p. 1


# OAR Box 1394 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 7 ) ll-B- 2 Docket Number: 

# A-94-5 2

Printed 7/3/20087:22:10AM

Sheet 7 of 57P. 2


# nnE3 c D 1 O PACIFI C ENVIRONMENTA t SERVICES , INC . 

# rv ^94-5 ' r . "'.< ^-3- 2 Centra l Par

KWes t 500 1 Sout h Miam i Boulevar d

P O Box1207 7 Researc h Triangl e Park
. N C 27709-207 7 (919)941-033 3 FA

X 1919) 941-023 4



### DATE : SUBJECT : Septembe r 9 ,

L:\N02 7 199 3

FROM : 

## TO : Sit e Visi t Repor t - - VIATE C - Hasting s Engineere d System s

Hastings , Michiga n EP AContrac t 68D10116 ; ES D Projec t 93/5 8 PE S Projec t No . N02 7 Dea n Carrol l ~Vr£ > Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , Inc . (PES ) Ms . Madelein e Strum ESD/CP B (MD-13 ) U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Researc h Triangl e Park , N C 2771 1
I . Purpos e 

# I J I l i W I ! OC T I9199 5 : : t 

# ffl

Th e purpos e o f th e visi t wa s t o observ e a resi n filamen t windin g composite s fabricatio n proces s an d t o obtai n informatio n abou t th e processes , emissions , and anycontro l measures . Thi s informatio n wil l b e use d i n th e developmen t o f a MAC T standar d (NESHAP ) fo r th e reinforce d plasti c composite s productio n sourc e category . II . Plac e and Dat e VIATE C - Hasting s Engineere d System s 122 0 Wes t Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 VIATE C - Process/Storag e System s 50 0 Ree d Stree t P.O . Bo x 9 9 Belding , Michiga n 4880 9 Jul y14 , 199 3 9:0 0 a.m . - 3:0 0 p.m .

WASHINGTON . D.C . •RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK . N C •LO S ANGELES . C A •CINCINNATI . O HP. 3 / '

0 £?£3JD @S£ ) C ; O


### III . Attendee s

VIATE C 

### Mr . Ke nKensington , President , CE O Mr . RonTimmer , Genera l Manage r - Beldin g Pacifi c Environmenta l Services . Inc . Mr . Dea nCarroll , Environmenta l Enginee r IV . Discussio n Th e visi t bega ni nMr . Kensington' s offic e i nHasting s wit hMr . Kensingto nan

dMr . Carroll . A

discussio nwa s hel dfrom 9:0 0 t o 11:0 0 am , an d wa s followe db

y a tou r o f th e Hasting s facility . A t 12:1 5 pm , w e travelle dt o th e Beldin g facilit y

(4 5 minute s away ) t o view filamen t windin g operation s and t o hav e a fina l discussio n(1:0 0 - 3:0 0 pm) . Mr . Kensingto nstate dtha t n o topic s o r materia l woul db e classifie da s confidentia l busines s information . H e als o offere dt o tak e photograph s o f severa l product s andprocesses , an dt o sen dth e picture s t o PES . Thes e picture s ar e inth e projec t fil e a t PES . A . Overview

o f VIATE C Operation s Th e VIATE C Corporatio ni s mad e u po f thre e productio nfacilities ; on e i n Hastings , MI , on e i nBelding , MI , an don e i nCharlevoix , MI . Th e Hasting s facilit y opene di n196 4 unde r th e name Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , an d becam e VIATE C - Hasting s Engineere dSystem s i n1991 . Th e Beldin g facilit y bega nfilamen t windin g i n196 2 an dwa s bough t b

y VIATE C i n1986 . Th e Charlevoi xfacilit y

produce s onl y

stainles s stee l tank s andhandlin g equipmen t andtherefor e appear s t o b e exemp t fro m an y potentia l composite s NESHAP . VIATE C headquarter s ar e i nHastings , MI . Curren t composite s productio n employmen t i s abou t 11 0 employee s (Hasting s an dBelding) , wit h7 5 percen t involve di ndirec t labo r and2 5 percen t overhead . Th e 199 2 employmen t wa s als o 110 . Operatin g hour s a t Hasting s ar e 9 hours/day , 4 days/week , an d4 hour s o nFriday . Th e Beldin g facilit y operate s 8 hours/day , 5 days/week , wit h fou r peopl e o

nsecon dshift . Th e Hasting s plan t produce s custo m corrosio nresistan t products . Mos t product s ar e produce donl y onc e a t th e plant ; repea t order s fo r th e sam e produc t ar e rare . O

nth e othe r hand , th e Beldin g plan t consistentl y produce s th e same product . Thei r produc t line s includ e storag e vessels , proces s vessels , tan klinings , pipe s an d fittings , VO C contro l equipmen t parts , an d ven t stacks . Th e majorit y o f VIATEC s product s ar e fo r industria l use , suc h a s chemica l processing , foodan dpharmaceutical , pul pandpaper , ironan d steel , an

dwastewate r treatmen t systems . Al l o f VIATEC' s productio nmethod s ar e categorize da s "ope nmolding " processes . Typica l vessel s includ e th e storag e o f vinegar , pickles , o r wastewater .P. 4

E J ©Eg ? . C=3ES7 C a


### B . Productio nProces s

Inth e Hasting s facility , th e productio nprocesse s involv e handlay-up , spray-up , an

dfilamen t winding . Currently , abou t 6 0 percen t i s hand/spra y layupand4 0 percen t i s filamen t winding . Th e hand/spray layupproces s utilize s a formin g mold , a mol dreleas e agent , differen t polyeste r resins , a catalyst , an

dfiberglass reinforcin g material . Ge l coat s ar e no t use db y VIATEC . Th e catalys t i s onl y adde djus t prio r t o the resi napplication , whic h prevent s uncontrolle dcatalizatio n(scrap) . Th e mol di s firs t "wetted-out " b y puttin g dow

na surfacin g vei l (fiberglass ) an dpourin g resi nove r it . Thi s laye r i s 9 0 percen t resi nan d 1 0 percen t glass , an dprotect s agains t crack s o r pit s onth e surfac e o f th e part . Th e laye r i s rolle dou t b y hand(using abou t a 4-inc hroller ) t o remov e an y ai r bubbles . Finally , two layer s o f resi nan d glas s ar e applie db

y eithe r han

dlay-u po r spray-up . Thes e layer s ar e 7 5 percen t resi nand2 5 percen t glass , th e glas s being VA ounc e pe r squar e foo t o f choppe dstran dmat . Th e ge l time fo r al l thre e layer s i s 1 8 t o 2 5 minutes . Th e ge l time i s th e tim e involve dunti l th e resi ntake s onsoli d characteristic s (become s jelly-like) , bu t i s no t ye t dr y an dhard . Th e tota l cur e time fo r th e fina l produc t canb e 8 t o 2 4 hours , dependin g onhumidity , a t whic htim e grindin g an dcuttin g ca ntak e place . Mos t part s a t VIATE C ar e cure da t ambien t temperature , althoug helectri c heating i s sometime s used . Filamen t windin g don e a t Hasting s i s ver y simila r t o tha t don e a t Belding . A t Belding , filamen t woundproduct s includ e larg e storag e tank s an d processin g equipmen t (u pt o 1 6 foo t diameters) . Th e filamen t windin g proces s begin s wit hth e wrappin g o f a mandre l wit hmylar . Th e mandre l i s a meta l cor e providin g th e insid e diamete r o f th e part . Larg e part s wit hdiameter s o f 2 4 inche s o r mor e hav e cut-out s t o provid e a collapsibl e cor e whe nretrievin g th e par t o r shell . Th e myla r allow s th e finishe dshell , tube , o r pip e t o sli pof f th e mandrel , andi s the npeele daway an ddiscarded . Onc e th e mandre l i s wrapped , a combinatio no f resi nan d reinforce dfiberglas s ma t i s applied . Fo r corrosiv e environments , suc ha s wastewate r treatment , HC L applications , o r manur e disposal , th e firs t laye r o f resi ninvolve s a 1/8-inc h corrosio nbarrie r wit hglas s reinforcement . Thi s laye r i s typicall y 9 0 percen t resi nand 1 0 percen t glass . Th e resin-ric hmateria l provide s optimu m chemica l resistanc e t o toxi c chemicals . Mos t vessel s manufacture db y VIATE C hav e bot hchemica l an

dtherma l resistance ; therma l environment s ca nrang e fro m 0 t o 200°F . Engineerin g desig nusuall y call s fo r 10 0 t o 12 5 mil s (the 1/8 - inc hbarrier ) o f corrosio nresistanc e onth e insid e surfac e o f th e vessel . (Thi s laye r i s als o typica l fo r part s woun da t Hastings. ) Subsequen t layer s o f laminat e receiv e a 7 5 percen t resin , 2 5 percen t glas s application , wit hth e sam e resi ncompositio na s th e corrosio nbarrier . Th e glas s applie di s a continuous fiberglas s strandroving , an da t VIATEC , u

pt o 3 0 strand s o f rovin g canbe applie da t on e time a s th e carrie r travel s u p an ddow nth e sidewal l o f th e vessel . Th e latte r layer s (tw o laminates ) mak e u

p th e structura l portio n o f th e vesse l du e t o th e greate r amoun t o f reinforcin g material . Ge l time s fo r eac hlaye r i s 1 8 t o 2 5 minutes .P. 5

@ ©g g dSE ) D 

### Lay-upan

dwindin g requir e relativel y smal l amount s o f tim e compare dt o the overal l productio nprocess . Vessel s ca nb e woundin1 day , whil e th e accessory part s (hoods , legs , vents , manholes , an dnozzles ) ar e time-intensiv e an dma y requir e a wee ko r tw

o t o fabricat e an

dattac hal l parts . Thes e part s ar e als o reinforce dcomposit e product s an dar e attache db

y a secondar y

bondin g process . Deliver y

time fro

m origina l placemen t o f th e orde r i s usuall y 6 t o 8 weeks . C . Emission s Ra w material s a t VIATE C includ e mylar , mol dreleas e agents , a catalyst , polyeste r resins , reinforcin g material , an da smal l amoun t o f filler . Th e myla r i s a soli dplasti c materia l andha s n o hazardou s ai r pollutan t (HAP ) emissions . Mol dreleas e agent s includ e "hone y wax " an dpiastilease ; hone y

wa x ha s n o HAPs , plastileas e ha s 1 % b y weigh t methy l ethy l keton e (MEK ) accordin g t o th e materia l safet y dat a shee t (MSDS) . Th e catalys t use da t VIATE C i s methy l ethy l keton e peroxid e (MEKP) , whic hi s no t a HAP . U pt o 3 0 differen t resin s ar e use da t VIATEC ; th e two mos t widel y use d polyeste r resin s ar e viny l este r an dIsophthali c polyester . Abou t 6 0 percen t o f VIATEC' s productio nuse s viny l este r an d3 5 percen t use s isophthali c ( 5 percen t other) . Thes e resin s ar e dissolve di na styren e monome r t o mak e th e materia l les s viscous . Th e onl y HA P inth e resin s i s styrene , althoug htrac e amount s o f epichlorohydri n(0.5 % b y weigh t an

da HAP ) ar e liste do nth e MSDS' s o f some resins . Thi s HA P i s no t know nt o b e emitte dinproductio na t VIATEC . [PE S discusse dthi s compoun dwit hReichhol dChemical s an dfoundtha t i t i s usedwit hbromid e resin s a s a flam e retardant. ] VIATE C sai dtha t th e resi n wa s onl y use donon e smal l jobearlie r thi s yea r an dno t agai nsince . Th e resi nwa s chose nb

y custome r specification . Copie s o f 2 5 MSDS' s wer e mad e fo r PE S t o review . Two o f thes e ar e include da s Attachmen t I t o thi s repor t whic h sho w styren e content s o f 4 8 an d5 0 percen t b

y weight . Ninetee ndifferen t resin s wer e use dinproductio nin1992 , wit hstyren e percentage s b y weigh t ranging fro

m 3 7 t o 5 5 percent ; on e wa s liste da t 30-3 5 percent . Anestimat e o f annua l emission s fro m th e Beldin g facilit y

wa s don e i n th e offic e o f Mr . RonTimmer , Genera l Manage r inBelding . Volume s o f resi n receive dpe r mont hfro m Jul y 199 2 t o Jun e 199 3 wer e Identifie dan danannua l tota l wa s determined . A tota l o f 500,00 0 pound s o f viny l este r an d300,00 0 pound s o f isophthali c wa s calculate dfo r thi s period . Fro m thi s informatio n an dEPA' s 198 8 emissio nfactor s fo r polyeste r resi nfabrication , PE S calculate da tota l o f 1 4 ton s o f annua l styren e emission s fro m VIATEC-Beldin g operations . Thi s calculatio ni s show ninth e appendix . Th e reinforcin g materia l (fiberglass ) ha s no HA P components . Inregar d t o fillers , VIATE C state dtha t the y us e ver y

littl e o f thes e product s t o replac e resi nan

dreduc e styren e content . On e fille r i s antimony trioxid e whic hals o act s a s a flam e retardan t an

dca nreplac e 3 t o 5 percen t b y weigh t o f th e resin . (Antimon y compound s ar e onth e HAP 11st. ) Anothe r fille r i s Cabosi l whic hi s no t a HA P an dca nreplac e 3 percen t b y weigh t o f th e resin . Filler s ar e adde dinpowde r for m fro m a holdin g tank . Bag s ar e dumpe d manuall y Int o th e tan kan

dthen%-gallo nbucket s ar e use dt o addth e fille r int o th e resi na s i t mixes .P. 6



### D . Contro l Measure s No add-o ncontrol s ar e inplac e a t VIATEC . InHastings , ther e i s a n interna l ai r make-u psystem rate da t 17,82 0 cf m

t o dilut e the air . Ceilin g fan s ar e use dan

dservic e door s ar e kep t open , weathe r permitting . Th e plan t ha s thre e productio nareas : filamen t windin g wit ha 14-foo t ceiling , cuttin g an dpullin g wit ha 16-foo t ceiling , an dth e assembl y

are a wit ha 30-foo t ceiling . Two filte r unit s ar e i nplac e a t th e Hasting s facility . Inth e spray-u p room , ther e i s a wal l filte r (approximatel y 3 fee t b

y 2 0 feet ) runnin g alon g th e groundconnecte dt o a blowe r system outsid e th e plant . Thi s uni t pull s th e exhaus t ai r containin g styren e fro m th e spra y

roo m an dvent s i t t o th e atmosphere . Stac kheigh t i s approximatel y 3 0 fee t fro

m th e ground . Th e othe r filte r system

i s connecte dt o a grindin g an dsandin g operation . Ther e i s a gratin g surfac e whic hallow s particle s t o fal l throug han db e pulle db

y vacuum throug ha three-par t dus t filter ; a blowe r the nvent s th e ai r t o th e atmosphere . Stac kheigh t i s approximatel y 1 8 fee t outsid e th e wal l o f th e filamen t windin g sectio no f th e plan t (1 4 foo t interior) . Fo r Hastings , th e distanc e t o th e neares t residenc e i s abou t 1/ 4 mile , an dinBelding , i t i s abou t 10 0 yards . Bot ho f th e facilitie s ar e i na nare a zone dfo r industria l property . No vapo r suppressant s hav e bee nuse da t VIATEC . A vapo r suppressan t i s a materia l tha t ca nb e mixe dwit hth e resi nt o reduc e styren e emission s durin g hando r spra y

lay-up . Afte r spraying , th e vapo r suppressan t work s it s wa y t o th e to po f th e laminat e an dbecome s a wax-lik e material . Thi s wa xlaye r inhibit s th e styren e fro m volatilizin g fro

m th e wetted-ou t surface . VIATE C believe s tha t a wa xsuppressan t woul dgreatl y decreas e produc t quality , particularl y

wit hregar dt o secondary bonding . Th e wa xsurfac e doe s no t provid e a goo dmateria l fo r successiv e laminate s t o adher e to . Mr . Kensingto n mentione dtha t nozzles , legs , manhol e covers , etc. , coul deve nseparat e from th e surfac e o f th e tank . Lo w emittin g styren e resin s hav e bee nteste da t VIATEC , withou t success . VIATE C engineer s reporte dtha t thes e resin s wer e "lik e toothpaste " an d unacceptabl e fo r production . Mr . Kensingto nstate dtha t highstyren e conten t resin s (5 0 percent ) cos t abou t $.70/l bwhil e lowe r styren e conten t resin s (3 6 percent ) cos t abou t $1.50/lb . Th e highe r th e nee dfo r corrosio nresistance , th e lowe r th e styren e content , an dthus , th e highe r th e cost . Th e typ e o f tan kenvironmen t require db y th e custome r usuall y

determines th e desig n considerations . N o highvolum e lo

w pressur e (HVLP ) spra y gun s ar e inus e a t VIATEC . Sho pai r pressur e i s nominall y 9 0 psi . InHastings , ther e 1 s on e designate d spra y lay-u proom . Anairles s air-assiste dtyp e I s use dwhic hprevent s ai r fro m bein g entraine dinth e resi nmix . Styren e level s insid e th e plan t wer e estimate dt o b e les s tha n1 0 ppm . Styren e concentration s fo r 1981 , 1982 , and 198 9 wer e reporte dt o rang e fro m 3 t o 2 4 ppm .P. 7

a


### Sinc e Januar y 1993 , VIATE C ha s bee nworkin g t o develo pa nacetone-fre e manufacturin g environment . Th e us e o f aceton e fo r th e firs t 6 month s o f 199 2 wa s 3,41 8 whil e aceton e usag e fo r th e firs t 6 month s o f 199 3 wa s 710 . Replacetone , a wate r base demulsifier , i s now use dinth e plant s a s a cleaner . Smal l amount s (4- 5 gallon s a day ) o f aceton e ar e currentl y use dt o flus hth e ai r guns ; however , furthe r reduction s ar e expecte dwhic hwil l totall y eliminat e aceton e usage . E . Storag e an

dWast e I nHastings , tw

o storag e tank s fo r polyeste r resi nar e used . Thes e da y tank s have a capacit y

o f 71 5 gallon s eac han dcontai nviny l ester . N o outsid e o r undergroundstorag e tank s ar e use da t Hastings . A storag e hallwa y

had abou t 3 0 individua l 55-gallo ndrum s onth e da y o f th e visit . Th e facilit y ha s anywher e from

3 0 t o 5 0 drum s (averag e 2,22 0 gallons ) onhandfo r production . InBelding , fou r undergroundstorag e tank s (2,00 0 gallon s each ) ar e used , al l containin g viny l este r resin . On e abov e groundtan k(3,50 0 gallons ) i s use dan

dhold s isophthali c resin . Becaus e o f frequen t use , thes e tw o resin s ar e calle d"hous e resins " fo r thi s facility . Ope nvent s exis t o nal l tanks ; no pressurize dvalves , therma l vents , o r floating vent s ar e used . No blanketin g o f tank s wit hnitroge ni s use dt o reduc e emission s a t VIATEC . Two da y tank s a t Beldin g ar e equippe dwit hanagitator , pump , catalys t system , piping , an

dvalve s fo r mixin g an ddistribution . Pur e styren e i s kep t onhand a t bot hfacilities . Eachlocatio nuse s abou t 2 drum s (11 0 gallons ) pe r year . Ther e i s n o proces s wate r a t th e facility . Wast e replaceton e an dothe r cleaner s ar e no t processe do nsit e bu t g o directl y t o th e loca l sewe r system . Al l plan t wate r i s sanitary an di s discharge ddirectl y int o th e sewe r system . Wast e resi n(leftover , wron g color ) i s collecte din55-gallo ndrums . Thes e drum s ar e classifie da s soli dwast e an dar e sen t t o a

napprove d landfill . Rejec t an

dscra ppart s ar e pu t i na "boneyard, " whic hi s a n accumulatio no f unuse dparts . Sometime s a smal l fabricato r sho pma y b e intereste di non e o f thes e part s an dwil l provid e VIATE C a recovere dprofit . Fo r filamen t winding , par t cut-off s ( 5 t o 1 5 percen t o f cure dproduct ) ar e typical . Thes e portion s ar e cu t up , compacted , an dsen t t o anapprove d landfill . F . Summar v Durin g th e fina l discussions , Mr . Kensingto nmad e th e followin g point s o f interes t regardin g th e composite s maximu m achievabl e standar dcontro l technolog y

(MACT ) standard : 1 . Th e vas t array

o f processe s an

dfacilitie s inth e composite s industr y ma y pos e a difficul t problem fo r th e EPA

t o develo pth e regulation . 2 . Housekeeping : I f companie s woul dgiv e ampl e attentio nt o plan t housekeeping , many

emission s coul db e reduced .P. 8



### 3 . VIATE C coul doperat e wit ha regulatio nstatin g tha t th e styren e conten t fo r corrosio nresistan t productio nfacilitie s t o b e 4 0 percen t b

y weight . 4 . Hav e th e resi nproducer s determin e an dstat e th e botto

m endfo r styren e content . Thi s numbe r woul ddetermin e a lo t o f th e directio n fo r th e standard . Mr . Kensingto nprovide da VIATE C versio no f th e sit e visi t repor t (1 0 pages) , whic hi s include da s Attachmen t I I t o thi s report . Reference di nthi s repor t ar e styren e concentratio nlevels , ai r permi t applications , inspectio n checklists , an

dcopie s o f two article s o nth e Composite s Industry an dstyren e emissions . Attachment sP. 9



## Attachmen t I

1P.1 0

MATERIA L SAFET Y DAT ASHEE T 

# Ashland ASHLAN D CHEMICAL , INC . Subsidiar

y 0 1 Ashlan d Oil . In c P.O . BO X 221 9 COLUMBUS , OHI O 4321 6 (614 ) 889-333 3 24-HOU R Emergency Telephon e 1(800 ) 274-526 3 o r 1(800 ) ASHLAN

D HETRO N 92 2 L 

# y 00045 4 ticTKu n-31.1. L Iv Page : 1 THI S MSD S COMPLIE S WIT H 2 9 CF R1910.120 0 (TH

E HAZAR D COMMUNICATIO

N STANDARD ) lltl>l><tt»at)l<ll<>ltl«»>ll<>«l»><«>«>t»)<Mlt<»»l»>l>tl«»lltll»l<lllttM<)>l>tltll«lllt>Mllt>M I Produc tName : HETRO N 92 2 L
VIATE C HASTING S ENGINEE R SYSTEM S P0 BO X 34 0 HASTING S MI 4905 8 0 3 5 6 00 6 9322000 - Dat a Shee t No : 0176081-006.00 0 Prepared : 05/31/8 9 Supersedes : 12/22/8 8

ATTN : PLANT MGR./SAFET YDIR . PRODUCT : 56664 2 INVOICE : 80296 4 INVOIC E DATE : 07/14/9 2 TO : VIATE C HASTING S ENGINEE

RSYSTEMS 122 0 WES T STAT E STREE T HASTING S M

I 4905 8 SECTIO N I-PRODUC TIDENTIFICATIO N Genera l o r Generi c ID : EPOX YMETHACRYLAT E RESI N DO THazar d Classification : FLAMMABL E LIQUI D (173.115 ) SECTIO N I I - COMPONENT S I F PRESENT . IARC , NT P AN D OSH A CARCINOGEN S AN

