u.s. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Federal, State, and local governments 

in the United States spent nearly $39.7 

billion in fiscal year 1983 for civil and 

criminal justice, an increase of 10.7% 

over the previous fiscal year. During 

the same period, total government expenditures for all activities increased 

by 9.5% to $1.35 trillion. Although 

spending for justice activities increased 

at a higher rate than spending for all 

government s~rvices, the proportion 0f 

spending for criminal and civil justice 

remained the same for the two years, 

2.9%. (Justice expenditure data for 

1982 have been revised; see footnote 

2.) The 2.9% in 1983 was distributed as 

follows: 

" 1.5% for police protection, 

G 0.8% for corrections, and 

o 0.6% for judicial and legal services. 

The 2.9% of spending for criminal 

and civil justice in 1983 compares with 

spending for oth1r governmental services as follows: 

Social insurance 

payments 

National defense and 

international relations 

Education 

Interest on debt 

Public welfare 

Housing and the environment 

Hospitals and health 

Transporta tion 

Justice 

Space research 

and technology 

22.0% 

16.9 

13.1 

9.8 

6.2 

5.4 

4.2 

3.4 

2.9 

.5 

IData for other governmental functions are from 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Governmental Finances 

in 1982-8:!, table 1 as revised. ''Social insurance 

payments" is "insurance trust expenditure" in the 

source; it includes Social Security, unemploymlilnt 

compensation, employee ·retirement, workers com- pensation, and a residual "other" category. 

This bulletin marks the second time 

that BJS has reported on the portion 

of total government spending devoted to funding criminal and civil 

justice programs and services. In 

fiscal year 1983 Federal, State, and 

local government spending for justice activities l'emained less than 

3% of all government spending. 

Altogether, Federal, State, and 

local governments spent almost twice 

as much on housing and the environment as they spent for criminal and 

civil justice, more than three times 

as much for interest payments on 

public debt, four times as much on 

education, and almost six times as 

much on national defense. 

For the first time this year, BJS 

is presenting data for individual 

States on the proportion of State 

and local government spending for 

criminal and civil justice. Overall, 

6.2% of all State and local go vThe percent of spending for justice 

activities varies by level of government 

and refiects the fact that criminal 

justice is primarily a State and local 

responsibility. County governments devoted 14.296 of direct expenditures to 

justice activities; city and town governments, 10.5%; State governments, 

5.0%; and the Federal Government, 

0.6% (table 1). 

Local governments made nearly 

three-fifths of the Nation's direct civil 

and criminal justice expenditures, or 

$23.1 billion, followed by State go v-

® 

1 

July 1986 

ernment spending was for justice 

activities in 1983: 3.2% for police 

protection, 1. 7% for corrections, 

and 1.3% for judicial and legal services. Given the current national 

debate on the appropriate level of 

resources needed to deal with growing jail, prison, probation, and 

parole populations, it is interesting 

to note that total correctional costs 

consumed less than 2% of State and 

local spending in three-fourths of 

the States. 

I would like to express my gratitude to the thousands of State and 

local governments who participate 

in the BJS and the Census Bureau 

surveys. Without the data they 

provide, Federal, State, and local 

efforts to develop and implement 

sound crime control policies would 

be weakened. 

Steven R. Schlesinger 

Director 

ernments with $11.7 billion and the 

Federal Government with $4.8 billion 

(table 2). 

More than half-$20.6 billion-of the 

Nation's total justice expenditure was 

for police protection, and just over a 

fourth, $10.4 billion, was for corrections, including jails, prisons, 

probation, and parole. The combined 

activities of courts, prosecution and 

legal services, and public defense 

accounted for $8.6 billion, or 21.7% of 

the total. 

Within each category of justice ac-
tivity, the distribution of ex(?enditure 

by level of government reflects the different responsibilities of each level. 

Police protection is (?rimarily a local 

resp"; .:-.:ibility; accordingly, local governments spent 74% of the total police 

protection expenditure in the country in 

1983 (table 3). Corrections is primarily 

a State responsibility, and the State 

governments accounted for 60.7% of 

the Nation's corrections expenditure. 

Overall, local police spending represented 38.596 of the Nation's total 

direct justice expenditure, and State 

corrections accounted for the second 

largest portion, 15.9%. 

Combined, State and local governments spent 87.8% of the Nation's 

justice monies. Local governments 

alone spent 58.3% of the total. The 

Federal Government's 12.2% of justice 

spending ranged from 5.5% of total corrections expenditures to 17.7% of total 

judicial and legal expenditures. 

