I 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 9578 

To establish the use of ranked choice voting in elections for the offices 

of Senator and Representative in Congress, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

SEPTEMBER 12, 2024 

Mr. RASKIN (for himself, Mr. BEYER, Mr. GOLDMAN of New York, Mr. KILMER, Ms. LEE of California, Mr. MOULTON, and Mr. PETERS) introduced 

the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on House Administration 

A BILL 

To establish the use of ranked choice voting in elections 

for the offices of Senator and Representative in Congress, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; FINDING OF CONSTITUTIONAL 

4 AUTHORITY. 

5 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

6 ‘‘Ranked Choice Voting Act’’. 

7 (b) FINDING OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY.— 

8 Congress finds that it has the authority to establish the 

9 terms and conditions States must follow in administering 


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1 elections for the offices of Senators and Representatives 

2 in Congress because the authority granted to Congress 

3 under section 4 of article I of the Constitution of the 

4 United States gives Congress the power to enact laws gov5 erning the time, place, and manner of elections for such 

6 offices. 

7 SEC. 2. REQUIRING RANKED CHOICE VOTING FOR ELEC8 TION OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. 

9 (a) IN GENERAL.—Title III of the Help America 

10 Vote Act of 2001 (52 U.S.C. 21081 et seq.) is amended 

11 by adding at the end the following new subtitle: 

12 ‘‘Subtitle C—Ranked Choice Voting 

13 ‘‘PART 1—REQUIRING RANKED CHOICE VOTING 

14 FOR ELECTION OF SENATORS AND REP15 RESENTATIVES 

16 ‘‘SEC. 321. REQUIRING RANKED CHOICE VOTING FOR ELEC17 TION OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. 

18 ‘‘(a) RANKED CHOICE VOTING.—Each State shall 

19 carry out elections for the office of Senator and the office 

20 of Representative in Congress, including primary, special, 

21 and general elections for such office, using ranked choice 

22 voting, a system under which each voter may rank the can23 didates for the office in the order of the voter’s preference, 

24 and ballots are tabulated, in accordance with this title. 

25 ‘‘(b) BALLOT DESIGN.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Each State shall ensure 

2 that the ballot used in a ranked choice voting elec3 tion under this subtitle meets each of the following 

4 requirements: 

5 ‘‘(A) The ballot shall allow voters to rank 

6 candidates in order of choice. 

7 ‘‘(B) The number of candidates whom a 

8 voter may rank in the election, as determined 

9 under paragraph (2), shall be uniform for all 

10 voters in the election within the State. 

11 ‘‘(C) The ballot shall include all qualified 

12 candidates for the election and (to the extent 

13 permitted under State law) options for voters to 

14 select write-in candidates. 

15 ‘‘(D) The ballot shall include such instruc16 tions as necessary to accurately inform the 

17 voter how to properly rank candidates and suc18 cessfully cast the ballot under the system. 

19 ‘‘(2) DETERMINATION OF NUMBER OF CAN20 DIDATES VOTER MAY RANK.—The ballot shall permit 

21 voters to rank at least five candidates or the number 

22 of candidates in the election, including write-in can23 didates (to the extent permitted under State law), 

24 whichever is fewer. 


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1 ‘‘SEC. 322. PROHIBITING ADDITIONAL RUNOFF ELECTIONS. 

2 ‘‘(a) PRIMARY ELECTIONS.—No State may hold a 

3 separate runoff primary election for the office of Senator 

4 or the office of Representative in Congress after the date 

5 established under State law for the primary election for 

6 such office. 

7 ‘‘(b) GENERAL ELECTIONS.—No State may hold a 

8 separate runoff general election for the office of Senator 

9 or the office of Representative in Congress after the date 

10 established under section 25 of the Revised Statutes of 

11 the United States (2 U.S.C. 7) for the regularly scheduled 

12 general election for such office. 

13 ‘‘(c) SPECIAL ELECTIONS.—No State may hold a 

14 separate runoff special election for the office of Senator 

15 or the office of Representative in Congress after the date 

16 established under State law for such special election for 

17 such office. 

