Rio Puerco

Resource Management Draft Plan & 

Environmental Impact Statement

Volume III 

August 2012

United States Department of the Interior 

Bureau of Land Management 

Albuquerque District

Rio Puerco Field Office
TABLE OF CONTENTS

A CULTURAL RESOURCES ON NON-BLM LANDS LISTED ON THE NRHP ........ A-1

B DESCRIPTION OF GRAZING ALLOTMENTS BY ACREAGE AND AUMS ......... B-1

C EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIBED GRAZING SYSTEMS.............................................. C-1

C.1 Rest-Rotation Grazing ................................................................................................ C-1

C.2 Deferred Rotation Grazing.......................................................................................... C-1

C.3 Deferred Grazing ........................................................................................................ C-1

C.4 Alternate Grazing........................................................................................................ C-1

C.5 Short-Duration, High-Intensity Grazing ..................................................................... C-2

D RANGELAND IMPROVEMENTS............................................................................... D-1

D.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. D-1

D.2 Structural Improvements............................................................................................. D-1

D.2.1 Fences ............................................................................................................................... D-1

D.2.2 Spring Development.......................................................................................................... D-1

D.2.3 Pipelines............................................................................................................................ D-1

D.2.4 Wells................................................................................................................................. D-2

D.3 Nonstructural Improvements ...................................................................................... D-2

D.3.1 Burning ............................................................................................................................. D-2

D.3.2 Plowing and Seeding......................................................................................................... D-2

D.3.3 Interseeding....................................................................................................................... D-2

D.3.4 Vegetation Treatments ...................................................................................................... D-2

D.3.5 Standard Operating Procedures ......................................................................................... D-2

D.4 Prevention of Noxious Weed Spread through Surface Disturbing Activities............. D-4

E ALLOTMENT MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AND APPLICABLE LAND USE 

PLAN E-1

F FUNDAMENTALS OF RANGELAND HEALTH AND STANDARDS AND 

GUIDELINES..............................................................................................................................F-1

G FLUID MINERAL DEVELOPMENT BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES............ G-1

G.1 General BMPs............................................................................................................. G-1

G.1.1 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................ G-1

G.1.2 Paleontological Resources................................................................................................. G-1

G.1.3 Invasive and Noxious Weed Management ........................................................................ G-2

G.1.4 Wildlife and Sensitive Species Management..................................................................... G-2

G.1.5 Visual Resource Management Class II and III Areas Management................................... G-4

G.2 Site Location and Pre-Construction BMPs................................................................. G-5

G.3 Construction BMPs..................................................................................................... G-6

G.3.1 Earth Work........................................................................................................................ G-6

G.3.2 Site maintenance ............................................................................................................... G-7

G.3.3 Spill Prevention and Containment ..................................................................................... G-7

G.3.4 Waste Management ........................................................................................................... G-8

G.4 Access Road BMPs..................................................................................................... G-8

G.4.1 Road Design & Planning ................................................................................................... G-8
G.4.2 Road Construction............................................................................................................. G-9

G.4.3 Road Maintenance............................................................................................................. G-9

G.4.4 Road Reclamation ............................................................................................................. G-9

G.5 Interim Reclamation BMPs....................................................................................... G-10

G.6 Production and Maintenance BMPs.......................................................................... G-10

G.7 Final Reclamation BMPs.......................................................................................... G-11

H FLUID MINERAL SPECIAL LEASE STIPULATIONS.............................................. H-1

H.1 Background................................................................................................................. H-1

H.1.1 Standard Lease Terms and Conditions .............................................................................. H-1

H.1.2 Types of Lease Stipulations............................................................................................... H-1

H.1.3 Waivers, Exceptions and Modifications............................................................................ H-2

H.1.4 Existing Leases.................................................................................................................. H-2

H.2 RPFO Proposed Lease Stipulations............................................................................ H-3

H.2.1 Wildlife and Sensitive Species Stipulations....................................................................... H-3

H.2.2 Riparian Area Stipulations .............................................................................................. H-10

H.2.3 Soil and Slope Stipulations.............................................................................................. H-12

H.2.4 Cultural Resource Stipulations........................................................................................ H-15

H.2.5 Geological Resource Stipulations.................................................................................... H-17

H.2.6 Paleontological Stipulations............................................................................................ H-19

H.2.7 Recreation Stipulations.................................................................................................... H-21

H.2.8 Socioeconomic Stipulations ............................................................................................ H-21

H.2.9 Vegetation & Forestry Stipulations ................................................................................. H-23

H.2.10 Minerals Stipulations..................................................................................................... H-24

H.3 State Office Stipulations........................................................................................... H-25

H.3.1 LN—Coal Protection (NM-8-LN)................................................................................... H-25

H.3.2 LN—Drainage (NM-10-LN)........................................................................................... H-25

H.3.3 CSU—Highway Material Site Right-of-Way (NM-4-CSU)............................................ H-25

H.3.4 NSO—Continental Divide Trail (NM-6-NSO)................................................................ H-26

H.3.5 NSO—Occupied Structures and Dwellings (NM-12-NSO)............................................. H-26

H.3.6 NSO—Pooling Purposes Only (NM-9-NSO).................................................................. H-26

H.3.7 LN—Cultural Resources (NM-11-LN) ........................................................................... H-26

H.4 Washington Office Stipulations................................................................................ H-26

H.4.1 Endangered Species Act – Section 7 Consultation (WO-ESA-7).................................... H-27

H.4.2 Bureau of Reclamation – Section 7 Consultation (WO-BOR-7) ..................................... H-27

H.4.3 Cultural Resources and Tribal Consultation Stipulation.................................................. H-27

I SOIL AND WATER.........................................................................................................I-1

I.1 Major Soil Mapping Units, Soil Names, and Surface Textures....................................I-1

I.2 Descriptions of the USGS Cataloging Units (8-digit HUC) with highest acreage of 

BLM-administered land............................................................................................................I-4

I.2.1 Rio Puerco Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020204) ................................................I-4

I.2.2 Arroyo Chico Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020205) ............................................I-4

I.2.3 Rio San Jose Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020207)..............................................I-4

J RIO PUERCO FIELD OFFICE SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES LIST ........................... J-1

K NOXIOUS WEEDS........................................................................................................ K-1

K.1 New Mexico Noxious Weed List................................................................................ K-1

K.1.1 Class A Species................................................................................................................. K-1

K.1.2 Class B Species................................................................................................................. K-1
K.1.3 Class C Species................................................................................................................. K-2

K.1.4 Watch List Species............................................................................................................ K-2

K.2 Noxious Weed Control Standard Operating Procedures ............................................ K-2

K.3 Weed Prevention Schedule ......................................................................................... K-3

K.4 Albuquerque Field Office Seed Mixtures................................................................... K-4

K.4.1 Grassland Vegetation Type (Sagebrush Draws) ................................................................ K-4

K.4.2 Piñon-Juniper Vegetation Type ......................................................................................... K-4

K.4.3 High Elevation Vegetation Type ....................................................................................... K-5

K.4.4 Alternative Species for Consideration ............................................................................... K-5

L PLANT COMMUNITIES AND WILDLIFE FOR THE MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS 

OF THE RIO PUERCO...............................................................................................................L-6

L.1 The Sagebrush/Grass Ecosystem.................................................................................L-6

L.1.1 Soils....................................................................................................................................L-6

L.1.2 Vegetation ..........................................................................................................................L-7

L.1.3 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................L-11

L.1.4 Desired Plant Community ................................................................................................L-12

L.2 The Piñon and Juniper Ecosystem.............................................................................L-12

L.2.2 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................L-17

L.2.3 Desired Plant Communities..............................................................................................L-20

L.2.4 Treatment Recommendations...........................................................................................L-22

L.3 The Grassland Ecosystem..........................................................................................L-24

L.3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................L-24

L.3.2 Soils..................................................................................................................................L-24

L.3.3 Species Composition and Cover.......................................................................................L-25

L.3.4 Common Grassland Wildlife ............................................................................................L-33

L.3.5 Desired Plant Communities..............................................................................................L-34

L.3.6 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................L-35

L.4 The Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem .................................................................................L-36

L.4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................L-36

L.4.2 Ponderosa Pine Forest Soils .............................................................................................L-37

L.4.3 1975 Forage Inventory .....................................................................................................L-37

L.4.4 USFS Research.................................................................................................................L-38

L.4.5 Understory herbaceous production:..................................................................................L-38

L.4.6 Silviculture .......................................................................................................................L-39

L.4.7 Fire ...................................................................................................................................L-43

L.4.8 Visual Resources..............................................................................................................L-43

L.4.9 Desired Plant Community--Percent Composition (By Weight):.......................................L-44

L.5 The Riparian and Wetland Ecosystem.......................................................................L-45

L.5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................L-45

L.5.2 Desired Plant Communities..............................................................................................L-47

L.5.3 Vegetation ........................................................................................................................L-48

L.5.4 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................... 48

L.6 References..................................................................................................................L-51

M VEGETATION TREATMENT BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES...................... M-1

N VEGETATION MITIGATION MEASURES................................................................ N-1
LIST OF TABLES

Table A.1: Cultural Resources on non-BLM Lands................................................................... A-1

Table B.1: Acres and AUMs of Grazing Allotments...................................................................B-1

Table E.1: Management Category and Land Use Plan ................................................................E-1

Table I.1: Major Soil Mapping Units, Soil Names, and Surface Textures...................................I-1

Table I.2: County Water Use within the Planning Area ...............................................................I-2

Table J.1: Special Status Species by County ................................................................................J-1

Table K.1: Class A Noxious Weed Species................................................................................ K-1

Table K.2: Class B Noxious Weed Species................................................................................ K-1

Table K.3: Class C Noxious Weed Species................................................................................ K-2

Table K.4: Watch List Species.................................................................................................... K-2

Table K.5: Weed Prevention Schedule ....................................................................................... K-3

Table K.6: Seed Mix for the Grassland Vegetation Type........................................................... K-4

Table K.7: Seed Mix for the Piñon-Juniper Vegetation Type .................................................... K-4

Table K.8: Seed Mix for the High Elevation Vegetation Type .................................................. K-5

Table K.9: Alternative Species tor Consideration ...................................................................... K-5

Table L.1: Mean Annual Plant Production by Plant Community...............................................L-7

Table L.2: Vegetative Cover by State.........................................................................................L-7

Table L.3: Low Seral Production by Species...............................................................................L-8

Table L.4: Mid Seral Production by Species...............................................................................L-9

Table L.5: High Seral Production by Species..............................................................................L-9

Table L.6: Potential Plant Community Production by Species..................................................L-10

Table L.7: Species Composition of P-J Sites of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, 1975.........L-14

Table L.8: Mean Percent Cover within P-J Sites, Upper Rio Puerco, 1975.............................L-15

Table M.1: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices, by Method..............................M-1

Table M.2: Vegetation Treatment BMPs for Cultural Resources and Native American 

Concerns .........................................................................................................................M-3

Table N.1: Vegetation Mitigation Measures, by Affected Resource.......................................... N-1
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-1

A CULTURAL RESOURCES ON NON-BLM LANDS LISTED ON THE NRHP

Table A.1: Cultural Resources on non-BLM Lands

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Carnes, Chester, House 701 13th St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Eighth Street-Forrester 

District

Roughly bounded by 

Mountain Rd., Lomas Blvd., 

Forrester and 7th Sts.

Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Fourth Ward District Roughly bounded by 

Central Ave., Lomas Blvd., 

8th and 15th Sts.

Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Gurule, Delfinia, 

House

306 16th St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Harwood School 1114 7th St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Hayden, A. W., House 609 Marble St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo LaGlorieta House 1801 Central Ave., NW Albuquerque 8/19/1983 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo LeFeber, Charles, 

House

313 5th St. Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Lopez, Hilario, House 208 16th St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Mann, Henry, House 723 14th St., NW Albuquerque 12/1/1980 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA

Bernalillo Spitz, Berthold, House 323 N. 10th St. Albuquerque 12/22/1977 Albuquerque Downtown 

Neighborhoods MRA
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-2

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Tafoya, Domingo, 

House

10021 Edith Blvd., NE Alameda 11/17/1980 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Anaya, Gavino, House 2939 Duranes Rd., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Armijo, Juan Cristobal, 

Homestead

207 Griegos Rd., NE Albuquerque 9/30/1982 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Barela, Adrian, House 7618 Guadalupe Trail, NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Barela-Bledsoe House 7017 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 3/12/1979 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Chavez, Juan de Dios, 

House

205 Griegos Rd., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Chavez, Juan, House 7809 4th St., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Chavez, Rumaldo, 

House

10023 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 11/24/1980 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo De Garcia, Tomasa 

Griego, House

6939 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 6/19/1979 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Dietz, Robert, 

Farmhouse

4117 Rio Grande Blvd., 

NW

Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Foraker, C. M., 

Farmhouse

905 Menaul Blvd., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Garcia, Juan Antonio, 

House

7442 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 9/28/1982 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Gomez, Refugio, 

House

7604 Guadalupe Trail, NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Grande, Charles, 

House

4317 Grande St., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Kromer House 1024 El Pueblo Rd., NW Albuquerque 10/4/1982 Albuquerque North Valley MRA
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-3

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Los Candelarias 

Chapel-San Antonio 

Chapel

1934 Candelaria Rd., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Los Duranes Chapel 2601 Indian School Rd., 

NW

Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Los Griegos Historic

District

Griegos Rd. and Rio Grande 

Blvd.

Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Los Tomases Chapel 3101 Los Tomases, NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Lucero y Montoya, 

Francisco, House

9742 4th St., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Menaul School 

Historic District

Roughly bounded by 

Broadway, Claremont, 

Edith, and Menaul Aves. 

and 301 Menaul Blvd., NE

Albuquerque 2/14/1983 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Nordhaus, Robert, 

House

6900 Rio Grande Blvd., 

NW

Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Our Lady of Mt. 

Carmel Church

7813 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Romero, Felipe, House 7522 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Shalit, Samuel, House 5209 4th St., NW Albuquerque 2/9/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Zeiger, Charles, House 3200 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 4/27/1984 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Los Poblanos Historic 

District

NM 194 Los Ranchos 5/27/1982 Albuquerque North Valley MRA

Bernalillo Barelas--South Fourth 

Street Historic District

4th St. from Stover Ave. to 

Bridge St.

Albuquerque 7/24/1997 Auto-oriented Commercial 

Development in Albuquerque 

MPS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-4

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Hendren Building 3001 Monte Vista Blvd. NE Albuquerque 1/27/2000 Auto-oriented Commercial 

Development in Albuquerque 

MPS

Bernalillo Huning Highlands 

Conoco Service Station

601 Coal Ave. SE Albuquerque 7/19/2006 Auto-oriented Commercial 

Development in Albuquerque 

MPS

Bernalillo Southern Union Gas 

Company Building

723 Silver Ave. SW Albuquerque 3/31/2004 Buildings Designed by John Gaw 

Meem MPS

Bernalillo Rio Puerco Bridge I-40 over the Rio Puerco Albuquerque 7/15/1997 Historic Highway Bridges of New 

Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Newlander Apartments 616 Coal Ave. Albuquerque 1/27/2000 Multi-unit Dwellings in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Willis, J.R., House and 

La Miradora 

Apartments

310 Rio Grande Blvd., SE Albuquerque 9/1/2005 Multi-unit Dwellings in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Coronado School 601 4th St., SW Albuquerque 11/22/1996 New Deal in New Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Roosevelt Park Jct. of Coal and Spruce 

Aves., SE

Albuquerque 11/22/1996 New Deal in New Mexico MPS

Bernalillo West San Jose School 1701 4th St., SW Albuquerque 11/22/1996 New Deal in New Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Art Annex NE corner of Central Ave. 

and Terrace St., UNM

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR

Bernalillo Carlisle Gymnasium UNM campus W of Yale 

Blvd.

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR

Bernalillo Estufa SE corner of University 

Blvd. and Grand Ave., 

UNM

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR

Bernalillo President's House NE corner of Roma Ave. 

and Yale Blvd., UNM

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-5

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Raynolds, Sara, Hall UNM campus on Terrace 

St. north of Central Ave.

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR

Bernalillo Scholes Hall UNM campus S of Roma 

Ave.

Albuquerque 9/22/1988 New Mexico Campus Buildings 

Built 1906--1937 TR

Bernalillo San Antonio Church 

and Cemetery

Jct. of NM 14 and NM 536, 

NW corner

San Antonito 1/16/1997 Religious Properties of New 

Mexico MPS

Bernalillo Aztec Auto Court 3821 Central Ave. NE. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Cottage Bakery 2000 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo De Anza Motor Lodge 4301 Central Ave. NE Albuquerque 4/30/2004 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo El Campo Tourist 

Courts

5800 Central Ave. SW Albuquerque 1/13/1994 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo El Vado Auto Court 2500 Central Ave. SW. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Enchanted Mesa 

Trading Post

9612 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 1/9/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Hilltop Lodge 5410 Central Ave. SW. Albuquerque 1/9/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Jones Motor Company 3226 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo La Mesa Motel 7407 Central Ave. NE. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo La Puerta Lodge 9710 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 1/9/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Luna Lodge 9019 Central Ave. NE Albuquerque 6/11/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-6

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Maisel's Indian 

Trading Post

510 Central Ave. SW. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Modern Auto Court 3712 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo New Mexico Madonna 

of the Trail

Jct. of Marble Ave. and 4th 

St.

Albuquerque 3/21/2006 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Pig 'n Calf Lunch 2106 Central Ave. SE. Albuquerque 2/15/1994 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Route 66, State 

maintained from 

Albuquerque to Rio 

Puerco

Rte. 66. West Central exit at 

I-40 to the Rio Puerco 

Bridge

Albuquerque 11/19/1997 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Tewa Lodge 5715 Central Ave. NE Albuquerque 6/11/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Tower Courts 2210 Central Ave. SW. Albuquerque 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Bernalillo Aldo Leopold 

Neighborhood Historic 

District

105-135 Fourteenth St., SW Albuquerque 10/16/2002 Twentieth Century Suburban 

Growth of Albuquerque MPS

Bernalillo Manzano Court

Addition Historic 

District

1000-1025 Manzano Court 

NW

Albuquerque 10/14/2004 Twentieth Century Suburban 

Growth of Albuquerque MPS

Bernalillo Monte Vista and 

College View Historic 

District

Roughly bounded by Girard 

and Lomas Blvds, 

Morningside Dr., Copper

Ave., Campus and Monte 

Vista Blvds.

Albuquerque 8/3/2001 Twentieth Century Suburban 

Growth of Albuquerque MPS

Bernalillo Monte Vista Fire 

Station

3201 Centra Ave. NE Albuqerque 3/19/1987
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-7

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Albuquerque 

Municipal Airport 

Building, Old

2920 Yale Blvd. SE. Albuquerque 5/5/1989

Bernalillo Albuquerque Veterans 

Administration 

Medical Center

2100 Ridgecrest, SE Albuquerque 8/19/1983

Bernalillo Armijo, Salvador, 

House

618 Rio Grande Blvd., NW Albuquerque 10/8/1976

Bernalillo ATSF Locomotive No. 

2926

1600 Twelfth St. NW Albuquerque 10/1/2007

Bernalillo Bottger, Charles A., 

House

110 San Felipe, NW Albuquerque 3/7/1983

Bernalillo Building at 701 Roma 

NW

701 Roma, NW Albuquerque 2/28/1985

Bernalillo Castle Apartments 1410 Central SW Albuquerque 2/13/1986

Bernalillo Davis House 704 Parkland Circle, SE Albuquerque 11/17/1980

Bernalillo Eller Apartments 113-127 8th St., SW Albuquerque 1/12/1984

Bernalillo Employees' New 

Dormitory and Club

Albuquerque Indian School 

Campus

Albuquerque 7/26/1982

Bernalillo Federal Building 421 Gold Ave., SW Albuquerque 11/22/1980

Bernalillo First Methodist 

Episcopal Church

3rd St. and Lead Ave. Albuquerque 11/7/1976

Bernalillo First National Bank 

Building

217-233 Central Ave., NW Albuquerque 2/2/1979

Bernalillo Gladding, James N., 

House

643 Cedar St., NE Albuquerque 11/17/1980

Bernalillo Hope Building 220 Gold St., SW Albuquerque 8/29/1980
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-8

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Hudson House 817 Gold Ave., SW Albuquerque 2/24/1982

Bernalillo Huning Highlands 

Historic District

Bounded by Grand Ave., I25, Iron Ave. and AT 

& SF RR

Albuquerque 11/17/1978

Bernalillo Jonson Gallery and 

House

1909 Las Lomas Rd. NE Albuquerque 2/22/2002

Bernalillo Kimo Theater 421 Central Ave. Albuquerque 5/2/1977

Bernalillo Kress, S. H., Building 414--416 Central Ave., SW Albuquerque 4/19/1984

Bernalillo Las Imagines 

Archeological District-

-Albuquerque West 

Mesa Escarpment

Address Restricted Albuquerque 11/19/1986

Bernalillo Lembke House 312 Laguna St., SW Albuquerque 11/25/1980

Bernalillo Leverett, William J., 

House

301 Dartmouth NE Albuquerque 2/13/1986

Bernalillo Lewis, Charles W. 

Building

1405--1407 2nd St., SW Albuquerque 7/3/1979

Bernalillo McCanna-Hubbell 

Building

418--424 Central, SW Albuquerque 5/13/1982

Bernalillo Milne, John, House 804 Park Ave. SW Albuquerque 2/13/1986

Bernalillo Monte Vista School 3211 Monte Vista Blvd., 

NE

Albuquerque 8/12/1981

Bernalillo National Humane 

Alliance Animal 

Fountain

615 Virginia Ave. SE Albuquerque 9/30/1986

Bernalillo New Mexico-Arizona 

Wool Warehouse

520 1st St., NW Albuquerque 7/23/1981
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-9

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Nob Hill Business 

District

3500 Central Ave. SE Albuquerque 3/18/1994

Bernalillo Occidental Life 

Building

119 3rd Ave., SW Albuquerque 1/30/1978

Bernalillo Old Armijo School 1021 Isleta Blvd., SE Albuquerque 9/16/1982

Bernalillo Old Hilton Hotel 125 2nd St., NW Albuquerque 3/2/1984

Bernalillo Old Post Office 123 4th St. Albuquerque 11/17/1980

Bernalillo O'Rielly, J. H., House 220 9th St., NW Albuquerque 1/29/1979

Bernalillo Our Lady of the 

Angels School

320 Romero St., NW Albuquerque 11/29/1984

Bernalillo Pacific Desk Building 213-215 Gold Ave., SW Albuquerque 9/30/1980

Bernalillo Pearce, John, House 718 Central Ave., SW Albuquerque 11/22/1980

Bernalillo Petroglyph National 

Monument

6001 Unser Blvd. NW Albuquerque 6/27/1990

Bernalillo Piedras Marcadas 

Pueblo (LA 290)

Address Restricted Albuquerque 3/2/1990

Bernalillo Pyle, Ernie, House 900 Girard Blvd., SE Albuquerque 9/22/1997

Bernalillo Rancho de Carnue Site Address Restricted Albuquerque 5/4/1977

Bernalillo Rosenwald Building 320 Central Ave., SW Albuquerque 6/29/1978

Bernalillo Saint Joseph 1930 

Hospital

715 Grand, NE Albuquerque 5/27/1982

Bernalillo San Felipe de Neri 

Church

Old Town Plaza, NW Albuquerque 10/1/1969

Bernalillo San Ignacio Church 1300 Walter St., NE Albuquerque 8/21/1979

Bernalillo Santa Barbara School 1420 Edith Blvd., NE. Albuquerque 9/28/1989

Bernalillo Second United

Presbyterian Church

812 Edith Blvd., NE Albuquerque 12/6/1984
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-10

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Shoup Boardinghouse 707 1st St., SW Albuquerque 2/17/1983

Bernalillo Silver Hill Historic 

District

Roughly bounded by 

Central Ave., Yale Blvd., 

Lead Ave., and Sycamore 

St.

Albuquerque 9/18/1986

Bernalillo Simms Building 400 Gold Ave. SW Albuquerque 2/2/1998

Bernalillo Skinner Building 722--724 Central Ave. and 

108 8th St., SW

Albuquerque 11/22/1980

Bernalillo Solar Building 213 Truman St., NE. Albuquerque 10/10/1989

Bernalillo Southwestern Brewery 

and Ice Company

601 Commercial St., NE Albuquerque 3/30/1978

Bernalillo Springer Building 121 Tijeras Ave., NE Albuquerque 11/18/1980

Bernalillo Spruce Park Historic 

District

Roughly bounded by 

University Blvd., Grand 

Ave., Las Lomas Rd. and 

Cedar St.

Albuquerque 7/6/1982

Bernalillo Superintendent's 

House, Atlantic & 

Pacific Railroad

1023 S. 2nd St. Albuquerque 1/20/1978

Bernalillo Vigil, Antonio, House 413 Romero St. Albuquerque 5/5/1978

Bernalillo Washington

Apartments

1002--1008 Central Ave., 

SW

Albuquerque 2/19/1982

Bernalillo Werner-Gilchrist 

House

202 Cornell, SE Albuquerque 8/2/1982

Bernalillo Hodgin Hall University of New Mexico 

campus

Albuquerque 

Mountain

1/30/1978

Bernalillo Isleta Pueblo U.S. 85 Isleta 9/5/1975

Bernalillo Holy Child Church Off I-40 Tijeras 3/8/1978
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-11

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Bernalillo Tijeras Pueblo 

Archeological Site

Address Restricted Tijeras 11/17/2005

Cibola Bowlin's Old Crater 

Trading Post

7650 Frontage Rd. Bluewater 3/21/2006 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Cibola Route 66, State 

maintained from Milan 

to Continental Divid

Along Rte. 66, W of Milan 

to Continental Divide

Continental 

Divide

11/19/1997 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Cibola Route 66 Rural 

Historic District: 

Laguna to McCarty's

NM 124 between the I-40 

interchanges

Cubero 1/13/1994 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Cibola Route 66, State 

Maintained from 

McCartys to Grants

Rte 66, from E of McCartys 

to E of Grants

Grants 11/19/1997 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Cibola Candelaria Pueblo Address Restricted Grants 3/10/1983

McKinley Fort Wingate 

Archeological Site

Address Restricted Fort Wingate 10/10/1980 Anasazi Sites Within the Chacoan 

Interaction Sphere TR

McKinley Peggy's Pueblo Address Restricted Zuni 8/16/1994 Anasazi Sites Within the Chacoan 

Interaction Sphere TR

McKinley McKinley County 

Courthouse

205--209 W. Hill St. Gallup 2/15/1989 County Courthouses of New 

Mexico TR

McKinley Chief Theater 228 W. Coal Ave. Gallup 5/16/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Cotton, C. N., 

Warehouse

101 N. Third St. Gallup 1/14/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Drake Hotel 216 E. Sixty-sixth Ave. Gallup 1/14/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley El Morro Theater 205--209 W. Coal Ave. Gallup 5/16/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley El Rancho Hotel 100 E. Sixty-sixth Ave. Gallup 1/14/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Grand Hotel 306 W. Coal Ave. Gallup 5/25/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-12

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

McKinley Harvey Hotel 408 W. Coal Ave. Gallup 5/25/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Lebanon Lodge No. 22 106 W. Aztec Gallup 2/14/1989 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Palace Hotel 236 W. Sixty-sixth Ave. Gallup 5/16/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Rex Hotel 300 W. Sixty-sixth Gallup 1/14/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley US Post Office 201 S. First St. Gallup 5/25/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley White Cafe 100 W. Sixth-sixth Ave. Gallup 1/14/1988 Downtown Gallup MRA

McKinley Redwood Lodge 907 E. 66 Ave. Gallup 2/13/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

McKinley State Maintained Route 

66--Manuelito to the 

Arizona Border

W side of the Manuelito 

grade separation SW to AZ 

border

Mentmore 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

McKinley Route 66, State 

maintained from 

Iyanbito to Rehobeth

Rte. 66, from Iyanbito 

Interchange at I-40 to State 

Police Stn. Rehobeth

Rehobeth 11/19/1997 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

McKinley Herman's, Roy T., 

Garage and Service 

Station

NM 122, 150 yds. W of I-40 

exit

Thoreau 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

McKinley Cousins Bros. Trading 

Post

768 A-D Cousins Rd. Chi Chil Tah 3/22/2006

McKinley Fort Wingate Historic 

District

NM 400 Fort Wingate 5/26/1978

McKinley Southwestern Range 

and Sheep Breeding 

Laboratory Historic 

District

Fort Wingate Work Center, 

Cibola National Forest

Fort Wingate 5/30/2003

McKinley Halona Pueblo Zuni Gallup 2/10/1975

McKinley Ashcroft--Merrill 

Historic District

Jct. of Bloomfield and 

McNeil Sts.

Ramah 7/27/1990
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-13

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

McKinley Vogt, Evon Zartman, 

Ranch House

1 mi. S of Ramah, 500 ft. E 

of NM 53

Ramah 2/4/1993

Sandoval Archeological Site No. 

AR-03-10-03-620

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 4/19/1990 Jemez Cultural Developments in 

North-Central New Mexico MPS

Sandoval Borrego Mesa 

Agricultural Site

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 4/19/1990 Jemez Cultural Developments in 

North-Central New Mexico MPS

Sandoval Jemez Cave Address Restricted Jemez Springs 4/19/1990 Jemez Cultural Developments in 

North-Central New Mexico MPS

Sandoval Virgin Mesa Rock Art 

Site

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 4/19/1990 Jemez Cultural Developments in 

North-Central New Mexico MPS

Sandoval Amoxiumqua Site (FS530, LA481)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS18, LA-5920Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS199, LA-135Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS3Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS535, LA-385Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS554, LA-386Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS574Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS575Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS580, LA-137Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-14

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Sandoval Archeological Site FS647, LA-128Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS688Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS689, LA-403Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Archeological Site FS8Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Astialakwa 

Archeological District 

(FS-360, LA-1825)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Boletsakwa Site (FS-2, 

LA-136)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Forset Service 

Archeological Site No. 

FS-7

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Guacamayo Site 

(FS0572, LA-189)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Hanakwa Site (FS-578) Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Hot Springs Pueblo 

(FS-505, Bj-73)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Kiashita Site Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Kiatsukwa Site (FS-31 

and 504, LA-132 and 

133)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Kwastiyukwa Site (FS11, LA-482)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-15

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Sandoval Nanishagi Site (FS320, LA-541)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Patokwa Site (FS-5, 

LA-96)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Pejunkwa Site (FS571, LA-130)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Tostaskwinu Site (FS579, LA-479)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Tovakwa Site Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Unshagi Site (FS-337, 

LA-123)

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Wabakwa Site (FS400, LA-478)Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Wahajhamka (FS-573) Address Restricted Jemez Springs 5/21/1984 Jemez Springs Pueblo Sites TR

Sandoval Roosevelt School Calle Malinche Bernalillo 3/15/1996 New Deal in New Mexico MPS

Sandoval Holiday Mesa Logging 

Camp

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 9/11/1992 Railroad Logging Era Resources 

of the Canon de San Diego Land 

Grant in North--Central New 

Mexico MPS

Sandoval Virgin Canyon 

Logging Camp No. 1

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 9/11/1992 Railroad Logging Era Resources 

of the Canon de San Diego Land 

Grant in North--Central New 

Mexico MPS

Sandoval Virgin Mesa Logging 

Camp No. 1

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 9/11/1992 Railroad Logging Era Resources 

of the Canon de San Diego Land 

Grant in North--Central New 

Mexico MPS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-16

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Sandoval Virgin Mesa Logging 

Camp No. 2

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 9/11/1992 Railroad Logging Era Resources 

of the Canon de San Diego Land 

Grant in North--Central New 

Mexico MPS

Sandoval Virgin Mesa Logging 

Camp No. 3

Address Restricted Jemez Springs 9/11/1992 Railroad Logging Era Resources 

of the Canon de San Diego Land 

Grant in North--Central New 

Mexico MPS

Sandoval Santo Domingo Indian 

Trading Post

Rt. 66 crossing of 

AT&SF RR tracks at 

Domingo

Domingo 1/9/1998 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Sandoval Pueblo of Santo 

Domingo (Kiua)

35 mi. NE of Albuquerque, 

off I-25

Albuquerque 12/12/1973

Sandoval Abenicio Salazar 

Historic District

U.S. 85 Bernalillo 6/6/1980

Sandoval Jemez Pueblo 28 mi. N of Bernalillo on 

NM 4

Bernalillo 5/2/1977

Sandoval Kuaua Ruin Address Restricted Bernalillo 1/1/1976

Sandoval Our Lady of Sorrows 

Church

U.S. 85 Bernalillo 4/29/1977

Sandoval Sandia Cave Address Restricted Bernalillo 10/15/1966

Sandoval Tamaya N of Bernalillo Bernalillo 11/1/1974

Sandoval Zia Pueblo 18 mi. W of Bernalillo on 

NM 44

Bernalillo 4/3/1973

Sandoval Espinaso Ridge Pueblo Address Restricted Budagher's 1/27/1984

Sandoval Pueblo Tuerto Address Restricted Budagher's 1/19/1984

Sandoval Big Bead Mesa Address Restricted Casa Salazar 10/15/1966

Sandoval San Ysidro Church Church Rd. Corrales 7/30/1980
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-17

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Sandoval San Juan Mesa Ruin Address Restricted Jemez Spring 7/9/1970

Sandoval Jemez State Monument NM 4 Jemez Springs 3/14/1973

Sandoval Bandelier National 

Monument

12 mi. S of Los Alamos on 

NM 4

Los Alamos 10/15/1966

Sandoval San Jose de las Huertas Address Restricted Placitas 7/5/1990

Sandoval Cochiti Pueblo 27 mi. SW of Santa Fe on 

the Rio Grande

Santa Fe 11/20/1974

Sandoval Tonque Pueblo Address Restricted Tejon Grant 1/12/1984

Torrance Evans, Greene, Garage Jct. of Broadway and Rt. 66, 

NW corner

Moriarty 11/22/1993 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Torrance Abo 3 mi. W of Abo on U.S. 60 Abo 10/15/1966

Torrance Moriarty Eclipse 

Windmill

2 (3.2 km) W of Moriarty 

off NM 222

Moriarty 6/4/1979

Torrance Mountainair Municipal 

Auditorium

SW corner of Roosevelt 

Ave. and Beal St.

Mountainair 4/30/1987

Torrance Rancho Bonito S of Mountainair on Gran 

Quivera Rd.

Mountainair 11/29/1978

Torrance Shaffer Hotel Broadway St. Mountainair 11/15/1978

Torrance Quarai 1 mi. S of Punta de Agua Punta de 

Agua

10/15/1966

Valencia San Mateo 

Archeological Site

Address Restricted San Mateo 5/17/1979 Anasazi Sites Within the Chacoan 

Interaction Sphere TR (AD)

Valencia Otero's 66 Service 100 Main St. Los Lunas 2/13/2003 Route 66 through New Mexico 

MPS

Valencia San Estevan del Rey 

Mission Church

On NM 23 Acoma 4/15/1970
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-18

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Valencia Baca, Miguel E., 

House

NM 47 Adelino 12/11/1978

Valencia Laguna Pueblo 45 mi. W of Albuquerque 

off U.S. 66

Albuquerque 6/19/1973

Valencia Belen Hotel 200 Becker Ave. Belen 11/12/1980

Valencia Chaves, Felipe, House 325 Lala St. Belen 7/4/1980

Valencia Harvey, Belen, House 104 N. 1st St. Belen 10/28/1983

Valencia Acoma 13 mi. S of Casa Blanca on 

NM 23

Casa Blanca 10/15/1966

Valencia El Morro National 

Monument

2 mi. W of El Morro Via 

NM 53

El Morro 10/15/1966

Valencia Village of Encinal Day 

School

NW of Encinal Encinal 8/8/1980

Valencia San Jose de la Laguna 

Mission and Convento

Address unknown at this 

time

Laguna 

Pueblo

1/29/1973

Valencia Atchison, Topeka, and 

Santa Fe Railroad 

Depot

U.S. 85 Los Lunas 8/1/1979

Valencia Luna, Tranquilino, 

House

SW of Los Lunas at jct. of 

U.S. 85 and NM 6

Los Lunas 4/16/1975

Valencia Wittwer, Dr. William 

Frederick, House

NM 6, W of US 85 Los Lunas 2/27/1987

Valencia El Cerro Tome Site .5 mi. E of jct. of NM 47 

and Tome Hill Rd.