Trends 

From 1982 to 1983, the Nation's 

costs f~r justice activities grew by 

10.7%. Federal justice spending 

increased 10.9%, slightly faster than at 

the State (10.2%) or local level (10.6%). 

Corrections costs increased the 

most, 15.1%, compared with judicial 

and legal services (10.9%) and police 

(8.5%). The growth in corrections 

spending was seen at all levels of 

government, ranging from an increase 

of 12% at tl-:.: Federal level to 14.2% at 

the State level and 17.8% at the local 

leveL Corrections costs also outpaced 

law enforcement costs from 1980 to 

1983-increasing by 50.9% compared to 

36.2% for police. The 1980-83 rate of 

growth in corrections was about the 

same at each level of governmentFederal (48.5%), State (51.1 %), and 

local (55.8%). During this period police 

spending increases varied slightly more, 

ranging from 34% at the local level to 

45% at the Federal level, with State 

police costs increasing 35%. 

From 1982 to 1983, local judicial 

and legal services spending grew by 

15.2%, Federal by ~.6%, and State by 

7.3%. Judicial and legal cost data for 

1980 are not available for all levels of 

government. 

2pederal justice expenditures for 1982 have been 

revised as follOWS from that previously reported 

(in thousands of dollars): total-$4,458,000j 

police-$2,527,000; judicial and lega1-$1,390,OOO; 

and corrections-$541,OOO. The U.S. totals have 

been revised accordingly: tota1-$35,839,477; 

police-$19,022,184; judicial and 1egal-$7,770,785; 

and corrections-$9,046,508. 

• 

Table 1. Percent of total direct government expenditures for justice activities, 

by level of government, rlScal year 1983 

Percent of exeenditures for justice activities 

All Police JUdicial 

Level of government activities Total protection and legal Corr ec ti ons 

All 100.0% 2.9% 1.5% .6% .8"6 

Federal government 100.0 .6 .3 .2 .1 

Total state and local 100.0 6.2 3.2 1.3 1.7 

State government 100.0 5.0 1.1 1.2 2.7 

Totallocal* 100.0 7.0 4.6 1.3 1.1 

Counties 100.0 14.2 5.5 4.7 4.0 

'I1unicipalities 100.0 10.5 9.0 .9 .6 

*Data for "All activities" include expenditures Justice data are not collected for these local 

made by school districts and special districts. governments. See "Methodology and limitations." 

Table 2. Justice system expenditures, by level of government, fiscal year 1983 

Exeenditures in thousands of dollars 

Expenditure type by Police Judicial 

level of government Total protection and legal Corrections 

All expenditures'" $39,680,167 $20,648,200 $8,620,604 $10,411,363 

Federal expenditures 4,944,000 2,815,000 1,523,000 606,000 

Direct 4,844,000 2,745,000 1,523,000 576,000 

Intergovernmental 100,000 70,000 0 30,000 

State expenditures 12,785,244 2,963,067 2,949,598 6,872,579 

Direct 11,709,073 2,630,282 2,755,551 6,323,240 

In tergov ern m en tal 1,076,171 332,785 194,047 549,339 

Local expenditures'" 23,186,040 15,276,352 4,361,362 3,548,326 

Direct 23,127,094 15,272,918 4,342,053 3,512,123 

Intergovernmental 58,946 3,434 19,309 36,203 

*Duplicative transactions between governments 

are excluded; see "expenditure" in "Definition of 

terms," p. 6, for explanation. 

Table 3. Distribution of justice system direct expenditures, 

by activity and level of government, fiscal year 1983 

Activit:i 

Level of Police JUdicial 

government All protection and legal Corrections 

Percent by level 

of gove:nment 

All 100.096 100.0% 100.000 100.000 

Federal 12.2 13.3 17.7 5.5 

State 29.5 12.7 32.0 60.7 

Local 58.3 74.0 50.4 33.7 

Percent by activity 

All 100.0% 52.0% 21. 7"6 26.2% 

Federal 100.0 56.7 31.4 11.9 

State 100.0 22.5 23.5 54.0 

Local 100.0 06.0 18.8 15.2 

2 
Justice employment Table 4. Justice system employment and payrolls, 

by activity and level or government, October 1983 

In October 1983, the Nation's civil 

and criminal justice systems employed 

more than 1.3 million persons, with a 

total October payroll of $2.3 billion 

(table 4). 

Local governments accounted for 

more civil and criminal justice em-

• ployment than the Federal and State 

governments combineG. Of all the Nation's justice employees, 64.8% were 

engaged in local activities (table 5). 

