--L 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. II PL. VI II 

MAP 

SHOWING DISTRIBUTION 

OJ!' 

FIRE-BRICK AND PAVING-BRICK WORKS IN 

EASTERN UNITED STATES BY HEINRICH RIES 

Scale 

wo~--_:~==~·--------~':oo~======~·~··~------~300 ~es 

1902 

LEGEND 

• Rrel>rtckwort<s 

• l'avtng·brick worl<s 

• Plrebricl< and paving.brickworl<s 

___ .., .,. 

__L-~--=L====h:===::d====t==:J •a• 
MAP 

SHOWING DISTRIBUTION 

01" 

POTTERY WORKS A ND 

KAOLIN AND BALL-CLAY DEPOSITS IN 

EASTERN UNITED STXfES 

UlO..:..-.::.!:=d~---~===~~---...:.:00 ndlea 
RESmfE. 285 

The States ranking first and second in the production of several kinds of ware 

in 1901 were: 

States ranking first a.nd 8econd in production of certain wares in 1901. 

Product. First. ·! Second. 

Red earthenware _ ..... __ . _ ... __ . _ .. _. _ ... _. __ . Ohio ... _ ...... _ ... :... Massachusetts. 

Stoneware_ ... _._ .......... ~_ ...... _ ...... "._ ... _ ... do ..... _ .......... · Illinois. 

C. C. ware ............. ____________ ................. do .. __ ............ New Jersey. 

White g~anite. __ ..... _ ...... ___ .... __ ... _. _ ....•.... do .... _. _ .. _.... .. Do. 

Semi vitreous._ .... _ ....... · .. _ .... __ .... __ ..... _ . _. _ .d9 ... __ ..... __ .... Do. 

China .... _ c· ... _ ... _. __ ..•... __ .. _., _ ~ ......•. New Jersey .... _ ....... New York. 

Sanitary ware ....................................... do ....... .' ........ Ohio. 

Electrical supplies ................................... do---------------- New Jersey. 

The total value of pottery products produced by the Eastern States in 1900 and 

1901 was·as follows: 

Value of pottery in Eastern States in 1900 cmd 1901. 

1900. 1901. 

-----

States. Per cent of Per cent of 

Value. total United Va1ue. total united 

States States 

product. product. 

----- ---~ 

Ohio ....... -------------- $8,573,323 43.30 $10,048,561 44. 73 

New Jersey ........ _._ ... _ .5, 263, 651' 26.59 5,900,073 26.26 

Pennsylvania_._ ...... _. __ 1,390,873 7.03 1,665, 012 7:41 

Jllinois ... _ ........ _ ...... 776, 773 3.92 682,449 3.04 

New York .... ____ .... ____ 1,165,325 5.89 1,077,360 4.80 

West Virginia._._. __ .... __ 631,841 . 3.19 858,642 3.82 

Maryland . ----- ------ .. --- 436,617 2.21 333,480 1. 48 

Indial).a .. _ .. _ .. _ ... __ . _ .. 325,900 1. 65 53~,371 2.37 

Massachusetts .. _. __ ....... 238,724 1.21 281,368 1. 25 

Kentucky ---------------- 131,497 .66 139,697 . 62 

Connecticut. ___ . _. ______ . _ 61,250 . 31 91,200 . 41 

. Tennessee .. .'. _ . __ . _ ... __ . 49,655 . 25 64,093 . 29 

Michigan __ ... ___ . _ .. _ .... 34,.'Hi :17 44,865 . 20 

Alabama ----------------- 20,296 .10 18,362 .08 

Georgia ------------------ 24,383 .12 17,230 . 07 

North Carolina .. _ .. _ .. _ ... 18,863 .10 20,037 . 09 

lv,Iississippi --------------- 14,452 . 07 4,779 .02 

District of Columbia ... _ ... 10,873 .06 12,879 . 06 

South Carolina .. _._ ... _. __ ] 7, 633 . 09 11,872 .05 

Virginia _ .. _ ... ___ . ~ .•.. _. 13, 110 .02 4,047 .02 

Wisconsin ... _ . _ .... _ . _ . __ -------------- --- .... ------- 13,400 .06 

-

Red earthery,wa1'e.-Most of the pottery classed under this head represents the 

lowest form of ware made, such as flower pots. Some decorated earthenware is 
286 CLAYS OF UNITED STATES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

made from common clays, especially in Ohio, the products including jardinieres and 

ornamental objects, often covered with a slip or glaze, and sometimes decorated in 

. relief designs. Red earthenware is manufactured in large quantities in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, but aside from these the amount produced is usually 

small and made to supply a local demand. 

Stoneware.--ln 1900 stoneware was manufactured in most of the States lying 

east of the Mississippi River, but nearly all of the product was supplied by Ohio, 

Illinois, and Pennsylvania, for the reason that those States contain materials 

eminently 1mited for that clasH of goods. 

The goods made with a stoneware body arc intended mostly for domestic use, 

and consist of crocks, jugs, jarH, and various kitchen utensils, which cun be placed 

directly on the stove and used for i~ooking. Stoneware for chemical purposes forms 

a special grade of produet, since it must resist corrosion by acids and rapid changes 

of temperature. Several firms have given their attention to the production of this 

material, which formerly was obtainable only from abroad, and it is now made in 

Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and to some extent in Ohio; but though the American goods 

have won a high reputation they do not yet supply the entire demand. 

Ornamental goods with stoneware body pai·take chiefly of the form of jardinieres 

and to some extent vases. They are prodw~ed in Ohio. Attempts have been made 

to introduce the manufacture of Flemish ware, but the industry has not yet gained a 

strong foothold, and most of the articles of this class are still imported. 

TVAite eartlwnware and a C wctre.~These two classes of ware form the greater 

proportion of pottery goods manufactured in the United States and come into active 

· competition with imported ones, especially with those of English make. Indeed, the_ 

industry Was probably introduced by English potters. 

There is a greater concentration in the case of th.is branch of the industry than 

in others, most of the potteries being located at East Liverpool, Ohio, and Trenton, 

N. J. The importance of these two potting centers was well shown in Mineral 

Resources for 1900, where it is pointed out that the value of the product for the two 

localities in 1900 was as follows: 

Trenton, N .. J ...........• ___ .... ___ .................. $4, 875, 990 

East Liverpool, Ohio....... .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . 4, 603, 114 

Total. ....................... _................. 9, 479, 104 

.From this it is seen that the output of these two localities above represents 

47.88 per cent of the total United States production. Both cities nre centrally 

located, so that the clays, flint, spar, and coal can he easilybrought in and the goods. 

shipped over several lines of railroad. 

The white ware manufactured is chiefly for table :~nd toilet purposes, and to a 

smaller extent for ornamental use. The product is chiefly plain white, but some is 
RESUME. 287 

decorated either over or under the glaze by printing. Chromo-lithographic decoration is still but little used in the United States. The wares produced a1:e largely for 

hotel usc, ttnd there is room for improvement in the weight. 

vVithin recent years the manufaeture of sanitary ware, begun at Trenton in 

1853, has been developed toan extraordinary degree and is fully equal in quality to 

material formerly much imported. 

In addition to the white earthenware centers already mentioned there are a 

number of other localities whose output is not inconsiderable. These include New 

York City, N.Y., Baltimore, Md., vVheeling, W. Va., Sebring, Ohio, Kittanning, 

Pa., and Peoria, lll. 

Se1niv'i.treous porcelain.-This includes a grade of white mire which is partially 

vitrified and manufactured in New York, New .Jersey, and Ohio. 

China.-The term "china" refers to vitrified white ware, which is manufactured 

at only a few faetories, these being at Syracuse and Grcenpoint, N. Y.; Trenton, 

N. J., and East Liverpool, Ohio. It is translueent and o-ften thinn~r than white 

earthenware. Very little hard porcelain is as yet manufactured in the U nitcd States, 

and-there is a pronl'ising field for development along this. line. 

Belleek o1· egg-shell ware is a tra~1sluccnt porcelain with very thin and highly 

feldspathic body of cream color. The ware is commonly made by "easting" the slip 

in the ·molds. The articles made are chietiy of omamental charaeter, but ta;ble 

articles ·of smaller sizes are also produced in this manner. Most of the Bclleek ware 

manufactured in the United States comes from Trenton, but smaller quantities are 

produced in Ohio. 

Electrical supplies.-The great development of the electrical industry calls for 

vast quantities of insulators, and several firms have gone extensively into the manufacture of this class of goods. The conditions of usc eall for a vitrified body, so that 

no absorption of moisture can take place. Electrical goods are now made at Trenton, 

N. J., Syracuse and Victor, N: Y., and East Liverpool, Ohio. They indude a variety 

of forms, most of which arc made for some special purpose . 

.A?'tpottery.-This deserves special mention, because of the uniqueness of the 

wares produced at sevemllocalities. Foremost among the wares of this· class stands 

the Rookwoocl pottery, manufactured at Cincinnati, Ohio, since 1889. The ware is 

decorated entirely by hand painting, and shows an intermingling of various rich 

shades of brown, green, yellow, and other colors. A somewhat similar ware is made 

in great quantities at Zanesville, Ohio, by the J. B. Owens pottery. The Lonhuda 

ware, made at Steubenville, Ohio, represents another type. 

. The Grueby faience, with its dull enamel surface and greens imd yellows, represents still another unique product of the American potters' art. Clock cases are 

made specially at Baltimore, :Mel., jardinieres at Wheeling, W.Va., and fern dishes 

and jardinieres at Trenton, N. J., and East Liverpool, Ohio. 

1 

INDEX. 