18 ‘‘SEC. 323. TREATMENT OF PRIMARY ELECTIONS. 

19 ‘‘(a) CONDITIONS FOR HOLDING NONPARTISAN

20 BLANKET PRIMARY ELECTIONS.—A State may hold a 

21 nonpartisan blanket primary election for the office of Sen22 ator or the office of Representative in Congress only if 

23 State law provides that at least 3 candidates advance to 

24 the subsequent general election. 

25 ‘‘(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this title 

26 shall be construed to require a State to hold a primary 


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1 election for the office of Senator or the office of Represent2 ative in Congress prior to the date established under sec3 tion 25 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (2 

4 U.S.C. 7) for the regularly scheduled general election for 

5 such office, so long as the determination of the candidates 

6 who are elected to such office is based solely on the votes 

7 cast with respect to the election held on such date, as de8 termined in accordance with the system of ranked choice 

9 voting under this title. 

10 ‘‘SEC. 324. APPLICATION TO DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND 

11 TERRITORIES. 

12 ‘‘(a) ELECTION OF DELEGATES AND RESIDENT COM13 MISSIONER.—In this subtitle, the term ‘Representative’ in14 cludes a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to the Con15 gress. 

16 ‘‘(b) APPLICATION TO NORTHERN MARIANA IS17 LANDS.—This subtitle shall apply with respect to the 

18 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in the 

19 same manner as this subtitle applies to a State. 

20 ‘‘PART 2—TABULATION PROCESS 

21 ‘‘SEC. 331. TABULATION PROCESS. 

22 ‘‘Except as provided in section 332, tabulation shall 

23 proceed in the following manner: 

24 ‘‘(1) PROCESS FOR TABULATION.—Each ballot 

25 cast in the election shall count as one vote for the 


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1 highest-ranked active candidate on the ballot. Tab2 ulation shall proceed in rounds as described in para3 graphs (2) and (3). 

4 ‘‘(2) ELIMINATION OF CANDIDATES DURING

5 TABULATION.—If there are more than 2 active can6 didates in a round of tabulation, the active candidate 

7 with the fewest votes is eliminated, each vote cast on 

8 a ballot for the eliminated candidate shall be count9 ed for the next-ranked active candidate on the ballot, 

10 and a new round shall begin. 

11 ‘‘(3) COMPLETION OF TABULATION; ELECTION

12 OF CANDIDATE.—When there are two or fewer active 

13 candidates— 

14 ‘‘(A) tabulation is complete; and 

15 ‘‘(B) the candidate receiving the greatest 

16 number of votes shall be elected to the office of 

17 Senator or Representative in Congress (or, in 

18 the case of a primary election, shall advance to 

19 the general election for such office as provided 

20 under the law of the State involved). 

21 ‘‘(4) TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BALLOTS.— 

22 ‘‘(A) TREATMENT OF UNDERVOTES.— 

23 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—A ballot which is 

24 an undervote shall not be counted in any 


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1 round of tabulation of ballots in an election 

2 under this section. 

3 ‘‘(ii) UNDERVOTE DEFINED.—For 

4 purposes of this subparagraph, an 

5 ‘undervote’ is a ballot for which the voter 

6 does not rank any of the candidates in the 

7 election. 

8 ‘‘(B) TREATMENT OF INACTIVE BAL9 LOTS.— 

10 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—A ballot which be11 comes an inactive ballot shall no longer 

12 count for any candidate for the remainder 

13 of the tabulation of ballots in an election 

14 under this section after the ballot becomes 

15 inactive. 

16 ‘‘(ii) INACTIVE BALLOT DEFINED.— 

17 For purposes of this paragraph, an ‘inac18 tive ballot’ is a ballot on which— 

19 ‘‘(I) all of the ranked candidates 

20 on the ballot have become inactive; or 

21 ‘‘(II) the voter ranks more than 

22 one candidate at the same ranking 

23 and all candidates at a higher ranking 

24 have become inactive. 


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1 ‘‘(C) TREATMENT OF SKIPPED OR RE2 PEATED RANKINGS.— 

3 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—A ballot which in4 cludes any skipped or repeated ranking 

5 shall remain active and continue to be 

6 counted for the highest ranked active can7 didate in an election under this section. 

