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                                                                  EXHIBIT 3-11


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                                     BYLAWS


                                       of

                               DTE ENERGY COMPANY


                        As amended through April 28, 1999


















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                                     BYLAWS
                                       of
                               DTE ENERGY COMPANY
                               ------------------

                                      INDEX

                                                                          Page
                                                                          ----

                                    ARTICLE I

Shareholders................................................................1
    SECTION 1.   Annual Meeting.............................................1
    SECTION 2.   Special Meetings...........................................1
    SECTION 3.   Notice of Meetings.........................................1
    SECTION 4.   Quorum.....................................................2
    SECTION 5.   Voting and Inspectors......................................2
    SECTION 6.   Record of Shareholders.....................................2
    SECTION 7.   List of Shareholders.......................................2
    SECTION 8.   Order of Business..........................................3


                                   ARTICLE II

Board of Directors and Committees...........................................4
    SECTION 1    Number, Time of Holding Office, and Limitation on
                 Age........................................................4
    SECTION 2.   Vacancies..................................................5
    SECTION 3.   Nominations of Directors; Elections........................5
    SECTION 4.   Meetings of the Board......................................6
    SECTION 5.   Quorum.....................................................6
    SECTION 6.   Annual Meeting of Directors................................7
    SECTION 7.   Executive Committee........................................7
    SECTION 8.   Committees.................................................7
    SECTION 9.   Participation in Meetings..................................7
    SECTION 10.  Compensation...............................................8


                                   ARTICLE III

Officers....................................................................8
    SECTION 1.   Officers and Agents........................................8
    SECTION 2.   Term of Office.............................................8
    SECTION 3.   Chairman of the Board......................................8
    SECTION 4.   President..................................................8
    SECTION 5.   Other Officers.............................................9
    SECTION 6.   Compensation...............................................9
    SECTION 7.   Voting of Shares and Securities
                 of Other Corporations......................................9





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                                   ARTICLE IV

Capital Stock...............................................................9
    SECTION 1.   Certificates of Shares.....................................9
    SECTION 2.   Transfer of Shares.........................................9
    SECTION 3.   Lost or Destroyed Stock Certificates.......................9


                                    ARTICLE V

Checks, Notes, Bonds, Debentures, etc......................................10


                                   ARTICLE VI

Corporate Seal.............................................................10


                                   ARTICLE VII

Control Share Acquisitions.................................................10


                                  ARTICLE VIII

Amendment of Bylaws........................................................10




                                       ii


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                                     BYLAWS

                                       OF

                               DTE ENERGY COMPANY

                         AS AMENDED THROUGH MAY 1, 1998


                                    ARTICLE I

                                  SHAREHOLDERS

         Section 1. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of the shareholders of
the Company shall be held on the fourth Wednesday of April in each year (or if
said day be a legal holiday, then on the next succeeding day not a legal
holiday), at such time and at such place as may be fixed by the Board of
Directors and stated in the notice of meeting, for the purpose of electing
directors and transacting such other business as may properly be brought before
the meeting as determined by Article I, Section 8 hereof.

         Section 2. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the shareholders may
be held upon call of the Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board or the
President or the holders of record of three-quarters of the outstanding shares
of stock of the Company entitled to vote at such meeting, at such time as may be
fixed by the Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board or the President or
such shareholders and stated in the notice of meeting. All such meetings shall
be held at the office of the Company in the City of Detroit unless some other
place is specified in the notice.

         Section 3. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Written notice of the date, time, place
and purpose or purposes of every meeting of the shareholders, signed by the
Corporate Secretary or an Assistant Corporate Secretary, shall be given either
personally or by mail, within the time prescribed by law, to each shareholder of
record entitled to vote at such meeting and to any shareholder who, by reason of
any action proposed to be taken at such meeting, might be entitled to receive
payment for such stock if such action were taken. If mailed, such notice is
given when deposited in the United States mail, with postage prepaid, directed
to the shareholder at the address as it appears on the record of shareholders,
or, if the shareholders shall have filed with the Corporate Secretary of the
Company a written request that notices intended for such shareholder be mailed
to some other address, then directed to the address designated in such request.
Further notice shall be given by mail, publication, or otherwise, if and as
required by law.