Tome 7/9/1996

Valencia Los Ojuelos (The 

Springs)

Address Restricted Tome 12/10/1987

Valencia Tome Jail Tome Plaza Tome 10/5/1977
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix A: Rio Puerco Planning Area Cultural Resources on Non-BLM Lnads Listed on the NRHP

A-19

County Resource Name Address City Listed Multiple

Valencia Hawikuh 12 mi. SW of Zuni, Zuni 

Indian Reservation

Zuni 10/15/1966

Valencia Zuni-Cibola Complex Address Restricted Zuni 12/2/1974
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-1

B DESCRIPTION OF GRAZING ALLOTMENTS BY

ACREAGE AND AUMS

Table B.1: Acres and AUMs of Grazing Allotments

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

1 Continental Divide 7,530 1,101 - - 1,121

2 Shroyer Community 4,605 280 - - 744

3 Pelon Community 7,513 - - 162 1,053

4 Starr Community 12,734 1,736 1,622 - 1,511

5 Dry Springs 6,413 1,277 - - 573

6 Tres Hermanos 3,487 560 - - 657

7 Chiuilla Community 9,284 1,599 - - 1,827

8 Ojo De Los Pinos 5,875 641 - - 558

9 Horn Arroyo 4,741 - - - 552

10 Brandy 22,983 2,913 2,485 - 2,835

11 Dos Valles 20,319 4,182 758 - 3,142

12 Lagunitas Community 1,074 1,737 - - 103

14 Nacimiento Community 1,442 1,289 - - 229

15 Valle San Isidro 1,837 160 - - 296

16 Fork Rock Mesa 798 1,595 - - 106

17 Mesa Portales 1,929 884 - - 327

18 Forty Four 2,400 2,272 62 - 312

19 Senorito Community 669 271 - - 124

20 San Pablo Comm 917 496 - - 93

23 Eagle Mesa 12,424 3,239 - - 1,643

24 Ridge Top 1,367 630 - - 133

26 Los Pinos Arroyo 1,721 3,066 - - 174

27 Dry Well 2,442 120 - - 423

28 Piedra Lumbre Community 4,867 2,580 640 - 645

29 Coal Creek 5,034 1,690 572 - 483

31 Canada Candelaria 3,689 1,556 - - 616

32 Cerro Colorados 8,293 8,003 2,472 - 1,284

33 Cebo Community 7,192 664 - - 1,140

34 Twin Butte 7,846 644 571 10 1,436

35 Torreon Wash 4,813 1,436 1,890 188 691

36 Arroyo Empedrado 6,149 1,118 659 - 876

37 North San Luis Mesa Community 2,250 - - - 264

38 San Luis Community 5,230 - - - 904

39 Cachulie 9,546 65 - - 1,596

40 Lost Valley Community 11,635 52 745 - 2,366

41 Cerro Cuate 2,539 623 682 - 409

42 Azabache 12,224 2,306 788 336 1,722
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-2

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

43 Chico Crossing Community 13,319 1,597 645 - 1,889

44 Cabezon Peak Community 4,090 781 103 - 573

45 Arroyo Alamito 3,989 - - - 783

46 San Ysidro Pasture Community 5,518 - - - 852

47 Guadalupe 6,458 1,456 1,921 - 580

48 Mesa Cortada 11,549 476 - - 1,436

49 El Banquito 15,063 - - - 1,656

50 Ignacio Chavez Grant Community 17,696 77 - - 1,812

50 Cerro Tinaja Community 1,312 950 - - 241

51 Cerro Salado 10,789 333 300 - 1,176

53 Canon Del Camino 5,106 104 - - 788

55 Corrales Tierra 570 - - - 120

56 Pipeline 8,863 - 493 - 1,233

57 Cucho Arroyo 6,376 645 147 - 683

58 Mighty Mite 1,114 - - - 125

59 Rio Salado 1,175 351 - 326 216

60 Rock House Community 9,008 755 1,598 3,174 776

61 Wilson Canyon 1,441 275 610 - 240

62 Casa Salazar 1,551 161 - - 192

63 Tapia Arroyo 1,571 549 483 - 160

64 San Ysidro Community 4,449 40 - - 227

65 Long Ridge 2,415 747 631 - 307

67 Sanchez (3) 480 - 617 - 47

68 South Divide Community 2,477 616 - - 368

69 Middle San Luis 872 633 1,068 - 84

70 South San Luis 916 308 - - 108

71 Agua Bonita 1,538 330 1,471 - 297

72 Jones Canyon Community 5,013 616 517 - 573

73 Pozo Seco 1,893 329 608 - 204

74 Valdez #3 7,007 - - - 1,380

75 Valle (Chamisa) 2,857 640 - - 444

76 Salty Flats 538 149 - - 65

78 Bernalillito 1,652 1,318 - - 191

110 Armijo 2,780 148 1,117 1,817 416

111 Canada Alamos 4,295 3,512 - 201 660

112 Pino Spring 2,285 1,178 - - 422

113 Cocina Allotment 4,579 2,122 1,551 - 792

114 Daniel Gonzales 829 2,523 44 25 111

116 Canada Del Ojo 6,288 624 586 57 738

118 Ortiz Mountain 5,301 1,395 - - 536

120 Tejon 62 - - - 12

122 Tent Rocks 2,083 192 - - 157
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-3

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

123 Peralta 2,659 565 - - 159

142 Cerro Cochino 158 681 - - 24

156 Spear M Ranch 2,899 486 641 - 331

201 Cerritos De Jaspe 8,826 2,003 - - 1,499

202 Brights Well 298 315 - - 48

203 El Malpais 135,150 44,921 3,275 - 16,908

204 Raney Allotment 1,915 618 - - 303

205 Los Pilares 13,341 117 - 7,948 1,521

206 Little Hole In Wall 318 316 - - 36

207 Cerro Brillante 21,946 1,150 - - 3,573

208 Loma Montosa 7,537 11,131 - - 949

209 Techado Mesa 34,172 1,064 - - 4,654

210 Los Cerros 41,158 3,475 - - 7,755

211 Ventana Ridge 2,671 427 642 7,803 204

212 Mesa Carrizo 15,596 25,567 5,365 661 2,133

214 Cold Canyon 728 692 - - 84

215 Cerro Verde 27,199 2,059 3,467 - 3,091

216 Cerro Del Oro 20,005 21,070 5,409 202 3,018

217 Hidden Mountain 318 2,514 305 - 24

218 Arroyo Colorado 46,275 1,542 11,170 13,559 5,549

219 Harrington 13,129 286 3,978 21,068 1,365

220 Tsidu-Weza 315 310 - - 81

221 Petoch Wash 5,033 2,812 - - 669

222 Chical 1,631 788 - 16,446 180

225 Mystery Mountain 145 - - - 12

226 Arrossa Individual 645 - - - 72

228 Chavez Draw 77 4,554 391 - 12

229 Espinoso 96 468 - - 12

230 Rim Rock 1,517 635 - - 99

231 Marmon Ranch 1,289 166 647 - 151

330 Manuel Lopez 898 - - - 72

331 Driggers 268 634 - - 60

332 R. Lovato 286 160 - - 60

333 R. Taylor 376 663 - - 54

334 W.A. Muller - 399 - - 24

335 Archuleta Bros. 109 150 - - 12

337 Antonio Duran 48 155 - - 14

338 Zuni Canyon 906 2,901 627 - 83

340 Aparcio Gurule 71 157 - - 24

341 Lovato A 59 321 - - 24

342 Juan Baca 78 123 - - 24

343 Black Bear 48 47 - - 12
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-4

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

344 A Gurule 58 118 - - 24

345 Herrera 152 567 - - 36

347 Rito De Los Pinos 41 229 - - 12

348 Leonard Casaus 33 6 - - 12

349 La Jara Creek 37 167 - - 12

357 My Buddy 34 74 - - 12

370 Sanchez (15) 1,539 - - - 228

371 Esteban Herrera 479 3,178 3,913 - 72

373 King Brothers Ranch 325 - - - 36

375 Cuba Mesa 36 218 - - 12

425 T A 1,182 4,625 1,173 - 272

426 E V A 1,882 260 - - 133

427 Ojo Hallado 8,525 2,107 6,006 - 1,590

428 Tailings Pond 1,477 6,928 638 - 306

429 Reynold Draw 638 612 - - 108

430 Hondo Canyon 2,805 4,526 1,245 - 396

431 M.B.S. 2,641 2,122 487 1,593 384

432 San Mateo 1,532 5,904 - - 312

433 Rest Stop 167 - - - 24

435 E J O 146 70 - - 12

436 Montano 1,477 846 6,231 - 288

437 V M 452 933 - - 24

438 Monument Lake 3,200 5,332 - - 472

440 Mcbride Trust 192 55 - 626 11

442 West Grants Ridge 295 - - - 60

443 G R G 2,684 6,568 925 - 492

444 Trujillo Draw 1,820 1,301 3,429 - 324

445 E R I 899 1,955 - - 156

446 E C 340 1,261 - - 60

447 Cordova Ranch 815 - - - 1,896

448 Four Daughters 4,789 16,551 1,605 - 312

450 Blackjack Arroyo 407 173 - - 60

457 Palomas 624 - - - 89

552 Los Tanos 1,666 160 - - 321

727 Abrahames Lease 40 3,927 565 - 12

737 Ault Lease 3,835 - - - 720

739 Tabet Draw 78 2,246 629 - 12

749 Rutledge Lease 800 3,197 160 - 144

754 Berkshire Green 320 802 - - 60

755 Mountainair Lease 81 658 - - 12

762 Abo Lease 278 199 - - 84

793 Fulfer Lease 169 633 - - 48
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-5

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

796 Gallegos E. Lease 1,096 1,223 771 - 180

824 S H / 961 1,461 - - 180

825 Nabay Hindi & Sons 2,296 9,095 - - 576

849 Luna Lease 798 - - - 144

868 Moe Lease 319 825 507 - 36

871 M Montano Lease 297 53 - - 36

878 L R Nix Lease 80 554 - - 24

885 C.A. Pohl Lease 139 1,356 - - 24

924 Wessely Lease 29 159 - - 10

925 Stevens Lease 230 3,222 23 - 59

927 F.Torres 78 691 - - 12

948 Arroyo Chinchonte 32 564 - - 12

971 Lomos Altos 591 - - - 36

972 Las Huertas Creek 2,525 817 - 150 386

6006 Marquez 3,285 7,355 - - 504

6019 Tanner Lease 626 1,375 - - 96

6025 D. P. Elkins 326 6,560 1,445 813 48

6026 D. J. Elkins 157 - - - 24

6027 L. E. Elkins 2,350 7,792 627 2,381 360

6032 Grieve-Chaco 318 6,582 673 16 36

6035 Navajo Tribe Hospah 1,098 1,325 628 2,043 120

6036 Tom 1,055 - 241 316 144

6047 Wilson 206 - - - 36

6052 Tanner-Chaco 156 - 157 - 12

6053 Smouse Lease 592 787 - - 108

6055 Divide 2,040 23,276 4,676 1,534 312

6062 Andrews 282 259 - - 48

6063 Escondida Ranch 681 682 - - 156

6064 D Berryhill 1,824 6,916 2,544 1,803 276

6065 Ambrosia Lake 3,482 7,652 639 232 564

6066 Roundy 253 16 - - 36

6069 Cowboy 200 - - 155 24

6070 Mccauley 761 - - 330 96

6071 Turpen 337 6,518 - - 35

6072 Bass 298 3,808 631 - 84

6073 Ford 631 854 - - 96

6075 Navarre 158 3,765 - - 24

6078 Elkins 849 4,970 - 801 288

6079 Mesa Montanosa 24 796 2,509 1,906 - 108

6081 Se Ambrosia Lake 1,527 9,665 1,243 - 276

6082 Fernandez Company 3,639 129,465 13,154 171 847

6084 Pena 6,262 13,808 2,528 - 1,200
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appnedix B: Description of Grazing Allotments by Acreage and AUMs

B-6

Allotment

No. Allotment Name Public Acres

Private 

Acres

State 

Acres

Tribal 

Acres

Permitted 

Public AUMs

6085 Mesa Montanosa 30 923 1,565 - - 168

6086 Section 22 270 2,126 - - 36

6092 Clawson 339 2,846 1,262 1,666 48

6118 Sw Ambrosia Lake 210 1,922 656 1,016 36

6119 Casamero 8 2,021 7,433 1,253 - 192

19420 Standing Rock 897 742 - 73 153

22264 Staircase 183 - - - 100

22338 Cerro Bandera 433 - - - 46

Total 921,097 921,097 574,258 126,943 89,702
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix C: Example of Prescribed Grazing Systems

C-1

C EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIBED GRAZING SYSTEMS

C.1 Rest-Rotation Grazing

Under a rest-rotation grazing system, grazing is deferred on various parts of an allotment during 

succeeding years, and the deferred parts are allowed complete rest for one or more years (Society 

for Range Management 1974). The allotment is divided into pastures, usually with comparable 

grazing capacities. Each pasture is systematically grazed and rested so that livestock production 

and other resource values are provided for, while the vegetation cover is simultaneously 

maintained or improved. This practice provides greater protection of the soil resource against 

wind and water erosion (Johnson 1965; Hormay 1970; Ratliff; Reppert and McConnen 1972; 

Ratliff and Reppert 1974).

Any of several rest-rotation grazing systems may be used, depending upon the objectives for the 

allotment and the number of pastures.

C.2 Deferred Rotation Grazing

Deferred rotation is the discontinuance of grazing on different parts of an allotment in 

succeeding years. This allows each pasture to rest successively during the growing season to 

permit seed production, establishment of seedlings, and restoration of plant vigor (Society for 

Range Management 1974). One or more pastures are grazed during the spring, while the 

remaining one or more pastures are rested until after seed ripening of key species, and the 

grazed. Deferred rotation grazing differs from rest-rotation grazing in that no yearlong rest is 

provided.

C.3 Deferred Grazing

Deferred grazing is the discontinuance of grazing by livestock on an area for a specified period 

of time during the growing season. Under this system, grazing would begin after key plants have 

reached an advanced stage of development in their annual growth cycle. The growing season 

rest provided by this system promotes plant reproduction, establishment of new plants, or 

restoration of the vigor of old plants (American Society of Range Management 1964).

C.4 Alternate Grazing

Alternate grazing is grazing by livestock every other season, with the area being rested in the 

alternate year. Stoddard, Smith, and Box (1975) describe this system:

Rotation grazing, or alternate grazing, involves subdividing the range into units and regrazing one range 

unit, then another in regular succession. The rotation system of grazing is based upon the assumption that 

animals in large numbers make more uniform use of the forage, and that rest from grazing is beneficial to 

the plant, even though it must support a greater number of animals in the shorter time during which it is 

grazed. Certainly, proper rotation grazing results in more uniform utilization. Large numbers of animals in 

small units are forced to spread over the entire area and to use the available forage more uniformly. 

Trampling is reduced because animals are held on small areas where feed is more abundant, and hence less 

travel is necessary.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix C: Example of Prescribed Grazing Systems

C-2

C.5 Short-Duration, High-Intensity Grazing

High-intensity grazing permits short-duration grazing with a higher rate than would be 

considered normal. The purpose of this type of system is to obtain uniform use of all plants, 

desirable and undesirable alike, and to prevent regrazing on regrowth of the most desirable 

plants. This system allows desirable plants to compete for nutrients on an equal basis with less 

desirable plants.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Rangeland Improvements

D-1

D RANGELAND IMPROVEMENTS

D.1 Introduction

The following is a discussion of typical design features and construction practices for the 

rangeland improvements and treatments that would be considered when implementing 

Alternatives B, C, or D of this RMP. There are many special design features not specifically 

discussed in this appendix that can be made part of a project’s design. One example of a special 

design feature would be the use of a specific color of fence post to blend with the surrounding 

environment and thereby mitigate some of the visual impact of the fence. These mitigating 

design features would be developed, if needed, for individual projects at the time an 

environmental assessment is written.

D.2 Structural Improvements

D.2.1 Fences

Fences would be constructed to divide allotments into pastures and to control livestock. Most 

fences would be of three or four wires with steel posts spaced sixteen and one-half feet apart 

with intermediate wire stays. Where fences may impair the movement of wildlife, they would be 

no more than 42 inches in height and the top two strands would be at least 12 inches apart, with 

the bottom wire smooth and at least 16 inches above the ground. Where appropriate on key big 

game areas, the top wire would also be smooth. Existing fences which create wildlife movement 

problems would be modified. Proposed fence lines would not be bladed or scraped. Gates or 

cattleguards would be installed where fences cross existing roads.

D.2.2 Spring Development

Springs would be developed or redeveloped using a backhoe to install a buried collection system, 

usually consisting of a perforated pipe and a collection box. Collection boxes are normally made 

of fiberglass with a cover and a fitting to which a delivery pipe is connected. A short pipeline 

would be installed to deliver water to a trough for use by livestock and wildlife. Normally the 

spring area would be fenced to exclude livestock following development.

D.2.3 Pipelines

Wherever possible, water pipelines would be buried. The trench would be excavated with a 

backhoe, ditchwitch, ripper tooth, or with similar equipment. The pipe would be placed in the 

trench and the excavated material used as backfill at a depth dependent on the depth of the frost 

line in the winter. Flexible or rigid plastic would be used depending on the system design. 

Pipelines would have water tanks spaced as needed to meet management objectives.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Rangeland Improvements

D-2

D.2.4 Wells

Well locations would be selected based on well site investigations which would predict the depth 

to reliable aquifers. All applicable State laws and regulations that apply to the development of 

ground water would be observed, including water rights acquisition.

D.3 Nonstructural Improvements

D.3.1 Burning

Burning is normally proposed to reduce the amount of big sagebrush. Burning would normally 

be done during April-May or September-October, depending on the specific prescription written 

for each area, desired results, weather, and moisture conditions. Burn plans would be developed 

for each burn.

D.3.2 Plowing and Seeding

Most of the sites to be treated are in poor or fair vegetative condition and have a low potential to 

improve under other management practices. Most of the existing vegetation would be eliminated 

during seedbed preparation, and the site would be seeded with species adapted to the site. The 

final selection of species to be seeded would depend on the planned use of the site and the 

management objectives for the allotment. Seed would be drilled wherever possible.

D.3.3 Interseeding

This treatment differs from plowing and seeding in that existing vegetation is not eliminated 

during seedbed preparation. Desirable plant species would be interseeded with existing 

vegetation. A range drill would be used to interseed strips. Broadcast seedings might be used as 

well. Species to be seeded would be selected to meet management objectives developed for the 

allotment.

D.3.4 Vegetation Treatments

Poisonous or noxious plants are controlled where any infestations occur. In addition, the BLM 

cooperates with other affected landowners in controlling infestations on relatively large areas. 

Chemical vegetation treatments would conform to all applicable State and Federal regulations. 

Biological controls would also be considered where practical. Mechanical controls including but 

not limited to; masticating, chaining, cabling, and pushing could be used in areas where suitable.

D.3.5 Standard Operating Procedures

The following procedures would be followed in construction of all management facilities and for 

vegetation manipulations.

1. Specific projects would be assessed individually through environmental assessments to 

determine whether they would have adverse environmental impacts.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Rangeland Improvements

D-3

2. Roads or trails would not normally be constructed to new construction on project sites. 

Use of existing roads and trails would be encouraged.

3. To comply with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 36 CFR 800, and 

Executive Order 11593, all areas where ground is to be disturbed by range developments 

would be inventoried for prehistoric and historic features. Where feasible, all cultural 

resources located by this inventory would be avoided. The results of the inventory and 

determinations of eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places would be 

forwarded to the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer for comment.

If cultural resources are found to be eligible for the National Register and cannot be 

avoided, a determination of the effect of the project on the resource(s), including 

appropriate mitigating measures if necessary, would be done in consultation with the New 

Mexico Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. 

No action affecting the resource would be taken until the Advisory Council has had the 

opportunity to make comments.

If buried cultural remains are encountered during construction, the operator would 

temporarily discontinue construction until the BLM evaluated the discovery and 

determined the appropriate action.

4. No action would be taken by the BLM that could jeopardize the continued existence of any 

Federally-listed threatened or endangered plant or animal species. An endangered species 

clearance with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) would be required before any part 

of the proposal or alternatives would be implemented that could affect an endangered 

species or its habitat.

In situations where data are insufficient to make an assessment of proposed actions, 

surveys of potential habitats would be made before a decision is made to take any action 

that could affect threatened or endangered species. Should the BLM determine that there 

could be an effect on a Federally-listed species, formal consultation with the FWS would 

be initiated. In the interim period before formal consultation, the BLM would not take any 

action that would make an irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources that would 

foreclose the consideration of modifications or alternatives to the proposed action. When 

the FWS opinion is received, if it should indicate the action would be likely to jeopardize 

the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse 

modification of critical habitat, the action would be abandoned or altered as necessary. All 

procedures thus described are in compliance with BLM Manual, Section 6840.

The BLM also would comply with any State laws applying to animal or plant species 

identified by the State of New Mexico as being threatened or endangered (in addition to the 

Federally-listed species).

5. All wilderness values would be protected on lands under wilderness review or study. 

Guidelines in the Interim Management Policy (USDI, BLM 1979b) would be followed for 

all Wilderness Interim Management Areas. No impairing projects would be allowed in 

these areas.

6. All actions would consider the BLM’s Visual Resource Management criteria.

7. Wildlife escape devices would be installed and maintained in water troughs.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Rangeland Improvements

D-4

8. In crucial wildlife habitat (when identified), (e.g., winter ranges, fawning, calving areas), 

construction work on projects would be scheduled during seasons when the animals are not 

concentrated to avoid or minimize disturbances.

9. After construction, any disturbed areas would be revegetated with a mixture of bureau 

approved/ certified noxious weed seed free grasses, forbs, and shrubs as appropriate to the 

specific site.

10. Vegetative manipulation projects would done, when possible, in irregular patterns, creating 

more edge than strip and block manipulation, with islands of vegetation left for cover.

11. Chemical treatment would consist of applying approved chemicals to control noxious or 

invasive plants. Before chemicals are applied, the BLM would comply with Department of 

the Interior regulations. All chemical applications would be preceded by an approved 

Pesticide Use Proposal. All applications of pesticides would be under the supervision of a 

certified chemical applicator. All applications would be carried out in compliance with the 

New Mexico pesticide laws.

D.4 Prevention of Noxious Weed Spread through Surface 

Disturbing Activities.

1. Inventory the proposed route or site for the presence of noxious weeds. Noxious weeds are 

those listed on the current New Mexico Noxious Weed List or on the current Federal 

Noxious Weed List. The following noxious weeds have been identified as occurring on 

lands within the boundaries of the Rio Puerco Field Office (AFO):

Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens)

Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)

Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare)

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium)

Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba)

Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)

Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)

Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)

Dalmation Toadflax (Linaria genistifolia)

Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

Camelthorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi)

Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)

African Rhue (Peganum harmala)

Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Rangeland Improvements

D-5

Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)

Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)

2. Construction equipment should be inspected and cleaned prior to coming onto the work 

site. This is especially important on vehicles from out of state or if coming from a weed 

infested area.

3. If fill dirt or gravel will be required, the source needs to be noxious weed free.

4. The site should be monitored for the life of the project for the presence of noxious weeds

(includes maintenance & construction activities). If weeds are found, the RPFO will be 

notified and the RPFO will determine the best method for the control of the particular 

weed species.

5. If the work site is abandoned, the area shall be reclaimed and revegetated with the species 

specified by the RPFO. All seed shall be certified weed free. Area will be monitored to 

determine the success of the revegetation, and will be reseeded if necessary.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix E: Management Category and Applicable Land Use Plan by Allotment

E-1

E ALLOTMENT MANAGEMENT CATEGORY AND 

APPLICABLE LAND USE PLAN

Table E.1: Management Category and Land Use Plan

Allotment

#

Allotment Name Unit Management 

Category

Sec 

3/15 EIS/RMP

1 Continental Divide 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

2 Shroyer Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

3 Pelon Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

4 Starr Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

5 Dry Springs 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

6 Tres Hermanos 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

7 Chiuilla Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

8 Ojo De Los Pinos 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

9 Horn Arroyo 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

10 Brandy 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

11 Dos Valles 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

12 Lagunitas Community 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

14 Nacimiento Community 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

15 Valle San Isidro 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

16 Fork Rock Mesa 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

17 Mesa Portales 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

18 Forty Four 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

19 Senorito Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

20 San Pablo Comm 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

23 Eagle Mesa 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

24 Ridge Top 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

26 Los Pinos Arroyo 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

27 Dry Well 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

28 Piedra Lumbre Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

29 Coal Creek 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

31 Canada Candelaria 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

32 Cerro Colorados 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

33 Cebo Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

34 Twin Butte 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

35 Torreon Wash 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

36 Arroyo Empedrado 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

37 North San Luis Mesa Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

38 San Luis Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

39 Cachulie 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

40 Lost Valley Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

41 Cerro Cuate 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

42 Azabache 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

43 Chico Crossing Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

44 Cabezon Peak Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix E: Management Category and Applicable Land Use Plan by Allotment

E-2

Allotment

#

Allotment Name Unit Management 

Category

Sec 

3/15 EIS/RMP

45 Arroyo Alamito 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

46 San Ysidro Pasture Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

47 Guadalupe 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

48 Mesa Cortada 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

49 El Banquito 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

50 Ignacio Chavez Grant Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

50 Cerro Tinaja Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

51 Cerro Salado 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

53 Canon Del Camino 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

55 Corrales Tierra 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

56 Pipeline 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

57 Cucho Arroyo 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

58 Mighty Mite 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

59 Rio Salado 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

60 Rock House Community 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

61 Wilson Canyon 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

62 Casa Salazar 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

63 Tapia Arroyo 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

64 San Ysidro Community 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

65 Long Ridge 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

67 Sanchez (3) 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

68 South Divide Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

69 Middle San Luis 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

70 South San Luis 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

71 Agua Bonita 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

72 Jones Canyon Community 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

73 Pozo Seco 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

74 Valdez #3 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

75 Valle (Chamisa) 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

76 Salty Flats 4 C 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

78 Bernalillito 4 M 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

110 Armijo 4 I 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

111 Canada Alamos 4 I 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

112 Pino Spring 4 I 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

113 Cocina Allotment 4 I 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

114 Daniel Gonzales 4 C 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

116 Canada Del Ojo 4 I 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

118 Ortiz Mountain 5 M 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

120 Tejon 5 M 3 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

122 Tent Rocks 4 I 3 Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks EIS

123 Peralta 4 I 3 Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks EIS

142 Cerro Cochino 4 I 3 Rio Puerco Grazing EIS

156 Spear M Ranch 2 M 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

201 Cerritos De Jaspe 1 M 3 El Malpais EIS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix E: Management Category and Applicable Land Use Plan by Allotment

E-3

Allotment

#

Allotment Name Unit Management 

Category

Sec 

3/15 EIS/RMP

202 Brights Well 1 M 3 El Malpais EIS

203 El Malpais 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

204 Raney Allotment 1 M 3 El Malpais EIS

205 Los Pilares 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

206 Little Hole In Wall 1 M 3 El Malpais EIS

207 Cerro Brillante 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

208 Loma Montosa 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

209 Techado Mesa 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

210 Los Cerros 1 I 3 El Malpais EIS

211 Ventana Ridge 1 M 3 El Malpais EIS

212 Mesa Carrizo 2 I 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

214 Cold Canyon 2 M 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

215 Cerro Verde 2 I 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

216 Cerro Del Oro 2 I 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

217 Hidden Mountain 2 M 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

218 Arroyo Colorado 2 I 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

219 Harrington 2 I 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

220 Tsidu-Weza 2 C 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

221 Petoch Wash 2 M 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

222 Chical 1 C 15 El Malpais EIS

225 Mystery Mountain 2 C 15 East Socorro Grazing EIS

226 Arrossa Individual 1 M 3 West Socorro Grazing EIS

228 Chavez Draw 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

229 Espinoso 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

230 Rim Rock 1 I 3 West Socorro Grazing EIS

231 Marmon Ranch 2 M 3 East Socorro Grazing EIS

330 Manuel Lopez NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

331 Driggers NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

332 R. Lovato NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

333 R. Taylor NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

334 W.A. Muller NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

335 Archuleta Bros. NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

337 Antonio Duran NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

338 Zuni Canyon 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

340 Aparcio Gurule NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

341 Lovato A NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

342 Juan Baca NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

343 Black Bear NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

344 A Gurule NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

345 Herrera 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

347 Rito De Los Pinos 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

348 Leonard Casaus 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

349 La Jara Creek NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

357 My Buddy NA C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix E: Management Category and Applicable Land Use Plan by Allotment

E-4

Allotment

#

Allotment Name Unit Management 

Category

Sec 

3/15 EIS/RMP

370 Sanchez (15) 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

371 Esteban Herrera 2 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

373 King Brothers Ranch 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

375 Cuba Mesa 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

425 T A 2 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

426 E V A 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

427 Ojo Hallado 1 M 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

428 Tailings Pond 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

429 Reynold Draw 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

430 Hondo Canyon 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

431 M.B.S. 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

432 San Mateo 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

433 Rest Stop 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

435 E J O 2 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

436 Montano 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

437 V M 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

438 Monument Lake 1 C 15 El Malpais EIS

440 Mcbride Trust 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

442 West Grants Ridge 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

443 G R G 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

444 Trujillo Draw 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

445 E R I 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

446 E C 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

447 Cordova Ranch 3 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

448 Four Daughters 2 C 15 East Socorro Grazing EIS

450 Blackjack Arroyo 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

457 Palomas 1 C 15 El Malpais EIS

552 Los Tanos 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

727 Abrahames Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

737 Ault Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

739 Tabet Draw 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

749 Rutledge Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

754 Berkshire Green 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

755 Mountainair Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

762 Abo Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

793 Fulfer Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

796 Gallegos E. Lease 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

824 S H / 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

825 Nabay Hindi & Sons 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

849 Luna Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

868 Moe Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

871 M Montano Lease 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

878 L R Nix Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

885 C.A. Pohl Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area
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Appendix E: Management Category and Applicable Land Use Plan by Allotment

E-5

Allotment

#

Allotment Name Unit Management 

Category

Sec 

3/15 EIS/RMP

924 Wessely Lease 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

925 Stevens Lease 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

927 F.Torres 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

948 Arroyo Chinchonte 3 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

971 Lomos Altos 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

972 Las Huertas Creek 5 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

6006 Marquez NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6019 Tanner Lease NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6025 D. P. Elkins NA I 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6026 D. J. Elkins NA I 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6027 L. E. Elkins NA I 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6032 Grieve-Chaco NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6035 Navajo Tribe Hospah NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6036 Tom NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6047 Wilson NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6052 Tanner-Chaco NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6053 Smouse Lease NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6055 Divide NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6062 Andrews 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6063 Escondida Ranch NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6064 D Berryhill NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6065 Ambrosia Lake NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6066 Roundy NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6069 Cowboy NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6070 Mccauley NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6071 Turpen 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6072 Bass 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6073 Ford 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6075 Navarre 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6078 Elkins NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6079 Mesa Montanosa 24 1 C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6081 Se Ambrosia Lake NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6082 Fernandez Company NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6084 Pena NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6085 Mesa Montanosa 30 NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6086 Section 22 NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6092 Clawson 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

6118 Sw Ambrosia Lake NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

6119 Casamero 8 NA C 15 FFORMP Vegetative Uses Area

19420 Standing Rock 4 C 15 RPRMP Vegetative Uses Area

22264 Staircase 1 C 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS

22338 Cerro Bandera 1 I 15 West Socorro Grazing EIS
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix F: Fundamentals of Rangeland Health and Standards and Guidelines

F-1

F FUNDAMENTALS OF RANGELAND HEALTH AND 

STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

The Standards and Guidelines for livestock grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands in 

New Mexico were approved in January 2001. The standards were written to accomplish the four 

fundamentals of rangeland health. 

The fundamentals of rangeland health are basic components of healthy rangelands. The four 

fundamentals of rangeland health, as identified in 43 CFR 4180.1 are: 

Watersheds are in, or are making significant progress toward, properly functioning condition. 

Ecological processes are maintained, or there is significant progress toward their attainment. 

Water quality complies with, or is making significant progress toward achieving, state 

standards.

Habitats of protected species are maintained or are making significant progress toward being 

restored. 

Standards for public land health are expressions of the level of physical and biological condition 

or degrees of function required for healthy and sustainable lands, and define minimum resource 

conditions that must be achieved. The New Mexico Standards are:

Upland Sites Standard: Upland ecological sites are in a productive and sustainable 

condition within the capability of the site. Upland soils are stabilized and exhibit 

infiltration and permeability rates that are appropriate for the soil type, climate, and 

landform. The kind, amount, and/or pattern of vegetation provide protection on a given 

site to minimize erosion and assist in meeting State and Tribal water quality standards. 

Biotic Communities, Including Native, Threatened, Endangered, and Special Status 

Species Standard: Ecological processes such as hydrologic cycle, nutrient cycle, and 

energy flow support productive and diverse native biotic communities, including special 

status, threatened, and endangered species appropriate to the site and species. Desired 

plant community goals maintain and conserve productive and diverse populations of 

plants and animals, which sustain ecological functions and processes. 

Riparian Sites Standard: Riparian areas are in a productive, properly functioning, and 

sustainable condition, within the capability of that site. Adequate vegetation of diverse 

age and composition is present that will withstand high stream flow, capture sediment, 

provide for groundwater recharge, provide habitat and assist in meeting State and Tribal 

water quality standards. 

Guidelines are practices, methods, or techniques determined to be appropriate to ensure that 

standards can be met or that significant progress can be made toward meeting those standards. 

Assessments of rangeland health interpret the degree to which the integrity of the soil, biotic 

(vegetative), and hydrologic processes of rangeland ecosystems are sustained. An 
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Appendix F: Fundamentals of Rangeland Health and Standards and Guidelines

F-2

interdisciplinary team (ID team) conducts a field assessment(s) to examine the current soil site 

stability, biotic integrity, and hydrologic function attributes that are present on the allotment. 

Seventeen individual factors (indicators) are assessed to rate the soil, biotic and hydrologic 

attributes. These indicators are examined and assigned one of five condition categories based 

upon the degree of departure from the range site description. The possible degrees of departure 

range from “none to slight” to “extreme”. 

A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that, in the absence of abnormal disturbance and 

physical site deterioration, has the potential to support a native plant community typified by an 

association of species capable of occupying the site. The Soil Conservation Service (now Natural 

Resource Conservation Service) developed range site descriptions based on relic areas and 

historical knowledge. A range site description identifies the soil characteristics, potential natural 

plant community, and potential cover by species, potential annual production, and other pertinent 

information for each site. 

The interdisciplinary rangeland health assessment is used to determine if the site (watershed, 

allotment or pasture) meets the New Mexico standards and the fundaments of rangeland health. 

The final determination of whether a site does or does not meet the New Mexico standards and 

fundaments of rangeland health is based on 1) the degree of departure from the range site 

description for the soil site stability, biotic integrity, and hydrologic function attributes; 2) how 

well the site meets the definition of a fundamentally healthy site, as identified in 43 CFR 4180.1 

and; 3) other information such as monitoring data. If an allotment, or a portion of the allotment, 

is determined to be in a condition that does not meet the New Mexico standards and /or the 

fundamentals of rangeland health, the causal factor(s) is identified. If current livestock 

management is determined to be a causal factor, the authorized officer is required to take 

appropriate management action, no later than the start of the next grazing year, to make 

significant progress towards achieving the fundamentals of rangeland health and New Mexico 

standards (43 CFR 4180.1 and 4180.1(c)).
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-1

G FLUID MINERAL DEVELOPMENT BEST 

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Best management practices (BMPs) are innovative, dynamic, and economically feasible 

mitigation measures applied on a site-specific basis to reduce, prevent, or avoid adverse 

environmental or social impacts. BMPs are applied to management actions to aid in achieving 

desired outcomes for safe, environmentally sound resource development by preventing, 

minimizing, or mitigating adverse impacts and reducing conflicts. For each management action, 

a number of BMPs may be applied as necessary to mitigate expected impacts. The following lists 

BMPs that may be applied to mitigate impacts of fluid mineral activities. Other resource 

disciplines have developed BMPs that may be applied to appropriate activities. For instance, the 

Clean Water Act includes BMPs that are frequently included as mitigation for various proposed 

actions, including fluid minerals actions. This list is not all-inclusive and may be modified over 

time as conditions change and new practices are identified. The current BMPs are listed here to 

show what mitigation measures are commonly implemented to reduce the impact of fluid 

mineral development. These procedures are based on WO IM 2007-021 and the Surface 

Operating Standards and Guidelines for Oil and Gas Development (Gold Book, 4th ed., 2007).

G.1 General BMPs

G.1.1 Cultural Resources

If subsurface cultural resources are unearthed during reclamation operations, activity in the 

vicinity of the cultural resource will cease and a BLM representative will be notified 

immediately. Pursuant to 43 CFR 10.4, the holder of a surface use authorization must notify the 

authorized officer, by telephone, with written confirmation, immediately upon the discovery of 

human remains, funerary items, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony. Further, the 

operator must stop activities in the vicinity of the discovery and protect it for 30 days or until 

notified to proceed by the authorized officer.

G.1.2 Paleontological Resources

The holder shall immediately notify the BLM Authorized Officer of any paleontological 

resources discovered as a result of operations under this authorization. The holder shall suspend 

all activities in the vicinity of such discovery until notified to proceed by the Authorized Officer 

and shall protect the discovery from damage or looting. The holder may not be required to 

suspend all operations if activities can be adjusted to avoid further impacts to a discovered 

locality or be continued elsewhere. The Authorized Officer will evaluate, or will have evaluated, 

such discoveries as soon as possible, but not later than 10 working days after being notified. 

Appropriate measures to mitigate adverse effects to significant paleontological resources will be 

determined by the Authorized Officer after consulting with the operator. Within 10 days, the 

operator will be allowed to continue construction through the site, or will be given the choice of 

either (1) following the Authorized Officer’s instructions for stabilizing the fossil resource in 

place and avoiding further disturbance to the fossil resource, or (2) following the Authorized 
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-2

Officer’s instructions for mitigating impacts to the fossil resource prior to continuing 

construction through the project area.

G.1.3 Invasive and Noxious Weed Management

All surface disturbing equipment should be inspected and cleaned prior to coming onto public 

lands. This is especially important on vehicles from a weed infested area. 

Holders of surface use authorizations are responsible for control of invasive and noxious weeds

on disturbed and reclaimed areas within the limits of the well pad, associated road ROW 

corridors. 

If fill dirt or gravel is brought onto public lands, the source needs to be noxious weed free. 

All seed shall be certified noxious weed free. There shall be no primary or secondary noxious 

weeds in the seed mixture. Seed labels from each bag shall be available for inspection while seed 

is being sown, and seed labels shall be given to the authorized officer when seeding is complete. 

All seed, hay, straw, mulch, or other vegetative material transported and used on public land for 

site stability, rehabilitation, or project facilitation shall be certified noxious weed free. 

Use of pesticides will comply with all applicable Federal and State laws. Pesticides will be used 

only in accordance with their registered use within limitations imposed by the Secretary of the 

Interior. Prior to the use of pesticides, the operator will obtain approval of a Pesticide Use 

Proposal (PUP) showing the type and quantity of material to be used, pests to be controlled, 

method of application, locations of storage and disposal of containers, and any other information 

deemed necessary by the Authorized Officer.

All pesticide applicators should hold a valid New Mexico Qualified Supervisor license or 

Certified Operator license, and the license should be valid for the applicable pesticide application 

category. For all areas treated, Pesticide Application Records (BLM Form 3-3-94) should be 

submitted to the BLM Rio Puerco Field Office by November 1 of each year. Pesticide 

Application Records should be completed no later than 14 days following the pesticide 

application and should be maintained for ten years.

Construction sites should be monitored for the life of the project for the presence of 

invasive/noxious weeds (includes maintenance and construction activities). If weeds are found,

the BLM must be notified and it will determine the best method for the control of the particular 

weed species. 

G.1.4 Wildlife and Sensitive Species Management

If any dead or injured threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species is found during 

construction or operation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s New Mexico Field Office and the 

BLM Rio Puerco Field Office must be notified within 24 hours. If any dead or injured sensitive 

species is located during construction or operation, the BLM Rio Puerco Field Office must be 

notified within 24 hours.
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-3

If an undocumented raptor nest is located during project construction or operation, the BLM Rio 

Puerco Field Office must be notified within 24 hours.