D CHEMICAL S SUBJEC T T O TH E REPORT IN GREQUIREMENT S O

F SAR A TITL E II I SECTIO

N 31 3 AR E IDENTIFIE

D I N THI S SECTION . SE E DEFINITIO

N PAGE FO

RCLARIFICATIO

N . INGREDIEN

T VINY L ESTE R STYREN E CAS *: 100-42- 5 % (b y WT > 50-5 5 4 8 

# J
5 0 PP

M TL

V

5 0 PP M Not e

( D ( 2 )
Notes : ( 1 ) PEL/TL

V NO T ESTABLISHE

D FO RTHI S MATERIA

L ( 2 ) ACGI H /OSH

A SHOR T TER M EXPOSUR

E LIMI T (STEL ) FO

RSTYREN

E MONOME

RI S 10 0 PPM . NIOS H RECOMMEND S A LIMI T O

F 5 0 PPM , 8-HOU

RTWA , 10 0 PP

M 1 5 MINUT E CE I LL I NG . THI S CHEMICA

L I S SUBJECT T O TH E REPORTIN GREQUIREMENT S OF SECTIO N 31 3 O F SAR

A TITL E III . SECTIO N I I I -PHYSICA L DAT A Boilin g Poin t Vapo r Pressur e Specifi c Vapo r Densit y Specifi c Gravit y Percen t Volatile s Evaporatio n Rat e Appearanc e Stat e For m fo r COMPONEN T 48% ) 293.4 0 De g F 145.2 2 De

g C ) 760.0 0 m

m H g fo r COMPONENT (
AIR= 1 48% ) \
1.02 2 - 4.5 0 m

m H g 68.0 0 Oe

g P 20.0 0 Oe

g C ) 3. 6 1.04 6 77.0 0 De

g F 25.0 0 De

g C ) 45-50 % SLOWE RTHA N ETHE R CLEA RAMBE RCOLORE

D LIQUI O LIQUI D HOMO GSOL N SECTIO N IV-FIR E AN D EXPLOSIO N INFORMATIO N FLAS H POINT 73. 0 - 100. 0 Deg F ( 22. 8 - 37. 8 De g C ) EXPLOSIV

E LIMI T (LOWES T VALU E O F COMPONENT ) LOWE

R- 1.1 % UPPE

R- 6.1 % EXTINGUISHIN

GMEDIA : REGULA

RFOA M O RWATE RFO GO RCARBO N DIOXIDE O

RDR YCHEMICA

L HAZARDOU S DECOMPOSITIO N PRODUCTS : MA

YFOR M TOXI C MATERIALS: . CARBO N DIOXID E AN D CARBO N MONOXIDE , VARIOUS HYDROCARBONS , ETC . FIREFIGHTIN

GPROCEDURES : WEA

RSELF-CONTAINE

D BREATHIN

GAPPARATU S WIT H A

FULL FACEPIEC E OPERATE D I N THE POSITIV

E PRESSUR E DEMAN

D MOD E WHE

N FIGHTIN

GFIRES . SPECIA L FIR E & EXPLOSIO

N HAZARDS : VAPOR S ARE HEAVIE RTHA N AI RAN D MA YTRAVE L ALON GTH E GROUN

D O RMA YB E MOVE

D B Y VENTILATIO

N AN D IGNITE

D B YPILO T LIGHTS , OTHERFLAMES , SPARKS . HEATERS , SMOKING , ELECTRI C MOTORS , STATI C DISCHARGE , O

ROTHE RIGNITIO

N SOURCE S AT LOCATION S DISTAN T FRO M MATERIA

L HANDLIN

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D URGE RMETA

L CONTAINER S INCLUDIN GTAN KCAR S AN

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N MATERIA

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GTORC H O N O RNEA RDRU M (EVE N EMPTY ) BECAUS E PRODUC T (EVE N JUS T RESIDUE ) CA

N IGNIT E EXPLOSIVELY . POLYMERIZATIO

N WILL TAK

E PLAC E UNDE

RFIRE CONDITIONS . I F POLYMERIZATIO

N OCCUR S I

N A CLOSED CONTAINER , CONTINUE D O

N PAGE : 2 

# ai T L

MATERIA L SAFET

Y DAT ASHEE T 

# Ashland ASHLAN D CHEMICAL , INC
. Subsidiary U l Ashlam l Oil . In c . P.O
. BO X 221 9 COLUMBUS , OHI

O 4321 6 (614 ) 889-333 3 24-4330U R Emergenc y Tele'phon e 1(800 ) 274-5-26 3 1(800 ) ASHLAN

D o r

00045 4 HETRO N 92 2 L SECTIO N IV-FIR E AN D EXPLOSIO N INFORMATIO N ICootiOUO d 

### Page : 2

THERE I S A

POSSIBILIT

YI T WIL L RUPTUR E VIOLENTLY . COO L STORAG

E CONTAINE

RWIT H WATER , I

F EXPOSE

D T O FIRE . NFP A CODES : HEALTH - 2 FLAMMABILITY - 3 REACTIVITY - 2 SECTIO N V-HEALT H HAZAR D DAT A PERMISSIBL E EXPOSUR E LEVEL : NO T ESTABLISHED FO RPRODUCT . SE E SECTIO N II . EFFECT S O

F ACUTE OVEREXPOSURE : EYE S - CA

N CAUS E SEVER

E IRRITATION , REDNESS . TEARING , BLURRE D VISION . SKI N - PROLONGE

D O RREPEATE

D CONTAC T CA

N CAUS E MODERATE IRRITATION . DEFATTING , DERMATITIS . BREATHIN

G- EXCESSIV

E INHALATIO

N O F VAPOR S CA

N CAUS E NASA

L AN D RESPIRATOR

YIRRITATION . CENTRA L NERVOU S SYSTE

M EFFECT S INCLUDIN

GDIZZINESS . WEAKNESS , FATIGUE , NAUSEA . HEADACHE AN D POSSIBL E UNCONSCIOUSNESS , AN D EVE N DEATH . SWALLOWIN

G- CA N CAUS E GASTROINTESTINA L IRRITATION . NAUSEA . VOMITING , AN D DIARRHEA . FIRS T AID : IF O N SKIN : THOROUGHL

YWAS H EXPOSED ARE

A WIT H SOA

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O NO T INDUCE VOMITING , KEE P PERSO N WARM , QUIET , AN

D GE T MEDICA

L ATTENTION . ASPIRATIO N O F MATERIA

L INTO TH E LUNG S DU

E T O VOMITIN

GCA N CAUS E CHEMICA

L PNEUMONITI S WHIC H CA N B E FATAL . I F BREATHED : I

F AFFECTED . REMOV

E INDIVIDUA

L T O FRES H AIR . IF BREATHIN GI S DIFFICULT , ADMINISTE ROXYGEN . IF BREATHIN

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E ARTIFICIA

L RESPIRATION . KEE P PERSO N WARM , QUIET , AN

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L ATTENTION . PRIMAR YROUTE(S ) O

F ENTRY : INHALATION , SKIN

CONTAC T EFFECT S O

F CHRONI C OVEREXPOSURE : TH E INTERNATIONA

L AGENC YFO RRESEARCH O

N CANCE R(IARC ) HA S CLASSIFIED STYREN E I N GROUP 2 8 (POSSIBL

YCARCINOGENI C T O HUMANS) . IHI S CLASSIFICATIO N I S NO T BASED O

N AN YSIGNIFICAN

T NE W EVIDENC E THA

T STYREN

E MA YBE CARCINOGENIC , BU

T RATHE RO N A REVISED DEFINITIO

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NUMBE ROF LIFETIM

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GTHOS E CONDUCTED I N THE NC I BIOASSA

Y PROGRA M HAV E NO T SHOW

N STYREN E T O B E CARCINOGENIC . OVEREXPOSURE TO STYREN E HA S APPARENTL

YBEE N FOUN D TO CAUS E TH

E FOLLOWIN

GEFFECT S I

N UBORATOR YANIMALS : ABNORMALITIES , KIDNE YDAMAG E AN D LUN GDAMAGE . LIVE R SECTIO N V -REACTIVIT YDAT A HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION : CATALYSTS
. CA N OCCU R ~ AVOI D EXPOSUR E T O EXCESSIV E HEAT , PEROXIDE S AND POLYMERIZATIO N STABILITY : STABL

E INCOMPATIBILITY : AVOI D CONTAC TWITH: , STRON

G ALKALIES , STRON

G MINERAL ACIDS
. SECTIO N VII-SPIL L O R LEA KPROCEDURE S STEP S T O B E TAKE

N I N CAS E MATERIA

L I S RELEASE D O

RSPILLED : SMALL SPILL : ABSOR

B LIQUI D O

N VERMICULITE , FLOO RABSORBENT . O

ROTHE RABSORBEN

T MATERIA

L AN D TRANSFE

RT O HOOD . LARG E SPILL : ELIMINATE ALL IGNITIO N SOURCE S (FLARES , FLAME S INCLUDIN GPILO T LIGHTS . ELECTRICA L SPARKS) . PERSON S NO T WEARIN

GPROTECTIV

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T SHOULD B E EXCLUDE D FRO M ARE A O F SPILL UNTI L CLEAN-U P HA S BEE

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F RUNOFF OCCURS . NOTIF YAUTHORITIE S A

S REQUIRED . PUM

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D PRODUC T T O CLEA N CONTAINER S FO

RRECOVERY . ABSORB UNRECOVERABLE PRODUCT.TRANSFE RCONTAMINATE

D ABSORBENT , SOI L AN D OTHERMATERIAL S T O CONTAINER S FO RDISPOSAL . WAST E DISPOSA

L METHOD : SMALL SPILL : ALLO

W VOLATILE PORTIO

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L I N ACCORDANCE WIT H APPLICABL E REGUUTIONS . URG E SPILL : DESTRO YB YLIQUI D INCINERATIO N I N ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABL E REGUUTIONS . CONTAMINATE

D ABSORBEN

T MA YB E DEPOSITED I

N A LANDFIL

L I N ACCORDANC E WIT H LOCAL . STATE AN O FEDERA

L REGUUTIONS . SECTIO N V I I I - PROTECT I V E EQUIPMEN TT O B E USE D RESPIRATOR

YPROTECTION : IF WORKPLAC E EXPOSURE LIMIT(S ) O F PRODUCT O

RAN YCOMPONEN

T I S EXCEEDE

D (SE E SECTIO

N II) , A NIOSH/MSH

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L CONTROL . OSH

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T SUPPLIER) . ENGINEERIN GO RADMINISTRATIV

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L (GENERA

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E BELO W TLV(S) . PROTECTIV

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RRESISTAN

T GLOVE S SUC H AS: , POLYVINY L ALCOHO

L EYE PROTECTION : CHEMICA L SPUS H GOGGLE S I N COMPLIANCE WITH OSH A REGUUTION S ARE ADVISED : HOWEVER . OSH A REGUUTION S ALS O PERMI T OTHE RTYP E SAFET YGLASSES . (CONSUL T YOU RSAFET YEQUIPMEN

T SUPPLIER ) 

### CONTINUED O

N PAGE : 3 

## nP.1 2

MATERIA L SAFET

Y DAT ASHEE T 

# Ashland ASHLAN D CHEMICAL, INC . Subsidiar y0 1 Ashlan d Oil , In c P.O . BO

X 221 9 COLUMBUS

, OHI O 4321 6 (614 ) 889-333 3 24-HOU R Emergenc y Telephon e 1(800 ) 274-526 3 o r 1(800 ) ASHLAN

D

00045 4 SECTIO N HETRO N 92 2 L I-PROTECT!V E EQUIPMEN TT O B E USE D (Continuo d Page : 3
OTHE RPROTECTIV

E EQUIPMENT : NORMA

L WOR KCLOTHIN

GCOVERIN

GARM S AN

D LEGS . SECTIO N IX-SPECIA L PRECAUTION S O R OTHE R COMMENT S CONTAINER S OF THI S MATERIA L MA YB E HAZARDOU S WHE

N EMPTIED . SINCE EMPTIE D CONTAINER S RETAI N PRODUC T RESIDUE S (VAPOR , LIQUID , AND/O RSOLID) , AL

L HAZAR D PRECAUTION S GIVE

N I N THI S DATASHEET MUS T B E OBSERVED . EXPOSUR E T O AEROSOL S AN

D MIST S WHE

N MATERIA

L I S SPRAYED MA

YPRESEN

T A GREATE RRISKO

F INJUR YFRO M COMPONENT S BECAUS E HIGHE

RCONCENTRATION S AR E I N TH E ATMOSPHERE THA N RESUL T FRO

M VAPO RALONE . PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTIUTIO N

AN D I F NECESSARY , US E RESPIRATOR YPROTECTION . THI S PRODUCT I S A

CORROSION-RESISTAN T MATERIA

L AN D I S EXEMP T FRO

M TH E PROCES S REQUIREMENT S O F SCAQM D RULE 116 2 UNTI L JUL

Y1 , 1992 . SCAQM D RUL E 116 2 ESTABLISHE S SPECIFI C PROCESS , CONTROL , HOUSEKEEPIN GAN D RECORDKEEPIN

GREQUIREMENT S FO

R FABRICATIO

N OPERATION S USIN

GPOLYESTE

RRESIN MATERIALS . I T I S TH E RESPONSIBILIT YO F TH E FABRICATO

RT O ENSUR E COMPLIANC E WIT H THES E REQUIREMENTS . TH E INFORMATIO

N ACCUMUUTE D HEREI N I S BELIEVED T O B E ACCURAT E BU T I S NOT WARRANTE

D T O B E WHETHE

RORIGINATIN

G WITH TH E COMPAN

YO R NOT . RECIPIENT S ARE ADVISED T O CONFIR M I N ADVANC E O F NEE D THAT TH E INFORMATIO N I S CURRENT , APPLICABLE , AN D SUITABLE T O THEI RCIRCUMSTANCES .

LAS T PAGE—SE E ATTACHMENT PAG E ENCLOSED—LAS T PAG EP.1 3

MATERIA L SAFET

Y DATASHEET 

# Ashland ASHLAN D CHEMICAL, INC
. Subsidiary o l Ashaln d Oil , Inc . P.O . BO X 221 9 COLUMBUS , OHI O 4321 6 (614 ) 889-333 3 2#MI0U R Emergenc y Telephon e 1(800 ) 274-526 3 1(800 ) ASHLAND o r DEFINITION S Thi s definitio n pag e i s intende d fo rus e wit h Materia l Safet yDat a Sheet s supplie d b yth e Ashlan d Chemica l Company
. Recipient s o f thes e dat a sheet s shoul d consul t th e OSH ASafet yan d Healt h Standard s (2 9 CF R 1910)
. particularl y subpar t G - Occupationa l Healt h an d Environmenta l Control , an d subpar t I - Persona l Protectiv e Equipment , fo r genera l guidanc e o n contro l o f potentia l Occupationa l Healt h an d Safet yHazards
. SECTIO N I PRODUC TIDENTIFICATIO N GENERA L O R GENERI C ID : Chemica l famil yo rproduc t description
. DO THAZAR D CLASSIFICATION : Produc t meet s DO T criteri a fo rhazard s listed
. SECTIO N I I COMPONENT S Component s ar e liste d i n thi s sectio n i f the ypresen t a physica l o rhealt h hazar d an d ar e presen t a t o rabov e 1 % i n th e mixture
. I f a componen t i s identifie d a s a CARCINOGE N b yNTP
. IARC
. o rOSH Aa s o f th e dat e o n th e MSDS , i t wil l b e liste d an d footnote d i n thi s sectio n whe n presen t a t o rabov e 0.1 % i n th e produc L Negativ e conclusion s concernin g carcinogenicit yar e no t reported
. Additiona l healt h informatio n ma yb e foun d i n Sectio n V
. Component s subjec t t o th e reportin g requirement s o f Sectio n 31 3 o f SAR ATitl e II I ar e identifie d i n th e footnote s i n thi s section , alon g wit h typica l percentages
. Othe rcomponent s ma yb e liste d i f deeme d appropriate
. Exposur e recommendation s ar e fo rcomponents
. OSH A Permissibl e Exposur e Limit s (PELS ) an d America n Conferenc e o f Governmenta l Industria l Hygienist s (ACGIH ) Threshol d Limi t Value s (TLVs ) appea ro n th e lin e wit h th e componen t identification
. Othe r recommendation s appea ra s footnotes
. SECTIO N II I PHYSICA L DAT A BOILIN G POINT : O f produc t i f known
. Th e lowes t valu e o f th e component s i s liste d fo rmixtures
. VAPO R PRESSURE : O f produc t i f known
. Th e highes t valu e o f th e component s i s liste d fo rmixtures
. SPECIFI C VAPO R DENSITY : Compare d t o AI R = 1
. I f th e Specifi cVapo rDensit yo f a produc t i s no t known , th e valu e i s expresse d a s lighte ro rgreate rtha n air
. SPECIFI C GRAVITY : Compare d t o WATE R = 1
. I f Specifi cGravit yo f produc t i s no t known , th e valu e i s expresse d a

s les s tha n o rgreate rtha n water
. pH : I f applicable
. PERCEN TVOLATILES : Percentag e o f materia l wit h initia l boilin g poin t belo w42 5 degree s Fahrenhei t an d vapo rpressur e abov e 0.1m m H g a t 6 8 F
. EVAPORATIO N RATE : Indicate d a s faste ro rslowe r tha n ETHY L ETHER , unles s otherwis e stated
. SECTIO N I V FIR E AN D EXPLOSIO N DAT A FLAS H POINT : Metho d identified
. EXPLOSIO N LIMITS : Fo rproduc t i f known
. Th e lowse t valu e o f th e component s i s liste d fo rmixtures
. HAZARDOU S DECOMPOSITIO N PRODUCTS : Know n o r expecte d hazardou s product s resultin g fro m heating , burnin g o rothe rreactions
. SECTIO N I V (cont ) EXTINGUISHIN G MEDIA : Followin g Protectio n Associatio n criteria
. Nationa l Fir e FIREFIGHTIN G PROCEDURES : Minimu m equipmen t t o protec t firefighter s fro m toxi cproduct s o f vaporization , combustio n o rdecompositio n i n fir e situations
. Othe r firefightin g hazard s mayals o b e indicated
. SPECIA L FIR E AN D EXPLOSIO N HAZARDS : hazard s no t covere d b yothe rsections
. State s NFP A CODES : Hazar d rating s assigne d b yth e Nationa l Fir e Protectio n Association
. SECTIO N V HEALT H HAZAR D DAT A PERMISSIBL E EXPOSUR E LIMIT : Fo rproduct
. THRESHOL D LIMI TVALUE : Fo rproduc L EFFECT S O F ACUT E OVEREXPOSURE : Potentia l loca l an d systemi ceffect s du e t o singl e o rshor t ter m overexposur e l o th e eye s an d ski n o rthroug h inhalatio n o ringestion
. EFFECT S O F CHRONI C OVEREXPOSURE : Potentia l loca l an d systemi ceffect s du e t o repeate d o rlon g ter m overexposu i e t o th e eye s an d ski n o rthroug h inhalatio n o ringestion
. FIRS TAID : Procedure s t o b e followe d whe n dealin g wit h accidenta l overexposure . PRIMAR YROUT E O F ENTRY : Base d o n propertie s an d expecte d use . SECTIO N V I ' REACTIVIT YDAT A HAZARDOU S POLYMERIZATION : Condition s t o avoi d t o preven t hazardou s polymerizatio n resultin g i n a larg e releas e o f energy . STABILITY : Condition s t o avoi d t o preven t hazardou s o r violen t decomposition
. INCOMPATIBILITY : Material s an d condition s t o avoi d t o preven t hazardou s reactions
. SECTIO N VI I SPIL L O R LEA KPROCEDURE S Reasonabl e precaution s t o b e take n an d method s o f containment , clean-u p an d disposal
. Consul t federal , stat e an d loca l regulation s fo raccepte d procedure s an d an yreportin g o rnotificatio n requirements
. SECTIO N VII I PROTECTIV E EOUIPMEN TT O B E USE D Protectiv e equipmen t whic h mayb e neede d whe n handlin g th e product
. SECTIO N I X SPECIA L PRECAUTION S O R OTHE R COMMENT S Cover s an yrelevan t point s no t previousl ymentioned
. ADDITIONA L COMMENT S Container s shoul d b e eithe rreconditione d b yCERTIFIE D firm s o rproperl ydispose d o f b yAPPROVE D firms
. Disposa l o f container s shoul d b e i n accordanc e wit h applicabl e law s an d regulations
. "EMPTY " drum s shoul d no t b e give n t o individuals
. Seriou s accident s hav e resulte d fro m th e misus e o f "EMPTIED " container s (drums.pails.etc)
. Refe rt o Section s I V an d IX
. 

## l lP. M 

# MATERIA L SAFET

YDAT A SHEE T REICHHOL D CHEMICALS . INC . Reactive Polymers Divisio n 80 0 Capitol a Driv

e Researc h Triangl e Par k Durham . N C 2771 3 Inlormatlo n Tolophon o No . 919-544-922 5 AL L CHEMICA L EMERGENCIE S



## 1-800-424-930 0 Issu e Date : 03/19/9 0 asacaaaaBaioBoaaaxaaBasssaisasacaaaansasssasaaiisaEsc s 

### Pag e aacaaaaaBcsaaaaaoaaacaaam i 

### 1 I B 

### SECTIO N

I - PRODUC T IDENTIFICATIO N Produc t Code : Trad e Name : Formerly : Produc t Class : CA.S . Numbe r 

## -oo» /

31-730-0 0 ATLAC(R ) 31-730-0 0 A t la c 580-05 A Viny l Eate r Resi n Mixtur e BBBBSBBBBBaBBaaBSBaaaBasBsasBBBaasBBaBBaasaBaBSBBaasBsaBBBaauaaaBBBSBBBBaBBai : 

### SECTIO N

I I - INGREDIENT S Ingredient s CA S « Ueigh t Exposur e max . '/. Limit s Viny l Este r Resi n Styren e Monome r Proprietar y 100-42- 5 50. 0 ^yNon e assigne d

50. 0 • 50. 0 

### pp

m BBBBBBBBBBaaaBBaaBBBBaaBBBBnaaaBBaaBBBaaaBaaBBBa a CBBBBBaaMBUBSBBnaBSBBBaB B 

### SECTIO N

II I - PHYSICA L DAT A Boilin g Point : 29 5 Deg . F . Vapo r Density : Heavie r tha nAir . Volatil e X : 5 0 Specifi c Grav : 0. 9 - 1. 2 Evap . Rate : Slowe r tha nn-Buty l Acetate. - A earance : Ambe r clea r liquid . Pungen t odor . aaaaBBKKaacBSDaaaaaaiiiaaBaaaaacaaacaBaaBacaacBoaBaasaicanaaaaaaBBaasaaaaaaaaaaaa a 

### SECTION

I V - FIR E AN

D EXPLOSIO N

HAZAR D DATA Flas hPoint : 8 9 Deg . F 

### LE L 1 . 1 Flammabilit y

Class : 1 C -EXTINGUISHIN GMEDIA : Uate r spray , foam , dry chemical , carbo ndioxid e o r an y Clas s B extinguishin g agent . -SPECIA L FIREFIGHTINGPROCEDURES : Firefighter s an

d other s expose dt o vapor s o r product s o f combustio nshoul d wea r self-containe dbreathin g apparatus . Equipmen t shoul d b e thoroughl y

decontaminate d afte r use . -UNUSUA L FIR E 4 EXPLOSION HAZARDS : A t elevate dtemperatures , suc ha s ina fire , polymerizatio n may tak e place . I f polymerizatio ntake s plac e ina close d container , ther e i s th e possibilit y o f violen t ruptur e o f th e container . Produc t vapor s ma y for m a nexplosiv e mixtur e i nair . aBaBBBBaBBBBBaBSBBaBBaaaaaBsaaBSBaaBBBBaaaBaaaaBBBsasaBaaBBBaaaaBBaaBBB ! 