8 ‘‘(ii) SKIPPED AND REPEATED

9 RANKINGS DEFINED.—For purposes of this 

10 paragraph— 

11 ‘‘(I) a ‘skipped ranking’ is a 

12 ranking a voter does not assign to any 

13 candidate while assigning a subse14 quent ranking to a candidate; and 

15 ‘‘(II) a ‘repeated ranking’ is a 

16 ranking for which the voter has as17 signed the same candidate that the 

18 voter assigned to another ranking. 

19 ‘‘SEC. 332. SPECIAL RULES FOR NONPARTISAN BLANKET 

20 PRIMARY ELECTIONS. 

21 ‘‘In the case of a nonpartisan blanket primary elec22 tion, tabulation shall proceed in the following manner: 

23 ‘‘(1) PROCESS FOR TABULATION.—In the case 

24 of a nonpartisan primary election— 


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1 ‘‘(A) each ballot cast in the election shall 

2 count as one vote for the highest ranked active 

3 candidate on that ballot; and 

4 ‘‘(B) tabulation shall proceed in rounds as 

5 described in paragraphs (2) and (3). 

6 ‘‘(2) ELIMINATION OF CANDIDATES DURING

7 TABULATION.—If the number of active candidates is 

8 greater than the number of candidates to be ad9 vanced to the general election, as provided under the 

10 law of the State involved, the active candidate with 

11 the fewest votes is eliminated, and votes for the 

12 eliminated candidate are counted for each ballot’s 

13 next-ranked active candidate. 

14 ‘‘(3) COMPLETION OF TABULATION; ADVANCING

15 OF CANDIDATES.—When the total number of active 

16 candidates is equal to or less than the number of 

17 candidates to be advanced to the general election, as 

18 provided under the law of the State involved— 

19 ‘‘(A) tabulation is complete; and 

20 ‘‘(B) all active candidates shall advance to 

21 the general election for such office. 

22 ‘‘SEC. 333. TREATMENT OF TIES BETWEEN CANDIDATES. 

23 ‘‘(a) RESOLUTION BY LOT.—If a tie occurs between 

24 candidates with the greatest number of votes or the fewest 

25 number of votes at any point in the tabulation of ballots 


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1 under this part and the tabulation cannot proceed until 

2 the tie is resolved, the tie shall be resolved by lot or by 

3 such other method as may be provided under State law, 

4 provided that any tie between candidates with the fewest 

5 number of votes shall be resolved on the same day as tab6 ulation. 

7 ‘‘(b) RESOLUTION PRIOR TO TABULATION.—Prior to 

8 tabulation, the chief election official of the State may re9 solve prospective ties between candidates by lot or accord10 ing to the method provided under State law, as described 

11 in subsection (a). 

12 ‘‘(c) USE DURING RECOUNT.—The result of the reso13 lution of any tie shall be recorded and reused for purposes 

14 of any recount under State law. 

15 ‘‘SEC. 334. DETERMINATION OF VOTES CAST FOR CAN16 DIDATES OF POLITICAL PARTIES FOR PUR17 POSES OF ACCESS TO BALLOT IN FEDERAL 

18 ELECTIONS. 

19 ‘‘To the extent that a State takes into account the 

20 number of votes cast in an election for candidates of a 

21 political party in determining the right of candidates of 

22 the party to appear on the ballot in subsequent elections 

23 for Federal office in the State, the State shall determine 

24 the number of votes cast for a candidate on the basis of 

25 whichever round of tabulation of ballots in the election 


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1 under section 331 or section 332 contained the highest 

2 number of votes for that candidate. 

3 ‘‘PART 3—PAYMENTS TO STATES TO IMPLEMENT 

4 RANKED CHOICE VOTING 

5 ‘‘SEC. 341. PAYMENTS TO STATES TO IMPLEMENT RANKED 

6 CHOICE VOTING. 

7 ‘‘(a) PAYMENTS DESCRIBED.— 

8 ‘‘(1) PAYMENTS.—Not later than June 1, 2025, 

9 the Commission shall make a payment to each State 

10 in the amount determined with respect to the State 

11 under paragraph (2). 