Prior to the initiation of a surface-disturbing activity, including geophysical operations, project 

areas designated by the authorized officer will require a survey for raptor nests or active prairie 

dog towns. Surveys will be conducted by professional biologists approved by the Authorized 

Officer. All raptor nests and active prairie dog towns will be avoided by the distances and 

seasonal periods listed below. 

Eagle – 0.5 mile, February 1-July 15 

Prairie Falcon – 0.5 mile, March 1-August 1 

Ferruginous Hawk – 0.5 mile, February 1-July 15 

Aplomado Falcon – 0.5 mile, January 1-July 31 

Gunnison Prairie Dog – 0.25 mile, February 15-June 15 

Black-Tailed Prairie Dog – 0.25 mile, January 1-June 15 

All other raptor species – 0.5 mile, during observed nest establishment through 

fledgling 

Long duration land use activities will not be allowed to occur within the species-specific spatial 

buffer zone of active nests or occupied prairie dog towns listed above. Short duration activities 

will be avoided within the species-specific spatial buffer zones during the dates listed above. 

Short duration activities will be limited to the spatial buffer zone outside of the boundary of the 

occupied prairie dog town and will not occur within the occupied town. All other raptor species 

nests will be avoided by the spatial buffer zone only during the period listed above, regardless of 

the duration of the activity. Before land use activities can commence a raptor and prairie dog 

survey must be completed. 

A short duration activity is defined as an activity that would begin outside of a given breeding 

season and end prior to initiation of a given breeding season. A long duration activity is defined 

as an activity which would continue into or beyond a given nesting/breeding season. An active 

nest is defined as any nest that has been occupied in the last seven years. A nest will be 

determined to be active or inactive by the authorized officer. Surveys will be conducted by 

professional biologists approved by the authorized officer.

All fences must be constructed to BLM Rio Puerco Field Office fence specifications to mitigate 

impacts to wildlife. 

In areas where habitat and/or rangeland enhancement projects have been implemented, with the 

exception of large landscape projects (prescribed burns, chemical treatments, and mechanical 

treatments), adverse impacts to the landscape will be avoided by minimizing or excluding certain 

surface-disturbing activities that may degrade the objectives or intent of the project. Exceptions 

to this requirement will be considered on a case-by-case basis. 

Tree and vegetation clearing will be limited to the minimum area required, except where 

vegetative objectives have been established for elimination or reduction in vegetative density. 
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-4

Power lines will be constructed to standards outlined in the most recent version of “Suggested 

Practices for Raptor Protection on Power Lines” published by the Edison Electric 

Institute/Raptor Research Foundation, unless otherwise agreed to by the authorized officer. The 

holder is responsible for demonstrating that power pole designs not meeting these standards are 

raptor safe. Such proof will be provided by a raptor expert approved by the authorized officer. 

The BLM reserves the right to require modifications or additions to power line structures, should 

they be necessary to ensure the safety of large perching birds. The modifications and/or additions 

will be made by the holder without liability or expense to the United States. 

All equipment installed on Federal lands will be constructed to prevent birds and bats from 

entering them and, to the extent practical, to discourage perching and nesting. 

Open top tanks, reserve pits, disposal pits, or other open tanks or pits will be required to be 

equipped to deter entry by birds, bats, or other wildlife. Tanks and pits must also have escape 

ramps when applicable.

Piping of produced liquids to centralized tank batteries offsite is recommended to reduce traffic 

to individual wells.

Transportation planning is recommended to reduce road density and traffic volumes.

Noise reduction techniques and designs are recommended to reduce the impact of sound to 

wildlife.

G.1.5 Visual Resource Management Class II and III Areas Management

Bury distribution power lines and flow lines in or adjacent to access roads is recommended to 

reduce visible ROW corridors and to reduce total surface disturbance. 

Repeat elements of form, line, color, and texture to blend facilities and access roads with the 

surrounding landscape.

Paint all above-ground structures, production equipment, tanks, transformers, and insulators not 

subject to safety requirements to blend with the natural color of the landscape, using paint that is 

a non-reflective “standard environmental color” selected by the BLM authorized officer. 

Avoid facility placement on steep slopes, ridge tops, and hilltops to reduce visibility from below.

Screen facilities from view by placing facilities behind topographic or vegetation features. 

Follow contours of the land when selecting locations for access roads and well pads to reduce 

unnecessary disturbance and increase reclamation success.

Reclaim unnecessary access roads as soon as possible to the original contour.

Use road surfacing of a similar color to adjacent dominant soil and vegetation colors.

Avoid locating pads in areas visible from primary roads and highways.
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-5

Use subsurface or low-profile facilities to prevent protrusion above the horizon line when viewed 

from any primary road or highway.

Locate wells away from prominent features, such as rock outcrops. 

Use of submersible pumps and partial or below-grade wellheads is recommended in VRM Class 

II or III areas. 

G.2 Site Location and Pre-Construction BMPs

Plans of Development (PODs) are encouraged to minimize unnecessary disturbance. Field 

development plans should address sensitive area avoidance or mitigation, potential road, utility, 

and well locations, road classes, and plans for interim and final reclamation. 

Dual completion, re-completion, commingling (both down-hole and at the surface), the drilling 

of multiple wells from a single location, and centralized tank batteries will be encouraged and 

permitted in order to reduce the number of new well pads and consequent surface disturbance. 

This will reduce impacts to soil and vegetation, reduce air impacts caused by dust, reduce habitat 

fragmentation, and offer less opportunity for the spread of noxious weeds. 

Operators will be encouraged to unitize in areas of dense development to increase management 

efficiency and facilitate operations in sensitive areas. Unitization is the process by which 

multiple lease holders in a geographic area share facilities so as to reduce surface disturbance

caused by multiple duplicate facilities such as pipelines and compressor stations. 

The holder shall protect existing telephone, telegraph, and transmission lines, roads, trails, 

fences, ditches, and like improvements during construction, operation, maintenance, and 

termination of the system. Holder shall not obstruct any road or trail without the prior approval 

of the authorized officer. Damage caused by holder to utilities and improvements shall be 

promptly repaired by holder to a condition which is satisfactory to the authorized officer.

Pipelines associated with oil and gas activities will follow existing roads and rights-of-way 

corridors where possible to minimize surface disturbance. 

The burial of pipelines associated with oil and gas exploration, development, production, and 

transportation is preferred. Pipelines greater than 4 inches in nominal diameter, all injection 

lines, and gas lines with a pressure greater than 125 pounds per square inch must be buried and 

constructed of steel. The use of plastic pipe will be approved by the authorized officer on a caseby-case basis.

Holder is responsible to contact the grazing lessee(s) named below, prior to crossing any fence 

on public land or any fence between public and private land, and to offer the lessee(s) an 

opportunity to be present when the fence cut(s) is made so the lessee(s) can be satisfied that the 

fence is adequately braced and secured. 

No gravel or other related minerals from new or existing pits on Federal land will be used in 

construction of roads, well sites, etc., without prior approval from the Surface Managing Agency.
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-6

G.3 Construction BMPs

G.3.1 Earth Work

With the overall objective of minimizing surface disturbance and retaining land stability and 

productivity, the operator shall utilize equipment that is appropriate to the scope and scale of 

work being done for roads and well pads (utilize equipment no larger than needed for the job).

Reduce the size of the well pad whenever possible, without compromising safety.

The holder shall remove only the minimum amount of vegetation necessary for the construction 

of structures and facilities. Topsoil shall be conserved during excavation and reused as cover on 

disturbed areas to facilitate regrowth of vegetation. 

Only excavate topsoil and subsoil where it is absolutely necessary. Consider brush-beating, 

mowing, and/or parking on vegetation for surface disturbing activities. No construction or 

routine maintenance activities shall be performed during periods when excessive ruts will be 

created because the soil is too wet to adequately support construction equipment. 

Consider measures to reduce the size of well pad needed for operations, such as using closedloop drilling with tanks instead of a lined earthen reserve pit.

Construct reserve pits within the cut side of the well pad in order to facilitate reclamation.

Disturbed areas should be contoured to blend with the natural topography. Blending is defined as 

reducing form, line, and color contrast associated with the surface disturbance. Disturbance 

should be contoured to match the original topography, where matching is defined as reproducing 

the original topography and eliminating form, line, and color caused by the disturbance as much 

as possible

Remove all available topsoil from constructed well locations including areas of cut and fill, and 

stockpile at the site. Topsoil will be pushed from the center of the pad outwards to create a 

topsoil berm around the edge of the pad. This reduces the amount of soil movement necessary to 

create stockpiles. Topsoil will also be salvaged for use in reclamation on all other areas of 

surface disturbance (roads, etc.). Clearly segregate topsoil from excess spoil material. Any 

topsoil stockpiled for one year or longer will be signed and stabilized with annual ryegrass or 

other suitable cover crop.

The operator will not push soil material and overburden over side slopes or into drainages. All 

soil material disturbed will be placed in an area where it can be retrieved without creating 

additional undue surface disturbance and where it does not impede watershed and drainage 

flows.

During construction, emissions of particulate matter from well pad and road construction will be 

minimized by application of water or other non-saline dust suppressants with at least 50 percent 

control efficiency. Dust inhibitors (surfacing materials, non-saline dust suppressants, and water) 

will be used as necessary on unpaved roads that present a fugitive dust problem. The use of 

chemical dust suppressants on public surface will require prior approval from the BLM 

Authorized Officer.
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-7

G.3.2 Site maintenance

Operators may not leave unattended personal property on public lands administered by the BLM 

for a period of more than 48 hours without written permission of the authorized officer, with the 

exception that vehicles may be parked in designated parking areas for up to 14 consecutive days. 

Unattended personal property is subject to disposition under the Federal Property and 

Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended.

All unguarded pits (reserve/production/blow) containing liquids will be fenced with woven wire. 

Drilling pits will be fenced on three sides and once the rig leaves location, the fourth side will be 

fenced. All fencing must be a legal fence in accordance with New Mexico State Law. Liquids in 

pits will be allowed to evaporate, or be properly disposed of, before pits are filled and recon 

toured. Under no circumstances will pits be cut and drained. Aeration of pit fluids must be 

confined within pit area. Upon completion of the well the reserve pit will be covered with 

screening or netting and remained covered until the pit is reclaimed. All production pits will be 

covered with screening or netting. 

At a minimum, all pits must meet NMOCD “Pit Rule” and guidance requirements for 

maintenance and closure.

No excess equipment may be stored on the well site.

G.3.3 Spill Prevention and Containment

Oil and fuel for equipment and vehicles must be carefully handled and disposed to prevent soil or 

water contamination.

Develop a spill contingency plan which identifies all actions to be taken in the event of a 

chemical spill including phone numbers for Federal, State, and local agencies which must be 

notified. 

Berms or firewalls will be constructed around all storage facilities sufficient in size to contain the 

storage capacity of tanks, or the combined capacity of tanks if a rupture could drain more than 

one tank. Berm walls will be compacted with appropriate equipment to assure proper 

construction. 

Store chemicals within secondary containment in case of a spill 

Any spilled or leaked oil, produced water or treatment chemicals must be reported in accordance 

with NTL-3A and immediately cleaned up in accordance with BLM requirements. This includes 

clean-up and proper disposition of soils contaminated as a result of such spills/leaks.

The operator and their contractors shall ensure that all use, production, storage, transport and 

disposal of hazardous and extremely hazardous materials associated with the drilling, completion 

and production of these wells will be in accordance with all applicable existing or hereafter 

promulgated federal, state and local government rules, regulations and guidelines. All projectrelated activities involving hazardous materials will be conducted in a manner to minimize 

potential environmental impacts. In accordance with OSHA requirements, a file will be 

maintained onsite containing current Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals, 
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-8

compounds and/or substances that are used in the course of construction, drilling, completion 

and production operations.

G.3.4 Waste Management

Well area and lease premises will be maintained in a workmanlike manner with due regard to 

safety, conservation and appearance. 

All liquid waste, completion fluids, and drilling products associated with oil and gas operations 

will be contained and then buried in place, or removed and deposited in an approved disposal

site. 

Waste materials shall be disposed of promptly at an appropriate waste-disposal site. "Waste" 

means all discarded matter, including human waste, trash, garbage, refuse, oil drums, petroleum 

products, ashes, and equipment.

Cans, rubbish, and other trash shall not be discarded, buried, or dumped on public lands or 

related waters. Wet garbage such as egg shells, orange peels, leftover solid food, bones, melon 

rinds, etc., must be carried out. Trash cleanup at campsites and day use areas will include all 

litter or discarded items including small items such as bottle caps and cigarette butts.

G.4 Access Road BMPs

G.4.1 Road Design & Planning

Base road design criteria and standards on road management objectives such as traffic 

requirements of the proposed activity and the overall transportation objectives, and minimizing 

damage to the environment. 

Construction and other project-related traffic will be restricted to approved routes. Cross-country 

vehicle travel will not be allowed

Design roads to minimize total disturbance, to conform to the surrounding topography, and to 

minimize disruption of natural drainage patterns. 

Locate roads on stable terrain such as ridge tops, natural benches, and flatter transitional slopes 

near ridges and valley bottoms and moderate side slopes and away from slumps, slide prone 

areas, concave slopes, clay beds, and where rock layers dip parallel to the slope. Locate roads on 

well-drained soil types and avoid wet areas. 

Minimize the number of unimproved stream crossings. When a culvert or bridge is not feasible, 

locate drive-through (low water crossings) on stable rock portions of the drainage channel. 

Harden crossings with the addition of rock and gravel if necessary. Use angular rock if available. 

Those segments of road where grade is in excess of ten percent for more than 300 feet shall be 

designed by a professional engineer. 
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-9

Companies will contact the appropriate county transportation department to pursue development 

of maintenance agreements to ensure county roads are adequately maintained for the projected 

increase in use.

G.4.2 Road Construction

Construct roads for surface drainage by using out-slopes, crowns, grade changes, drain dips, 

water bars and/or in-sloping to ditches as appropriate. 

Construct roads when soils are dry and not frozen. When soils or road surfaces become saturated 

to a depth of 3 inches, BLM-authorized activities should be limited or cease unless otherwise 

approved by the authorized officer. 

Retain vegetation on cut slopes unless it poses a safety hazard or restricts maintenance activities. 

Roadside brushing of vegetation should be done in a way that prevents disturbance to root 

systems and visual intrusions (i.e., avoid using excavators for brushing). 

Retain adequate vegetation between roads and streams to filter runoff caused by roads. 

Strip and stockpile topsoil ahead of construction of new roads, if feasible. Reapply soil to cut and 

fill slopes prior to revegetation

Establish adapted vegetation on all cuts and fill immediately following road construction and 

maintenance. 

The minimum diameter for culverts will be 18 inches. However, all culverts will be appropriately 

sized in accordance with standards in BLM Manual 9113.

Culverts will be placed on channel bottoms on firm, uniform beds, which have been shaped to 

accept them, and aligned parallel to the channel to minimize erosion. Backfill will be thoroughly 

compacted.

G.4.3 Road Maintenance

Roads shall be maintained in order to preserve the functioning of drainage features, culverts, and 

surfacing. 

Consider improving inadequately surfaced roads that are to be left open to public traffic during 

wet weather with gravel or pavement to minimize sediment production and maximize safety. 

Replace undersized culverts and repair or replace damaged culverts and downspouts. Provide 

energy dissipaters at culvert outlets or drainage dips. 

G.4.4 Road Reclamation

Any roads used exclusively for construction purposes shall be adequately closed to all vehicular 

travel, and rehabilitated after completion of construction. The manner of closure shall be 

determined in conjunction with a representative of the authorized officer. 
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

G-10

At the time that final well pad reclamation takes place, the access road and any associated ROW 

corridors will be recontoured to match the surrounding topography, ripped to a depth of 24 

inches, installed with water bars, and seeded with a BLM-designated seed mixture. 

All ripped surfaces are to be protected from vehicular travel by erection of a sturdy physical 

barrier, such as a dead-end ditch with an earthen barricade, gates, large berms, trenches, logs, 

stumps, brush piles or rock boulders to accomplish permanent closure. The operator is 

responsible for preventing vehicle travel on reclaimed areas.

If road reclamation has not been achieved after two growing seasons, re-seeding may be 

necessary. 

G.5 Interim Reclamation BMPs

Interim Reclamation – Includes disturbed areas that may be redisturbed during operations and 

will be redisturbed at final reclamation to achieve restoration of the original landform and a 

natural vegetative community. Interim reclamation will be judged successful when the BLM 

authorized officer determines that disturbed areas not needed for active, long-term production 

operations or vehicle travel have been recontoured, protected from erosion, and revegetated with 

a self-sustaining, vigorous, diverse, native (or as otherwise approved) plant community sufficient 

to minimize visual impacts, provide forage, stabilize soils, and impede the invasion of noxious, 

invasive, and non-native weeds.

Interim reclamation of the well and access road will begin as soon as practicable after a well is 

placed in production. Interim reclamation will include road cuts and fills and will extend to 

within close proximity of the wellhead and production facilities.

Facilities will be grouped on the pads to allow for maximum interim reclamation. Production 

facilities (including dikes) must be placed on the cut portion of the location and a minimum of 15 

feet from the toe of the back cut unless otherwise approved by the BLM Authorized Officer

Salvaging and spreading topsoil will not be performed when the ground or topsoil is frozen or 

too wet to adequately support construction equipment or so dry that dust clouds greater than 30 

feet tall are created. If such equipment creates ruts in excess of four (4) inches deep, the soil will 

be deemed too wet.

G.6 Production and Maintenance BMPs

At a minimum, all pits must meet NMOCD “Pit Rule” and guidance requirements for 

maintenance and closure.

Mud and blow pits will be constructed so as not to leak, break or allow discharge of liquids or 

produced solids. At least half of the capacity of the reserve pit must be in cut. The top of the 

outside wall of reserve pit should be smoothed-off with a minimum of one blade width. The pit 

should have adequate capacity to maintain 2 feet of free board. Pits are not to be located in 

natural drainages. Pit walls are to be "walked down" by a crawler type tractor following 

construction and prior to usage. Any plastic material used to line pits must be removed to below-
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Appendix G: Fluid Mineral Development Best Mangement Practices

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ground level before pits are covered. The final grade of reserve pit (after reclamation) shall allow 

for drainage away from pit area.

Remote monitoring of wells and related production equipment is encouraged to reduce wildlife 

disturbance and road deterioration. 

Minimize noise in sensitive wildlife habitats. Consider using noise reduction mufflers, earthen 

berms, walls, sheds, and/or distance to reduce sound levels. Consider requiring vent 

stack/exhaust stack coverings on heater-treater/separator units to prevent wildlife from entering. 

All production related pits and tanks, regardless of size, will be covered and fenced to exclude 

wildlife. 

G.7 Final Reclamation BMPs

If necessary after reclamation, a BLM-standard barbed wire fence will be constructed to exclude 

livestock for a minimum of at least two successful growing seasons. 

Reclaimed soil will be free of contaminants and will have adequate depth, texture, and structure 

to provide for successful vegetation reclamation. Vegetation reclamation will be considered 

successful when healthy, mature perennials are established with a composition and density that 

closely approximates the surrounding vegetation as prescribed by the BLM, and the reclamation 

area is free of noxious weeds. 

Seeding shall be accomplished between July 1 and September 15 (later date may be extended on 

a case-by-case basis with authorized officer approval). 

For drill seeding, compacted areas shall be ripped to a depth of 24 inches and disked to a depth 

of six inches before seeding. Seed with a disk-type drill with two boxes for various seed sizes. 

The drill rows shall be eight to ten inches apart. The seed shall be planted at not less than onehalf inch deep or more than one inch deep. The seeder shall be followed with a drag, packer, or 

roller to ensure uniform coverage of the seed, and adequate compaction. Drilling shall be done 

on the contour where possible, not up and down the slope.

For broadcast seeding, the site shall be ripped to a depth of 24 inches, then a pitter, dimpler, or 

similar equipment should be used to create depressions in the soil to catch seeds and water. The 

teeth of a track hoe bucket or the tracks of a dozer or backhoe can also be used. Seeding is 

accomplished by use of a cyclone hand seeder or similar broadcast seeder. Seed shall then be 

covered to the depth described above by whatever means is practical, i.e. hand raked. If the seed 

is not covered, the prescribed seed mixture amount (pounds/acre/PLS) will be doubled. 

Seeding shall be repeated if a satisfactory stand is not obtained as determined by the authorized 

officer upon evaluation after the second growing season.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-1

H FLUID MINERAL SPECIAL LEASE STIPULATIONS

H.1 Background

When the BLM offers a parcel of land for lease, the BLM can attach special lease stipulations 

that augment the protections offered by the standard lease terms and conditions (BLM Form 

3100-11). A lease stipulation is an enforceable term of the lease contract and supersedes any 

inconsistent provisions of the standard lease form. Only lease stipulations that have been 

reviewed and approved via the land use planning process may be attached to fluid mineral leases.

The stipulations currently used by the RPFO are described in the 1992 Oil and Gas Amendment. 

For the revision of this RMP, resource specialists have revised the current stipulations in order to 

provide protection of other resources and resource uses.

H.1.1 Standard Lease Terms and Conditions

Standard lease terms and conditions can be found on the “Offer to Lease and Sale for Oil and 

Gas” form, (BLM Form 3100-11), and in 43 CFR Part 3101—Issuance of Leases. The provisions 

most relevant to surface management of fluid mineral development are the following:

43 CFR Part 3101.1-2: “...measures shall be deemed consistent with lease rights granted 

provided that they do not: require relocation of proposed operations by more than 200 

meters; require that operations be sited off the leasehold; or prohibit new surface disturbing 

operations for a period in excess of 60 days in any lease year.”

Sec. 6, BLM Form 3100-11: “Lessee must conduct operations in a manner that minimizes 

adverse impacts to the land, air, and water, to cultural, biological, visual, and other resources, 

and to other land uses or users...”

Sec. 12, BLM Form 3100-11: “At such time as all or portions of this lease are returned to the 

lessor, lessee must...reclaim the land as specified by lessor...”

H.1.2 Types of Lease Stipulations

A “no surface occupancy,” or NSO, stipulation precludes any surface disturbance within the area 

specified in the stipulation. The fluid minerals within the lease may be accessed by directional 

drilling from areas outside the leasehold that are open to surface occupancy. NSO stipulations 

are considered to be a major constraint on fluid mineral leasing and development.

A “controlled surface use,” or CSU, stipulation allows surface disturbance within the specified 

area, but requires the lessee to comply with specific measures beyond standard terms and 

conditions in order to provide adequate protection for other resources or resource uses. The type 

of specific requirements will vary depending upon the resource being protected and are described 

in the text of each stipulation. CSU stipulations are a moderate constraint on fluid mineral 

leasing and development. 

A “timing limit stipulation,” or TLS, precludes surface-disturbing activities during a particular 

time frame in order to protect a particular resource. The specified time frame and the location for 

which the time frame applies will vary depending upon the resource being protected. TLS 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-2

stipulations are a moderate constraint on fluid mineral leasing and development. Overlapping 

moderate constraints (CSU or TLS) are also considered a major constraint to fluid mineral 

leasing and development. 

A “lease notice,” or LN, may also be attached to a lease, but is only informational and has no 

legal consequences. A LN may be attached to a lease by the authorized officer to “convey certain 

operational, procedural, or administrative requirements relative to lease management within the 

terms and conditions of the standard lease form.” (43 CFR Part 3101.1-3)

H.1.3 Waivers, Exceptions and Modifications

Waivers, exceptions, and modifications provide a means by which adaptive management can be 

applied to oil and gas leasing and development. A stipulation may be subject o modification or 

waiver only if the authorized officer determines that the factors leading to its inclusion in the 

lease have changed sufficiently to make the protection provided by the stipulation no longer 

justified or if proposed operations would not cause unacceptable impacts (43 CFR Part 3101.1-

4). The stipulations listed in a land use plan should include the criteria for granting waivers, 

exceptions, or modifications, and whether public review is required. Waivers, exceptions, and 

modifications are described in detail in IM-2008-032, Exceptions, Waivers, and Modifications of 

Fluid Minerals Stipulations and Conditions of Approval, and Associated Rights-of-way Terms 

and Conditions. 

Exception: A one-time exemption for a particular site within the leasehold; exceptions are 

determined on a case-by-case basis; the stipulation continues to apply to all other 

sites within the leasehold. An exception is a limited type of waiver. 

Modification: A change to the provisions of a lease stipulation, either temporarily or for the 

term of the lease. Depending on the specific modification, the stipulation may or 

may not apply to all sites within the leasehold to which the restrictive criteria are 

applied. 

Waiver: A permanent exemption from a lease stipulation. The stipulation no longer applies 

anywhere in the leasehold.

In the past, waivers, exceptions, and modifications have been used to reduce restrictions on fluid 

mineral development. However, in accordance with IM-2010-117, Oil and Gas Leasing Reform, 

waivers, exceptions, and modifications should also now be used to allow for increased levels of 

resource protection, should changing circumstances warrant it. The stipulations below reflect this 

change. 

It is the responsibility of the lessee to provide any surveys, environmental analyses, protection 

plans, or similar products required in lease stipulations. Any such products should be completed 

by an individual qualified to carry out the needed analysis.

H.1.4 Existing Leases

The lease stipulations proposed here cannot be retroactively applied to existing leases, although 

best management practices and/or conditions of approval may be utilized to address and 

minimize impacts to resources of concern. Leases expire after 10 years if not extended by 

production of oil or gas (or other various circumstances). If a lease expires and the parcel is 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-3

offered again, the proposed lease stipulations approved in the RMP revision would apply. Leases 

issued prior to the approval of the revised RPFO RMP may have stipulations attached that came 

from the 1992 Oil and Gas Amendment. Those lease stipulations, if attached, will continue to 

apply to those leases until lease expiration.

H.2 RPFO Proposed Lease Stipulations

Lease stipulations proposed in Alternatives B, C, and D are listed below. For a complete 

description of the lease stipulations in Alternative A (No Action), please see the 1992 Oil and 

Gas Amendment. 

H.2.1 Wildlife and Sensitive Species Stipulations

H.2.1.1 CSU—Designated Special Status Species Measures (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing and disruptive activities may be controlled or excluded within 0.25 mile of 

special status species populations or the activity delayed 90 days within identified habitat 

(including designated critical habitat for threatened and endangered species) or active 

reproductive grounds of species with current or proposed federal, state, or BLM protection. 

Objective: To maintain habitat for designated special status species and comply with the 

Endangered Species Act. 

Exception: The authorized officer may grant an exception if an environmental review 

determines that the action, as proposed or conditioned, would not impair the function or utility of 

the site for current or subsequent use by designated sensitive species. The exception may apply 

to either the boundary of the affected area or the duration of the restriction if an environmental 

analysis determines that the special status species use an area smaller, or larger, than the 0.25 

mile radius, or if the species are present for a period shorter or longer than 90 days. The burden 

of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification: The authorized officer may modify the area subject to the stipulation, or the 

duration of the stipulation, if an environmental analysis finds that a portion of the CSU area is 

nonessential, or that the proposed action could be conditioned so as not to impair the function or 

utility of the site for current or subsequent use by special status species. This modification could 

either reduce or expand the area and duration of the restrictions. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: The stipulation may be waived if, after consulting with the BLM Wildlife Biologist 

State Office Program Lead, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, and the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, it is determined that the described lands are incapable of serving as habitat 

for special status species and that these areas no longer warrant consideration as special status 

species habitat.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

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H.2.1.2 CSU—Rare Plant Resource Values (alternatives vary by application)

Portions of the lease area contain rare plant species that require special protection to prevent 

further degradation or damage and to promote population viability. These protections may 

include, but are not limited to, conducting surveys for plant species prior to commencement of 

any surface disturbing activities; fencing or netting to protect plant populations; and timing 

restrictions. 

Objective: To protect rare plant species population viability in areas managed for this resource 

value (including, but not limited to, ACECs managed for rare plant values), and to comply with 

the Endangered Species Act and BLM policy as they pertain to rare plant species. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action can be 

adequately mitigated.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that a portion of the lease area no longer contains rare plants. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries 

of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures 

are necessary to provide adequate protection for rare plant resources. 

Waiver: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the lease area no longer contains rare plant species. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries of the 

affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures are 

necessary to provide adequate protection for rare plant species. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.3 NSO—Rare Plant Resource Values (alternatives vary by application)

No surface occupancy will be allowed within the lease area in order to protect rare plant species 

Objective: To protect rare plant species population viability in areas managed for this resource 

value (including, but not limited to, ACECs managed for rare plant values), and to comply with 

the Endangered Species Act and BLM policy as they pertain to rare plant species.

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action can be 

adequately mitigated.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that a portion of the lease area no longer contains rare plants. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries 

of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures 

are necessary to provide adequate protection for rare plant resources. 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-5

Waiver: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the lease area no longer contains rare plant species. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries of the 

affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures are 

necessary to provide adequate protection for rare plant species. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.4 TLS—Raptor Nests (Alts. B, C, D)

Prior to survey/flagging locations for pads, routes for roads, and any other preliminary activity, 

the project area will be surveyed for raptor nests. Surveys will be conducted by professional 

biologists approved by the Authorized Officer. All raptor nests and bald eagle wintering areas 

will be avoided within a distance and time frame appropriate for the species, as specified by the 

Authorized Officer. These distances range from 0.25 mile to 1.0 mile and the time restrictions 

range from January 1 to July 31.

Long-term surface use activities will not be allowed within the species-specific spatial buffer 

zone of active nests. Short-term activities will be avoided within the species-specific spatial 

buffer zones during the corresponding time restriction. All other raptor species nests will be 

avoided by the spatial buffer zone specified by the Authorized Officer, regardless of the duration 

of the activity. 

A short-term activity is defined as an activity which would begin outside of a given breeding 

season and end prior to initiation of a given breeding season. A long-term activity is defined as 

an activity which would continue into or beyond a given nesting/breeding season. An active nest 

is defined as any nest that has been occupied in the last seven years. A nest will be determined 

active or inactive by the Authorized Officer. 

Objective: To protect raptor nesting activity, and to comply with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the lessee

submits a plan which demonstrates that the impacts from the proposed action can be adequately 

mitigated. The exception may apply to either the boundary of the affected area or the duration of 

the restriction if an environmental analysis determines that the buffer area required for a raptor 

nest is smaller or larger than the buffer radius specified in the original stipulation, or if the raptor 

nesting period is different than the period specified in the original stipulation. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification: The authorized officer may modify the area subject to the stipulation, or the 

duration of the stipulation, if an environmental analysis finds that a portion of the TLS area is 

nonessential, or that the proposed action could be conditioned so as not to impair the function or 

utility of the area for current or subsequent use by nesting raptors. This modification could either 

reduce or expand the area and duration of the restrictions. The burden of providing information 

to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: The stipulation may be waived if, after consulting with the New Mexico Department of 

Game and Fish and the BLM Wildlife Biologist State Office Program Lead, it is determined that 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-6

the described lands are incapable of serving as raptor nesting areas and that these areas no longer 

warrant consideration as raptor nesting habitat.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.5 CSU—Prairie Dog Towns (Alts. B, C, D)

Surface-disturbing and disruptive activities may be controlled or excluded (Alt. B: 0.5 mi. from; 

Alt. C: 0.25 mi. from; Alt. D: within) prairie dog towns, if an activity would adversely impact 

prairie dogs and/or associated species. 

Objective: To protect prairie dog colonies and habitat for associated species. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the lessee

submits a plan which demonstrates that the impacts from the proposed action can be adequately 

mitigated. The exception may apply to the boundary of the affected area if an environmental 

analysis determines that the area required to protect a prairie dog colony is smaller or larger than 

the area specified in the original stipulation. The burden of providing information to support this 

determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that portions of the area can be occupied without adversely affecting prairie dogs. 

The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. 

The boundaries of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines 

that such measures are necessary to provide adequate protection for prairie dog populations.

Waiver: This stipulation may be waived if, after consulting with the New Mexico Department of 

Game and Fish and the BLM Wildlife Biologist State Office Program Lead, it is determined that 

the described lands are no longer occupied by prairie dogs and thus do not warrant consideration 

for protection.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.6 TLS—Big Game Winter Range (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing and disruptive activities are prohibited from November 15 to April 30 within 

winter range for mule deer, elk and antelope. Travel on identified designated roads may include 

these timing restrictions or limited site visits. 

Objective: To protect mule deer, elk, and antelope winter range from disturbance during the 

winter use season, and to facilitate long-term maintenance of wildlife populations. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the lessee

submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action can be adequately 

mitigated. The exception may apply to either the boundary of the affected area or the duration of 

the restriction if an environmental analysis determines that the area required for big game winter 

range is smaller or larger than the area specified in the original stipulation, or if the time period 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-7

when the range is occupied by big game is different than the period specified in the original 

stipulation. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by 

the lessee.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the area utilized as winter range by big game species has shifted. The dates for 

the timing restriction may be modified if new wildlife use information indicates that the 

November 15 to April 30 dates are not valid for the area. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee. 

Waiver: This stipulation may be waived if, after consulting with the New Mexico Department of 

Game and Fish and the BLM Wildlife Biologist State Office Program Lead, it is determined that 

the described lands are no longer occupied by big game species and thus do not warrant 

consideration for protection.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.7 TLS—Big Game Fawning/Calving Range (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing and disruptive activities are prohibited at the times specified below within 

fawning/calving habitat for mule deer, elk, and antelope. Travel on identified designated roads 

may include these timing restrictions or limited site visits. 

Mule Deer: May 1 to August 31

Elk: May 1 to June 30

Antelope: May 1 to July 15

Objective: To protect mule deer, elk, and antelope fawning/calving habitat from disturbance, 

and to facilitate long-term maintenance of wildlife populations. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the lessee

submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action are acceptable or can 

be adequately mitigated. The exception may apply to either the boundary of the affected area or 

the duration of the restriction if an environmental analysis determines that the area required for 

big game fawning/calving range is smaller, larger, or shifted relative to the area specified in the 

original stipulation, or if the time period when the range is occupied by fawning/calving big 

game is different than the period specified in the original stipulation. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the area utilized by fawning/calving big game species has shifted. The dates for 

the timing restriction may be modified if new wildlife use information indicates that the specified 

dates are not valid for the area. The burden of providing information to support this 

determination will be borne by the lessee. 

Waiver: This stipulation may be waived if, after consulting with the New Mexico Department of 

Game and Fish and the BLM Wildlife Biologist State Office Program Lead, it is determined that 
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H-8

the described lands are no longer occupied by fawning/calving big game species and thus do not 

warrant consideration for protection.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.8 CSU—Wildlife Habitat Projects (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing or long-term noise producing activities which exceed a noise level of 75dbA, 

measured at the perimeter of the 200-meter protective spatial buffer, will not be allowed within 

200 meters of existing or planned wildlife habitat improvement projects. If the 75dbA noise level 

is determined to not provide adequate protection from the auditory impact created by lease 

operations, a stricter level shall be applied as a condition of approval for lease operations. A 

more restrictive spatial buffer may be applied where the 200-meter spatial buffer has been 

documented to not provide adequate protection. Use and occupancy within the 200-meter spatial 

buffer will be authorized only when lessee/ operator demonstrates that the area is essential for 

operations and when the lessee/operator submits a satisfactory surface use and operations plan, 

which adequately protects resources of concern. 

Objective: Protection of wildlife habitat enhancement projects for purposes of preventing further 

habitat fragmentation and loss of use of otherwise suitable/effective habitat.

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action are acceptable 

or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that portions of the area no longer contain wildlife habitat project areas. The 

boundaries of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that 

such measures are necessary to provide adequate protection for wildlife enhancement projects. 

Waiver: This condition may be waived if the authorized officer determines that the affected area 

no longer contains wildlife habitat project areas. The boundaries of the affected area may also be 

expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures are necessary to provide 

adequate protection for wildlife enhancement projects.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.9 CSU—Wildlife Resource Values (application varies by alternative)

All or portions of the lease area contain special wildlife habitat features that require special 

protection to prevent further degradation or damage. These protections may include, but are not 

limited to, conducting surveys for plant, animal, or other species prior to commencement of any 

surface disturbing activities; the inclusion of noise abatement structures, additional fencing or 

netting; and timing restrictions. 

Applications for surface-disturbing or long-term noise producing activities, which exceed a noise 

level of 75dbA at the edge of the well pad, will be authorized only when lessee/operator 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-9

demonstrates that the area is essential for operations and when the lessee/operator submits a 

satisfactory surface use and operations plan that provides protection for these special resource 

values. If the 75dbA noise level is determined to not provide adequate protection from the 

auditory impact created by lease operations, a stricter level shall be applied as a condition of 

approval for lease operations. The BLM Authorized Officer will work with the lease holder on a 

case-by-case basis to achieve an acceptable level of noise mitigation.

Objective: To protect wildlife habitat and maintain wildlife population viability in areas 

managed for this resource value (including, but not limited to, ACECs managed for this value). 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action can be 

adequately mitigated.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that portions of the lease area no longer contain wildlife resource values. The burden 

of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The 

boundaries of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that 

such measures are necessary to provide adequate protection for wildlife resource values. 

Waiver: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the lease area no longer contains wildlife resource values. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries 

of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures 

are necessary to provide adequate protection for wildlife resource values. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.1.10 NSO—Wildlife Resource Values (application varies by alternative)

Within areas managed for wildlife resource values, surface-disturbing activities will be 

prohibited. 

Objective: To protect wildlife habitat and maintain wildlife population viability in areas 

managed for this resource value (including, but not limited to, ACECs managed for this value). 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action can be 

adequately mitigated.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that portions of the lease area no longer contain wildlife resource values. The burden 

of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The 

boundaries of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that 

such measures are necessary to provide adequate protection for wildlife resource values. 

Waiver: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that the lease area no longer contains wildlife resource values. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-10

of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such measures 

are necessary to provide adequate protection for wildlife resource values. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.2 Riparian Area Stipulations

H.2.2.1 NSO—Streams, riparian & wetland areas, & 100-year floodplains (Alt. B)

Surface-disturbing activities are prohibited within 100-year floodplains or within 0.25 mi. of the 

channels of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams, or within 0.25 mi. of the outer 

margins of riparian and wetland areas. 

