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**ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**  **40 CFR Part 141 [EPA**  **- HQ**  **- OW**  **- 2012**  **- 0217**  **FRL -** 

**_______ -** **_______] RIN 2040**  **- A537**  **Drink ing Water Contaminant Candidate List**  **4**
**– Draft**  **AGENCY :**  Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) . **ACTION:** Notice . **SUMMARY:** EPA is publishing for public review and comment a draft list of contaminants that are currentl y not subject to any

proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWRs) , that are known or anticipated to occur in public water sy stems (PWSs) , and which may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) . This draft list is the fo urth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 4 ) published by the agency since the SDWA am e ndments of 1996. T his Draft CCL 4 includes 10 0 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 micro bial c ontaminants . The EPA seeks comment on the Draft CCL 4 , and on improvements to the CCL selection process to be considered for future CCLs . **DATES:** Comments must be received o n or before [ **INSERT DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE**  **FEDERAL REGISTER**] .Page **2** of **40**

**ADDRESSES:** Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. **EPA -**  **HQ -**  **OW -**  **2012 -**  **0217** , by one of the following methods:

• Em ail: www.regulations.gov : Follow the on - line instructions for submitting comments .

• Mail: Water Docket, Environmental Protection Agency , Mail code : 2822 1 T , 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460 .

• Hand Delivery : Water Docket, EPA Docket Center (EPA/DC ) EPA West , Room 33 3 4, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004 . Such deliveries are only accepted during the Docket’s normal hours of operation, and special arrangements should be made for deliverie s of boxed information. Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. **EPA -**  **HQ -**  **OW -**  **2012 -**  **0217** . EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov , including an y personal infor mation provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business In formation (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted b y statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through www.regulations.gov or email . The www.regulations.gov website is an “anony mo us access” sy stem, which means EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment . If you send an e - mail comment directl y to EPA without going through www.regu lations.gov , yo ur e - mail address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet . If you submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name and o ther contactPage **3** of **40**

information in the body

of your comment and with any disk or CD - ROM you submit . If EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider your comment . Electronic fi les should avoid the use of special characters, an y form of encry ption, and be free of any

defects or viruses . For additional instructions on submitting comments, go to Section I. B of the **GENERAL INFORMATION**  section of this document . Docket: All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov index . Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted b y statute . Certain other material, such as copy righted material, will be publicly available onl y in hard copy . Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in www.regulations.gov or in hard cop y at the Water Docket, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave ., NW, Washington, DC 20004 . The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday , excluding legal holiday s. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is ( 202) 566 - 1744, and the telephone number for the EPA Docket Center is (202) 566 - 2426 . **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:** For information on chemical contaminants contact Meredith Russell , Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Managem ent Division, at (202) 564 - 0814 or e - mail russell.meredith@epa.gov . For information on microbial contaminants c o ntact Hannah Holsinger , Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water , Standards and Risk Management Division, at 202 - 564 - 0403 or email holsinger.hannah @epa.gov . For general information contact the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426 - 4791 or e - mail: hotline - sdwa@epa.gov

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**Abbreviations and Acronyms** ATSDR -- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry AWWA -- American Water Works Association CA -- California CASRN -- Chemical Abstract Services Registry Number CDC -- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CCL -- Contaminant Candidate L ist CCL1 -- EPA’s F irst Contaminant Candidate L ist CCL2 -- EPA’s S ec ond Contaminant Candidate List CCL 3 -- EPA’s Third Contaminant Candidate L ist CCL4 -- EPA’s Fourth Contaminant Candidate List CFR -- Code of Federal Regulations CUS/IUR -- Chemical Update Sy stem/Inventory Update Rule EPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency ESA -- ethanesulfonic acid FL -- Florida FR -- Federal Register GAMA -- T he California State Water Resources Control Board’s Groundwater Ambient Monitoring Assessment p rogram HPC -- Het e rotrophic Plate Count IL -- IllinoisPage **5** of **40**

IOM -- Institute of Medicine IR IS -- Integrated Risk Information Sy stem MCL -- Maximum Contaminant L evel MCL G

– Maximum Contaminant L evel Goal MMWR -- Morbidity

and Mortality

Weekl y Report NC -- North Carolina NCOD -- National Contaminant Occurrence Database NDWAC -- N ational D rinking W ater A dvisory C ouncil NRC -- National Academy of Science’s National Research Council NPDWR -- N ational P rimary D rinking W ater R egulation NTP -- National Toxicology Program OH -- Ohio OPP -- Office of Pesticide Programs OSRTI -- Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation PCCL3 -- Preliminary

Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 PCCL4 -- Preliminary

Contaminant Candidate L ist 4 PDP -- Pesticide Data Program developed b y USDA PFOA -- p erfluorooctanoic acid PFOS -- p erfluoro octane sulfonic acid PPRTVs -- Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxic ity Values PWS -- p ublic w ater s ys tem SAB -- Science Advisory BoardPage **6** of **40**

SDWA -- Safe Drinking Water Act SD -- South Dakota STORET -- EPA’s Storage and Retrieval database of water quality monitoring data collected b y water resource management groups across the U.S. TRI -- Toxic s Release Inventory TT -- Treatment Technique - an enforceable procedure or level of technological performance , which public water s ys tems must follow to ensure control of a contaminant TX -- Texas UCM -- Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring UCMR 1 -- First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule UCMR 2 -- Second Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule U S -- United States of America USDA -- United States Department of Agriculture USEPA -- United States Environmental Protection Agency USGS -- United States Geological Survey WHO -- World Health Organization WI -- Wisconsin **SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :**  **Table of Contents**  I . General Information A . Does this Action Impose Any Requirements on My

Public Water Sy stem? B . What Should IConsider as I Prepare M y Comments for EPA?Page **7** of **40**

II . Purpose, Background , and Summary of This Action A . What is the Purpose of This Action? B . Statutory

Requirements for CCL , Regulatory Determinations and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring 1. Contaminant Candidate L ist 2. Regulatory

Determinations 3. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring C . Interrelationship of the CCL , Regulatory Determinations, and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring D . Brief History

of Previous CCL s and Regulatory Determinations 1. The First Contaminant Candidate List 2. The Regulatory

Determinations for CCL1 Contaminants 3. The Se cond Contaminant Candidate L ist 4. The Regulatory

Determinations for CCL2 Contaminants 5. The Third Contaminant Candidate L ist 6. The Regulatory

Determinations for CCL3 Contaminants E . Summary

of the Approach Used to Identify and Evaluate Candidates for CCL 4 1 . Carry Forward of CCL 3 Contaminants 2. Summary

and Evaluation of CCL4 Nominated Contaminants 3. Evaluation of Previous Negative Regulatory Determinations F . What is on EPA’s Draft CCL 4 ? I II . Request for CommentPage **8** of **40**

IV . EPA’s Next Steps V. References **I .**  **General Information** A . Does this Action Impose Any Requirements on My Public Water System? The Draft Contaminant Candidate L ist 4 ( CCL 4 ) and the Final CCL 4 , when published, will not impose any

requirements on regulated entities . In stead, this action notifies interested parties of the availability

of EPA’s Draft CCL 4 and seeks comment on the contaminants listed . B . Wh at Should I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA? You may find the following suggestions helpful for preparing yo ur comments:

 Explain your views as clearl y as possible.