12 ‘‘(2) AMOUNT DETERMINED ON BASIS OF NUM13 BER OF REGISTERED VOTERS.— 

14 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The amount deter15 mined under this paragraph is the product of— 

16 ‘‘(i) the number of individuals reg17 istered to vote in elections for Federal of18 fice in the State, based on the most re19 cently available information on voter reg20 istration in the State, as provided to the 

21 Commission by the State; and 

22 ‘‘(ii) the per capita amount estab23 lished by the Commission under subpara24 graph (B). 


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1 ‘‘(B) PER CAPITA AMOUNT.—For purposes 

2 of this paragraph, the Commission shall estab3 lish a separate, appropriate per capita payment 

4 amount for each State that may be not less 

5 than $4 and not more than $8, taking into ac6 count any reasonable demonstrated or esti7 mated costs associated with the use of ranked 

8 choice voting, including costs related to— 

9 ‘‘(i) voting equipment updates; 

10 ‘‘(ii) election software updates or li11 censes; 

12 ‘‘(iii) voting system programming; 

13 ‘‘(iv) ballot design and printing; 

14 ‘‘(v) election official and poll worker 

15 training; 

16 ‘‘(vi) processing, canvassing, cen17 tralization, and tabulation; 

18 ‘‘(vii) reporting and displaying pre19 liminary and final election results; 

20 ‘‘(viii) post-election audits and re21 counts; and 

22 ‘‘(ix) voter information, education, 

23 and engagement. 

24 ‘‘(b) USE OF FUNDS.—A State shall use the payment 

25 made under subsection (a) to implement ranked choice 


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1 voting under this subtitle, including educating voters 

2 about ranked choice voting. 

3 ‘‘(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

4 are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be 

5 necessary for payments under this section. 

6 ‘‘PART 4—CIVIL ENFORCEMENT 

7 ‘‘SEC. 351. CIVIL ENFORCEMENT. 

8 ‘‘(a) CIVIL ENFORCEMENT.— 

9 ‘‘(1) ACTIONS BY ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The 

10 Attorney General may bring a civil action for such 

11 relief as may be appropriate to carry out this sub12 title. 

13 ‘‘(2) AVAILABILITY OF PRIVATE RIGHT OF AC14 TION.— 

15 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Any person residing 

16 or domiciled in a State who is aggrieved by the 

17 failure of the State to meet the requirements of 

18 this subtitle may bring a civil action in the 

19 United States district court for the applicable 

20 venue for such relief as may be appropriate to 

21 remedy the failure. 

22 ‘‘(B) NO AWARDING OF DAMAGES TO PRE23 VAILING PARTY.—Except for an award of attor24 ney’s fees under subsection (d), a court in a 

25 civil action under this subtitle shall not award 


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1 the prevailing party any monetary damages, 

2 compensatory, punitive, or otherwise. 

3 ‘‘(3) DELIVERY OF COMPLAINT TO HOUSE AND

4 SENATE.—In any action brought under this subtitle, 

5 a copy of the complaint shall be delivered promptly 

6 to the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the 

7 Secretary of the Senate. 

8 ‘‘(4) EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION AND APPLICA9 BLE VENUE.—The district courts of the United 

10 States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and 

11 determine claims arising under this subtitle. The ap12 plicable venue for such an action shall be the United 

13 States District Court for the District of Columbia or 

14 the judicial district in which the capital of the State 

15 is located, as selected by the person bringing the ac16 tion. In a civil action that includes a claim under 

17 this subtitle, with respect to an election for the office 

18 of Senator or the office of Representative in Con19 gress held in a State, the United States District 

20 Court for the District of Columbia shall have juris21 diction over any defendant who has been served in 

22 any United States judicial district in which the de23 fendant resides, is found, or has an agent, or in the 

24 United States judicial district in which the capital of 

25 the State is located. Process may be served in any 


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1 United States judicial district where a defendant re2 sides, is found, or has an agent, or in the United 

3 States judicial district in which the capital of the 

4 State is located. 

5 ‘‘(5) USE OF 3-JUDGE COURT.—Any action 

6 arising under this subtitle shall be heard by a 3- 

7 judge district court convened pursuant to section 

8 2284 of title 28, United States Code. 