Objective: To protect the unique biological and hydrological features associated with steams, 

riparian/wetland areas, and 100-year floodplains. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action are acceptable 

or can be adequately mitigated. Mitigation may include a bunker or dual-walled drum to 

prevent/contain any potential spill. An exception may also be allowed when the surface of the 

site is 20 feet higher than the channel (out of the floodplain). The boundary of the affected area 

may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that a larger area than is specified in 

the original lease stipulation requires no surface occupancy in order to protect streams, riparian

areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year floodplain from the impacts of development. 

Modification: The area affected by this condition may be modified by the authorized officer if it 

is determined that portions of the area do not include riparian/wetland areas. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of 

the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that a larger area than 

is specified in the original lease stipulation requires no surface occupancy in order to protect 

streams, riparian areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year floodplain from the impacts of 

development. 

Waiver: This condition may be waived by the authorized officer if it is determined that the 

affected area does not include streams or riparian/wetland areas. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of the 

affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that a larger area than is 

specified in the original lease stipulation requires no surface occupancy in order to protect 

streams, riparian areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year floodplain from the impacts of 

development. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.
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H-11

H.2.2.2 CSU—Streams, riparian & wetland areas, & 100-year floodplains (Alt. C)

Surface-disturbing activities should be avoided within 100-year floodplains or within 0.25 mi. of 

the channels of ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams, or within 0.25 mi. of the outer 

margins of riparian and wetland areas. 

Long-term noise-producing activities which exceed a noise level of 75 A-weighted decibels 

(75dbA), measured at the perimeter of a 400-meter protective spatial buffer, will not be allowed 

within 400 meters of riparian areas (springs, seeps, tanks, rivers, streams, playas, canyon 

bottoms, and floodplains). If the 75dbA noise level is determined to not provide adequate 

protection from the auditory impact created by lease operations, a stricter level shall be applied 

prior to authorizing lease operations. The BLM Authorized Officer will work with lease holder 

on a case-by-case basis to achieve an acceptable level of noise mitigation. A more restrictive 

spatial buffer may be applied where the 400-meter spatial buffer has been documented to not 

provide adequate protection. 

Objective: To protect the unique biological and hydrological features associated with steams, 

riparian/wetland areas, and 100-year floodplains, and the protection of riparian habitat for 

purposes of preventing further habitat fragmentation and loss of use of otherwise 

suitable/effective habitat.

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan which demonstrates that impacts from the proposed action on soil, water, 

and wildlife resources can be adequately mitigated. Mitigation may include a bunker or dualwalled drum to prevent/contain any potential spill, noise abatement, or other measures. An 

exception may also be allowed when the surface of the site is 20 feet higher than the channel (out 

of the floodplain). The boundary of the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized 

officer determines that a larger area than is specified in the original lease stipulation requires no 

surface occupancy in order to protect streams, riparian areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year 

floodplain from the impacts of development. 

Modification: The area affected by this condition may be modified by the authorized officer if it 

is determined that portions of the area do not include riparian/wetland areas. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of 

the affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that a larger area than 

is specified in the original lease stipulation requires no surface occupancy in order to protect 

streams, riparian areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year floodplain from the impacts of 

development. 

Waiver: This condition may be waived by the authorized officer if it is determined that the 

affected area does not include streams or riparian/wetland areas. The burden of providing 

information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of the 

affected area may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that a larger area than is 

specified in the original lease stipulation requires no surface occupancy in order to protect 

streams, riparian areas, wetland areas, and the 100-year floodplain from the impacts of 

development. 
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H-12

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.3 Soil and Slope Stipulations

H.2.3.1 CSU—Steep slopes, 15-30% (Alts. B, C)

Prior to surface-disturbing activities on slopes between 15% and 30%, a certified engineering 

and reclamation plan must be approved by the authorized officer. This plan must demonstrate 

how the following will be accomplished: 

Site productivity will be restored. 

Surface runoff will be adequately controlled. 

The site and adjacent areas will be protected from accelerated erosion, such as rilling, 

gullying, piping, slope failure, and mass wasting. 

Nearby watercourses will be protected from sedimentation. Water quality and quantity 

will be in conformance with state and federal water quality laws. 

Surface-disturbing activities will not be conducted during extended wet periods. 

Construction or reclamation will not be allowed when soils are frozen. 

The operator must also provide an evaluation of past practices on similar terrain and be 

able to demonstrate success under similar conditions. 

Objective: To maintain soil productivity, provide necessary protection to prevent excessive soil 

erosion on steep slopes, and to avoid areas subject to slope failure, mass wasting, piping, and/or 

having excessive reclamation problems. 

Exception: None. 

Modification: The area affected by this condition may be modified by the authorized officer if it 

is determined that portions of the lease area do not include slopes between 15% and 30%. The 

burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: This condition may be waived by the authorized officer if it is determined that the lease 

area does not include slopes between 15% and 30%. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day public 

review.

H.2.3.2 NSO—Steep slopes, greater than 30% (Alts. B, C, D)

Surface-disturbing activities are prohibited on slopes 30% and greater. 

Objective: To maintain soil productivity, provide necessary protection to prevent excessive soil 

erosion on steep slopes, and to avoid areas subject to slope failure, mass wasting, piping, and/or 

having excessive reclamation problems/failure. 
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H-13

Exception: The authorizing officer may grant an exception to this condition for short distances 

(less than 300 feet) for pipelines if the operator submits a certified engineering and reclamation 

plan that clearly demonstrates impacts from the proposed actions are acceptable or can be 

adequately mitigated. This plan must include and demonstrate how the following will be 

accomplished: 

Site productivity will be restored. 

Surface runoff will be adequately controlled. 

The site and adjacent areas will be protected from accelerated erosion, such as rilling, 

gullying, piping, and slope failure and mass wasting. 

Nearby water sources will be protected from sedimentation. Water quality and quantity 

will be in conformance with state and federal water quality laws. 

Site-specific analysis of soil physical, chemical and mechanical (engineering) 

properties and behavior will be conducted. 

Surface-disturbing activities will not be conducted during extended wet periods. 

Reclamation will not be allowed when soils are frozen. 

The operator must also provide an evaluation of past practices on similar terrain and be 

able to demonstrate success under similar conditions. 

Modification: The area affected by this condition may be modified by the authorized officer if it 

is determined that portions of the area do not include slopes 30% and greater. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: This condition may be waived by the authorized officer if it is determined that the 

affected area does not include slopes 30% and greater. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day 

public review.

H.2.3.3 CSU—Low Reclamation Opportunity (Alts. B, C)

Surface disturbing-activities occurring in areas designated by the USDA NRCS Soil Survey as 

having a low restoration opportunity listed as “poor” or “not rated” may require additional 

measures to stabilize construction sites and reclaim sites no longer in use. (“Not rated” areas are 

included because these are areas that do not have topsoil.) These additional measures may 

increase the cost and duration of stabilization and reclamation efforts. 

Objective: To prevent soil erosion and waterway sedimentation, enhance reclamation success, 

and limit the cumulative impact of oil and gas development by ensuring that well pads are 

reclaimed to BLM standards.

Exception: No exceptions may be granted because the qualifications that would meet the criteria 

for an exception, such as submitting a detailed reclamation plan showing how the operator 

intends to comply with BLM reclamation standards, would likely meet the requirements of this 

stipulation.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-14

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that portions 

of the area do not include areas classified as low reclamation opportunity (according to the 

USDA NRCS definition). The burden of providing information to support this determination will 

be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that the affected area does 

not include areas classified as low reclamation opportunity (according to the USDA NRCS

definition). The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by 

the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.3.4 CSU—Biological Soil Crusts (Alt. D)

Surface-disturbing activities will be subject to limitations beyond those provided for in standard 

terms and conditions in areas managed for biological soil crust resources. These limitations may 

include, but are not limited to, restricting vehicle traffic to existing roads wherever possible, 

minimizing the size of well pad construction, and ceasing work when soils are wet. Any 

additional surveys, mitigation measures, or monitoring activities required as a result of surfacedisturbing activities in these areas will be at the cost of the lessee.

Objective: The protection of biological soil crust structural integrity and diversity.

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that the 

proposed action can occur without impacting biological soil crusts. 

Modification: The boundary of the area affected by this stipulation may be modified if the 

authorized officer determines that there are no biological soil crusts within portions of the lease 

area. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the 

lessee. The boundary of the area affected may also be expanded if the authorized officer 

determines that such an action is required to protect biological soil resources.

Waiver: The boundary of the area affected by this stipulation may be modified if the authorized 

officer determines that there are no biological soil crusts within the lease area. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of 

the area affected may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such an action is 

required to protect biological soil resources. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.3.5 NSO—Biological Soil Crusts (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing activities will be prohibited in areas managed for biological soil crust 

resources. 

Objective: The protection of biological soil crust structural integrity and diversity.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-15

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that the 

proposed action can occur without impacting biological soil crusts. 

Modification: The boundary of the area affected by this stipulation may be modified if the 

authorized officer determines that there are no biological soil crusts within portions of the lease 

area. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the 

lessee. The boundary of the area affected may also be expanded if the authorized officer 

determines that such an action is required to protect biological soil resources.

Waiver: The boundary of the area affected by this stipulation may be modified if the authorized 

officer determines that there are no biological soil crusts within the lease area. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundary of 

the area affected may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such an action is 

required to protect biological soil resources. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.4 Cultural Resource Stipulations

H.2.4.1 CSU—National Register of Historic Places (Alts. B, C, D)

Surface-disturbing activities will be subject to limitations in areas near cultural resource sites that 

are eligible for, or are listed on, the National Register of Historic Places. 

Objective: To protect cultural resource sites that are eligible for, or listed on, the National 

Register of Historic Places.

Exception: An exception to this stipulation may be granted if the lessee submits a plan 

demonstrating that impacts from the proposed action can be adequately mitigated. The 

authorized officer may require the lessee to fund a cultural resources inventory to make this 

determination. 

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that portions 

of the lease area contain no NRHP-eligible or NRHP-listed sites. The authorized officer may 

require the lessee to fund a cultural resources inventory to make this determination.

Waiver: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that the lease area 

contains no NRHP-eligible or NRHP-listed sites. The authorized officer may require the lessee to 

fund a cultural resources inventory to make this determination. 

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.

H.2.4.2 CSU—Cultural Resource Values (application varies by area)

Surface disturbing activities will be subject to restrictions beyond standard lease terms and 

conditions within areas managed for cultural resource values. Access to the leases in these areas 

will be limited to routes designated in the approved permit for lease operations. Applications for 
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-16

surface disturbing aspects of lease development will be evaluated for potential proximity to 

sensitive nationally significant cultural resources (known and suspected) and could require 

expanded pre-field records search, subsurface testing and/or metal detector survey in addition to 

routine cultural resource surface inventory for compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA, the 

costs of which will be borne by the lessee. This could result in extended time frames for 

processing authorizations for development activities. All proposed surface-disturbing aspects of 

lease development will be located to avoid and/or protect the cultural resources present.

Objective: Protection of highly significant and sensitive historic and prehistoric resources that 

might not be detected by means of standard Class III cultural resource inventory from direct and 

indirect effects of lease development.

Exception: Requests for exception would be based on a case-by-case basis sensitivity evaluation 

and on available information regarding site-specific soil stability, site probability and any 

proposal for alternate forms of mitigation. 

Modification: The boundaries of the affected areas may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that there are no significant cultural resources present in portions of the lease. The 

burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: None

Exception or modification of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day public 

review.

NSO—Cultural Resource Values (application varies by area)

Surface disturbing activities will be prohibited within areas managed for cultural resource values. 

Objective: Protection of highly significant and sensitive historic and prehistoric resources that 

might not be detected by means of standard Class III cultural resource inventory from direct and 

indirect effects of lease development.

Exception: None.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected areas may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that there are no significant cultural resources present in portions of the lease. The 

burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: The boundaries of the affected areas may be modified if the authorized officer 

determines that there are no significant cultural resources present in the lease. The burden of 

providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day public 

review.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-17

H.2.5 Geological Resource Stipulations

H.2.5.1 NSO—Cave & Karst (Alt. B)

All or portions of the lease are located in a potential cave or karst occurrence area. Surface 

occupancy is prohibited within 200 meters of known cave entrances, passages or aspects of 

significant caves, or significant karst features. Within this area, cave or karst features such as 

sinkholes, passages, and large rooms may be encountered from the surface to a depth of as much 

as 2,000 feet, within areas ranging from a few acres to hundreds of acres. 

Objective: To protect the structural integrity of cave and karst geologic structures and the 

biological diversity therein from the impacts of oil and gas development.

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that impacts 

from the proposed action are acceptable or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are 

no cave or karst features within portions of the lease area. The authorized officer may require the 

lessee to fund a survey to make this determination.

Waiver: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no 

cave or karst features within the lease area. The authorized officer may require the lessee to fund 

a survey to make this determination.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day 

public review.

H.2.5.2 CSU—Cave & Karst (Alt. C)

All or portions of the lease are located in a potential cave or karst occurrence area. Surface 

occupancy will be strictly controlled within 200 meters of known cave entrances, passages or 

aspects of significant caves, or significant karst features. Within this area, cave or karst features 

such as sinkholes, passages, and large rooms may be encountered from the surface to a depth of 

as much as 2,000 feet, within areas ranging from a few acres to hundreds of acres. Due to the 

sensitive nature of the cave or karst systems, special protective measures may be developed 

during environmental analyses and be required as part of approvals for drilling or other 

operations on this lease. These measures could include changes in drilling operations, special 

casing and cementing programs, modifications in surface activities, or other reasonable measures 

to mitigate impacts to cave or karst values. 

Objective: To protect the structural integrity of cave and karst geologic structures and the 

biological diversity therein from the impacts of oil and gas development.

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that impacts 

from the proposed action are acceptable or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are 

no cave or karst features within portions of the lease area. The authorized officer may require the 

lessee to fund a survey to make this determination.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-18

Waiver: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no 

cave or karst features within the lease area. The authorized officer may require the lessee to fund 

a survey to make this determination.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day 

public review.

H.2.5.3 CSU—Geologic Resource Values (application varies by area)

In areas managed for special geologic resource values, surface-disturbing activities may be 

restricted beyond what is required in standard terms and conditions. These restrictions may 

include, but are not limited to, designing developments in such a way that special geologic 

features are not impacted directly or indirectly.

Objective: The protection of special geologic resource values in areas managed for this value 

(includes, but is not limited to, ACECs managed for this value). 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted if the lessee submits a plan 

demonstrating that the proposed action will not adversely impact geologic resource values, or 

that any impacts can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification of this condition may be granted if the authorized officer 

determines that there are not geologic resource values within portions of the lease area. The 

burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The 

boundaries affected by this condition may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines 

that such a measure is necessary to provide adequate protection of geologic resource values.

Waiver: A waiver of this condition may be granted if the authorized officer determines that 

there are not geologic resource values within the lease area. The burden of providing information 

to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries affected by this 

condition may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such a measure is

necessary to provide adequate protection of geologic resource values.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day 

public review.

H.2.5.4 NSO—Geologic Resource Values (application varies by area)

In areas managed for special geologic resource values, surface-disturbing activities will be 

prohibited.

Objective: The protection of special geologic resource values in areas managed for this value 

(includes, but is not limited to, ACECs managed for this value). 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted if the lessee submits a plan 

demonstrating that the proposed action will not adversely impact geologic resource values, or 

that any impacts can be adequately mitigated.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-19

Modification: A modification of this condition may be granted if the authorized officer 

determines that there are not geologic resource values within portions of the lease area. The 

burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The 

boundaries affected by this condition may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines 

that such a measure is necessary to provide adequate protection of geologic resource values.

Waiver: A waiver of this condition may be granted if the authorized officer determines that 

there are not geologic resource values within the lease area. The burden of providing information 

to support this determination will be borne by the lessee. The boundaries affected by this 

condition may also be expanded if the authorized officer determines that such a measure is 

necessary to provide adequate protection of geologic resource values.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and 

a 15-day public review.

H.2.6 Paleontological Stipulations

H.2.6.1 CSU—Paleontological Resources, PFYC Class IV and V Areas (Alts. B, 

C)

In areas of paleontological sensitivity (Potential Fossil Yield Classification [PFYC] Classes IV 

and V), a determination will be made by the BLM as to whether a survey by a qualified 

paleontologist (Qualification identified in BLM Handbook 8270) is necessary prior to the 

disturbance. In some cases, construction monitoring, project relocation, data recovery, or other 

mitigation will be required to ensure that significant paleontological resources are avoided or 

recovered during construction. Any significant fossils or localities previously known or 

discovered during the survey will be avoided by the permitted activity, or fully mitigated prior to 

allowing the activity to proceed. Surface occupancy or use is subject to the following special 

operating constraints: 

Restrict vehicles to existing roads and trails. 

Require a paleontological clearance on surface disturbing activities. 

Objective: To protect paleontological resources from the impacts of oil and gas development.

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that impacts 

from the proposed action are acceptable or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no 

sensitive paleontological resources would be impacted by proposed activities in portions of the 

lease area. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by 

the lessee.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no sensitive 

paleontological resources are located in the lease area. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 30-day 

public review.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-20

H.2.6.2 CSU—Paleontological Resource Values (application varies by area)

Within areas managed for paleontological resource values, a pedestrian survey must be 

conducted for paleontological material, using a qualified paleontologist, prior to any surface 

disturbing activity (qualification identified in BLM Handbook 8270). The survey will be used 

to determine appropriate level of mitigation during construction activities and production stages 

of the lease. A report on the results of the paleontological survey must be submitted to BLM as 

part of the permit application for the proposed lease activity. 

Objective: Protection of paleontological resource values in areas managed for these values 

(including, but not limited to, ACECs).

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that impacts 

from the proposed action are acceptable or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no 

sensitive paleontological resources would be impacted by proposed activities in portions of the 

lease area. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by 

the lessee.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no sensitive 

paleontological resources are located in the lease area. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and 

a 30-day public review.

H.2.6.3 NSO—Paleontological Resource Values (application varies by area)

Within areas managed for paleontological resource values where extraordinary paleontological 

resources exist, no surface occupancy will be allowed.

Objective: Protection of paleontological resource values in areas managed for these values 

(including, but not limited to, ACECs).

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee submits a plan demonstrating that impacts 

from the proposed action are acceptable or can be adequately mitigated.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no 

sensitive paleontological resources would be impacted by proposed activities in portions of the 

lease area. The burden of providing information to support this determination will be borne by 

the lessee.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that no sensitive 

paleontological resources are located in the lease area. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and 

a 30-day public review.
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H-21

H.2.7 Recreation Stipulations

H.2.7.1 NSO—Developed Recreation Areas (Alts. B, C)

Surface-disturbing activities are prohibited within 0.25 mile of designated recreation areas.

Objective: To protect developed recreation areas and undeveloped recreation areas receiving 

concentrated public use. 

Exception: An exception to this condition may be granted by the authorized officer if the 

operator submits a plan demonstrating that impacts from the proposed action are acceptable or 

can be adequately mitigated. 

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified by the authorized officer if 

the recreation area boundaries are changed. 

Waiver: This condition may be waived if the authorized officer determines that the affected area 

no longer contains developed recreation areas.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and 

a 30-day public review.

H.2.8 Socioeconomic Stipulations

H.2.8.1 NSO—Aviation facilities (Alts. B, C, D)

No occupancy or other activity on the surface of areas within 0.25 mi. of an airport or aviation 

facility.

Objective: To preserve the safety of aviation activities in and near airports. This includes, but is 

not limited to, the following airports: Cuba Airport and Double Eagle Airport.

Exception: None.

Modification: The boundaries of the affected area may be modified by the authorized officer if 

the airport boundaries are changed. 

Waiver: This condition may be waived if the authorized officer determines that the affected area 

no longer contains an airport.

Modification or waiver of this stipulation will require a NEPA analysis and 15-day public 

review.

H.2.8.2 NSO—Churches and cemeteries (Alts. B, C, D)

No surface occupancy will be allowed near churches or cemeteries. The lessee may be required 

to conduct surveys to verify the presence of churches and/or cemeteries. 

Objective: To preserve the cultural, historical, and personal values contained within such areas.

Exception: None.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-22

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are 

no churches or cemeteries within portions of the lease area. The burden of providing information 

to support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no churches 

or cemeteries within the lease area. The burden of providing information to support this 

determination will be borne by the lessee.

Modification or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and a 30-day 

public review.

H.2.8.3 CSU—Residential interface (Alts. B, C)

Areas of BLM mineral ownership intermingled with private lands may require screening, 

buffering, noise abatement, or site relocation beyond that which is allowed under the standard

lease terms.

Objective: To protect the private residences from being impacted by oil and gas development. 

This stipulation gives the BLM the authority to relocate or modify the site more than it permitted 

in the standard lease terms.

Exception: An exception may be granted if the lessee provides a plan demonstrating that the 

impacts of the proposed action will not impact private residences or the impacts are acceptable.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are 

no private residences within portions of the lease. The burden of providing information to 

support this determination will be borne by the lessee.

Waiver: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no 

private residences within the lease. The burden of providing information to support this 

determination will be borne by the lessee.

Exception, modification, or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and 

a 30-day public review.

H.2.8.4 LN—Split Estate (Alts. B, C)

APDs or project Plans of Development (PODs) on split-estate lands would not be approved 

unless the operator a) certifies that a surface owner agreement has been reached or b) certifies in 

a statement that an agreement could not be reached and that the operator would comply with the 

provisions of the law or the regulations governing the federal or Indian right of re-entry to the 

surface under 43 CFR 3814.

Objective: To ensure proper surface owner notification by operators.

Exception: None. 

Modification: None.

Waiver: None.
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Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-23

H.2.8.5 NSO—Health & Safety (Alts. B, C, D)

Within areas managed for the maintenance of public health and safety, no surface occupancy will 

be allowed. 

Objective: To protect public health and safety within areas managed for this value. These areas 

include, but are not limited to, the Legacy Uranium Mines ACEC.

Exception: None. 

Modification: None.

Waiver: None.

H.2.9 Vegetation & Forestry Stipulations

H.2.9.1 CSU—Lease Reclamation (Alts. B, C)

The subject properties contain wells, roads and/or facilities that were not plugged and/or 

reclaimed to current standards. Unless the facilities (well pad and road) are put to a beneficial 

and direct use under the new lease within two years of lease issuance, the lessee shall plug, 

remediate and reclaim the facilities within two years of lease issuance. If an extension is 

requested, the lessee must submit a detailed plan (including dates) prior to the two year deadline. 

All plugging, remediation, and reclamation shall be performed in accordance with BLM 

requirements and be approved in advance by the Authorized Officer. The well(s) to be plugged 

and reclaimed are as follows: {insert detailed location description}. The facilities to be 

reclaimed are as follows: {insert detailed location description}. 

Objective: Reduction of cumulative impacts of oil and gas development on public health & 

safety, vegetation, soils, wildlife, visual resources, and livestock grazing. 

Exception: None.

Modification: A modification may be granted if it is found that parts of the reclamation needs 

identified have been resolved, or if the lessee can demonstrate that the cumulative impact of on 

other resources is not significant.

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if it is found that the reclamation needs identified have been 

resolved, or if the lessee can demonstrate that the cumulative impact of the incomplete 

reclamation on other resources is not significant.

Modification or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and a 30-day 

public review.

H.2.9.2 NSO—Ponderosa Pine (Alts. B, C)

The subject properties contain Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees. For the purpose of 

preserving wildlife habitat, no surface occupancy for fluid mineral development will be allowed 

within vegetation types that contain Ponderosa pine. 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-24

Objective: The preservation of wildlife habitat and Ponderosa pine age class diversity. 

Exception: None.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are 

no Ponderosa pine trees in portions of the lease area. The lessee may be required to demonstrate 

the absence of Ponderosa pine trees by conducting a forest inventory. 

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no 

Ponderosa pine trees in the lease area. The lessee may be required to demonstrate the absence of 

Ponderosa pine trees by conducting a forest inventory. 

Modification or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and a 30-day 

public review.

H.2.10 Minerals Stipulations

H.2.10.1 CSU—Plan of Development (Alts. B, C)

A plan of development (POD) for the entire lease must be submitted for review and approval, 

including NEPA analysis, by the BLM authorized officer, PRIOR to approval of development 

(APD or Sundry Notice) actions. The POD must indicate planned access to well facilities (roads, 

pipelines, power lines), and the approximate location of well sites. Should it become necessary to 

amend the POD, the amendment must be approved prior the approval of subsequent development 

action. Deviations from a current POD are not authorized until an amended POD has been 

approved by BLM. 

Objective: To limit the cumulative effects of oil and gas development by planning the 

development of oil and gas fields in such a manner that limits surface disturbance, and to 

promote a more efficient NEPA process.

Exception: A POD is not necessary if the lease is developed as part of a unitization agreement.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the lessee submits a plan for future submission 

of a POD (for instance, after the drilling of an initial test well). 

Waiver: None.

Exception or modification of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and a 30-

day public review.

H.2.10.2 CSU—Orphan wells (Alts. B, C)

The subject parcel is known to contain an unplugged well. For the purpose of protection of 

public health and safety, the lessee shall provide for proper plugging of the following abandoned 

wells: {provide specific location information here}, unless the lessee will re-enter the well 

within two years of lease issuance. 

Objective: To protect the health and safety of the human environment, wildlife, and subsurface 

geologic features, and to reduce the cumulative impact of oil and gas development.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-25

Exception: None.

Modification: A modification may be granted if the lessee demonstrates that the subject wells 

are plugged to BLM standards. 

Waiver: A waiver may be granted if the authorized officer determines that there are no 

unplugged wells within the lease. 

Modification or waiver of this condition will require analysis according to NEPA and a 30-day 

public review.

H.3 State Office Stipulations

This section describes the stipulations created by the BLM New Mexico State Office. Because 

these stipulations are created at the State Office, the RPFO cannot revise these in this RMP. 

However, these stipulations are available for our use to protect resources and resource uses as 

appropriate and are provided here for reference.

H.3.1 LN—Coal Protection (NM-8-LN)

Federal coal resources exist on this lease. Operations authorized by this lease may be altered or 

modified by the authorized officer (at the address shown below) in order to conserve and protect 

the mineral resources and provide for simultaneous operations.

H.3.2 LN—Drainage (NM-10-LN)

All or part of the lands contained in this lease are subject to drainage by well(s) located adjacent 

to this lease. The lessee shall be required within 6 months of lease issuance to submit to the AO 

plans for protecting the lease from drainage. Compensatory royalty will be assessed effective the 

expiration of this 6-month period if no plan is submitted. The plan must include either an 

Application for Permit to Drill (APD) a protective well, or an application to communitize the 

lease so that it is allocated production from a protective well off the lease. Either of these 

options may include obtaining a variance to State-spacing for the area. In lieu of this plan, the 

lessee shall be required to demonstrate that a protective well would have little or no chance of 

encountering oil and gas in quantities sufficient to pay in excess the costs of protecting the lease 

from drainage or an acceptable justification why a protective well would be uneconomical, the 

lessee shall be obligated to pay compensatory royalty to the Minerals Management Service at a 

rate to be determined by the AO.

H.3.3 CSU—Highway Material Site Right-of-Way (NM-4-CSU)

The lessee/operator shall conduct operations in conformity with the following requirements:

1. The New Mexico State Highway Department will have unrestricted rights of ingress and 

egress to the right-of way.

2. The lessee/operator will not conflict with the right of the New Mexico State Highway 

Department to remove any road-building materials from the right-of-way.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-26

3. The New Mexico State Highway Department reserves the right to set up, operate, and 

maintain such facilities as are reasonable to expedite the removal, production, and use of 

the materials; and the lessee shall not interfere with the Highway Department's use of the 

property for such purposes.

4. The lessee/operator will make no excavations and erect no structures on the right-of-way 

that might be adverse to the use and interest of the land by the New Mexico State 

Highway Department.

H.3.4 NSO—Continental Divide Trail (NM-6-NSO)

No occupancy or other surface disturbance will be allowed within 1000 feet of the Continental 

Divide National Scenic Trail Treadway. This distance may be modified when specifically 

approved in writing by the Bureau of Land Management.

H.3.5 NSO—Occupied Structures and Dwellings (NM-12-NSO)

Occupied Structures and Dwellings - All or a portion of the lease contains dwellings or structures 

occupied by one or more persons. No Surface Occupancy is allowed on the portion of the lease 

described below. These restricted lands may be developed by directional drilling from outside 

the restricted area. For the Purpose of: Lessening the impacts caused by mineral resource 

development on a place of residence and the occupants within.

H.3.6 NSO—Pooling Purposes Only (NM-9-NSO)

No surface occupancy or use is allowed on the lease. The purpose of this lease is solely for 

participation in a unit or for pooling purposes.

H.3.7 LN—Cultural Resources (NM-11-LN)

All development activities proposed under the authority of this lease are subject to compliance 

with Section 106 of the NHPA and Executive Order 13007. The lease area may contain historic 

properties, traditional cultural properties (TCP’s), and/or sacred sites currently unknown to the 

BLM that were not identified in the Resource Management Plan or during the lease parcel 

review process. Depending on the nature of the lease developments being proposed and the 

cultural resources potentially affected, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act and Executive Order 13007 could require intensive cultural resource 

inventories, Native American consultation, and mitigation measures to avoid adverse effects—

the costs for which will be borne by the lessee. The BLM may require modifications to or 

disapprove proposed activities that are likely to adversely affect TCP’s or sacred sites for which 

no mitigation measures are possible. This could result in extended time frames for processing 

authorizations for development activities, as well as changes in the ways in which developments 

are implemented.

H.4 Washington Office Stipulations

This section describes the stipulations created by the BLM Washington Office. Because these 

stipulations are created at the Washington Office, the RPFO cannot revise these in this RMP. 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix H: Fluid Mineral Lease Stipulations

H-27

However, these stipulations are available for our use to protect resources and resource uses as 

appropriate and are provided here for reference.

H.4.1 Endangered Species Act – Section 7 Consultation (WO-ESA-7)

The lease area may now or hereafter contain plants, animals or their habitats determined to be 

threatened, endangered, or other special status species. BLM may recommend modifications to 

exploration and development proposals to further its conservation and management objective to 

avoid BLM-approved activity that will contribute to a need to list such a species or their habitat. 

BLM will not approve any ground-disturbing activity that may affect any such species or critical 

habitat until it completes its obligations under applicable requirements of the Endangered 

Species Act as amended, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq., including completion of any required 

procedure for conference or consultation.

H.4.2 Bureau of Reclamation – Section 7 Consultation (WO-BOR-7)

The lands encompassed by this lease are managed by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and 

contain riparian and aquatic habitat that may be suitable for special status species. No surface 

disturbing activities will be authorized on this lease unless and until a Biological Evaluation has 

been completed that meets requirements of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. BLM may 

require modifications to or disapprove proposed activity that is likely to result in jeopardy to the 

continued existence of a proposed or listed threatened or endangered species or result in the 

destruction or adverse modification of a designated or proposed critical habitat.

H.4.3 Cultural Resources and Tribal Consultation Stipulation

This lease may be found to contain historic properties and/or resources protected under the 

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Native 

American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Executive Order 13007, or other statutes and 

executive orders. The BLM will not approve any ground-disturbing activities that may affect 

any such properties or resources until it completes its obligations (e.g., State Historic 

Preservation Officer (SHPO) and tribal consultation) under applicable requirements of the 

NHPA and other authorities. The BLM may require modification to exploration or development 

proposals to protect such properties, or disapprove any activity that is likely to result in adverse 

effects that cannot be successfully avoided, minimized, or mitigated.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix I: Soil and Water

I-1

I SOIL AND WATER

I.1 Major Soil Mapping Units, Soil Names, and Surface 

Textures

Table I.1: Major Soil Mapping Units, Soil Names, and Surface Textures

Soil Map Unit Name and Number Prevalent Surface Texture(s) Occurrence

Rock outcrop–Nogal (s5169) Sandy loam Prevalent map 

units in 

Planning Unit 1

Viuda–Rock outcrop–Penistaja 

(s5160)

Very cobbly sandy loam, sandy loam

Raton-Lava flows–Charo (s5167) Very cobbly loam, cobbly loam

Valnor-Techado–Rock outcropMirabal–Kenray–Cinnadale (s5171)Gravelly very fine sandy loam, clay

loam, channery clay loam, fine sand, 

very gravelly loam

Rock outcrop–Laporte (s5164) Gravelly loam

Rock outcrop–Charo–Cebolleta 

(s5206)

Very cobbly loam, loam, cobbly clay

loam, cobbly loam

Teco–Rock outcrop–MontecitoCabezon–Atarque (s5170)Sandy loam, very cobbly loam, fine 

sandy loam, clay loam

Zia–Sandoval–Rock outcrop (s5235) Sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, 

silt loam, clay loam

Prevalent map 

units in 

Rock outcrop–Poley–Flaco–Berto Planning Unit 2

(s5166)

Very cobbly loam, cobbly loam, loam, 

very cobbly clay

Suwanee–Shiprock–Navajo–Grieta 

(s5162)

Silty clay loam, sandy loam, loamy 

fine sand, loam

Rock outcrop–Charo–Cebolleta 

(s5206)

Very cobbly loam, loam, cobbly clay

loam, cobbly loam

Skyvillage–Rock outcrop–Mion–

Hagerman-Bond (s5205)

Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam

Winona–Tanbark–Rock outcrop–

Rizozo (s5208)

Very gravelly loam, loam, sandy loam

Oelop–Harvey–Chilton (s5209) Loam, gravelly loam, very gravelly 

loam

Willard–-Manzano–Karde (s5302) Loam, clay loam, fine sandy loam, 

loamy fine sand

Prevalent map 

units in 

Tapia–Pastura–Kim–Harvey–Dean Planning Unit 3

(s5304)

Loam, fine sandy loam

La Fonda–Alicia (s5306) Loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly 

loam, silt loam

Zia–Sandoval–Rock outcrop (s5235) Sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, 

silt loam, clay loam

Prevalent map 

units in 

Sparank–Sandoval–Querencia (s5233) Loam, fine sandy loam, silty clay Planning Unit 4

loam, sandy loam

Royosa–Pinitos (s5192) Loam, fine sand
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix I: Soil and Water

I-2

Soil Map Unit Name and Number Prevalent Surface Texture(s) Occurrence

Weska–Travessilla–Rock outcrop–

Oelop (s5177)

Sandy loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, 

loam

Tsosie–Councelor–Blancot (s5253) Fine sandy loam

Sandoval–Rock outcrop–Poley–

Orejas (s5226)

Loam, cobbly loam, very cobbly loam

Sparham–Pinitos–Menefee–Badland 

(s5190)

Clay loam, loam, silt loam, sandy 

loam

Witt–Harvey–Cascajo (s5241) Very gravelly sandy loam, fine sandy 

loam, loam, very gravelly fine sandy 

loam, cobbly loam

Prevalent map 

units in 

Planning Unit 5

Sparank–Sandoval–Querencia (s5233) Loam, fine sandy loam, silty clay

loam, sandy loam

Witt–Ildefonso–Harvey (s5240) Cobbly loam, loam

Table I.2: County Water Use within the Planning Area

County Surface Water

(Acre-Feet)

Groundwater

(Acre-Feet)

Total Use (AcreFeet)

Bernalillo 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 0 0 3,723 6,555 3,723 6,555

Domestic 0 0 2,162 6,037 2,162 6,037

Industrial 0 0 779 1,130 779 1,130

Irrigated Agriculture 65,221 41,549 3,893 2,371 69,114 43,950

Livestock 40 16 769 362 809 378

Mining 0 0 352 917 352 917

Power 0 0 253 363 253 363

Public Water Supply 0 46 135,468 114,611 135,468 114,657

Reservoir Evaporation 0 0 0 0 0 0

County Totals 65,261 41,611 147,399 132,346 212,660 173,957

Cibola 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 0 0 31 69 31 69

Domestic 0 0 969 1169 969 1,169

Industrial 0 0 58 1172 58 1,172

Irrigated Agriculture 3,082 1,681 2,333 4,012 5,415 5,693

Livestock 49 42 201 175 250 217

Mining 0 0 319 0 319 0

Power 0 0 0 0 0 0

Public Water Supply 0 0 2,840 3,484 2,840 3,484

Reservoir Evaporation 1,080 1,080 0 0 1,080 1,080

County Totals 4,211 2,803 6,751 10,081 10,962 12,884

McKinley 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 0 0 90 184 90 184

Domestic 0 0 2,839 3,623 2,839 3,623

Industrial 0 0 1,059 1,056 1,059 1,056
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix I: Soil and Water

I-3

County Surface Water

(Acre-Feet)

Groundwater

(Acre-Feet)

Total Use (AcreFeet)

Irrigated Agriculture 4,768 1,183 0 0 4,768 1,183

Livestock 96 51 389 209 485 260

Mining 0 0 3,242 2,725 3,242 2,725

Power 0 0 3,148 3,998 3,148 3,998

Public Water Supply 0 0 5,381 4,713 5,381 4,713

Reservoir Evaporation 0 0 0 0 0 0

County Totals 4,864 1,234 16,148 16,508 21,012 17,742

Sandoval 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 10 10 646 2,632 656 2,642

Domestic 0 0 2,529 2,754 2,529 2,754

Industrial 0 0 1,319 3,880 1,319 3,880

Irrigated Agriculture 54,529 53,719 899 663 55,428 54,382

Livestock 100 57 268 72 368 129

Mining 0 0 23 688 23 688

Power 0 0 0 0 0 0

Public Water Supply 126 145 15,201 13,716 15,327 13,861

Reservoir Evaporation 15,033 5,215 0 0 15,033 5,215

County Totals 69,798 59,146 20,885 24,405 90,683 83,551

Torrance 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 0 0 88 384 88 384

Domestic 0 0 745 1,007 745 1,007

Industrial 0 0 17 17 17 17

Irrigated Agriculture 0 0 45,170 42,879 45,170 42,879

Livestock 30 49 280 587 310 636

Mining 0 0 0 74 0 74

Power 0 0 0 0 0 0

Public Water Supply 0 0 983 1,221 983 1,221

Reservoir Evaporation 0 0 0 0 0 0

County Totals 30 49 47,283 46,169 47,313 46,218

Valencia 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005

Commercial 0 0 1075 1592 1075 1592

Domestic 0 0 3303 3926 3303 3926

Industrial 0 0 39 63 39 63

Irrigated Agriculture 182,710 177,082 8,666 9,134 191,376 186,216

Livestock 27 34 695 877 722 911

Mining 0 0 4 3 4 3

Power 0 0 0 0 0 0

Public Water Supply 0 0 4,917 5,624 4,917 5,624

Reservoir Evaporation 0 0 0 0 0 0

County Totals 182,737 177,116 18,699 21,219 201,436 198,335

Source: NMOSE 2008. All data are expressed in acre-feet.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix I: Soil and Water

I-4

I.2 Descriptions of the USGS Cataloging Units (8-digit HUC) 

with highest acreage of BLM-administered land.