Activity and 

level of government 

ToW justice system 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Police protection 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Judicial and legal 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Co!'!'ections 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Total 

1,313,831 

103,842 

358,528 

851,461 

733,070 

63,898 

77,387 

591,785 

261,436 

29,834 

83,546 

148,056 

319,325 

10,110 

197,595 

111,620 

Reflecting the fact that law 

enforcement is essentially the respor.-

sibility of local governmentsr 80.7% of 

the Nation's police employees were 

working at the local level. State 

governments employed 10.6% of police 

protection workers; the Federal 

Governm ent, 8.7%. 

Note: Source provides only total employment 

for the Federal Government. 

Local governments also dominate Table 5. Distribution or justice system 

judicial and legal employment, though 

not as much. Local employees account 

for 56.6% of judicial and legal sector 

employment; State governments, 32%; 

and the Federal Government, 11.4%. 

toW employment and payrolls, by activity and 

level or government, October 1983 

The distribution of corrections 

employees reflects State government 

dominance in that sector-61.9% of 

corrections employees worked for State 

governments, followed by 35% at the 

local level and 3.2% at the Federal. 

Activity and 

level of government 

ToW justice system 

Federal 

State 

Loca.! 

Police protection 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Judicial and legal 

Federal 

State 

Local 

Co!'!'cctions 

Federal 

State 

Local 

101776 

U.S. Department of Justice 

National Institute of Justice 

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the 

person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated 

in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily 

represent the official position or poliCies of the National Institute of 

Justice. 

Permission to reproduce this copyfighled material has been 

granted by 

PubllC Domain/Bureau of Justice 

Statistics/Us Department of Justice 

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). 

Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system reqUires permis· 

sion of the oopyri!lht owner. 

3 

Total 

employment 

100.0% 

7.9 

27.3 

64.8 

100.0% 

8.7 

10.6 

80.7 

100.0% 

11.4 

32.0 

56.6 

100.0% 

3.2 

61.9 

35.0 

October 

payroll 

100.0% 

11.2 

28.0 

60.8 

100.0% 

12.4 

11.3 

76.4 

100.0% 

15.6 

37.2 

47.1 

100.0% 

4.4 

61.8 

33.8 

Eml2l0;iment October 

Full-time payroll (in 

Full-time equivalent thousands) 

... . .. $2,285,595 

... . .. 256,930 

348,628 352,327 639,616 

742,355 767,030 1,389,049 

... . .. 1,301,902 

... . .. 160,991 

76,598 76,816 146,819 

511,324 528,263 994,092 

... . .. 469,239 

... . .. 73,372 

79,707 81,077 174,736 

127,350 132,708 221,131 

'" ... 514,454 

... . .. 22,567 

192,323 194,434 318,061 

10~,681 106,059 173,827 

.•• Not available. 

"'-

Per capita spending 

The Federal, State, and local governments combined spent $170 per 

capita on civil and criminal justice 

activities in 1983. Of this, $88 per 

capita was for police protection, $44 

was for corrections, and $37 was for 

judicial and legal services, such as 

courts, prosecution, and public defense. 

The $170 per capita for justice 

activities compares with a total of 

$5,772 per capita for all governmental 

functions. The per capita figures for 

various categories of governmental expenditure are as follows: 

Social insurance 

payments 

National defense and 

international relations 

Education 

Interest on debt 

Public welfare 

Housing and the environment 

Hospitals and health 

Transportation 

Justice 

Space research and 

technology 

$1,271 

978 

755 

568 

359 

313 

241 

197 

170 

29 
State comparisons 

In nine States the combination of 

State and local direct expenditures in 

fiscal 1983 for civil and criminal justice 

activities exceeded one billion dollars 

(table 6). Across the Nation, State and 

local governments spent $149 per capita on justice activities (table 7). This 

ranged from less than $80 per capita in 

--

West Virginia ($68), Mississippi and 

Arkansas (each with $76) to more than 

$200 per capita in five States and the 

District of Columbia: Wyoming and 

California (each with $203), New York 

($220), Nevada ($278), Alasl<a ($534), 

and the District of Columbia ($552). 