 Describe an y assumptions that you used.

 Provide an y technical information and/or data you used that support your views.

 Provide full references for any peer reviewed publication you used that su pport your views.

 Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns.
 Offer alternatives. Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline. To ensure proper receipt b y EPA, identify the appropriate docket identification number in the su bject line on the first page of your response . Itwould also be helpful if you provided the name, date, and Federal Register citation related to your comments.Page **9** of **40**

**II . Purpose**  **, Background ,**  **and Summary of This Action** This section briefl y summarizes the purpose of this action, the statutory requirements, previous activities related to the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) , and the approach used to develop the Draft CCL 4 . A . Wh at is the Purpose of This Action? The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1996, requires EPA to publish a list every five ye ars of currentl y unregulated contaminants that may pose risks for drinking water (referred to as the Contaminant Candidate L ist, or CCL) . This list is subse quently used to make regulatory determinations on whether to regulate at least five contaminants from the CCLwith a national primary

drinking water regulation (NPDWR) ( SDWA S ection 1412(b )( 1)) . The purpose of t oday ’s action is to present EPA’s dra ft list of contaminants on the CCL 4 , a description of the selection process and the rationale used to make the list . Today ’s action only deals with the CCL 4 . Regulatory determinations for contaminants on the CCL are made as part of a separate agency action. EPA request s comment on the Draft CCL 4 and suggestions for further improvements to the selection process to be considered for future CCL s .

B . Statutory Requirements for CCL, Regulatory Determinations and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring 1 . Contaminant Candidate L istPage **10** of **40**

S ection 1412(b )( 1 ) of the SDWA , as amended in 1996 , require s EPA to publish the CCL every five years . The SDWA specifies that the list must include contaminants that are not subject to any proposed or promulgated NPDWRs, are known or anticipated to occur in PWSs, and may require regulation under the SDWA . The unregulated contaminants considered for listing shall include, but not b e limited to, substances identified in section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation , and L iability Act of 1980 , and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The SDWA also directs the a gency to consider the health effects and occurrence information for unregulated contaminants to identify

those contaminants that present the greatest public health concern related to exposure from drinking water . The statute also dir ects the a gency to take into consideration the effect of contaminants upon subgroups that comprise a meaningful portion of the general population (such as infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly , and individuals with a history

of serious illness , or other subpopulations) that are identifiable as being at greater risk than the general population of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminants in drinking water. EPA considers age - related subgroups as “lifestages” in reference to a distinguish able time frame in an individual’s life characterized by unique and relativel y stable behavioral and/or physiological characteristics that are associated with development and growth. Thus, childhood should be viewed as a sequence of lifestages, from concep tion through fetal development, infancy , and adolescence (see http://www2 .epa.gov/ children/earl y- life - stages ) . 2 . Regulatory

Determinations Section 1412(b)( 1 ) (B)(ii) of the SDWA, as amended in 1996, requires EPA at five year intervals to make determinations of whether to regulate or not to regulate no fewer than fivePage **11** of **40**

contaminants from the CCL . The 1996 SDWA Amendments specif y three criteria to determine whether a contaminant may require regulation:

 th e contaminant may

have an adverse effect on the health of persons;

 the contaminant is known to occur or there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant will occur in public water sy stems with a frequency and at levels of public health concern; and

 in the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a meaningful opportunity

for health risk reduction for persons served by public water sy stems . If EPA determines that these three statutory criteria are met and makes a fin al determination to regulate a contaminant, the agency has 24 months to publish a proposed Maximum Contaminant L evel Goal 1 (MCL G) and NPDWR2 . After the proposal, the agency has 18 months to publish and promulgate a final MCLG and NPDWR (SDWA section 1412(b )(1)(E)) 3

. 3 . Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Section 1445 of the SDWA mandates that EPA promulgate regulations (known as the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule or UCMR) to establish criteria for a monitoring program for unregulated contaminants . The SDWA require s all large public water s ys tems and a

1 The MCLG is the " maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum contaminant level goals are non - enforceable heal th goals." (40 C.F.R. 141.2; 42 U.S.C. 300g - 1) 2 An NPDWR is a legally enforceable standard that applies to public water systems. An NPDWR sets a legal limit (called a maximum contaminant level or MCL) or specifies a certain treatment technique (TT) for pu blic water systems for a specific contaminant or group of contaminants. The MCL is the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water and is set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cos t into consideration. 3 The statute authorizes a nine month extension of this promulgation date.Page **12** of **40**

representative sample of smaller public water s ys tems to monitor for unregulated contaminants . The statute requires EPA to issue a list every five years of not more than 30 unregulated contaminants t o be monitored . The SDWA also specifies that EPA include the results of such monitoring, along with monitoring data for regulated contaminants and reliable information from other public and private sources, in a national drinking water occurrence database. EPA developed the National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD) to contain the monitoring data from the UCMR program and the other data as specified b y the SDWA. The current UCMR (UCMR 3) requires monitoring for 30 contaminants (28 chemicals and 2 virus es) (77 FR 26071 , May 2, 2012 (USEPA, 2012 a) ) . Sampling will occur during 2013 - 2015 . Twenty- one contaminants on the CCL 3 and twenty contaminants on the Draft CCL4 are included on the UCMR 3 . This occurrence information will be used in the development of future CCL s and regulatory

determination s.