         Notice of meeting need not be given to any shareholder who submits a
signed waiver of notice, in person or by proxy, whether before or after the
meeting. 

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The attendance of any shareholder at the meeting, in person or by
proxy, without protesting at the beginning of the meeting the lack of notice of
such meeting, shall constitute a waiver of notice by such shareholder.

         Notice of a special meeting shall also indicate that it is being issued
by or at the direction of the person or persons calling the meeting.
         Section 4. QUORUM. At every meeting of the shareholders, the holders of
record of a majority of the outstanding shares of stock of the Company entitled
to vote at such meeting, whether present in person or represented by proxy,
shall constitute a quorum. If at any meeting there shall be no quorum, the
holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of stock so present or
represented may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice (unless
otherwise required by statute) other than announcement at the meeting, until a
quorum shall have been obtained, when any business may be transacted which might
have been transacted at the meeting as first convened had there been a quorum.
When a quorum is once present to organize a meeting, it is not broken by the
subsequent withdrawal of any shareholder.

         Section 5. VOTING AND INSPECTORS. Except as provided in the Articles of
Incorporation, each holder of record of outstanding shares of stock of the
Company entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders shall be entitled to one
vote for each share of stock standing in the shareholder's name on the record of
shareholders, and may so vote either in person or by proxy appointed by
instrument in writing executed by such holder or by the shareholder's duly
authorized attorney-in-fact. No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of
three years from the date of its execution unless the shareholder executing it
shall have specified the length of time it is to continue in force which shall
be for some limited period. The authority of the holder of a proxy to act shall
not be revoked by the incompetence or death of the shareholder who executed the
proxy unless, before the authority is exercised, written notice of an
adjudication of such incompetence or of such death is received by the Corporate
Secretary or an Assistant Corporate Secretary.

         In advance of any meeting of shareholders, the Board of Directors may
appoint one or more inspectors for the meeting. If inspectors are not so
appointed, the chairman of the meeting shall appoint such inspectors. Before
entering upon the discharge of their duties, the inspectors shall take and
subscribe an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector at such meeting
with strict impartiality and according to the best of their ability, and shall
take charge of the polls and after balloting shall make a certificate of the
result of the vote taken. No officer or director of the Company or candidate for
office of director shall be appointed as an inspector. At all elections of
directors the voting shall be by ballot and a plurality of the votes cast shall
elect. 

         Section 6. RECORD OF SHAREHOLDERS. For the purpose of determining the
shareholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders or
any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to or dissent from any proposal
without 

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a meeting, or for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to
receive payment of any dividend or the allotment of any rights, or for the
purpose of any other action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a date
as the record date for any such determination of shareholders. The record date
shall not precede the date upon which it is fixed and shall not be less than 10
days nor more than the maximum number of days permitted by law before the date
of the meeting, or taking of any other action.

         Section 7. LIST OF SHAREHOLDERS. A list of shareholders of record,
arranged alphabetically within each class and series of stock, as of the record
date, certified by the Corporate Secretary or any Assistant Corporate Secretary
or by a transfer agent, shall be produced at any meeting of shareholders and may
be inspected by any shareholder at any time during the meeting. If the right to
vote at any meeting is challenged, the inspectors, or the chairman presiding at
the meeting, shall require such list of shareholders to be produced as evidence
of the right of the

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persons challenged to vote at such meeting, and all persons who appear on such
list to be shareholders entitled to vote thereat may vote at such meeting.