Full-time equivalent employment in 

State and local justice activities stood 

Table 6. State and local jusUce system expenditures, 

by activity and State, fiscal year 1983 

EXl2enditures in thousands of dollars 

Total 

justice Police Judicial 

State system protection and legal Corrections 

Total $34,836,167 $17,903,200 $7,097,604 $9,835,363 

Alabama 405,596 206,761 89,608 109,227 

Alaska 256,616 113,640 66,710 76,266 

Arizona 581,134 293,518 109,310 178,306 

Arkansas 177,016 91,040 28,801 57,175 

California 5,107,706 2,562,970 1,117,280 1,427,456 

Colorado 462,910 249,216 100,574 113,120 

Connec ticut 462,152 232,568 91,691 101,893 

Delaware 106,573 49,106 24,999 32,468 

Dist. of Culumbia 343,775 158,400 58,834 126,541 

Florida 1,732,187 963,355 349,232 419,600 

Georgia 709,828 335,293 118,209 256,326 

Hawaii 171,496 82,163 55,845 33,488 

Idaho 97,340 55,071 22,390 19,879 

Illinois 1,752,282 1,032,506 323,757 396,019 

Indiana 512,445 266,342 94,811 151,292 

Iowa 315,266 166,499 65,592 83,175 

Kansas 264,198 139,055 64,165 60,978 

Kentucky 342,526 145,127 92,890 104,509 

Louisiana 660,940 351,184 117,760 191,996 

Maine 100,926 51,552 20,456 28,918 

Maryland 755,403 358,601 133,068 263,734 

Massachusetts 823,306 448,015 168,604 206,687 

Michigan 1,542,750 787,930 352,025 402,795 

Minnesota 530,905 273,750 121,471 135,684 

Mississippi 195,004 108,817 33,025 53,162 

Missouri 563,906 338,285 98,524 127,097 

Montana 95,980 50,646 22,833 22,501 

Nebraska 177,608 85,327 36,872 55,409 

Nevada 249,132 104,785 57,894 86,453 

New Hampshire 100,337 57,135 20,000 23,202 

New Jersey 1,272,964 663,535 276,360 333,069 

New Mexico 255,954 106,609 46,456 102,889 

New York 3,885,568 1,946,232 776,654 1,162,682 

North Carolina 677,613 342,233 96,977 238,403 

North Dakota 69,761 32,039 19,028 18,694 

Ohio 1,311,186 708,516 288,815 313,855 

Oklahoma 374,678 191,542 59,400 123,736 

Oregon 393,210 201,400 82,704 11)9,106 

Pennsylvania 1,482,835 742,856 345,137 394,842 

Rhode Island 137,53G 69,290 30,127 38, US 

South Carolina 306,592 154,398 54,977 97,217 

South Dakota 65,620 35,042 15,734 14,844 

Tennessee 461,379 237,605 87,051 136,723 

Texas 1,820,692 976,561 348,033 496,008 

Utah 217,304 108,684 39,562 69,058 

Vermont 57,547 28,298 14,290 14,059 

Virginia 771,960 341,510 137,69:1. 292,759 

Washington 737,600 306,288 123,785 307,527 

West Virginia 132,811 73,903 31,272 7,7,636 

Wisconsin 737,585 418,983 143,415 175,187 

Wyoming 104,529 59,019 22,906 22,604 

4 

at 1.1 million persons in October 1983 

(table 8). This was equivalent to 47.8 

persons per 10,000 population nationally 

(table 9). In proportion to its population, Delaware was the State with the 

most justice employees (68 per 10,000 

population), followed by Nevada (67), 

New York and New Jersey (each with 

66.7), and Alaska (64.5). (The District 

of Columbia had 134.4.) The States 

Table 7. State and local justice system 

per capita expenditures, by Stat", 

ilScal year 1983 

Rank Expenditures 

1983 1982 State per capita 

1 2 Dist. of Columbia $551.81 

2 1 Alaska 533.51 

3 3 Nevada 277.74 

4 4 New York 219.98 

5 6 California 202.80 

6 7 Wyoming 202.58 

7 5 Arizona 195.67 

8 13 New Mexico 182.95 

9 8 Delaware 175.86 

10 11 Maryland 175.72 

11 19 Washington 171.46 

12 12 New Jersey 170.55 

13 10 Michigan 170.47 

14 9 Hawaii 168.46 

15 16 Florida 161.25 

16 14 Wisconsin 155.41 

17 17 Illinois 152.72 

18 18 Louisillna 148.86 

All State and local 148.86 

19 15 Oregon 147.93 

20 20 Colorado 147.14 

21 23 Rhode Island 143.87 

22 21 Massachusetts 142.86 

23 22 Virginia 138.94 

24 24 Connecticut 135.76 

25 25 Utah 134.30 

26 27 Minnesota 128.11 

27 26 Pennsylvania 124.72 

28 28 Georgia 123.84 

29 30 Ohio 122.13 

30 29 Montana 117.77 

31 33 Texas 115.39 

32 32 Missouri 113.62 

33 40 Oklahoma 113.20 

34 31 North Carolina 111.52 

35 38 Nebraska 111.28 

36 36 Vermont 109.61 

37 34 Kansas 108.90 

38 39 Iowa 108.56 

39 42 New qampshire 104.74 

40 43 North Dakota 102.44 

41 35 Alabama :1.02.40 

42 41 Tennessee 98.67 

43 44 Idaho 98.62 

44 45 South Carolina 94.16 

45 46 South Dakota 93.88 

46 48 Indiana 93.65 

47 37 Kentucky 92.25 

48 47 Maine 88.14 

49 50 Arkansas 76.14 

50 49 Mississippi 75.55 

51 51 West Virginia 67.69 
with the fewest were West Virginia 

with 30.2, Mississippi with 3!3.3, and 

Arkansas with 33.5. 