### SECTIO N

V - HEALT H HAZAR D DAT A -PERMISSIBL E EXPOSUR E LEVEL : OSHA PE L and ACGI H TLV fo r styren e ar e bot h5 0 pp m fo r an8-hou r Tim e Ueighte d Averag e (TUA) . Th e OSH A an d ACGI H Shor t Ter m Exposur e Leve l (STEL ) ar e 10 0 pp m for a 15-minut e period . Exposur e t o styren e ma y excee d th e STE L durin g a 15-minut e (cont. )
Thi s inlormatlo n i s furnishe d withou t warranty , representation , inducemen t o f licens e o l an y kind , onccp l tha i i t i s .ir.cui.il o t

o th e bes

t o l Nwrhrw M Opimcii s l» r s ^'owii-fliti ' or obtaine d iro m sources boiievedby Reichhol d Chemicals , in c l o b o accuiaio . an d Reichhol d Chemicals , In c doe s no t assum e an y iog,« i irsixmsitiiiit vlo i usi< < » n'liiim-i * ut>i«> sam e Customers are encourage d l o conduc t ihei r ow n test s Bolore usin g an y product , rea d it s labe l 

### KPA5^ 

# MATERIA L SAFET YDAT A SHEE T REICHHOL D CHEMICALS , INC
. Reactiv e Polymer

s Divisio n 80 0 Capitol a Driv

e Researc h Triangl e Par k Durham , N C 2771 3 Inlormatlo n Telephon e No
. 919-544-922 5 AL L CHEMICA L EMERGENCIE S



## 1-800-424-930 0
Produc t Code : 31-730-0 0 Issu e Date : 03/19/9 0 Pag e SECTIO N

V - HEALT H HAZAR D DATA (cont. ) howeve r ppm . the averag e fo r -PERMISSIBL E EXPOSUR E LEVEL : (cont. ) perio d (n

o ceilin g fo r brie f exposures) , a singl e STE L perio d mus t no t excee d10 0 -EFFECT S OF OVEREXPOSURE : SKIN : Prolonge d o r frequen t contac t ma y caus e defattin g an d drynes s o f th e ski nwit hresultan t irritationand possibl e dermatitis . Styren e may b e absorbe dthroug hth e ski ni ntoxi c amounts . EYES : Ma

y caus e irritation . Liqui dsplashe s ma y resul t i nmor e seriou s injuries . May caus e lachrymatio n(tears) . INHALATION : Vapor s may caus e mucou s membran e irritatio nan d uppe r respirator y trac t discomfort . Hig hconcentration s may resul t inheadache , nausea , insensibilit y and othe r centra l nervou s system

effects . Repeate dexposur e t o hig hconcentration s ma y caus e live r an

d kidne y

damage . INGESTION : Ma

y caus e gastrointestina l disturbances , pai nand discomfort . -FIRS T AID : SKIN : Uas hwit hsoa p and water . EYES : Flus hwit hcopiou s amount s o f wate r fo r 1 5 minutes . See k immediat e medica l aid . INHALATION : Remov e victi m fro m exposure . I f victi m i s un conscious , administe r artificia l respiratio nand/o r oxygena s needed . See k medica l aid . INGESTION : D O NO T INDUC E VOMITING(aspiratio nhazard) . See k immediat e medica l aid . -PRIMAR YROUTE(S ) O F ENTRY : Inhalatio nan

d Ski nAbsorption . -CARCINOGENICITY : The Internationa l Agenc y fo r Researc honCance r (IARC ) ha s classifie dstyren e a s possibl y carcinogeni c t o human s (clas s 2B) . Th e IAR C 2 B classificatio ni s no t base do nsignifican t new evidenc e tha t styren e migh t b e a carcinogen , bu t o na revise d IARC classificatio nschem e an d ne w dat a onstyren e oxide . BBaBBBBBBBBBaBBaassaaBaaBBaaaBasaaBBaBBsssa'BaBSBBBXBBBBBBBaaBBBaBsaaBaBaaBBaBB B 

### SECTIO N

V I - REACTIVIT YDATA STABILITY : C 3 Unstabl e HAZARDOU S POLYMERIZATION : -INCOMPATIBILITY : Stron g acid s and oxidizin g agent s Cx 3 Stabl e Cx i Ma y occu r C , Wil l no t occu r

Thi s mlormatio n i s luinishe d withou t warranty , representation , inducemen t o t licens e O l an ykind , eicop i tha t H i s arc\n aie 1 0 Ih e bes t Ol RpirhUnli l Chomir.U S In rS knowltHKli ' o roblame d Iro m source s believe d b yReichhol d Chemical s In cl o De accurate , an a Reichhol d Chemicals
. In cfloes no l assum e an yipga l K>Ri>ons'biM yip rus« » O ' 'oii.inri * mv n sam e Customer s at e encourage d l o conduc t Ihei row n test s Belor e usin g an yproduct , rea d n s labe l 

## 4-P.1 6 

# MATERIA L SAFET YDAT A SHEE T REICHHOL D CHEMICALS , INC . Reactiv e Polymer

s Divisio n BO O Capitol a Driv

e Researc h Triangl e Par k Durham . N C 2771 3 Informatio n Telephon e No . 919-544-922 5 AL L CHEMICA L EMERGENCIE S



## 1-800-424-9300
Produc t Code : 31-730-0 0 Issu e Date > BBBBBBBBBB a 03/19/9 0 Pag e SBBBBBSBSaSSBSaBSSBBBBSBBBaBBBBBBBBBBBB I 

### SECTIO N

V I - REACTIVIT YDAT A (cont. ) •CONDITION S T O AVOID : Hea t and direc t sunlight . •HAZARDOU S DECOMPOSITIO N PRODUCTS : Heatin g o f thi s materia l t o decompositionma y caus e th e emissio no f irritating , acri dfumes . I BBBBBBBBBSBBSaSSBSBBBBBSBBBBBBBBBBBBBSBSBSSBBB8SBBBBBBBBBBSaBBSSBBBBBBBBBBBBB B 

### SECTION VI I - SPIL L O

R LEA KPROCEDURE S -STEP S T O B E TAKE N I N CAS E MATERIA L I S RELEASE D O R 8PILLED : Remov e al l source s of ignition . Ventilat e area . Absor bspil l wit ha n absorben t materia l suc ha s sawdust , vermiculit e o r sandand plac e i

n a close dcontainer . I f larg e spill , dik e th e are a t o preven t thi s materia l from-enterin g wate r system s o r sewers . -UAST E DISPOSA L METHOD : Thi s materia l ha s bee nteste dan d foun dt o hav e a flas hpoin t below 14 0 F . I f discarded , thi s materia l an d container s shoul d b e treate d a s hazardou s waste s base dd n th e characteristi c o f ignitabilit y

a s define d unde r th e federa l RCR A regulation s (4 0 CF R 261) . Disposa l o f thi s materia l an d it s container , require s complianc e wit happlicabl e labeling , packaging , an d recor d keepin g standards . Extrem e car e shoul db e take nt o ensur e tha t it i s dispose do f onl y in a facilit y

permitte d'fo

r disposa l o f hazardou s wastes . Fo r furthe r information , contac t you r stat e o r loca l soli dwast e agenc y o r th e Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio nAgency' s RCR A hotlin e (1-800-424-934 6 o r 202-382-3000) . BBBBBBBBBBaSaBaBSBBBSSBBBBBSBSSBBBBBSBSBBBBBSBSBaBSaSBBBaBBBSBSBBBSBBB B 

### SECTION

VII I - SPECIA L PROTECTION INFORMATIO N -RESPIRATOR YPROTECTION : A canister-typ e respirato r mus t b e wor nt o preven t th e inhala tio no f vapor s or spray mist s whe nth e TL V o r PE L i s exceeded . -VENTILATION : Genera l ventilatio ni s require d durin g norma l use . Loca l ventilatio nma y b e require ddurin g certai noperation s t o kee pexposur e level s belo w th e TL

V liste din Sectio nI I o f thi s dat a sheet . -PROTECTIV E GLOVES : Uea r appropriat e imperviou s glove s t o preven t ski ncontact .

Thi s informatio n i s furnishe d withou t warranty . iep«o%nni.-ittpn . nKjur.rnm.n i o r iirrvis p o l an y km n mrpp i lha t i i isa r rttial c I d Hi p Irps t o fMPHJ»r»iiliM3hrmii\i' s li vHknnwliMliti * n r ohtamed Iro m sources helwve d b y Reichhol d Chemicals . In c t o h o accuiai o an d H^«.ii»oi n Ohpmii.ai. vIn c dm" , nu t assum p an y UMI.I I ipsimiiS'hiM y li. i i IS) > i n >i<ii,inri > u|x> " sam u Customers ai o oncouragc d l o conduc t the n own tests Outor e usm g an y PMKIIJCI . ma d its labe l



## 19P.1 7 

# MATERIA L SAFET YDAT A SHEE T REICHHOL D CHEMICALS
. INC
. Reactiv e Polymer

s Divisio n 60 0 Capitol a Drive Researc h Triangl e Park Durham , N C 2771 3 Informatio n Telephon e No
. 919-544-922 5 AL L CHEMICA L EMERGENCIE S



## 1-800-424-930 0
Produc t Code : 31-730-0 0 Issu e Date : 03/19/9 0 Pag e 4 BBSSBBBBS!BSCBSSSSB3BSSSSBSSSBOSBBSBSSS3Ba=SSBSBS»SOBBSSBSSBBB3SSBSSWBBSSSBSBBS S 

### SECTION

VII I - SPECIA L PROTECTIO N INFORMATION

(cont. ) -EY E PROTECTION : Uea r fac e shiel do r chemica l goggles . -OTHE RPROTECTIV E EQUIPMENT : Wea r protectiv e clothin g t o preven t ski ncontact . Ey e was hstatio nan d safet y

showe r shoul dbe available . BaBBBBBBBBBBBBBB8BSBSBBSSBBSBSSBBSSBSaSBBSBBaBBSBBB88SBBBBSBBBSBBSBSBBBS8SSBBS B 

### SECTION

I X- SPECIA L PRECAUTION S -PRECAUTION S T O B E TAKEN I N HANDLINGAN

D STORING : Avoi dstorag e abov e 10 0 Deg . F . Avoi dprolonge do r repeate d ski ncontact . Avoi d Inhalatio no f heate dvapor s o r spray mists . -OTHE RPRECAUTIONS : Avoi dimprope r additio no f promote r and/o r catalyst . A promote r andcatalys t use dwit hthi s produc t shoul dalway s b e mixe d separatel y

wit hth e produc t and mus t neve r b e mixe dtogether . BBSSBSSBBSSBBBBBBSSSBSBBSaaBBBBSBSSBSSSBSSBBaBBSSBSBSSBSBSSBSBSBSSBBBSSBBBBSSS B 

### SECTIO N

X- SUPPLEMENTA L INFORMATIO N -REGULATOR YINFORMATION : SCAQMD Rul e 116 2 establishe s specifi c process , control , housekeeping , an

d recordkeepin g requirement s fo r fabricatio n operation s usin g polyeste r resi nmaterials . I t i s th e responsibilit y

o f th e fabricato r t o ensur e complianc e wit h' thes e requirements . Styren e i s NO T currentl y liste da s a carcinoge nb y California' s Saf e Drinkin g Wate r an d Toxi c Enforcemen t Ac t o f 198 6 (Propositio n65) . -SAR A STATUS : On e o r mor e o f th e chemica l substance s liste di nsectio nI I o f thi s MSD S i s subjec t t o th e reportin g requirement s o f sectio n 31 3 o f th e Superfun d Amendment s and Reauthorizatio nAc t (SARA ) o f 198 6 an

d 4 0 CF

R37 2 Thi s materia l ha s bee ncategorize d a s havin g th e followin g hazard(s ) a s define d b y SAR A Titl e II I regulation s (4 0 CF R370) : acute , chronic , fire , reactive . -DO T PROPE RSHIPPINGNAME : Resi nSolution -U N NUMBER : UN186 6 -DO T HAZAR D CLASS : Flammabl e liqui d

Thi s intormaiio n i s lurnishe d wilhou l warranty , representalion . inducemen t or licens e o l an y Kin a eicop i tha i i t i s arciiial p t o lh e bos t o l Rwhhnk l Chpnur.H s In r s kiu'wipdQ P o r obtaine d Iro m source s believe d b

y Reichhol d Chemical s In c l o B e accurate , an d Rpichhnir f Chpmicai s In r oop s n m assum e any 'prta l IPSIViiwhiiii vi m IIS P O> n'li.mr p m>ni

> sam e Customers a m encourage d t o conduc

t thei r own IPSI S BPIIM P usm q any pindiir i lea d a s labe l 

## l < »P.1 8



### Attachmen t I I



# nP.1 9 

### ge-cj. 1-31-

? 3 

# l/HUec 122 0 W
. Stat e Stree t Hastings , M l 4905 8 (616) 945-957 8 HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMS

FAX : 616-945-235 7



### Jul y 26 , 199 3

Mr . Dea n Carrol l Environmenta l Enginee r Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , Inc . Centra l Par k Wes t 500 1 Sout h Miam i Blvd . P O Bo x 1207 7 Researc h Triangl e Park , N C 27709-207 7 Subject : VIATE C FACILITY VISI T JULY 14 , 199 3 Dea r Mr . Carroll : Firs t o f al l w e a t VIATE C wan t t o thank yo u fo r spendin g th e tim e a t ou r facilitie s t o bette r familiariz e yourself , you r Compan yan d EP Awit h ou r differen t processe s t o manufactur e corrosio n resistan t product s fromreinforce d plastic s composites . Th e da ywen t rathe r quickl ya s w e visite d ou r tw o facilities , on e i n Hastings , Michiga n an d th e othe r i n Belding , Michiga n (approximatel y45-5 0 mile s apart) , ther e wa s a lo t o f questions , informatio n gatherin g an d document s exchanged . Liste d belo wi s hopefull ya complet e accountin g o f you r visit , i f afte r you r revie wyo u se e an yerror s o r omissions , pleas e contac t m e s o I can correct . * VIATE C wa s give n a n opening intervie wan d respond t o verba l questionnaire .

Continue d o n pag e 2

Designers an d Manufacturers of Corrosio n Resistan t Proces s Equipmen t 

## 1 8P.2 0



### Continue d o n pag e 3 

# Iffitec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMS 

### Pag e 2 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3

* VIATE C waive d it s righ t t o hav e al l dat a and informatio n hel d confidentially , VIATE C expresse d it s positio n i n tha t theyfin d n o proble msharing withi n PES , EP Aand CAM P an

yo f th e information , data , photo' s and documents . A s i t help s furthe r educat e al l partie s i n , Corrosio n Resistan t Composites , VIATE C copie d RE C wit h pe 

### al l th e variou s produc t type s o f Corrosio n Resistan t resin s the yhav e use d i n thei r customfabricatin g facilitie s i n Hastings , Michiga n fo r th e yea r 1992 , th e result s wer e 1 9 differen t Corrosio n Resistan t resin s wer e used . Th e styren e conten t varie d froma lowo f 36 % b y weigh t t o a high o f 50 % b yweight , styren e % figure s wer e obtaine d fro m

individua l resi n manufacturer s produc t dat a sheets . * Aceton e (VOC ) usag e dat a fro mth e Hasting s facilit y wa s submitte d an

d cop ygive n t o P^C . />e. VIATE C ha s embarke d o n a "ACETONE FREE " manufacturin g environmen t starting i n 1993 , result s wer e 3,41 8 gallon s o f aceton e use d fo r th e firs t 6 month s i n 199 2 a t th e Hasting s facilities , fo r th e sam e perio d i n 1993 , 71 0 gallon s o f aceton e wa s use d i n th e firs t 6 months , dat a wa s obtaine d frompurchas e orde r documents . VIATE C ha s a corporat e goa l o f zer o aceton e usage . Th e on e are a wher e aceton e i s onl ybein g use d i s i n th e flus h syste m o f thei r FR P deposi t resi n an d glas s guns . Aceton e ha s bee n replace d wit h wate r bas e emsulfiers , th e second hal f o f 199 3 shoul d sho wa furthe r reductio n from th e 71 0 gallons . * Materia l Safet yDat a Sheet s (MSDS ) wer e obtaine d fo r th e variou s styrenate d corrosio n resistan t resin s use d b y VIATEC,i s thei r manufacturin g process , copie s wer e give n t o PJSC , w e reviewe d th e differen t MSDS' s an d found th e variou s level s o f styren e (36 % - 50% ) i n th e corrosio n resistan t resins .P.2 1



### Pag e 3 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3

* VIATE C expresse d t o ^E £ tha t corrosio n resistan t resin s nee d th e highe r styren e conten t no t t o lowe r th e pric e bu t i s necessaryi n it s polyme r chemistryt o produc e a high , corrosiv e resistan t resin . VIATE C di d no t hav e th e dat a availabl e t o sho wth e amount s o f resin s use d i n it s manufacturin g proces s wit h respec t t o thei r % o f styren e levels . * VIATE C expresse d t o IJE C ho wth e actua l composit e reinforcement s ca n effec t a laminate s physica l properties , therefor e i t ca n effec t th e amoun t o f laminat e (LBS ) tha t goe s int o th e Corrosio n Resistan t structure . * Tes t result s o f styren e i n th e employee s wor k plac e wer e reviewe d an

d copie s give n t o Pjlc , thes e wer e result s o f th e 3 M badg e testin g VIATE C ha s don e ove r th e years . * VIATEC' s ai r permit s a s issue d b yth e Michiga n Dept . o f Natura l Resource s (DNR ) Air . Qualit yDivisio n wer e reviewe d and copie s give n t o PEC . * Sho p tou r o f VIATEC' s Hasting s facilit ywa s conducted , th e followin g item s wer e observed , photo s wer e take n an d give n t o PEC . A-H . Floo r observatio n o f a tap e wound pip e section , 54 " dia . x 10 ' - 0 " long . (Se e phot o A-H ) B-H . Floo r observatio n o f a complete d (read yt o ship ) on e (1 ) piec e chemica l holding tank 16 ' - 0 " dia . x 10 ' - 0 " high . (Se e phot o B-H ) C-H . Floo r observatio n o f ASME-RTP- 1 demonstratio n vessel , 3 ' - 6 " x 10 ' - 0 " high o n legs . (Se e phot o C-H ) D-H . Floo r observatio n o f han d tap e windin g o f a 3/4 " dia . piec e o f pip e section . (Se e phot o D-H ) E-H . Floo r observatio n o f han d lay-u p 90 ° elbo wx 3 ' - 0 " dia . (Se e phot o E-H )

Continue d o n pag e 4 

# l/ialec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMSP.2 2



### Pag e 4 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3
F-H . Floo r observatio n o f secondarybondin g techniqu e t o a pressur e vesse l b yshop laminator . (Se e phot o F-H ) G-H . Floo r observatio n o f hand lay-u p flangin g t o thre e (3 ) 3 ' - 0 " x 20 ' - 0 " sectio n o f composit e pipe . (Se e phot o G-H ) H-H . Floo r observatio n o f grinding boot h wher e smal l part s ar e trimmed , ground , drille d an d bac k faced . (Se e phot o H-H ) I-H . Visua l inspectio n o f mechanica l collectin g devic e (fan , filte r hous e & stack ) fo r grindin g booth . (Se e phot o I-H ) J-H . Visua l inspectio n o f spra yboot h are a an d collection s system s (filters , hood , fan , stack) . (Se e phot o J-H ) K-H . Floo r inspectio n o f rawmaterial s receivin g are a tha t show s incoming resi n (5 5 gal . drums ) and reinforcement s (o

n pallets) , als o are a wher e thei r ra w material s ar e stored . (Se e phot o K-H ) L-H . Visua l inspectio n o f ou r BONE-YARD , tha t i s miscellaneou s outsid e storag e are a fo r produc t rejects , cut-off , overage s an d mistakes . (Se e phot o L-H ) M-H . Visua l inspectio n o f tw o (2 ) elevate d resi n tan k storag e are a locate d i n productio n area , 70 0 gallon s capacit yeach . (Se e phot o M-H ) VIATE C describe d pas t project s tha t the yhav e complete d ove r th e year s tha t illustrat e th e larg e an d unique d shape d product s the yhav e don e suc h a s 10 0 foo t stacks , sho p fabricate d an d fiel d installe d systems , 1 0 foo t diamete r duc t system s an d fittings , PE C wa s give n al l availabl e produc t literatur e tha t VIATE C use s i n thei r promotio n an

d sale s efforts . Afte r ou r VIATEC/Hasting s visitatio n w e tha n travele d t o ou r VIATEC/Belding , Michiga n plan t wher e w e toure d ou r filamen t wound tank manufacturin g facilities . Continue d o n pag e 5 

# Vfflec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMS 

### n.\P.2 3



### Pag e 5 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3

* Sho p tou r o f VIATEC s Beldin g facilit ywa s conducted , th e followin g item s wer e observed , photo s wer e take n an d give n t o P/lfc . A-B . Floo r observatio n 12 ' - 0 " dia . composit e tank shel l bein g manufacturing , include d veryclos e personne l observation s o f th e actua l resin , cho p fiber s and resi n bein g applie d t o th e 12 ' - 0 " dia . rotating mandrel . (Se e phot o A-B ) B-B . Floo r observatio n o f resi n ric h surfac e 12 ' - 0 " composit e tank shel l being rolle d ou t b yoperators . (Se e phot o B-B ) C-B . Floo r observatio n an d inspectio n o f ou r resi n (da y tanks ) distributio n systemfo r ou r 12 ' - 0 " dia . an d 10 '

- 0 " dia . productio n mandrels , systeminclude d tanks , agitators , pump , catalys t system , pipin g an d valves . (Se e phot o C-B ) D-B . Floo r observatio n o f tank component s departmen t wer e don e tha t illustrate s th e tank s bottom s an d heads . Mold s ar e o n rotating mechanism s tha t ar e o f stee l construction , size s ar e 8 , 9 , 1 0 an d 1 2 foo t diameters . (Se e phot o D-B ) E-B . Floo r observatio n o f shop personne l hand laying u p a 8 ' - 0 " dia . dishe d tank bottomt o a 8 • - 0 " tank shell , rotatin g mandrel . (Se e phot o E-B ) F-B . Floo r observatio n an d explanatio n o f 7 ' - 0 " dia . stee l mandre l an

d ho wi t i s prepare d fo r production . (Se e phot o F-B ) G-B . Floo r observatio n o f finishe d tank component s - 8' , 9' , 1 0 • and 12 ' head s an d bottom s read

yfo r assembl yare a an d secondar ybonding . (Se e phot o G-B ) H-B . Floo r observatio n o f a finishe d composit e tank 5 ' - 0 " dia . x 8 ' - 0 " wit h con e bottomo n legs , explaine d t o BE C th e exterio r finis h surface , wh yan d ho wth e exterio r i s furnishe d t o obtai n fo r corrosio n resistan t service . (Se e phot o H-B )
Continue d o n pag e 6 