A. Page. 

Affelder, W. h, cited on rocks at Pittsburg, Pa........ 232 

Alabama, ·brick, vitrified, in. shales used for·.'·........ 71 

brick works in, location of ......... ~.............. 78 

clay products of, value of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 78 

clays iii, characters of, table showing ............. 68-69 

description of ............ , .................... 67-78 

tensile strength of............................. 21 

clays, brick, in,.' ................................... 62,68 · 

clays, Carboniferous, ip, analyses and tests of..... 70 

clays, Cretaceous, in ........................... 69,71-76 

analyses and tests of, table showing ........... 74-76 

clays, fire, in ...................... .' .......... '40,64, 74-77 

analyses nnd tests of . .' ..................... 40,74-76 

geologic horizons of . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . 77 

refractoriness of, table showing............... 77 

clays, massive, in ............ ---·--·······----·--· 72 

clays, m~tt!e?,'in, .analyses and tests of. ........... 74-76 

clays, pamt, m .................................... 74 

clays, Pleistocene, in .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 78-77 

clays, pottery, in, analyses and tests of ............ 74-76 

distribution of ............................... 68,77-78 

clays, residual, in .. :.............................. 68 

analysis of..................................... 17 

clays,.siliceous, in .................................. 73,76 

clays, stoneware, in ......................... 41,63, 77-78 

analyses and tests of .......................... 74-76 

physica( characters of ...................... .'.. 41 

clays, term cotta, in............................... 62 

clays,.Tertiary. in····--·-·····-···-----·-········- 60,76 

clays, Tuscaloosa, in ......... -..................... 73 

clays, white, in . .'.................................. 69 

clu.y-working industry of .......................... 77-78 

kaolins in, character of , .. ,.,... ........ ............ 68 

occurrence of : . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. 48 

limonite beds in .............................. , .. :. 

rank of, among ~lay-producing States ............ . 

rocks, Archean and Algonkian, in, clnys from .... . 

rocks Cambrian, in, clays from .................. . 

rocks Carboniferous in, clays from .............. . 

rocks. Silurian, in, Clayidrom ..... , .............. . 

section geologic, near Concord Church ........... . 

iD Elrnore County----·····················----

~e~;s~~~i:a~::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

near Tuscaloosa ............................. .. 

shales. Carboniferous, in, analyses and tests of .. . 

shales, paving-!Jrick, in, test of. .................. ; 

township 6 north, range 9 east, section 3 ......... . 

township 12 north, range 1 east, sections 1, 2 ..... . 

township 14 north, tange8east ................... . 

township 15 north, range 8 cast, sections 21, 23 ..•. 

9647-No. 11-03-19 

68 

77 

67-68 

68-69 

69-70 

68-69 

73 

72 

74 

69 

73 

71 

43 

69 

68 

68 

6~ 

Page. 

Alabama Geological Snrvey, analyses and tests by .. 74-76 

citation from, on Cambrian and Silurian clays.... 68 

on Carboniferous clays .................... .'... 69, 71 

on Cretaceous.c1ays ··-···,···--············- 71,73,74 

on kaolins .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 

on shales from Coaldale, Aht ...... ·............ 43 

on Tuscaloosa fonnation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

Alabama Great Southern Railroad, Cretaceous clays 

along...................................... 72 

Algonkian k1i.olins, clays, paper, from .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 47 

Algonkian rocks, clays from .................. 67-68,134-135 

Alkalies, occurrence of, in clays ....................... 27-28 

Allegany formation, Maryland, chtys in ............ 137-138 

Alluvial clays, deposits of ....................... 104,205,246 

Alton fire chiy, occurrence of .. , ..................... 218-214 

Amphiboles, hydrous 111uminum silicates from . . . . . . . 16 

·Appalachian Mountains, Cambrian and Silurian lime 

stones along, residual clays from.......... 17 

Appalachian region, clays, residual, from, tensile 

strength of........ .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. 21 

Archean rocks in Alabama, chtys from ... : ............ 67-68 

Arundel formation, clays, brick, in ............... 59,139-141 

J3. 

Ball clays, analyses of, table showing ............ _. __ . · 39 

location of, map showing.' ........................ _ 284 

prices of . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 

tests of. ............................................ 38-39 

Barber, E. A.; reference to work by.................... 284 

Barren :Measures, character and outcrops of ..... _ .... 54,55 

clnys in .............. 198-199, 100-205, 231-233, 258-259, 260 

section of, in Ohio................................. 199 

in Pennsylvanis............................... 231 

in West Virginia ...................... ·......... 251;! 

Barns, Csrl, citeq on means o.f measuring temperature 

.of kiln..................................... 26 

Bedford shale, occurrence and character of. .......... 51,192 

Belleek ware, manufacture of. .................. , .. _.. 287 

Blatchley, W. S., cited on clays of Indinna ............ 99,110 

cited on kaolin outcrops in Indiana ...... : .. _...... 107 

Bohemia, kaolins from, analyses of.................... 39 

Bolivar clay, occurrence of. ...................... 53,228-230 

Booth, J. C., cited on red-clay formation in Delaware. 80 

Brick, common, clay required for, character of....... 45 

manufacture of; calcareous clays u~ed in . . . . . . . . . 29 

resume of ....................... _ ............ 273-274 

' river-terrace deposits used for................. 19 

value of Unitecl States product of ... __ ............ 274 

Brick, enameled, manufacture of, resume of............ 278 

Brick, fire, analyses of. ............................... : 283 

manufactories of, map Rho wing location of .·...... 280 

289 

,;. 
290 INDEX. 

Page. 

Brick, lire, manufacture of, resume of. .............. 282-283 

value of United StateE product of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 

Brick, paving, clays for, analyses of . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 42 

manufactories of, map showing location of . . . . . . . 280 

manufacture of, river-terrace deposits used for . . . 19 

production of...................................... 280 

Brick, pressed, clays used for, analyses of............. 44 

dist;ibution of .......... , ...................... 62-63 

manufacture of, resume of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.'>-276 

value of product in United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 

Brick, vitrified, manufacture of, resume of ......... 279-281 

Brick clays, analyses of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

d isti·ibution of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-62 

features of ....................... : ................. 14-47 

fusibility of........................................ 23 

temile strength of................................. 21 

tests of. .................................... • ........ 45-47 

Brookville coal, clays, fire, under ........ 54, 19.'>-196, 218-221 

Buckley, E. R., cited on clays of Wisconsin............ 262 

Burgess, J. '1'., kuolin-wushing plant of, view of . . . . . . 43 

Burning, changes during, discussion of ............... 22-23 

c. 

Culcareous shales, clays, residual, from . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Calcimn carbonate in clays, method of detecting 

presence of . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . 29 

Cambrian limestones, clays, residual, from............. 17 

C:unbrian rocks, in Alabama, clays from.............. 68 

Cambrian shales, characters of........................ 50 

lime in............................................ 29 

occurrence of...... . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. 20 

Cambro-Silurian rocks, clttys in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 

Campbell, l\I. R., reference to sections by, in Virginia 249 

Carboniferous rocks, clay-bearing formations in ...... 52-56 

clays in ........ , .............................. 69-70,115, 

118-124, 13&-138, 192-205,212-235,244,249,252-260 

clays, fire, in, tensile strength of . . . .... .. .. ... . . . . 21 

clnys, stoneware, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

distribution of, in Pennsylvania ..... : . ........... 66-67 

in Alabama, clays from ........................... 69-70 

shales in, carbonate ore in . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 28 

occurrence of... . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . 20 

tests of. ........................................ 42-43 

Carel, J ., analysis of l\Iassachusetts clays IJY............ 151 

Central Railroad of Georgia, clay exposures near line 

of.......................................... 89 

Chance, H. l\L, cited on Peni]sylyania.shale beds..... 214 

C,hemir.nl properties of r.lnys, discussion of .. _ ......... 2i-3U 

Chemung formation, shales in .................... ~... 172 

Chert, clays, residual, from, analysis of ... : ........... 17-18 

Chesapeake formation, clays in........................ 250 

China, manufacture of . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . 287 

China clays, uses or' .................................... 37-39 

Cincinnati shales, use of............................... 94 

Clarion coal, clays, fire, under ........................ 54, 222 

Clark, W. B., classification of Upper Cretaceous rocks 

of New .Jersey by.......................... 165 

Cleansing, methods of ................................. 32-35 

Clinton shale, occurrence and chamcter of. .......... 51, 171 

Coal :Measures, clays, fire, in .. : ........................ 52, 95 

clays, pottery in................................... 95 

clays, stoneware, from ................. :, . . . . .. .. .. 63 

clays and shales in ................ , .......... 70-71,94-95, 

98-106, 153-154,192-205,233-235,253-258, 259-260 

rocks of, development of .......................... 54-55 

section, geologic, of . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 53 

Coastal Plain region, clay deposits in, section showing 

lenticular character of..................... 58 

Page. 

Coldwater shales, usc of............................... 154 

Color of clay, discussion of ......................... 27, 28,29 

Colorado, brick clays from Denver, test of. ........ :... 47 

Columbia formation, extent and ehamcter of......... 61 

clays in ................................ 92-93-143-144,250 

Composition of clay:................................... 15 

Conemaugh group, character and outcrops of......... 54 

clays in............................................ 138 

Connecticut, clays in, age of. :.. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. 78 

cl1tys in, <1escription of ............................ 78-79 

chty·working industry in.......................... 79 

kaolins in, analysis of ... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

occurrence of. ................................. 48, 79 

Connecticut and Rhode Island, clay products of, value 

of.......................................... 79 

Cook, G. H., cited on plasticity of lean clays.......... 22 

Cornwall, Englttnd, kaolin from, analysis of.......... 39 

Coussac-Bonncval, France, kaolin from, analysis of... 39 

Cox, E. T., reference to report on kaolin br........... 106 

Cretaceous rocks, clays in .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. 19, 

71-76,89-92,138-142, 1.')9-161, 162-166,173-175 

plastic materials in .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . 56-60 

structural characters of........ . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57-58 

Crosby, W. 0., cited on kaolin at Blandford, l\Iass..... 150 

Crossley, -,analysis by . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 246 

Crystalline rocks, clays derived from .... : .......... 47-50,51 

Cuyahoga shale, features of............................ 192 

D. 