Natiollally, 6.2% of all State and 

local spending was devoted to civil and 

criminal justice. About half of this was 

for police (3.2%), followed by corrections (1.7%) and judicial activities 

(1.3%) (table 10). The proportion of 

State and local spending directed to 

justice functions ranged from a low of 

3.2% in West Virginia to a hig'h of 9.9% 

in Nevada. (The District of Columbia 

allotted 10.7% of its total expenditure 

to justice activities.) In 41 States civil 

and criminal justice accounted for 4.0% 

to 7.0% of total direct expenditures. 

There was also substantial similarity in 

spending patterns for the specific jusTable 8. State and local justice system Cull-time equivalent employment. 

by activity and State, October 1983 

Total Police erotection 

justice Sworn Judicial 

State system Total only and legal Corrections 

Total 1,119,357 605,079 472,458 213,785 300,493 

Alabama 15,679 8,757 6,779 3,074 3,848 

Alaska 3,104 1,312 937 1,035 757 

Arizona 16,193 8,557 6,014 3,193 4,443 

Arkansas 7,799 4,446 3,392 1,300 2,053 

California 127,260 67,771 49,6li9 24,129 35,360 

Colorado 14,619 8,242 6,205 3,361 3,016 C~nnecticut 13,~45 8,353 6,890 2,265 3,327 

Delaware 4,122 1,507 1,149 1,019 1,596 

District of Columbia 8,373 4,409 3,861 1,258 2,706 

Florida 60,867 31,238 22,100 11,266 18,363 

Georgia 28,484 14,239 10,898 4,504 9,741 

Hawaii 5,365 2,711 2,180 1,750 904 

Idaho 3,753 2,226 1,656 838 689 

Illinois 58,503 36,697 30,084 10,198 11,608 

Indiana 21,006 11,618 9,069 3,945 5,443 

Iowa 10,037 5,728 4,268 1,897 2,412 

Kansas 10,621 5,884 4,395 2,483 2,254 

Kentucky 13,916 7,121 5,230 2,943 3,852 

Lousiana 23,242 11,474 9,463 4,522 7,246 

Maine 3,967 2,247 1,783 625 1,095 

Maryland 24,741 12,674 10,577 4,215 7,852 

Massachusetts 28,029 15,933 14,137 5,154 6,942 

Michigan 38,991 20,509 16,488 8,046 2,836 

Minnesota 14,897 7,855 6,316 3,346 3,696 

Mississippi 8,604 5,114 3,882 1,180 2,310 

Missouri 23,323 13,791 10,153 4,815 4,717 

Montana 3,495 1,023 1,295 742 830 

Nebr!\ska 6,687 3,538 ~,668 1,352 1,797 

Nevada 6,012 3,138 2,527 1,128 1,746 

New Hampshire 3,416 2,192 1,710 494 730 

New Jersey 49,776 27,559 20,895 9,985 12,232 

New Mexico 7,548 3,944 2,630 1,381 2,223 

New York 117,835 60,816 52,212 21,790 35,229 

North Carolina 27,050 13,639 11,219 4,064 9,347 

North Dakota 2,470 1,378 1,156 651 441 

Ohio 43,716 23,834 18,3:'1 9,834 10,048 

Oklahoma 14,622 7,975 5,847 2,308 4,339 

Oregon 12,310 6,109 4,511 3,119 3,082 

Pennsylvania 50,874 28,329 22,945 12,348 10,197 

Rhode Island 4,287 2,550 i,038 786 951 

South Carolina 12,893 6,633 5,191 2,083 4,177 

South Dakota 2,523 1,459 1,116 606 458 

Tennessee 19,488 10,722 8,580 2,751 6,015 

Texas 64,070 36,547 27,214 10,938 16,585 

Utah 5,671 3,197 2,319 1,202 1,272 

Vermont 1,957 1,100 818 399 458 

Virginia 27,137 12,588 9,820 3,452 11,097 

Washington 17,215 &,525 6,207 3,649 5,041 

West Virginia 5,932 3,443 2,664 1,41U 1,079 

Wisconsin 19,979 11,716 9,658 3,766 4,497 

Wyoming 2,954 1,812 1,283 586 556 

,,10; 

5 

tice functions: in 45 States police 

expenditures were 2.0% to 4.0% of all 

spending; in 36 States and the District 

of Columbia judicial costs were 1.0% to 

2.0% of spending; and in 40 States corrections costs were 1.0% to 2.0% of all 

spending. 