# Vffiec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMS 

## 7 7P.2 4



### Pag e 6 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3
I-B . Floo r observatio n o f 12 ' - 0 " tank shell s an d head s assemble d o n sho p floor . (Se e phot o I-B ) J-B . Floo r observatio n o f 12 ' - 0 " dia . x 30 ' x 0 " shel l o n sho p floo r bein g prepare d fo r assembly . (Se e phot o J
B ) Durin g ou r plan t tour s VIATE C eithe r verball yan d o r illustrate d ho wou r mandrel s an d mol d ar e prepare d fo r th e applicatio n o f resi n reinforce d composites , w e showe d th e myla r (polyeste r film ) tha t i s applie d t o th e mandre l o r wa x tha t i s applie d t o a compounde d surfac e mol d (head s o r bottom) , w e showe d o n th e sho p floo r ho wth e part s ar e remove d o r strippe d fro mth e mandrels , th e partin g fil mbein g remove d an d th e composit e part(s ) bein g trimme d o r de-flashe d t o th e assembl ysurfaces . Secondarybondin g wa s show n o n ho wth e surface s hav e t o b e properl yprepare d (ground ) prio r t o an ysecondary bondin g o f an

ytank/vesse l fittings , manways , liftin g lugs , shel l t o hea d joints , shel l t o bottom joints , shel l t o shel l joints , thi s wa s illustrate d b yth e sho p floo r personne l performin g a n insid e sea mi n a 12 ' - 0 " dia . tan k o n th e floor , th e procedur e o f th e composit e strappin g bein g "wet-out " wit h resin , th e we t laminat e bein g carrie d t o th e tank s manway , th e transfe r o f th e "wetted-out " composit e strapping t o anothe r sho p personne l insid e th e vessel , the n th e "wetted-out " strap bein g applie d insid e th e 12 ' - 0 " tank t o a n insid e seam . A t th e conclusio n o f th e visi t a t VIATEC' s tan k plan t i n Beldin g w e al l assemble d togethe r whic h include d Ro n Timme r - Plan t Manager , Ke n Kensingto n - CE O an d Dea n Carrol l - Envir . Eng. , PEC . Discussion s too k plac e an d an yquestion s wer e answere d i n additio n th e following document s wer e give n t o ^EC . * VIATE C interna l documen t ( 2 pages ) whic h detail s th e manufacturin g inspectio n event s whic h wil l hel p assis t PE C t o bette r understand th e seperat e operation s necessaryi n th e manufactur e o f composit e tanks .
Continue d o n pag e 7 

# l/iatec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED SYSTEMS 

### I.SP.2 5



### Pag e 7 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3

* Copyo f SP I pape r give n Feb . 8 - 11 , 199 3 a t Nationa l Conference , Composite s Institute , SPI , Autho r Josep h S . McDermott , title : "Assessmen t o f th e Impac t o f Environmenta l Regulation s o n Composite s IndustryMarket s and Processes" . * Copyo f SP I pape r give n Feb . 8-11 , 199 3 a t Nationa l Conferenc e Composite s Institute , SPI , Authors , Lis a M . Adkins , Kath

yE . Kitche n an

d Dann yS . Landes , title : "Th e Determinatio n o f Styren e Emission s Durin g th e Han d Lay-U p an d Spray-U

p Processes" . I n additio n t o ou r discussion s w e reviewe d i n detai l th e manyCorrosio n Resistan t resin s tha t ar e use d i n ou r industrya s t o thei r range s o f chemica l an d temperatur e resistanc ydepending o n th e customer s environment . W e discusse d th e relationship s a s t o th e significan t cos t range s th e resin s ca n hav e a s fa r a s t o chemica l servic e I.E . th e cos t o f premiu mgrad e hig h corrosio n resistan t vinyl-este r a t $1.50/l b wit h 36 % styren e conten t vs . a goo d corrosio n resistan t tera-thathi c resi n a t $.70/l b wit h 50 % styren e content . W e discusse d o n ho wth e client s chemica l resistan t servic e applicatio n i f firs t obtaine d an d reviewe d an

d tha n a mos t cos t effectiv e resi n i s selected , i n othe r word s w e don' t pu t a $1.50/l b resi n i n a fabricatio n tha t ca n us e a $.70/l b resi n o r vic a versa . A t th e conclusio n o f ou r visi t i t wa s state d tha t if ther e wer e an

yothe r question s o r neede d information , RE C ca n contac t VIATE C a t anytime . Ther e wa s a lo t o f dat a an d informatio n "compressed " int o a si x (6 ) hou r visit . O n Jul y16 , 199 3 VIATE C receive d fro mPE C a telephon e reques t o n mor e informatio n an d dat a o n th e industry s standar d 10 0 mi l (min. ) corrosio n barrier , a s a resul t o f tha t telephon e reques t VIATE C faxe d thei r standar d manufacturin g shee t an d specification s whic h bes t describe s thos e constructio n practices , (cop yattached) .

Continue d o n pag e 8 

# l/Iafec
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### Pag e 8 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3 Hopefull yafte r receip t an d revie wo f ou r repor t letter , EE C an d th e EP Afeel s the yhav e gaine d som e practica l industr yknowledg e an d a bette r understandin g o f th e fabricatio n siz e issue s w e face , no t t o mentio n th e worldwid e competivenes s tha t no wexists . A s earlie r state d i n ou r firs t an d secon d EP A- CAM P meetin g hel d i n Researc h Triangl e Park , N C o n Jun e 7 an d Jun e 21 , 199 3 VIATE C i s embarke d o n a missio n t o bette r educat e an d assis t i n givin g sho p floo r knowledg e t o anyon e tha t wil l liste n an d tr yt o bette r understan d th e corrosio n resistan t composite s busines s her e i n America . A s always , cal l i f yo u hav e an yquestion s o r requests . Sincerely ,
CEO< ) Kennet h Kensingto n {CEO) cc : fil e cc : Mr . Joh n Schweitze r SPI/C I 144 1 Whit e Stree t An n Arbor , M I 4810 4 cc : Mr . Charle s R . McClaske y V- P Marketin g Reactiv e Polymer s Div . Reichhol d Chemicals , Inc . P O Bo x 1358 2 Researc h Triangl e Park , N C 27709-358 2 cc : Mr . Bo b LaCovar a Dir . Regulator yAffair s Composite s Fabricator s Assoc . 1735 Nort h Lyn n Stree t Suit e 95 0 Arlington , V

A22209-202 2

Continue d o n pag e 9 

# Viatec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED SYSTEMS 

## XS>P.2 7



### Pag e 9 (continued ) Jul y26 , 199 3

cc : Mr . Stev e McNall y Dir . Govt . Affair s Composite s Fabricator s Assoc . 173 5 Nort h Lynn Stree t Suit e 95 0 Arlington , V

A22209-202 2 cc : Dr . Frank Cassi s Ashlan d Chemica l Co . Composit e Polymer s Div . P O BO X 2211 8 Lo s Angeles , C

A9002 2 Enclosures : Photo s

VIATEC' s 10 0 Mi l Corrosio n Barrie r Specificatio n Shee t



# l/iafec
HASTINGS

ENGINEERED

SYSTEMS 1 < oP.2 8

V.. . 4. 0 FABRICATIO N

4. 1 LAMINATE-Th e laminat e consist s o f a n in ne rsurface , a n interio rlaye ran d a n exterio r laye ro rlaminat e body
. Th e combinatio n o f th e inne rsurfac e an d th e interio rlaye ri s know n a s th e corrosio n resistan t barrier
. Th e composition s specifie d fo rthi s barrie r ar e intende d t o achiev e optimu m chemica l resistance
. 4.1. 1 INNE R SURFAC E - Th e inne rsur fac e shal l b e fre e o f crack s an d crazin g wjt h a smoot h finis h an d wit h a n averag e o f no t ove r2 pit s pe rsquar e foot , providin g pit s ar e les s tha n 1/8 " i n diamete ran d no t ove r1/32 " dee p an d ar e covere d wit h sufficien t resi n t o avoi d ex posur e o f th e veil
. Som e wavines s i s permissibl e a s lon g a s th e sur fac e i s smoot h an d fre e o f pits
. Th e inne rsurfac e wil l b e 10-2 0 mils , thic k consistin g o f a resin-ric h laye r reinforce d wit h chemica l surfacin g ma t (veil)
. 4.1. 2 INTERIO R LAYE R - Aminimu m o f 10 0 mils , o f th e laminat e nex t t o th e inne rsurfac e shal l b e reinforce d wit h approximatel y30 % b yweigh t o f choppe d glas s rovin g (se e 3.9)
. Th e resi n use d i s th e sam e a s use d fo rth e inne rsurfac e laye rafte rth e inne rsurfac e laye rgel s bu t befor e i t cures . 4.1. 3 EXTERIO R LAYER , SIDEWALL-Th e exterio rlaye ro rbod yo f th e lami nat e fo rth e sidewal l portio n o f th e tank s shal l b e compose d o f fila men t woun d glas s fiber s (3.10 ) an d resi n a s specifie d unde rth e resi n syste m (3.1)
. Thi s laye rconsist s o f no t les s tha n 60 % o rmor e tha n 70 % glas s b yweight
. Som e specia l applications , wit h a requiremen t fo r a hig h axia l strength , ma yhav e on e o rmor e layer s o f combinatio n mat , o raxiall yoriente d unidirectiona l ma t exterio rlayer
. Th e exterio rsurfac e shal l b e relativel ysmoot h wit h n o exposed fiber s o rshar p projections
. INNE R SURFAC E

FILAMEN T WOUN D LAYE R

\ ^ w 4.1. 4 EXTERIO R LAYER , OTHE R • Fo r heads , bottoms , an d othe rnonfila men t woun d items ; th e exterio r laye ro rbod yo f th e laminat e shal l b e a continuatio n o f th e interio r laye r(4.1.2 ) usin g th e sam e glas s an d resi n t o buil d u p t o th e require d thickness
. Fo rsom e highl ystresse d applications , on e o rmor e layer s o f combinatio n ma t ma yb e Incorpo rate d i n th e exterio rlayer
. Th e exterio rsurfac e shal l b e relativel y smoot h wit h n o expose d fiber s o r shar p projection s an d chemicall y resistan t t o th e intende d service
. Vei l ma yb e adde d t o th e exterio r laye ri f requested
. 4. 2 Minimu m hea d an d botto m thicknesse s ar e

i n accordanc e wit h th e NB S Voluntar yPro duc t Standar d P S 1&6 9 unles s otherwis e specified
. 4.2. 1 Standar d tank s an d thicknesse s wil l b e designe d fo ra minimu m specifi c gravit yservic e o f 1. 2 wit h a n allow abl e desig n facto rminimu m o f 10:1
. Minimu m wal l thicknesse s ar e base d o n th e AST M D3299-8 1 standards
. 4.2. 2 Th e thicknes s o f th e filamen t woun d portio n o f th e tan k shel l ma y b e varie d wit h tan k

heigh t (tapered wal l construction ) a s lon g a s th e AST M requirement s ar e me t a t an y heigh t level
. 4.2. 3 Specia l tan k

thicknesse s an d design s ar e availabl e upo n request
. 4. 3 Pigments , whe n used , shal l b e i n th e oute r

laye ro f th e laminat e constructio n only
. 4. 4 Laminate s shal l b e withou t dryspot s o r

pocket s o f unreinforce d resin
. 4.4. 1 Th e laminat e shal l hav e a BARCO L hardnes s o f a t leas t 90 % o f th e resi n manufacturer' s minimu m specifie d hardnes s fo rth e cure d resi n whe n teste d i n accordanc e wit h AST M D2583-81
. 4. 5 Al l cu t edge s expose d t o th e chemica l en vironmen t shal l b e coate d wit h resi n an d veil
. 4. 6 Al l mol d releas e agent s shal l b e remove d

befor e shipment
. 4. 7 Th e oute rsurfac e shal l b e relativel ysmoot h

an d n o glas s fiber s shal l b e exposed
. 4. 8 Wher e piece s o f choppe d stran d ma t o r

combinatio n ma t ar e used , ther e shal l b e a minimu m o f 1 " overla p o f adjacen t pieces
. Joint s wil l b e staggere d i n succeedin g layers
.

^ ^

### CLAYTONENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS , INC . 2234 5 Roethe l Driv e Novi , Michiga n 4805 0 Mr . Gar yNicholso n VIATEC/HASTING S REINFORCE D 122 0 Wes t Stat e Stree t Hastings , M I 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Nicholson : Dat e Reported : 22-MAR-8 w Dat e Received : 22-FEB-8 9 Clayto n Projec t No. : 558 : 

### P.O . No. : 009649-0 0
Th e followin g i s ou r repor t o n th e sample s submitte d fo r analysis ,
La b Numbe r 71228 3 71228 4 71228 5 71228 6 71228 7 71228 8 Limi t o f Sampl e Descriptio n

XI-992 4 (13 ) XI-999 4 (17 ) XD-169 2 (5 ) XD-176 9 (8 ) XI-188 8 (16 ) XD-138 2 (1 ) BLAN K Detection : Samplin g Tim e (minutes ) 45 6 45 6 48 6 48 4 49 8 — 

## A

c (mg ) 3. 1 0.9 7 2. 8 3. 1 1. 8 (0.32 ) 0.00 5 : e

*


### m < ton e (



### 7 ppm ) 7 1 2 2 6 1 6 7 3 8 — 

### Styren e

(mg ) (ppm ) 1. 2 23^ |V 

### "°' ,:



### - ; 0.2 8 5. 4 **"*•*• 1. 3 2 3 PE«*- V » 1. 1 2 0 -ToAr o • : 0.2 9 5. 1 Pr-Tl . (0.049 ) * 0.00 5 m g 

### Analytica l Method : 3 M Organi c Vapo r Analytica l Metho d No . 5 , May1984 . Th e calculation s ar e base d o n a samplin g rat e of : 40. 1 cc/mi n * Actua l valu e o f clien t blank ; result s hav e no t bee n blan k corrected . 26. 8 cc/mi n

W e appreciat e th e opportunit yt o b e o f assistanc e t o you . Pleas e cal l ou r Clien t Service s Departmen t a t (313 ) 344-265 0 o r m e i f yo u hav e an yquestions . 3.o -2- y

f> r 

### Manager ^ Laborator yService s 

## M>\ R 2' ' '«9B9 • a



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. PHUL J f 1 IHHE3GT A 5514 4 

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" H '• G F f R Y :\ I C H 0 L 3 0 N? Q UAL1 T Y C 0 Ni R 0 L



# r i REPORT S 01-175-8 2
EMPLOYEE : BIL L LftK E SAMPL E CODE : DL-379 4 DftT E EXPOSED : 6-17-8 2 EXPOSUR E TIM E < MI H >:50 3 i\

- 

# •

COMPOUN D N ft PI E ACETON E STYREH E MICROG M MG/PI 3 364. 3 18. 2 j.092. 5 81. 5 PP M 7.6 , EMPLOYEE : MIK E COL E SAMPL E CODE : DL-363 5 DftT E EXPOSED : 6-i7-8 2 EXPOSUR E TIME<MIH; > :50 9 COMPOUN D NAM E ^ 

### ftC

. . . ( IV . STYREN E MICROG M . MG--M 3 _ . PP M . ^-.-^J^2^^v^6..6,--...,-.3..i5 , 4
- .. . 2165 . 3 ' • iol . 2 37 . 8 EMPLOYEE : / JI M HUVE R SAMPL E CODE : DL-383 4 - DAT E EXPOSED : 6-17-8 2 COMPiJuN D NAM E ACETON E STYREH E EXPOSUR E



# J TIME<MIH>:5& 5 MICROG M 1396. 7 1134. 1 I'1G''M 3

70. 8 

### 82 . S • PP M

£9.5 i9. 5 EMPLOYEE : D . BAKE R SAMPL E CODE : DL-332 7 DAT E EXPOSED : 6-11-8 2 EXPOSUR E T I Mc.'. : MI H > : o0 5 COMPOUN D NAM E .•"•ACETONE ' STYREH E MICROG M 775 . 0 669 . 1 MG.-'fl3i. A '



### 3 3
. 9 50. 2 PPC]



### 16. 4 11. 3 EMPLOYEE : RIC K ASP I HAL L SAMPL E CODE : DL-339 1 DAT E EXPOSED : 6-17-3 2 EXPOSUR E TIME(MIN>:51 4 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MI C R0 GM P i G/ M 3 P? P

i 

### 1184. 8 53. 4 2t.' 6 1 4 73. 9 i08. ~ 25. 5

a . 

### <7,°lP.3 1

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## CH EMPLOYEE : RALP H PAYN E SAMPL E CODE : DL-374 8 DAT E EXPOSED : 6-17-8 2 EXPOSUR E TIME<MIH>:48 0 !OhPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROG M 759. 2 736
. 2 MG^M 3

4 0
. 1 59. 7 PP

M 

### 16. 9 14. 0 **TH E MINIMU M DETECTABL E LIMI T O F TH E ANALYTICA L METHO D : .,I S * 0 MICROGRAM S
.*.
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. ;*.*'«•*• • PREPARE D BY
DAT E 

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### COMPANY :

REPORT * 

### L"J T <T-vr<s ' t\( 3 M BRAN

D ORGANI C VAPO R MONITO R GflS CHROMATOGRAPHI C AHALYSI S 

### REPOR T OCCUPATIONA L HEALT H AND SAFET Y PRODUCT S DIVISI0N/3 M

ST . PAUL ? MINNESOT A5514 4 HASTING S REINFORCE D PLASTIC S 122 6 kl . STAT E ST . HAS T IHGS J M I 4905 3 ATTN : RO H BENNE R 011-057-8 2 

# RECEIVE D MA R 1 5 198 2 HASTING S HEINFORCE D PLASTICS .i.-rij^otrf.t.-iTj, . 

### EMPLOYEE : . DOU G NICHOLSO N SAMPL E CODE : DL377 4 DAT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E lIMECMIN):48 4 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROG M 434. 0 206. 5 MG/M 3

26. 0 16 . 1 PP M

18. 9 3. 8 EMPLOYEE : E D HUS 3 SAMPL E CODE" . DL343 S DAT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIME(MIN):47 6 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROG M 1897. 0 371. 7 MG/ M 3

103. 6 30. 4 EMPLOYEE : MIK E PIERSO N SAMPL E CODE : DL373 6 DAT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIME(MIN>:43 3 PP M 43 . 6 7. 1

COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROG M 1011. 7 641. 3 MG/M 3

54. 5 51. 7 PP M

22. 9 12 . 1 EMPLOYEE : STEV E ROBINSO N SAMPL E CODE : DL356 2 DftT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIME(MIr O :46 9 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E EMPLOYEE : MIK E HCO K SAMPL E CODE : DL359 2 DAT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIMECMIN):47 3 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E

z=> 

### EMPLOYEE : MAT T DUNNIGA N ^ Q SAMPL E CODE : DL369 4 MICROG M 1112. 4 1235. 7 MG- y



### M 3 61. 7 102. 5 

### PP M

26. 0 24 . 1

MICROG M 1426. 0 269 . 6 MG/ M 3

78. 4 22. 2 

### PP M

33 . 0 S.i i



### DAT E EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIME<MIN>:47 GP.3 3


### H'-E i OH L STYREH E I 1 a O 1 2. 9 : • c . i 

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HK k

m; z. . E C 0 D E : D L 3 3 6 o 

### EXPOSED : 2-1 6 EXPOSUR E TIMEUIIN) : 8 COMPOUN D HAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROG M MG/M 3 H D * * H D * * **TH E MINIMUM DETECTABL E LIMI T O F TH E ANALYTICA L METHO D I S 1 0 MXCROGRfiM S


# • PREPARE D B Y
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## ST . PAUL- . MINNESOT

A5514 4 R ^ C F I V E D COMPANY : HASTING S REINFORCE D PLASTICS * INC HASTINGSREINFCRCE O PLASTIC S 122 0 HES T STAT E ST . QPPQftiqA I HASTINGS.
- M I 4905 3 otr«£O|30 l REPOR T # : 81-266-8 1 A M W 

### 7|8i9tI|Hi£il.2|3,4.St 6

MICROG M 750. 3 343 . 8 MG/M3

43 . 1 25. 6 PP M

18. 2 b. 0 EMPLOYEE : BLAN K CONTRO L SAMPL E CODE : DL344 1 DAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIMECMIN):49 6 

# • COMPOUN D NAM E MICROG M MG/M 3 PP M ACETON E . ND * * STYREN E ND * * EMPLOYEE : FRAN K HUS S SAMPL E CODE : DL360 1 BAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIMECMIN):49 2 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E

' EMPLOYEE : DIC K ROBINSO N SAMPL E CODE : DL370 9 DAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIME<MIN):49 9 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E EMPLOYEE : GEN E SHAD E SAMPL E CODE : DL375 2 DAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIMECMIN):48 8 COMPOUN D NAM E MICROG M MG/M 3 PP M ACETON E 1396. 1 81. O 34. 1 STYREN E 1629. 0 77. 4 i8. 2 EMPLOYEE : ARLEN E CLAR K SAMPL E CODE : DL3S0 4 DAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIME<MIN):49 6 COMPOUN D NAM E ACETON E STYREN E MICROGM 1412. 3 642. 6 MG/M 3

88 . 1 47. 3 PP M

33. 7 11. 1

MICROG M 4618. 2 2367. 5 MG/M3

263 . 5 175 . 1 PP M

ilQ. 9 41 . 1 

# •

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## '§ 

# 3 3EMPLOYEE : RIC K5ENNE R SAMPL E CODE : DL384 9 DAT E EXPOSED : 9-11-8 1 EXPOSUR E TIMECMIH):48 9 COMPOUN D NAM E MICROG M MG/M 3 PP M ACETON E 8366. 7 484. 1 203. 8 STYREH E 307. 6 23. 1 5. 4

* * AMINIMU M G F 1 8 MICROGRAM S WA S HO TDETECTE D B

YTH E INSTRUMEN T

PREPARE D B

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## * ) 

## 2 198 2 Mr . Kennet hA . Kensingto n lJ0C 

### Presiden t & Genera l Manage r Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc . 122 0 Wes t Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : Thi s lette r 1 s 1

nreferenc e t o you r Permi t t o Operat e applicatio nfo r a grindin g boot hwit hexhaus t system an ddr y filte r control , locate da t 122 0 Wes t Stat e Street , Hastings , Michigan . Thi s application , Identifie da s No . 461-80 , ha s bee nevaluate dan dapprove db

y th e A1 r Qualit y

Division , pursuan t t o the delegatio no f authorit y from the Michiga nA1 r Pollutio nContro l Com mission . Thi s approva l 1 s base dupo nan dsubjec t t o complianc e wit hal l administrativ e rule s o f th e Commissio nan dcondition s stipulate di nthe attache dsupplement . Than kyoufo r you r cooperation . I f yo uhave an y questions regardin g thi s permit , pleas e contac t m e at (517 ) 322-1333 . Sincerely ,
Randa l S . Telesz , Enginee r Permi t Uni t A1 rQualit y Divisio n RSfrk b Enclosur e ec tJo e Holme

s



## 3>SP.3 7



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### c o notifie d 0) $ ""' ^ D) 

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### . not1f1e 

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. Sourc e descriptio n (Installatio n dat e /, « ,„ 5 <?yl
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### / yS/W6e k



### f * -eks/yea r Heat conten t Densit y%Ash 

### _ 

### AJ A 15
. Attainmen t Statu s Othe r

Non-attainmpn f P - Primary

S - Secondar y

A - Al l standard s Non-attainment : emission s logge dYes.(TS P S0 2



### RAC T fo r VO C Ye s (He) Basis ? Uncontrolle d PP H TP Y 1 f I nproximit y t o non-attainmen t C O VOC ) ^Replacemen t D ) Expecte d PP H TP Y Allowe d

PP H TP Y Limi t -MICH EPA



# 3 £P.3 8



### 18 . Ho w i s collecte dmateria l dispose dof ? 0* ,*-.*. • .-'.-,- hY.r-r/rjtc /i\,.JYi;i



### 19
. Dispersion ? /res ' N o Basi s


### 20 .

2 1 ACF M

Temperatur e andVelocit y Calc . l&

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### Basi s fo r expectedcompliance , reason s fp r no t sending ceas e and desis t lette r i f constructio ncommenced , an d othe r comments . -r>

, - „ ••

- v. - .„.,.'•• , / £.c l t->£*»d-rtd'''ofj

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### ., J7 

### v,.Reviewe d by : /•;.«o,/, / •;;- • 

### Date : f /

3 7P.3 9 

## J\PR 1 4 

## 198 1 SUPPLEMEN T TO PERMI T No
. 460-8 0 Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc
.

Hastings , M

I GENERA LCONDITION S 1
. Approva l o

f th e Permi t

t o Operat e wil l remai ni neffec t a s lon g a s complianc e wit h Commissio nrule s an dwit hspecifi c condition s of thi s permi t

i s maintained
. 2
. Th e restriction s an dcondition s of thi s Permi t

t o Operat e shal l appl y t o an y perso no r lega l entit y whic hno w o r

shal l hereafte r

ow no r operat e th e facilitie s fo r whic hthi s Permi t

t o Operat e i s issued
. Th e Applican t shal l immediatel y notif y th e Commissio ninwritin g of suc hchang e i n ownershi p o r principa l operato r

statu s of

thi s facility
. 3
. Rul e 208(3b ) - Operatio n o f thi s facilit y shal l no t interfer e wit hth e attainmen t o r maintenanc e of

th e ai r qualit y standar dfo r

an y ai r contaminant
. 4
. Operatio nof

thi s facilit y shal l no t

resul t i nsignifican t

deterioratio nof

ai r quality
. 5
. Rul e 90 1 - Operatio n of thi s facilit y shal l no t

resul t i nth e emissio nof

a nai r contaminan t whic hcause s injuriou s effect s t o huma nhealt ho r safety , anima l life , plan t life o f significan t

economi c value , o r

property , o r

whic hcause s unreasonabl e interferenc e wit hth e comfortabl e enjoymen t of lif e an dproperty . 6
. Rul e 20 1 - Applican t shal l no t

reconstruct , alter , modify , expan do r relocat e thi s facilit y unles s plans , specification s an da n applicatio nfo r aPermi t

t o Instal l ar e submitte dt o an d approve dby th e Commission
. 7
. Approva l of

thi s permi t

doe s no t

obviat e th e necessit y o f obtainin g suc hpermit s o r approval s fro mothe r

unit s o f governmen t

a s require db y law
. 8
. Applican t

shal l provid e notificatio n of an y abnorma l condition s o r malfunctio nof

proces s o r contro l equipmen t

covere db y thi s applicatio nresultin g i nemission s i nviolatio no f th e Commissio nrule s o r

of an y permi t

condition s fo r

mor e tha ntw o hour s shal l b e mad e t o th e Distric t Engineer
. Suc hnotic e shoul db e mad e a s soo na s reasonabl y possibl e bu t no t late r tha n9:0 0 a.m . o f

th e nex t

workin g day
. Th e applican t shal l als o submi t

t o th e Distric t Engineer , i nwriting , withi n 1 0 days , adetaile dreport , includin g probabl e causes , duratio n o f violation , remedia l actio n taken , an dwha t step s ar e bein g undertake nt o preven t a reoccurrence .