C. Interrelationship of the CCL, Regulatory Determinations, and Unregulated C ontaminant Monitoring The CCLis the first step in evaluating the subset of potential contaminants that may require future NPDWRs . The CCLserves as the initial screening of potential contaminants , and inclusion on the CCLdoes not mean that any particular contaminant will necessarily be regulated in the future . The UCMR provides a mechanism to obtain nationally representative occurre nce data for contaminants . Most unregulated contaminants chosen b y EPA for monitoring have been selected from the CCL . When selecting contaminants for monitoring under the UCMR, EPA considers the availability of health effects data and the need for national occurrence data forPage **13** of **40**

contaminants, as well as anal yt ical method availability and cost, availability

of anal yt ical standards, and laboratory capacity to support a nationwide monitoring program when selecting contaminants. The contaminant occurrence data collected under the UCMR serves to better inform future CCL s and regulatory determination s . C ontaminants on the CCL are evaluated to see which ones have sufficient information to allow the agency to make a regulatory determination. Those contaminants with sufficient information to make a regulatory determination are then evaluated based on the three statutory criteria in the SDWA Section 1412(b)( 1 ) to determine whether a regulation is required (called a positive determination) or not required (called a negative determination) . EPA must make regulatory determinations for at least five contaminants listed on the CCL every five ye ars . For those contaminants without sufficient information to allow the agency to make a regulatory determination, EPA encourages research to provide the information needed to determine whether to regulate the contaminant . Today ’s action deals only

with the CCL4 and not with the UCMR or regulatory determinations . D . Brief History of Previous CCLs and Regulatory Determinations 1. The First Contaminant Candidate L ist The first CCL(CCL 1) was published on March 2, 1998 ( 63 FR 1027 4 (USEPA, 1998 ) ). CCL 1 was developed based on recommendations by the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) and review b y technical experts . It contained 50 chemicals and 10 microbial contaminants/groups. EPA consulted with the scientific community , including the Science Advisory Board, on a process for developing the first CCL .Page **14** of **40**

2. The Regulatory

Determinations for CCL1 Contaminants E PA published its final regulatory determinations for a subset of contaminants listed on CCL1 on July

18, 2003 ( 68 FR 4289 7 (USEPA, 2003 )) . EPA identified nine contaminants from the 60 contaminants listed on CCL1 that had sufficient data and information available to make regulatory

determinations . The nine contaminants were Acanthamoeba , aldrin, dieldrin, hexachlorobutadiene, manganese, metribuzin, naphthalene, sodium, and sulfate . The agency determined that an NPDWR was not necessary for an y of these nine contaminants at that time . The agency issued guidance on Acanthamoeba and health advisories for manganese , sodium, and sulfate . 3 . The Second Contaminant Candidate List The a gency published its Final CCL2 on February 24, 2005 (70 FR 9071 ( USEPA, 2005 )) . The CCL 2 carried forward the 51 remaining chemical and microbial contaminants from CCL 1 that did not have regulatory determinations . 4. The Regulatory Determinations for CCL2 Contaminants EPA published its final regulatory determinations for a subset of contaminants listed on CCL2 on July 30 , 2008 ( 73 FR 44251 (USEPA, 200 8b )) . EPA identified 11 contaminants from the 51 contaminants listed on CCL2 that had sufficient data and information available to make regulatory

determinations . The 11 contaminants were boron, the dacthal mono - and di - acid degradates ; 1,1 - dichloro - 2,2 - bis (p - chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) ; 1,3 - dichloropropene ; 2,4 - dinitrotoluene ; 2 ,6 - dinitrotoluene ; s - eth ylpropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) ; fonofos ; terbacil ; and 1,1,2,2 - tetrachloroethane . The agency made a final determination that an NPDWR was notPage **15** of **40**

necessary for any of these 11 contaminants . New or updated h ealth a dvisories were issued fo r boron, the dacthal degradates, 2,4 - dinitrotoluene, 2,6 - dinitrotoluene and 1,1,2,2 - tetrachloroethane. 5 . The Third Contaminant Candidate L ist The agency published its Final CCL3 on October 8, 2009 (74 FR 51850 (USEPA, 2009 e )) . The CCL 3 co ntain ed 104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbi al contaminants . In developing CCL3, EPA improved and built upon the process that was used for CCL1 and CCL2 . In 1998, the agency requested advice from the N ational A cadem y of S ciences’ National Research Council (NRC) on how to improve the CCLprocess . The NRC proposed a broader, more reproducible process to identify the CCL than the process used b y EPA in the first and second CCL s . The N RC recommended that EPA develop and use a multi - step process for creating CCL 3 and future CCLs , whereby a broadl y defined “universe” of potential drinking water contaminants is identified, assessed, and reduced to a preliminary CCL (PCCL) using simple screening criteria (NRC, 2001) . All of the contaminants on the PCCLwoul d then be assessed in more detail using classification tool s to evaluate the likelihood that specific contaminants could occur in drinking water at levels that pose a public health concern . In 2002, the agency sought input from the N ational Drinking Water Advisory Council (N DWAC ) on how to implement the N RC ’ s recommendations to improve the CCLprocess. NDWAC agreed that EPA should proceed with the NRC ’ s recommendations and provided some additional considerations and recommendations in a 2004 report (NDWAC, 2004 ).Page **16** of **40**

Based on these consultations and input, as well as substantial input from experts and the public, EPA developed a multi - step process to select contaminants for the CCL 3, which included the following key steps:

 Id entification of a broad universe o f potential drinking water contaminants (the CCL3 Universe);

 Screening the CCL 3 Universe to a preliminary CCL(PCCL) using screening criteria based on the potential to occur in public water s ys tems and the potential for public health concern;
 Evaluation of the PCCLcontaminants based on a more detailed evaluation of oc currence and health effects using a scoring and classification sy stem ; and

 In corporat ing public input and expert review in the CCL 3 process . EPA convened several expert review panels for peer review of both the process and the contaminants. As the result of peer review, refinements to the process were made . EPA sought and incorporated public input by seeking nominations for contaminants to be considered for the Draft CCL 3 and published the Draft CCL3 with an opportunity for public comments before the list was finalized . EPA also allowed opportunity for and considered contaminants identified by s urveillance efforts , which included ongoing collaboration with internal EPA offices and other Federal agencies and the review of scientific publications and data , to enable consideration of new information on contaminants . Any contaminants identified through the nomination and/or surveillance mechani sms were considered at any step of the CCL3 process , but only the contaminants that met the criteria applied for all steps of the CCL3 process were included o n the Draft CCL 3 .Page **17** of **40**

Exhibit 1 illustrates the CCL 3 multi - step approach previously described . This generalized process is applied to both chemical and microbial contaminants, though the specific execution of particular steps differs between them . Exhibit 1. Schematic of CCL process

A complete description of the CCL3 process can be found in the Draft and Final CCL3 Federal Register notices ( 73 FR 9628 , February 21, 2008 (USEPA, 2008 a) and 74 FR 51850 , October 8, 2009 ( USEPA, 2009 e ) ) . Supporting documents that explain each stage of the CCL 3 process in further detail (i.e., i dentifying the Universe, s creening to the PCCL , and the classification of the PCCL to the CCL) can be found at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/dws/ccl/ccl3_processflowdiagram.cfm and in the CCL3 docket at www.regulations.gov (Docket ID: EPA - HQ - OW - 2007 - 1189) . Evaluation Expert Review **Universe**

