### §2569. Acceleration of removal or security of fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment at vulnerable sites worldwide

#### (a) Sense of Congress

(1) It is the sense of Congress that the security, including the rapid removal or secure storage, of high-risk, proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment at vulnerable sites worldwide should be a top priority among the activities to achieve the national security of the United States.

(2) It is the sense of Congress that the President may establish in the Department of Energy a task force to be known as the Task Force on Nuclear Materials to carry out the program authorized by subsection (b).

#### (b) Program authorized

The Secretary of Energy may carry out a program to undertake an accelerated, comprehensive worldwide effort to mitigate the threats posed by high-risk, proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment located at sites potentially vulnerable to theft or diversion.

#### (c) Program elements

(1) Activities under the program under subsection (b) may include the following:

(A) Accelerated efforts to secure, remove, or eliminate proliferation-attractive fissile materials or radiological materials in research reactors, other reactors, and other facilities worldwide.

(B) Arrangements for the secure shipment of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment to other countries willing to accept such materials and equipment, or to the United States if such countries cannot be identified, and the provision of secure storage or disposition of such materials and equipment following shipment.

(C) The transportation of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment from sites identified as proliferation risks to secure facilities in other countries or in the United States.

(D) The processing and packaging of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment in accordance with required standards for transport, storage, and disposition.

(E) The provision of interim security upgrades for vulnerable, proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment pending their removal from their current sites.

(F) The utilization of funds to upgrade security and accounting at sites where proliferation-attractive fissile materials or radiological materials will remain for an extended period of time in order to ensure that such materials are secure against plausible potential threats and will remain so in the future.

(G) The management of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment at secure facilities.

(H) Actions to ensure that security, including security upgrades at sites and facilities for the storage or disposition of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment, continues to function as intended.

(I) The provision of technical support to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), other countries, and other entities to facilitate removal of, and security upgrades to facilities that contain, proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment worldwide.

(J) The development of alternative fuels and irradiation targets based on low-enriched uranium to convert research or other reactors fueled by highly-enriched uranium to such alternative fuels, as well as the conversion of reactors and irradiation targets employing highly-enriched uranium to employment of such alternative fuels and targets.

(K) Accelerated actions for the blend down of highly-enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium.

(L) The provision of assistance in the closure and decommissioning of sites identified as presenting risks of proliferation of proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment.

(M) Programs to—

(i) assist in the placement of employees displaced as a result of actions pursuant to the program in enterprises not representing a proliferation threat; and

(ii) convert (including through the use of alternative technologies) sites identified as presenting risks of proliferation regarding proliferation-attractive fissile materials, radiological materials, and related equipment to purposes not representing a proliferation threat to the extent necessary to eliminate the proliferation threat.

(2) The Secretary of Energy shall, in coordination with the Secretary of State, carry out the program in consultation with, and with the assistance of, appropriate departments, agencies, and other entities of the United States Government.

(3) The Secretary of Energy shall, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, carry out activities under the program in collaboration with such foreign governments, non-governmental organizations, and other international entities as the Secretary of Energy considers appropriate for the program.

#### (d) Funding

Amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy for defense nuclear nonproliferation activities shall be available for purposes of the program under this section.

#### (e) Participation by other governments and organizations

#### (1) In general

The Secretary of Energy may, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, enter into one or more agreements with any person (including a foreign government, international organization, or multinational entity) that the Secretary of Energy considers appropriate under which the person contributes funds for purposes of the programs described in paragraph (2).

#### (2) Programs covered

The programs described in this paragraph are any programs within the Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation of the National Nuclear Security Administration.

#### (3) Retention and use of amounts

Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, the Secretary of Energy may retain and use amounts contributed under an agreement under paragraph (1) for purposes of the programs described in paragraph (2). Amounts so contributed shall be retained in a separate fund established in the Treasury for such purposes and shall be available for use without further appropriation and without fiscal year limitation.

#### (4) Return of amounts not used within 5 years

If an amount contributed under an agreement under paragraph (1) is not used under this subsection within 5 years after it was contributed, the Secretary of Energy shall return that amount to the person who contributed it.

#### (5) Annual report

Not later than October 31 of each year, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the receipt and use of amounts under this subsection during the preceding fiscal year. Each report for a fiscal year shall set forth—

(A) a statement of any amounts received under this subsection, including, for each such amount, the value of the contribution and the person who contributed it;

(B) a statement of any amounts used under this subsection, including, for each such amount, the purposes for which the amount was used; and

(C) a statement of the amounts retained but not used under this subsection, including, for each such amount, the purposes (if known) for which the Secretary intends to use the amount.

#### (f) Definitions

In this section:

(1) The term "fissile materials" means plutonium, highly-enriched uranium, or other material capable of sustaining an explosive nuclear chain reaction, including irradiated items containing such materials if the radiation field from such items is not sufficient to prevent the theft or misuse of such items.

(2) The term "radiological materials" includes Americium-241, Californium-252, Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Iridium-192, Plutonium-238, Radium-226, Strontium-90, Curium-244, and irradiated items containing such materials, or other materials designated by the Secretary of Energy for purposes of this paragraph.

(3) The term "related equipment" includes equipment useful for enrichment of uranium in the isotope 235 and for extraction of fissile materials from irradiated fuel rods and other equipment designated by the Secretary of Energy for purposes of this section.