I.2.1 Rio Puerco Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020204)

The Rio Puerco watershed is 7,350 square miles with headwaters near Cuba, New Mexico in 

northern Sandoval County. As the Rio Puerco descends to the Rio Grande at Bernardo, it receives 

surface flows from the adjacent Rio San Jose and Arroyo Chico watersheds, in addition to many, 

smaller, ephemeral streams and dry washes. The Rio Puerco is an ephemeral stream over much of 

its length. USGS records indicate that it frequently is dry from late fall to late spring. In the 

Planning Area, a significant amount of BLM-administered lands occur in the northern one-third of 

the watershed. Several gauging stations provide streamflow data. 

USGS gauging station 08352500 (Rio Puerco at Rio Puerco, New Mexico) operated from 1935 to 

1976. An examination of the mean monthly statistics shows a high of 259 cubic feet per second

(cfs) in August to a low of 1.1 cfs in December. The watershed drains 5,460 square miles and 

includes the influence of the Arroyo Chico Watershed, discussed below.

USGS gauging station USGS 08334000 (Rio Puerco above Arroyo Chico near Guadalupe, New 

Mexico) has operated from 1952 to the present, and an examination of the mean monthly statistics 

shows a high of 24 cfs in August to a low of 1.2 cfs in December. The watershed at this point 

drains 420 square miles with a significant amount of BLM-administered lands contributing.

USGS gauging station 08353000 (Rio Puerco near Bernardo, New Mexico) is at the mouth of the 

entire watershed, but the period of record is short, from 2001 to 2007. 

I.2.2 Arroyo Chico Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020205)

The Arroyo Chico watershed is bounded on the west by the Continental Divide and is tributary to 

the Rio Puerco. A significant amount of BLM-administered lands occur in the Torreon Wash 

portion of the watershed. USGS gauging station 08340500 (Arroyo Chico near Guadalupe, New 

Mexico) has operated from 1943 to 1986, and from 2006 until present at the mouth of the 

watershed where it joins the Rio Puerco. An examination of the mean monthly statistics shows a 

high of 102 cfs in August to a low of 1.6 cfs in December. The watershed drains 1,390 square 

miles of mostly semi-arid rangeland along with some higher elevation plateau terrain on the north 

side of Mount Taylor near Grants, New Mexico. 

I.2.3 Rio San Jose Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit 13020207)

The Rio San Jose Watershed is bounded on the west by the Continental Divide and is tributary to 

the Rio Puerco. The majority of BLM land within the watershed is the checkerboard area in 

eastern Cibola County south and east of the Laguna Pueblo and Acoma Pueblo Nations, 

respectively. The USGS gauging station farthest downstream is 08351500 (Rio San Jose at 

Correo, New Mexico) with a period of record from 1943 to 1994. An examination of the mean 

monthly discharge statistics shows a high of 49 cfs in August to a low of 2.9 cfs in December. 

The watershed drains 2,530 square miles of mostly semi-arid rangeland along with some higher 

elevation forested terrain on the south side of Mount Taylor and the north side of the Zuni 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix I: Soil and Water

I-5

Mountains near Grants, New Mexico. USGS gauging station 08343500 (Rio San Jose Near 

Grants, New Mexico) also has a significant period of record (1937-2004), and shows mean 

monthly discharge high of 8.7 cfs in August to a low of 5.0 cfs in December. The contributing 

drainage area at this station is 1,170 square miles and also reflects the surface water flows of the 

highest terrain (parts of the Cibola National Forest) in the watershed.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix J: Rioe Puerco Field Office Special Status Species List

J-1

J RIO PUERCO FIELD OFFICE SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES LIST

Table J.1: Special Status Species by County

Common Name Scientific Name County Status

New Mexico meadow 

jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius luteus Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia Federal Candidate

Rio Grande cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki 

virginalis Sandoval Federal Candidate

Yellow billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Candidate

Zuni bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus Cibola, McKinley Federal Candidate

Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Endangered

Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia Federal Endangered

Southwestern willow 

flycatcher Empidonax traillii extimus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Valencia Federal Endangered

Mountain plover Charadrius montanus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Proposed

Acoma fleabane Erigeron acomanus Cibola, McKinley Federal Species of Concern

American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Baird's sparrow Ammodramus baridii Bernalillo, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Bell's vireo Vireo bellii Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Black tern Chlidonias niger Bernalillo, McKinley, Torrance Federal Species of Concern

Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus Torrance Federal Species of Concern

Cebolleta southern pocket 

gopher

Thomomys umbrinus 

paguatae

Cibola Federal Species of Concern

Cinder phacelia Phacelia serrata Cibola Federal Species of Concern

Dwarf mildweed Asclepias uncialis var 

uncialis Torrance Federal Species of Concern

Goat Peak pika Ochotona princeps nigrescens Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Gypsum phacelia Phacelia sp. nov. Cibola, Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Gypsum townsendia Townsendia gypsophila Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Jemez Mountain salamander Plethodon neomexicanus Sandoval Federal Species of Concern
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix J: Rioe Puerco Field Office Special Status Species List

J-2

Common Name Scientific Name County Status

Knight's milkvetch Astragalus knightii Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Millipede Comanchelus chihuanus Bernalillo, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

New Mexico silverspot 

butterfly Speyeria nokomis nitocris Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Parish's alkali grass Puccinellia parishii McKinley, Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Pecos River muskrat Ondatra zibethicus ripensis Bernalillo, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Rio Grande sucker Catostomus plebeius Cibola, Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

San Juan checkerspot 

butterfly Euphydryas anicia chuskae McKinley Federal Species of Concern

Sivinski's fleabane Erigeron sivinskii McKinley Federal Species of Concern

Townsend's big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii Bernalillo, Sandoval Federal Species of Concern

Western burrowing owl Athene cunicularia hypugaea Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Species of Concern

Mexican spotted owl Strix occidentalis lucida Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia Federal Threatened

Pecos sunflower Helianthus paradoxus Cibola Federal Threatened

Zuni fleabane Erigeron rhizomatus Cibola, McKinley Federal Threatened

Millipede (no common name)

Comanchelus chihuanus 

(Formerly 

Totecus chihuanas)

Bernalillo, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis McKinley RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Black Tern Chlidonias niger 

surinamensis Bernalillo, McKinley, Torrance RPFO Bureau Sensitive

White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi Bernalillo, McKinley, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Western Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia hypugea Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Mountain plover Charadrius montanus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Gray vireo Vireo vivinior Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Bernalillo, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix J: Rioe Puerco Field Office Special Status Species List

J-3

Common Name Scientific Name County Status

Flathead chub Platygobio (Hybopsis) 

gracilis Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Zuni bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus 

yarrowi Cibola, McKinley RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Cebolleta southern pocket 

gopher

Thomomys umbrinus 

paquatae

Cibola RPFO Bureau Sensitive

New Mexican jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius luteus Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Pecos River muskrat Ondatra zibethicus ripensis Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Long-eared myotis Myotis evotis Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Long-legged myotis Myotis volans Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Occult myotis Myotis lucifugus occultus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Bernalillo, Cibola, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Pale Townsend's big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii 

pallescens Bernalillo, Cibola, Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Spotted bat Euderma maculatum Bernalillo, Cibola, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis Bernalillo, Cibola, Sandoval, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Acoma fleabane Erigeron acomanus Cibola, Mckinley RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Cinder phacelia Phacelia serrata Cibola RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Grama grass cactus Pediocactus papyracanthus Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Gypsum townsendia Townsendia gypsophila Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Knight's milk-vetch Astragalus knightii Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Sivinski's fleabane Erigeron sivinskii McKinley RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Sand-tufted verbena Abronia bigelovii Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Wright's nipple cactus Mammillaria wrightii Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Santa Fe milk-vetch Astragalus feensis Bernalillo, Sandoval, Torrance RPFO Bureau Sensitive

New Mexico spiny milk-vetch Astragalus kentrophyta var. 

neomexicana McKinley, Sandoval RPFO Bureau Sensitive

Tufted evening primrose Oenothera caespitosa Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Sandoval, Torrance, Valencia RPFO Bureau Sensitive
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix J: Rioe Puerco Field Office Special Status Species List

J-4

Common Name Scientific Name County Status

Texas horned lizard Phrynosoma cornutum Cibola, Torrance RPFO Bureau Sensitive
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix K: New Mexico Noxious Weed List

K-1

K NOXIOUS WEEDS

K.1 New Mexico Noxious Weed List

This weed list, which originated from the New Mexico Department of Agriculture, was last 

updated in April of 2009. It categorizes species in Classes A, B, and C, depending on whether it 

is currently present in New Mexico, and to what degree.

K.1.1 Class A Species

Class A species are currently not present in New Mexico, or have limited distribution. 

Preventing new infestations of these species and eradicating existing infestations is the highest 

priority.

Table K.1: Class A Noxious Weed Species

Common Name Scientific Name

Alfombrilla Drymaria arenariodes

Black henbane Hyoscyamus niger

Camelthorn Alhagi psuedalhagi

Canada thistle Cirsium arvense

Dalmation toadflax Linaria dalmatica

Diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa

Dyer’s woad Isatis tinctoria

Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum

Giant salvinia Salvinia molesta

Hoary cress Cardaria spp.

Hydrilla Hydrilla verticllata

Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula

Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare

Parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum

Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria

Purple starthistle Centaurea calcitrapa

Ravenna grass Saccharum ravennae

Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium

Spotted knapweed Centaurea biebersteinii

Yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis

Yellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris

K.1.2 Class B Species

Class B Species are limited to portions of the state. In areas with severe infestations, 

management should be designed to contain the infestation and stop any further spread.

Table K.2: Class B Noxious Weed Species

Common Name Scientific Name

African rue Peganum harmala

Chicory Cichorium intybus

Halogeton Halogeton glomeratus

Malta starthistle Centaurea melitensis

Musk thistle Carduus nutans
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix K: New Mexico Noxious Weed List

K-2

Common Name Scientific Name

Perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium

Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens

Poison hemlock Conium maculatum

Teasel Dipsacus fullonum

Tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima

K.1.3 Class C Species

Class C species are wide-spread in the state. Management decisions for these species should be 

determined at the local level, based on feasibility of control and level of infestation.

Table K.3: Class C Noxious Weed Species

Common Name Scientific Name

Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare

Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum

Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica

Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia

Saltcedar Tamarix spp.

Siberian elm Ulmus pumila

K.1.4 Watch List Species

Watch List species are species of concern in the state. These species have the potential to 

become problematic. More data is needed to determine if these species should be listed. When 

these species are encountered, please document their location and contact appropriate authorities.

Table K.4: Watch List Species

Common Name Scientific Name

Crimson fountaingrass Pennisetum setaceum

Giant cane Arundo donax

Meadow knapweed Centaurea pratensis

Pampas grass Cortaderia sellonana

Quackgrass Elytrigia repens

Sahara mustard Brassica tournefortii

Spiny cocklebur Xanthium spinosum

Wall rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia

K.2 Noxious Weed Control Standard Operating Procedures 

Those standard operating procedures (SOPs) found in Instruction Memorandum NM-010-99-01 

(Weed Prevention Schedule for Albuquerque Field Office) will be followed:

Ensure equipment involved in land disturbing actions, be clean of noxious weed seeds or 

propagative parts prior to entry on site. When working in areas with noxious weeds

equipment should be cleaned prior to moving off site.

Survey and inventory proposed work areas for noxious weeds; take reasonable measures to 

avoid spread of noxious weeds found (i.e. - cleaning equipment with pressure washers, 

stockpiling overburden material for later treatment, avoiding driving through weed 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix K: New Mexico Noxious Weed List

K-3

patches).The following noxious weeds have been identified as occurring on lands within the 

boundaries of the Albuquerque Field Office (AFO).

1. Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens) 

2. Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)

3. Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare)

4. Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

5. Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium)

6. Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba)

7. Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) 

8. Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)

9. Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa

10. Dalmation Toadflax (Linaria genistifolia)

11. Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

12. Camelthorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi)

13. Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

14. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)

15. Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)

16. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)

17. Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

18. African Rue (Peganum harmala)

Use only certified weed free erosion control and re-vegetation materials (e.g. mulch, seed, 

natural fiber mats).

If fill dirt or gravel will be required, the source needs to be noxious weed free.

The site should be monitored for the life of the project for the presence of noxious weeds

(includes maintenance & construction activities). If weeds are found the AFO will be notified 

and the AFO will determine the best method for the control of the particular weed species.

Reclamation and revegetation of the work site will use species specified by the AFO. All 

seed shall be certified weed free. The area will be monitored to determine the success of the 

revegetation, and revegetation will continue until successful. 

K.3 Weed Prevention Schedule

Table K.5: Weed Prevention Schedule

Prevention Activity When Staff

Re-establish vegetation on all areas of soil disturbance. Proper dates 

and the seeding mix to be used will be provided by the Albuquerque 

Field Office. Only certified weed free seed and mulch will be used in 

the re-establishment of vegetation. All reseeded sites should be 

monitored and permit holder notified if spot reseeding is required. 

All 

Year

Lands and 

Minerals, 

Watershed,

Engineering 

Teams

Include weed prevention and treatment in all mining plans of 

operation and reclamation plans. Retain bonds for weed control until 

All 

Year

Lands and 

Minerals 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix K: New Mexico Noxious Weed List

K-4

Prevention Activity When Staff

the site is returned to vegetative conditions matching the surrounding 

area. Method of treatment for any infestations must be approved by 

the Albuquerque Field Office.

Team

Require that all archaeological site excavations greater than 1/4 acre 

be reclaimed. Dates of seeding and seed mix to be used will be 

provided by the Albuquerque Field Office. Seed must be certified 

weed free.

All 

Year

Cultural 

Team

K.4 Albuquerque Field Office Seed Mixtures

The following seed mixtures with allowable listed substitutions will be recommended for use 

within the AFO administrative area. All seed used in reclamation projects shall be certified 

noxious weed free prior to use.

K.4.1 Grassland Vegetation Type (Sagebrush Draws)

Table K.6: Seed Mix for the Grassland Vegetation Type

Common Name Variety Drilled 

Rate

Broadcast 

Rate

% for 

Mix Lbs/Acre

Alkali Sacaton Salado 0.5 1.0 15% 0.2

Western Wheatgrass Arriba 8.0 17.0 25% 4.3

Galleta Viva 6.0 11.0 20% 2.2

Blue Grama Lovington 1.5 2.5 25% 0.6

Scarlet Globemallow 4.0 8.0 5% 0.4

Blue Flax Appar 8.0 16.0 10% 1.6

Annual Rye Gulf 4.0 8.0 8.0

Annual Rye Grass is included as a 1st year cover crop.

K.4.2 Piñon-Juniper Vegetation Type

Table K.7: Seed Mix for the Piñon-Juniper Vegetation Type

Common Name Variety Drilled 

Rate

Broadcast 

Rate

% for 

Mix Lbs/Acre

Mountain Brome Bromar 11.0 25.0 15% 3.8 

Western Wheatgrass Arriba 8.0 17.0 25% 4.3

Galleta Viva 6.0 11.0 20% 2.2

Blue Grama Lovington 1.5 2.5 25% 0.6

American Vetch 4.0 8.0 5% 0.4

Rocky Mtn Penstemon Bandera 3.0 6.0 10% 0.6

Annual Rye Gulf 4.0 8.0 8.0

Annual Rye Grass is included as a 1st year cover crop.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix K: New Mexico Noxious Weed List

K-5

K.4.3 High Elevation Vegetation Type

Table K.8: Seed Mix for the High Elevation Vegetation Type

Common Name Variety Drilled 

Rate

Broadcast 

Rate

% for 

Mix Lbs/Acre

Mountain Brome Bromar 11.0 25.0 15% 3.8

Western Wheatgrass Arriba 8.0 17.0 25% 4.3

Arizona Fescue Redondo 2.0 3.0 20% 2.2

June Grass 0.5 1.0 25% 0.3 

American Vetch 4.0 8.0 5% 0.4

Scarlet Penstemon 3.0 6.0 10% 0.6

Annual Rye Gulf 4.0 8.0 8.0

Annual Rye Grass is included as a 1st year cover crop.

K.4.4 Alternative Species for Consideration

Table K.9: Alternative Species tor Consideration

Common Name Scientific Name

Grass: Sand Dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus

Forbs: Desert Marigold Baileya multiradiata

Rocky Mountain Beeplant Cleome serrulata

Purple Coneflower Echinacea purpurea

California Poppy Eschscholtzia californica

Annual Sunflower Helianthus annuus

Yellow Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis

Purple Prairie Clover Petalostemum prupureum

Prairie Coneflower Ratibida columnaris

Desert Globemallow Sphaeralcea ambigua

Purple Verbena Verbena stricta
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-6

L PLANT COMMUNITIES AND WILDLIFE FOR THE 

MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS OF THE RIO PUERCO

L.1 The Sagebrush/Grass Ecosystem 

The sagebrush/grass ecosystem or sagebrush steppe comprises roughly 20% or 164 square miles 

of the upper Rio Puerco watershed. It is found mainly in the upland valleys with piñon-juniper 

woodlands on the ridges, mesas, and mesa side slopes closely associated with it. This area may 

be the farthest south and east population of the big sagebrush/grass ecotype in the United States.

Geographically, this area extends north and south from the continental divide west of Cuba, 

N.M., south approximately 31 miles (near the village of San Luis, N.M.). It ranges from the 

western foot of the Nacimiento Mountains on the east westward to near Torreon, N.M. This area 

is described broadly as the southeast portion of the Colorado Plateau.

This ecosystem can be further classified vegetatively as the shrubland formation, the Artemisia 

subformation, and the tridentata series.

Francis (1986) classified nine communities in the area:

Artemisia tridentata/Bouteloua gracilis-Hilaria jamesii

Artemisia tridentata-Gutierrezia sarothrae/Bouteloua gracilis-Hilaria jamesii 

Artemisia tridentata/Bouteloua gracilis-Hilaria jamesii-Sporobolus airoides 

Artemisia tridentata-Gutierrezia sarothrae/Hilaria jamesii-Sporobolus airoides, 

Artemisia tridentata-Gutierrezia sarothrae/Bouteloua gracilis-Agropyron smithii

Artemisia tridentata/Sporobolus cryptandrus-Oryzopsis hymenoides 

Artemisia tridentata-Chrysothamnus parryi/Aristida fendleriana-Bouteloua gracilis

Artemisia arbuscula nova-A. tridentata/Agropyron cristatum-A. smithii

Artemisia arbuscula nova-Gutierrezia sarothrae/Bouteloua gracilis-Hilaria jamesii

The sagebrush/grass ecosystem occurs on eleven ecological sites that include: WP-1 Clayey, 

WP-1 Clayey Upland, WP-1 Salty Bottomland, WP-l Swale, WP-1 Loamy Upland, WP-1 

Loamy, WP-1 Deep Sandy Upland, WP-l Sand Plains, WP-1 Sandy, WP-l Shallow Upland, and 

WP-1 Gravelly Slopes.

L.1.1 Soils

The sagebrush/grass ecosystem occurs on the following soils from the Sandoval County Soil 

Survey and the Cabezon Soil Survey:

Alluvial land Berent loamy fine sand

Billings silty clay loam, alkali and gullied land Billings and Persayo silty clay loams 

Fronton-Travessilla-Persayo assoc. Fruitland sandy loam

Las Lucas loam Las Lucas-Persayo assoc.

Penistija fine sandy loam Penistija-Berent assoc.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-7

Alluvial land Berent loamy fine sand

Penistija-Sandstone outcrop assoc. Persayo-Shale outcrop assoc.

Prewitt loam and gullied land Ravola silty clay loam and gullied land 

Sparham clay Orlie-Sparham clay

Orlie-Sparham assoc. Orlie loam

Pinitos loam Blancot-Councelor-Tsosie assoc. 

Vessilla-Menefee-Orlie assoc.

L.1.2 Vegetation

The U.S. Forest Service found the following mean annual production in the nine plant 

communities:

Table L.1: Mean Annual Plant Production by Plant Community

Species Pounds/Acre

Western Wheatgrass 20.1

Blue grama 50.4

Galleta grass 23.2

Alkali sacaton 20.8

Bottlebrush squirreltail 8.8

Broom snakeweed 31.4

Annuals 7.5

Other species 98.8

Total (not including sagebrush) 263.1 

The BLM measured a mean annual production for big sagebrush in the upper Rio Puerco 

watershed to be 32 pounds per acre (air dry). If 32 is added to the total mean above for mainly 

understory grasses and forbs, then the total herbaceous and sagebrush production would be 295.1 

pounds/acre/year.

The most important vegetative attribute for watershed stabilization is cover. A study of several 

relic areas in different States showed the following:

Table L.2: Vegetative Cover by State

State Cover

Grass Sagebrush

Idaho 60% 20%

41% 28%

Northern Utah 9-39%

Southeast Oregon 75% 25%

Nevada 78% 13%

The US Forest Service Range Experimental Station measured a mean of 62.2% grass cover, 30% 

sagebrush cover for a 67%/32% grass/shrub ratio, 18.8% total plant cover, 11.3% letter, 0.1% 

rock, and 30.25% total cover for the Upper Rio Puerco.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-8

The RPFO multi-disciplinary team decided that the desirable sagebrush cover should be 

somewhere between 16 to 22 percent. If an area exceeds this, best management practices will be 

applied to bring it up to standards.

Valley bottoms in this ecotype should have big sagebrush removed completely, where possible. 

This is especially true where no defined channel has been cut and the area may support a 

grassland.

Four seral communities or condition classes can be described for the sagebrush/grass ecosystem 

in the upper Rio Puerco watershed, low seral, mid seral, high seral, and the potential plant 

community.

L.1.2.1 Low Seral

This community includes big sagebrush with a good understory of perennial grasses and forbs. It 

should have a Shrub cover of 10-30%. Several species of shrubs may be present, including big 

sagebrush, winterfat, fourwing saltbush, shadscale, rabbitbrush, horsebrush, black greasewood,

and plains prickly pear. Soils and watershed conditions should remain unchanged or stable. 

Wildlife habitat is relatively good for most species, with a high biodiversity. This community 

provides good stream bank vegetation adjacent to riparian areas. It also provides good diversity 

and quality of wildlife habitat. Vegetation and litter provide high infiltration with a relatively 

low runoff potential and erosion potential. In general, the community provides The potential for 

prescribed fire is good. Plant cover is as follows: herbaceous cover of 63-74%, sagebrush cover 

of 10-25%, litter of 16-20%, and rock of 0.1-0.5%. Table L.3 shows the production by species:

Table L.3: Low Seral Production by Species

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air dry

Western wheatgrass 40-55

Alkali sacaton 20-150

Galleta grass 40-65

Bottlebrush squirreltail 20-25

Blue grama 18-50

Broom snakeweed 10-15

Annuals 2-5

Big sagebrush 10-18

Other species* 300-400

L.1.2.2 Mid Seral

In this community, big sagebrush is present with a sparse understory of perennial grasses and 

forbs. The shrub cover is 20-40%, mostly consisting of big sagebrush. Few soil erosion problems 

exist on level- to nearly-level sites; however, erosion may be severe on steeper sites. Wildlife

habitat quality has been reduced for most species, but may provide good habitat for some 

species. When adjacent to riparian habitat, this community may cause increased sediment loads 

in stream channels. The quality of livestock forage may be reduced from a loss of perennial 

grasses and forbs. There is a lower diversity of herbaceous plant cover. Infiltration is moderate to 
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-9

low, but varies with soil type and litter cover. Runoff potential is moderate to high and erosion 

may be severe on steeply sloped sites or unchanged on nearly level sites. The potential for

prescribed fire is fair. Plant cover is as follows: herbaceous cover 36-62%, sagebrush cover 26-

30%, litter 9-15%, rock 0%. Table L.4 shows the production by species:

Table L.4: Mid Seral Production by Species

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheatgrass 5-15

Alkali sacaton 5-12

Galleta grass 20-33

Bottlebrush squirreltail 15-30

Blue grama 45-60

Broom snakeweed 25-35

Annuals 5-10

Big sagebrush 25-35

Other species* 49-150

L.1.2.3 High Seral

This community includes dense sagebrush with few perennial herbaceous plants. Many annual 

plants may occur depending on the amount of spring moisture. Abundant reproduction is 

apparent for the big sagebrush, with several age classes occurring. Shrub cover is 30-60%, and 

almost exclusively sagebrush. There may also be extensive areas of rabbitbrush. This stage 

provides poor habitat for most wildlife species; however, it may provide good winter range for 

pronghorn and mule deer. There is a high potential for erosion. Usually, there is an increased 

sediment load to streams and arroyos. As riparian vegetation is lost, water temperature increases, 

more bank cutting occurs, and velocity of flows increase. This stage provides a low quality of 

livestock forage with little herbaceous understory. There are high interception losses because of 

shrub density. Low infiltration between shrubs due to lack of herbaceous plants. Runoff potential 

is high on sloped sites. Rills and flow patterns evident, along with pedestaled plants. The 

potential for prescribed fire is low; such a fire will probably burn only under high temperatures 

and high wind conditions. Before prescribed fire can be used, the site may have to be treated 

with a herbicide first. Plant cover is as follows: herbaceous cover 10-35%, sagebrush cover 31-

45%, litter 7-14%, rock 0.1-0.5%. Table L.5 shows the production by species.

Table L.5: High Seral Production by Species

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air

Western wheatgrass 0-5

Alkali sacaton 2-5

Galleta grass 3-13

Bottlebrush squirreltail 0-5

Blue grama 2-20

Broom snakeweed 36-47

Annuals 15-25
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-10

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air

Big sagebrush 35-50

Other species* 25-35

L.1.2.4 Potential Plant Community

In this community, little or no herbaceous understory is present, with a dense cover of big 

sagebrush 30 years of age or older. Sagebrush cover is over 50%. Piñon and juniper trees have 

begun to invade the area at the upper elevations. There is low quality wildlife habitat for most 

species. This stage may provide seasonal forage for herbivores (mule deer and pronghorn) and 

seeds for grainivores. This stage is often accompanied by loss of much of the riparian vegetation, 

associated with entrenched gullies or stream channels that have had a lowering of the water table. 

Sagebrush and rabbitbrush invade the riparian zones and replace riparian species, such as 

cottonwoods and willows. There will be poor water quality in streams, with high sediment loads 

occurring. The community will have low biodiversity with a low number of migrant birds. 

Livestock forage is of poor quality in monotypic sagebrush stands. Almost no perennial and 

annual herbaceous plants are present, with bare ground exposed in interspaces. There is a 

possibility of severe erosion, including high sheet and rill erosion of soil occurring on colluvial 

and alluvial slopes. Extensive soil capping is in evidence. There is poor infiltration with high 

runoff potential, except in coppice mounds of dead shrubs. This is a vegetative plant community 

that is highly resistant to fires. Brush control may have to be accompanied by seeding because 

there is no understory seed source. Plant cover is as follows: herbaceous cover 2-9%, sagebrush 

cover 46-75%, litter 4-6%, rock 0.1-0.5%. Table L.6 shows production by species.

Table L.6: Potential Plant Community Production by Species

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheatgrass 0-1

Alkali sacaton 0-1

Galleta grass 4-1

Bottlebrush squirreltail 2-3

Blue grama 2-3

Broom snakeweed 45-55

Annuals 25+

Big sagebrush 50+

Other species* 2

-

3

*The most important other species, based upon cover, frequency, density, and importance value 

in the plant community are:

Buckwheats, asters Crested wheatgrass Fendler threeawn

Globe mallow Goldenweeds Indian ricegrass 

Loco weeds Mat muhly Needle & thread grass

New Mexico feathergrass Parrey rabbitbrush Prickly pear, etc

Prickly phlox Red threeawn Rubber rabbitbrush

Sand dropseed Spike dropseed Tumble grass
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-11

L.1.3 Wildlife

The following wildlife is associated with the sagebrush/grass ecosystem in the upper Rio Puerco 

area of New Mexico.

L.1.3.1 Mammals

Badger Big brown bat Bobcat

Botta's pocket gopher Brush mouse Coyote

Deer mouse Elk Ground squirrel

Gunnison's prairie dog Kit fox Little brown Myotis

Mule deer Pallid bat Plains pocket mouse 

Pronghorn Rock squirrel Silky pocket mouse 

Southern plains wood rat Striped skunk Western harvest mouse 

White footed deer mouse White-tailed antelope 

L.1.3.2 Birds

American kestrel Ash throated flycatcher Barn swallow

Bewick's wren Black throated sparrow Black-chinned humming bird 

Black-headed grosbeak Black-throated gray warbler Blue grosbeak 

Blue-gray gnatcatcher Brewer's blackbird Brewer's sparrow*** 

Broad-tailed humming bird Brown-headed cowbird Burrowing owl

Chipping sparrow Common night hawk Common poor-will

Common raven Coopers' hawk Dark-eyed junco 

European starling Golden eagle Green-tailed towhee 

Horned lark *** House finch House wren

Ladder-backed woodpecker Loggerhead shrike Marsh hawk

Merlin Mockingbird Morning dove

Northern flicker Northern oriole Orange crowned warbler 

Plain titmouse Prairie falcon Red-breasted nuthatch 

Red-tailed hawk Robin Rock wren

Rufous humming bird Rufous-sided towhee Sage sparrow *** 

Sage thrasher *** Say's Phoebe Scott's oriole 

Sharp-shinned hawk Solitary vireo Vesper sparrow *** 

Western Bluebird Western meadow lark Western wood pewee 

White crowned sparrow White-breasted nuthatch White-throated swift 

***obligates or facultative species that spend some or all their time in the ecotype

L.1.3.3 Lizards

Checkered whiptail Collard lizard Great plains skink 

Lesser earless lizard Little striped whiptail Many-lined skink

New Mexico whiptail Plateau whiptail Short-horned lizard 

Side-blotched lizard Tree lizard 
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-12

L.1.3.4 Snakes

Desert striped whipsnake Gopher (bull) snake Western (prairie) rattlesnake

Western diamondback rattlesnake

L.1.3.5 Amphibians

Plains spadefoot toad Western spadefoot toad Woodhouse's toad

L.1.4 Desired Plant Community

The desired plant community for the sagebrush/grass ecosystem in the upper Rio Puerco 

watershed in New Mexico should have the following elements:

Range condition: Low seral, as previously described, with 16-25% big sagebrush cover . 

If cover of big sagebrush exceeds this range, then brush control should be scheduled.

Mosaic pattern of sagebrush and herbaceous understory 

High biodiversity of wildlife including the listed obligate and facultative species

L.2 The Piñon and Juniper Ecosystem 

Piñon-juniper (P-J) woodlands cover approximately 18% of the upper Rio Puerco watershed. 

Approximately 14% of this total is considered "manageable" using criteria of density and quality. 

The remaining is juniper savanna more suitable for grazing management than woodland 

products.

Elevations range from 6,600 to 7,400 feet. Frost-free days range from 100 to 140 (mean 120 

days). Annual precipitation for a normal year ranges from 10 to 16 inches (mean 13 in.). For a 

drought year it ranges from 8 to 14 inches (mean 11 inches). Snowfall ranges from 25 to 40 

inches falling from October through March.

There is a vegetative continuum in the upper Rio Puerco from lower to higher elevation and from 

south to north. This continuum goes generally from grasslands, to juniper savanna, to juniper 

dominated P-J, to piñon dominated P-J, to ponderosa pine forests.

Characteristics that differentiate grasslands from woodlands are: Woodland sites have 6% or 

more ground cover of stones or bedrock, slopes range from 9 to 15 percent, piñon pine is present, 

a mixture of rock and soil provides the suitable hydrologic environment for P-J woodland, and 

the most consistent indicator of an original P-J site is the stoniness or coarseness of the soil.

Woodland vegetation differs from forest vegetation in that the canopies of individual woodland 

trees rarely touch or overlap and are generally smaller in stature than forest tree species.

Peddie and Moir (1993), and Francis (1986) found the following characteristics of P-J woodlands 

in New, Mexico for the woodland continuum:

L.2.1.1 Juniper-Savanna Woodland

130 trees/Acre or less
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-13

Tree cover 5-30%

Height of the tallest trees were less than 16 feet

Mean herbaceous understory production 187.2 pounds/acre, air dry

L.2.1.2 Piñon Pine Dominated woodland

170 trees/acre (mean)

Tree cover 30-50%

Height of tallest trees 13-26 feet

Mean herbaceous understory production 108.9 pounds/acre air dry

L.2.1.3 Ponderosa Pine/Mesic (closed woodlands)

280 + or - 50 trees/acre

Tree cover 50-80%

Height of tallest trees excluding ponderosa pine 23-42 feet Mean herbaceous understory 

production 143.8 pounds/acre air dry

L.2.1.4 Soils of the Woodlands

Soils are usually shallow and are derived from granite, basalt, limestone, and mixed alluvium. 

Topographically, they are found on mesa tops, mesa side slopes, ridges, foothills, and colluvial 

slopes. The following soil mapping units identified in the Cabezon soil survey and the Sandoval 

county soil survey are occupied by the P-J woodland ecosystem:

Atarque-Menefee-Rock outcrop complex Basalt Outcrop-Cabezon association

Berent sandstone outcrop association Billings And Persayo Silty Clay Loam 

Councelor-Eslendo-Mespun complex Hagerman-Bond association

Ildefonso very stony loam Litle-Persayo association 

Montecito complex Penistaja-Sandstone outcrop association 

Persayo Gravely Soils-Shale outcrop association Persayo-Shale outcrop association

Pinitos Loam Rock Outcrop Saido complex 

Rock Outcrop-Travessilla-Persayo association Rock Outcrop-Zia complex

Sandstone Outcrop-Travessilla association Skyvillage-Sandoval-Rock outcrop complex 

Travessilla-Persayo-Billings association Vesilla-Menefee-Orlie association 

Vesilla-Menefee-Rock outcrop complex Zia-Skyvillage-Rock outcrop complex 

L.2.1.5 Woodland Characteristics

The piñon-juniper woodland or dwarf conifer ecosystem is characterized by one or more species 

of piñon pine and juniper. Throughout most of the ecosystem, junipers outnumber piñons.

The Colorado piñon (Pinus edulis) is the common denominator in most piñon-juniper stands. 

Piñons range between 9 and 35 feet tall and 5 to 18 inches in diameter. In the average P-J stand 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-14

in New Mexico, piñons account for 61% of the trees and are most common in the smaller size 

classes. The average stand contains 462 trees and 90 square feet of basal area per acre. Piñon

saplings grow 4-6 inches in height annually. Mature piñon grow 2-4 inches in height annually. 

On better sites, piñon can grow to 12 inches in diameter within 150 years. The proportion of 

piñon in the stand increases with increased elevation and moisture until it becomes the primary 

species at about 7.200 feet. Seed crops occur every 4 to 7 years depending upon the weather, site 

conditions, and insect herbivory. Trees start bearing cones at 25 years, but production peaks 

when trees are 75 to 100 years old. They can reach ages of over 400 years. Cones require three 

growing seasons to mature and contain about 20 seeds. A productive tree can produce about 20 

pounds of seed, and an acre can yield about 300 pounds of seed. Mature seed release starts in 

mid-September and can continue for a 50-day period.

The three most common junipers associated with the piñon are one-seed (Juniperus 

monosperma), Rocky mountain (J. scopulorum) and Utah juniper (J. osteosperma). Alligator 

juniper (J. deppeana) is common further south in Cibola County, both east and west of El 

Malpais.

Junipers are multi-stemmed trees less than 40 feet in height. Junipers are generally more drought

tolerant than piñons, and tend to predominate on drier sites. Junipers generally grow slower than 

piñon. They grow 4 inches in height annually up to age 40, 1.3 inches from 40 to 80 and 0.7 

inches from 80 to 300. Annual diameter growth (for Rocky Mountain juniper) is about 0.08 

inches up to 170 years of age and 0.03 inches afterward. In the average P-J stand in New 

Mexico, junipers makeup slightly more than half of the basal area and 47% of the stand cubic 

feet volume.

One-seeded juniper taproots of mature trees are 18 inches to 12 feet in length. Lateral roots are 

2.5 to 3 times as long as the tree is tall, usually in the surface 3 feet of the soil and roost 

concentrated in the surface 6 inches.

A 1975 range inventory of the upper Rio Puerco watershed showed the following species 

composition in P-J woodland sites:

Table L.7: Species Composition of P-J Sites of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, 1975

Species Percent 

Composition

All juniper species 27

Piñon pine 23

Blue grama 14

Big sagebrush 9

Galleta grass 6

Broom snakeweed 5

All oak species 3

Ponderosa pine 1

Black grama 1

Prickly pear 1

Fringed sage and Bigelow 

sage

1
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-15

Species Percent 

Composition

Mountain mahogany 1

Threeawn species 1

Sand dropseed 1

Bottlebrush squirreltail 1

Prairie junegrass 1

Sideoats grama 1

Western wheatgrass 1

Needle-and-thread grass and 

New Mexico feathergrass

1

The 1975 survey also found the following (mean) percent cover:

Table L.8: Mean Percent Cover within P-J Sites, Upper Rio Puerco, 1975

Cover Percent

Forage vegetation 12.7 

Total vegetation 30.3 

Litter 20.9 

Gravel 9.2 

Cobble/Stone 6.7 

Bare Ground 32.5

Francis (1986) found the following woodland communities: 

Juniper Savanna

Major understory species based upon importance value ranking:

Blue grama 

Galleta grass 

Broom snakeweed 

Sand dropseed

Cover Percent

Total Plant 13.3 

Tree (Juniper) 5.7 

Shrub .9 

Herbaceous 6.7 

Litter 7.9 

Rock 11.4 

Bare Soil 74.0

Juniper Dominated Woodland

Major understory species based upon importance value ranking:
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-16

Blue grama

Galleta grass 

Broom snakeweed 

Sand dropseed 

Big sagebrush

New Mexico feathergrass 

Red threeawn 

Baby white aster 

Black grama

Bottlebrush squirreltail 

Sideoats grama 

Western wheatgrass

Cover Percent

Total plant 15.9 

Tree 3.4 

Shrub 5.1 

Herbaceous 7.4 

Litter 16.1

Rock 10.0

Bare Soil 66.4

Piñon Dominated Woodland

Major understory species based upon importance value ranking:

Blue grama

Galleta grass 

Buckwheat species 

Hairy gold aster 

James eriogonum 

Plains pricklypear 

Broom snakeweed 

Sedge species 

Gambel's oak 

Baby white aster 

Sand dropseed

Ephedra species 

Greene’s rabbitbrush 

Indian ricegrass 

Hymenoxys species

Cover Percent

Total plant 11.9 

Tree 4.7 

Shrub 2.7 

Herbaceous 4.5 

Litter 6.5 

Rock 8.3 

Bare Soil 80.8

Common Woodland Products:

Fuelwood - The P-J ecosystem provides heating and cooking fuel for thousands of 

households in the area. The present and future demand for piñon pine and juniper fuel 

wood will probably remain high because there is no suitable alternative.