         SECTION 8. ORDER OF BUSINESS. (a) The Chairman, or such other officer
of the Company designated by a majority of the total number of directors that
the Company would have if there were no vacancies on the Board of Directors
(such number being referred to as the "Whole Board"), will call meetings of
shareholders to order and will act as presiding officer thereof. Unless
otherwise determined by the Board of Directors prior to the meeting, the
presiding officer of the meeting of shareholders will also determine the order
of business and have the authority in his or her sole discretion to regulate the
conduct of any such meeting including, without limitation, by imposing
restrictions on the persons (other than shareholders of the Company or their
duly appointed proxies) who may attend any such shareholders' meeting, by
ascertaining whether any shareholder or his proxy may be excluded from any
meeting of shareholders based upon any determination by the presiding officer,
in his or her sole discretion, that any such person has unduly disrupted or is
likely to disrupt the proceedings of the meeting, and by determining the
circumstances in which any person may make a statement or ask questions at any
meeting of shareholders.

         (b) At an annual meeting of the shareholders, only such business will
be conducted or considered as is properly brought before the meeting. To be
properly brought before an annual meeting, business must be (i) specified in the
notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of
the Chairman, the President, a Vice President, the Corporate Secretary or an
Assistant Corporate Secretary in accordance with Section 3 of this Article I;
(ii) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by the presiding officer or
by or at the direction of a majority of the Whole Board; or (iii) otherwise
properly requested to be brought before the meeting by a shareholder of the
Company in accordance with Section 8(c) below.


         (c) For business to be properly requested by a shareholder to be
brought before an annual meeting, the shareholder must (i) be a shareholder of
the Company of record at the time of the giving of the notice for such annual
meeting provided for in these Bylaws; (ii) be entitled to vote at such meeting;
and (iii) have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Corporate
Secretary. To be timely, a shareholder's notice must be delivered to or mailed
and received at the principal executive offices of the Company not less than 60
nor more than 90 calendar days prior to the annual meeting; provided, however,
that in the event public announcement of the date of the annual meeting is not
made at least 100 calendar days prior to the date of the annual meeting, notice
by the shareholder to be timely must be so received not later than the close of
business on the 10th calendar day following the day on which public announcement
is first made of the date of the annual meeting. A shareholder's notice to the
Corporate Secretary must set forth as to each matter the shareholder proposes to
bring before the annual meeting: (a) 

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a description in reasonable detail of the business desired to be brought before
the annual meeting and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual
meeting; (b) the name and address, as they appear on the Company's books, of the
shareholder proposing such business and of the beneficial owner, if any, on
whose behalf the proposal is made; (c) the class and number of shares of the
Company that are owned beneficially and of record by the shareholder proposing
such business and by the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal
is made; and (d) any material interest in such business of such shareholder
proposing such business and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the
proposal is made. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 8(c),
a shareholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations
thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 8(c). For
purposes of this Section 8(c) and Section 3 of Article II, "public announcement"
means disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service,
Associated Press, or comparable national news service or in a document publicly
filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
Sections 13, 14, or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or
publicly filed by the Company with any national securities exchange or quotation
service through which the Company's stock is listed or traded, or furnished by
the Company to its shareholders. Nothing in this Section 8(c) will be deemed to
affect any rights of shareholders to request inclusion of proposals in the
Company's proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended.

         (d) At a special meeting of shareholders, only such business may be
conducted or considered as is properly brought before the meeting. To be
properly brought before a special meeting, business must be (i) specified in the
notice of the meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction
of the Chairman, the President, a Vice President, the Corporate Secretary or an
Assistant Corporate Secretary (or in case of their failure to give any required
notice, the other persons entitled to give notice) in accordance with Section 3
of Article I or (ii) otherwise brought before the meeting by the presiding
officer or by or at the direction of a majority of the Whole Board.

         (e) The determination of whether any business sought to be brought
before any annual or special meeting of the shareholders is properly brought
before such meeting in accordance with this Section 8 will be made by the
presiding officer of such meeting. If the presiding officer determines that any
business is not properly brought before such meeting, he or she will so declare
to the meeting and any such business will not be conducted or considered.