# 3 «P.4 0 

### PC\t\r<\<AJ~ t V IY et<Y\..i 

# RECEIVE D STAT E O F MICHIGA N NATURA L RESOURCE S COMMISSIO N THOMA S J
. ANDERSO N MARLEN E J
. FLUHART Y 3RR YKAMME R ^5555^ ' • l/ l ATC A

. STEWAR TMYER S -wan* - VIAItl r 

## MAY * 198 8
R^MO D ND 0 P!UPOR E JAME S J

- BLANCHARD

- Govemo r

### Hmim& wmimv SYSTEM S 

## DEPARTMEN

T OF NATURA

L RESOURCE S STEVEN S T
. MASO N BUILDIN G

BO X 3002 8 LANSING , M l 4890 9 GORDO N E
. GUYER , Directo r Apri l 29 , 198 8 Mr . Kennet h Kensington , Genera l Manage r Hasting s Reinforce d Plastic s 122 0 W . Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : Thi s lette r i s i n referenc e t o you r Permi t t o Instal l applicatio n fo r th e han d filamen t windin g area , located a t 122 0 W . Stat e Street , Hastings , Michigan . Thi s application , identifie d a s No . 116-88 , ha s bee n evaluate d an d approve d b

y th e Ai r Qualit yDivision , pursuan t t o th e delegatio n o f authorit yfro mth e Michiga n Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Commission . Thi s approva l i s base d upo n an d subjec t t o complianc e wit h al l administrativ e rule s o f the Commissio n an d condition s stipulate d i n th e attache d supplement . Pleas e revie wthes e condition s thoroughl ys o tha t yo u ma ypla n fo r an d tak e the action s necessaryt o ensur e complianc e wit h al l o f thes e conditions . Als o not e tha t Conditio n No . 1 require s yo u t o apply , i n writing , fo r a permi t t o operat e withi n 3 0 day s afte r completio n o f construction . Yo u ar e advise d tha t contaminant s discharge d t o the surfac e water s and/o r groundwaters ; material s dispose d o f o n land ; hazardou s wast e storage , treatment , an

d disposal ; an

d resourc e recoveryfacilitie s mus t b e approve d b y othe r division s o f the Departmen t o f Natura l Resources . Additionally , you r plan t environmen t mus t b e i n complianc e wit h al l applicabl e requirement s o f the Department s o f Publi c Healt h an d Labor . Approva l o f thi s permi t doe s no t constitut e a waive r b yth e Stat e o f Michiga n o f it s righ t t o brin g appropriat e lega l actio n agains t th e applican t fo r failing t o obtai n the require d permi t prio r t o the commencemen t o f construction . Thank yo u fo r you r cooperation . Pleas e contac t m e i f yo u hav e an yquestion s regarding thi s permit . Sincerely ,
/ GregoryM yEdwards , Senio r Enginee r Nortliwes t Permi t Uni t Ai r Qualit yDivisio n 517-373-702 3 GME:cl p Enclosur e TM 2 6 cc : Dic k VandeBun t I /O D ,-.,£ , ._—•' , -T

L i • 3 

# 5'< rP.4 1

SUPPLEMEN

T TO PERMI T NO . 116-8 8 Hasting s Reinforce d Plastic s Hastings , Michiga n Apri l 29 , 198 8
GENERA L CONDITION S 1 . Rul e 208(2 ) - No t mor e than 3 0 day s afte r completio n o f the installation , Applican t shal l apply , i n writing , fo r a Permi t t o Operate . Completio n o f th e installatio n i s deeme d t o occu r no t late r tha n commencemen t o f a tria l operatio n pursuan t t o Rul e 201(4) . Writte n applicatio n shoul d b e sen t to : Chief , Permi t Unit , Ai r Qualit yDivision , Departmen t o f Natura l Resources , P.O . Bo x 30028 , Lansing , Michiga n 48909 . 2 . Rul e 201(4 ) - Tria l operatio n o f th e equipmen t i s permitte d unti l th e Michiga n Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Commissio n act s upo n the Permi t t o Operate . Operatio n o f th e equipmen t shal l permanentl yceas e upo n denia l o f th e Permi t t o Operat e b yth e Commission . 3 . Rul e 208(3)(a ) an d (c ) - Applican t shal l demonstrat e complianc e wit h al l Commissio n rule s an d wit h al l genera l an d specia l condition s o f thi s permi t prio r t o issuanc e o f th e Permi t t o Operate . 4 . Rul e 20 1 - Applican t shal l no t reconstruct , alter , modify , expand , o r relocat e thi s equipmen t unles s plans , specifications , an d an applicatio n fo r a Permi t t o Instal l ar e submitte d t o an d approve d b

yth e Commission . 5 . Rul e 90 1 - Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t resul t i n th e emissio n o f a n ai r contaminan t whic h cause s injuriou s effect s t o huma n healt h o r safety , anima l life , plan t lif e o f significan t value , o r property , o r whic h cause s unreasonabl e interferenc e wit h the comfortabl e enjoymen t o f lif e an d property . 6 . Rul e 208(3)(b ) - Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t interfer e wit h th e attainmen t o r maintenanc e o f th e ai r qualit ystandard fo r an yai r contaminant . 7 . Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t resul t i n significan t deterioratio n o f ai r quality . 8 . Rul e 91 2 - Applican t shal l provid e notificatio n o f an yabnorma l condition s o r malfunctio n o f proces s o r contro l equipmen t covere d b ythi s application , resulting i n emission s i n violatio n o f th e Commissio n rule s o r o f an

ypermi t condition s fo r mor e tha n tw o hours , t o the Distric t Supervisor . Suc h notic e shal l b e mad e a s soo n a s reasonabl ypossible , bu t no t late r tha n 9:0 0 a.m . o f the nex t workin g day . Applican t shal l also , withi n 1 0 days , submi t t o the Distric t Supervisor , a writte n detaile d report , including probabl e causes , duratio n o f violation , remedia l actio n taken , an

d th e step s whic h ar e being undertake n t o preven t a reoccurrence .


# 4 0P.4 2

Hasting s Reinforce d Plastic s Permi t No . 116-8 8 Pag e 2 Apri l 29 , 198 8
9 . Approva l o f thi s applicatio n doe s no t exemp t th e Applican t fro mcomplying wit h an yfutur e regulation s whic h mayb e promulgate d unde r Ac t 348 , P.A . 1965 , a s amended . 10 . Approva l o f thi s permi t doe s no t obviat e the necessit yo f obtaining suc h permit s o r approval s fro mothe r unit s o f governmen t a s require d b ylaw . 11 . Ac t No . 5 3 - Applican t shal l notif yan ypubli c utilit yo f an yexcavation , tunneling an

d dischargin g o f explosive s o r demolitio n o f building s whic h ma yaffec t sai d utility' s facilitie s i n accordanc e wit h Ac t 5 3 o f the Publi c Act s o f 1974 , bein g section s 460.70 1 t o 460.71 8 o f the Michiga n Compile d Law s an

d compl ywit h eac h o f the requirement s o f tha t Act . 12 . Th e restriction s an d condition s o f thi s Permi t t o Instal l shal l appl yt o an yperso n o r lega l entit ywhic h no wo r shal l hereafte r own o r operat e th e equipmen t fo r whic h thi s Permi t t o Instal l i s issued . Anyne wowne r o r operato r shal l Immediatel ynotif yth e Chie f o f the Permi t Unit , i n writing , o f suc h chang e i n ownershi p o r principa l operato r statu s o f thi s equipment . 13 . Rul e 201(5 ) - I f th e installation , reconstruction , relocation , o r alteratio n o f the equipmen t fo r whic h thi s permi t ha s bee n approve d ha s no t commence d within , o r ha s bee n interrupte d for , 1 8 months , thi s permi t shal l become voi d unles s otherwis e authorize d b yth e Commission . SPECIA L CONDITION S
14 . Ther e shal l b e n o visibl e emission s fro mth e han

d filamen t windin g area . 15 . Th e volatil e organi c compoun d (VOC ) emissio n rat e fromth e han d filamen t windin g operatio n shal l no t excee d 0.2 8 pound s pe r hou r no r 1. 3 ton s pe r year . 16 . Applican t shal l no t substitut e an yrawmaterial s fo r thos e describe d i n thi s permi t applicatio n whic h woul d resul t i n an appreciabl e chang e i n th e qualit yo r an

yappreciabl e increas e i n the quantit yo f th e emissio n o f a n ai r contaminan t withou t prio r notificatio n t o an d approva l b

yth e Ai r Qualit yDivision . 17 . Resi n an

d catalys t usag e rate s o n a monthl ybasi s shal l b e kep t o n fil e fo r a perio d o f a t leas t tw o year s an

d mad e availabl e t o th e Ai r Qualit y Divisio n upo n request .



# 4 (P.4 3

DEPARTMEN TO F NATURA L RESOURCE S AI R QUALITYDIVISIO N P.O . BOX3002 8 LANSING , MICHIGA N 4890 9 STAT E O F MICHIGA N AI R US E PERMI T APPLICATIO N APPLICATIO N NO . 

# iU-KK
FO R AUTHORIT YT O INSTALL , CONSTRUCT , RECONSTRUCT , RELOCATE , O R ALTER , AN D OPERAT E PROCESS , FUEL-BURNING , O R REFUSE-BURNIN G EQUIPMEN TAND / O R CONTRO L EQUIPMEN T(PERMIT S T O INSTAL L AN D OPERAT E AR E REQUIRE D BYADMINISTRATIV E RULE S PURSUAN TT O AC T348 , P.A . 1965 , A S AMENDED) . 

### yiyioiui
. 

# fe m APPUCANT : Busines s Licens e Nam e o f Corporation , Partnership , Individua l Owner , Govemmen t Agenc y 

### ffiSDNB FEMCRI D HASHES , E C 2 . MAILIN G ADDRESS : Numbe r an d Street ; Cit y o r Village ; State ; Zi p Cod e 

### 122 0 W
. Stat e St
. Bastirgs , M

E4905 8 PERMI TSECTION
. EQUIPMEN TO R PROCES S LOCATION : Numbe r an d Street ; City . Villag e o r Townshi p Sam e a s $ 2 COUNT Y 

### Parry ZI P COD E



### 49058

- 4 . GENERA L NATUR E O F BUSINESS : 

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### s 336 

### * / <kt aste* s (MSCS's

) c ntt e pollste r

resin s w e hav e usa d c nau s nan ariiamen t

windsr
. 6 . ESTIMATE D COST :

Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Equipmen t $ Total Projec t $ 7 . ACTIO N AN D TIMING : ESTIMATE D STARTIN G DAT E ESTIMATE D COMPLETIO N DAT E f ~ | Installation , construction , reconstruction , o r alteratio n MJL\XmJr_f Ju l U9 S j I Relocatio n | [ Chang e o fOwnershi p 8 . NAM E O F PRIO R OWNE R A S I N ITE M 1 ABOVE . AN D PRIO R AI R US E PERMI TNUMBER . I F ANY : NAM E PERMI TNO . 9 . NAM E AN D TITL E O F OWNE R OR AUTHORIZE D MEMBE R O F FIR M M



### _KamethL
. Ksnsdngbc

n Signatur e
Title : 

### Genera l Manage

r Date : 

### 12-31-8 7 Phon e N06I 6 

### 94^957 8 10 . CONTAC TPERSO N I F DIFFEREN TTHA N ITE M 9 : Nam e Phon e Noi SL6 - 

### % t



### yt

### m\ 11 . DISPOSITIO N O F APPUCATION : Receip t o fal l informatio n require d by Rul e 20 3 Permi t t o instal l approve d * o n Permi t t o operat e approve d * o n Application/permi t voide d o n Application/permi t denie d o n FO R DN R US E ONL Y 

### AP R 2 9 198 8 Signatur e Signatur e Signatur e Signatur u 

# •^MdWL

'Subjec t t o complianc e wit h al l Commissio n Rules an d Condition s stipulate d i n th e attache d supplement . AQ- 1 INSTRUCTION S FO R COMPLETIN G AN D FILIN G AR E O N REVERS E SID E 

### A7 PR 661 5 5/8 4P.4 4 

### (-? ri'*\d.i } 

### n*rt>oo~f~7 1 STAT E O F MICHIGA N

NATURA L RESOURCE S COMMISSIO N JACO B A

. HOEFE R WILLIA M G . MILLIKEN , Governo r E
. M
. LAITAL A 

## pin F 

## TM » DEPARTMENT O F NATURA

L RESOURCE S PAU L n . VVcNDLc n HARR YH . WHITELE

YSTEVEN S T . MASO N BUILDIN G JOAN L . WOLFE BOX3002 8 CHARLE S G . YOUNGLOV

E LANSING . M l 4890 9 HOWAR D A . .TANNER . Directo r


## Mr . Kennet hA . Kensingto n k?}{ 0 2 loo p Presiden t & Genera l Manage r ° ^ Hasting s Reinforce d Plastics , Inc . 122 0 Wes t Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : Thi s lette r i s i n referenc e t o you r Permi t t o Operat e applicatio n fo r a grindin g boot hwit hexhaus t syste man d dr yfilte r control , locate d a t 122 0 Wes t Stat e Street , Hastings , Michigan . Thi s application , identifie d a s No . 461-80 , ha s bee n evaluate d and approve d b yth e Ai r Qualit yDivision , pursuan t t o th e delegatio n o f authorit yfro mth e Michiga n Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Com
mission . Thi s approva l i s base d upo n an d subjec t t o complianc e wit hal l administrativ e rule s o f th e Commissio n and condition s stipulate d i n th e attache d supplement . Than k yo u fo r you r cooperation . I f yo u hav e anyquestion s regardin g thi s permit , pleas e contac t m e a t (517 ) 322-1333 . Sincerely , •fasrUJlj, 75&Umy 

### Randa l S
. Telesz , Enginee r Permit Uni t Ai rQualit yDivisio n RST:kb Enclosur e cc : Jo e Holmes 

# RECEIVE D AP R 

## 0 3 1982 HASTING S REINFORCE D PLASTIC S

R102 6 1/8 0 

# 41P.4 5

09/07/9 3 11:1 5 ©61 6 94 8 385 0 VIATE C CTR L SVC S ©00 1



### VIATEC TM 20 2 Sout hBroadwa y CENTRA LSERVICE S 

### Hastings , MI 4905 8 Tel . (616 ) 948-386 0 FA X No . 61 6 948-385 0
TELEFA X TRANSMITTAL SHEE T DESTINATIO NPacifi c Environmenta l Services . Inc . DESTINATIO NCONTAC T Dea n A . Carrol l - Environ . Enqr . ORIGINATO R Kennet h Kensingto n NUMBE R O F PAGE S TRANSMITTE D (Including Cover ) 1 DAT E TRANSMITTE D 9-7-9 3 DESTINATIO NFA

X NO . 9J9-941-0234 . SUBJEC T _ _Confidentialit yRelease . Subject : Ai r Permi t 461-8 0 - grindin g booth . Dea r Mr . Carroll : Thi s fa x lette r i s t o releas e yo u o r othe r partie s o f th e confidentialit yus e o f ou r Ai r Permi t 461-8 0 - title d "GRINDIN G BOOTH " a s applie d fo r i n 198 2 wit h th e stat e o f Michiga n DN R ai r qualit yresourc e department , w e a t thi s tim e conside r i n non confidentia l information . Sincerely /

Kennet h L . Kensingto n J 

### CE O



# 44 -P.4 6
AI RQUAL1I

Y UIVISIO N MICHIGA N DEPARTMEN TO F NATURA L RESOURCE S - P.O . BO X 30028 , LANSING , MICHIGA N 4890 9 V £ * o '^PLICATIO N TO TH E AI R POLLUTIO N CONTRO L COMMISSIO N TM4y ; V £ i fo r authorit y l o construct , instal l or alta r A/a "*

•Q / Q C APPLICATIO N M O 

# t/M-fr o Qu, 

# ^o end H Ojy . J fo r parmi t t o oparat a process , fua l burning , rafus a burnin g and/o r ai r pollutio n contro l sfyjipawn t



### ; ./ty i PERMI

T T O R C ISSUC

O TO : fSuiui i L«cci»« « N»mt of Corporation . Pvtmmr.hip. /adurie W Owitr , Governmental A f*cy) 

## Hunting s RPInforce d Plastics , Inc . 1 . MAILIN

O ADORIS* : (Numher. Street. CurorKifia** . Zip Cod*) 

## 122 0 W
. Stet e Stree t

- Hastings
. Michiga n 4905 8 

## lu1 . EQUIPMEN

T O RPROCES S LOCATION : (Number, Street. City o rVilUf. Tounukip. Zip Code) 

### L8_£2 : 

# C VP E O P ORGANIZATION . fir] Corporatio n f~ ) Partnershi p •Individua l Owna r • Gevernatente l Agenc y 

### Mnc J 

# C OKMCRA

L NATUR

E O F BUSINESS . 