Fence Posts - The "cedar" (juniper) post fenced the west and will continue to be used for 

line posts and brace posts.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-17

Christmas Trees - For many people, there is no true Christmas without a piñon or juniper 

tree. Their popularity is growing and BLM has provided suitable areas, especially in old 

tree chainings where young (20 year old ) trees have re-invaded the sites. Pruning piñon

pine will improve a stand if the objective is for Christmas tree production. 

Nuts - Piñon nuts have been a staple food for Indian people from time immemorial and a 

delicacy for the white man. They are nutritious and delicious and there growing 

popularity has created a high demand for this crop.

Ornamental Wildlings - The piñon pine is widely used for landscaping and this use is 

increasing in the Albuquerque metropolitan area.

L.2.2 Wildlife

The following lists of mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, and amphibians are common to the P-J woodlands 

in the Rio Puerco watershed. Other uncommon, largely migratory species, found occasionally in this 

ecosystem are not listed.

Woodland mammals

Little-brown myotis

Long-eared myotis 

Big brown bat 

Hoary bat

Woodland cottontail rabbit 

Colorado chipmunk

White-tailed antelope groundsquirrel

Rock squirrel

Botta’s pocket gopher 

Silky pocket mouse 

Western harvest mouse 

Deer mouse 

Piñon mouse 

White-footed deer mouse 

White-throated woodrat 

Southern plains woodrat 

Stephen's woodrat 

House mouse 

Porcupine

Coyote 

Gray fox 

Badger 

Striped skunk 

Mountain lion 

Bobcat 

Mule deer 

Elk
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-18

Woodland Birds

Sharp-shinned hawk 

Cooper's hawk 

Red-tailed hawk 

Golden eagle 

Prairie falcon 

Merlin

Great horned owl

Wild turkey 

Common poor-will 

Common nighthawk 

White-throated swift 

Black-chinned hummingbird 

Broad-tailed hummingbird 

Northern flicker 

Acorn woodpecker 

Ladder-backed woodpecker 

Casin's kingbird 

Ash throated flycatcher 

Hammonds flycatcher 

Western wood pewee 

Barn swallow

Cliff swallow 

Stellers Jay 

Piñon Jay 

Common raven 

Plain titmouse

Lead colored bushtit 

Bewick's wren 

Robin

Blue-gray gnatcatcher 

Solitary vireo

Orange crowned warbler 

Black--throated gray warbler 

Scott's oriole 

Black-headed grosbeak 

House finch

Green-tailed towhee 

Rufous-sided towhee 

Brown towhee 

Rufous-crowned sparrow 

Dark-eyed Junco 

Chipping sparrow 

White-crowned sparrow 

Townsend's solitaire

* Obligate woodland species

Piñon jays and scrub jays disperse piñon seeds.

Townsend's solitaire, cottontail, coyote and mice disperse juniper seeds.

Woodland 

Lizards

Collard lizard 

Eastern fence lizard 

Short-horned lizard 

Tree lizard 

Side-blotched lizard 

Little striped whiptail 

Plateau whiptail 

Checkered whiptail 

Great plains skink 

Many-lined skink 
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-19

Snakes

Night snake 

Desert-striped whipsnake 

Gopher (bull) snake 

Prairie rattlesnake

Western diamondback rattlesnake

Amphibians

Red spotted toad

Woodhouse's toad 

For browsing wildlife, the winter forage from woody plants is the major value of the P-J woodland 

ecosystem. Dietary studies in New Mexico woodlands show the following in descending order of 

utilization:

Mountain mahogany 

Gray oak

Birdsbill day flower 

Morning glory 

Spiderwort 

Deer vetch

Woodland management in the Rio Puerco watershed should take into account certain damaging agents:

Piñon Pine

Piñon sawfly (Neodiprion edulicolus) 

Piñon tip moth (Dioryctria albovittella) 

Piñon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus) 

Cone moth (Eucasma bobana)

Piñon Ips (Ips confusus)

Piñon dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium divaricatum)

Woodpeckers and porcupines also cause considerable damage to piñon pine. 

Junipers

Twig beetles (Phloeosinios spp.) 

Twig girdlers (Stylox app.) 

Rusts (Gymnosporanqium spp.)

True mistletoes (Phorandendron spp.)
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-20

L.2.3 Desired Plant Communities 

Piñon Dominated Woodland

Cover Percent Composition (by weight)

Trees 65

Piñon pine 43

Juniper species 22

Shrubs 14

Big sagebrush

Yucca 

Prickly pear cactus

Fringed sage

Wavy leaf oak

Mountain mahogany

Skunkbush sumac

Bitterbrush

Winterfat

Apache plume

Grasses or Grasslikes 30

Blue grama

Galleta

Indian ricegrass

Littleseed ricegrass

Bottlebrush squirreltail

Needle & thread

Western wheatgrass

Mutton bluegrass

Dryland sedge

Prairie junegrass

Forbs 5

Groundsel

Indian paintbrush

Buckwheat

Multiflower gilia

Penstemon sp.

Sego lily

Fleabane sp.

Four O’clock

Salsify

Hymenoxys sp.

Deer vetch

Wright’s silktassel

Herbaceous sages

Spiderwort

Bird’s bill/dayflower

Cover Percent

Total Plant 11.9

Tree 4.7

Shrub 2.7

Herbaceous 4.5

Litter 6.5

Rock 8.3

Bare Soil 73.3 or less
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-21

Juniper Dominated Woodland Percent Composition By Weight 

Trees 65

One-seed juniper 43

Piñon pine 22

Shrubs 14

Bigelow sage 

Fringed sage 

Cliffrose 

Skunkbush sumac 

Mountain mahogany 

Shrub live oak 

Gray oak 

Winterfat 

Fourwing saltbush

Grasses 30

Blue grama

Galleta 

Alkali sacaton

New Mexico feathergrass 

Indian ricegrass 

Sideoats grama 

Hairy grama 

Black grama 

Wolftail

Thurber muhly

Forbs 5

Wormwood

Sego lily

Globemallow

Fleabane species

Groundsel species

Four-o'clock

Buckwheat species

Salsify

Indian,paintbrush

Hymenoxys species 

Gilia species

Penstemon species

Cover Percent

Total Plant 15.1

Tree 4.2

Shrub 3.7

Herbaceous 7.2

Litter 13.4

Rock 10.5

Bare Soil 69.0

The percent species composition for trees, shrubs, grasses, and forbs are meant to be a mean on 

either side of which there is an acceptable range of 5-10 percent variation. The same holds true 

for the percent cover figures.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-22

L.2.4 Treatment Recommendations

L.2.4.1 Wildlife

General guidelines for treatments designed to improve wildlife habitat include:

1. Minimum cover for wildlife in the P-J woodland ecosystem should be at least 50 acres in 

size and not less than 600 feet wide.

2. Provide travel or escape routes for movement of animals between the various islands and 

fingers of unmolested habitat cover.

3. Facilitate distribution of wildlife use through arrangement of openings and cover in 

relation to water and available forage supplies. Established routes of game travel (where 

known or suspected) should be given special consideration in laying out corridors.

4. Provide thermal cover (shelter) as an aid to the maintenance of constant body temperature 

by maintaining an adequate quantity of large trees of all species which provide both aerial 

cover and ground litter.

5. Old piñon pines with large trunks should not be removed unless more than 10 per acre are 

present. Larger snags should be retained as potential turkey roost trees, raptor nest sites, 

and other trees important to wildlife.

6. When clearing piñon-juniper stands, up to 10 large piñon trees per acre may be retained

7. All stringers and groves of ponderosa pine interspersed with woodland should be retained, 

including snags and any understory cover of ponderosa pine reproduction, unless they are 

diseased or infected with some damaging agent.

8. Treatment patterns or boundaries should be undulating to create optimum "edge" and 

uneven margins.

9. Water developments should be included in or adjacent to cover areas whenever possible.

10. Treatments should occur 100 to 200 feet away from rimrock areas. 

L.2.4.2 Silviculture

The Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station recommends the following 

silviculture methods for improving P-J woodlands that have a high site productivity for growing 

wood products. High site woodlands can produce wood products on a sustainable yield basis. 

These usually are found in the piñon dominated woodlands. The main goal is to obtain 

satisfactory tree regeneration for the future.

1. The two-step shelterwood method appears to work best for even age stand management. 

The even-aged system produces stands in which all trees are about the same age; that is, 

the difference in age between trees forming the main crown canopy level will usually not 

exceed 20 percent of the rotation length. The shelterwood cutting method is any 

regeneration cutting in a more or less_ mature stand, designed to establish a new crop 

under the protection of the old. The resultant crop will be even-aged. The shelterwood 

cutting method is characterized by a series' of cuts called the preparatory cut, seed cut, 

and-removal cut.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-23

2. The single-tree selection method works beat of the uneven-aged methods.

3. The uneven-aged system involves manipulation of a forest to simultaneously maintain 

continuous high-forest cover, recurring regeneration of desirable species, and the orderly 

growth and development of trees through a range of diameter or age classes to provide a 

sustained yield of forest products. The single-tree selection cutting involves removal of 

selected trees from specified size or age classes over the entire stand area in order to meet 

a predetermined goal of size or age distribution and species composition in the remaining 

stand.

4. Thinning for herbaceous improvement should not remove more than 65 percent of net 

crown cover.

5. Leave the best trees with largest crowns on a spacing of 20 x 20 feet to 30 x 30 feet.

6. Limit opening size to four to ten acres.

7. Lop and scatter is the preferred method of slash disposal outside of the WUI.

L.2.4.3 Slash Disposal

The following recommendations are specifically for slash disposal following a silviculture

thinning method:

1. Lop and scatter of slash may reduce erosion, provide micro-climate conditions conducive 

to establishing a herbaceous understory, and prepare the fuel bed for broadcast burning.

2. For pile burning of slash, piles should not placed under trees to be retained and pile size 

should be regulated in relation to predicated heat intensity with a general standard of less 

than 125 cubic feet per pile.

3. For chipping of slash, chip depth should not exceed 2 inches with no one area deeper than 

6 inches. For mastication of slash, mulched material should be less than 3 inches deep on 

average.

L.2.4.4 Watershed Stabilization

Because the P-J woodlands will be managed under silviculture methods, large-scale tree 

chainings, tree crushing, cabling, and dozer pushing will not be considered for best management 

practices.

Emphasis will be placed on water control projects in smaller gully systems and the use of slash 

windrows on side slopes and gullies. Roads that are not needed will be abandoned and reclaimed.

L.2.4.5 Visual Resource Management

Tree thinning in the P-J woodlands will give them a more open, park-like appearance and be more 

pleasing to the eye.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-24

L.3 The Grassland Ecosystem 

L.3.1 Introduction

Grasslands make up approximately 38 percent of the upper Rio Puerco watershed in New 

Mexico. Much of this grassland has been invaded by broom snakeweed. It is dominant in 

approximately 17 percent of the grasslands. Approximately 11 percent of the grasslands were 

pitted or ripped during the 1950's.

Francis (1986) classified the area into grasslands, shrublands, and treeland. He also divided the 

area into five landform classes. For the purposes of this paper we will discuss the following six 

subformations within the grassland ecosystem:

1. Colluvial grasslands dominated by grama grasses and galleta grass (Bouteloua and 

Hilaria).

2. Colluvial grasslands dominated by winterfat (Ceratoides).

3. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by rabbitbrush-species. 

(Chrysothamnus)

4. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by saltbush species (Atriplex).

5. Alluvial grasslands dominated by dropseeds (Sporobolus). 

6. Alluvial grasslands dominated by greasewood (Sarcobatus).

L.3.2 Soils

The following grassland soil-mapping units were recorded from the Cabezon and Sandoval 

County Soil Surveys:

Basalt outcrop-Cabezon assoc. Billings and Persayo silty clay loamy

Billings silty clay loam, alkali, and gullied land Cabezon-Basalt outcrop assoc. 

Doak-Betonnie fine sandy loamy Hagerman-Bond assoc. 

Ildefonso very stony loam Las Lucas soils

Litle silty clay Litle-Las Lucas-Persayo

Penistaja-Bond assoc. Penistaja-Hagerman assoc. 

Persayo gravelly soils--Shale outcrop assoc. Pinavetes loamy sand

Pinavetes-Galisteo, moderately saline, sodic assoc. Querencia-Zia complex 

Ravola silty clay loam, alkali, and gullied land Sandoval fine sandy loam

Shavano-Berent assoc. Sparank clay loam, moderately saline, sodic 

Sparank silty clay loam Torreon loam

Travissilla-Persayo-Billings assoc.

Greasewood dominated grassland soils: 

o Christianburg clay and gullied land 

o Navajo clay and gullied land 

o Fruitland-Slickspot assoc.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-25

Saltbush dominated grassland soils: 

o Alkali alluvial land 

o San Mateo loam

Winterfat Dominated grassland soils: 

o Quarencia loam

Rabbitbrush dominated grassland soils: 

o Billings silty clay loam and gullied land 

o Little-Persayo assoc.

Snakeweed dominated grassland soils: 

o Rock outcrop-Travessilla-Persayo assoc.

L.3.3 Species Composition and Cover

The following species composition and cover was observed in a 1975 forage inventory of the 

upper Rio Puerco watershed:

Major Species

Percent 

Species 

Composition

Broom snakeweed 23

Blue grama 20

Galleta grass 19

Alkali sacaton 11

Ring muhly 4

Red threeawn 2

Bottlebrush squirreltail 2

Sand dropseed 2

Crested wheatgrass 2

Fourwing saltbush 2

Winterfat 2

Western wheatgrass 1

Indian ricegrass 1

Fringed sage 1

Shadscale 1

Rubberrabbitbrush 1

Prickly pear 1

Cholla cactus 1

One-seed juniper 1
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-26

The remaining 3 percent was made up of black grama, sideoats grama, New México feather 

grass, big sagebrush, Louisiana wormwood, and piñon pine. Other species found in trace 

amounts (less than 1%) were: Sideoats grama, hairy grama, sandhill muhly, mountain muhly, 

mat muhly, spike dropseed, needle & thread grass, sleepy grass, salt grass, burro grass, vine 

mesquite, plains lovegrass, cheat grass, buckwheats, Parry rabbitbrush, Douglas rabbitbrush, 

broom dalea, Mormon tea, wolfberry, shrub liveoak, and black greasewood

Alluvial grasslands dominated by greasewood (1975):

Major Species Percent 

Composition

Black greasewood 56

Alkali sacaton 18

Shadscale 7

Western wheat grass 3

Fourwing saltbush 3

Galleta grass 2

Broom snakeweed 2

Blue grama 1

Parry rabbitbrush 1

Obovate saltbush 1

Bottlebrush squirreltail 1

Russian thistle 1

Cover (1975) Percent

Total plant 26.9

Forage vegetation 18.3

Litter 19.6

Small rock (gravel) 3.9

Large rock (cobble/stone) 0.8

Bare soil 48.6

Average slope 3.2

The remaining 4 percent was red threeawn, mat muhly, ring mutely, pale wolfberry, and walking 

stick cholla.

Alluvial grasslands dominated by saltbush (1975):

Major Species Percent Composition

Fourwing saltbush 58

Alkali sacaton 15

Broom snakeweed 5

Blue grama 5

Galleta grass 5

Russian thistle 3
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-27

Major Species Percent Composition

Sand dropseed 2

Black greasewood 1

Shadscale 1

Bottlebrush squirreltail 1

Western wheatgrass 1

The remaining 3 percent was mat muhly, crested wheatgrass, red threeawn, Indian ricegrass, 

spike dropseed, New Mexico feathergrass, obovate saltbush, rubber rabbitbrush, Douglas 

rabbitbrush, winterfat, and walking stick cholla.

The following cover, density, frequency, and composition rankings were compiled from the 

Phyto-Edaphic Communities of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico by Richard E. 

Francis (A 10 year research study).

1. Colluvial grasslands dominated by grama grasses and galleta (Bouteloua and Hilaria). 

The following species are ranked in order of their importance. The percent mean cover, 

density and frequency are listed:

Species Cover Density Frequency

Blue grama 27.6 32.0 15.8

Galleta grass 23.9 31.3 22.6

Alkali sacaton 10.2 4.7 6.8

Sand dropseed 5.5 7.1 13.9

Broom snakeweed 9.6 2.3 9.0

Black grama 5.7 6.0 4.9

New Mexico feathergrass 1.2 1.6 1.8

Ring muhly 1.2 1.4 1.4

Western wheatgrass .2 1.3 .5

Fourwing saitbush 1.1 .1 .5

Bottlebrush squirreltail .3 .5 2.5

Cholla cactus 1.0 .2 .8

Cover (mean) Percent

Total plant 32.9

Tree 0.1

Shrub 2.0

Herbaceous 14.5

Litter 4.8

Rock 5.6

Bare soil 73.6
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-28

The following production was measured for colluvial grassland sites:

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheatgrass 9.9

Blue grama 93.8

Galleta grass 48.9

Alkali sacaton 50.9

Bottlebrush squirreltail 9.4

Annuals 10.5

Other species 127.1

Total 330.0

2. Colluvial grasslands dominated by winterfat (Ceratoides):

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheat grass 0.5

Blue grama 45.4

Galleta grass. 61.6

Alkali sacaton 43.6

Bottlebrush squirreltail 17.0

Annuals 2.8

other species 79.0

Total 249.9

Species Cover Density Frequency

Galleta grass 24.2 38.8 23.6

Blue grama 27.7 35.8 14.3

Broom snakeweed 18.8 6.7 16.9

Winterfat 10.0 2.7 10.1

Bottlebrush squirreltail

Total plant cover 13.7

Tree cover 0

Shrub cover 4.1

Herbaceous cover 9.5

Litter 3.2

Rock .1

Bare soil 87.1

.7 2.0 7.0

Alkali sacaton 5.4 1.6 2.4

Indian ricegrass 1.3 1.5 4.5

The BLM production studies showed a mean production of winterfat to be 15 pounds/acre for 

colluvial grasslands.

3. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by rabbitbrush species (chrysothamnus):
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-29

Species Cover Density Frequency

Blue grama 58.3 58.3 36.2

Western wheatgrass 5.0 20.7 14.0

Galleta grass 7.2 9.3 10.0

Rabbitbrush species 17.6 0.2 3.7

Sand dropseed 1.8 4.0 13.0

Alkali sacaton 2.7 .9 2.6

Mat muhly 2.2 2.7 4.8

Threeawn species 0.7 0.6 2.7

Cover (mean) Percent

Total plant cover 38.1

Tree cover 0

Shrub cover 7.7

Herbaceous cover 30.5

Litter 17.0

Rock .03

Bare soil 56.0

The following production was measured for rabbitbrush-dominated grasslands:

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry 

Western wheatgrass 59.8

Blue grama 162.5

Galleta grass 27.1

Alkali sacaton 16.5

Bottlebrush squirreltail 7.7

Annuals 15.9

Other species 76.5

Total 366.0

BLM production studies showed a mean production of rabbitbrush species to be 20 pounds/acre.

4. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by saltbushes (Atriplex):

Species Cover Density Frequency

Alkali sacaton 17.6 8.1 18.9

Galleta grass 8.0 21.2 9.9

Obovate saltbush 15.5 7.4 12.5

Fourwing saltbush 24.3 4.5 4.2

Broom snakeweed 9.2 3.3 9.9

Spike dropseed 2.6 4.8 7.9
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-30

Species Cover Density Frequency

Sand dropseed 1.0 6.2 6.8

Moundscale 4.7 1.9 1.8

Mockheather (Frankenia) 5.3 0.4 1.2

Saltgrass 0.1 3.3 2.8

Mesa dropseed 1.2 1.5 2.4

Winterfat 0.3 1.1 2.8

Fendler threeawn 0.8 1.9 1.5

Globe mallow 0.2 0.6 1.4

Small soapweed 1.0 0.3 0.7

Shadscale 0.4 0.1 0.5

Vine mesquite 0.1 0.5 0.2

Cover Percent

Total plant cover 14.3

Tree cover 0

Shrub cover 9.6

Herbaceous cover 4.7

Litter 7.0

Rock 0.8

Bare soil 87.4

The following production was measured for grasslands dominated by saltbushes (Atriplex):

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheat grass 2.1

Blue grama 13.1

Galleta grass 36.4

Alkali sacaton 133.3

Bottlebrush squirreltail 5.9

Annuals 29.4

other species 96.3

Total 316.5

BLM production studies showed a mean production of 60 pounds/acre for shadscale and 43 

pounds/acre for fourwing saltbush.

5. Alluvial grasslands dominated by alkali sacaton:

Species Cover Density Frequency

Alkali sacaton 65.0 47.6 43.2

Galleta grass 7.6 16.0 11.3

Blue grama 5.9 15.5 7.6

Broom snakeweed 6.0 3.0 7.4
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-31

Species Cover Density Frequency

Sand dropseed 2.9 3.3 8.0

Western wheatgrass 2.1 4.9 4.9

Mat muhly 1.4 3.1 1.6

Tumble grass .5 .9 2.9

The following production was measured for alluvial grasslands dominated by alkali sacaton:

Cover Percent

Total Plant 20.2

Tree 0

Shrub 1.5

Herbaceous 18.7

Litter 5.7

Rock 0.5

Bare soil 75.1

Species Pounds/Acre 

Air Dry

Western wheatgrass 19.9

Blue grama 26.2

Galleta grass 108.9

Alkali sacaton 219.7

Bottlebrush squirreltail 9.6

Annuals 12.7

Other species 45.0

Total 441.8

6. Alluvial grasslands dominated by greasewood (Sarcobatus):

Species Cover Density Frequency

Black greasewood 60.5 30.5 48.5

Shadscale 16.6 23.7 19.5

Bottlebrush squirreltail 13.5 17.3 18.0

Western wheatgrass 5.2 26.5 9.0

Rubber rabbitbrush 2.0 .2 2.0

Cover Percent

Total plant cover 21.8

Tree cover 0

Shrub cover 18.8

Herbaceous cover 3.0

Litter 11.9

Rock 0

Bare soil 85.1
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-32

The following production was measured for alluvial grasslands dominated by greasewood:

Species Pounds/Acre Air Dry

Western wheatgrass 153.1

Blue grams 20.1

Galleta grass 6.0

Alkali sacaton 50.5

Bottlebrush squirreltail 27.6

Annuals 13.1

Other species 49.5

Total 319.9

BLM found the following mean production for black greasewood: 57 pounds/acre.

The following MLRA based ecological sites were correlated to grassland areas in the upper Rio Puerco:

1. Colluvial grasslands dominated by Bouteloua and Hilaria:

WP-2 Shallow Hills 

WP-2 Malpais Breaks 

WP-2 Gravely Upland 

WP-2 Shale Hills

WP-2 Shallow Sandstone

WP-2 Gyp Hills 

WP-2 Deep Sand 

WP-2 Sandy

WP-1 & WP-2 Loamy 

WP-1 Gravely Slopes 

WP-1 Clayey Upland 

WP--l Loamy Upland WP-l 

Deep Sandy Upland

2. Colluvial Grasslands dominated by winterfat: 

WP-2 Loamy

WP-2 Limy

3. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by rabbitbrush: 

WP-l Clayey Upland

4. Lower colluvial and alluvial grasslands dominated by saltbush:

WP-2 Salt Flats 

WP-2 Bottomland 

WP-2 Swale

5. Alluvial grasslands dominated by alkali sacaton: 

WP-2 Salt. Flats

WP-2 Clayey Bottomland

WP-1 & WP-2 Swale

6. Alluvial grasslands dominated by greasewood: 

WP-2 Salt Flats

WP-l Salty Bottomland
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-33

L.3.4 Common Grassland Wildlife

Mammals

Desert shrew

Little brown myotis 

western pipistrelle 

Big brown bat 

Pallid bat

Cottontail rabbit

Black-tailed jackrabbit 

Gunnison's prairie dog 

Spotted groundsquirrel 

Botta's pocket gopher

Ord's kangaroo rat 

Banner-tailed kangaroo rat

Silky pocketmouse 

Plains pocketmouse 

Western harvest mouse

Deer mouse

White-footed deer mouse

Northern grasshopper mouse

White-throated woodrat

House mouse 

Coyote 

Badger

Striped skunk 

Bobcat

Pronghorn

Birds

Sharp-shinned hawk 

Cooper's hawk 

Red-tailed hawk 

Golden eagle 

Burrowing owl 

Prairie falcon 

American kestrel 

Scaled quail 

Mountain plover 

Morning dove 

Roadrunner 

Common nighthawk 

Northern flicker 

Western kingbird 

Say's phoebe 

Horned lark 

Tree swallow 

Common raven 

Rock wren 

Mockingbird 

Robin

Loggerhead shrike 

European starling 

Western meadowlark 

Brewer's blackbird 

Brown-headed 

cowbird 

Northern oriole 

Blue grosbeak 

House finch 

Lark sparrow 

Savannah sparrow 

Vesper sparrow * 

Cassin's sparrow 

Black-throated 

sparrow 

Lark sparrow

Lizards

Lessor earless lizard

Collard lizard 

Eastern fence lizard 

Short-horned lizard 

Tree lizard 

Side-blotched lizard 

New Mexico whiptail 

Little striped whiptail 

Plateau whiptail 

Checkered whiptail 

Great plains skink 

Many-lined skink 

Snakes
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-34

Night snake

Desert striped whipsnake 

Long-nosed snake 

Western (Prairie) rattlesnake

Western diamondback rattlesnake

Amphibians 

Western spadefoot toad 

Plains spadefoot toad 

Red-spotted toad 

Woodhouse's toad

*Obligate or facultative species 

L.3.5 Desired Plant Communities

1. Colluvial grasslands dominated by Bouteloua, Hilaria, Ceratoides, and Chrysothamnus.

Ecological Condition Pounds/Acre

Present (Low to mid-seral) 327 

Grazing Management (High seral) 394 

Treatment 632

Composition Percent By Weight Range

Grasses or grasslike 55----73----85 

Shrubs 10----19----35

Forbs 5------8----10

Sandy sites--increase in spike dropseed, giant dropseed, Indian ricegrass, sand bluestem, and fourwing 

saltbush.

Rocky/Gravelv--increase in sideoats grama, little bluestem, hairy grama, wolf tail, black grama, cane 

bluestem, skunkbrush sumac, shrub live oak, Apache plume, wolfberry, New Mexico desert olive.

Limy--increase in New Mexico feather grass, mesa dropseed, Bigelow sage. 

Gypsum soils--Mockheather, sand verbena, gyp dropseed, townsend aster.

2. Alluvial grasslands dominated by alkali sacaton, greasewood, and saltbush.

Ecological Condition Pounds/Acre

Present (low to mid seral) 388 

Grazing management (high seral) 700 

Treatment 1,175

Composition Percent By Weight Range
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-35

Grasses or grasslike 70----79----85 

Shrubs 10----16----25

Forbs 5------6----10

Bottomlands/Salt Flats--increase vine mesquite, western wheatgrass, creeping muhly, mat muhly, and 

spike muhly.

As the alkalinity or salt content in the soil increases there will be an increase in salt grass, 

seepweed, arrow grass, iodine bush, greasewood, and saltcedar.

L.3.6 Wildlife

There should be an increase in nesting of migratory neotropical birds, raptors and pronghorn. A 

decrease in the number of brown-headed cowbirds. A high seral vegetative diversity will 

improve the wildlife habitat overall

Watershed Cover

Colluvial grasslands Acceptable Range 

of Percent Cover

Total plant cover 18-28

Tree cover 0-0.3

Shrub cover 4-6 

Herbaceous cover 11-18

Litter 8-10

Rock 2-3

Bare soil 68-72

Alluvial grasslands Acceptable Range 

of Percent Cover

Total plant cover 18-20

Tree cover 0- 0

Shrub cover 4- 10

Herbaceous cover 8-16

Litter 6-8

Rock 0-0.4

Bare soil 73-83

Grasses and forbs halt erosion by the establishment of root systems that hold the soil in place. Quick 

sprouting varieties can cover the bare soil in a minimum of time. Forbs and grasses not only stop the 

erosion of the land, but enrich the soil by adding nitrogen through their root systems. Living plants and 

plant residue (litter) provide ground cover on the surface of the soil, and intercept rainfall and other 

moisture. The ground cover slows the, flow of water across the surface and increases the rate at which 

water soaks into the soil. Ground cover can be considered a practical manner of slowing or even 

eradicating erosion. Rainfall is most erosive when it is most intense. The upper Rio Puerco has a history 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-36

of short-duration, high intensity storms. During these storms, grasses and forbs will increase the 

resistance to eroding water, thus improving the soil and water quality.

Visual Resources

Maintain an open, rolling grassland with as few visual disturbances as possible. Watchable 

wildlife for the visitor should include pronghorn and numerous raptors and songbirds.

L.4 The Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem

L.4.1 Introduction

The ponderosa pine forests in the upper Rio Puerco are classified as lower montane coniferous 

forests. The series is Ponderosa Pine-Piñon Pine-Gambel Oak. Elevations range from 7,200 to 

8,200 feet.

These forests are relatively warm and dry dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The 

climate is borderline for forests, and in the upper Rio Puerco would be considered the lower 

ponderosa pine forest representation. Warm air and soil temperatures allow a potential growing 

season of around 180 days. However, available water in upper portions of the soil profile is 

deficient during the hottest and driest months of May and June. The winters are cold with mean 

precipitation of 20 inches/year and mean annual temperature of about 43 F. The soil temperature 

regime is frigid.

There are three subspecies of ponderosa pine. The subspecies native to the Rio Puerco is Pinus 

ponderosa subsp. scopulorum. On the highest northern aspects and near drainages, Douglas fir 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and/or quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) may occur, but both are 

uncommon.

Associated broadleaf trees and shrubs are Gambel and wavyleafed oaks (Quercus gambelii, Q. 

undulata), wax current (Ribes cereum), snowberry (Symphoricarpus, oreophilia), wood rose 

(Rosa woodsii), New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana), rock spiraea (Holodiscus dumosus), 

and Colorado barberry (Berberis fendleri). Piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and Rocky mountain 

juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) are the two major evergreens associated with ponderosa pine.

Further south in Cibola County, Gray oak (Quercus grisea) and Alligator juniper (Juniperus 

depeanna) are more dominant.

Grasses found in the understory include Arizona Fescue (Festuca arizonica), Pine dropseed 

(Blepharoneuron tricholepis), Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparius), Mountain muhly 

(Muhlenbergia montana), Fringed brome (Bromus ciliatus), and Threadleaf sedge (Carex 

filifolia) . In the transition zone between P-J woodland and Ponderosa pine, Mutton blue grass 

(Poa fendleriana) and Prairie junegrass (Koeleria cristata) are more dominant.

Common forbs are Louisiana wormwood, fringed sagewort, buckwheat, spurge, Indian 

paintbrush, columbine, geranium, lupine, penstemon, deervetch, cinquefoil, groundsel, big 

golden pea, spiderwort and salsify.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-37

L.4.2 Ponderosa Pine Forest Soils

The Cabezon and Sandoval County soil surveys correlated four soil mapping units that are 

associated with ponderosa pine forests in the upper Rio Puerco.

1. Sedmar loamy sand in the Chijuilla-Cuba Mesa area

2. Basalt Outcrop-Orthents-Ustolls complex- I.C. Grant area 

3. Orejas Rock outcrop complex- I.C. Grant area 

4. Cabezon-Basalt outcrop association- I.C. Grant area

L.4.3 1975 Forage Inventory

The following cover data and species composition was recorded in the upper Rio Puerco area:

Percent

Forage vegetation 14

Total vegetation 35

Litter 33

Small rock 4

Large rock 7

Bare soil 21

Mean slope 11

Species Percent

Ponderosa pine 35.5

Gambel's oak 17.5

Piñon pine 15.0

Blue grama 9.0

Juniper species 6.5

Prairie junegrass 3.0

Western wheat grass 2.5

Mountain mahogany 1.5

Big sagebrush 1.5

Indian ricegrass 1.0

Buckwheat 1.0

Little bluestem 1.0

Mountain muhly 1.0

Pine dropseed 1.0

Threadleaf sedge 1.0

Dwarf rabbitbrush 1.0

Wax currant 1.0

Trace amounts of Arizona fescue, weeping brome, littleseed ricegrass, needle & thread grass, 

mutton bluegrass, side oats grama, big bluestem, rock spirea and snowberry were recorded.
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-38

L.4.4 USFS Research

Francis (1986) recorded data from two Ponderosa communities:

Community No. 1 Percent

Cover Density Frequency

Ponderosa pine 62.5 .4 2.2

Threadleaf sedge 1.2 23.1 19.7

Pingue 3.0 19.3 24.6

Mutton bluegrass .6 18.8 14.0

Blue grama 2.2 14.3 8.9

Piñon pine 14.9 .4 1.0

Hairy grama .6 9.7 5.8

Gambel's oak 8.8 1.3 2.4

Community No. 2 Percent

Cover Density Frequency

Blue grama 5.8 51.2 18.9

Dwarf rabbitbrush 9.0 17.6 34.3

Piñon pine 33.1 0.0 0.0

Ponderosa pine 27.8 0.0 0.0

Threadleaf sedge 1.2 13.8 10.2

Baby white aster .3 4.4 7.5

Sand dropseed 1.2 2.8 6.4

Species found in lesser amounts included: One-seed juniper, Utah juniper, Yucca species, 

mountain mahogany, rubber rabbitbrush, fringed sagewort, big sagebrush, Louisiana wormwood, 

James eriogonum buckwheat species, pine thermopsis, milkwort, pingue, Junegrass, groundsel, 

red threeawn, evening primrose, rockcress, aster, pine dropseed, mountain muhly, lupine, 

bottlebrush squirreltail, foxtail barley, globemallow, geranium, calyophus, Arizona fescue, and 

pussytoes.

L.4.5 Understory herbaceous production:

Species Pounds/Acre

Western wheatgrass 18.3

Blue grama 26.1

Galleta grass 21.7

Bottlebrush squirreltail 2.9

Other species ** 45.9

Annuals 0.6

Total 115.5

** These include mutton blue grass, little seed rice grass, pine dropseed, prairie junegrass, little bluestem, 

sideoats grama, mountain muhly, Arizona fescue and others.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-39

L.4.6 Silviculture

Productive forest land is defined as those lands producing more than 20 cubic feet/Acre/Year of 

wood volume. It is estimated that 50% of the forest land in the upper Rio Puerco area is nonproductive.

The following table shows the results of the 1974 BLM Forest inventory. The table represents 

basal area of all tree species in the area.

Square Feet

Plot No. Chijuilla-Cuba 

Mesa Area

I.C. Grant 

Area

109 18.9

110 28.4

115 18.0

116 18.6

11.7 72.8

118 27.3

127 48.6

128 32.7

129 22.2

134 12.6

136 29.9

139 16.2

140 17.9

141 15.7

142 29.8

145 19.5

146 26.0

148 72.0

152 46.3

153 51.7

154 39.2

155 82.5

159 45.2

160 45.7

161 62.9

162 16.4

163 28.0

164 118.8

165 41.8

166 74.1

170 35.4

Studies show that the combined economic value of grazing and saw log production would be 

maximum in tree stands having basal area of about 45-60 square feet/Acre. The inventory above 

shows that the majority of the ponderosa pine in the upper Rio Puerco area was (in 1974) below 

the recommended basal area. All areas exceeding the recommendation were located on the 

Ignacio Chavez Grant, which has since been designated wilderness study area.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-40

Historically, in the southwest, the most exceptional conditions for natural regeneration of 

Ponderosa pine occurred when heavy seed production in the fall of 1918 was followed by a 

warm, wet spring and summer in 1919. Soil surface conditions were probably also unusually 

good because of heavy grazing during World War I. As a result, thousands of seedlings per acre 

were established on most of the open areas of the Ponderosa pine forests.

According to the Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Sandoval County, the site index for 

ponderosa pine in the Sedmar loamy sand areas of Chijuilla area ranges from 51 to 53. Based on 

a site index of 50, the potential production per acre of merchantable timber is 2,500 cubic feet or 

9,200 board feet (International rule, 1/8-inch kerf) from an even-aged, fully stocked stand of 

trees 100 years old. The culmination mean annual increment (CMAI) is 38 cubic feet, per acre 

per year occurring at age 60 or 130 board feet (International rule, 1/8-inch kerf) per acre per year 

occurring at age 200.

The main concerns in producing and harvesting ponderosa pine in the upper Rio Puerco are:

1. Water erosion

2. Seedling mortality

3. Windthrow hazard

4. Plant competition

5. Slow growth

6. Damaging agents- (disease, and insects)

In the Chijuilla area, seedlings are subject to high mortality rates because of the sandy soils. The 

low available water capacity reduces seedling survival in areas where understory plants are 

numerous. Trees are subject to windthrow because of limited rooting depth. Plant competition, 

from piñon and juniper delays natural regeneration, but does not prevent the eventual 

development of a fully stocked, normal stand of trees. Brushy plants such as Gambel oak and big 

sagebrush limit natural regeneration of ponderosa pine. Herbaceous plants also compete for soil 

moisture for many years after a tree planting. Moderate grazing levels should control understory 

production and allow tree seedlings a chance to become established.