(4) The term "highly-enriched uranium" means uranium enriched to or above 20 percent in the isotope 235.

(5) The term "low-enriched uranium" means uranium enriched below 20 percent in the isotope 235.

(6) The term "proliferation-attractive", in the case of fissile materials and radiological materials, means quantities and types of such materials that are determined by the Secretary of Energy to present a significant risk to the national security of the United States if diverted to a use relating to proliferation.

(7) The term "alternative technologies" means technologies, such as accelerator-based equipment, that do not use radiological materials.

(Pub. L. 107–314, div. D, title XLIII, §4306B, formerly Pub. L. 108–375, div. C, title XXXI, §3132, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2166; Pub. L. 109–364, div. C, title XXXI, §3113, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2504; Pub. L. 112–239, div. C, title XXXI, §3118, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2173; Pub. L. 115–232, div. C, title XXXI, §3114, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2290; renumbered Pub. L. 107–314, div. D, title XLIII, §4306B, and amended Pub. L. 117–81, div. C, title XXXI, §3118(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2228; Pub. L. 117–263, div. C, title XXXI, §3115, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3053; Pub. L. 118–31, div. C, title XXXI, §3118(a), (b), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 791.)

#### **Editorial Notes**

#### Amendments

2023—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–31, §3118(a), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which required interim and final reports on the program under subsec. (b).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 118–31, §3118(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 118–31, §3118(b), struck out par. (6). Text read as follows: "The authority to accept, retain, and use contributions under this subsection expires on December 31, 2028."

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 118–31, §3118(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (f) and (g) as (e) and (f), respectively.

2022—Subsec. (c)(1)(M)(ii). Pub. L. 117–263, §3115(1), inserted "(including through the use of alternative technologies)" after "convert".

Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, §3115(2), added par. (7).

2021—Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 117–81, §3118(a)(4), substituted "December 31, 2028" for "December 31, 2023".

2018—Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 115–232, §3114(1), (2), redesignated par. (6) as (5) and struck out former par. (5). Prior to amendment text of par. (5) read as follows: "Not later than 30 days after the receipt of an amount contributed under paragraph (1), the Secretary of Energy shall submit to the congressional defense committees a notice specifying the purpose and value of the contribution and identifying the person who contributed it. The Secretary may not use the amount until 15 days after the notice is submitted."

Subsec. (f)(6), (7). Pub. L. 115–232, §3114(2), (3), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and substituted "December 31, 2023" for "December 31, 2018". Former par. (6) redesignated (5).

2013—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 112–239, §3118(a), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) related to programs covered and listed certain international programs within the Global Threat Reduction Initiative.

Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 112–239, §3118(b), substituted "December 31, 2018" for "December 31, 2013".

2006—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 109–364 added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

#### **Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries**

#### Acceleration of Replacement of Cesium Blood Irradiation Sources

Pub. L. 115–232, div. C, title XXXI, §3141, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2303, provided that:

"(a) Goal.—The Administrator for Nuclear Security shall ensure that the goal of the covered programs is eliminating the use of blood irradiation devices in the United States that rely on cesium chloride by December 31, 2027.

"(b) Implementation.—To meet the goal specified by subsection (a), the Administrator shall carry out the covered programs in a manner that—

"(1) is voluntary for owners of blood irradiation devices;

"(2) allows for the United States, subject to the review of the Administrator, to pay up to 50 percent of the per-device cost of replacing blood irradiation devices covered by the programs;

"(3) allows for the United States to pay up to 100 percent of the cost of removing and disposing of cesium sources retired from service by the programs; and

"(4) replaces such devices with x-ray irradiation devices or other devices approved by the Food and Drug Administration that provide significant threat reduction as compared to cesium chloride irradiators.

"(c) Duration.—The Administrator shall carry out the covered programs until December 31, 2027.

"(d) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018], the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the covered programs, including—

"(1) identification of each cesium chloride blood irradiation device in the United States, including the number, general location, and user type;

"(2) a plan for achieving the goal established by subsection (a);

"(3) a methodology for prioritizing replacement of such devices that takes into account irradiator age and prior material security initiatives;

"(4) in consultation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Food and Drug Administration, a strategy identifying any legislative, regulatory, or other measures necessary to constrain the introduction of new cesium chloride blood irradiation devices;

"(5) identification of the annual funds required to meet the goal established by subsection (a); and

"(6) a description of the disposal path for cesium chloride sources under the covered programs.

"(e) Assessment.—The Administrator shall submit an assessment to the appropriate congressional committees by September 20, 2023, of the results of the actions on the covered programs under this section, including—

"(1) the number of replacement irradiators under the covered programs;

"(2) the life-cycle costs of the programs, including personnel training, maintenance, and replacement costs for new irradiation devices;

"(3) the cost-effectiveness of the covered programs;

"(4) an analysis of the effectiveness of the new irradiation devices' technology; and

"(5) a forecast of whether the Administrator will meet the goal established in subsection (a).

"(f) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate.

"(2) Covered programs.—The term 'covered programs' means the following programs of the Office of Radiological Security of the National Nuclear Security Administration:

"(A) The Cesium Irradiator Replacement Program.

"(B) The Off-Site Source Recovery Program."

#### "Congressional Defense Committees" Defined

Congressional defense committees has the meaning given that term in section 101(a)(16) of Title 10, Armed Forces, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–375, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1825. See note under section 101 of Title 10.