## Ajgfmbl y an dFabricatio no f Fiharglee aPert a :
•EOUIPMEN TDESCRIPTION : Applicatio n i s hereb y mod e fa r porn . 

## Se e Attache d Drawing Exhaus tBooth - Grindin g


# V . or . V \ c^rTvxa^ V I V issle n t e cawstisJs^wTAirWpilta r an d t < 

### —-,-.. „ lioe u/ w <5» v 

### " "* 

## THI S HRST

T I S T O B E USE D ONL

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T O RPROPOSALS O F THI S COMPANY. I T T• - NOT T O B E COPIED , REPRODUCED , EXHIBITE D O

RUSE D PIBHCTT T OT

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t a oparat a td * followin g equipmen t



# L L TESTIMATE O COST : Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Equipmen t |
_ 

## 12LAN Y WtW®B3lMgfaf& L F EQUIPMENT : (Chech emd tompUte app/wae b iie W TH E INTEREST S U-fe ' S PRESEN TSTATU S O

( ) Constructio n o r installatio n no t starte d ... . < ) Constructio n o r inttollotio n partl y complete d ( ) Constructio n comploto d ( ) Equipmen t i s t o k o altaro d ( ) Equipmen t i s partl y altaro d ( ) Equipmen t ha s boo n altaro d ( ) Chang e o f locatio n and/o r ownershi p 

## HA^a^oREINFORfil K PLASTICS, INC . Dat a 

## Ma y 1975

•NAM E O F PRIO R OWNE R A S I N tt l ABOVE . AN O PRIO R AI R POLLUTIO N CONTRO L PERMI TNUMBCR . I P AMY : INeme) MOn e (Fink MemUr)

» 0 TYP E O R PRIN TNAM E AN O TITL E O F OWNE R O R AUTHORIZE D MEMBE R O P PIRM : 

## r»—; K«nn«t hL
. Kensingto n• /T^
. Presiden t & floral M.n. f

## A r

> • 

## h - 3- m « • 3 » » DISPOSITIO N O P APPLICATION :



## ^S/A^^b^j^^,.. ^ . . SE P 1 7 198

0 Sifnatut* . Signature . 

# ^m7

ro* M AP. , , M ./» . D(hU,m «WP/emeni . /fMSfwtiea * Ite r «—phrto t (ii s /•» » or * O R MMM I «<*> /P.4 7 

# e°

. .^^NLO.. ^



# m 1 

# 4 190 1 Kennet hL . Kensingto n Presiden t & Genera l Manage r Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc . 122 0 Wes t Stat e Stree t Hastings?,M I 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : Thi s lette r 1 s 1

nreferenc e t o you r Permi t t o Instal l an dOperat e applicatio n fo r you r aceton e tankan dfiberglas s moldin g operatio nwit hModiglas s dry ai r filter , locate da t 122 0 Wes t Stat e Street , Hastings , Michigan . Thi s application , Identifie da s No . 460-80 , ha s bee nevaluate dan dapprove db

y th e A1 r Qualit y

Division , pursuan t t o th e delegatio no f authorit y from th e Michiga nAi r Pollutio nContro l Commission . Thi s approva l 1 s base duponan dsubjec t t o complianc e wit hal l administrativ e rule s o f th e Commissio nan dcondition s stipulate di nth e attache dsupplement . Furthermore , youar e advise dtha t resourc e recover y facilitie s an

dmaterial s dispose do f o

nlan dmus t b e approve db

y the Resourc e Recover y

Divisio no f th e Departmen t o f Natura l Resources ; an dthe Inplan t environmen t mus t b e i n complianc e wit hthe applicabl e requirement s o f th e Occupationa l Healt hDivi sio no f the Departmen t o f Publi c Health . Approva l o f thi s permi t doe s no t constitut e a waive r b y the Stat e o f Michiga n o f it s righ t t o brin g appropriat e lega l actionagains t th e applican t fo r fail ing t o obtai nth e require dpermit s prio r to the commencemen t o f construction . Additionally , i

nreferenc e t o ou r telephon e conversatio nonApri l 3 , 1981 , concernin g confidentia l information , i t wa s agree dtha t al l Materia l Safet y Dat a Sheet s an

dallowabl e calculation s ar e no t considere dconfidentia l material . Than kyo ufo r you r cooperation . I f yo uhav e an y question s regardin g thi s permit , pleas e contac t me a t (517 ) 322-1333 . Sincerely , 

# Ur Randa l S . Telesz , Enginee r Permi t Uni t , . . t 

## <i \&\ Ai r Qualit y

Divisio n\Jb ^ RST:k bW Enclosur e cc i :' • Jo e Holae s
4-J & b



# o»"»° » »» *P.4 8



### SUPPLEMENT TO PERMI T No
. 461-8 0 Hasting s Reinforce dPlastic s Hastings , M

I 

### AP S 

### U ^ 198 2 GENERA LCONDITION S 1
. Approva l of

thi s Permi t

t o Operat e wil l remai ni neffec t a s lon g a s complianc e wit hal l Commissio n rule s an dwit hal l genera l an dspecia l condition s o f thi s permi t

i s maintained
. 2
. Rul e 20 1 - Applican t shal l no t

reconstruct , alter , modify , expand , o r relocat e thi s equip

men t unles s plans , specifications , an da napplicatio nfo r aPermi t

t o Instal l ar e submitte d t o an dapprove db y th e Commission
. 3
. Rul e 90 1 - Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t

shal l no t

resul t i nth e emissio no f

a n ai r contaminan t

whic hcause s injuriou s effect s t o huma nhealt ho r safety , anima l life , plan t life of significan t

economi c value , o r

property , o r

whic hcause s unreasonabl e interferenc e wit hth e comfortabl e enjoymen t o f life an dproperty . 4
. Rul e 208(3)03 )
. - Operatio n of thi s equipmen t

shal l no t

interfer e wit hth e attainmen t o r maintenanc e o f

th e ai r qualit y standar dfo r

an y ai r contaminant
. 5
. Operatio no f

thi s equipmen t

shal l no t

resul t i nsignifican t

deterioratio no f

ai r quality
. *>
. Rul e 91 2 - Applican t shal l provid e notificatio nof an y abnorma l condition s o r malfunctio n o f proces s o r

contro l equipmen t

covere db y thi s application , resultin g i nemission s in violatio no f

th e Commissio n rule s o r o f an y permi t

condition s fo r

mor e tha ntw o hours , t o th e Distric t

Engineer
. Suc hnotic e shal l b e mad e a s soo na s reasonabl y possible , bu t no t late r tha n 9:0 0 a.m . o f

th e nex t

workin g day
. Applican t shal l also , withi n1 0 days , submi t t o th e Distric t

Enginee r

awritte ndetaile dreport , includin g probabl e causes , duratio nof violation , remedia l actio n taken , an dth e step s whic har e bein g undertake nt o preven t a reoccurrence . 7
. Approva l o

f thi s applicatio n doe s no t preclud e th e Applican t fro mcomplyin g wit han y futur e regulation s whic hma y b e promulgate dunde r Ac t 348 , P.A
. 1965 , a s amended
. 8
. Approva l o

f thi s permi t

doe s no t

obviat e th e necessit y o f obtainin g suc hpermit s o r approval s fro mothe r

unit s of governmen t

a s require db y law
. 9
. Th e restriction s an dcondition s of thi s Permi t

t o Operat e shal l appl y t o an y perso n o r lega l entit y whic hno w o r

shal l hereafte r

ow no r operat e th e facilitie s fo r whic hthi s Permi t

t o Operat e i s issued
. An y ne w owne r

o r operato r

shal l immediatel y notif y th e Chie f

o f th e Permi t Unit , i n writing , of

suc hchang e i nownershi p o r principa l operato r

statu s of

thi s equipment
. SPECIA LCONDITION S 10
. Rul e 33 1 - Th e particulat e emissio nfro mth e grindin g boot hshal l no t excee d0.1 0 pound s pe r 1,000 pound s of

exhaus t gases , calculate do nadr y ga s basis
. 11
. Visibl e emission s shal l no t excee d20 % opacit y excep t a s specifie di nRul e 301(la ) an d(b)
. i2
. Applican t

shal l no t

operat e th e grindin g boot hunles s th e exhaus t filter s ar e i nplac e an d operatin g properly
. RST:k b 

## 4- 7P.4 9
STAT E O F MICHIGA N 

## sst.
NATURA L RESOURCE S COMMISSIO N JACO B A . HOEFE R • M LAITAL

AWILLIA M G
. MILLIKEN , Governo r 

### PAuTrwENDLE R DEPARTMEN TO F NATURA L RESOURCE S HARR YH . WHITELE YSTEVEN S T . MASO N BUILDIN G JOA N L . WOLF E ' BO X3002 8 CHARLE S G . YOUNGLOV E LANSING , M l 4890 9 HOWAR D A . TANNER . Directo r 

# SE P 1 7 198 0 V¥ ^ $ ° Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc. , ^ T Kennet hL . Kensingto n Presiden t andGenera l Manage r 122 0 W . Stat e Stree t Hastings , M I 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : You r applicatio nfo r a Permi t t o Instal l a grindin g boot hwit hexhaus t system an ddry filte r contro l locate da t 122 0 W . Stat e St. , Hastings , Michigan , ha s bee nevaluated . Thi s application , identifie da s No . 461-80 , ha s bee napprove d b y th e staf f 1 nth e name o f th e Michiga nAi r Pollutio nContro l Consulssio n pursuan t t o th e delegatio no f authorit y entere db

y th e Commission . Thi s approva l 1 s base do nandsubjec t t o complianc e wit hal l Commissio nrule s an dcondition s stipulate di nthe attache dsupplement . Furthermore , yo uar e advise dtha t resourc e recover y facilitie s an

dmaterial s dispose do f o nlandmus t b e approve db y th e Resourc e Recovery

Divisio no f th e Departmen t o f Natura l Resources ; an dadequat e inplan t exhaus t ventilatio nmus t be provide dt o permi t complianc e wit happlicabl e Occupationa l Healt hrequire ment s a s require db

y th e Departmen t o f Publi c Health . Issuanc e o f thi s permi t doe s no t constitut e a waive r b y the Stat e o f Michiga n o f it s righ t t o brin g appropriat e lega l actio nagains t th e permitte e fo r failin g t o obtai nth e require dpermit s prio r t o th e coiranencemen t o f construction . Than kyo ufo r you r cooperation . I f yo uhav e an y questions , pleas e contac t thi s offic e a t (517 ) 322-1333 . Sincerely , Randa l S
. Telesz , Enginee r Permi t Uni t Ai rQualit yDivisio n Enclosur e cc : Oo e Holmes 

### :d r

R102 6 1/8 0 

# HP.5 0


### AI R QUALiI YDIVISIO N MICHIGA N DEPARTMEN TO F NATURA L RESOURCE S ^/ > , P.O . BO X30028 , LANSING , MICHIGA N 4890 9 ^ O v APPLICATIO N M O 

### / PLICATIO N T O TH E AI R POLLUTIO N CONTRO L COMMISSIO N ty JQ

<*£ ) fo r authorit y t o construct , instal l o r alta r vY ; A? O



## —^// > 

## °J fo r parmi t t o oparat a process , fua l burning , rafus a burnin g and/o r ai r pollutio n contro l aqOipkap t

" i PERMI

T T O BC ISSUEO TO : {Bm.ir.ete Licens e Neme of Corporation. fanner.hip. Indu/idaal Owner. Covernmaatal Agency) 

## Hasting s Reinforce dPlasti c a , Inc^r

2 MAILIM

O AOORESS : (Hunker. Street. Cuy orVillage. Zip Code) 

## 122 0 W
. Stat e Stree t

- Haatlnga , Michiga n 4905 8 1 . EQUIPMEN

T o n PROCES S LOCATION : (Numker. Street. City orVillage. Township. Zip Code) 

## Sam e a a# 2 4 TYP E O P ORGANIZATION . Kr ) Corporatio n Q Partnarski p Q Individua l Owno r Q Go¥arnmonte l Agenc y S . OIMERA L NATUR E O F BUSINESS . 

### Aflflfttnhl y anr i FaTvrira M n n n f TMhprg l AB B Parf a 

# - J

•EQUIPMEN TDESCRIPTION : Applicatio n i s karob y mod * fa r permissio n t a canstruct , instal l o r alta r an d t a oparat a tb a fallowin g aqulpma,, , 

# -NOTICE-. , Se e Attache dDrawin g TmS^^fl^T O Exhaus t Boot h- Grindin g B EUSE D QNL Y I N 

## CONNECTIO N WIT H CONTRAC T O RPROPOSAL S O FTHI S COMPANY
. I T I S NC T T O S E COPIES
. REPRODUCED , EXHIBITE D OR

- ^JSE D 

# L" T 

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•n-RTTi. TJMJLif l JM^^^sfaS PRESEN T STATU S O F EQUIPMENT : (Chech and complete applicable ue-itY " • 

## T O TOS^NTERESTS QSii-t ^ ( ) Constructio n o r installatio n no t storto d 

### T TAOTTfft R REINFOfeftfr " °" * ( ) Constructio n o r installatio n partl y comploto d . . . „ cirpTn O TTO T- ( ) Constructio n complotad PIJABTIUD , IINO . Ma V 197 5 ( ) Equipmon t i s t o k o oltora d
_________ _—-—>—_____ _ ( ) Equipmon t i s partl y oltora d •__________^_
_ ( ) Equipmon t ho s boo n altaro d
__________ ___________ _ ( ) Ckong o o f locatio n and/o r owno r ski p ^_________

_.-———_---_____ . t NAM E O F PRIO R OWNE R AS I N H I AROVE . AN O PRIO R AI R POLLUTIO N CONTRO L PERMI TNUMRER . I P AMY : (Name) Non e ffarmk Hmm^at) 1 0 TYP E O

R PRIN T NAM E AN O TITL E OF OWNER O

R AUTHORIZE D MEMBE R O F FIRM : I 

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.

a a c w I I . DISPOSITIO N O F APPLICATION :



### * Subjec t t o complianc e wit h al l SE P 1 7 198 0 YC&C -J W (ft Paraii t t a instal l apprava d an d isswa d —ila«»».» - W 6 ^ * //AXttrr Commissio n Rule

s an d condition s ^ Parmi t t a oparat a appraUaa'in d issua d a n Sifnatur a stipulate d i n th e attache d supplement
. FOR M AP- I I

M •/» • f/wPsMta i /o raam^UHmt Ot o <am ar s o o IMM I ,ida) d-dP.5 1



### SUPPLEMEN T T O PERMIT No
. 461-8 0 Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc
.

Hastings , M

I 

### SE P 

### i 7 198

0 GENERA LCONDITION S 1
. Applican t

shal l demonstrat e complianc e wit hal l Commissio nrule s an dwit hal l specifi c condition s of

thi s permi t

prio r t o issuanc e of

th e Permi t

t o Operate
. 2
. Th e restriction s an dcondition s of thi s Permi t

t o Instal l shal l appl y t o an y perso no r lega l entit y whic hno w o r

shal l hereafte r

ow no r operat e th e facilitie s fo r whic hthi s Permi t

t o Instal l i s issued
. Th e Applican t shal l immediatel y notif y th e Commissio no

f suc hchang e i n ownershi p o r

principa l operato r

statu s of

thi s facility
. 3
. /Ac t No
. 5 3 - Applican t

shal l notif

y an y publi c utilit y o f an y excavation , tunnelin g an d •J dischargin g of

explosive s o r

demolitio no

f building s whic hma y affec t sai dutility' s facilitie s i naccordanc e wit hAc t No
. 5 3 of

th e Publi c Act s of

1974 , bein g Section s 460.70 1 t o 460.71 8 o f

th e Michiga n Compile dLaw s an dcompl y wit heac ho f th e requirement s of

tha t Act
. 4
. Rul e 201(4 ) - Tria l operatio n of th e equipmen t

i s permitte dunti l th e Commissio nact s upo n th e Permi t

t o Operate
. 5
. Rul e 208(2 ) - No t mor e tha n 3 0 day s afte r completio nof

th e installation , th e Applican t shal l apply , i n writing , t o th e Commissio nfo r aPermi t

t o Operate
. Completio nof th e installatio ni s deeme dt o occu r no t late r tha ncommencemen t

of atria l operatio npursuan t t o Rul e 201(4)
. Writte n applicatio n shoul db e sen t to : Chief , Permi t

Unit , Ai r

Qualit y Division , Departmen t

of Natura l Resources , Bo x 30028 , Lansing , Michiga n48909
. 6
. Rul e 208(3b ) - Operatio n of thi s facilit y shal l no t interfer e wit hth e attainmen t o r maintenanc e o

f th e ai r qualit y standar dfo r

an y ai r contaminant
. 7
. Operatio nof

thi s facilit y shal l no t

resul t i nsignifican t

deterioratio nof

ai r quality
. 8
. Rul e 90 1 - Operatio n of thi s facilit y shal l no t

resul t i nth e emissio nof

a nai r contaminan t whic hcause s injuriou s effect s t o huma nhealt ho r safety , anima l life , plan t lif e of significan t

economi c value , o r

property , o r

whic hcause s unreasonabl e interferenc e wit hth e comfortabl e enjoymen t

of lif e an dproperty . 9
. Rul e 20 1 - Applican t shal l no t

reconstruct , alter , modify , expan do r relocat e thi s facilit y unles s plans , specification s an da n applicatio nfo r aPermi t

t o Instal l ar e submitte dt o an d approve db y th e Commission
. 10
. Approva l of

thi s permi t

doe s no t

obviat e th e necessit y of obtainin g suc hpermit s o r approval s fro mothe r

unit s of governmen t

a s require db y law
. 11
. Notificatio nof

an y malfunctio n of

proces s o r

contro l equipmen t

resultin g i nemission s i n violatio nof

th e Commissio n rule s o r o f an y permi t

condition s shoul db e mad e t o th e Distric t Engineer
. Suc hnotic e shoul db e mad e a s soo na s possibl e bu t not late r tha n 9:0 0 a.m . o f th e nex t

workin g day
. Th e notic e shal l includ e aprogra mo f correctiv e actio nan d shal l b e confirme di n writing
.


## 5~oP.5 2



### Hasting s Reinforce dPlastics , Inc
. Permi t No
. 461-8 0 Pag e 2 SPECIALCONDITION S 12
. Rul e 33 1 - Th e particulat e emissio nrat e fro mth e grindin g boot hshal l no t excee d0.1 0 pound s pe r

1,000 pound s of

exhaus t gases , calculate do nadr y ga s basis
. 13
. Visibl e emission s ar e limite dt o an opacit y of les s tha no r

equa l t o 20 % excep t

a s specifie d i nRul e 301
. 14
. Applican t

shal l no t

operat e th e grindin g boot hunles s th e exhaus t filter s ar e inplac e an d operatin g properly
. RST:k b

o o o, I o

\ p o . C

l-> o o 0, 6 \ • 

## L .

. ©co l 1.



# r ,P.5 3 

## J\ ct -h 

## i * - > 

## / 1 

## tt


# HASTING S •REINFORCE D 122 0 W
. Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 

# PLASTICS , IMC . Tel . 61 6 945-957 8



# Sl?' } Marc h 17 , 198 8

Ms . Lind a L . Wardel l - Enginee r Northwes t Permi t Uni t Ai r Qualit yDivisio n Departmen t o f Natura l Resource s Steven s T . Maso n Buildin g Bo x 3002 8 Lansing , M I 4890 9 Reference : APPLICATION#78-8 8

AI R US E PERMI T

Dea r Ms . Wardell : A s pe r you r lette r date d 3-11-8 8 an d it s reques t t o giv e yo u writte n notic e fo r permissio n t o operate . Thi s lette r s o notifie s yo u tha t th e aceton e recoverystil l ha s bee n i n operation . Thi s wa s s o indicate d i n Sectio n 7 o f th e applicatio n title d "Actio n & Timing" . Ou r Companyand it s peopl e wan t t o thank yo u and you r department s quic k respons e and actio n i n thi s matte r i n assistin g u s t o compl y t o curren t regulation s and procedures . I f ther e "i s anythin g mor e w e nee d t o d o pleas e contac t th e writer . Sincerely , VIATE C - HASTING S ENGINEERE D SYSTEM S 

# ' -" - ,!

# —Y-

Y~
Kennet h L . Kensingto n , Presiden t cc : fil e cc : Cop yo f Notic e CompanyNam e Chang e KLK/l r Designer s an d fvlnnulaclure' s o f Corrosio n Resistan t Tank: ? • Duct s Hood?
. Fin-n o Scmbbei s •?
. Relate d Equipmen t 

# 91P.5 4



# HASTING S •REINFORCE D 122 0 W
. Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 

# PLASTICS , IMC
. Tel
. 61 6 945-957 8

Marc h 17 , 198 8

Ms . Lind a L . Wardel l - Enginee r Northwes t Permi t Uni t Ai r Qualit yDivisio n Departmen t o f Natura l Resource s Steven s T . Maso n Buildin g Bo x 3002 8 Lansing , M I 4890 9 Reference : APPLICATION#78-8 8

AI R US E PERMI T

Dea r Ms . Wardell : . A s pe r you r lette r date d 3-11-8 8 and it s reques t t o giv e yo u writte n notic e fo r permissio n t o operate . Thi s lette r s o notifie s yo u tha t th e aceton e recoverystil l ha s bee n i n operation . Thi s wa s s o indicate d i n Sectio n 7 o f th e applicatio n title d "Actio n & Timing" . Ou r Companyan

d it s peopl e wan t t o than k yo u an d you r department s quic k respons e and actio n i n thi s matte r i n assistin g u s t o compl y t o curren t regulation s an d procedures . I f ther e i s anything mor e w e nee d t o d o pleas e contac t th e writer . Sincerely , VIATE C - HASTING S ENGINEERE D SYSTEM S • 

# t ••*< - ^--Y-'U Kennet hL
. Kensingto n Presiden t c c : fil e cc : Cop yo f Notic e CompanyNam e Chang e 

### ^a=a» , KLK/J. r is,;.Si r| Designer s an d Manufacturer s o l Corrosio n Resistan t Tanks • Duct s • Hood s iW KScrubber s 5 Relate d Equipmen t 

## 5T 3P.5 5

STAT E O F MICHIGA N NATURA L RESOURCE S COMMISSIO N THOMA S J
. ANDERSO N MARLEN E J
. FLUHART Y •RR YKAMME R

. STEWAR TMYER S DAVI D D
. OLSO N RAYMON O POUPOR E JAME S J
. BLANCHARD , Governo r



## DEPARTMENT OF NATURA L RESOURCE S STEVEN S T
. MASO N BUILDIN G

BO X 3002 8 LANSING , M l 4890 9 GORDO N E
. GUYER , Directo r Marc h 11 , 198 8 1 i#-• r\

Mr . Kennet h Kensingto n Hasting s Reinforce d Plastics , Inc . 122 0 W . Stat e Stree t Hastings , Michiga n 4905 8 Dea r Mr . Kensington : Thi s lette r i s i n referenc e t o you r Permi t t o Instal l applicatio n fo r a n aceton e recoverystill , locate d a t 122 0 W . Stat e Street , Hastings , Michigan . Thi s application , identifie d a s No . 78-88 , ha s bee n evaluate d an d approve d b

y the Ai r Qualit yDivision , pursuan t t o the delegatio n o f authorit yfro mth e Michiga n Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Commission . Thi s approva l i s base d upo n an d subjec t t o complianc e wit h al l administrativ e rule s o f th e Commissio n an d condition s stipulate d i n the attache d supplement . Pleas e revie wthes e condition s thoroughl ys o tha t yo u ma ypla n fo r an d tak e the action s necessar yt o ensur e complianc e wit h al l o f thes e conditions . Als o not e tha t Conditio n No . 1 require s yo u t o apply , i n writing , fo r a permi t t o operat e withi n 3 0 day s afte r completio n o f construction . Yo u ar e advise d tha t contaminant s discharge d t o the surfac e water s and/o r groundwaters ; material s dispose d o f o n land ; hazardou s wast e storage , treatment , an

d disposal ; an

d resourc e recover

yfacilitie s mus t b e approve d b y othe r division s o f th e Departmen t o f Natura l Resources . Additionally , you r plan t environmen t mus t b e i n complianc e wit h al l applicabl e requirement s o f the Department s o f Publi c Healt h an d Labor . Approva l o f thi s permi t doe s no t constitut e a waive r b ythe Stat e o f Michiga n o f it s righ t t o brin g appropriat e lega l actio n agains t the applican t fo r failing t o obtai n th e require d permi t prio r t o the commencemen t o f construction . Than k yo u fo r you r cooperation , regarding thi s permit . Pleas e contac t m e i f yo u hav e an yquestion s Sincerely , 

# \MU&,W*YJJlC Lind a L . Wardell , Enginee r Northwes t Permi t Uni t Ai r Qualit yDivisio n 517-373-702 3

R102 6 LLWrcl p Enclosur e c c : Dic k

VandeBun t 1/8 6 ,.x:~;^.i : 

## £T fP.5 6

SUPPLEMEN

T T O PERMI T NO . 78-8 8 Hasting s Reinforce d Plastics , Inc ,

Hastings , Michiga n Marc h 11 , 198 8
GENERAL CONDITION S 1 . Rul e 208(2 ) - No t mor e than 3 0 day s afte r completio n o f the installation , Applican t shal l apply , i n writing , fo r a Permi t t o Operate . Completio n o f th e installatio n i s deeme d t o occu r no t late r tha n -commencemen t o f a tria l operatio n pursuan t t o Rul e 201(4) . Writte n applicatio n shoul d be sen t to : Chief , Permi t Unit , Ai r Qualit yDivision , Departmen t o f Natura l Resources , P.O . Bo x 30028 , Lansing , Michiga n 48909 . 2 . Rul e 201(4 ) - Tria l operatio n o f th e equipmen t i s permitte d unti l th e Michiga n Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Commissio n act s upo n th e Permi t t o Operate . Operatio n o f th e equipmen t shal l permanentl yceas e upo n denia l o f th e Permi t t o Operat e b ythe Commission . 3 . Rul e 208(3)(a ) an d (c ) - Applican t shal l demonstrat e complianc e wit h al l Commissio n rule s an d wit h al l genera l an d specia l condition s o f thi s permi t prio r t o issuanc e o f th e Permi t t o Operate . 4 . Rul e 20 1 - Applican t shal l no t reconstruct , alter , modify , expand , o r relocat e thi s equipmen t unles s plans , specifications , an d an applicatio n fo r a Permi t t o Instal l ar e submitte d t o an d approve d b

ythe Commission . 5 . Rul e 90 1 - Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t resul t i n the emissio n o f a n ai r contaminan t whic h cause s injuriou s effect s t o huma n healt h o r safety , anima l life , plan t lif e o f significan t value , o r property , o r whic h cause s unreasonabl e interferenc e wit h the comfortabl e enjoymen t o f lif e an d property . 6 . Rul e 208(3)(b ) - Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t interfer e wit h th e attainmen t o r maintenanc e o f th e ai r qualit ystandar d fo r an yai r contaminant . 7 . Operatio n o f thi s equipmen t shal l no t resul t i n significan t deterioratio n o f ai r quality . 8 . Rul e 91 2 - Applican t shal l provid e notificatio n o f an yabnorma l condition s o r malfunctio n o f proces s o r contro l equipmen t covere d b ythi s application , resulting i n emission s i n violatio n o f the Commissio n rule s o r o f an

ypermi t condition s fo r mor e tha n two hours , t o the Distric t Supervisor . Suc h notic e shal l b e mad e a s soo n a s reasonabl ypossible , bu t no t late r tha n 9:0 0 a.m . o f th e nex t working day . Applican t shal l also , withi n 1 0 days , submi t t o th e Distric t Supervisor , a writte n detaile d report , including probabl e causes , duratio n o f violation , remedia l actio n taken , an

d th e step s whic h ar e being undertake n t o preven t a reoccurrence . 