                                   ARTICLE II

                        BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND COMMITTEES

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         Section 1. NUMBER, TIME OF HOLDING OFFICE AND LIMITATION ON AGE. The
business and affairs of the Company shall be managed by or under the direction
of a Board of Directors. The number of directors constituting the Whole Board
shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board so long as the
total number of directors is not less than ten nor more than eighteen; provided,
however, that the minimum and maximum number of directors may be increased or
decreased from time to time by vote of a majority of the Whole Board; and,
further provided that no change in the number of directors shall serve to
shorten the term of office of any incumbent director. The directors shall be
divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, and the term
of the office of the first class shall expire at the 1996 annual meeting of
shareholders, the term of office of the second class shall expire at the 1997
annual meeting of shareholders and the term of office of the third class shall
expire at the 1998 annual meeting of shareholders, or, in each case, until their
successors shall be duly elected and qualified. At each annual meeting
commencing in 1996, a number of directors equal to the number of the class whose
term expires at the time of the meeting shall be elected to hold office until
the third succeeding annual meeting of shareholders. If at any time the holders
of any series of the Company's Preferred Stock are entitled to elect directors
pursuant to the Articles of Incorporation of the Company, then the provisions of
such series of Preferred Stock with respect to their rights shall apply and such
directors shall be elected in a manner and for terms expiring consistent with
the Articles of Incorporation.

         Except as hereinafter provided, each director shall be a holder of
Common Stock of the Company at the time of initial election to the Board or
shall become a holder within 30 days after such election (to the extent of at
least one share, owned beneficially). Any director who thereafter ceases to be
such a holder, shall thereupon cease to be a director. The Board shall have the
authority to waive the requirement to hold shares in individual situations upon
presentation of evidence that a nominee or director is unable to hold shares for
legal or religious reasons.

         No person who shall have served as an employee of the Company or an
affiliate shall be elected a director after retiring from employment with the
Company or an affiliate; provided, however, that if such person was the Chief
Executive Officer of the Company at the time of such retirement, such person
shall be eligible for election as a director until attaining age 70. No other
person shall be elected a director after attaining age 70; provided, however,
the Board shall have the authority to waive this provision for no more than one
three-year term upon a determination that circumstances exist which make it
prudent to continue the service of a director who possesses special and unique
expertise clearly beneficial to the Company.

         Section 2. VACANCIES. Whenever any vacancy shall occur in the Board of
Directors by death, resignation, or any other cause, it shall be filled without
undue delay by a majority vote of the remaining members of the Board of
Directors (even if constituting less than a quorum), and the person who is to
fill any such 

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vacancy shall hold office for the unexpired term of the director to whom such
person succeeds, or for the term fixed by the Board of Directors acting in
compliance with Section l of this Article II in case of a vacancy created by an
increase in the number of directors, and until a successor shall be elected and
shall have qualified; provided, however, that no vacancy need be filled if,
after such vacancy shall occur, the number of directors remaining on the Board
shall be not less than a majority of the Whole Board. During the existence of
any vacancy or vacancies, the surviving or remaining directors shall possess and
may exercise all the powers of the full Board of Directors, when action by a
larger number is not required by law.

         SECTION 3. NOMINATIONS OF DIRECTORS; ELECTION. (a) Except as may be
otherwise provided in any resolution establishing any Preferred Stock, only
persons who are nominated in accordance with this Section 3 will be eligible for
election at a meeting of shareholders to be members of the Board of Directors of
the Company.

         (b) Nominations of persons for election as directors of the Company may
be made only at an annual meeting of shareholders (i) by or at the direction of
the Board of Directors or a committee thereof or (ii) by any shareholder who is
a shareholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this
Section 3, who is entitled to vote for the election of directors at such
meeting, and who complies with the procedures set forth in this Section 3. All
nominations by shareholders must be made pursuant to timely notice in proper
written form to the Corporate Secretary.