9 ‘‘(6) REVIEW OF FINAL DECISION.—A final de10 cision in an action brought under this section shall 

11 be reviewable on appeal by the United States Court 

12 of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 

13 which shall hear the matter sitting en banc. There 

14 shall be no right of appeal in such proceedings to 

15 any other court of appeals. Such appeal shall be 

16 taken by the filing of a notice of appeal within 10 

17 days of the entry of the final decision. A final deci18 sion by the Court of Appeals may be reviewed by the 

19 Supreme Court of the United States by writ of cer20 tiorari. 

21 ‘‘(b) EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION.—In any action 

22 brought under this section, it shall be the duty of the dis23 trict court, the United States Court of Appeals for the 

24 District of Columbia Circuit, and the Supreme Court of 

25 the United States (if it chooses to hear the action) to adVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:06 Sep 25, 2024 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H9578.IH H9578

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1 vance on the docket and to expedite to the greatest pos2 sible extent the disposition of the action and appeal. 

3 ‘‘(c) SPECIAL RULE IN CASE FINAL ADJUDICATION

4 NOT EXPECTED WITHIN 3 MONTHS OF ELECTION.— 

5 ‘‘(1) DUTY OF COURT.—If final adjudication of 

6 an action under this subtitle is not reasonably ex7 pected to be completed at least 3 months prior to 

8 the next regularly scheduled primary election for the 

9 office of Senator or the office of Representative in 

10 Congress in the State, the district court shall order 

11 adjustments to the timing of the primary election 

12 and other related deadlines, as needed, to allow suf13 ficient opportunity for adjudication of the matter in 

14 time for the next regularly scheduled general election 

15 for such office in the State. 

16 ‘‘(2) PROHIBITING FAILURE TO ACT ON

17 GROUNDS OF PENDENCY OF ELECTION.—The court 

18 may not refuse to take any action described in para19 graph (1) on the grounds of the pendency of the 

20 next election held in the State or the potential for 

21 disruption, confusion, or additional burdens with re22 spect to the administration of the election in the 

23 State. 

24 ‘‘(d) ATTORNEY’S FEES.—In a civil action under this 

25 section, the court may allow the prevailing party (other 


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1 than the United States) reasonable attorney fees, includ2 ing litigation expenses, and costs. 

3 ‘‘(e) RELATION TO OTHER LAWS.— 

4 ‘‘(1) RIGHTS AND REMEDIES ADDITIONAL TO

5 OTHER RIGHTS AND REMEDIES.—The rights and 

6 remedies established by this section are in addition 

7 to all other rights and remedies provided by law, and 

8 neither the rights and remedies established by this 

9 section nor any other provision of this title shall su10 persede, restrict, or limit the application of the Vot11 ing Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.). 

12 ‘‘(2) VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965.—Nothing in 

13 this title authorizes or requires conduct that is pro14 hibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 

15 10301 et seq.). 

16 ‘‘(f) LEGISLATIVE PRIVILEGE.—No person, legisla17 ture, or State may claim legislative privilege under either 

18 State or Federal law in a civil action brought under this 

19 section or in any other legal challenge, under either State 

20 or Federal law, to laws and procedures enacted under this 

21 subtitle. 

22 ‘‘(g) REMOVAL.— 

23 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—At any time, a civil action 

24 brought in a State court which asserts a claim for 

25 which the district courts of the United States have 


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1 exclusive jurisdiction under this subtitle may be re2 moved by any party in the case, including an inter3 venor, by filing, in the district court for an applica4 ble venue under this section, a notice of removal 

5 signed pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of 

6 Civil Procedure containing a short and plain state7 ment of the grounds for removal. Consent of parties 

8 shall not be required for removal. 