Ditrton, N. H., cited on brick clay near Washington, 

D. C........................................ 80 

Definition of clay...................................... 15 

Delaware, clay products of, value of.................. 80 

clays in, description of . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. 80 

clays,paper,in..................................... 47 

kaolin in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 80 

kaolin pit and washing plant at Hockessin, views 

of.......................................... 48 

Devonian shale, analysis of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 · 

occurrence of.-.......... -~ .. 20,51-52,117,136,191-192,212 

Drift region, clays in, 1ime in . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . 29 

clays in, tensile strength of........................ 21 

Distribution, geologic, of clay ..................... 19, 47-61 

District of Columbia, clay products of, value of . . . . . . . 81 

clays in ..................................... 59, SQ-81, 144 

clttys, brick, in ..................................... 80-81 

Columbia formation in . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. 61 

Drift clnys, deposits of. ........................... 96,110-112 

Dunkard group, character of.......................... 55 

E. 

Earthenware, clays us~cl for, requisites of............. 47 

clays, calcareous, used for................. . . . . . . . . 29 

reel, manufacture of . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 285 

white, and C. C. ware, manufacture of. ......... 28&-287 

Eckel, E. C., cited on Tertiary clays in Tennessee..... 245 

section by, near Grand Junction, Tenn . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 

at Holly Springs, l\Iiss......................... 160 

Electrical supplies, manufacture of........... . . . . . . . . . 287 

Elk River group, ·clays in ............................ 231-233 

Enginccringanrt ~lining Journal, citation from, on Carboniferous clays tmcl shales in Kentucky.. 118 

on Pcnn~ylvania clays............................. 209 

England,· ball clay of, price of......................... 36 

kaolin from, analysis of .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . 39 

Poole clay from, analysis of . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 39 

Eocene clays in Maryland ........................ 60, 142-143 
INDEX. 291 

Page. 

Eocene rocks, clays, sedimentary, in ............. ·.·... 19 

Estuarine clays, distribution of........................ 19 

Excavation, methods of ............................... 31-32 

F. 

Feldspar, clnys, white, from........................... 16 

occurrence of, in clay------------------ .......... 30 

rocks containing, clay formed by decomposition of 15-16 

Ferric oxide, occurrence and effects of, in clays ....... 28-29 

Ferriferous coal, clay under. .... _ .......... _ ....... _.. :!.22 

Fcrriferous limestone, clay~ from ................... In,197 

Fire cl•1ys, analyses of, table showing................. 40 

distribution of ..................................... 63-67 

fusibility of........................................ 23 

prices of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

refractoriness of, table showing................... 64 

tensile strength of, variation in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

uses of ............................................. 39-40 

Fireproofing, mnnufacture of, resume of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 

Flint clay, armlyses of................................. 40 

occurrence of, in Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Florida, clay products of, value of. ............ · ........ 8&-86 

clays of, age of..................................... 81 

description of. .................................. 81-86 

clays, ball, ir1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-85 

analyses of..~ ................................... 38, 83 

price of........................................ 36 

test of.......................................... 38 

clays, brick, in, occurrence of..................... 82 

cl~ys, calcareous, in, ar'talysis of................... 84 

clays, washed, in, analysis of...................... 83 

mine, ball-clay, at Edgar, view of ............ ·..... 48 

mining llt Edgar, method of. ...................... 82-83 

pit, ball-clay, at Edgar, section in................. 82 

township 1 ~outh, range 4 west, section 1.......... 83 

township 1 south, range 4 west, section 15 ....•.•. , 84 

township 1 south, range 4 west, section 21......... 84 

township 10 south, mnge 23 east, section 32 . . . . . . . 83 

Formation of clay ... ." ................................. lf>-18 

France, kaolin from, analysis of....................... 39 

Freeport clays and Rhales, depo;its of ........... 198, 226-230 

Fusibility of clay, discussion of. ....................... 23-26 

Fusion, temperature of, determination of............. 23 

G. 

Garnet, occurrence of, in clay......................... 30 

Geijesbeek, S., analysis by............................. 246 

Geologic distribution of clays...................... 19,47-61. 

Geologic sections. See under names of States. 

Georgia, bauxite beds in, analysis of clay from .... .'.. 87 

brick manufacture in, clays used for .............. 92-93 

clay products ot, value of. ......................... 93-94 

clays of, description of. ............................ 86-94 

in Coastal Plain region of, analyses and physical characters of, table showing ......... 90-91 

description of.. ................. ." ......... :. 88-93 

clays, alluvial, along Etowah River in, use of..... 92 

clays, brick, in, analyses of........................ 93 

clays, Columbia, in Coastal Plain region of, occurrence and characters of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 92-93 

clays, Cretaceous, in, analyses of .................. 90,91 

clays, fire, in, distribution of. ...................... 64-65 

clays, paper, in .............. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

clays, Potomac, in ........................... 89, 90,90-91 

analyses of. .................................... 90-91 

clays, residual, in, analyses of ..................... 17,87 

clays, stoneware, in .... ." . ................ ·_ .... ·.. . . . . 63 

. clays, Tertiary, m ............................ 60, 90, 91,92 

Page. 

Georgia, clays, Tertiary, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 91 

clays, Tertiary, in Coastal Plain region of, outcrops 

and characters of.......................... 92 

elays, white, in, character of ..................... . 

geological divisions of ............................ . 

kaolin in, occurrence of. . ....... ~ ................. . 

limestone in, residual earth from, composition of. 

rank of, among clay-producing States ......... , .. . 

rocks, Carboniferous, in; section showing ........ . 

rocks, CretaceoUs, in, extent of .................. . 

roeks, Puleozoic, in, distribution of ............... . 

rocks, pre-Cum brian, in, characters oL .. __ . _ ...... . 

rocks, Tertiary, in, distribution of: ...... _._ ..... __ 

section, geologic, ncar Climax, in ................ . 

shales, Paleozoic, in, analyses of. ................. . 

Germany, clays, glass-pot, from ...................... . 

Glass-pot clays, occurrence of. ........................ . 

requisites of. ...................................... . 

59,87 

86 

48 

87 

93 

86 

83-89 

86 

88 

89 

91 

88 

40 

40 

40 

Gumbo clays, strength, tensile, of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2i 

FL 

Hall, James, section of Chemung formation by....... 172 

Hamilton shale, character and occurrence of ... ,..... 51 

usc of .................................... 155,171-172,192 

Heyward, n. II., cited on kaolin in Virginia ........ 248,251 

on zinc-bearing clay in Virginia ................ _ _ 249 

Hilgard, Dr., quoted on clays of Tishomingo County, 

Miss....................................... 159 

Hill, R. T., cited on uses of clay ....................... 36-37 

Hofman, H. 0., tests of fire clay made by............. 64 

Holmes, J. A., cited on sedimentary chiys in North 

Carolina .................................. , 182 

Hopkins, T. C., cited on Barren 1\Ieasurcs in Pennsylvania...................................... 232 

on Bolivar clay in Pennsylvania.................. 226 

on Clarion clay of Pennsylvania.................. 221 

on fire clays near BoliYar, Pa ........... .-....... 229-230 

on kaolins in Pennsylvania ...................... 49,209 

on Kittanning fire clay .......................... 222,224 

section by, showing Kittanning lire clay in Pennsy I vania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 

Hornblende, occurrence of, in cln.y.................... 30 

Hudson River, Pleistocene clnys in valley of, view of. 176 

Hudson shales, characters of ..................... ·..... 50 

use of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3, 171, 26&-266 

I. 

Illinois, brick manufacture ii1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

clay materials in, source of. ...... :................ 94 

clay products of, ntlue of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

clays in, description of ............................ 94-97 

distribution of, map showing.................. 68 

clays, brick, in .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 62, 94 

clays, drift, in ............................ ~ . . . . . . . . 96 

clays, fire, in, table showing....................... 95 

clays, loess, in . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 96 

clays, pottery, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 94, 96 

clays, Tertiary, in, occurrence and use of......... 96 

clay-working industry at Chicago................. 96 

Coal Measures in, clays from ...................... 94-95 

rank of, as a clay producer........................ 96 

shale from, test of .................. ., ............. 42-43 

shale pit near Belleville, view of.................. 9-1 

shales, Carboniferous, in, use of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

shales, Ordovician, in, use of...................... 94 

Illinois Geological Survey, cited on Cincinnati shales. 94 

on Coal Measures of Illinois . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 95 
292 INDEX. 

Page. 

Indi!ma, brick, manufacture of, in . . . . . . . . • . • . .• • . . . . . 113 

brick, fire, manufacture of, in._.................... 114 

brick, vitrified, in, clays and shales for............ 104 

clay products of, distribution of. ................ 113-114 

value of, table showing ...................... 112-113 

clays in, description of. .......................... 97-114 

distribution of, map showing................... 68 

clays, alluvial, in.................................. 108 

clays, bowlder, in ......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

clays, brick, in ._ .................. 62,104,108,109,111,112 

clays, brick, pr~ssed, in ...... _. __ ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

clays, Carboniferous, in, by counties .......... · ... 98-103 

clays, drift, in .................................... 110-112 

analyses of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110· 

clays, fire, in, analysis of.......................... 40 

distribution of................................. 65 

occurrence of. ....................... 100,101,102,103 

refractoriness of ......... , .. , . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. 65 

clays, lake, in .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 19 

clays, Pleistocene, in ............................ 107-112 

clays, pottery, in ............................ 100,101,112 

clays, sedimentary, in ........................... 111-112 

analyses of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 

days, stoneware, ilL................. .. . .. .. .. .. . 100, 101 

clay~, surface, in ......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

mmlyses of .................................. 110, 111 

clays, term cotta, in ...... , .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . 62 

clays, tile, in . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . 112 

clays, white (indianaite),in .. : .................. 10&--107 

clay-woriing industry of. ....................... 112-114 

Coal Measures of, clays and shales in ........ ; .... 98-106 

typical section of .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 99 

under clays of, analyses of . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 104 

fireproofing, manufacture of, in ..... .-............. 113 

kaolin in .. : .... :.: ........ :.: ................ 48,10G--107 

pottery, manufacture of, in ..... :.. .. .... .... . . . . . 114 

rank of, muong cllly-producing States............. 112 

section, geologic, in ·Benton County............... 108 

in Clay County................................ 100 

inDuboisCounty ...... :....................... 100 

in Lagrange County........................... 111 

·inLakeCounty~ ................ · ......... ~ ..... .109 

· in Newton County............................. 108 

in Perry County ................ ·............... 101 

in Vanderburg County .. :..................... 102 

in Vermilion County .... · .. :::::::::: .. :....... 103 

sewer pipe, manufacture of, in.................... 113 

shales, brick, in .............................. 98,103,104 

shales, Carboniferous, in, analyses of. ............ 105--106 

shO:les, Knobstone, in, analysis of.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

shales, Waverly, in .... . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. 98 