# SSP.5 7

Hasting s Reinforce d Plastics , Inc . Permi t No . 78-8 8 Pag e 2 Marc h 11 , 198 8
9 . Approva l o f thi s applicatio n doe s no t exemp t th e Applican t fro

mcomplying wit h an yfutur e regulation s whic h ma yb e promulgate d unde r Ac t 348 , P.A . 1965 , a s amended . 10 . Approva l o f thi s permi t doe s no t obviat e the necessit yo f obtaining suc h permit s o r approval s fro mothe r unit s o f governmen t a s require d b ylaw . 11 . Ac t No . 5 3 - Applican t shal l notif yan ypubli c utilit yo f an yexcavation , tunneling an

d dischargin g o f explosive s o r demolitio n o f building s whic h ma yaffec t sai d utility' s facilitie s i n accordanc e wit h Ac t 5 3 o f the Publi c Act s o f 1974 , bein g section s 460.70 1 t o 460.71 8 o f the Michiga n Compile d Law s an

d compl ywit h eac h o f the requirement s o f tha t Act . 12 . Th e restriction s an d condition s o f thi s Permi t t o Instal l shal l appl yt o an yperso n o r lega l entit ywhic h no wo r shal l hereafte r ow n o r operat e the equipmen t fo r whic h thi s Permi t t o Instal l i s issued . An yne wowne r o r operato r shal l immediatel ynotif yth e Chie f o f the Permi t Unit , i n writing , o f suc h chang e i n ownershi p o r principa l operato r statu s o f thi s equipment . 13 . Rul e 201(5 ) - I f the installation , reconstruction , relocation , o r alteratio n o f th e equipmen t fo r whic h thi s permi t ha s bee n approve d ha s no t commence d within , o r ha s bee n interrupte d for , 1 8 months , thi s permi t shal l become voi d unles s otherwis e authorize d b yth e Commission . SPECIA L CONDITION S
14 . Ther e shal l b e n o visibl e emission s fromth e aceton e recoverystill . . 15 . Th e disposa l o f collecte d ai r contaminant s shal l b e performe d i n a manne r whic h minimize s the introductio n o f ai r contaminant s t o the oute r air . 16 . Applican t shal l no t substitut e an yra wmateria l fo r tha t describe d i n thi s permi t applicatio n whic h woul d resul t i n a n appreciabl e chang e i n the qualit yo r an

yappreciabl e increas e i n th e quantit yo f the emissio n o f an ai r contaminan t withou t prio r notificatio n t o an d approva l b

yth e Ai r Qualit yDivision .



# ?6P.5 8

DEPARTMENTOF NATURA L RESOURCES AI R QUALIT

YDIVISIO N P.O
. BO X 3002 8 LANSING
. MICHIGA N 4890 9 STAT E OF MICHIGA N AI R US E PERMI T APPLICATIO N PPLICATIO N NO
.
FO R AUTHORIT

YT O INSTALL , CONSTRUCT , RECONSTRUCT, RELOCATE , O R ALTER , -r t Ut- > • ! i lJI\/lSll)r < AN D OPERATE PROCESS , FUEL-BURNING , O R REFUSE-BURNIN G EQUIPMEN TAND / O R CONTRO L EQUIPMEN T(PERMIT

S T O INSTAL L AN D OPERATE AR E REQUIRE D
. rn B YADMINISTRATIV E RULE S PURSUANTT O ACT348 , P.A
. 1965 , A S AMENDED)
. f tl D 6 " 198 8 1
. APPUCANT : Busines s Ucens e Nam e o f Corporation
. Partnership , Individua l Owner , Governmen t Agenc y HASTING S REINFORCE D PLASTICS , INC . 

### >ERMI TSECTIO N 2
. MAILIN G ADDRESS : Numbe ran d Street ; Cit yo rVillage ; State ; Zi p Cod e 122 0 W . Stat e St . Hastings , M I 4905 8 3
. EQUIPMEN TO R PROCES S LOCATION : Numbe ran d Street ; City
. Villag e o rTownshi p Sam e a s #2 COUNT Y 

### Barr y ZI P COD E



### 490^ 8 4
. GENERA L NATUR E O F BUSINESS : Assembl y& fabricatio n o f composit e part s 5
. EQUIPMEN TO R PROCES S DESCRIPTION : Aceton e RecoveryStill : W e hand was h ou t ou r brushes , rollers , resi n deposito r parts , th e aceton e become s contaminate d wit h th e polyeste r resin , w e the n batc h togethe r an

d plac e i n ou r recover ystil l t o b e condense d and recovered . W e the n re us e th e aceton e agai n i n our shop , i t ha s bee n ou r industrypractic e t o us e a recovery unit . O n th e uni t w e purchase d & currentl yhav e i n use , i t i s ou r bes t estimat e from ou r productio n record s w e us e th e uni t tw o (2 ) time s a wee k an d load a 3 5 gallo n batc h pe r cycl e base d o n 5 0 week s pe r year . Thi s woul d b e a tota l o f 350 0 gallon s pe r yea r tha t i s cycle d through th e unit . Th e coolin g coi l i n th e recoverystil l i s operate d i n a "close d loop " recirculatin g tank , purchase d ic e i s adde d t o thi s recirculating tank t o kee p th e recirculating wate r temp
eratur e dow

n s o th e uni t wil l maintai n a hig h solven t recoveryrate . Thi s recoverystil l i s locate d i n our plan t facilities , o n fil e wit h you r agency . Ou r plan t facilit ydrawin g i s

6
. ESTIMATE D COST :

Ai rPollutio n Contro l Equipmen t $ 11,500.0 0 Tota l Projec t $ 1 3
. 5Q Q
. Q Q 7
. ACTIO N AN D TIMING : | y| Installation , construction , reconstruction , o ralteratio n | j Relocatio n
I | Chang e o f Ownershi p ESTIMATE D STARTIN G DAT E ESTIMATE D COMPLETIO N DAT E

- alread

yi n us e

8
. NAM E O F PRIO R OWNE R A S I N ITE M 1 ABOVE
. AN D PRIO R AI R US E PERMI TNUMBER
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'nua l Conference , Composite s Institute , Th e Societ yo f th e Plastic

s Industry , Inc
. Februar

y8-11 , 199 3

JOSEP H S
. MCDERMOT Tj 

# Assessmen t o f th e Impact o f Environmenta l Regulatio n o n Composite s Industr

yMarket s an d Processe

s

ABSTRAC T Th e composite s industry i s facin g th e impac t o f numerou s regulatory mandates
. En duser s nee dt o kno w whethe r any o f thes e measures , o r

thei r combine d accumulation , wil l pric e reinforce dplastic s ou t o f th e marke t

o r otherwis e mak e the meffectivel y unavailable
. Material s supplier s nee dt o kno w whethe r the y wil l bear

th e greates t

impact , throug hmandate dformulatio nchange s o r throug hlos s o f

certai n applications
. Molder s an dfabricator s nee dt o kno w ho w t o manag e regulator y complianc e an dt o pla n fo r world-clas s competitiveness
. Thi s pape r

review s th e composite s industry b y materia l an dprocess , relativ e t o market s an ddominant application s ineach
. The n i t discusse s the, , mos t critica l environmenta l demand s o nth e mos t vulnerabl e markets
. Th e productio nadjustment s whic hcan b e foresee nar e identified
. I t i s conclude dthat

mos t environmenta l requirements ca n b e me t by presen t o r imminen t

technology
. Whil e afew isolate dapplication s may b e los t t o composite s b y th e advers e impac t o f environmenta l considerations , suc huse s wer e probabl y marginall y viabl e i nan y case , becaus e o f

competin g materials , proces s advantages , o r cos t structur e inthei r

markets
. I

t i s als o note din passin g tiiat

certai n R Papplication s stan dt o thriv e becaus e o f th e effec t o f environmenta l regulation s o nconventiona l material s an dprocesses . I neithe r case , defensiv e o r

expansive , th e critica l issu e for profitability i

n composite s wil l b e management' s commitmen t t o upgradin g processe s for efficienc y an denvironmenta l excellence
. Th e primar y too l i s immediate , well-informed , proactiv e busines s planning
. REGULATOR Y COMPLIANC E CHALLENGE S 

# T h e bes t

know nregulatory challenge s ar e thos e whic hpresen t seriou s complianc e difficulty
. Thes e ar e identifie das : 1 ) OSHA' s Ai rContaminan tStandard . Worker s ma y no t b e expose dt o mor e than 5 0 parts-per-millio n o f styrene , average d ove r th e 8-hou r

wor k day , an dn o mor e tha n 10 0 pp mdurin g any fifteen minut e period
. Ther e i s als o a nincreasin g incidenc e of enforcemen t

o f th e provisio nfor

exposur e t o nuisanc e dust , a t 5 mg/m 3 for

th e respirabl e fractio n an d1 5 mg/m Jfor total dust
. A permissibl e exposur e limi t o f 1 fiber/cm 3 ha s bee npropose dfor glas s fiber. Thes e PEL s requir e ope n proces s o r so-calle dcontac t molder s (spray-up , han dlay-up , man y filament-winding opera tions , an dsom e others ) t o instal l avariety o f remedia l controls
. 2 ) EPA' s Clea n Ai rAct . Th e 199 0 amendment s t o th e Ac t provid e inTitl e I for

ozon e abatemen t

o n aphased-i n schedule , relativ e t o regiona l severit y o f

th e smo g problem
. Titl e II I identifie s 18 9 hazardou s ai r

pollutants , includin g styrene , whic hmus t b e con trolle db y th e adoptio n o f Maximu mAchievabl e Contro l Tech

t Composite s Service s Corp
. 1 / SESSIO N 5- C nolog y (MACT) , t o b e determine dby industrial proces s category . Titl e V I addresse s depletio no f ozon e in th e uppe r

atmospher e an d wil l affec t anumber

o f user s stil l employin g CFCs
. Th e imple

mentatio no f

thes e provision s i s spelle dou t in Titl e V , whic hwil l exten drigorou s requirement s for ai r pollutio n permit s t o mos t industria l sources . Thi s environmenta l regulatio n will , affec t virtuall y al l R Pprocessors . Th e complianc e difficulty wil l vary widel y dependin g o n afacility' s location , th e material s handled , proces s o r

engineerin g controls , th e practice s o f othe r source s in th e category , andth e implementatio n prioritie s adopte db y th e stat e o r regional ai r

quality managemen t

district
. 3 ) Wast e management , recyclin g in particular . For mos t R P processors , th e issu e o f

hazardou s an dsoli dwast e disposa l i s a matte r o f understandin g option s an dth e expense , rathe r tha n technica l feasibility
. Th e publi c deman da t presen t for hig h recyclin g rate s i s no t

ye t embodie di

nstatutes , bu t

nevertheles s i s aseriou s proble mincertai n marke t sectors . Durabl e good s end

users , concerne dfor

thei r imag e amon g consumers , ar e requiring thei r supplier s t o achiev e environmenta l "correctness, " wit ha n impac t that in som e case s i s mor e immediat e tha n complyin g wit

h aregulatio n tha

t ha s emerge dfro mdu e proces s negotiation
. 4 ) Publi cright-to-know , in severa l forms . Jus t a s th e demands o f importan t customer s receiv e immediat e attention , apart froma regulatory mandate , ther e ar e certai n ne w regulations whos e complianc e simpl y require s th e presentatio n o f infonnation
. Althoug hsuc hrule s d o no t se t aperformanc e standard , oftenth e community disclosur e provision s exert aseriou s pressur e o n a

n industria l facility
. Th e annual FormREstimat e of Release s t o th e Environment , for

example , require da s part o f th e Superfun d amendment s o f

1986 , ha s becom e apowerfu l too l in th e hand s o f local environmenta l groups . Whe nth e acces s t o record s i s com bine dwit himperfec t

knowledg e o f

healt hrisk , o r asensitiv e local situatio n (sucha s nuisanc e odor) , th e impac t o n aprocesso r

ca n b e greate r thantha t of anegotiabl e citatio n fo

r a n OSH A o r

EPA citation
. Anothe r

exampl e i s th e requiremen t in man y state s tha

t th e ai r qualit y o r

stormwate r

discharg e penni t

includ e th e ste p o f aloca l publi c hearing
. Oftenthes e forum s prov e mor e gruelin g for smal l manufacturer s than complianc e wit hapermissibl e limit , o r th e expens e o f

th e permi t

fee
. OTHE RREQUIREMENT S Th e abov e four

type s o f regulatio nar e no t

th e onl y environmenta l rule s whic hprocessor s mus t observe
. But

other OSHA , EPA , an d local form s o f

regulation ar e no t

typicall y complianc e problem s 

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# I
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# I , unles s the y hav e bee n overlooked , o r ther e i s som e unusua l circum

stance . The y ar e generall y atim e an dcos t concem . I

n thi s category w e pu t th e OSH A Hazar dCommunicatio n Standard(MSDS , label

ing , an dwritte n trainin g programs) , writte n program s fo r controllin g hazardou s materia l spills , leakin g undergroun dstorag e tan k remediation , an daccommodatio n t o th e need s of th e local fire protectio n service
. BEYON D COMPLIANC E Before discussio no f

whether any sector s of

th e R Pindustry ar e threatene db y th e difficul t rule s cited , i t

i s worthnotin g that

merel y "meetin g th e standard " i s no t winning , in th e fiel do f

environmenta l management . Continuall y bein g o n th e defensiv e an dreacting i s no t associate dwimcontrol
. Th e Responsibl e Care(sm) programo f th e Chemica l Manufacturer s Associatio n set s ahighe r standard
. A facilit y control s it s ow n destin y whe n to p managemen t initiate s program s t o provid e asaf

e workplac e an dmak e ahealthfu l impac t o n th e community , beyon dobservanc e o f th e numbe r

o r lette r o f th e l aw . Operator s wh o se t

thei r ow n standard s o f

excellenc e seldo mpa

y fines an dd o no t

hav e t o worry abou t

compliance
. OSHA' S AIRCONTAMINAN T STANDAR D A s alegal technicality , th e Occupationa l Safet y an dHealthAdministratio n ha s bee n se t

bac k i n vigorou s enforcemen t o f th e Ai r Contaminan t

Standard , a s thi s pape r

i s written
. A court

decisio nha s foun dthat OSH A di dnot

thoroughl y documen t

th e nee dfor , o r

th e safet y of , certai n ofth e Permissibl e Exposur e Level s in thi s Standard
. Bu t whil e OSHA' s appeal s ar e o n file th e standar di s stil l in effect
. Eve n i f th e findin g o f

recordholds , i t

i s likel y that

th e PE Lwil l b e re institute dthroug hsom e othe r proceeding
. A nR Poperato r woul dnot b e well-advised , fromvariou s liability perspectives , t o believ e h e can ignor e th e propose d5 0 pp man d10 0 pp mlevels
. Thi s standardha s significan t impac t o n mor e than hal f

o f th e U.S
. R Pindustry , becaus e statistic s indicat e tha t contac t moldin g stil l dominate s productio n (Tabl e 1)
. Th e market s serve dan dprod

uct s mad e b y thes e processe s wil l no t disappear

abruptl y a s th e resul t o f institutio n o f

th e standar da s proposed , bu t complianc e wil l b e difficult
. First , th e regulatio n itsel f

provide s for

th e us e o f persona l protec
tio nequipmen t

(respirators ) for

builder s o f

larg e boat s an dsimilar structure s whe n engineerin g control s ar e infeasible
. But thos e seek

in g thi s exemptio n wil l in mos t case s b e require dt o develo p expen siv e documentatio n of

th e technica l infeasibihty. An dth e cos t o f implementin g arespirator program , itsel f

subjec t t o standards , i s no t t o b e take nlightly
. • A mor e welcom e findin g i s th e fac t that spray boot

hoperator s an d han dlay-u p technician s ar e abl e t o maintai n exposur e level s some what belo w th e requirement s o f th e standard , b y usin g acombinatio n of engineerin g an dadministrativ e techniques , withou t respirators. A numbe r of molder s ar e doin g so , throug hre-desig n of wor k station s an dworker

training
. Th e othe r

feature s whic hplay apart ar e specifically-designe dlaminar ai r flow , high-efficienc y transfer equip

ment , resi n formulation , an dtoo l o r worke r mobility
. Ther e i s als o a segmen t —thoug hno t

adominan t

par t —o f th e contac t

moldin g grou p whic hcan resort

t o close dprocesse s suc ha s resi ntransfe r moldin g a s analtemative
. A variety o f economi c an ddesig nconsid

eration s affect

th e viability o f

thi s option
. I t

goe s withou t

sayin g that t o th e degre e contac t

molder s ar e har dpresse dt o implemen t arang e of suc hsolutions , ther e i s opportunit y for supplier s o r

technologie s whic henabl e molder s t o reduc e exposure s an dmee t th e standards
. Bu t wha t i f th e PEL s wer e further

reduced, t o th e 2 5 pp mleve l cite din som e Scandinavia ncountries ? I n ou r opinion , market s woul d stil l no t b e los t t o RP
. But

ther e woul db e asignifican t reductio nin th e numbe r

of tub/shower , lavatory , an dtruc k cap manufacturers , fo

r example , an do f

employmen t

i n suc hcontac t

moldin g sectors . A s man y a s 25 % o r

one-thir do f

th e smal l operators , undercapitalized an dwithsevera l othe r

non-complyin g conditions , woul dno t b e viabl e enterprises
. Th e survivin g processors , wit hreducedcompeti

tion , woul din som e case s the n b e abl e t o leverag e increase dmarke t shar e t o inves t

inclose dmoldin g o r

ne w proces s development
. I n fact , theoretically , on e can imagin e that , force dt o upgrad e manufac

turin g t o RT M o r

SM C compressio nmolding , som e R Pproducer s woul dachiev e quality an defficienc y that woul dfurther

driv e alumi

num , cas t iron , cerami c tile , an dthermoforme dplasti c to reduce d marke t share
. EP A CLEA N AI RAC T Th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , throug hth e states , i s face d withon e o f

it s mos t complicate dtask s inimplementin g th e man y specifi c provision s o f

th e 199 0 Amendments
. Sinc e styrene , and aceton e use dwidel y in ope nproces s clean-up , generat e emission s whic har e precursor s t o ground-leve l formatio no f ozone , th e us e of thes e material s wil l b e ahig hpriority for reductio n in metropolita n area s whic hexcee dnationa l ambien t ai r quality standard s for

smog . Th e industry i s fortunat e t o th e exten t asignifican t

improvemen t

can b e mad e a t

individua l facilitie s usin g acetone , becaus e altemativ e cleaner s ar e graduall y provin g themselve s a s ne w system s abl e t o supplan t amajority o f

aceton e use . Fo r

atime , thi s reduction may shiel dsom e operator s fromth e deman dthat styren e emission s b e curtaile ddrastically
. Th e mechanis mfor suc hreductio nwoul db e Reasonabl y Availabl e Contro l Technolog y (RACT , not t o b e con fuse dwithMAC T inTitl e III , below ) a s specifie din a nEP A Contro l Technolog y Guideline
. In th e absenc e of aCT Gfor

reinforce dplasti c processing , regulator s woul dborro w allowabl e emissio n range s fro manalogou s industria l processes . Titl e II I o f th e Amendment s regulate s ai r toxic s throug hMaxi

mu mAvailabl e Contro l Technolog y (MACT)
. Th e definitio n o f MAC T for

variou s industrie s wil l b e establishe dthroug ha n EPA survey , inth e bes t

cas e assiste db y industry participation
. Th e la w call s for EP A t o identif

y th e environmentall y to p performin g 12 % o f anindustry , takin g int o accoun t economi c cost/benefi t

ratios , and identif y thei r technolog y o r

practice s a s MAC T for

al l othe r indus

tria l source s s o categorized
. MAC T for som e larg e industrie s ha s alread y bee ndefined
. Recentl y w e hav e learne dthat MAC T fo

r reinforce dplastic s processes , an daseparat e MAC T for boat build

ers , wil l ente r

th e research-and-draftin g stag e a t EP A earl y in 1994
. The n th e require dleve l o f performanc e i s t o b e promulgate din1997 , an dsevera l year s ar e ali o we dfor implementatio n b y affecte dsources . Th e industry , throug hth e coalitio nof trad e association s know n a s th e Clea n Ai r Managemen t

Partnershi p (CAMP ) ha s bee nsuccessfu l in establishin g amean s o f

doin g researc ht o assis t

EP A i n developin g MACT
. Th e intention , o f course , i s t o accuratel y describ e ai r toxic s emission s fro mR Pprocesses , an dt o se e that similar processe s ar e groupe di n th e prope r

categories
. Th e Immediat e Proble m Thi s rationa l approach , withgenerou s tim e for planning , ha s no w turne dint o aproble mbecaus e of othe r feature s ofth e Act , suc ha s it s penaltie s o nth e states for slo w implementation , an dth e impatienc e o f environmenta l activists
. Inessence , w e hav e 5 0 "clea n ai r acts " i n ^ \ ^ 

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# te b C •ii i!)! • P.6 4

th e U.S. , becaus e th e Stat e Implementatio n Plan s (SIPs ) ar e no t waitin g for