9 ‘‘(2) CLAIMS NOT WITHIN THE ORIGINAL OR

10 SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION.—If a civil action re11 moved in accordance with paragraph (1) contains 

12 claims not within the original or supplemental juris13 diction of the district court, the district court shall 

14 sever all such claims and remand them to the State 

15 court from which the action was removed. 

16 ‘‘PART 5—DEFINITIONS 

17 ‘‘SEC. 361. DEFINITIONS. 

18 ‘‘In this subtitle, the following definitions apply: 

19 ‘‘(1) ACTIVE CANDIDATE.—The term ‘active 

20 candidate’ means, with respect to any round of tab21 ulation under this subtitle, a candidate who has not 

22 been eliminated, and who is not a withdrawn can23 didate. 

24 ‘‘(2) HIGHEST-RANKED ACTIVE CANDIDATE.— 

25 The term ‘highest-ranked active candidate’ means 


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1 the active candidate assigned to a higher ranking 

2 than any other active candidate. 

3 ‘‘(3) NONPARTISAN BLANKET PRIMARY ELEC4 TION.—The term ‘nonpartisan blanket primary elec5 tion’ means a single, open primary election for the 

6 office of Senator or the office of Representative in 

7 Congress in which all candidates for the office are 

8 listed on the same primary election ballot, regardless 

9 of political party affiliation. 

10 ‘‘(4) RANKING.—The term ‘ranking’ means the 

11 number available to be assigned by a voter to a can12 didate to express the voter’s choice for that can13 didate, with ‘1’ as the highest ranking and each suc14 ceeding positive number as the next highest ranking. 

15 ‘‘(5) WITHDRAWN CANDIDATE.—The term 

16 ‘withdrawn candidate’ means a candidate who, prior 

17 to the date of the election, files or has an authorized 

18 designee file a signed letter of withdrawal from the 

19 election, in accordance with such rules as the chief 

20 election official of the State may establish.’’. 

21 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT RELATING TO APPLI22 CABILITY OF ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS.—Section 401 

23 of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 21111) 

24 is amended by striking ‘‘sections 301, 302, and 303’’ and 

25 inserting ‘‘title III’’. 


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1 (c) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

2 of such Act is amended by adding at the end of the item 

3 relating to title III the following: 

‘‘Subtitle C—Ranked Choice Voting 

‘‘PART 1—REQUIRING RANKED CHOICE VOTING FOR ELECTION OF

SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES

‘‘Sec. 321. Requiring ranked choice voting for election of Senators and 

Representatives. 

‘‘Sec. 322. Providing additional runoff elections. 

‘‘Sec. 323. Treatment of primary elections. 

‘‘Sec. 324. Application to District of Columbia and territories. 

‘‘PART 2—TABULATION PROCESS

‘‘Sec. 331. Tabulation process. 

‘‘Sec. 332. Special rules for nonpartisan blanket primary elections. 

‘‘Sec. 333. Treatment of ties between candidates. 

‘‘Sec. 334. Determination of votes cast for candidates of political parties 

for purposes of access to ballot in Federal elections. 

‘‘PART 3—PAYMENTS TO STATES TO IMPLEMENT RANKED CHOICE VOTING

‘‘Sec. 341. Payments to States to implement ranked choice voting. 

‘‘PART 4—CIVIL ENFORCEMENT

‘‘Sec. 351. Civil enforcement. 

‘‘PART 5—DEFINITIONS

‘‘Sec. 361. Definitions. 

4 SEC. 3. NO EFFECT ON ELECTIONS FOR STATE AND LOCAL 

5 OFFICE. 

6 Nothing in this Act or in any amendment made by 

7 this Act may be construed to affect the manner in which 

8 a State carries out elections for State or local office. 

9 SEC. 4. SEVERABILITY. 

10 If any provision of this Act or any amendment made 

11 by this Act, or the application of a provision of this Act 

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1 cumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder 

2 of this Act, and the application of the provisions to any 

3 person or circumstance, shall not be affected by the hold4 ing. 

5 SEC. 5. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

6 This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall 

7 apply with respect to elections for Federal office held on 

8 or after January 1, 2027. 

Æ 


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