.shales and clays in, mixtures of, analyses of .... 105--106 

township 3 north, range 4 west, section 27........ 107 

township 9 north, range 3 we•t. .... ·.·.-........... .... 107 

township 13 north, range 7 west, section 25 .... ·... 100 

to,~nsl;ip 16 north, range 9 west, section 26 .. .. ... 102 

Indian~ Geological Survey, cited on clay-working in-

. · clustry of the Stute ............ · ...... ~...... 113 

cited. on Coal Measure~ in Indiana ... 99,100, 101,102, 103 

cited on kaolin .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . 107 

cited on Pleistocene clays ....... 107,108,109,110,111,112 

on sewer-pipe cl!tys ................ _._.............. 1l3 

on shales and clays for vitrified bricks .......... 104-106 

Indianaite, composition of . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 107 

occurrence and characters of. ................... 10&--107 

Iron, coloring of clay by............................... 16 

occurrence and effects of, in clays................. 28 

J. Page. 

Jackson Purchase region, boundaries of .......... .... 124 

cluys from, analyses of ..... ' .................... 127, 128 

geologic section in ............................... 124-125 

Jura trias rocks, character of........................... 56 

clays in .......................................... 138-142 

shales in ............................ : .. .. . .. .. . .. . . 20 

n:. 

Kaolins, analyses of, table showing .. :·.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 

clays, paper, from ............................... :. 47 

location of pits, map showing .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 284 

method of mining... . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . 31 

occurrence and characters of. ............. 47--49, 10G--107 

physicn.l tests of .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . 38 

plasticity of. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . 22 

strength, tensile, of. ............ .' ... ~ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 

washing of, view of p!tmt for ................ ,..... 48 

Kaolinite, formation of, from quartz ................. 15--16 

occurrence of, in Clay ............................. 15,29 

Kentucky, Blue Gmss region, clays of................. 115 

clay industry In, value of ........................ 131-132 

clay products of, value of ....................... 1R1-132 

clays in, description of. ......................... 114-132 

distribution of, map showing.................. 68 

clays, alluvial; in.................................. 124 

clays, ball, in, analysis of.......................... 39 

clays,.brick, in . .... ... .... .. .. .. . .. .. . . ...... .. ... 124 

clays, calcareous, in ............ __ .................. 115 

clays, Carboniferous, in, analyses of............... 118 

clays, fire, in, analyses of ............ 119,122,123,12&--127 

distribution of. ........................... 65,120-121 

clays, indurated, in, analysis of. ................ 126-127 

occurrence of. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . 124 

clays, Jellico, in, analysis of. .................... 122-123 

clays, micaceous, in, analyses of ............. _ .. 127,128 

clays, nonrefractory, in, analyses of............... 128 

clays, pjpe, in, analysis of......................... 127 

clays, plastic, in, analyses of .................... 127,128 

clays, pottery, in, anoJyses of. .................. '· 117,127 

clays, refractory, .in, analyses of ..... 119,122,123, 12&--127 

clays, residual, in.................................. 50 

. analysis of ..................................... 17-18 

clays, siliceous, in, analyses of----··········---· 118,126 

clays,1;toncwnre, in····-····--------··············· 63 

clays, term-cotta, in, analyses of......... . .. .. .. .. 118 

claYs, Tertiary,. in................................. 60 

correlative beds in Ohio and Pennsylvania, section showing . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 

geologic formations in .................... : ..... 114-115 

Jackson Purchase area, clays of. ................ 124-131 

Ballard County, clttys of....................... 129 

Calloway Coiinty; clays of..................... 131 

. clays, non refractory, in, analyses, of........... 128 

clays, ocherous, in............................ 128 

clays, refractory, in, analyses of. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ~27 

clays, stoneware, in .... ~ ..................... c 63 

Fulton County, clays of....................... 129 

Graves County, clays of ..................... 130-131 

Hickman County, clays of.................... 129 

· i.IcCracken county, clays of ................ 129-130 

Marshall c;oun.ty, clays oL ....... ~............ 130 

section, geologic, Ill ......................... 124-125 

lim:estone, ferriferous, ill·.......................... 121 

limestone, Trenton, in, extent of.................. 114 

ocher from, analysis of............................ 128 

pottery, manufacture of, In-.-..................... 117 
INDEX. 293 

Page. 

Kentucy, rocks, Carboniferous, in, clays from ... 115, 118-124 

rocks, Devonian, in, clays from .................... 117 

rocks, Ordovician, in, clays and shales from .... 115-116 

distribution of................................. 114 

rocks, Silurian, in, clays and shales from •...... 115-117 

rocks, Tertiary, in .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 115 

section, geologic, ncar Amanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

in Ohio County................................ 123 

in Rockcastle County.......................... 120 

shales, Carboniferous, in . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 120 

analyses of ................................ :. . . 118 

shales, clay, in, analyses of ............. 116, 118, 122-123 

shales, Coai Measure, in............................ 121 

shales, Ohio, in, analysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

shales, Ordovician, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

shales, Silurian, in, ·analyses of. ................ 116, 117 

Kentucky Geological Survey, analysis by............. 117 

cited on alluvial clays............................. 124 

cited on Carboniferous clays ........ 65,119, 120, 121, 122 

cited on clays of Jackson Purchase region ........... 1~4, 

129, 130, 131 

cited on pubiications conce,·ning clays and' shales 114 

cited on Silurian.rocks of Ke,ntucky ............ 115, 116 

Kiln, temperature of, method of measuring........... 26 

Kittanning beds, clays, stoneware, from .............. · 63 

Kittanning clays and shales, nsc of ......... 197-,198,222-226 

Kittanning coal, clays, fire, under, occurrence and 

character of ............................... 58-54 

Knobstone shales in Indiana, clays from.............. 98 

Knox dolomite, kaolins from .......................... 48,49 

Knoxville limestone, clays, residual, from, analysis of 17 

L. 

Ladd, G. E., cited on Cretaceous clays of Gcorgil1.. ... 89. 

on Tertiary clays of Georgia....................... 92 

Lafayette formation, clay deposits in . . . .. . . .. 60,143,250 

extent and character of........................... 60 

Lake clays, distribution of. ........ .-................... 1 Q 

lime in............................................ 29 

·Langen beck, Karl, cited on Florida clay ............. . 

Leverett, Frank, cited on drift clays of Illinois ...... . 

Lime, occurrence and effects of ...................... . 

M. 

McCalley, H., cited on Lower Carboniferous clays in 

38,83 

96 

29 

Alabama................................... 69 

McCreath, A. S., analyses of Pennsylvania fire clay 

by ....................................... 213,214 

MacFarlane, Graham, correlation by.................. 119 

Magnesia, occurrence and effect of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Maine, clay products of, value of...................... 133 

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, clays in, description of .............................. 132-133 

Marcell11B shales, usc of................................ 214 

Marshall shale, Michigan, plastic clays from .... :. 52,155 

Marshburg upper coal fire clay, deposits of............ 2U 

Martin, D. S., and Merrill, F. J. H., cited on residual 

clay in NewYork ........................ 170-171 

Maryland, Allegany formation in, shales in ........ 137-138 

section of........... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 137 

Arundel formation in, clays in .................. .139-141 

brick, enameled, made in......................... 148 

brick, fire, made in, analyses of................... 283 

brick, stove, industry in .......... ·................. 148 

brick, vitrified, made in........................... 51 

clay products of, value of ........... :. . . . . . . . . . ... 149 

Page. 

Maryland, clays in, analyses of, table showing........ 145 

clays in, analyses and physical tests of. ......... 144-147 

.behavior of, under heat test................... 147 

description of. ............................... 134-149 

geologic distribution of........................ 134 

physical tests of, table showing . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 146 

tensile strength of ............................ 21, 135 

clays, Algonkian, in, ............................ 134-135 

clays, Cretaceous, in ......................... 59,138-142 

clays, Eoceae, in ............................. · 60,142-143 

clays, fire, in, distribution of ................. 65,131l-137 

cll1ys, Juratrias, ilL .............................. 138-141 

clays, Neocene, in ............... :................. 143 

clays, paper; in ............. 4······-----······;.... 47 

clays, Pleistocene, in ..................... .' ...... 148-144 

clays, pressed-brick, in . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 62 

clays, residual, in ............................... 134-135 

clays, terra-cotta, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. ' 62 

clays, Tertiary, in ................................ 142-143 

clay-working industry of. ..... · .................. 148-149 

Conemaugh formation in, shales of............... 138 

Cretaceous beds in................................. 60 

Cretaceous and Jnratrias clays in ............... 138-142 

~aolin in, o_cc?rrence of. ...................... 48-49,134 

limestones m .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 135 

Mauch Chunk formation In, clays from ........ 136-137 

Patapsco formation in, clays in.................... 141 

Patuxent formation in, clays in................... 139 

Pottsville formation in, clays from................ 137 

section of .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. 137 

Raritan formation in, clays in . .- ................. 141-142 

section, geologic, in Allcgnny County ............ 137, 138 

in Anne Armidel County...................... 140 

in Prince George County....................... 140 

of Pottsville formation in...................... 137 

shales, Carbonife.rous, in ......................... 136-138 

shales, Devonian, ln............................... 136 

shales, Silurian, in ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 

Maryland Geological Survey, analyses and physical 

tests by .................................. 14-1-145 

cited on Bolivar clay ........................... ,.. 53 

cited on Eocene clays.............................. ·142 

cited on kaolin.................................... 135 

cited on shale outcrops ........... .' .... :........... 51 

. reference to map by ........... :. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. 134 

Massachusetts, clay products of, valu'e of. ............ 152-153 

clays in, description of. .......................... 149-153 

clays, Glacial, in, analysis of....................... 151 

clays, Mesozoic, in .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150 

clays, Pleistocene, in. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 151 

. clays, pressed-brick, in .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. 62 

clays, red, in, analysis of.......................... 151 

clays, residual, in ................................ 149-150 

analysis of. .................................... 17-18 

use of.......................................... 62 

clays, terra-cotta, in............................... 62 

clay-working indtistry of. ....................... 151-153 

kaolin in, analysis of.... . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. 150 

occurrence of. ............................ 49,149-150 

1\fauch Chunk formatio·n, Maryland, clays in ........ 136-137 

Medina shale, occurrence and character of.......... 51,171 

Mercer clays and shales, occurrence and usc of .... 19-l-195, 

213-214 

Merrill, F. J. H., and Martin, D. S., cited on residual 

clay in New York ........................ 170-171 

Merrill, G. P., cited on hydrous aluminum silicates 

· from amphiboles and pyroxenes . . . . . . . . . . 16 
294 INDEX. 