Tree growth in the upper Rio Puerco is slow therefore thinning should be used to release and 

accelerate growth on desirable trees.

Damaging Agents

Ponderosa pine foliage feeding insects:

Leaf beetle

Scarab beetle

Pine reproduction weevil 

Elegant pine weevil

Sugarpine tortrix

Pine butterfly 
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Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-41

Pandora moth Webworm

Douglas-fir tussock moth 

Pine tussock moth 

Cutworm

Pine needle sheathminer 

Needle miners 

Pine adelgid 

Black pine leaf scale 

Pine scale

Pine sawflies

Diseases:

Southwestern dwarf mistletoe (Arcenthobium vaginatum)--39% of the Ponderosa pine forests in 

New Mexico and Arizona are infected.

Root diseases caused by Armillaria sp. and Heterobasidion annosum.

Stem rusts--Cronartium arizonicum. Peridermium filamentosum, and P. harkenessi.

Needle cast damage by Lophodermella cerina and Davisomycella ponderosae.

Cankers caused by Atropellis piniphila.

Decays such as red rot caused by Dichomitus squalens, Red ring rot, Phellinus pini, and others.

Other environmental factors that limit ponderosa pine growth:

Climatic extremes 

Winter drying

Top kill due to cold 

Frost damage to foliage 

Drought

Salt toxicity-soil salinity 

Hail damage

Air pollution-ozone 

Lightning

Wildlife

Mammals:

Merriam shrew

Little brown myotis 

Long-eared myotis

Fringed myotis

Long-legged myotis

Small-footed myotis

Spotted bat 

Big brown bat 

Hoary bat 

Cottontail rabbit

Abert's squirrel **

Red (chickoree) 

squirrel 

Cliff chipmunk 

Colorado Least

chipmunk

Rock squirrel

Golden-mantled 

ground squirrel

Botta's pocket gopher 

Western harvest 

mouse 

Deer mouse

Rock mouse

White-footed deer 

mouse 

White-throated 

woodrat 

Mexican woodrat 

Meadow vole 

House mouse 

Porcupine

Coyote Gray fox 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-42

Black bear 

Raccoon 

Ringtail 

Long-tailed weasel 

Striped skunk 

Spotted skunk 

Mountain lion 

Bobcat

Mule deer 

Elk

** obligate species

Birds:

Sharp-shinned hawk 

Cooper's hawk 

Red tailed hawk 

Golden eagle 

Peregrine falcon 

Meriam’s turkey * & 

** 

Band-tailed pigeon 

Barn owl

Screech owl 

Flamulated owl 

Great horned owl 

Pigmy owl 

Long-eared owl 

Saw-whet owl 

Whip-poor-will

White throated swift 

Black-chinned 

hummingbird 

Broad-tailed 

hummingbird 

Rufous hummingbird 

Acorn woodpecker 

Lewis woodpecker 

Yellow-bellied 

sapsucker 

Willianson's 

sapsucker 

Downy woodpecker 

Ladder-backed 

woodpecker 

Hairy woodpecker 

Cassin's kingbird 

Western flycatcher 

Hammonds 

flycatcher

Dusky flycatcher

Gray flycatcher

Black phoebe 

Western wood pewee 

Barn swallow 

Cliff swallow 

Violet-green swallow 

Steller's jay ** 

Common raven 

Clark's nutcracker 

Mountain chickadee 

Bushtit

White-breasted 

nuthatch 

Pigmy nuthatch 

Brown creeper 

House wren

Canon wren 

Rock wren

Robin

Hermit thrush 

Western bluebird 

Townsend's solitaire 

Ruby-crowned 

kinglet 

Solitary vireo 

Warbling vireo 

Orange-crowned 

warbler

Yellow-rumped 

warbler 

Townsend's warbler 

Grace's warbler 

MacGillivary's 

warbler 

Western tanager 

Hepatic tanager

Black-headed 

grosbeak 

Lazuli bunting 

Cassin's finch

House finch

Purple- Lesser 

goldfinch 

Pine siskin 

Red crossbill 

Green-tailed towhee 

Dark-eyed junco

Oregon - Slatecolored junco 

Chipping sparrow

* Meriam’s turkeys feed on piñon pine nuts, Gambel's oak acorns, and various grass seeds and 

Eriogonum during the Fall and Winter.

** Obligate species
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-43

Lizards

Eastern fence lizard 

Short-horned lizard 

Tree lizard

Great plains skink 

Many-lined skink

Arizona alligator lizard 

Snakes

Night snake

Desert-striped whipsnake 

Mountain patch-nosed snake 

Gopher (bull) snake 

Milk snake

Kingsnake

Prairie rattlesnake

Western diamondback rattlesnake

Amphibians

Woodhouse's toad 

Arizona fescue and mountain muhly should be considered key or desired management grass 

species in the Ponderosa pine ecosystem. Other species almost as important are mutton 

bluegrass, prairie junegrass, western wheat grass, little bluestem, sideoats grama and pine 

dropseed.

Growth begins on Arizona-fescue and mountain muhly about mid-April to early May depending 

on air temperature and precipitation. Despite similar dates for growth initiation, Arizona fescue 

is a cool season grower and mountain muhly is a warm-season grower on ponderosa pine ranges, 

one should think of two periods of deferment to maintain vigor of both species. The period for 

cool season grasses is April 10 to July 1 and the period for warm season grasses is July 15 to 

October 15.

L.4.7 Fire

Historically, fire has played a major role in the ponderosa pine forest. Climatic wet cycles often 

followed by dry cycles have set the stage for periodic fires in this ecosystem. When tree litter 

becomes too deep and numerous, turpenes in the litter inhibit the nitrogen cycle. To maintain the 

open stands of ponderosa and the herbaceous understory, prescribed fire should be considered in 

the overall management of the forest. This will prevent conditions building up to a catastrophic 

wild fire that will damage the watershed.

L.4.8 Visual Resources

Timber harvesting activities can create significant visual impacts due to the scale of actions. 

Visual impacts of roads are the scenic quality of the road corridor, viewed from the road, and the 

visibility of the road as a more distant landscape feature.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-44

Initial, disruptive appearance of harvested trees usually seen from roads or other travel is 

exacerbated by soil disturbance and slash. On the other hand, small scale or selective harvest 

activities can serve to improve scenic quality of forest areas.

Far views, showing incongruent vegetation patterns or road scars provide negative visual 

impacts. Timber harvest activities may also impact air and water quality, damaging esthetic 

values. Livestock production in Ponderosa pine forests takes place primarily in the summer and 

early fall seasons. While this is also the period of heaviest recreational use, the negative impacts 

of livestock production on recreation are mostly indirect involving fixed facilities (fences, 

corrals, buildings, tanks) and induced vegetative changes. On the other hand, the presence of 

livestock in the forest in common dispersed patterns may contribute a romantic sense of 

southwestern tradition to wildland recreation experiences.

L.4.9 Desired Plant Community--Percent Composition (By Weight):

Trees---15%

Ponderosa pine

Piñon pine 

Gambel's oak 

Wavyleaf oak 

Gray oak

Rocky mountain juniper 

Alligator juniper (Cibola Co.)

Douglas fir 

Quaking aspen

Grasses--60%

Arizona fescue

Mountain muhly 

Mutton bluegrass 

Prairie junegrass 

Little bluestem 

Pine dropseed 

Threadleaf sedge 

Hairy grama 

Sideoats grama 

Western wheat grass 

Fox tail barley 

Bottlebrush squirreltail 

Wolf tail

Nodding brome 

Spike muhly 

Blue grama

Shrubs--5%

Wax or Squaw currant 

Wild rose

Snowberry Rock spirea 

Colorado barberry 

New Mexico locust 

Chokecherry 

Mountain mahogany 

Elderberry
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-45

Forbs--5%

Globe mallow 

Wild iris

Western yarrow 

Lupine

Deer vetch 

Geranium 

Golden pea 

Penstemon 

Filaree 

Rockcress

Strawberry 

Louisiana wormwood 

Fringed sagewort 

Buckwheat 

Groundsel 

Indian paintbrush 

Wild onion

Aster

L.5 The Riparian and Wetland Ecosystem 

L.5.1 Introduction

Riparian-wetland areas comprise a very small percentage (less than 1 percent in the Rio Puerco 

Field Office area) of our Public Lands in New Mexico, yet these unique areas have the highest 

levels of species richness or diversity of all southwest ecosystems. They provide a special niche 

for flora and fauna not seen in the surrounding, arid, upland landscape. These areas provide 

sediment control, recharge ground water, and absorb and reduce the energy of floodwaters. They 

provide water, food, cover, and shade for wildlife and livestock. They are also important focal 

points for water based recreation activities. Their importance for conserving biodiversity and 

reducing nonpoint source water pollution is unquestionable.

Water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life 

in the riparian-wetlands. These transitional habitats occur between upland and aquatic 

environments where the water table is at or near the surface of the land.

Water has a high specific heat, which means that it gains or loses a large amount of heat before 

its temperature changes appreciably. This property of water moderates seasonal, daily, and local 

extremes of temperature. Aquatic ecosystems do not show the pronounced microclimatic 

variability of many terrestrial systems.

The fresh water wetlands can be divided into lacustrine, associated with lakes, riverine, 

associated with rivers and streams and palustrine, associated with marshes, swamps and bogs.

Most wetlands are dominated by hydrophytes, or wetland plants, these can tolerate various 

degrees of flooding or live in frequently saturated areas. Most wetlands are characterized by 

fluctuating water levels and by soils that are distinctly different from those of the dry, adjacent 

upland areas.

Wetland trees and shrubs have several unusual adaptations for coping with low levels of oxygen. 

*

Some, such as willow and ash, are stimulated when flooded to produce new, air-filled roots to 

replace those that the floods have killed. Flooding can also promote the growth of tiny openings 

in the bark, called lenticels, which allow air to move more readily into the plant. And some 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-46

species are capable of switching to oxygenless, or anaerobic, respiration. Cottonwoods need 

periodic flooding for seed germination and seedling establishment.

The gallery forests of Fremont cottonwood which once covered the Rio Puerco floodplains, were 

often close to early settlements. Trees were cut initially for fuel and shelter purposes such as 

ceiling beams or "vegas" for adobe buildings. These riparian trees were also cut to clear land for 

agriculture and urbanization. Much of the heavy utilization of the gallery forest trees had 

subsided by the beginning of the twentieth century.

The downcutting and entrenchment of the Rio Puerco that began between 1885 and 1890, caused 

water tables to drop, reducing the extent of the riparian habitat. When the benches and terraces of 

the Rio Puerco were flooded, cottonwood sprouts and seedlings which are highly relished by 

livestock were severely browsed along with the willows.

You can see some of the old age survivors today from Cuba to San Luis along the Rio Puerco. 

Continued destruction of cottonwoods and willows changed the available water regime. This set 

a perfect stage for the establishment and explosive, expansion of introduced/non-native shrubtree species such as saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia).

If gallery forests were allowed to regenerate and mature, the resulting heavy shade would likely 

curtail the reproductive success of saltcedar and eventually only a few individuals would be left 

in the understory.

In the Rio Puerco riparian-wetland ecosystem, there are certain plants or organisms that are more 

important than others. In the Rio Puerco, the Fremont or Rio Grande cottonwood should be the 

dominant species and form the main tree canopy. Beneath the cottonwoods, a shrubby layer of 

willows should develop. Below the willows an herbaceous layer of rushes, sedges and other 

aquatic plants should occur at the water’s edge. This layering of vegetation is referred to as 

stratification. The Rio Puerco should have all three layers for maximum biodiversity.

The cottonwood/willow communities, once common along the Rio Puerco are now threatened. 

The loss has been masked to most observers because many “historic” large, old trees remain or 

have only begun to die, these trees are not being replaced. This decline along some segments of 

the Rio Puerco is critical to the point of extinction.

Cottonwoods are considered a "keystone species" because the welfare of so many other' plants 

and animals depend upon them. In many ways riparian species such as large cottonwoods play 

much the same functional role that old growth species do in the temperate rainforests of the 

Pacific Northwest. Cottonwoods, because of their potentially large size, serve as virtual 

condominiums throughout much of the west too dry for extensive forest cover.

Many raptors (hawks, eagles, owls) and great blue herons roost in their branches, woodpeckers 

and bluebirds nest in cavities in their boles, and even some species of bats hibernate in cavities or 

under pieces of loose bark on dead trees. They furnish food and dam material for beavers also.

The life of a riverine wetland is influenced by many factors, including rapidity of flow, water 

temperature, oxygen and nutrient levels, and the nature of the bottom.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-47

Most of the food energy to support the food chain of a riverine ecosystem is not the product of 

stream-dwelling plants; rather, it is from terrestrial ecosystems. Under natural conditions leaf 

litter is probably the most important element in the basic nutrition of a stream.

In streams, the main sources of organic input, or food for stream organisms, include partly 

decomposed leaves or other organic material flowing downstream. This debris, or detritus, may 

be caught in the nets set by the larvae of such benthic macro invertebrates as caddisflies, 

stoneflies which also glean the rocks for algae. These insects are in turn consumed by larger 

animals.

All of the uneaten leaves, as well as twigs and dead branches, that accumulate in the wetland are 

taken over by the decomposers--bacteria, worms, and benthic macro invertebrates that produce 

detritus. These creatures use some of the energy that resides in dead plant and animal remains, 

but in the process, also release mineral nutrients and soluble organic compounds that enable the 

riparian-wetland ecosystem to be self-perpetuating.

Streams like the Rio Puerco have high suspended sediments and have lower oxygen levels. Many 

benthic macro invertebrates cannot exist where there are small amounts of dissolved oxygen 

available on the river bottom.

Riparian-wetlands are living museums, where the dynamics of ecological systems can be taught. 

These outdoor laboratories can demonstrate such basic ecological principles as energy flow, 

recycling, and limited carrying capacity.

Riparian-wetlands--(BLM definition)

"Zones of transition from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, whose presence is dependent upon 

surface and/or subsurface water, and which the influence of water reveals through their existing 

or potential soil-vegetation complex. Riparian areas may be associated with features, such as 

lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, potholes, springs, bogs, wet meadows, muskegs, and ephemeral, 

intermittent or perennial streams."

L.5.2 Desired Plant Communities

The problem in trying to determine a desired plant community, for riparian areas is: What was 

the community in the pre-disturbance state? A riparian ecosystem is constantly being disturbed. 

This ecosystem can also be looked at on a continuum ranging from the natural vegetation to the 

semi-natural to the other end of degraded, where the integrity of the system has totally been 

destroyed.

Much of the Rio Puerco riparian vegetative communities have been pushed beyond a point where 

they have lost much of their ecosystem integrity. Native species (Cottonwoods and Willows) 

have been replaced by exotic invaders (Saltcedar and Russian olive). This loss of native species 

has caused a reduction in biological diversity of not only plant species but wildlife species. Only 

fragmented stands of cottonwood/willow stands are now found along streambanks.

It should be ethical and economically beneficial to improve riparian zones in the southwest, even 

though some benefits are intangible. The following desired plant communities are submitted 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-48

depicting general species composition, but no numerical percentages of each species or group of 

species are shown.

L.5.3 Vegetation

L.5.3.1 Riverine Riparian Plants

Rio Grande cottonwood 

Narrowleaf cottonwood

Plains cottonwood

Lanceleaf cottonwood

Coyote willow 

Other willows 

Choke cherry 

Desert olive 

Wild rose

New Mexico locust 

Currant

Wheat grasses

Blue grass

Bent grasses

Foxtail barley

Desert saltgrass

Mexican lovegrass

Sedges

Rushes

Horsetail

Anemone

Hemlock

Monkshood

Water parsnip

Cinquefoil

Yarrow 

Blue-eyed grass 

Chickweed

Monkey flower 

Wild licorice 

Field mint 

Butterweed 

Self heal 

Inkberry 

Waterleaf

L.5.3.2 Palustrine (Marsh) Wetlands Plants

Bull rush 

Cattail

Water plantain

Spike rush 

Mare's tail 

Water speedwell 

Yellowcress 

Pondweed

Smartweed (Knotweed) 

Buttercup

Arrowhead Water cress 

Bugleweed 

Flat sedge 

Water parsnip 

Beggar ticks

L.5.4 Wildlife

L.5.4.1 Mammals

Little brown myotis 

Long-eared myotis 

Fringed myotis 

Long-legged myotis 

Small-footed myotis 

Spotted bat 

Silver-haired bat 

Western pipistrelle 

Big brown bat 

Beaver
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-49

Western harvest mouse 

Deer mouse

White-footed deer mouse 

White-throated woodrat 

Meadow vole 

Norway rat

House mouse

Meadow jumping mouse

Porcupine 

Coyote

Raccoon 

Striped skunk 

Bobcat

L.5.4.2 Birds

Great blue heron

Cattle egret 

Snowy egret

Black-crowned night heron 

Green heron

White faced Ibis 

Mallard

Gadwall

Pintail

Green-winged teal 

Blue-winged teal 

Cinnamon teal 

American widgeon 

Shoveler 

Common goldeneye 

Bufflehead 

Ruddy duck 

Canvasback 

Ring-neck duck 

Common merganser 

Snow Goose

Canada Goose

Turkey vulture 

Sharp-shinned hawk 

Cooper's hawk 

Swainson's hawk 

Red-tailed hawk 

Ferruginous hawk

Northern harrier (marsh 

hawk)

Rough legged hawk

Osprey 

Golden eagle 

Bald eagle 

Prairie falcon 

Peregrine falcon 

American kestrel 

Great horned owl 

Scaled quail

Wild turkey 

Sora rail 

Virginia rail 

American coot 

Sandhill crane 

Killdeer

Mountain plover 

Solitary sandpiper 

Spotted sandpiper 

Least sandpiper 

Wilson's sandpiper 

Long billed curlew 

Rock dove 

Morning dove 

Roadrunner 

Common nighthawk 

White-throated swift 

Black-chinned hummingbird 

Broad-tailed hummingbird 

Rufous hummingbird 

Belted kingfisher 

Northern flicker 

Western kingbird 

Black phoebe 

Say's phoebe 

Horned lark

Tree swallow 

Bank swallow 

Barn swallow 

Cliff swallow 

Violet-green swallow 

Common raven 

American crow 

Marsh wren 

Mockingbird 

Bendire's thrasher 

Robin

Ruby-crowned kinglet

Loggerhead shrike 

European starling 

Solitary vireo

Orange crowned warbler 

Yellowthroat 

Yellow-breasted chat 

House sparrow 

Western meadowlark 

Red-winged blackbird 

Brewer's blackbird 

Brown-headed cowbird 

Northern oriole 

Western tanager 

Lazuli bunting 

House finch 

Purple finch 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

50

Abert's towhee Savannah sparrow Song sparrow

L.5.4.3 Reptiles

Lesser earless lizard

Tree lizard

Great plains skink 

Many-lined skink 

L.5.4.4 Snakes

Gopher (bull) snake 

Black-necked garter snake 

Western garter snake 

Glossy snake 

Massasaugua

Black-tailed rattlesnake 

Prairie rattlesnake

Western diamondback rattlesnake

L.5.4.5 Amphibians

Tiger salamander 

Western spadefoot toad 

Plains spadefoot toad 

Red-spotted toad 

Woodhouse's toad 

Leopard frog

L.5.4.6 Macro-invertebrates (scientific names only)

Callibaetis 

Zoniagrion 

Tubificidae 

Physella 

Simulium 

Argia 

Oreodytes 

Ceratopogonidae

Gerris 

Notonecta 

Ophiogomphus 

Orthocladiinae 

Simuliidae

L.5.4.7 Fish

Fathead minnow 

Brown trout 

Catfish

Chubs 

Shiners

White suckers
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix D: Plant Communities and Wildlife for the Major Ecosystems of the Rio Puerco

L-51

L.6 References

Aro, Richard S., USGS, Water. Resources Division, Soil And Moisture Program, Conversion of 

Piñon-Juniper Woodland To Grassland. USGS, Bldg. 25, DFC, Denver, CO. 80225.

Francis, Richard E., USDA, Forest Service, Sept. 1986. Research Paper RM272, Phyto-Edaphic 

Communities of the Upper Rio Puerco Watershed, New Mexico. Rocky Mt. For. & Range Expt. 

Stat., Ft. Collins, CO.-80526.

Gottfried, Gerald J., 1992. Ecology And Management Of The Southwestern Piñon-Juniper 

Woodlands, Symposium--Ecology And Management Of Oak And Associated Woodlands: 

Perspectives In The Southwestern United States And Northern Mexico p. 78-86. Sierra Vista, 

Arizona.

New Mexico State University, 1991. Piñon-Juniper Woodlands Of New Mexico, A Biological 

And Economic Appraisal. Agriculture Expt. Stat. Special Report 73, College of Agriculture And 

Home Economics, Piñon-Juniper Resources Committee, Las Cruces, NM.

Peddie, Dick A. William, 1993. New Mexico Vegetation--Past, Present and Future. p. 85-91.

USDA, Forest Service, March 24-25, 1977. General Technical Report RM-39. Proceedings of 

The Workshop-Ecology, Uses, And Management Of Piñon-Juniper Woodlands. Rocky Mt.--

Forest & Range Expt. Stat., Fort Collins, CO.80521.

USDA, Forest Service, April 26-30, 1993. General. Technical Report RM-236, Managing PiñonJuniper Ecosystems For Sustainability And Social Needs. Rocky Mt. Forest & Range Expt. Stat., 

Fort Collins, CO. 80526.

USDA, Forest Service, Southwest Region, Aug. 1993. Watershed Management Practices For 

Piñon-Juniper Ecosystems. Albuquerque, NM.

USDI, BLM, Mark Zarn, Dec. 1977. Technical Note: Ecological Characteristics Of PiñonJuniper Woodlands On The Colorado Plateau, A Literature Survey. BLM, Denver Service 

Center, FCB 50, Denver, CO. 80225.

Utah state University, May 1975. The Piñon-Juniper Ecosystem: A symposium. College of 

Natural Resources, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah 84322.

Vincent, Dwain W. and Dave Goicoechea, USDI, BLM, Dec. 1975. Unpublished Research 

Paper, Forage Management Considerations And Recommendations For The Piñon-Juniper 

Woodlands--Plus Associated Steep And Rocky And Barren Areas Of The Rio Puerco EIS Area. 

BLM, Albuquerque, NM 87107.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix M: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices

M-1

M VEGETATION TREATMENT BEST

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

The following best management practices (BMPs) have been incorporated from the RMP 

Amendment for Fire and Fuels Management on Public Land in NM & TX, September, 2004.

Table M.1: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices, by Method

Resource 

Element Prescribed Fire Mechanical and Manual

Guidance 

Documents

BLM handbook H-9214-1 

Prescribed Fire Management 2000

BLM Manual 1112 (Safety)

General Prepare Fire Management Plan.

Use trained personnel with adequate 

equipment.

Ensure that power-cutting tools have 

approved spark arresters.

Wash vehicles and equipment before 

leaving weed infested areas to avoid 

infecting weed-free areas. Minimize 

soil disturbance that may encourage 

new weeds to develop.

Air Quality

(See Manual 

7000.)

Evaluate weather conditions, 

including wind speed and atmospheric 

stability, to predict effects of burn and 

impacts from smoke. 

Coordinate burn activities with New 

Mexico Environment Department. 

Burn when weather conditions are 

good for rapid smoke dispersion.

Minimize generation of dust and 

exhaust. 

Cultural 

Resources and 

Native 

American 

Religious 

Concerns 

(See NM BLM 

Protocol with 

State Historic 

Preservation 

Office (SHPO) 

and Manuals 

8100 and 

8160.)

Evaluate potential impacts of 

proposed treatment. 

Conduct cultural resource inventories 

to identify sites at risk from treatment. 

Develop avoidance measures and 

project-specific treatment measures to 

protect sites by reducing fuel loads in 

the vicinity of at-risk sites. 

Consult with SHPO and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol Agreement. In 

Texas, consult with Texas SHPO for 

National Register of Historic Places 

(NRHP) site eligibility and effect. 

Monitor effectiveness of site 

protection measures (Appendix A.5, 

Evaluate potential impacts of 

proposed treatment. 

Conduct cultural resource inventories 

to identify sites at risk from treatment. 

Develop avoidance measures and 

project- specific treatment measures to 

protect sites by reducing fuel loads in 

the vicinity of at-risk sites.

Consult with SHPO and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol Agreement. In 

Texas, consult with Texas SHPO for 

NRHP site eligibility and effect. 

Monitor effectiveness of site 

protection measures (AppendixA.5, 

Monitoring and Adaptive 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix M: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices

M-2

Resource 

Element Prescribed Fire Mechanical and Manual

Monitoring and Adaptive 

Management).

Management).

Health and 

Safety

Use some form of pre-treatment, such 

as mechanical or manual treatment, in 

areas where fire cannot be safely 

introduced due to hazardous build-up. 

Always use appropriate safety 

equipment and Personal Protective 

Equipment (PPE). Notify nearby 

residents who could be affected by 

smoke.

Always use appropriate safety 

equipment and PPE.

Land Use Carefully plan fires in WUI to avoid 

loss of property. 

Notify nearby residents and 

landowners who could be affected by 

smoke intrusions or by other fire 

effects.

Livestock

(See Handbook 

H-4120-1.)

Notify permittees of livestock feeding 

restrictions in treated areas, if 

necessary.

Provide alternative forage sites for 

livestock, if use areas burn.

Notify permittees of livestock feeding 

restrictions in treated areas, if 

necessary.

Provide alternative forage sites for 

livestock, if necessary.

Recreation

(See Handbook 

H-1601-1.)

Control public access to potential burn 

areas.

Control public access until potential 

treatment hazards no longer exist.

Rights-of-Way Avoid or minimize prescribed burning 

under powerlines.

Soil Minimize broadcast burning on highly 

erodible soils.

Re-seed if necessary following 

treatment to encourage revegetation 

and minimize erosion.

Minimize soil heating by pretreatment of fuels where practical.

Implement erosion control measures 

where heavy equipment is used.

Limit heavy equipment use on slopes 

greater than 30 percent.

Conduct activities on dry or frozen 

soil to minimize soil compaction.

Avoid damage to biological crusts.

Vegetation

(See Handbook 

H-4410-1, 

Conduct burn prescriptions to 

minimize residual damage to desirable 

trees.

Minimize disturbance to native 

vegetation by keeping equipment on 

existing roads and trails.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix M: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices

M-3

Resource 

Element Prescribed Fire Mechanical and Manual

5000, and 

9015.)

Mitigate soil erosion by constructing 

erosion control structures on any 

control lines used.

Reseed skid trails and roads to be 

closed after operations.

Install erosion control structures on 

roads used.

Water 

Resources

(See Manual 

7000 and 

Memorandum 

of 

Understanding 

with New 

Mexico 

Environment 

Department.)

Maintain minimum buffer of 25-50 

feet between burn area and water 

bodies. Minimize burning on hill 

slopes with high erosion potential and 

consider revegetation to mitigate. 

Prevent degradation of groundwater 

quality whenever practicable, even 

when WQCC standards allow for 

further degradation.

Develop site-specific BMPs for 

actions that degrade groundwater 

quality through nonpoint source 

pollution, for groundwater with 

10,000 mg/l total dissolved solids 

(TDS) or less.

Maintain minimum buffer of 25-50 

feet between burn area and water 

bodies. Reseed skid trails and roads 

closed after operations. Install erosion 

control structures on roads used. 

Prevent degradation of groundwater 

quality whenever practicable, even 

when WQCC standards allow for 

further degradation.

Develop site-specific BMPs for 

actions that degrade groundwater 

quality through nonpoint source 

pollution, for groundwater with 

10,000 mg/l TDS or less.

Wildlife

(See Manuals 

6500 and 

6780.)

Avoid treatments during nesting and 

other critical periods for birds and other 

wildlife.

Retain wildlife trees and other unique 

habitat features where practical.

Vegetation management strategies 

should be consistent with historical 

succession and disturbance regimes. 

Fuels treatments should consider 

habitat needs of migratory and nonmigratory populations.

Avoid treatments during nesting and 

other critical periods for birds and 

other wildlife.

In addition, the following BMPs should be followed in regard to cultural resources and Native 

American concerns.

Table M.2: Vegetation Treatment BMPs for Cultural Resources and Native American Concerns

Prescribed Fire Mechanical Chemical Biological

Evaluate potential 

impacts of 

proposed treatment. 

Conduct cultural 

resource inventories 

to identify sites at 

Evaluate potential 

impacts of 

proposed treatment. 

Conduct cultural 

resource inventories 

to identify sites at 

Evaluate potential 

impacts of proposed 

treatment. 

If application 

methods involve 

ground disturbing 

Evaluate potential 

impacts of proposed 

treatment.

If application 

methods involve 

ground disturbing 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix M: Vegetation Treatment Best Management Practices

M-4

Prescribed Fire Mechanical Chemical Biological

risk from treatment. 

Develop avoidance

measures and 

project-specific 

treatment measures 

to protect sites by 

reducing fuel loads 

in the vicinity of atrisk sites. 

Site protection 

measures include 

fire exclusion

through mechanical 

means, blacklining, or wrapping 

wooden structures, 

and post-treatment 

field inspections of 

sites.

Consult with SHPO 

and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol 

Agreement. 

Monitor 

effectiveness of site 

protection 

measures. 

risk from treatment. 

Develop avoidance

measures and 

project- specific 

treatment measures 

to protect sites by 

reducing fuel loads 

in the vicinity of atrisk sites. 

Site protection 

measures may 

include exclusion

of sites from 

ground disturbing 

activities, handthinning within 

sites with no 

ground disturbance, 

and post-treatment 

field inspections of 

sites.

Consult with SHPO 

and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol 

Agreement. 

Monitor 

effectiveness of site 

protection 

measures. 

activities, conduct 

cultural resource 

inventories and 

implement avoidance

measures. 

Site protection 

measures may 

include exclusion of 

sites from ground 

disturbing activities 

and post-treatment 

field inspections of 

sites.

Coordinate with 

Native American 

groups with 

traditional use 

concerns regarding 

timing of treatment.

Consult with SHPO 

and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol 

Agreement. 

Monitor 

effectiveness of site 

protection measures. 

activities, conduct 

cultural resource 

inventories as 

appropriate, and 

implement avoidance

measures. 

Site protection 

measures may 

include exclusion of 

sites from ground 

disturbing activities 

and post-treatment 

field inspections of 

sites.

Coordinate with 

Native American 

groups with 

traditional use 

concerns regarding 

timing of treatment.

Consult with SHPO 

and tribes per NM 

Statewide Protocol 

Agreement. 

Monitor effectiveness 

of site protection 

measures. 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix N: Vegetation Mitigation Measures

N-1

N VEGETATION MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures have been incorporated from the Vegetation Treatments

Using Herbicides on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic 

Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS), June 29, 2007, Mitigation Measures: Chapter 

3/Appendix)

Table N.1: Vegetation Mitigation Measures, by Affected Resource

Resource Mitigation Measures

Air Quality None proposed

Cultural and 

Paleontological 

Resources

Do not exceed the typical application rate when applying 2,4-D, 

bromacil, diquat, diuron, fluridone, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and 

triclopyr in known traditional use areas.

Avoid applying bromacil or tebuthiuron aerially in known 

traditional use areas.

Limit diquat applications to areas away from high residential and 

traditional use areas to reduce risks to Native Americans and 

Alaska Natives.

Fish and other Aquatic 

Organisms

Limit the use of diquat in water bodies that have native fish and 

aquatic resources.

Limit the use of terrestrial herbicides (especially diuron) in 

watersheds with characteristics suitable for potential surface 

runoff that have fish-bearing streams during periods when fish are 

in life stages most sensitive to the herbicide(s) used.

To protect special status fish and other aquatic organisms, 

implement all conservation measures for aquatic animals 

presented in the Vegetation Treatments on Bureau of Land 

Management Lands in 17 Western States Programmatic 

Biological Assessment.

Establish appropriate herbicide-specific buffer zones for water 

bodies, habitats, or fish or other aquatic species of interest (see 

Final PEIS Appendix C, Table C-16, and recommendations in 

individual ERAs).

Consider the proximity of application areas to salmonid habitat 

and the possible effects of herbicides on riparian and aquatic 

vegetation. Maintain appropriate buffer zones around salmonidbearing streams (see Appendix C, Table C-16, of the Final PEIS, 

and recommendations in the individual ERAs).

Avoid using the adjuvant R-11® in aquatic environments, and 

either avoid using glyphosate formulations containing 

polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), or seek to use formulations with 

the least amount of POEA, to reduce risks to aquatic organisms in 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix N: Vegetation Mitigation Measures

N-2

Resource Mitigation Measures

aquatic environments.

At the local level, consider effects to special status fish and other 

aquatic organisms when designing treatment programs.

Health and Human 

Safety

Use the typical application rate, where feasible, when applying 

2,4-D, bromacil, diquat, diuron, fluridone, hexazinone, 

tebuthiuron, and triclopyr to reduce risk to occupational and 

public receptors.

Avoid applying bromacil and diuron aerially. Do not apply 

sulfometuron methyl aerially.

Limit application of chlorsulfuron via ground broadcast 

applications at the maximum application rate.

Limit diquat application to ATV, truck spraying, and boat 

applications to reduce risks to occupational receptors; limit diquat 

applications to areas away from high residential and subsistence 

use to reduce risks to public receptors.

Evaluate diuron applications on a site-by-site basis to avoid risks 

to humans. There appear to be few scenarios where diuron can be 

applied without risk to occupational receptors.

Do not apply hexazinone with an over-the-shoulder broadcast 

applicator

Livestock Minimize potential risks to livestock by applying diuron, 

glyphosate, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr at the typical 

application rate, where feasible.

Do not apply 2,4-D, bromacil, dicamba, diuron, Overdrive®, 

picloram, or triclopyr across large application areas, where 

feasible, to limit impacts to livestock, particularly through the 

contamination of food items.

Where feasible, limit glyphosate and hexazinone to spot 

applications in rangeland.

Do not aerially apply diquat directly to wetlands or riparian areas 

used by livestock.

Do not apply bromacil or diuron in rangelands, and use 

appropriate buffer zones (see Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 

of the Final PEIS) to limit contamination of off-site rangeland 

vegetation.

Recreation Mitigation measures that may apply to recreational resources are 

associated with human and ecological health (see mitigation 

measures for Vegetation, Fish and Other Aquatic Resources, 

Wildlife Resources, and Human Health and Safety).

Social and Economic 

Values

None proposed
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix N: Vegetation Mitigation Measures

N-3

Resource Mitigation Measures

Soil Resources None proposed

Vegetation Minimize the use of terrestrial herbicides (especially bromacil, 

diuron, and sulfometuron methyl) in watersheds with 

downgradient ponds and streams if potential impacts to aquatic 

plants are identified.

Establish appropriate (herbicide-specific) buffer zones (see Tables 

4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 of the Final PEIS) around downstream 

water bodies, habitats, and species/populations of interest. 

Consult the ecological risk assessments (ERAs) prepared for the 

PEIS for more specific information on appropriate buffer 

distances under different soil, moisture, vegetation, and 

application scenarios.

Limit the aerial application of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron 

methyl to areas with difficult land access, where no other means 

of application are possible. Do not apply sulfometuron methyl 

aerially.

To protect special status plant species, implement all conservation

measures for plants presented in the Vegetation Treatments on 

Bureau of Land Management Lands in 17 Western States 

Programmatic Biological Assessment.

Visual Resources None proposed

Water Resources and 

Quality

Establish appropriate (herbicide-specific) buffer zones to 

downstream water bodies, habitats, and species/populations of 

interest (see Appendix C of PEIS, Table C-16).

Areas with potential for groundwater for domestic or municipal 

water use shall be evaluated through the appropriate, validated 

USEPA model(s) to estimate vulnerability to potential 

groundwater contamination, and appropriate mitigation measures 

shall be developed if such an area requires the application of 

herbicides and cannot otherwise be treated with nonchemical 

methods.

Wetland and Riparian 

Areas

See mitigation for Water Resources and Quality and Vegetation.

Wild Horses and Burros Minimize potential risks to wild horses and burros by applying 

diuron, glyphosate, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, and triclopyr at the 

typical application rate, where feasible, in areas associated with 

wild horse and burro use.

Consider the size of the application area when making 

applications of 2,4-D, bromacil, dicamba, diuron, Overdrive®, 

picloram, and triclopyr in order to reduce potential impacts to 

wild horses and burros.
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix N: Vegetation Mitigation Measures

N-4

Resource Mitigation Measures

Apply herbicide label grazing restrictions for livestock to 

herbicide treatment areas that support populations of wild horses 

and burros.

Where practical, limit glyphosate and hexazinone to spot 

applications in rangeland.

Do not apply bromacil or diuron in grazing lands within herd 

management areas (HMAs), and use appropriate buffer zones 

identified in Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 of the Final PEIS 

to limit contamination of vegetation in off-site foraging areas.

Do not apply 2,4-D, bromacil, or diuron in HMAs during the peak 

foaling season (March through June, and especially in May and 

June), and do not exceed the typical application rate of 

Overdrive® or hexazinone in HMAs during the peak foaling 

season in areas where foaling is known to take place.

Wildlife To minimize risks to terrestrial wildlife, do not exceed the typical 

application rate for applications of dicamba, diuron, glyphosate, 

hexazinone, tebuthiuron, or triclopyr, where feasible.

Minimize the size of application areas, where practical, when 

applying 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and Overdrive® to limit 

impacts to wildlife, particularly through contamination of food 

items.

Where practical, limit glyphosate and hexazinone to spot 

applications in rangeland and wildlife habitat areas to avoid 

contamination of wildlife food items.

Avoid using the adjuvant R-11® in aquatic environments, and 

either avoid using glyphosate formulations containing POEA, or 

seek to use formulations with the least amount of POEA, to 

reduce risks to amphibians.

Do not apply bromacil or diuron in rangelands, and use 

appropriate buffer zones (see Tables 4-12 and 4-14 in Chapter 4 

of the Final PEIS) to limit contamination of off-site vegetation, 

which may serve as forage for wildlife.

Do not aerially apply diquat directly to wetlands or riparian areas.