**PCCL**

**Draft CCL** Surveillance And Nom ination **STEP 1** Identifying the Universe **STEP 2** Screening to a PCCL **STEP 3** Classification of the PCCL to the CCL

**Final CCL**

Public CommentPage **18** of **40**

6 . The Regulatory

Determinations for CCL3 C ontaminants On February

11, 2011, as a separate action, the agency issued a positive regulatory determination for perchlorate, a chemical listed in CCL1, CCL2, and CCL 3 (76 FR 7762 ) USEPA, 2011)) . Recently , EPA has published preliminary regulatory

determinations fo r five unregulated contaminants ( xx FR xxxxx (USEPA, 2014a) ) . The five contaminants include: 1,3 - dinitrobenzene; dimethoate; strontium; terbufos; and terbufos sulfone. The agency is making preliminary

determinations to regulate one contaminant ( strontium) and to not regulate four contaminants ( 1,3 - dinitrobenzene , dimethoate , terbufos , and terbufos sulfone). Therefore, the agency is removing perchlorate and these five contaminants from the Draft CCL4, pending the result of the final regulatory determinations for CCL3. E. Summary of Approach Used to Identify and Evaluate Candidates for CCL 4 EPA is proposing an abbreviated evaluation and selection process for CCL 4 . This abbreviated CCL 4 process includes a three prong ed approach : (1) carrying forward CCL3 contaminants (minus those with regulatory determinations) , (2) seeking an d evaluating nominations from the public for additional contaminants to consider , and (3) evaluating an y new data for those contaminants with previous negative regulatory determinations from CCL1 or CCL2 for potential inclusion on the CCL4 . While EPA is proposing this abbreviated process for developing the CCL4, the agency also seeks comments for how to further i mprove upon the process developed for CCL3 as a tool for future CCL s .Page **19** of **40**

1. Carry F orward of CCL3 Contaminants A ll contaminants listed on CCL3 were carried forward to the Draft CCL4 with the exception of perchlorate , for which a positive regulatory determination was made , and the 5 CCL 3 contaminants with preliminary regulatory

determinations (listed in Section D . 7 . of this notice ) , pending their final determinations . This carry forward process is consistent with that previously used in CCL2. The EPA believes that it is appropriate for the Draft CCL4 to carry forward the CCL3 contaminants for the following reasons : (1) In developing the CCL3, the a genc y imp lemented a robust process recommended b y the NRC and the NDWAC to screen and score the universe of potential contaminants, (2) EPA used the best available, peer - reviewed data and information to evaluate contaminants for CCL3 ; and (3) Carrying forward CCL3 contaminants allows the a genc y to focus resources on evaluating contaminants nominated by the public for CCL4 and review new data for CCL 1 or CCL2 contaminants with previous negative regulatory determinations. 2. Summary and E valuation of CCL 4 Nominated C ontaminants

a. CCL 4 Nominations Summary T he agency sought public nominations on May 8, 2012 , for contaminants to be considered for possible inclusion in the CCL4 ( 77 FR 27057 (USEPA, 2012 b )) . In the notice, EPA also requested supporting information that has been made available since the development of the CCL3, or existing information that was not considered for CCL 3 , which shows that the nominated contaminant may have an adverse effect on people, and occurs or is likely to occur in pub lic water s ys tems.Page **20** of **40**

EPA received nominations for 59 unique contaminants for the CCL4 , including 54 chemicals and five microbials . E ight contaminants were nominated b y more than one nominator. Aldicarb, bisphenol A, carbaryl, chlorpy rifos, Toxoplasma gondii , and M icrocy stin - LR were each nominated b y two separate nominators. Manganese and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were nominated b y three different nominators each. Nominations were received from 10 different organizations and/or individuals. The agency did not require nominators to provide their name or an affiliated organization. Two nominators remained anony mous while providing documentation and rationale for the contaminants. Two other individuals identified themselves but did not provide an organization affiliation. The organizations that nominated contaminants were:

 American Water Works Association (AWWA),

 Natural Resources Defense Council, (NRDC),

 Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP),

 Minnesota Department of Health (MDH),

 New Jersey

Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and

 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). EPA received three general ty pes of nominations:

 specific individual chemicals,

 specific individual organisms , and

 groups of contaminants ( e.g. , Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) was considered as a group) .Page **21** of **40**

The AWWA also provided a letter with recommendations for the CCL 4 process. The full tex t of this letter and all of the nomination submittals in their original form can be found at http://www.regulations.gov (docket ID: EPA - HQ - OW - 2012 - 0217). Exhibit 2 contains the specific contaminants identified in public nominati ons . A more detailed summary of the nominations process is included in the support document “Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL” (USEPA , 2014 e ). **Exhibit 2. Contaminants Nominated**  **for Consideration on the Draft**  **CCL 4:**  **Nominated Microbial Contaminants**  Adenovirus Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria ( HPC ) Naegleria fowleri Toxoplasma gondii Vibrio cholerae

**Nominated Chemical Contaminants**  **Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** 3 - chloro - 4 - dichloromethyl - 5 - hydrox y2(5H) - furanone 77439 - 76 - 0 alpha - Hexachloroc yc lohexane 319 - 84 - 6 Aldicarb 116 - 06 - 3 Alk ylphenol mono - to tri - oxy lates 68555 - 24 - 8 Am oxicillin 26787 - 78 - 0 Azinphos - me thyl 86 - 50 - 0 Bacitracin zinc 1405 - 89 - 6Page **22** of **40**

**Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** Bentazone 25057 - 89 - 0 Benzyl butyl phthalate 85 - 68 - 7 Bisphenol A 80 - 05 - 7 Bromoxy nil 1689 - 84 - 5 Carbaryl 63 - 25 - 2 Cesium 137 10045 - 97 - 3 Chlorothalonil 1897 - 45 - 6 C hlorpyrifos 2921 - 88 - 2 Dibutyl phthalate 84 - 74 - 2 Dicamba 1918 - 00 - 9 Dichlorvos 62 - 73 - 7 Dicofol 115 - 32 - 2 Dicyclohex yl phthalate 84 - 61 - 7 Diethyl phthalate 84 - 66 - 2 Di - isononyl phthalate 28553 - 12 - 0 Dim ethyl phthalate 131 - 11 - 3 Di - n - octyl phthalate 117 - 84 - 0 Endosulfan 115 - 29 - 7 Fluometuron 2164 - 17 - 2 Linezolid 165800 - 03 - 3 Linuron 330 - 55 - 2 Malathion 121 - 75 - 5 Manganese 7439 - 96 - 5 Methicillin 61 - 32 - 5 M ethy l parathion 298 - 00 - 0 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 1634 - 04 - 4 Microcystin - LR 101043 - 37 - 2 Nony lphenol 25154 - 52 - 3Page **23** of **40**

**Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** Nony lphenol ethoxylate 9016 - 45 - 9 Octy lphenol 27193 - 28 - 8 Octy lphenol ethox yl ate 9036 - 19 - 5 Oxacillin 66 - 79 - 5 Penicillin (m ultiple CASRNs) Perfluoro octanoic acid (PFOA) 335 - 67 - 1 Permethrin 52645 - 53 - 1 Phosmet 732 - 11 - 6 Progesterone 57 - 83 - 0 Radon 10043 - 92 - 2 Spiram yc in 8025 - 81 - 8 Strontium 90 121831 - 99 - 0 Testosterone 58 - 22 - 0 Trichlorfon 52 - 68 - 6 Triclocarban 101 - 20 - 2 Triclosan 3380 - 34 - 5 Ty losin 1401 - 69 - 0 Vancom yc in 1404 - 90 - 6 Virginiam yc in 11006 - 76 - 1

b. Evaluation of Nominated Contaminants and Data Sources The SDWA specifies that the CCLonl y include those contaminants without any proposed or promulgated NPDWRs. T wo nominated contaminants are covered under the existing NPDWR for beta photon emitters (40 CFR § 141.66 (d)(1)) ( i.e., strontium 90 and cesium 137) and therefore will not be considered for CC L 4. Radon was also nominated, but is not eligible forPage **24** of **40**

CCL4 since a proposed NPDWR has been developed ( 64 FR 5924 5 , November 2, 1999 (USEPA, 1999 ) . Aldicarb was nominated but is not eligible for CCL 4 since it has an existing NPDWR ( 40 CFR § 141.61(c )); (Note, i n response to an administrative petition, the agency issued an administrative stay of the effective date of the maximum contaminant levels (MCL s) for aldicarbs ) . For the remaining 5 5 nominated contaminants, EPA reviewed the nominations and supporting information provided b y nominators to determine if any new data were provided that had not been previously

evaluated for CCL3. The agency also collected additional data for the nominated contaminants, when it was available, from both CCL3 data sources and from new data sources that were not available at the time of CCL3. A complete list of references provided by nominators can be found in the support document “Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL” (USEPA, 2014 e ). A more detailed description of the CCL data s ources collected b y EPA may be found in the support document “Data Sources for the CCL 4” (USEPA, 2014c)). If new data were available, EPA screened and scored the nominated cont aminants using the same process as was used in CCL3. Seven of the nominated contaminants were on CCL 3 . T herefore , EPA carried forward these seven contaminants to the Draft CCL4 along with the other CCL3 contaminants. The seven contaminants are : perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Microcy stin - LR , methyl tertiary

butyl ether (MTBE), alpha - hexachlorocyclohexane, permethrin, Naegleria fowleri , and Adenovirus. Microcy stin - LR is included within the group of cyanotoxins in the Final CCL3 and the Draft CCL4. Data sources for chemical and microbial contaminant sPage **25** of **40**

In addition to the data provided by nominators, and the data EPA collected previously under CCL3, EPA collected data for the nominated contaminants from data sources that were used for CCL3 and that had been updated ( for a complete list of data sources used in CCL 3, see the “Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Chemicals : I dentifying the Universe” document (USEPA , 2009a) ) and the “ Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL ” (USEPA , 200 9d) ) . For nominated chemicals, o ccurrence data was collected from updated CCL 3 data sources including:

 2006 production data collected in the Chemical Update Sy stem (CUS) under the Inventory Update Rule (IUR),

 2010 data from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI),

 2003 - 2009 data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Pesticide Data Program (PDP), and

 EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) data as of January 2013 . Additional occurrence data for the nomin ated chemical s was collected from data sources that are new since the CCL3 including:

 USGS studies that focused on contaminant occurrence in source waters for public water sy stems ( Hopple et al., 2009, and Kingsbury et al., 2008 ) and water qu ality in public supply wells ( Toccalino et al., 2010 );

 Individual State public water suppl y data provided to EPA during the second Six - Year Review of regulated contaminants (for the time period covering 1998 - 2005) from States including: CA, FL, IL, NC, OH, Region 9 Tribes, SD, TX, and WI ;Page **26** of **40**

 Data from T he California State Water Resources Control Board’s Groundwater Amb ient Monitoring Assessment (GAMA) program; and

 EPA also evaluated new data from a literature review of published studies on pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other contaminants. In addition to health effects data provided b y the nominators, EPA searched for health effects data for the nominated chemicals from data sources used in CCL3 that may have been updated including:

 EPA’s Integrated Risk Information Sy stem (IRIS) program,

 EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP),

 the Agency

for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR),

 California EPA (O ffice of Environmental H ealth H azard A ssessment) ,  Institute of Medicine (IOM),

 the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and

 the World Health Organization (WHO). EPA also co nsidered new or updated health effects information contained in the agency ’s Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity

Values (PPRTVs). For microbial contaminants , EPA evaluated waterborne disease outbreak data , occurrence, and health effects data from data sources used in CCL3 that have been updated (Murray et al., 2011; CDC, 2008; CDC, 2011). EPA also collected and evaluated information for microbial contaminants from data sources that are new since publication of the Final CCL 3.Page **27** of **40**

A more detailed description of the data sources used to evaluate contaminants for CCL4 can be found in the support document “ Data Sources for the CCL 4 ” (USEPA , 2014c) available at www.regulations.gov (Docket ID: EPA - HQ - OW - 2012 - 0217) .

c. Outcomes for the CCL 4 Nominated Contaminants EPA evaluated the nominated contaminants (see Exhibit 2) using the best available health effects and occurrence data and the same process for screening and scoring contaminants that was used for CCL 3 . Forty- three of the nominated chemicals were included in the CCL4 Universe. Forty of the nominated chemicals were previously included in the CCL3 Universe and were carried forward to the CCL4 Universe . In addition to these forty , EPA has added three nominated chemicals (i.e., octylphenol ethoxylate, oxacillin, and virginiamycin) to the CCL 4 Universe based on health effects and/or occurrence data that is newl y available since the development of the CCL 3 . EPA screened all of the nominated chemicals in the CCL4 Universe according to the screening criteria developed for CCL 3, and based on that evaluation, twenty of the nominated chemicals were included in the PCCL 4. Eighteen of those 20 chemicals were also included in the PCCL3, and EPA added two new chemicals (manganese and nonylphenol) to the PCCL4. The data used to screen the nominated chemicals from the CCL 4 Universe to the PCCL4 can be found in the “Screening Document for the Draft PCCL4 Nominated Contaminants” (USEPA , 2014d) . EPA further evaluated the nominated chemicals on the PCCL 4 based on the classification process developed in CCL3 and determined that manganese and nonylphenol should be added to the Draft CCL4 ( i n addition to the c hemicals carried forward from the CCL3 to the Draft CCL4 ) based on new health and/or occurrence information that warrants further evaluation . The data that was used to further evaluate the nominatedPage **28** of **40**