Page. 

Mesozoic rocks, clays in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 

Michigan, clay products of, value of .............•. --- 158 

clays in, map showing distribution of............. 68 

clays, brick, in ....... _ ......... _.................. 62 

test of.......................................... 46 

clays, lake, in . _ ............. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

clays, Pleistocene, in ....................... : .... 156-157 

clays, surface, in, llnalyses and physical tests of... 157 

clay-working industry of ........................ 1.57-158 

section from shaft at Saginaw ......... _ ......... 153-154 

shales in, physical characters of................... 156 

shales, Carboniferous, in, lest of. ... -.-............. 42 

shales, Coall\Ieasure, in ................ ____ . 153-154,155 

shales, Coldwater, in ...................... _ ... _. lf>'i, 155 

shales, Devonian, in, analyses of................... 155 

shales, Hamilton, in ............... -.- ............. 52, 155' 

shales, Marshall, in................................ 155 

plastic clays from.............................. 52 

shales, Michigan, in· .... __ ........................ 154, 155 

shales, Paleozoic, in _____ ............... ----- .... 153-156 

analyses and physical tests of ............... 155-156 

Michigan Geological Survey, cited on clay from Detroit, Mich ..... _ ....... _................... 46 

cited on shale from Flushing, Mich................ 42 

:Michigan shales, use oL .... ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 1!)5 

1\Iining,mcthods of. ........... ------- ................. 31-32 

Miocene clays in New Jersey.! ................... ----. 60 

Mississippi, clay products of, value of................. 161 

chtys of, description of. ............. : ............ 159-161 

clays, Cretaceous, in ...... -.- .................. 72, 159-161 

clays, fire, in....................................... 66 

clays, pipe, in, analysis of ..................... .".... 160 

in Tishomingo County···------------------· 159-160 

clays,pottcry, in ......... ___ ..................... 160-161 

section at Holly Springs........................... 160 

Mississippi River, clays along.......................... 19 

Missouri, clays, ball, used in, test of.................... 38 

clays, brick, from, analyses of. .................. _.. 44 

tests of. ........................................ 46-47 

clt1ys,glass-pot, from............................... 40 

clnys, stoneware, from, analyses and physical characters of ........... --- ....... ---- ____ .----- 41 

kaolin used in, physical test of.................... 38 

shales from, tlllalysisof............................ 43 

Missouri Geological Survey, cited on clay from Kansas 

City, l\Io .. :... ..... ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

~lohawk River, clays along ....... ----- ____ ..... ------ 19 

Monongahela group, rocks of, development of. ....... 54-55 

cl11ys in .......................................... 233-235 

~roraine deposits, chnractcrs of........................ 19 

~fount Savage fire clay, Maryland, deposits of. ..... 136-137 

N. 

Neocene rocks, clays, sedimentnry, in ................ 19,143 

New Hnmpshire, clay products of, value aL........... 133 

New Hampshire, :Maine, and Vermont, clays of, description of .............................. 132-133 

New Jersey, brick, fire, made in, analyses of. .. ___ .. 169,283 

clay manufactures in ...................... ---.... 168 

clay products of, value of. .... : .................. 166-167 

clays of, description of. ........... --- ..... -- ..... 161-170 

distribution of, map showing.................. 64 

productionandvalueof. ----------~---------- 170 

tensile strength of. ...... --.................... 21 

clays, ball, in, analysis of. ........ ---.............. 39 

physical tests of............................... 38 

clays, brick, from, nnalysisof. ..... ,.............. 44 

clays, brick, pressed, in .... ---- .. -- ... --.-. ____ ..... 62 

Page. 

New Jersey, clays, Cretaceous, in ................• 58,162-166 

clays, Cret.<tceous, in, analysis of. ............ _..... 43 

at Woodbridge, view of. ... ---- ..... ------..... 94 

clays, crude, in, price of. ....... _ ........ _ .. _...... 36 

clays, fire, in ............................... __ ... _.... 66 

analyses of •..•........................... 40,164-165 

clays, :Miocene, in .......... _...................... 60 

clays, Pleistocene, in ......................... _ .. _ _ 166 

clays, stoneware, in ............................ ___ 63 

clays, terra-cotta, i11........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

clays, Tertiary, in .................... __ ...... _._... 166 

clays, washed, in, price of . _ ................. ___ ... 36 

feldspar in, analyses of. ..................... __ .... 165 

geologic formations in ................... __ ..... 161-162 

kaolin of, analyses of.............................. 165 

Matawan formation in, clnrs of. ........ ___ ... _. 165--166 

Newark group of------------·--------------------- 162 

rank of, among clay-producing States .......... _ .. • 166 

rocks, Cretaceous, in, clnys in ................... 162-166 

sttnds, fire, in, analyses of ............. _ .......... _ 165 

scctioi1, geologic, of Lower Cretaceous rocks in._.. 163 

shales, IIudson, in ..... -.-- ..... : ...... ·---· .... ____ 50,162 

shales, Marcellus, in .................... __ ..... ____ 162 

New Jersey Geological Survey, cited on Cross wick clays 166 

cited on clays ir\ Matawan formation ....... ____ . _ 166 

classification of Upper Cretnceous by.............. 165 

reference to report on cln.ys by .................. 162,163 

New York, Chemung formation in ................ ___ . 172 

cltty products of, manufncture of. ............... 178-179 

value of------ .. --- .... ---·-------- .......... 177,178 

clays of, description of. ................ _ .. __ ..... 170-179 

distribution of, map showing.................. 64 

physical tests of----------------·-····------- 174-175 

clays, brick, in-----·--------------·······--·--- 61,62-63 

tests of. ........................................ 45-46 

clays, Cretaceous and Tertiary, in ............... 173-175 

analyses of---- ........ ·----- ...... __ ........ 174-175 

clays, estuarine, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 176 

clays, fire, in------------------------------------·· 66 

clays, lacustrine, in ...... __ ..... ___ ... _. _ .. _ ... ___ 175 

clays, lake, in ................................. ___ . 19 

clays, Pleistocene, in ............................ 175-177 

analyses of ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 177 

tests of. ...................•................... 43,176 

clays, residual, in-----------··---------·-···---- 170-171 

clays, stoneware, in, nnalysis and phy.sicul characters of...................................... 41· 

clays, surface, in, lliHt.lyses of_ .. ___ ................ 177 

clays, terra-cotta, in . ..... _ ..... __ . _ .......... _. . . . 62--63 

clnys, Tertiary and Cretaceous, il1. .. -- .......... 173-175 

analyses of.. ......... __ ...................... 174-175 

geologic distribution of rocks in................... 170 

glacial moraine iri ....... ____ ....... --- .. ---------- 175 

kaolin deposits in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 

lake deposits in.-----.............................. 173 

Jong Island, clays on, physical tests of ...... 41, 174-175 

clays, fire, on................................... 66 

clays, pressed-brick and terra-cotta, on........ 62 

Portage formation in ................ --............ 172 

Salintt formation in ........................... ,.... 171 

section, geologic, at Jnmestown............. .. . . . . 176 

at Rochester.-- ......... --.-.- .. ------ .. ---.... 175 

shales in, physical testsof. ......... --------------- 17S 

shales, Clinton, iiL ... - .. ..... -.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

shales, Devonian, in, analysis of.................... 43 

shales, Hnmilton, in ................. ---.- ....... 171-172 

shales, Hudson, in ..... -----.------.-- ... -.--...... 171 

shnles, Medinn, in ........ --- .. ----.---- .. ---...... 171 

' 
INDEX. 295 

Page. 

New York, shale~. Niagara, in......................... 171 

shales, Paleozoic, in ............................. 171-173 

shales, Salina, in .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . 171 

Staten Island, clays of, physical tests of. ........ 174-175 

clays, fire, on .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 66 

clays, pressed-brick and tcrra-cotttt, on........ 62 

Newark formation, character of....................... 56 

use of.............................................. 162 

Niagarq, group, shale of, occurrence of................ 51 

use of.............................................. 171 

North Carolina, clay products of, value of .......... 189-190 

clays of, description of. ......... .' ................ 179-190 

tensile strength of. ............. -.. .. .. .. .. . .. . 21 

clays, brick, in, analyses of. ............. 44, 180, 183-185 

physical tests of ......................... - 46, 186-188 

clays, Eocene, in ................. -..... .. . . . . . . . . . 182 

clays, fire, in .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . e6 

analyses of ..... : .. .......................... 180,183 

physical tests of ............................. 187,188 

clays. pipe, in. ttualyses of......................... 184 

physical tests of .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. 187 

clays, pottery, in, analyses of ................... 183-185 

physical tests of ............................. 186-188 

clays, residual, in ............................... 179-181 

analyses of ................................ 17-18,180 

physical tests of .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 181 

clays, sedimentary, in ........................... 182-188 

analyses of. .................................. 183-185 

physical tests of ............................. 186-188 

e]ays, terrace, in................................... 182 

clays, Tertiary, in .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. ... .. .... . .. 60 

clay-working industry in ....................... '... 189 

Cretaceous beds in, outcrops of.................... 59 

kaolin~ in, analyses of. ........................... 39,180 

occurrence of ............................. 49,179-180 

physical tests of .............................. 38,181 

kaolin mine nenr Dillsboro, view of............... 48 

shales. Triassic, in................................. 182 

North Carolina Geological Survey, analyses by........ 180 

cited on clay ncar Greensboro, N. C............... 46 

o. 