         (c) To be timely, a shareholder's notice must be delivered to or mailed
and received at the principal executive offices of the Company not less than 60
nor more than 90 calendar days prior to the annual meeting of shareholders;
provided, however, that in the event that public announcement of the date of the
annual meeting is not made at least 100 calendar days prior to the date of the
annual meeting, notice by the shareholder to be timely must be so received not
later than the close of business on the 10th calendar day following the day on
which public announcement (as defined in Section 8(c ) of Article I) is first
made of the date of the annual meeting. To be in proper written form, such
shareholder's notice must set forth or include: (i) the name and address, as
they appear on the Company's books, of the shareholder giving the notice and of
the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made; (ii) a
representation that the shareholder giving the notice is a holder of record of
stock of the Company entitled to vote at such annual meeting and intends to
appear in person or by proxy at the annual meeting to nominate the person or
persons specified in the notice; (iii) the class and number of shares of stock
of the Company owned beneficially and of record by the shareholder giving the
notice and by the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is
made; (iv) a description of all arrangements or understandings between or among
any of (A) the shareholder giving the notice, (B) the beneficial owner on whose
behalf the notice is given, (C) each nominee, and (D) 

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any other person or persons (naming such person or persons) pursuant to which
the nomination or nominations are to be made by the shareholder giving the
notice; (v) such other information regarding each nominee proposed by the
shareholder giving the notice as would be required to be included in a proxy
statement filed pursuant to the proxy rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission had the nominee been nominated, or intended to be nominated, by the
Board of Directors; and (vi) the signed consent of each nominee to serve as a
director of the Company if so elected. The presiding officer of any annual
meeting may, if the facts warrant, determine that a nomination was not made in
accordance with this Section 3, and if he or she should so determine, he or she
will so declare to the meeting, and the defective nomination will be
disregarded. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 3, a
shareholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder with
respect to the matters set forth in this Section 3.


         Section 4. MEETINGS OF THE BOARD. Regular meetings of the Board of
Directors shall be held at such times and at such places as may from time to
time be fixed by the Board of Directors.

         Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the
Chairman of the Board, the President, or, in the event of the incapacity of the
Chairman of the Board and the President, the Executive Committee by giving
reasonable notice of the time and place of such meetings or by obtaining written
waivers of notice, before or after the meeting, from each absent director. All
such meetings shall be held at the office of the Company in the City of Detroit
unless some other place is specified in the notice.

         A notice, or waiver of notice, need not specify the purpose of the
meeting.

         Section 5. QUORUM. A majority of the directors in office at the time of
a meeting of the Board, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. If at any meeting of the Board of Directors there shall be less than a
quorum present, a majority of the directors present may adjourn the meeting
without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall have
been obtained, when any business may be transacted which might have been
transacted at the meeting as first convened had there been a quorum. The acts of
a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum
shall be the acts of the Board, unless otherwise provided by law, by the
Articles of Incorporation or by the Bylaws.

         Section 6. ANNUAL MEETING OF DIRECTORS. A meeting of the Board of
Directors, known as the directors' annual meeting, shall be held without notice
each year after the adjournment of the annual shareholders' meeting and on the
same day. At such meeting the officers of the Company for the ensuing year shall

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be elected. If a quorum of the directors is not present on the day appointed for
the directors' annual meeting, the meeting shall be adjourned to some convenient
day.

         Section 7. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Board of Directors may, by
resolution or resolutions passed by a majority of the Whole Board, designate an
Executive Committee to consist of the Chief Executive Officer and two or more of
the other directors, and alternates, and shall designate the Chairman thereof.
The Executive Committee shall have and may exercise, when the Board is not in
session, all of the powers of the Board in the management of the business and
affairs of the Company, and shall have power to authorize the seal of the
Company to be affixed to all papers which may require it. The Executive
Committee shall not have power to (a) amend these Bylaws, (b) change the number
of directors constituting the Whole Board or fill vacancies in the Board, (c)
declare dividends, (d) establish, change the membership of, or fill vacancies
in, any committee, (e) fix the compensation of the directors or committee
members, (f) submit matters for action by shareholders, or (g) amend or repeal a
resolution of the Board which by its terms may not be changed by the Executive
Committee. The Board shall have the power at any time to fill vacancies in, to
change the membership of, or to dissolve, the Executive Committee. The Executive
Committee may make rules for the conduct of its business and may appoint such
subcommittees and assistants as it shall from time to time deem necessary. A
majority of the members of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum.
All action taken by the Executive Committee shall be reported to the Board at
its next meeting succeeding such action. The Corporate Secretary or an Assistant
Corporate Secretary shall attend and act as the secretary of all meetings of the
Committee and keep the minutes thereof.