contaminants from the PCCL4, and to select those that wer e included in the D raft CCL4 can be found in the “ Contaminant Information Sheets for the D raft PCCL4 Nominated Contaminants” (USEPA , 2014 b ). Manganese is an element that naturally occurs in oxide forms and in combinations with other elements in many

minerals . Small amounts, found in foods, are an essential nutrient for humans and animals. Manganese ores are used in a variety of applications in the US . It s principal use is in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength (ATSDR , 2012). In 2003 and as part of the CCL1 Regulatory Determination process, EPA made a negative regulatory determination for manganese based on the health and occurrence data available at that time . However, CCL4 nominators cited more than 20 recent studies that indicate concern for neurological effects in children and infants exposed to excess manganese , which were not available at the time manganese was considered for Regulatory Determination 1 or CCL3. In addition, new monitoring studies from USGS and drinking water monitoring information from several S tates support an earlier survey ( i.e., the National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey) that indicates manganese is known to occur in drinking water . EPA believes the new health effects infor

mation and additional occurrence data merit listing manganese in the Draft CCL4. Nonylphenol is used in the preparation of lubricating oil additives, resins, plasticizers, and antioxidants for plastics and rubber. Additionally , s ixty percent of nonylpheno l is used in the production of non ylphenol ethoxylates , which are found in detergents and used in the treatment of textiles . Nonylphenol was previousl y considered for CCL3. It was included in the CCL3 Universe, but was not included in the PCCL3 or CCL3 . Updated health and occurrence data (since the development of the CCL3) are now available for nonylphenol , and these data (asPage **29** of **4 0** 

follows) were considered in evaluating non ylphenol for the Draft CCL4. Nonylphenol and some of its degradation products have been found to have estro genic activity in rats and mice (WHO, 2004). Monitoring data are available from a USGS National Reconnaissance monitoring study of ambient water (Kolpin et al., 2002) . EPA believes this updated health data and additional occur rence data show that nonylphenol is anticipated to occur in PWSs and has potential adverse health effects, and therefore merits listing on the Draft CCL 4. EPA considered adding dicofol to the Draft CCL 4; however, both of the most recent manufacturers of the pesticide ceased all production as of May 17, 2011, and agreed to an EPA registration cancellation , which effectivel y prohibit s all labeled uses of existing stocks after October 31, 2016. Use of dicofol has declined significantly i n recent ye ars. The chemical properties of dicofol indicate that it is has low mobility in water because it is expected to adsorb to organic matter in soil and sediment and it has moderatel y low solubility in water. Therefore, EPA did not list dicofol on the Draft CCL 4 because it is not known or anticipated to occur in drinking water due to its low mobility . Additionally , the registration cancellation , which will prohibit use of existing stocks beyond October 2016 , is expected to further lessen an y potential occurrence in drinking water . EPA evaluated the microbial contaminants nominated (see Exhibit 2) for the CCL4 using the same process developed for the CCL 3 . A general description of the microbial contaminant evaluation process is provided below. The microbial CCL3 Universe was defined b y EPA as all known human pathogens . Taylor et al. (2001) was used as the basis of the microbial CCL3 Universe , which includes a list of 1,415 known human pathogens. EPA added 10 additi onal microbes to the CCL3 Universe based on CCL3 public nominations and other available data ,Page **30** of **40**

thus bringing the total number of microbes in the CCL3 Universe to 1,425 . More detailed information about the selection of the CCL 3 Universe for microbial contaminants can be found in the support document “ Final CCL3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe” (USEPA, 2009b). The microbes in the CCL 3 Universe w ere subsequently screened into the PCCL 3 by applying 12 screening criteri a to narrow the Universe of all human pathogens to just those pathogens that could be transmitted through drinking water. More detailed information on the screening process developed under CCL 3 for the microbial contaminants can be found in the support document “ Final CCL3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL ” (USEPA, 2009d) . All the microbes nominated for the CCL 4 , with the exception of Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) bacteria , were already included in both the CCL 3 Universe and PCCL 3. Thus, they were carried forward to the CCL 4 Universe and PCCL 4, respectively . EPA reviewed new and/or updated sources of information for the nominated microbes on the PCCL4 ( i.e., Adenovirus, Naegleria fowleri , Toxoplasma gondii and Vibrio cholerae ) , and determined that there was no new data that would change the scores or listing decisions for these contaminants. Vibrio cholerae and Toxoplasma gondii will remain on the Draft PCCL4 because there is no new data that would change the CCL3 scores or listing decisions for these contaminants. Naegleria fowleri and Adenovirus were on the Final CCL3 and are therefore being carried forward to the Draft CCL 4 , along with the other microbes included on the Final CCL3 . A detailed description of the CCL3 scoring protocol for microbes can be found in the support document “Final CCL3 Microbes: PCCLto CCL Process” (USEPA, 2009c). The data used toPage **31** of **40**

further evaluate the nominated microbe s on the PCCL4 can be found in the “ Contaminant In formation Sheets for the Draft PCCL4 Nominated Contaminants” (USEPA , 2014 b ). The group of HPC b acteria was nominated for CCL 4 , but EPA is not including it on the Draft CCL 4. H PC may

include both pathogenic and harmless bacteria. However, available epidemiological evidence shows no relationship between gastrointestinal illness and HPC bacteria in drinking water (Calderon , 19 88 ; Calderon and Mood , 1991; Payment et al. , 1997; WHO , 2003) . Thus, EPA considers the potential health risk of HPC bacteria in drinking water as likely negligible and is not including HPC on the Draft CCL 4 . In addition, HPC bacteria are addressed under the Surface Water Treatment Rule as a treatment technique (TT) where they can be monitored in lieu of a disinfectant residual. 3. Evaluation of Previous Negative Regulatory Determinations EPA evaluated the 20 contaminants from CCL 1 and CCL2 for which the agency made negative regulatory determinations . EPA collected and evaluated new or updated data for the previous negative regulatory determinations, if data were available, from the data sources listed in Section II . E . 2 (b ) “ Evaluation of the Nominated Contaminants and Data Sources . ” Sinc e regulatory

determinations for the CCL 3 contaminants were recently made using the best available data, EPA did not include the CCL 3 regulatory

determinations in this evaluation. EPA is adding manganese to the Draft CCL4, as discussed above in subsection 2 of this section , titled “Nominations and Evaluation for CCL4 Contaminants.” The agency concluded there was not sufficient new information for an y of the other 19 contaminants with previous negative regulatory

de terminations to justify including them on the Draft CCL4. A listing of previous negative regulatory

determinations is included in Sections II.D.2 and II.D.4.Page **32** of **40**

F . W hat is on EPA’s Draft CCL 4? The Draft CCL4 includes 10 0 chemicals and 12 microbes. **Exhibi t 3**  **. Draft Contaminant Candidate List 4**  **: Microbial Contaminants**  **Pathogens** Adenovirus Caliciviruses Campylobacter jejuni Enterovirus Escherichia coli (0157) Helicobacter pylori Hepatitis A virus Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium avium Naegleria fowleri Salmonella enterica Shigella sonnei