Table 9. State and local jusH!!'! system 

full-time equivalent employment per 10,000 

population, by State, October 1983 

Full-time 

employment 

Rank [ler 10,000 

1983 1982 State population 

1 1 Dist. of Columbia 134.4 

2 6 Delaware 68.0 

3 2 Nevada 67.0 

4 5 New Jersey 66.7 

5 4 New York 66.7 

6 3 Alaska 64.5 

7 9 Maryland 57.6 

8 8 Wynming 57.2 

9 7 Florida 56.'l 

10 10 Arizona 54.5 

11 13 New Mexico 54.0 

12 11 Hawaii 52.7 

13 14 Louisiana 52.3 

14 12 Illinois 51.0 

15 16 California 50.5 

16 18 Georgia 49.7 

17 15 Virginia 48.8 

18 19 Massachusetts 48.6 

All State and local 47.8 

19 20 Missouri 47.0 

20 17 Colorado 46.5 

21 25 Oregon 46.3 

22 21 Rhode Island 44.8 

23 28 North Carolina 44.5 

24 22 Connecticut 44.4 

25 23 Oklahoma 44.2 

26 24 [{ansas 43.8 

27 26 Michigan 43.1 

28 30 Montana 42.9 

2~ 27 Pennsylvania 42.8 

30 29 Wisconsin 42.1 

31 32 Nebraska 41.9 

32 31 Tennessee 41.7 

33 33 Ohio 40.7 

34 36 Texas 40.6 

35 38 Washington 40.0 

36 39 Alabama 39.6 

37 35 South Carolina 39.6 

38 40 Indiana 38.4 

39 34 Idaho 38.0 

40 42 Kentucky 37.5 

41 37 Vermont 37.3 

42 48 North Dakota 36.3 

43 45 South Dakota 36.1 

44 47 Minnesota 35.9 

45 41 New Hampshire 35.7 

46 43 Utah 35.0 

47 46 Iowa 34.6 

48 44 Maine 34.6 

49 49 Arkansas 33.5 

50 50 Mississippi 33.3 

51 51 West Virginia 30.2 
Table 10. Percent of State and local total direct expenditures for justice activities, 