         Meetings of the Executive Committee may be called by the Chairman of
the Board, or, the President, or, in the event of the incapacity of the Chairman
of the Board and the President, by two or more members of the Executive
Committee by giving reasonable notice of the time and place of such meetings.
All such meetings shall be held at the office of the Company in the City of
Detroit unless some other place is specified in the notice.

         Section 8. COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, by resolution,
create a committee or committees of one or more directors, and alternates, to
consider and report upon or to

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carry out such matters (not excepted by Article II, Section 7) as may be
entrusted to them by the Board of Directors, and shall designate the Chairman of
each such committee.

         Section 9. PARTICIPATION IN MEETINGS. One or more members of the Board
of Directors or any committee may participate in any meeting of such Board or
such committee by means of a conference telephone or similar communications
equipment which enables all persons participating in such a meeting to hear each
other at the same time. Participation in the manner so described shall
constitute presence in person at such meetings. 

         Section 10. COMPENSATION. Each director of the Company who is not a
salaried officer or employee of the Company may receive reasonable compensation
for services as a director, including a reasonable fee for attendance at
meetings of the Board and committees thereof, and attendance at the Company's
request at other meetings or similar activities related to the Company.


                                   ARTICLE III

                                    OFFICERS

         Section 1. OFFICERS AND AGENTS. The officers of the Company to be
elected by the Board of Directors, as soon as practicable after the election of
directors each year, shall be Chairman of the Board, the President, a Corporate
Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board of Directors may also from time to time
elect one or more Vice Presidents, a Controller, a General Auditor, a General
Counsel, and such other officers and agents as it may deem proper. The Chairman
of the Board and the President shall be chosen from among the directors. The
persons holding the offices of Chairman of the Board or President may not also
hold the office of General Auditor. The Board of Directors may, in its
discretion, leave vacant any office other than that of Chairman of the Board,
President, Corporate Secretary, or Treasurer.

         Section 2. TERM OF OFFICE. The term of office of all officers shall be
until the next directors' annual meeting or until their respective successors
are chosen and qualified. Any officer or agent elected by the Board of Directors
may be removed by the Board at any time, with or without cause.

         Section 3. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Chairman of the Board shall be
the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and, shall preside at all meetings of
the Board of Directors and, subject to Section 8(a) of Article I, meetings of
shareholders, at which the Chairman is present, and shall make the annual report
to the shareholders. The Chairman shall have general charge of the business and
affairs of the Company subject to the control of the Board of Directors, may
create 

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in the name of the Company any authorized corporate obligation or other
instrument and shall perform such other functions as may be prescribed by the
Board from time to time.


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<PAGE>   15


         The Chairman of the Board shall manage or supervise the conduct of the
corporate finances and relations of the Company with its shareholders, with the
public, and with regulatory authorities, and in addition to the President, may
exercise all powers elsewhere in the Bylaws conferred upon the President. The
Chairman may delegate from time to time to the President or to other officers,
employees or positions of the Company, such powers as the Chairman may specify
in writing, with such terms and conditions, if any, as the Chairman may set
forth. A copy of each such delegation and of any revocation or change shall be
filed with the Corporate Secretary.


         Section 4. PRESIDENT. The President shall be the chief operating
officer of the Company, subject to the control of the Board of Directors and the
Chairman of the Board, shall have power to authorize the employment of such
subordinate employees as may, in the President's judgment, be advisable for the
operations of the Company, may execute in the name of the Company any authorized
corporate obligation or other instrument, and shall perform all other acts
incident to the President's office or prescribed by the Board of Directors or
the Chairman of the Board, or authorized or required by law. During the absence
or disability of the Chairman of the Board, the President shall assume the
duties and authority of the Chairman of the Board and shall be the Chief
Executive Officer of the Company.

         Section 5. OTHER OFFICERS. The other officers, agents, and employees of
the Company shall each have such powers and perform such duties in the
management of the property and affairs of the Company, subject to the control of
the Board of Directors, as generally pertain to their respective offices, as
well as such powers and duties as from time to time may be prescribed by the
Board of Directors, by the Chairman of the Board, or by the President.