**Chemical Contaminants 4**  **Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** 1,1,1,2 - Tetrachloroethane 630 - 20 - 6 4 Contaminants on the Final CCL3 but not on the Draft CCL 4 are: 1, 3 - dinitrobenzene, dimethoate, perchlorate, strontium, terbufos, and terbufos sulfone.Page **33** of **40**

**Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** 1,1 - Dichloroethane 75 - 34 - 3 1,2,3 - Trichloropropane 96 - 18 - 4 1,3 - Butadiene 106 - 99 - 0 1,4 - Dioxane 123 - 91 - 1 17 alpha - Estradiol 57 - 91 - 0 1 - Butanol 71 - 36 - 3 2 - Methoxyethanol 109 - 86 - 4 2 - Propen - 1 - ol 107 - 18 - 6 3 - Hydrox yc arbofuran 16655 - 82 - 6 4,4' - Methylenedianiline 101 - 77 - 9 Acephate 30560 - 19 - 1 Acetaldehyde 75 - 07 - 0 Acetamide 60 - 35 - 5 Acetochlor 34256 - 82 - 1 Acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) 187022 - 11 - 3 Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA) 1 9 4992 - 44 - 4 Acrolein 107 - 02 - 8 Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) 142363 - 53 - 9 Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) 171262 - 17 - 2 Alpha - Hexachloroc yc lohexane 319 - 84 - 6 Aniline 62 - 53 - 3 Bensulide 741 - 58 - 2 Benzyl chloride 100 - 44 - 7 But yl ated hydroxyanisole 25013 - 16 - 5 Captan 133 - 06 - 2 Chlorate 14866 - 68 - 3 Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) 74 - 87 - 3 Clethodim 110429 - 62 - 4 Cobalt 7440 - 48 - 4 Cumene hydroperoxide 80 - 15 - 9 Cyanotoxins ( Microc ys tin - LR, Cy lindrospermopsin, Anatoxin - a ) N/A Dicrotophos 141 - 66 - 2 Dim ethipin 55290 - 64 - 7 Disulfoton 298 - 04 - 4 Diuron 330 - 54 - 1Page **34** of **40**

**Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** Equilenin 517 - 09 - 9 Equilin 474 - 86 - 2 Erythrom yc in 114 - 07 - 8 Estradiol (17 - beta estradiol) 50 - 28 - 2 Estriol 50 - 27 - 1 Estrone 53 - 16 - 7 Ethinyl Estradiol (17 - alpha Ethinyl Estradiol) 57 - 63 - 6 Ethoprop 13194 - 48 - 4 Eth yl ene glycol 107 - 21 - 1 Eth yl ene oxide 75 - 21 - 8 Eth yl ene thiourea 96 - 45 - 7 Fenamiphos 22224 - 92 - 6 Form aldeh yd e 50 - 00 - 0 Germanium 7440 - 56 - 4 Halon 1011 (bromochloromethane) 74 - 97 - 5 HCFC - 22 75 - 45 - 6 Hexane 110 - 54 - 3 Hydrazine 302 - 01 - 2 Manganese 7439 - 96 - 5 Mestranol 72 - 33 - 3 Methamidophos 10265 - 92 - 6 Methanol 67 - 56 - 1 Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) 74 - 83 - 9 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 1634 - 04 - 4 Metolachlor 51218 - 45 - 2 Metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) 171118 - 09 - 5 Metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) 152019 - 73 - 3 Molinate 2212 - 67 - 1 Molybdenum 7439 - 98 - 7 Nitrobenzene 98 - 95 - 3 Nitroglycerin 55 - 63 - 0 N - Methyl - 2 - py rrolidone 872 - 50 - 4 N - nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) 55 - 18 - 5 N - nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 62 - 75 - 9 N - nitroso - di - n - propylamine (NDPA) 621 - 64 - 7Page **35** of **40**

**Common Name –**  **Registry Name CA** **SRN** N - Nitrosodiphenylamine 86 - 30 - 6 N - nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) 930 - 55 - 2 Nony lphenol 25154 - 52 - 3 Norethindrone (19 - Norethisterone) 68 - 22 - 4 n - Propylbenzene 103 - 65 - 1 o - Toluidine 95 - 53 - 4 Oxirane, methyl 75 - 56 - 9 Oxydem eton - me thyl 301 - 12 - 2 Oxy fluorfen 42874 - 03 - 3 Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) 1763 - 23 - 1 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 335 - 67 - 1 Permethrin 52645 - 53 - 1 Profenofos 41198 - 08 - 7 Quinoline 91 - 22 - 5 RDX (Hexahydro - 1,3,5 - trinitro - 1,3,5 - triazine) 121 - 82 - 4 sec - Butylbenzene 135 - 98 - 8 Tebuconazole 107534 - 96 - 3 Tebufenozide 112410 - 23 - 8 Tellurium 13494 - 80 - 9 Thiodicarb 59669 - 26 - 0 Thiophanate - me thyl 23564 - 05 - 8 Toluene diisocyanate 26471 - 62 - 5 Tribufos 78 - 48 - 8 Triethylamine 121 - 44 - 8 Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) 76 - 87 - 9 Urethane 51 - 79 - 6 Vanadium 7440 - 62 - 2 Vinclozolin 50471 - 44 - 8 Ziram 137 - 30 - 4 **I II**  **. Request for Comment** The purpose of this notice is to present the Draft CCL 4 and seek comment on the contaminants selected for the Draft CCL 4 , including an y supporting data that can be used in developing the Final CCL 4 . Data obtained and evaluated for developing the Draft CCL 4 mayPage **36** of **40**

be found in the CCL4 support documents located in the docket for this notice . Specifically , the agency is also asking for public comments on including manganese and nonylphenol in the CCL 4 and an y additional data and information on manganese and nonylphenol health effects and concentrations in finished or ambient water. EPA is also seeking comment on way s the agency can improve or refine the selection process developed for CCL 3 , and will take these comments into consideration when developing future CCLs. In formation and comments submitted will be considered in determining the Final CCL 4 , as well as in the development of future CCLs and in the agency's efforts to set drinking water priorities in the future. **I V. EPA’s Next Steps**  Between now and the public ation of the Final CCL 4 , the agency will evaluate comments received during the public comment period for this notice, consult with the agency ’s S cience Advisory Board , and revise the CCL 4 , as appropriate. **V. References** ATSDR. 2012. ToxFAQs for Manganese. Atlanta, GA. October, 2012. Available on the Internet at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=101&tid=23