by State, fiscal year 1983 

Percent for justice activities 

State Total Police Judicial Correction3 

District of Columbia 10.7% 4.9% 1.8% 3.9% 

Nevada 9.9 4.1 2.3 3.4 

Florida 8.3 4.6 1.7 2.0 

Arizona 8.0 4.0 1.5 2.4 

California 7.4 3.7 1.6 2.1 

Delawat'e 7.2 3.3 1.7 2.2 

New Mexico 7.2 3.0 1.3 2.9 

Virginia 'l.2 3.2 1.3 2.7 

New Jersey 7.1 3.7 1.5 1.9 

Maryhtnd 7.!l 3.3 1.2 2.5 

Illinois 6.6 3.9 1.2 1.5 

Missouri 6.6 4.0 1.2 1.5 

New York 6.6 3.3 1.3 2.0 

~1ichigan 6.4 3.2 1.5 1.7 

Wisconsin 6.2 3.5 1.2 1.5 

All state and local 6.2 3.2 1.3 1.7 

Hawaii 6.1 2.9 2.0 1.2 

Connecticut 6.0 3.3 1.3 1.4 

Louisiana 6.0 3.2 <.1 1.7 

North Carolina 6.0 3.0 .9 2.1 

Rhode Island 5.9 2.9 1.3 1.6 

Colorado 5.8 3.1 1.3 1.4 

Georgia 5.6 2.7 .9 2.0 

Okl.thoma 5.6 2.8 .9 1.8 

Texas 5.6 3.0 1.1 1.5 

Pennsylvania 5.5 2.8 1.3 1.5 

Massachusetts 5.4 2.9 1.1 <,4 

Ohio 5 • .) 2.9 1.2 1.3 

Oregon 5.4 2.7 1.1 1.5 

Alaslm 5.3 2.4 1.4 1.6 

Idaho 5.3 3.0 1.2 1.1 

New !fampshire 5.3 3.0 1.1 1.2 

Washington 5.3 2.2 .9 2.2 

Utah 5.2 2.6 .9 1.6 

Alabama 5.1 2.6 1.1 1.<1 

Indiana 5.1 2.6 .9 1.5 

South Carolina 5.1 2.6 .9 1.6 

Kentucky 5.0 Z.l 1.4 1.5 

Wyoming 5.0 2.8 1.1 1.1 

Arkansas 1.9 2.5 .8 1.6 

Montana 4.8 2.6 1.1 1.1 

Iowa 4.7 2.5 1.0 1.2 

Kansas 4.7 2.5 1.2 1.1 

Vermont 4.7 2.3 1.2 1.2 

Minnesota 4.6 2.4 1.1 1.2 

South Dakota 4.6 2.4 1.1 1.0 

Tennessee 4.5 2.3 .8 1.3 

Maine 4.4 2.2 .9 1..2 

Mississippi 4.2 2.3 .7 1.1 

North Dakota 4.2 1.9 1.1 1.1 

Nebraska 4.0 1.9 .8 1.2 

West Virginia 3.2 1.8 .8 .7 

6 

£i 

Definition of terms 

This section provides bt'ief definitions of the terms used in this report. 

More explicit definitions are contained 

in the fulll'eport, Justice Expenditure 

and Employment Extracts: 1982 and 

1983. 

Expenditure includes only external 

cash payments made from any source of 

monies, including any payments financed from borrowir:g, fund balances, 

intergovernm.ental revenue, and other 

current revenue. It excludes any intragovernmental transfers and noncash 

transactions, such .9.S the provision of 

meals or housing of employees. It also 

excludes !'etirement of debt, investment in securities, ~xtensions of loans, 

or agency transactions. Total expenditures for all government functions 

include interest payments on debt, but 

the justice expenditure data do not. 

Expenditure is divided into two 

major categories: 

o Direct expenditure is all expenditure 

except that classified as intergovernmental. It includes "direct current 

expel1diture" (salaries, wages, fees and 

commissions, and purchases of supplies, 

materials, and contractual services) and 

"capital outlays" (construction and 

purchase of equipment, land and existing structures). Capital outlays are 

included for the year when the direct 

expenditure is made, regardless of how 

the funds are raised (for example, by 

bond issue) or when they are paid back. 

o Intergova-nmental expenditure is the 

sum of payments from one government 

to another, including grants-in-aid, 

shared revenues, payments in lieu of 

taxes, and amounts for services performed by one government for another 

on a reimbursable or cost-sharing basis 

(for example, payments by one government to another for boarding prisoners). 

Total expenditure data (sometimes 

called Hall expenditures" in this report) 

for all levels of government combined, 

for local governments combined, and 

for State and local governments combined have been adjusted to remove 

duplicative transactions between 

governments. These occur when one 

government makes a payment to another government (intergovernmental 

expenditure) and the recipient government spends the money (direct expenditure). As an example, if a city 

government pays a county government 

for police protection, the amount of 

money is an intergovernmental expenditure for the city government and a 

direct expenditure for the county when 

it spends the money for poUce salaries 

and other expenses. If these two 

amounts are added together for the 
total local police protection expenditure figure, they would be counted 

twice~ thereby inflating the amount of 

money actually spent. For this reason, 

the total is adjusted to include such 

amounts only once. The Federal 

expenditure data and total State 

government expenditure data are not 

affected by duplicative inti::rgovernmental transactions. 

Employees are all persons on government payrolls during the pay period 

including October 12, 1983. They include all paid officials and persons on 

paid leave, but exclude unpaid officials, 

persons on unpaid leave, pensioners, and 

contractors. 

. Full-time employees are all persons 

employed on a full-time basis, including 

all full-time temporary or seasonal 

workers who were employed during this 

pay period. 

Full-time equivalent employment is 

a statistical measure that estimates the 

number of employees that would be on 

the payrolls if the total hours worked 

oy part-time workers were actulilly 

worked by full-time workers. It is calculated by dividing the total payroll 

(full-time plus part-time) by the fulltime payroll and multiplying the result 

by the number of full-time employees. 

Payroll is the gross payroll before 

deductions and includes salaries, wages, 

fees 1 and commissions paid to employees as defined above for the month of 

October 1983. 

Police protection is the function of 

enforcing the law, preserving order, and 

apprehending those who violate the law, 

whether these activities are performed 

by a police department or a sheriff's 

department. Private security poliee 

are outside the scope of the survey. 