Ocher, in Kentucky, analysis of....................... 128 

Ohio, clay products of, value of ............ ,.......... 207 

cl\'YS in, map showing distribut:on of............. 64 

clays, Barren l\!easnres, in .............. 198-199,200-205 

clays, brick, in ........................ _ .. .. .. .. .. . 62 

clays, brick, paving, analyses of. ............ 196,208-204 

clays, Brookville, in ............................. 195-196 

analyses of ............................. :...... 191' 

clays, Coal Measures, in ......................... 192-205 

clay,;, ferriferous, in............................... 197 

clays, fire, in ..................................... 66,199 

analyses of ............................... 40,194,204 

clays, flint, in, analy,es of ....................... 198,205 

clays, Freeport, in .... ·............................. 198 

clays, Kittanning, in ............................ 197-198 

analyse3 of.................................... 198 

clays, Mercer, ln ................................ 194-195 

clays, Pleistocene, in ........ ; ....... _.. . .. .. .. .. .. 205 

clays, Productive Measures, in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 

clays, Putnam Hill, in ........................... 195-196 

analysesof. ..................... ,.............. 196 

clays, Quakertown, in ........................... 193-194 

clays, sewer-pipe, in, analyses of ................ 203-20>1 

clays, shale, in, analyses_ of .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... ... .. 203 

clays, stoneware, in .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 

analyses of .................................. 104, 20'2 

Page. 

Ohio, clays; terra cotta, in ........ ·.................... 62 

clays, Tionesta, in ................. -- ........ ----.. 195 

chty-workingindus.try of, discussion of. ......... 205-206 

correlative beds in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and, 

section showing .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 

geologic formations of. ....... -.................. 190-191 

_limestone, Carboniferous, in, clltys from........... 192 

limestone, ferriferous, in ............ _............. 197 

rank of, as producer of clay products . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 

rocks, Carboniferous, in........... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 192-205 

rocks, Devonian, in .................. _ .......... 191-192 

rocb, Silurian, in ........................ _ .... _.... 191 

section, geologic, in, of conglomerate group of 

Carboniferous .............. _.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 193 

near Bellaire ....................... _ .. .. .. .. .. 200 

in Belmont County ... _ .............. _.......... 200 

in Monroe County ........................... 201-202 

near Steubenville .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . 199 

nettr Zanesville................................ 196 

shales, Bedford, in, use of .... _ ............. ~._.... 192 

shales, brick, paving, in ........... ___ ............. 199 

analysisof..................................... 196 

shales, Cuyahoga, in .... ............ .............. 192· 

shales, Hamilton, in, use of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 192 

shales, Kittanning, in ........................... 197-198 

shales, Mercer, in ................... _ ........... 19•1-195 

shales, Ohio, in .... .'............................... 192 

shales, Ordovician, In··············----·---- ..... 191 

shales, Quakertown, in .......................... 193-194 

shales, Sharon, in, chnracters and use of........... 193 

shales, Silurian, in ....................... _ .. ;..... 191 

shales in Lower Barren Measures of. ............ 198-199 

shales in Upper Barren Measures of. ............ 200-202 

shales in Upper Productive Measures of........... 200 

shales and fire clttys in, mixture of, analysis of..... 198 

Ohio Geological Survey, analyse• of stoneware clays 

by ................... ·.......................... ~G2 

cited on geologic settle of Ohio.................... 190 

1 cited on Niagara shale in Ohio.................... 191 

Ohio River, clays along .............................. .19-124 

Ohio shale, use of. ........................ · ..... _ .. .. . .. 192 

Ordovici•m formations, clays•tlld shales in. 50, 94,115-116,191 

Organic matter, occurrence and effects of............. 30 

Origin of clay .......................................... 1f>-18 

Orton, E., jr., cited on clays of Ohio ................. 197-199 

cited on Cuyahoga shales in Ohio ........... _.__ 192 

cited on manufacture· of glass pots .... ,........... 40 

cited on occurrence of flint clay................... 54 

P. 

Paleozoic rocks, clays and shales from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-88, 

153-156,171-173,248-244 

Paleozoic shales, lime in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

occurrence of . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 20 

tensile strength of .................. : ............ :. 21 

Paper clays, prices of.................................. 36 

requisites of .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 47 

Patapsco formation, Maryland, clays from .. .. .. .. 59,141 

Patuxent formation, Maryland, clays in . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 139 

Permo-Carboniferous group, character of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Pennsylvan1a, brick, common, in, manufacture of. .. 238-239 

brick, fire, made. in, analyses of................... 283 

manufacture of................................ 239 

brick, paving, in, manufacture of................. 239 

brick, presscdt in, manufnctnre of ............... __ 239 

clay products of, value of. ....................... 240-241 

clays of, analy<es, miscellaneous, of;.............. 238 
296 INDEX. 

Page. 

Pennsylvania, clayR of, description of ............... 208-241 

clays of, distribution of; map showing..... . . . . . . . . 64 

clays, alluvial, in ............... '· ............... 236,237 

clays, Barren Measures, iri ....................... 231-23:3 

sections showing ........•................... 231,232 

clays, brick, in .................................... 61-62 

clays, Brookville, in, ............................ 218-221 

analyses of. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 220-221 

clays, Carboniferous, in ......................... 212-235 

clays, Clarion, in ............ ; ................... 221-222 

analyscsof............................... ...... 221 

thickness of................................... 222 

clays, Coal llleasures (Upper), in ................ 233-235 

sections in ................................... 234,235 

clays, Elk River, in .............................. 231-233 

cl11ys, fire, in .............................. 66-67,212-235 

analyses of ...•... 40,213,214,215,220-221,222,225, 230 

thickness of ............. 214,222,224,225,226,227,229 

clays, fire, Alton, in ............................. 218-214 

clays, fire, Bolivar, in ........................... 226-230 

analyses of..................................... 230 

thickness of ................................. 227,229 

clays, tire, Kittanning, in ........................ 222-226 

11nalyses of. ............................ -.. . .. .. . 225 

section showing .............................. . 

thickness of.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 224, 225, 226 

clays, fire, Marsh burg, in ..... . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 214 

clays, fire, Mercer, in, an11lyses of................. 213 

clays, fire, Sharon, in.............................. 214 

'clays, Freeport, in, distribution and characters of 2'26-230 

clays, gl11ss-pot, from, analysis of.................. 41 

clays, k11lsomine, in .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 210 

.clays, Monongahel11 River, in ............. : ..... 233-235 

clays, paper, in ................................... 47,210 

clays, Pleistocene, in ............................ 235-238 

clays, Productive Measures, in ..... : ............ 215-218 

cl11ys, residual, in ............................... 208-211 

analyses of ............................ 17-18,209,211 

clays, stonewure, in............................... 63 

cl!iys, surface, in ................................. 235-238 

analyses of.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. 236, 237 

sections, geologic, in ......... _ .............. 236,237 

~~:~:: :~;;:~~~~~~~ .i:~ ~:: ::: ~ ~ ~ ::: ~ ~ ~::: ~: :·~:: ~: ~:: ~: ~~ ' at111lysesof .................................... 236 

clays, white, in.................................... 210 

analyses of..................................... 211 

clay-working industry of ........................ 238-241 

correlative beds in Kentucky, Ohio, und, section 

showing................................... 119 

geologic formations of............................. 208 

kaolin in, occurrence of. ......................... 49,210 

pottery in, manufacture of. ...................... 239-240 

analyses of ............................. ;....... 39 

rank of, as producer of clay products.............. 238 

rocks, Carboniferous; in ................... Gil-67,212-235 

rocks, Devouinn, in . __ .. . . . .. . . ................... 212 

rocks, Silurian, in ......... :. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . .. . . . . 212 

section, geologic, in AlleghenyCounty ..... _ .... 232,235 

at Benczette ...... : ............. .'.............. 217 

at and near Bolivar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215-216, 217, 228-229 

in Butler County ....................... , .. . .. . 213 

at Charleroi................................... 236 

iti Clearfield County ..................... 216-218,219 

at Dawson... ................................. 237 

in Elk County ............................... 213, 2l7 

at Fayette..................................... 234 

in Jefferson County............................ 219 

Page. 

Pennsylvania, section, geologic, near Ledgedale...... 237 

section, geologic, ne11r Lockport ................. 215-216 

· at Pittsburg.................................... 235 

in Washington County........................ 236 

in Westmoreland County .............. :. 215-216,235 

shales, Coal Measures (Upper), analyses of........ 235 

Pennsylv11nia Geological Survey, analyses by .... _ .. 168-169 

cited on Brookville coal under clay ......... 218,219,222 

cited on Clarion coal under cl11y .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 221 

cited on Clinton shales............................ 212 

cited on fire clay of Coal M eltsures ...... -.. '.. .. .. . 215 

cited on Freeport clay .................. 226,227,228,230 

cited on Kittanning clay .................... 224,225,226 

cited on 1\Iercer fire clay ........................ 213, 214 

cited on Pleistocene clays ................... 236, 237, 238 

cited on residual clays ...................... 208,210,211 

cited on Savage Mountain fire cluy........ .... .. .. 215 

reference to geological map of Pennsylvunia by.. 51 

cited on Sharon fire clay .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 214 

section by, in Butler County...................... 213 

Pennsylvania St11te College, cited on Barren Measure~ 

in Pennsylvania., ....................... ,. 232 

cited on Freeport cluy..... . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 226, 229 

cited on Kittanning fire clay........... .. .. .. . .. 222, 224 

cited on Pleistocene clays ........ , .............. 236,237 

cited on pottery manufacture in Pennsylvania .. . 240 

section by, at Fayette City, Pa ................ .... 234 

section by, at Pittsburg, Pa........................ 235' 

Physical properties of clay, discussion of... . . . . . . . . . . . 20-27 

Pilsen, Bohemia, kaolin from, anaiysis of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

Pipe, sewer, manufacture of, resume of ............. 281-282 

vulue of United States product.,.................. 281. 