         Section 6. COMPENSATION. The Board of Directors shall determine the
compensation to be paid to the Chairman of the Board, the President, and each
Vice President above the level of Assistant Vice President.

         Section 7. VOTING OF SHARES AND SECURITIES OF OTHER CORPORATIONS.
Unless the Board of Directors otherwise directs, the Company's Chairman of the
Board and President shall each be entitled to vote or designate a proxy to vote
all shares and other securities which the Company owns in any other corporation
or entity.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                  CAPITAL STOCK

         Section 1. CERTIFICATES OF SHARES. The interest of each shareholder
shall be evidenced by a certificate or certificates for shares of stock of the
Company in such form as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.
The 

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certificates of stock shall be signed by the Chairman of the Board, the
President or a Vice President and by the Treasurer, an Assistant Treasurer, the
Corporate Secretary, or an Assistant Corporate Secretary of the Company, and
shall be countersigned by a transfer agent for the stock and registered by a
registrar for such stock. The signatures of the officers and the transfer agent
and the registrar upon such certificates may be facsimiles, engraved, or
printed, subject to the provisions of applicable law. In case any officer,
transfer agent, or registrar shall cease to serve in that capacity after their
facsimile signature has been placed on a certificate, the certificates may be
issued with the same effect as if the officer, transfer agent, or registrar were
still in office.

         Section 2. TRANSFER OF SHARES. Shares in the capital stock of the
Company shall be transferred on the books of the Company upon surrender and
cancellation of certificates for a like number of shares, with duly executed
power to transfer endorsed on or attached to the certificate.

         Section 3. LOST OR DESTROYED STOCK CERTIFICATES. No certificate for
shares of stock of the Company shall be issued in place of any certificate
alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, except upon production of such
evidence of the loss, theft or destruction, and upon indemnification of the
Company and its agents to such extent and in such manner as the Board of
Directors may from time to time prescribe.


                                    ARTICLE V

                     CHECKS, NOTES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, ETC.

         All checks and drafts on the Company's bank accounts, all bills of
exchange and promissory notes, and all acceptances, obligations, and other
instruments for the payment of money, shall be signed by such officer or
officers or agent or agents, either manually or by facsimile signature or
signatures, as shall be thereunto authorized from time to time by the Board of
Directors either generally or in specific instances; provided that bonds,
debentures, and other evidences of indebtedness of the Company bearing facsimile
signatures of officers of the Company shall be issued only when authenticated by
a manual signature on behalf of a trustee or an authenticating agent appointed
by the Board of Directors. In case any such officer of the Company shall cease
to be such after such officer's facsimile signature has been placed thereon,
such bonds, debentures or other evidences of indebtedness may be issued with the
same effect as if such person were still in office.

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                                   ARTICLE VI

                                 CORPORATE SEAL

         The Board of Directors shall provide a suitable seal containing the
name of the Company.


                                   ARTICLE VII

                           CONTROL SHARE ACQUISITIONS

         The Stacey, Bennett, and Randall Shareholder Equity Act (Chapter 7B of
the Michigan Business Corporation Act) shall not apply to any control share
acquisitions (as defined in such Act) of shares of the Company.

         This Article VII of the Bylaws may not be amended, altered, or repealed
with respect to any control share acquisition of shares of the Company effected
pursuant to a tender offer or other transaction commenced prior to the date of
such amendment, alteration, or repeal.


                                  ARTICLE VIII

                               AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS

         Those provisions of these Bylaws providing for a classified Board of
Directors (currently the third, fourth and fifth sentences of the first
paragraph of Section 1 of Article II) and the provisions of this sentence may be
amended or repealed only by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of
shares of Common Stock of the Company. Except as provided in the immediately
preceding sentence, Bylaws of the Company may be amended, repealed or adopted by
vote of the holders of a majority of shares at the time entitled to vote in the
election of any directors or by vote of a majority of the directors in office.

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