Judicial and legal services include 

all civil and criminal courts and activities associated with courts; the civil 

and criminal justice activities of the 

attorneys general, district attorneys, 

., State's attorneys, and their variously 

named equivalents; corporation counsels, solicitors, and legal departments 

with various names; and legal counsel 

and representation in either criminal 

or civil proceedings as provided by 

public defenders and other government 

programs that pay tho fees of courtappointed counseL 

Corrections involves the confinement and rehabilitation of adults and 

juveniles convicted of offenses against 

the law and the confinement of persons 

suspected of Ii crime awaiting trial or 

adjudication. It includes costs and 

employment for jails, prisons, probation, parole, pardon and correctional 

administration. Data for institutions 

with authority to hold prisoners beyond 

arraignment (usually 48 hours or more) 

are included in this sec.tor. Data for 

lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners less 

than 48 hours are included in "police 

protection." 

Methodology and limitations 

The data in this report were compiled by the U.S. Bureau of the Census 

for the Bureau of Justice Statistics 

using existing available sources and 

data from the Census Bureau's 1983 

sample surveys of government finance 

and employment. The data in this report are preliminary and subject to 

change, 

The justice data in this report 

include the expenditures and employment of the Federal Government, the 

State governments, and a sample of 

county, municipal, and township governments. Unless otherwise noted, data 

for totlll governmental functions and 

non-justice governmental functions also 

include the expenditures of special 

districts and school districts, which 

generally do not have justice functions. Justice expenditure data for 

these districts are not collected, 

although in 1978 (the most recent year 

for which such data are available) 0.6% 

of justice expenditure was made by 

such districts. The special district and 

school district data are included in the 

total government spending data to permit meaningful comparisons between 

States because of their varying use of 

school districts to finance education. 

A more detailed description of the 

survey methodology (including sample 

design and sampling errors) can be 

found in Census Bureau pUblications and 

in the forthcoming BJS final report for 

1982 and 1983 expenditure and employment data, both cited in the "Further 

reading" section of this report. Data in 

the BJS report will be presented in 

greater geographical, functional, and 

financial detail. 

It is important to note that longterm trend comparisons between the 

data in this report and the data in 

reports for 1971 through 1979 are 

complicated by changes in methodology 

in the justice ezpenditure and employment series. These changes are 

described in the BJS Bulletin, Justice 

Expenditure and Employment, 1982, 

"Methodology and limitations," p. 5. 

" u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; 198~ 160-978/50582 '1 

Further reading 

To obtain other BJS justice expenditure and employment reports or to 

be added to the bulletin and/or expenditure and employment mailing lists, 

write to the National Criminal Justice 

Reference Service (301/251-5500 or 

toll-free 800-732-3277), User Services 

Dept. 2, Box 6000, Rockville, Md. 

20850. Other expenditure and employment reports includeiii Justice Ex enditure and Em 10 ment 

Extracts: 1982 and 1983 forthcoming. 

o Justice Expenditure and Employment 

Extracts: 19.30 and 1981, 3/85, 

NCJ-96007. 

e Justice Expenditure and Employment 

in the U.S., 1979 (final report), 12/83, 

NCJ 87242 (and annual volumes from 

1971 to 1979) 

\) Trends in Justice Expenditure 

and Employment 1971-1979, 11/84, 

NCJ-92596. 

Census Bureau publication order 

forms are available from the Data User 

Services Division, Customer Services 

Branch (Publications), Bureau of the 

Census, Washington, D.C. 20233. 

Relevant Census Bureau reports are: 

o Bureau of the Census, Governmental 

Finances in 1982-83, (GF83, No.5), 

10/84. 

& Bureau of the Census, Census of 

Governments: 1982, Vol. 4, No.5, 

Com endium of Government Finances 

GC82 4 -5 , 12 84. 

e Bureau of the Census, Census of 

Governments: 1982, Vol. 3, No.2, 

Compendium of Public Employment, 

(GC82(3)-2), 11/84. 

o Bureau of the Census, Census of 

Governments: 1982, Vol.. 6, No.4, 

Historical Statistics on Governmental 

Finances and Employment, (GC82(6)-4), 

1/85. 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Bulletins are prepared principally 

by the staff of BJS. This bulletin 

was written by Sue A. Lindgren. 

Joseph M. Bessette and Benjamin 

H. Renshaw II!, BJS deputy 

directors, edited this bulletin. 

Marilyn Marbrook, publications 

unit chief, administered bulletin 

production, assisted by Millie J. 

Baldea, Joyce M. Stanford, and 

June I. Maynard. John Curry of 

the U.S. Bureau of the Census 

provided data tabulations and 

technical advice. 

July 1986, NCJ-I01776 
To be added to any BJS mailing list, copy or cut out this page, fill it in 

and mail it to: 

National Criminal Justice Reference Service 

User Services Dept. 2 

Box 6000 

Rockville, MD 20850 

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check here and don't fill them in again. If your address does not show your 

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