Plastic clays, strength, tensile, of...................... 21 

Plasticity of clay . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15, 22 

Pleistocene cluys, analysis of ................. _........ 43 

occurrence of........ . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 60-61 

tensile strength of....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 21 

tests of. ......................................... 43,45-46 

view of, in Hudson River Valley.................. 176 

Pleistocene rocks, clays from.,. 19,76-77,107-112,143-144,151, 

156-157,166, 17;;..:177, 205,235-238,260-261,266-271 

Pond clays, distribution of .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 19 

Poole cl11y, from W11rcham, England, analyses of...... 39 

l'orccluin, manufacture of............................. 287 

l'ortage formation, shales in........................... 172 

Portland cement, clays, calcareous, used for ·nianufacturc of................................... 29 

Potomac clays, cnrbonate ore in, occurrence of .... -._ 28 

Potomac formation, clays from ....................... 47,250 

Potomac River, clays along . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 

Potsdam formation, shales in .. _ ..................... 264-265 

Potteries, location of, map showing................... 284 

Pottery, mannf11cture of, resum~ of ................. 284-287 

manufacture of, river-terrace deposits used in..... 19 

product of, rank of States in valt:ie of.............. 284 

value of United States product.................... 284 

Pottery clays, tensile strength of .......... ,........... 21 

washiilg of......................................... 33 

Pottsville conglomerate, composition of............... 52 

clays in .......................................... 252-253 

Pottsville formation, l\Iaryland, section of............ 137 

Pressed-brick clays, distribution of .................... 62-63 

Prices of clays .................. _ .............. ·........ · 36 

Productive Measures, clays in ................... 200,215-218 

Properties of clays, discussion of ...................... 20-30 

Purification of clay, methods of ....................... 32-35 

Putnam Hill clay, use of ............................ 195-196 

Pyrite, occurrence and effects of, in clay.............. 28 
INDEX. 297 

Page. 

Pyrometer, thermoelectric, use of..................... 26 

Pyroxenes, hydrous aluminum silicates from ........ _ 16 

Q. 

Quakertown clays and shales, use of ................ 193-194 

Quartz, ·kaolinite formed from ........................ 1;;...16 

occurrence and effects of. ...................... ~.. 29-30 

Raritan formation, l\Iaryland, clays in .............. 141-142 

Raymond pulverizer and separator, action of......... 35 

Reed, E.l\1., analysis by._.............................. 194 

Residual clays, analyses of............................ 17 

characters and use of......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 50 

coloring of, by iron............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16, 17 

deposits of ................................... 68,134-135, 

149-150,170-171,179-181,208-211, 2H, 243-244,262 

formation of, section illustrating.................. 16 

lime in ................................... ·......... 29 

origin oi .................................. : ......... 16-17 

tensile strength of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 21 

thickness of .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 17 

value of............................................ 17 

Resume of the clay-working industry ............... 273-287 

Rhode Island, clays, glacial, of •...... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 

Rhode Island and Connecticut, clny products of, 

value of ........................ ,.......... 79 

Ries, H., analyses and tests by, reference to. . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

cited on bricks, paving................ .. .. . .. .. .. . 2~1 

cited on clays, brick ....................... .' .... 44,45,46 

cited on Illinois shales ............................ 42-43 

cited on iron in clays, occurrence of ........ :..... 28 

cited on Maryland clays........................... .134 

cited on Michigan clays .......................... 52,153 

cited on New York clays .............. 43, 51,171,173,174 

cited on term cottn, manufacture of............... 44 

works by, on glass pots, reference to.............. 40 

on pottery, reference to· .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 284 

Rogers, W. B., cited on Virginia clays and shales . . . . . 248, 

249,250,251 

Russell, I. C., reference to work by..................... 17 

s. 

Safford, .J. l\1., cited on clay in the Carboniferous, in 

'fenncssee ...................... -....... .... 244 

Salina group, shale of, occurrence ai1d character of. .. 51,171 

Savage 1\lountaili fire clay, Pennsylvaniu, deposits of. 215 

Sections, geologic. See under names of States. 

Sedimentary clays, analysis of . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . 112 

geologic distribution of............................ 19 

occurrence of, section illustrating................. 18 

in North carolina ............................ 182-188 

origin of . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. 18 

plasticity of. .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. 22 

tensile strength of. ........................ : ....... 21-22 

Seger, H. A., cited on action of quartz in clays....... 30 

Seger cones, clays, fire, tested with...... . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 64 

composition and fusing points of, table showing .. 24-26 

use of. ............................................. 23-24 

Shaler, N. S., cited on alluvial clays in Kentucky .. :.. 12•1 

Shales, geologic distribution of ...... :................. 20 

metamorphism of. .......................... ·....... 18 

miningof .......................................... 31-32 

plasticity,of... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . 22 

tests of. ......................... , .................. 42-43 · 

Sharon clays and shales, deposits of. ................ 193,214 

Sheafer, A.W., cited on Pennsylvania shales.......... 212 

Page. 

Shrinkage of clay ........ _. ............................. 20-21 

Silica, occurrence and effect of. ....................... 29-30 

Silurian rocks, clays from ................. 50, 68,115-117,212 

clays, residual, from ........................... .'... 17 

shales from ............................. 20,50-51,135, 191 

lime in........................................ 29 

Slaking of cltty, discussion of. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . 27 

Slate; clays, residual, from, analysis of. ............... 17-18 

geologic distribution of............................ 20 

Slocum, J. W., annlysis by............................. 246 

Smock, J. C., cited on refractoriness of New Jersey 

bricks............ .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 169 

Smith, ·E. A., cited on clay deposits of Aiaimnm...... 68 

South Carolina, clay products of, value of. .......... 242-243 

clays of, description of. .......................... 241-243 

clays, Coastal Plain, in .......... :. c... . .. . .. .. .. .. 242 

clays, Cretaceous, in .......... ~----------·········· 59 

clays, paper, in ........................ __ ......... 47 

cluys, residual, in ....................... _._ .... _..... 241 

cluy-working industry of ........................ 242-243 

Columbialoamsin ................................ 242 

ra·nk, of, among clay-producing States............. 242 

Spencer, J. W., cited on brick manufncture in north- . 

western Georgia ~....... .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. 92 

cited on earths, residual, in Georgia ......... ~..... 87 

cited on rocks, Paleozoic, of Georgia ......... · ... 86,87,88 

Stcan1 shovel, use of, .in mining .................. _.... . 31 

Stcvei1son, J. J., section at Bolivar, Pa., by ...... , .. 228-229 

Stinson, J. liL, analysis of Pennsylvania fire clay by... 213 

Stoneware, manufacture of, nlsume· of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 

Stoneware clays, distribution of ................ .'...... 63 

fusibility of. .............................. ~........ 23 

physical characters of.......... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 41 

Summers, G. W., analyses of West Virginia clays by.. 257 

T'. 

Tennessee, clay products of, value of . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 247 

clays of, analyses of .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 246 

description of ............................... 243-247 

clays, alluvial, in.................................. 246 

clays, Carboniferous, In - _____ ........ __ ... ;. __ .... 244 

clays, fire, in····-··--···------------·--··--·--------· 6i 

clays, P11leozoic, in .............................. 243-244 • 

clays, residual, in ............... · ................ 243-244 

clays, stoneware, in _ .... _ ... __ ---. ___ ....... _ -~-.. 63 

clays, Tertiary, in .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 60, 244-246 

clays, washed, in, price of......................... 36 

geologic formations in............................. 24a 

rank of, among clay-producing St~ttes............. 247 

section, geologic, near Currier ........... :. . . . . . . . 245 

near Grand Junction.......................... 245 

'l'ennessee River, clays along.......................... 19 

Tensile strength of clays, discussion of ................ 21-22 

method of testing .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. 22 

Terra-cotta,manufactureof,calcareousclaysused for.. 29 

manufacture of, discussion of ..................... 43-44 · 

resume of. .. :.. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. 278 

river-terrace deposits used for................. 19 

Terra-cotta clays, analyses of.......................... 43 

distribution of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 62-63 

Tertiary formations, clays in.......................... 60, 

76, 9'2, 166,173-175,195,244-246 

clays, pressed brick and terra cotta, in............ 62 

Thermopile, description of ...................... ~..... 26 

Tile, manufacture of, river-terrace deposits used for.. lS 

Tile, drain, manufacture of, calcareous clays used for. 29 

manufacture of, resume of .............. ·.......... 281 
298 INDEX. 

Page. 

· Tile, drain, value of United States product............ 281 

Tiles, floor, manufacture, rcoume of ................. 278-279 

Tiles, glazed, mnnufacture of, resume of.............. 279 

Tiles, roofing, manufacture of, resume of. ............ 277-278 

Titanic acid, occnrrence and effect of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Trenton, N.J., clay manufactures at.................. 169 

Trenton limestone, clays, residual, from............... 50· 

Triassic rocks, clays from .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 249 

Tuscaloosa formation, .in Alabama, clays in ........ 64,71-72 

u. 

Uses of clay ............................................ 36-37 

V. 