To protect special status wildlife species, implement all 

conservation measures for terrestrial animals presented in the 

Vegetation Treatments on Bureau of Land Management Lands in 

17 Western States Programmatic Biological Assessment.

Wilderness and other 

Special Areas

Mitigation measures that may apply to wilderness and other 

special area resources are associated with human and ecological 

health and recreation (see mitigation measures for Vegetation, 

Fish and Other Aquatic Resources, Wildlife Resources, 
Rio Puerco Field Office RMP/EIS

Appendix N: Vegetation Mitigation Measures

N-5

Resource Mitigation Measures

Recreation, and Human Health and Safety).
INDEX

A

agreements .................................. G-9, 2-16, 2-41, 2-55, 2-124, 2-127, 2-133, 2-140, 3-86, 4-154, 4-169, 4-173, 4-231, 4-272, 5-3

air quality....M-1, N-1, 1-11, 2-11, 2-12, 2-144, 2-145, 3-1, 3-2, 3-33, 3-90, 3-94, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-124, 4-

252, 4-280

air resources....................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-1, 4-14

allotment........A-2, B-1, B-2, B-3, E-1, E-2, E-3, 2-40, 2-41, 2-43, 2-44, 2-98, 2-192, 3-36, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-

116, 3-127, 4-74, 4-75, 4-78, 4-79, 4-150, 4-185, 4-260

allotment management plan................................................................................................................................................... 2-40, 2-98, 2-114, 2-119

animal unit months......................................................................................................................................................................................................2-4, 3-36

assumptions .......................................................................................................................4-1, 4-2, 4-48, 4-74, 4-83, 4-149, 4-159, 4-221, 4-252

AUM.............................................................A-2, A-5, B-1, 1-1, 3-36, 3-82, 4-75, 4-77, 4-78, 4-159, 4-160, 4-162, 4-166, 4-167, 4-179

authorized use.............................................................................................................................................................................................................3-37, 3-81

avoidanceG-5, M-1, M-4, 2-10, 2-56, 2-84, 2-161, 2-166, 2-168, 2-174, 2-179, 2-181, 2-185, 2-188, 2-189, 3-30, 4-23, 4-

28, 4-29, 4-33, 4-49, 4-53, 4-85, 4-86, 4-134, 4-138, 4-153, 4-158, 4-185, 4-225, 4-226, 4-230, 4-233, 4-245, 4-247, 4-

255, 4-265, 4-267, 4-271, 4-273

B

baked shale ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-43, 3-44

basalt............................................................................................................................................................................................L-13, 2-7, 2-95, 3-44, 3-102

base land .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-37

base property...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3-37, 3-38

base water ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3-37

biodiversity...............................................L-8, L-10, L-12, L-45, L-46, 2-139, 3-88, 3-120, 3-127, 4-157, 4-230, 4-235, 4-271, 4-276

biological..F-1, H-1, H-10, H-11, H-14, H-15, H-17, L-47, M-2, 1-17, 2-23, 2-25, 2-80, 2-121, 2-139, 2-140, 3-17, 3-126, 4-17, 

4-30, 4-70, 4-149, 4-150, 4-157, 4-182, 4-185, 4-186, 4-222, 4-245, 4-262, 4-274

biomass................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2-25, 3-64, 4-13, 4-161

BLM sensitive species.................................................................................................................2-123, 3-104, 4-90, 4-154, 4-216, 4-231, 4-272

brush control

mechanical.........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-125, 4-176

C

carbon dioxide..................................................................................................2-6, 2-145, 3-4, 3-42, 3-47, 3-48, 3-52, 3-53, 4-13, 4-17, 4-83

chemical.D-4, G-3, G-6, G-7, H-13, 2-7, 2-23, 2-78, 2-86, 2-136, 2-143, 3-17, 3-28, 3-41, 3-109, 3-124, 3-125, 3-128, 4-10, 4-

30, 4-41, 4-70, 4-149, 4-150, 4-169, 4-176, 4-222, 4-235, 4-237, 4-245, 4-248, 4-262, 4-278, 4-282

cinders................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-42, 4-4

Class I areas .........................................................................................................................................................................................................1-11, 2-27, 3-2

clay...................................................................................................................................................................G-8, I-1, I-2, L-6, L-7, L-24, L-25, 2-7, 3-42

climate................F-1, L-23, L-36, 1-15, 2-76, 3-2, 3-4, 3-16, 3-17, 3-28, 3-64, 3-91, 3-112, 3-113, 3-127, 4-11, 4-12, 4-17, 4-18

climate change....................................................................................................................................................................................................3-4, 4-12, 4-18

coal..H-25, 1-2, 1-7, 2-6, 2-49, 2-50, 2-52, 3-42, 3-44, 3-45, 3-47, 3-50, 3-51, 3-52, 3-73, 4-3, 4-11, 4-12, 4-16, 4-17, 4-84, 4-

172, 3

commercial saw timber ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-20

Communities-at-Risk ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-22

community allotments...............................................................................................................................................................................................3-36, 3-37

Community Wildfire Protection Plans.............................................................................................................................................................1-13, 3-18

conservation.G-8, H-27, N-1, N-3, N-4, 1-2, 1-15, 2-29, 2-32, 2-125, 2-126, 2-127, 3-63, 3-90, 3-101, 3-113, 3-121, 3-123, 

3-128, 3-129, 4-89, 4-154, 4-193, 4-231, 4-237, 4-261, 4-272

cover....C-1, D-1, D-4, F-2, G-6, K-4, K-5, L-7, L-8, L-9, L-10, L-12, L-13, L-15, L-21, L-22, L-23, L-25, L-27, L-28, L-29, L-30, L31, L-35, L-37, L-45, L-46, 1-3, 2-40, 2-52, 2-97, 2-139, 2-142, 2-147, 2-152, 3-59, 3-66, 3-70, 3-90, 3-102, 3-112, 3-114, 

3-124, 3-127, 4-6, 4-15, 4-23, 4-27, 4-38, 4-79, 4-182, 4-183, 4-184, 4-216, 4-222, 4-223, 4-234, 4-244, 4-262, 4-263, 4-

275

criteria pollutants .........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-1, 4-13
cultural resources..D-3, G-1, H-15, H-16, H-26, M-3, 1-11, 2-15, 2-17, 2-23, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-37, 2-45, 2-49, 2-51, 2-56, 2-

57, 2-90, 2-93, 2-94, 2-101, 2-102, 2-105, 2-109, 2-110, 2-112, 2-113, 2-129, 2-130, 2-146, 2-147, 2-148, 2-149, 2-150, 

2-158, 2-177, 2-180, 2-187, 2-194, 2-195, 3-7, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-60, 3-94, 3-96, 3-99, 3-101, 3-102, 

3-103, 4-18

D

desired states..........................................................................................................................................................................................................2-133, 4-156

disposal.G-2, G-4, G-7, G-8, L-23, 2-10, 2-29, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-37, 2-47, 2-55, 2-58, 2-139, 2-146, 2-148, 2-151, 2-153, 2-

154, 2-162, 2-167, 2-169, 2-181, 2-188, 3-28, 3-29, 3-46, 3-48, 3-57, 3-116, 4-2, 4-19, 4-24, 4-31, 4-48, 4-49, 4-75, 4-

76, 4-112, 4-120, 4-158, 4-170, 4-193, 4-225, 4-265

drought...................................................................................................... L-12, L-14, 2-133, 3-3, 3-37, 3-73, 3-81, 4-74, 4-166, 4-176, 4-284

E

ecological site...........................................................................................................................................................................F-1, L-6, L-32, 3-112, 3-114

ecosystem health............................................................................................ 2-2, 2-24, 2-139, 3-20, 3-21, 4-38, 4-157, 4-158, 4-223, 4-263

ecosystem services...................................................................................................................................................................................3-20, 4-161, 4-173

ecosystems. F-1, L-45, L-47, 2-22, 2-23, 2-29, 2-40, 2-123, 2-132, 2-139, 3-14, 3-15, 3-70, 3-112, 3-121, 3-125, 3-127, 4-19, 

4-70, 4-150, 4-151, 4-152, 4-154, 4-157, 4-222, 4-230, 4-235, 4-236, 4-237, 4-262, 4-271, 4-272, 4-276, 4-278

El Niño...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-3, 3-4

Emergency stabilization..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-19

EPA

level III ecoregions ............................................................................................................................................................................................................1-2

eradicate....................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-115, 4-235

erosion

accelerated .......................................................................................................................................................H-12, 2-25, 2-80, 3-89, 4-182, 4-183

exclosures.....................................................................................................................2-41, 2-77, 2-78, 2-134, 2-160, 4-76, 4-79, 4-152, 4-274

exclusion M-4, 2-10, 2-30, 2-32, 2-174, 2-179, 2-181, 2-182, 2-185, 2-188, 2-189, 3-30, 3-68, 3-106, 3-125, 3-127, 3, 4, 4-

49, 4-50, 4-52, 4-53, 4-134, 4-136, 4-137, 4-138, 4-181, 4-185, 4-230, 4-245, 4-247, 4-265, 4-271, 4-274

F

Federal Fire Policy................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3-15

fencing....................................................................G-7, H-4, H-8, 2-78, 2-140, 3-9, 3-33, 3-41, 3-69, 3-94, 4-8, 4-26, 4-78, 4-157, 4-226

fire

prescribed burn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2-23, 2-150

fire frequency...........................................................................................................................................................................2-24, 3-14, 3-16, 3-20, 4-29

fire ignition ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-16, 4-31

fire management....4-11, 4-13, 4-14, 4-23, 4-29, 4-30, 4-31, 4-32, 4-33, 4-34, 4-38, 4-70, 4-73, 4-76, 4-117, 4-122, 4-151, 4-

184, 4-216, 4-223, 4-259, 4-262, 4-280, 4-282, 4-284

strategies............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2-22

unit.........................................................................................................................................................................................2-22, 4-23, 4-30, 4-31, 4-32

Fire management

decisions..............................................................................................................................................................................................2-145, 2-151, 2-152

fire regime...........................................................................................................................2-24, 3-14, 3-15, 3-17, 3-19, 3-20, 3-22, 4-222, 4-262

fire regime condition class ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-15

fire suppression.........................................2-22, 2-23, 2-24, 2-136, 2-151, 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-96, 4-33, 4-124, 4-169, 4-176, 4-282

fisheries ....................................................................................... 4-33, 4-47, 4-83, 4-134, 4-157, 4-235, 4-259, 4-260, 4-273, 4-277, 4-280

Fisheries............................................................................................2-46, 2-134, 2-139, 2-141, 2-152, 2-167, 2-175, 2-184, 2-187, 2-191

floodplains.H-10, H-11, L-46, 2-32, 2-34, 2-56, 2-74, 2-76, 2-77, 2-174, 2-179, 3-92, 4-49, 4-50, 4-52, 4-134, 4-136, 4-137, 

4-153, 4-154, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-232, 4-272

FMU.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-23, 3-16, 3-17

forage C-1, G-10, L-8, L-9, L-10, L-19, L-22, L-25, M-2, N-4, 2-40, 2-42, 2-43, 2-97, 2-99, 2-100, 2-99, 2-142, 2-159, 2-171, 

3-20, 3-36, 3-81, 3-82, 3-102, 3-116, 3-122, 3-125, 4-33, 4-38, 4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-76, 4-77, 4-78, 4-80, 4-160, 4-166, 4-

167, 4-170, 4-172, 4-175, 4-179, 4-222, 4-223, 4-226, 4-234, 4-260, 4-262, 4-263, 4-265, 4-266, 4-267, 4-274, 4-275, 4-

281, 4-282

forest health .................................................................................................................................................2-152, 3-20, 3-21, 4-38, 4-40, 4-41, 4-70

forest management..........................................................................................................................................................................................1-15, 2-24, 5-7
forest products.L-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-86, 2-137, 2-176, 3-20, 4-27, 4-29, 4-38, 4-39, 4-77, 4-160, 4-161, 4-168, 4-174, 4-176, 

4-177, 4-180, 4-223, 4-263, 4-274

forest restoration............................................................................................................................2-24, 2-25, 2-171, 4-29, 4-39, 4-223, 4-263, 2

fragmentation.G-5, H-8, H-11, 2-182, 2-189, 3-127, 4-38, 4-120, 4-134, 4-151, 4-152, 4-216, 4-217, 4-223, 4-224, 4-228, 4-

230, 4-232, 4-233, 4-234, 4-236, 4-248, 4-260, 4-263, 4-264, 4-269, 4-271, 4-272, 4-273, 4-274, 4-275, 4-278, 4-280

FRCC..................... 1-1, 2-22, 2-23, 2-26, 2-151, 2-152, 3-15, 3-16, 3-19, 3-20, 3-21, 2, 4-24, 4-29, 4-30, 4-31, 4-36, 4-38, 4-184

free use permit......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-43, 4-169

fuel characteristics ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-19

fuelwood.2-4, 2-24, 2-25, 2-27, 2-26, 2-27, 2-26, 2-27, 2-81, 2-150, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-79, 3-83, 4-168, 4-177, 4-263, 4-275

Fuelwood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L-16

G

game species ...........................................................................................................................H-7, H-8, 2-115, 2-140, 3-125, 3-128, 4-117, 4-157

geothermal.....2-6, 2-10, 2-74, 2-174, 2-179, 3-47, 3-48, 3-52, 3-57, 3-64, 4-5, 4-134, 4-137, 4-153, 4-158, 4-185, 4-230, 4-

233, 4-271, 4-273, 3

grazing application................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-37

grazing bills............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-37

grazing district........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-37

grazing prescriptions ....................................................................................................................................2-40, 2-104, 2-107, 2-113, 3-37, 3-117

grazing season......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-41

greenhouse gas ......................................................................................................................................................................................2-11, 3-4, 4-13, 4-18

H

habitat improvement projects................................H-8, 2-27, 2-92, 2-96, 2-107, 2-144, 3-119, 3-121, 4-157, 4-236, 4-274, 4-277

habitat loss..................................................................................................... 2-180, 2-182, 2-184, 2-187, 2-191, 3-109, 3-110, 3-125, 4-216

habitat types.......................................................2-125, 3-105, 3-109, 3-127, 3-128, 4-149, 4-221, 4-224, 4-228, 4-234, 4-260, 4-270

halite ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-53

hazardous fuels...................................................................................................................................................2-22, 2-23, 3-20, 4-150, 4-169, 4-176

helium.............................................................................................................................................................................................2-6, 3-42, 3-47, 3-48, 3-53

herbicide ...........................................................................................................................................................................N-1, 2-100, 3-116, 3-117, 4-235

historic fire regimes .....................................................................................................................................................................................2-22, 3-15, 3-16

humate ....................................................................................................................................................................................................3-42, 3-43, 3-44, 3-84

I

infestation..................................................................................................................................................................................................D-2, K-1, K-4, 2-133

infiltration ........................................................................................................................................................................F-1, L-8, L-9, L-10, 4-182, 4-272

invasive D-4, G-2, G-10, 1-13, 2-57, 2-125, 2-127, 2-132, 2-133, 2-139, 2-175, 3-19, 3-41, 3-70, 3-115, 3-116, 3-126, 4-6, 4-

9, 4-149, 4-150, 4-151, 4-152, 4-154, 4-156, 4-157, 4-158, 4-178, 4-184, 4-216, 4-224, 4-226, 4-230, 4-231, 4-235, 4-

244, 4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-259, 4-264, 4-265, 4-266, 4-271, 4-274, 4-276, 4-283

L

land health..............................................................................................................................F-1, 2-2, 2-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-66, 3-117, 3-118, 4-184

Land resource units ............................................................................................................................................................................................................3-113

lands with wilderness characteristics ........ 2-27, 2-30, 2-38, 2-39, 2-63, 2-65, 2-96, 2-155, 2-156, 2-157, 2-158, 2-162, 2-

170, 2-173, 2-182, 2-192, 4-48, 4-70, 4-71, 4-72, 4-73, 4-86, 4-119, 4-149, 4-155, 4-175, 4-233, 4-275, 4-282

latillas ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-26, 4-37

lessee. G-5, H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-10, H-11, H-12, H-13, H-14, H-15, H-16, H-17, H-18, H-19, H-20, H21, H-22, H-23, H-24, H-25, H-26, 2-51, 2-52, 3-37, 4-31, 4-76, 4-78, 4-85

limestone ............................................................................................................................L-13, 2-7, 3-5, 3-23, 3-42, 3-43, 3-45, 3-49, 3-50, 3-54

livestock grazingF-1, H-23, 1-2, 1-12, 2-2, 2-3, 2-31, 2-39, 2-40, 2-41, 2-42, 2-43, 2-44, 2-77, 2-79, 2-85, 2-87, 2-88, 2-89, 2-

90, 2-91, 2-94, 2-95, 2-96, 2-97, 2-98, 2-101, 2-102, 2-106, 2-107, 2-108, 2-110, 2-111, 2-112, 2-113, 2-114, 2-116, 2-

117, 2-118, 2-119, 2-121, 2-122, 2-132, 2-137, 2-140, 2-142, 2-148, 2-151, 2-156, 2-159, 2-160, 2-161, 2-169, 2-

172, 2-178, 2-181, 2-185, 2-188, 2-192, 3-27, 3-36, 3-37, 3-38, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-69, 3-70, 3-89, 3-95, 3-106, 3-109, 

3-110, 3-116, 3-124, 3-125, 3-129, 4-20, 4-26, 4-29, 4-31, 4-70, 4-71, 4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-76, 4-77, 4-78, 4-79, 4-80, 4-
117, 4-149, 4-155, 4-156, 4-157, 4-176, 4-183, 4-184, 4-191, 4-194, 4-216, 4-226, 4-244, 4-246, 4-259, 4-260, 4-265, 4-

266, 4-267, 4-274, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 4-284

livestock industry ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2-40, 3-73, 3-76, 4-161

LRU ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-113, 3-114

M

Major Land Resource Areas.............................................................................................................................................................................3-112, 3-113

management plan .............................................................2-20, 2-82, 2-126, 2-127, 3-5, 4-7, 4-124, 4-154, 4-179, 4-231, 4-238, 4-272

mastication..................................................................................................................................................................................................... L-23, 2-25, 3-117

metals ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-42, 3-47, 3-72

methane.......................................................................................................................................................2-6, 3-4, 3-42, 3-47, 4-13, 4-15, 4-17, 4-84

migratory birds..............................................................................................................................2-125, 2-140, 3-110, 4-33, 4-154, 4-233, 4-236

mineral resources..H-25, 2-4, 2-52, 2-144, 2-149, 2-161, 2-162, 2-164, 2-166, 2-167, 2-168, 2-169, 3-22, 3-42, 3-44, 3-

45, 3-46, 3-47, 4-14

minerals

leasable.... 2-6, 2-12, 2-25, 2-29, 2-32, 2-38, 2-39, 2-48, 2-49, 2-50, 2-51, 2-80, 2-81, 2-82, 2-108, 2-134, 2-145, 2-149, 2-

159, 2-161, 2-162, 2-163, 2-164, 2-165, 2-166, 2-168, 2-172, 2-175, 2-177, 2-178, 2-181, 2-188, 3-27, 3-47, 

3-48, 3-84, 4-3, 4-12, 4-15, 4-20, 4-23, 4-25, 4-26, 4-39, 4-72, 4-77, 4-83, 4-84, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-90, 4-92, 4-114, 4-

119, 4-123, 4-152, 4-162, 4-169, 4-177, 4-178, 4-180, 4-185, 4-222, 4-246, 4-262, 4-267, 4-274

locatable................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-84, 4-169

saleable....2-46, 3-84, 4-4, 4-20, 4-23, 4-25, 4-26, 4-39, 4-47, 4-72, 4-77, 4-83, 4-85, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-89, 4-92, 4-93, 4-

114, 4-119, 4-123, 4-162, 4-169, 4-177, 4-180, 4-222, 4-227, 4-246, 4-262, 4-268

mining districts...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-27, 3-47

MLRA...............................................................................................................................................................................................................L-32, 3-113, 3-114

monitoring . M-2, M-1, 1-2, 1-12, 2-40, 2-43, 2-49, 2-55, 2-56, 2-85, 2-104, 2-107, 2-113, 2-115, 2-124, 2-125, 2-126, 2-130, 

2-133, 2-140, 2-192, 3-1, 3-33, 3-40, 3-59, 3-67, 3-69, 3-86, 3-94, 3-104, 3-106, 3-108, 3-109, 3-118, 3-123, 3-127, 4-9, 

4-18, 4-46, 4-80, 4-150, 4-221, 4-233, 4-260, 4-266, 4-273

moss rock................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-43

N

National Ambient Air Quality Standard ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4-12

national historic landmarks.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3-12

National Landcover Dataset Classification..............................................................................................................................................................3-112

native .2-6, 2-85, 2-125, 2-132, 2-133, 2-140, 2-142, 2-143, 2-171, 2-175, 2-185, 3-5, 3-42, 3-69, 3-70, 3-72, 3-109, 3-115, 

3-116, 3-119, 3-125, 3-126

New Mexico Standards and Guidelines ....1-1, 2-24, 2-26, 2-40, 2-41, 2-43, 2-44, 2-76, 2-79, 2-133, 2-134, 2-172, 2-175, 2-

178, 2-185, 2-192, 3-40, 3-112, 3-114, 3-117, 4-74, 4-75, 4-76, 4-77, 4-79, 4-117, 4-151, 4-154, 4-184, 4-194, 4-226, 4-

232, 4-244, 4-265, 4-267, 4-272

NHL............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-12

nitrous oxide ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-4, 4-17

NLDC ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-112

non-native ................................................................ G-10, L-46, 2-132, 2-133, 2-143, 4-150, 4-151, 4-154, 4-158, 4-248, 4-259, 4-266

non-use ....................................................................................................................................................2-42, 2-142, 3-37, 3-87, 4-161, 4-173, 4-265

noxious...D-2, D-4, D-5, G-2, G-5, G-10, G-11, K-2, K-3, K-4, 1-13, 2-78, 2-85, 2-98, 2-133, 2-139, 2-143, 3-69, 3-70, 3-109, 3-

115, 3-116, 3-125, 4-9, 4-149, 4-150, 4-151, 4-156, 4-157, 4-158, 4-184, 4-216, 4-224, 4-230, 4-231, 4-234, 4-235, 4-

244, 4-246, 4-247, 4-264, 4-266, 4-271, 4-274, 4-275, 4-280, 4-283

O

off-highway vehicle...............................................................................................................1-1, 2-5, 2-61, 2-63, 2-71, 4-156, 4-263, 4-274, 5-2

oil and gasG-1, H-1, H-2, H-3, 2-49, 2-50, 2-128, 2-141, 2-145, 2-146, 2-161, 2-168, 2-173, 3-22, 3-28, 3-42, 3-47, 3-48, 3-

49, 3-50, 3-52, 3-57, 3-66, 3-73, 3-83, 3-84, 3-85, 3-90, 3-92, 4-2, 4-3, 4-5, 4-7, 4-12, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-19, 4-39, 4-46, 

4-78, 4-83, 4-85, 4-86, 4-93, 4-169, 4-183, 4-221, 4-226, 4-236, 4-246, 4-255, 4-267, 4-268, 4-277, 4-281, 4-282

old-growth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2-24
P

permit renewals ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-41

permittees ......................M-2, 2-90, 2-140, 3-30, 3-37, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-81, 3-82, 3-112, 3-117, 4-6, 4-78, 4-83, 4-167, 4-180

pipelines......2-10, 2-32, 2-36, 2-90, 3-30, 3-41, 3-90, 4-12, 4-46, 4-48, 4-50, 4-51, 4-52, 4-75, 4-183, 4-224, 4-225, 4-226, 4-

244, 4-255, 4-264, 4-274, 4-280

potash.........................................................................................................................................................................................................2-6, 3-42, 3-45, 3-47

potential vegetation............................................................................................................................................................................................................3-116

prescribed fire....M-1, M-3, 4-10, 4-13, 4-14, 4-30, 4-32, 4-33, 4-41, 4-70, 4-76, 4-124, 4-150, 4-169, 4-176, 4-194, 4-222, 4-

235, 4-237, 4-245, 4-248, 4-254, 4-262, 4-276, 4-278

prevention of significant deterioration..............................................................................................................................................................1-1, 2-11

pumice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-7, 3-42

R

range condition......................................................................................................................................... L-12, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 4-77, 4-166, 4-167

range improvement...........................................................................................................................................................2-41, 2-90, 3-41, 4-75, 4-117

rangeland inventories........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-116

reasonably foreseeable ............................................................................................................................................................................1-7, 2-145, 2-185

Reasonably foreseeable ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-41, 4-158

recovery plan........................................................................................................................................1-16, 2-77, 2-85, 2-126, 2-127, 2-140, 3-106

recovery plans.........................................................................................................................................................................................4-154, 4-231, 4-272

recreation and visitor services 1-8, 2-4, 2-5, 2-144, 2-149, 2-159, 2-164, 2-169, 2-170, 4-18, 4-19, 4-25, 4-79, 4-83, 4-87, 

4-117, 4-119, 4-120, 4-123, 4-124, 4-149, 4-216, 4-244, 4-259, 5-2

red dog ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-43, 3-44

rehabilitation ..........G-2, 1-13, 2-22, 2-29, 2-133, 3-19, 4-156, 4-224, 4-230, 4-244, 4-247, 4-264, 4-271, 4-282, 4-283, 4-284

renewable energy ....2-10, 2-73, 2-74, 2-135, 2-159, 2-168, 2-179, 2-185, 2-189, 3-52, 3-64, 3-65, 3-66, 3-70, 3-92, 4-5, 4-

76, 4-114, 4-117, 4-120, 4-134, 4-138, 4-149, 4-153, 4-158, 4-183, 4-185, 4-186, 4-193, 4-216, 4-229, 4-230, 4-233, 4-

236, 4-247, 4-259, 4-261, 4-271, 4-273, 4-278, 4-280, 4-281, 4-283, 4-284, 5-2

restoration ..................................................................................C-1, G-10, H-13, 4-9, 4-14, 4-33, 4-41, 4-169, 4-180, 4-237, 4-248, 4-278

riparian...H-10, H-11, H-27, L-8, L-9, L-10, L-45, L-46, L-47, N-1, N-2, N-4, 1-13, 2-24, 2-27, 2-36, 2-40, 2-41, 2-44, 2-45, 2-

51, 2-56, 2-57, 2-76, 2-77, 2-78, 2-79, 2-85, 2-86, 2-87, 2-92, 2-93, 2-94, 2-101, 2-109, 2-125, 2-127, 2-130, 2-132, 2-

133, 2-134, 2-137, 2-138, 2-139, 2-140, 2-148, 2-164, 2-169, 2-171, 2-172, 2-173, 2-174, 2-175, 2-178, 2-179, 2-

181, 2-182, 2-183, 2-188, 2-190, 2-192, 2-194, 3-38, 3-40, 3-42, 3-66, 3-67, 3-68, 3-69, 3-70, 3-91, 3-97, 3-99, 3-100, 3-

105, 3-106, 3-108, 3-109, 3-110, 3-114, 3-115, 3-121, 3-122, 3-123, 3-124, 3-126, 4-9, 4-14, 4-26, 4-33, 4-38, 4-48, 4-

50, 4-51, 4-52, 4-73, 4-74, 4-76, 4-83, 4-87, 4-88, 4-117, 4-119, 4-122, 4-135, 4-137, 4-138, 4-149, 4-150, 4-151, 4-152, 

4-153, 4-154, 4-155, 4-156, 4-157, 4-158, 4-182, 4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-190, 4-216, 4-223, 4-228, 4-230, 4-231, 4-232, 

4-237, 4-244, 4-259, 4-260, 4-263, 4-266, 4-267, 4-269, 4-271, 4-272, 4-273, 4-283

riparian ecosystem health...............................................................................................................................................................................................4-157

runoff.......G-9, H-12, H-13, L-8, L-10, N-1, 2-195, 3-89, 3-90, 3-92, 3-93, 4-149, 4-154, 4-156, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-232, 4-

272, 4-280

Russian olive ...................................................................................K-2, L-46, L-47, 2-125, 2-133, 3-69, 3-115, 4-151, 4-154, 4-158, 4-283

S

saltcedar..D-4, K-2, K-3, L-35, L-46, 2-77, 2-78, 2-125, 2-133, 3-69, 3-115, 3-117, 3-126, 4-151, 4-154, 4-158, 4-231, 4-235, 

4-276, 4-283

San Ysidro ERMA.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-69

San Ysidro SRMA..................................................................................................................................................................................................................4-152

San Ysidro Trials Area ..........................................................................................................2-69, 2-70, 3-59, 3-62, 4-124, 4-152, 4-229, 4-270

sand and gravel....................................................................................................................................................................3-42, 3-43, 3-44, 3-84, 4-159

sandstone......L-7, L-13, 32, 2-112, 3-23, 3-43, 3-44, 3-45, 3-48, 3-50, 3-54, 3-60, 3-99, 3-100, 3-101, 3-102, 3-103, 3-123, 3-

124

scoria........................................................................................................................................................................................................3-42, 3-43, 3-44, 3-84

SDI.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-20, 3-21

Section 15 ................................................................................................................................................. 2-31, 2-42, 2-43, 3-37, 3-116, 4-167, 4-168

Section 3........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3-37, 3-40, 3-106, 3-116

sedimentation.H-12, H-13, 2-77, 2-80, 3-66, 3-89, 3-93, 4-4, 4-154, 4-156, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-232, 4-272, 4-280, 4-281

Selective Management Categorization ................................................................................................................................................2-40, 2-41, 3-38

sensitive soils....... 4-25, 4-50, 4-51, 4-52, 4-88, 4-135, 4-136, 4-138, 4-154, 4-183, 4-184, 4-186, 4-232, 4-272, 4-283, 4-284
silvicultural.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2-24, 2-25, 2-26

silviculture .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L-22, L-23

sodium...................................................................................................................................................................... 1-2, 2-6, 3-42, 3-45, 3-47, 3-52, 3-90

soil and waterL-36, 2-81, 2-147, 2-178, 2-179, 2-183, 2-190, 4-18, 4-20, 4-47, 4-83, 4-149, 4-182, 4-183, 4-184, 4-185, 4-

186, 4-216, 4-259, 4-281

soils

sensitive............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-46

special designations........ 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 2-44, 2-46, 2-54, 2-55, 2-61, 2-63, 2-65, 2-68, 2-71, 2-72, 2-130, 2-148, 2-149, 2-

153, 2-159, 2-168, 2-169, 2-170, 2-175, 2-181, 2-183, 2-186, 2-188, 2-190, 3-23, 3-24, 3-29, 4-2, 4-18, 4-20, 4-24, 

4-25, 4-26, 4-28, 4-47, 4-48, 4-49, 4-50, 4-51, 4-73, 4-75, 4-77, 4-83, 4-85, 4-113, 4-117, 4-134, 4-135, 4-137, 4-149, 4-

155, 4-173, 4-178, 4-181, 4-184, 4-190, 4-216, 4-232, 4-244, 4-245, 4-246, 4-259, 4-267, 4-273

special status plant species......................................................................................................N-3, 2-112, 2-128, 3-109, 4-217, 4-221, 4-226

special status species .. 2-77, 2-85, 2-107, 2-114, 2-123, 2-130, 2-192, 3-70, 3-104, 3-105, 3-106, 3-108, 3-109, 3-121, 4-73, 

4-117, 4-134, 4-154, 4-156, 4-216, 4-221, 4-222, 4-224, 4-230, 4-233, 4-235, 4-236, 4-272

Special Status Species......................................................................................................................................................................... A-3, A-5, F-1, H-3, J-1

split estate ........................................................................................................................................................H-22, 2-45, 3-54, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 4-83

Stand Density Index.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3-20

stewardship.............................................................2-12, 2-15, 2-54, 2-56, 2-92, 2-94, 2-101, 2-104, 2-109, 2-112, 2-116, 3-20, 4-169

stone..............................................................................................................................2-7, 3-8, 3-42, 3-73, 3-84, 4-4, 4-153, 4-159, 4-169, 4-177

successional stages ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-22

sulfur...................................................................................................................................................................... 2-6, 3-42, 3-45, 3-47, 3-51, 3-53, 4-17

surface disturbance G-4, G-5, G-6, H-1, H-24, H-26, 2-9, 2-39, 2-52, 2-77, 2-80, 2-81, 2-88, 2-92, 2-94, 2-99, 2-119, 2-143, 2-

146, 2-147, 2-149, 2-153, 2-161, 2-166, 2-167, 2-168, 2-172, 2-174, 2-182, 2-183, 2-184, 2-185, 2-186, 2-187, 2-

190, 2-191, 3-58, 3-125, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-25, 4-27, 4-28, 4-39, 4-70, 4-76, 4-77, 4-84, 4-86, 4-90, 

4-91, 4-114, 4-115, 4-123, 4-149, 4-152, 4-153, 4-155, 4-157, 4-182, 4-183, 4-185, 4-187, 4-193, 4-221, 4-222, 4-224, 

4-226, 4-232, 4-236, 4-244, 4-246, 4-247, 4-252, 4-260, 4-267, 4-268, 4-271, 4-273, 4-274, 4-277, 4-283

SWReGAP..................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-112, 3-114

T

Taylor Grazing Act..................................................................................................1-2, 2-31, 2-41, 2-42, 2-43, 3-37, 3-42, 3-85, 3-116, 4-166

timber ....................................................................................................................................................................... L-40, 1-2, 2-2, 2-24, 3-70, 3-84, 4-38

traditional cultural properties...................................................................................................................................................................H-26, 3-7, 3-14

Travel management......................................................4-12, 4-20, 4-27, 4-32, 4-40, 4-114, 4-121, 4-156, 4-179, 4-186, 4-237, 4-246

travertine............................................................................................................................................2-7, 3-5, 3-47, 3-55, 3-103, 3-109, 3-127, 4-85

trespass.......................................................................................................................................................................................2-24, 2-41, 3-29, 3-32, 4-38

U

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.........................................................................................................................................................................................2-125

unauthorized....2-29, 2-41, 2-81, 2-82, 2-88, 4-10, 4-26, 4-27, 4-46, 4-112, 4-114, 4-124, 4-153, 4-228, 4-239, 4-247, 4-263, 

4-269, 4-275

uranium.......................................................H-23, 2-7, 2-29, 3-41, 3-42, 3-46, 3-72, 4-11, 4-28, 4-47, 4-48, 4-93, 4-115, 4-248, 4-278

urban and industrial interface......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2-22

USDA-NRCS.............................................................................................................H-13, H-14, 1-2, 2-81, 2-128, 2-133, 2-141, 4-183, 4-268, 3

V

vegetation..C-1, D-2, D-4, F-1, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6, G-9, G-11, H-23, K-3, L-8, L-9, L-10, L-12, L-15, L-26, L-37, L-44, L-46, L-47, 

M-2, N-1, N-2, N-3, N-4, N-4, 1-2, 2-22, 2-23, 2-24, 2-26, 2-41, 2-77, 2-78, 2-80, 2-88, 2-97, 2-115, 2-129, 2-131, 2-

132, 2-133, 2-134, 2-138, 2-139, 2-140, 2-144, 2-145, 2-151, 2-159, 2-161, 2-171, 2-172, 2-179, 2-180, 2-185, 2-

186, 2-190, 2-195, 3-16, 3-18, 3-20, 3-28, 3-33, 3-34, 3-35, 3-36, 3-37, 3-64, 3-66, 3-69, 3-70, 3-89, 3-90, 3-91, 3-92, 3-

94, 3-96, 3-97, 3-100, 3-106, 3-112, 3-113, 3-114, 3-115, 3-116, 3-117, 3-118, 3-119, 3-120, 3-121, 3-125, 3-126, 3-

127, 3-128, 3-129, 4-11, 4-13, 4-14, 4-29, 4-31, 4-32, 4-33, 4-38, 4-40, 4-41, 4-48, 4-70, 4-72, 4-73, 4-74, 4-76, 4-77, 4-

78, 4-79, 4-91, 4-117, 4-122, 4-124, 4-149, 4-150, 4-151, 4-152, 4-153, 4-154, 4-156, 4-157, 4-169, 4-182, 4-183, 4-

184, 4-185, 4-186, 4-192, 4-222, 4-223, 4-224, 4-226, 4-228, 4-230, 4-234, 4-235, 4-244, 4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-254, 4-

255, 4-259, 4-260, 4-262, 4-263, 4-264, 4-267, 4-269, 4-271, 4-273, 4-274, 4-275, 4-276, 4-277, 4-280, 4-282, 4-283, 4-

284

vegetation treatments .............................A-2, D-2, N-1, N-3, N-4, 2-180, 4-32, 4-76, 4-122, 4-157, 4-184, 4-223, 4-262, 4-282
vegetative communities..L-47, 2-26, 2-133, 2-134, 2-184, 2-185, 2-186, 2-191, 3-114, 4-29, 4-47, 4-76, 4-77, 4-122, 4-156, 

4-184, 4-221, 4-244, 4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-248, 4-260, 4-280, 4-284

vigas..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-26, 4-37

W

water wells....................................................................................................................................................................................................................3-41, 3-92

weeds...D-4, D-5, G-2, G-5, G-10, G-11, K-2, K-3, L-10, M-1, 1-13, 2-57, 2-78, 2-98, 2-143, 3-69, 3-70, 3-109, 3-115, 3-116, 3-

125, 3-126, 4-9, 4-151, 4-152, 4-216, 4-234, 4-244, 4-245, 4-246, 4-247, 4-274, 4-275, 4-280

wildland fire 1-13, 2-11, 2-22, 2-23, 2-29, 2-78, 2-133, 3-2, 3-15, 3-17, 4-14, 4-29, 4-30, 4-31, 4-33, 4-38, 4-41, 4-70, 4-124, 

4-169, 4-176, 4-238, 4-254, 4-282

Wildland Urban Interface .........................................................................................................................................................................................1-2, 2-22

wildlife A-2, A-3, A-4, D-3, G-2, H-3, H-5, H-6, H-7, H-8, H-9, H-27, L-6, L-8, L-11, L-17, L-22, L-33, L-35, 41, 48, M-3, N-2, N4

Wildlife 1, 2, 3, 4-7, 4-21, 4-33, 4-90, 4-92, 4-117, 4-121, 4-150, 4-151, 4-157, 218, 219, 220, 4-235, 4-259, 4-261, 4-265, 4-

267, 4-276, 4-277, 4-284, 5-3, 5-5, 5-7, 3

WUI...................................................................................................................................................L-23, M-2, 1-2, 2-22, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 4-30, 4-34

Y

year-long ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-4, 3-5, 3-37