. Calderon, R.L . 1988. Bacteria Coloni zing Point - of - Entry Granular Activated Carbon filters and their Relationship to Human Health. EPA CR - 813978 - 01 - 0, US Environmental Protection Agency , Washington, DC. Calderon, R.L . and Mood, E.W. 1991. Bacteria C olonizing Point - of - Use Granular Activated C arbon Filters and their Relationship to Human Health. EPA CR 811904 - 01 - 0, US Environmental Protection Agency , Washington, DC. CDC. 2008. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water and Water not Intended for Drinking

— United States, 2005 - 2006. MMWR 57 (SS - 9). CDC. 2011. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water - United States, 2007 - 2008. MMWR 60 (SS - 12).Page **37** of **40**

Code of Federal Regulations. Revised as of July 1, 201 2 . Title 40 Protection of the Environment. Subpart G

—

National Primary

Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant L evels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels. Section 141.61 (c) . Code of Federal Regulations. Revised as of July 1, 201 2 . Title 40 Protection of the Environment. Subpart G

—

National Primary

Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant L evels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant L evels. Section 141.66 (d)(1) . Hopple, J.A., G.C. Delzer, and J.A. Kingsbury . 2009. Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Source Water of Selected Community Water S ys tems that Use Groundwater, 2002

–05. U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2 009

– 5200. 74 pp. Available on the Internet at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5200/pdf/sir2009 - 5200.pdf . Kingsbury , J.A., G.C. Delzer, and J.A. Hopple. 2008. Anthropogenic Organic Comp ounds in Source Water of Nine Community Water Systems that W ithdraw from Streams, 2002

– 05 . U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2008

– 5208. 66 pp. Available on the Internet at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5208/pdf/sir2008 - 5208.pdf . Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, and H. T. Buxton. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999 - 2000: A National Reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology , v. 36, no. 6. Murray , P. R., E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. L. Landry , and M. A. Pfaller (ed.). 2011. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10 th Edition, ASM Press, Washington, DC. National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC). 2004. National Drinking Water Advisory Council Report on the CCLClassification Process to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency , May

19, 2004. National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory

Consideration. National Academ y Press, Washington, DC. Pay ment, P., J. Siemiatycki, L . Richardson, G. Renaud, E. Franco, and M. Prevost . 1997. A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. (7): 5 - 31 . Taylor, L.H., S.M. Latham, and M.E. Woolhouse. 2001. Risk Factors for Human Disease Emergence (Appendix A). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. L ond. B. Vol 256 , pp. 983 - 989. Toccalino, P.L., J.E. Norman, and K.J. Hitt. 2010. Quality of Source Water from Public - supply Wells in the United States, 1993

–2007. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010 - 5024. 206 pp. Available on the Interne t at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5024/ .Page **38** of **40**

USEPA, 1998. Announcement of the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List; Notice. Federal Register . Vol. 63, No . 40 . p. 10273, March 2, 1998. USEPA, 1999. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radon - 222; Proposed Rule . Federal Register . Vol. 64, No. 211. p. 59245, November 2, 1999. USEPA. 2003. Announcement of Regulatory Determinations for Priority Contaminants on the Drinking Water Contaminant Candi date List. Federal Register . Vol. 68, No. 138. p. 42898, July 18, 2003. USEPA. 2005. Notice - Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 2; Final Notice. Federal Register . Vol. 70, No. 36. p. 9071, February 24, 2005. USEPA. 2008 a . Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 - Draft. Federal Register . Vol. 73, No. 35. p. 9628, February 21, 2008. USEPA. 2008b . Drinking Water: Regulatory Determinations Regarding Contaminants on the Second Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register . Vol. 73, No. 174. p. 44251, July

30, 2008. USEPA. 2009a. Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Chemicals: I dentifying the Universe. EPA 815 - R09 - 006. August, 2009. USEPA. 2009 b . Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe. EPA 815 - R - 09 - 0 04. August, 2009. USEPA. 2009 c . Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCLProcess . EPA 815 - R - 09 - 009. August, 2009. USEPA. 2009 d . Final Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL . EPA 815 - R - 09 - 0005. August, 2009. USEPA. 2009 e . Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate L ist 3 - Final. Federal Register . Vol. 74, No. 194. p. 51850, October 8, 2009. USEPA. 2011. Drinking Water: Regulatory Determination on Perchlorate. Federal Register . Vol. 76, No. 29. p. 7762, February 11, 2011. USEPA. 2012 a . Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Sy stems. Federal Register . Vol. 77, No. 85. p. 26071, May 2, 2012.Page **39** of **40**

USEPA. 2012 b . Request for Nominations of Drinking Water Contaminants for the Fourth Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register . Vol. 77, No. 89. p. 27057, May 8, 2012. USEPA. 2014a. Announcement of Preliminary Regulatory

Determination for Contaminants on the Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Federal Register . Vol. 79, No. xx, p. xxxxx, Month, 2014. USEPA. 2014b. Contaminant Information Sheets for the Draft PCCL4 Nominated Contaminants. EPA xxx - Rxx - xxx. Month, 2014. USEPA. 2014c. Data Sources for the CCL4. EPA xxx - Rxx - xxx. Month, 2014. USEPA. 2014d. Screening Document for the Draft PCCL4 Nominated Contaminants. EPA xxx - Rxx - xxx. Month, 2014. USEPA. 2014e. Summary of Nominations for the Fourth CCL . EPA xxx - Rxx - xxx. Month, 2014. WHO. 2003. Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease Series: Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking - water Safety. ed. J. Bartram, J. Cotruvo, M. Exner, C. Fricker, and A. Glasmacher. IW A Publishing, London, UK. P. 119

– 122. WHO. 2004. Integrated Risk Asses sment: Nonylphenol Case Study . ed. D. Bontje, J. Hermens, T. Vermeire, and T. Damstra. 63 pp. December, 2004. Available on the Internet at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/Nonylphenol.pdf .

Dated Kenneth J. Kopocis , Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Water .Page **40** of **40**