Value of clay.......................................... 36 

Vaughan, '1'. W., cited on Florida clays ................ 83-85 

cited on Georgia clnys ............................. 91-92 

Vermont, clay products of, value of................... 133 

clays of, t1IHtlysis of ...................... ---------· 133 

clays, residual, in................................. 133 

Vermont Geological Survey, cited on residll!<l clays .. 133 

Vermont, l\Iaine, and New Hampshire, clays of, de· 

scription of .............................. 132-133 

Virginia, clay products of, v1tl ue of................... 251 

clay workings ne11r Alexandria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

clays of, description of .......................... 247-252 

clays, Can1bro-Silurian, in ........ ·................. 249 

clays, Carboniferous, in _ .................. : . .... _. 2,19 

clays, fire, in, o"ccurrence of .................... _. 67-249 

clayH, Potoma9, in . .......... _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 

clays, residual, in ............................. 248,249 

tmalysis of..................................... 249 

Coastal Plain formations of, clays in.............. 250 

table showing .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . 248 

kaolin in, occurrence of ................... 49, G7, 248,251 

analysis o!..................................... 251 

rocks of. ......................................... 247-248 

rocks, crystalline, in .. .............. ...... ........ 248 

section, geologie, near Sherando ........ :......... 250 

shales, Triassic, in ..... _ ................... __ .... _. 249 

Vitrified wares, low grade, clays for .................. 42-43 

'"\V. 

Wailes, B. L. C., cited on pottery clay in Mississippi.. 161 

Wareham, England, clay from, analyses of. ..... , . . . . . 39 

Washing, methods of, discussion of ................... 33-35 

Washington, D. C., terra cotta made ucar............. !48 

Water in clay, effect of................................ 30 

Waverly shales, usc of. ....................... ,........ 98 

West Virginia, clay products of, value of .............. ' 261 

clays of, description of ........................... 252-261 

distribution of, map showing.................. 64 

clays, Barren :Measures, in ..................... _ 258-259 

clays, Carboniferous, in ......................... 252-260 

chlys, Coal Measures (Lower), in ................ 25;)-258 

clays, Coal ~leasures (Upper), in ................ ~59-260 

clays, fire, in ................. 67,2.12,253,255,258,259-260 

analyses of . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . 257 

clays, :firC, Bolivar, in ... _ ................. _ ..... _. 257 

clays, flint, in, analyses of. ...................... 256,257 

clays, Kittanning, in, analyses of .......... .'....... 257 

use of. .................... , .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . 256 

0 

Page. 

West Virginia, clays, plastic, in, analysis of........... 257 

elttrs, Pleistocene, in ............................ 260-261 

clays, surface, in ................................ 260-261 

Pottsville conglomemtc of, clays in ............. 252-253 

shales, Barren .Measures (Upper), in.............. 260 

shales, red, in .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . 260 

section, geologic, of Barren Measures in........... 258 

ttl Huntington................................. 259 

in Marion County ........................... 255-256 

in ~Iineml County .............. ,.............. 2M 

in Monongalia County .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. 260 

in Preston. County............................. 25S 

in Tucker County ........................... 254-255 

in Upper Productive Measure~ of.............. 260 

Wheeler, H. A., reference to work by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 

White, I. C., analyses by, of West Virginia clay .... 256-257 

cited on Barren ;\Ieasures _ ......... __ . _. _ ...... _. 55,200 

cited on estuarine clays ............... ~........... 268 

cited on fire clays ................................. 53-54 

cited on Coal Measures............................ 53 

cited on Monongahela group...................... M 

cited on section in West Virginia .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. 256 

~section by, at Barnesville, Ohio ................. 201-'!22 

section by, of Barren Measures in Pennsylvania.. 231 

section by, near Bellaire, Ohio.................... 200 

section by, at Huntington, W.Va................. 259 

section by, near Steubenville, Ohio............... 199 

Whittle, C. L., citedonl\Iassachusettsclays............ 151 

Wisconsin, clay products of ......................... 271-272 

clay products of, value of.......................... 272 

clays of, description of ........................... 262-272 

distribution of, map showing.................. 68 

clays, brick, in ...... _ ..... _ ..... __ .... _ .. _._....... 62 

clays, estuarine, in ........................ _ ...... 268-270 

analyses of. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . 269-270 

clays, fire, in ....... __ ..... _ ......... _. ____ ... .. . . . . 6i 

clays, Glacial, in ................................. 270-271 

analyses of .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 271 

clays, kaolinic, in, analyses of . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 263 

clays, lake, in ................................. 19,266-268 

anulyses of. .................................. 267 ·268 

. clays, Pleistocene, in ............................. 266-271 

clays, residual, in ....................... ~.......... ~62 

analysis of ........... · ........................... 17-18, 

driftless area of, clays in........................... 264 

kaolin in .......... :.. . ............. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 269 

analyses of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 

kao!1ns, plastic, in .................... : .......... 262-264 

lacustrine deposits of. ........................... 26li-268 

Potsdall}forrnation, shales in ....... , ...... ·.·· .. 264-265 

shales, Hurtson, in, analyses o!................. .... 2G6 

clays in .. ·.· .................................. 265-266 

shales, k>wlinic, in, analyses of . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 263 

shales, Potsdam, of, clays ·in .".' ................... 264-265 

analysesoL .............. :..................... 265 

Wisconsin Geological survey, cited·. on clay deposits 

. . in \Visconsiu . ..................... ........ 262 

Woodworth, J. B., cited on formation of residual clay 

in Virginia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. 248 

Worthen, A. H., cited on Illinois clays.' ............. 94, 9.5, 96 

z. 

Zettlitz, Bohemia, kaolin from, analysis of............. 39 
PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

[Professional Paper No. 11.] 

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) .Annual Reports, 

(2) .Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply 

and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States-folios and separate sheets 

thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States-folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 

are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may 

be had on application. 

The Bulletins, Professional Papers, and ·water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and 

the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, 

Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography 

·and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irriga--

tion; J, \Vater storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investi--

gations; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This bulletin 

is the twenty-first in Series A and the twenty-fourth in Series.B, the complete lists of which follow. 

(B=Bnlletin, PP=Professional Paper, WS=Water-Supply Paper.) 

SERIES A, ECONO)IIC GEOLOGY. 

B 21. Lignites of Great Sioux Reservation: Report on region between Gnind and Moreau rivers, Dakota, by Bailey Willis. 

1885. 16 pp., 5 pls. 

B 46. Nature and origin of deposits of phosphate of lime, by R. A. F.· Penrose, jr., with introduction by N. S. Shaler. 1888. 

H3pp. 

B 65. Stratigraphy of the bituminous coal field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, uml West Virginia, by !smel C. White. 1891. 212 

pp., 11 pls. (Exhausted.) 

. B 111. Geology of Big Stone Gap coal field of Virginia al)d Kentucky, by 1\farius R. Campbell. 1893. 106 pp., 6 pls. 

B 132. The disseminated lead ores of southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. i896. 31 pp. 

B 138. Artesian-wen prospects in Atlantic Coastal Plain region, by N.H. Darton. 1896. 228 pp., 19 pls. 

B 139. Geology of Castle Mountain mining district, Montana, by W. H. Wee<l and L. V. Pirsson. 1896. 164 pp., 17 pis.· 

B 143. Bibliography of clays and the ccrnmic arts, by John C. Branner. 1896. 114 pp. 

B 164. Reconnaissance on the Rio Grande coal fields of Texas, by Thomas Wayland Vaughan, including u report on igneous 

rocks from the San Carlos coal fiel<l, by E. C. E. Lord. 1900. 100 pp., 11 pls. and maps. 

B 178·. El Paso tin deposits, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1901. 15 pp., 1 pl. 

B 180. Occurrence and distribution of corundum in United Stutes, by J. H. Pratt. 1901. 98 pp., 14 pis. 

B 182. A report on the economic geology of the Silverton quadrangle, Colorado, by F. L. Ransome. 1901. 2GG pp., 16 pis. 

B 184. Oil and gas fields of the western Interior and northern Texas Coal Measures and of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary of the 'western Gulf coast, by George I. Adams. 1901. 64 pp., 10 pis. 

B 193. The geological relations and distribution of platinum and associated metals, by J. F. Kemp. 1902. 95 pp., 6 pls. 

B 198. The Berea grit oil sand in the Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio, by W. T. Griswold. 1902. 43 pp., 1 pl. 

PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of the geology of south-

. eastern Alaska, by Alfred Hulse Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. • 

B 200. Reconnaissance of the borax deposits of Death Valley and Mohave Desert, by ~1. R. Campbell. 1902. 23 pp., 1.pl. 

B 202. Tests for gold and silver in shales from western Kansas, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1902. 21 pp. 

PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A .. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp., 11 pis. 

PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Aiaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Kowak rivers, 

by W. C. l\Iemlenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pls. 

PP 11. Clays of the United i:ltates east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pis. 
II PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GBOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 

B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on Keweenaw Point, Lake 

Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp., 17 pis. 

B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. 

B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp., 1 pl. 

B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 10 pp., 4 pis . 

. B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by Robert T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. 

B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. ' 

B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pis. 

B 58. The glacial boundary in ·western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Iilinois, by George Frederick Wright, 

with introduction by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pis. 

B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1890. 82 pp. 

B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. 

B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1893. 108 pp., 12 pis. 

B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by George Romans Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pis. 

B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Mili<ary Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 35 pp., 8 pis. 

B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by James Edward Todd. 1896. 71 pp., 21 pis. 

B 158. The moraines of southcttstern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1899. 171 pp., 27 pis. 

B 159. The geology of ea,tern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp., 9 pis. 

B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by HenryS. Williams and Herbert E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp., 14 rls. 

WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in· eastern Wyoming and western 

Nebraska, by George I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. 

B 19•. Geology and water resources of the Snake Ri vcr Plains of Idttho, by Israel C. Russell. 190"2. 19'2 pp., 25 pis. 

PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of the geology of southeastern Alaska, by Alfred Hulse Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. 

PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp., 11 pis. 

pp 3. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patton. 1902. 167 pp., 19 pis. 

PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Kowak rivers, 

by W. C. l\Icndenhall. 1902. ·68 pp., 10 pis. 

PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, hy Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 J'IS. 

APRIL, 1903. 

Correspondence should be addressed to· 

THE DIRECTOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 
ICIBAAR~ 

BURFAU 0' UrNEI 

L..t8RARY 

SPOI\ANi. NASH. 

JUN -11971 ~:'1;\'~. ~ ~~!'~:~~ 

tlfASf I!TORR ·-- 10 UBRAII