MACT
. In thei r

urgenc y t o maintai nthei r shar e of Federal funding , an dmee t

politica l pressures , states ar e resortin g t o abstrac t risk assessment s base do nconservativel y writte nair dispersio n modeling
. Several historica l EP A listing s an dassessmen t program s enabl e zealou s stat e mathematician s t o calculat e healtheffect s o n th e communit y wit

hambien t ai r leve l count s o f

styren e at

th e part-per
billio nlevel
. I

t i s at thi s regulatory crossroad s that th e statu s o f styren e a s apossibl e carcinoge n become s critical , for th e factor s o f th e communit y exposur e calculatio n chang e b y afacto r o f a t leas t 10 , dependin g o n whethe r

carcinogen s o r

simpl y hazardou s ai r

pollut

ant s ar e bein g evaluated
. Th e ambien t

ai r leve l (AAL ) ris k

assessment s ar e an immediat e issu e fo r th e R Pindustry becaus e operator s ar e oblige dt o appl y for permit s whe n addin g ne w equipment , expandin g afacility , o r locat

in g ane w start-u p operation
. W e hav e serve da s consultant s t o investor s wh o hav e decline dt o relocat e operation s inon e are aa s compare dt o anothe r

becaus e o f

inhospitabl e interpretatio n of com pute r modele dris k

assessments , o r

th e perceptio n that

permi t ap prova l woul db e grante donl y if expensiv e end-of-the-stac k contro l technologie s wer e mad e part o f th e constructio n plan
. Onc e again , th e impac t

ofthi s regulatio n i s no t

likel y t o clos e market s o r

eliminat e R Pproducts , bu t

i t wil l affec t

individua l companie s an dperhap s th e geographica l distributio n o f moldin g facilities
. A long-ter maspec t

ofth e future for

R Pprocessor s wit

hmeasur abl e emission s i s definitel y thei r location
. Shoul dthe y b e a s remot e fromothe r

source s a s possible ? No t necessarily
. Som e regiona l office s ar e mor e zealou s than eve r t o "preven t

further deterioration, " an dane w sourc e in anon-industrialize dare awil l b e th e nai l whic h stick s ou t an dget s hammere ddown
. O n th e othe r hand , i f aprocesso r i s locate dnex t

t o aFortun e 100 chemica l produce r whic hsign s o nto EPA' s voluntary "zer o emissions " effort , an dth e larg e compan y make s significan t

improvements , th e smalle r sourc e coul dsoo nfind itsel f th e prominen t

"polluter " i nit s neighborhood
. Th e alert manage r in ou r industry wil l hav e develope daworkin g relationshi p wit

hth e loca l ai r

quality managemen t

district , an d "greenfield " proponent s wil l tak e th e first opportunit y t o d o so . Ther e i s adegre e o f

flexibility in loca l implementatio nplans
. A cooperativ e attitude , followe db y educatio no f th e regulato r

o n th e operatin g need s of afacility an dth e willingnes s t o adop t reasonabl e abatemen t measure s wil l a

t presen t assur e an operato r

o f securin g permi t

statu s i n mos t cases . RECYCLIN G Thu s fa r thi s presentatio n make s i

t appear that ope n proces s molders , includin g thos e wh o sprea dresi nove r mat ope nt o th e ai r

before compression , o r

thos e wit hope n resi n bath s in pultrusio no r winding , ar e mos t environmentall y threatened , an dthat injectio nmolders , compressio n molders , o r

thos e wit hotherwis e lo w emission s insid e th e plan t o r t o th e outsid e air , ar e relativel y "safe. " Thi s i s to o quic k aconclusion
. First , eve n thos e operation s whic har e i n prio r complianc e wit

h OSH A standard s an dEP A regulation s wil l nee dt o tak e th e measure ments , demonstrat e compliance , an dachiev e lowes t achievabl e emissio nrate s relative t o thei r proces s category . Thi s documentatio n itsel f i s arequirement , an ddemand s attentiv e effort
. Th e bigges t

environmenta l proble mfor high-volume , close d proces s R Pmolder s may com e fro mthei r market s an dcustomers . Counter-intuitively , th e succes s o f composite s inautomotiv e prod

uct s i s th e start

o f thi s issue
. Competin g material s force dou r industry t o prov e that

"thermoset s ar e not

recyclable " i s afallacy
. But , next , automotiv e wast e after avehicle' s useful lif

e becam e significan t enoug haconcernin Europe , a s embodie dinGermanregulations , t o hav e sprea dt o th e U.S
. andJapan a s well
. I n Europ e th e automotiv e OE M an dintur

nthei r supplier s ar e oblige dto provid e for th e reus e o r disposa l o f

plasti c components , a

t leas t a t th e leve l o f

secondary o r tertiary recycling
. Incineration , o r waste-to-energ y disposal , doe s no t qualif y a s recyclin g inmany part s ofth e worl da t thi s time
. "Neat " thermoplastic s demonstrat e capability t o b e melte dfor reus e i n moldin g th e sam e par

t a s th e reclaime dite m(secondary recycling)
. Or , whe nengineerin g propertie s degrad e t o som e extent , a t leas t a polypropylen e dashboar delemen t canb e recycledint o abattery cas e housin g wher e appearanc e requirements ar e no t a s stringen t

(ter

tiary)
. Thermosets , an dreinforcedthermoplastic s for that matter , d o not demonstrat e mel t

recyclability a s readily
. The y requir e mor e steps , bu t recyclin g o f

R P—a t leas t th e salvag e fromproductio n operations , if

no t post-consume r

waste—ha s no w becom e commer cia l throug hgranulatio n techniques
. Th e curren t amoun t o f recycl e content , a t 20 % b y weigh t

o f suc hfiller

in SM C components , i

f it prove s t o b e alimit , coul db e criticize dinth e future a s insufficien t t o qualif y composite s a s sufficientl y recyclable , relativ e t o glass , alu

minum , an dsom e form s of thermoplastics
. A s a naside , th e answe r

of th e advance dcomposite s industry , speculatively , i s t o qualif

y for primary recycling: remov e th e carbo n fiber/hightemperatur e resi n driv e shaf t fro ma noverag e vehicl e an d us e i t intac t inane w model
. Closed-proces s molder s fac e a t leas t tw o othe r potentia l problem s i nth e future
. Th e othe r

demonstrate dtechnolog y for reclaimin g composites , pyrolysis , may no t prov e economicall y supportabl e o r "green " enoug hfor

purist s wh o associat e it

wit hincineratio n an d overemphasiz e th e energ y demand
. Th e secon dproble mi s th e dismantlin g an dcollectio n infrastructure for post-consume r

durabl e goods , whic hdoe s no t

fully exis t

yet . InEurop e i

t i s alread y felt

that OEM s wis ht o ho t

wir e th e close dloo p recyclin g goa l b y reducin g th e varietie s o f

material s in thei r

products
. A bumpe r

componen t

today , for example , woul db e attacke db y acre w o f dismantle s wh o woul d tak e som e tim e t o cop e wit hadhesives , meta l fasteners , an du p t o four type s o f structura l plasti c material (surface , fascia , beam , supports , etc.)
. If dismantlin g an drecycl e becom e dominan t practices , en d user s ma y b e incline dt o loo k

a t specifyin g asingl e material , eve n a t som e invoice-cos t

penalty , if

composit e constructio n i s acos t cente r a t disposal
. Anothe r advers e feature of

thi s scenari o i s tha

t th e hig hvalue

adde dcustomer s sough t

b y composite s manufacturer s ten dt o b e th e sam e blu e chi p organization s eage r t o upgrad e o r

promot e a nenvi

ronmenta l image
. The y ma y exclud e composite s fromseriou s con sideratio n withou t

proponent s eve nbein g awar e ofthi s facto r in th e equation
. Th e SM C industry i s rumore dt o hav e hadatast e o f thi s behavio r wit hregar dt o retooling th e Genera l Motor s AP V for stee l exterio r panels
. A contributin g facto r i s sai dt o hav e bee n th e reluctanc e of

the.Europea n marketin g ar mt o b e "stuc k

with " th e recyclin g uncertainty o f

RP
. Th e industry' s response o nth e recyclin g issue , throug htrad e association s her e an dconsorti aabroad , mak e i t clear that th e subjec t i s take nseriously
. I nou r

opinion , th e energy-conservatio n an dlife

cycl e cost s o f

composite s ar e atrump cardin favo r of R Pwhe n th e economi c analysi s i s a

t it s mos t comprehensive
. Thi s wil l b e eve n mor e tru e if

anothe r roun do f CAF Emileag e limit s i s introduced , an d if altemate-fuel/energ y vehicle s becom e asignifican t part o f th e transportatio n market
. Inth e meantim e it i s essential that

th e industry' s member s participat e inpubli c polic y discussion s o f wast e manage men t altemative s an dth e developmen t o f collectio n infrastructures
. In ou r opinio nth e publi c ha s no t begu n t o fac e th e effect s o f succes s

3 / SESSION 5- C 

# Gi

# f t 

# i if ?

LC ' 

## fe wer

e recyclin g rate s eve r

t o approac hth e 50 % wast e streamvolum e se t a s agoal
. Th e unmanageabl e accumulation s o f n o marke t

materi

a l in tha t scenari o ma

y driv e depolymerizatio n technolog y a s a reclamatio n alternative , o r stimulat e acceptabl e form s o f incinera

tio n fo r energ y recovery . Intha t cas e th e corrosion-resistanc e o f composite s in al l type s o f storag e vessels , containers , an dproces s contro l equipmen t

i s likel y t o increas e deman dfor ou r material s rather tha n weake n it
. CONCLUSIO N I s th e impac t

o f environmenta l regulatio n advers e o r beneficia l t o th e growt ho f composites ? I t

seem s to o earl y to tell
. I t i s asaf e be t that there wil l b e individual case s o f winner s andlosers
. Wh o shoul db e concerned ? Tw o groups . Thos e committe dt o productio n an dapplication s o f composite s whic hhav e environmen

ta l drawback s an dar e marginall y competitive in alread y progressiv e markets
. Bellcore , th e R& D ar mofth e regional telephon e compa nie s assert s that

thermoset s a s w e kno w the mincircui t board s an d electroni c packagin g ar e i n th e way o f aspeedin g train
. "Th e opportunity t o injectio n mol dchip , carrier , fiber opti c connecto r

ari d packag e a s on e unit , b y high-heat , dimensionally-stable , liqui d crysta l polymer s i s simpl y to o grea t t o pas s up , eve n a t

$20/lb
. for

th e material, " Part

ofth e motivatio n in thi s statemen t i s th e escap e from assembl y hazards , etching , an dcleanin g solven t baths
. Bu t

acom posite s playe r

in suc hmarket s canno t

blam e environmenta l issue s a s th e sol e facto r

in th e supersedin g of

applications
. Wher e competi

tors ' othe r

performanc e feature s ar e asmal l part o f th e equation , however , th e R Pmolde r mus t minimiz e disadvantages , rea l o r perceived
. Th e secon dgrou p wh o nee dt o seek remedie s ar e proces sors , andsupplier s wh o depen do nthem , wh o ar e behin do n health , safety , an denvironmenta l initiative
. The y mus t seek markets , o r develo p them , whic hgiv e sufficient return to allo w investmen t i n environmenta l improvemen t ahea dof th e cuttin g edge
. Knowledge

abl e investors , valuatio n professionals , supplier s an dcustomer s are beginnin g t o revie w processors ' budget s o r busines s plan s fo

r envi

ronmenta l lin e ite mexpenditures
. Penaltie s an dcitatio nfine s wil l b e anegative
. Allocation s fo r ne w equipment , training , andmonitorin g for constan t improvemen t

wil l identif

y th e winners
. BIOGRAPH Y Josep h McDermot t Josep hMcDermott

wa s awarde dth e Master s Degre e in196 6 follow

in g ajoin t

programa t

Columbi aan dFordha mUniversities , Ne w York City
. Hi s caree r

beganin governmenta l an dassociatio n activities
. Fro m197 6 t o 198 5 h e wa s manage r o f th e Reinforce dPlastics / Composite s Institut e o f

th e Society o f

th e Plastic s Industry , Inc
. I n198 1 Mr
. McDermott

wa s afounde r

o f Composite s Service s Corporation , a

n independen t

managemen t

consultin g organizatio n whic hprovide s single-clien t marke t research , busines s intelligence , an dcounse l o n environmenta l regulatory compliance
. Sinc e 198 5 h e ha s serve da s CS C President
. Mr
. McDermott

i s chai r o f th e Ai r Issue s Tas k

Forc e of th e SP I Occupationa l Healt

han dEnvironmenta l Issue s Committee , apolic y uni t o f th e SP I Board
. H e i s edito r o f th e Environmenta l Audi t Manua l ofth e Composite s Fabricator s Association , an dwas 199 0 Occupationa l Healt

han dSafet

y Programservic e awar dhonore e b y th e Society o f

Advance dComposite s Material s Association
.

TABLE 1
. Ope n Moldin g Proces s Productio n Base d o n SP I Composit e Institut e Marke t Statistics , Rounde d fo rCyclica l Variation , million s o f lbs
. majo rmarke t (total ) constnictio n 47 0 M mlbs
.

corrosion-resistanc e 35 0 Mmlbs
.

marin e 35 0 Mmlbs
.
transportation 70 0 Mmlbs
.

othe r 63 0 M mlbs
. total : 2. 5 billio n lbs
. % ope n proces s
60 %

85 %

90 %

+50 %

varie s

55 % volum e ope n proces s
28 0 Mm
. lbs
.

30 0 Mm
. lbs
.

31 5 Mm
. lbs
.

37 5 Mm
. lbs
.

+/-100Mm
. lbs
.

1 ,37 0 Mm
. lbs
. product s
tub/shower ; lavatories ; architectura l specialties ; fasci apanels
. tanks ; pip e fitting s scrubbers ; ducts , etc . recreationa l boats ; wor

k boat s an d marin e equip
. heav y truck ; picku p caps ; bus , metro , R Rpans . housings , vaults , an d containers
.


# G* SI-SSIO'-. ' 5- C / - 1 ^48t h Annua l Conference , Composite s Institute , Th e Societ yof th e Plastic

s Industry , Inc
. Februar

y8-11 , 199 3 

# COP Y

LIS A M
. ADKIN S t KATH Y E
. KITCHE N t DANN Y S
. LANDE S t 

# Th e Determinatio n o f Styren e Emissions Durin g th e Han d LayU p an d Spray-U p rroccese s

ABSTRAC T Ove r th e pas t decade , environmenta l regulation s hav e becom e increasingl y mor e stringent
. Man y o f

thes e regulations ar e affectin g th e reinforce dplastic s (RP ) industry
. Perhap s th e regulation s causin g th e mos t conce mar e thos e regardin g volatil e organi c compoun d(VOC ) emissions
. Th e VO C whic hi s o f th e mos t conce mt o th e R Pindustry i s styrene . Resi n manufacturer s ar e respondin g t o thes e regulations i navariety o f ways . On e metho dinvolve s developin g resin s withlowe r level s of styrene . Anothe r metho duse s othe r

monomer s whic har e les s volatil e thanstyrene . Thes e method s ar e receivin g agreat dea l o f interes t fro mfabricator s i n hope s that usin g aresi n withalowe r leve l o f styren e o r

withadifferent

monome r wil l decreas e emission s durin g fabricatio nprocesses . Thi s pape r

investigate s th e amoun t o f styren e los t

durin g tw o commo n processe s use dinfabricatin g R Pequipment : han dlay-u p andspray-up . Th e spray trial s ar e performe dunde r shop-lik e condition s an dth e han dlay-u p wor k i s don e unde r

laborator y conditions
. Usin g resin s wit hvariou s styren e levels , th e percen t

styren e i s measure dbefor e processing , immediatel y following , an dthirty minute s later
. Styren e los s i s measure di ntw o ways , part s pe r millio n i nth e ai r

an dpercen t

weigh t los s ofth e part . Th e result s wil l hel p t o detennin e i f

aresincontainin g alowe r percen t o f styren e wil l emi t

les s styren e durin g processin g thanaresin withahighe r leve l of styrene . Fabricator s ca nthe nus e thi s infonnatio nt o hel p estimat e emissio nlevel s base do n resintype , usage , an dfabricatio nprocess . INTRODUCTIO N 

# T h e importanc e o f

controllin g an ddecreasin g styren e emission s i s steadil y increasin g a s governmenta l regulation s becom e mor e stringent
. Thes e ne w regulation s hav e prompte dresi n manu facturer s t o investigat e economical , realisti c way s of controllin g styren e emissions
. Earl y work evolve daroun dth e us e of wax additives ; mor e curren t

technolog y involve s additiv e blend s whic h ar e not solel y wa x containing
. I n hi s wor k withsuppresse dresi n systems , Duff

y [1 ] foun dtha t

a n unsuppresse dresi n syste mwith4 7 percen t styren e los t

approximatel y 1. 7 percen t styren e a s compare d t o asuppresse dsyste mwhic hlos t approximatel y 0.8-0. 9 percent . H e wa s abl e t o reduc e emission s b y a s muc ha s 5 0 percen t usin g a specifi c suppression system . However , potentia l problem s involvin g interlaminar

adhesio n wer e encountere dwithth e wax-containin g systems . Becaus e o f

thes e concerns , resi n manufacturer s bega n investigatin g othe r

options
. The y focuse dparticularl y o nsystem s containin g lowe r

percentage s o f

styren e an dsystem s withentirel y different , les s volatil e monomers . Saamane n e t al
. [2 ] showe dtha t durin g th e han dlay-u p process , lo w styren e resins los t from3 0 t o 6 0
t Ashlan d Chemical , Inc
. ©199 2 Ashlan d Chemical , Inc
. percen t les s styren e tha nstandar dresins. I nthi s study , resin s wit

hvariou s level s o f

styren e wer e evaluate d i naneffor

t t o correlat e th e los s o f

styren e durin g han dlay-u p an d spray-u p operation s withth e styren e conten t ofth e resi n system . Th e result s sho w that

resin s wit

hlowe r styren e conten t

releas e les s styren e durin g spray-u p an dhan dlay-u p tha n resin s withhighe r styren e content . Th e dat awil l als o provid e th e industry witha n optio nfo r meetin g Californi aSout hCoas t Ai r Qualit y Managemen t Distric t Rul e 1162
. EXPERIMENTA L A tota l o f seve nresins , rangin g i n styren e conten t fro m32. 5 t o 4 8 percent , wer e use dfor

th e spray-u p an dhan dlay-u p trials : five viny l esters , on e isophthali c polyeste r an don e chlorendi c polyester
. Tw o o f th e fiv e viny l ester s wer e lo w styren e resin s (Tabl e 1)
. Currently , th e majority ofth e dat aavailabl e o n lo w styren e polyester s indicate s that whe nth e styren e conten t

i s lowere dt o 34. 5 percen t an dth e resin molecula r

weigh t i s altere dt o maintai n aworkabl e viscosity , a reductio ni ncorrosio nresistanc e i s observed
. Thi s reductio ni n conosio nresistanc e i s du e mostl y t o th e alteratio no f th e polyme r backbone
. Sinc e lo w styren e (LS ) viny l ester s d o not sho w th e sam e los s in corrosio n resistanc e a s L S polyesters , tw o L S viny l ester s wer e chose nt o b e evaluate di n thi s study
. Spray-u p Al l styren e measurement s wer e take nusin g aThermo-Environmen

ta l Mode l 580 S photoionizatio ndetecto r (Figur e 1)
. Th e detecto r monitore dth e overal l maximu mstyren e leve l an dals o th e instanta

neou s styren e level
. Eac hresi nwa s spraye dusin g aGlas-Craf t A A C ai r assis t containmen t

spray gu nwit hextema l mi x (Figure s 2 an d3)
. Th e spray gu npressur e dial s wer e se t befor e sprayin g an dremaine d constan t for al l resins: resi n pressur e = 7 0 psi , atomizin g pres sur e = 25 , an dai r

assis t containmen t

pressur e = 30
. Uncatalyze dresi n wa s the nspraye dint o a21 " x 2 1 " mol d containin g tw o layer s o f

choppe dglas s mat . Th e mol dwas containe d i nahoo dwitha nai r

flo w o f 152 3 ft.'/min
. Thi s work wa s don e i na hoo di norde r

t o ensur e tha t

th e conditions , primaril y th e ventilation , wer e consisten t

throughou t

th e testin g period
. Th e leve l o f styren e was measure di n tw o ways , usin g astyren e detecto r t o measur e level s inth e ai r an db y calculatin g styren e los s b y weight
. Before spraying , th e initial leve l of styren e in th e ai r

was recorded
. Durin g th e thirty secon dsprayin g process , th e spray gu n operato r stoo dfiv e feet

fro mth e mol dan dth e styren e detecto r w.-i x SISSHI N 5- B , ' I • I! IM i



# ^ l



# e s x 

# i ihel dnex t t o th e operato r

a t approximatel y breathin g leve l (Figur e 4)
. Anaverag e o f

th e styren e reading s take n durin g sprayin g wa s recorded
. Thirty minute s followin g spraying , th e leve l o f styren e i n th e ai r wa s recorde da

t approximatel y th e sam e positio n a s durin g th e actua l spraying
. Styren e los s b y weigh

t wa s determine db y takin g aresi n sampl e before spraying , immediately followin g spraying , an dthirty minute s later
. Th e initial sampl e wa s taken fromth e five gallo n pai l use dfor th e spray trial s an dbot

ho f th e othe r sample s wer e take n fro mth e resin whic hwa s spraye dinto th e mold
. Th e percen t styren e o f

eac h sampl e wa s measure dusing th e ho t plat e method
. An aluminu m weighin g dis hwa s taredand0. 5 gram s o f resin wer e weighe dinto th e dish
. Approximatel y 1 m l o f toluen e solven t

wa s adde dt o dissolv e th e sample
. Th e dis hwa s place do n a150°Cho t plat e for 1 5 minute s an dwas the n removed , allowe dt o coo l an dre-weighe dan dth e percen t solid s wa s calculated
. Han d Lay-u p Th e styren e los s durin g han dlay-up wa s determine dunde r laboratory condition s usin g uncatalyze dandcatalyze dresins
. I n bot hcases , laminate s wer e mad e wit

hthre e plie s o f

1-1/ 2 oz . choppe dmat

an d on e pl y of C-glas s veil , fo

r atotal glas s conten t

o f 28%
. Th e weight s o f th e resin , glass , Mylar

® releas e film , an dcardboar dbas e wer e recorded
. Th e styren e leve l i nth e laboratory wa s measure dbefore beginnin g th e lay-up process . Th e laminat e wa s the nlai du p usin g a tongu e blad e t o spreadth e resi n an dsaturat e th e glass
. A rolle r was not use din thi s study becaus e i t woul dhav e mad e i t

difficul t t o obtai n accurat e resi nweight s becaus e significan t an dvariabl e amount s o f resi n ca n b e los t

by clingin g t o th e groove s i n th e rolle r thu s significantl y changin g the resin t o glas s rati o fro mon e laminat e t o another
. I nth e wor

k don e b y Saamane me t

al
. [2] , alarg e percentag e o f styren e wa s los t

durin g the rollin g process . Sinc e th e amoun t o f styren e los t

durin g the actua

l rollin g proces s wa s no t

measure din thi s study , th e amoun t

o f styren e los t

b y th e resin s teste din thi s study coul dvar y dependin g on rollin g time
. Th e initia l weigh t o f th e laminat e wa s recorded
. Th e styren e detecto r was place dtwelv e inche s away fro

mthe laminate fo

r al l reading s (Figur e 5)
. Styren e los s wa s recorde din tw o ways , usin g th e styren e detecto r an dmeasurin g sampl e weigh t loss
. Ai r an dweigh t

measurement s wer e recorde dbefor

e beginnin g th e lay-u p proces s an dadditiona l reading s were taken a

t twenty , thirty , an dsixty minutes
. Eac hresi n wa s thenpromote dan dcatalyze dt o twenty an dthirty

five minut e roo mtemperature ge l times
. Wit hth e twenty minut e samples , additional weigh t andstyren e leve l reading s wer e take n at twenty , thirty an dsixt

y minutes
. Fo r

th e thirty fiv e minut e ge l tim e samples , weight s andstyren e reading s wer e recorde da t thirty , forty , an dninety minutes
. Differen t time s wer e chose n in orde r t o recor d styren e level s near

the pea k exothermat

whic htim e asignifican t amoun t o f styren e wa s expecte dt o b e los t RESULT S Th e spray-u p results sho w tha t ther e i s asignifican t

correlation
. betwee n weigh t

los s du e to styren e evaporatio n durin g sprayin g an d styren e conten t

o f the resin(Figure 6)
. Figur e 6 indicate s that resin s withalowe r

percentag e o

f styren e ten dt o los e les s styren e durin g th e actua l sprayin g proces s a s compare dt o standar dresins. Th e mea surement s take n wit

hthe styren e detecto r

durin g th e sprayin g pro ces s di dnot

sho w any significant

correlatio nbetwee n styren e vapor s in th e ai r approximatel y six fee

t fro mth e mol dan dth e leve l o f styren e inth e resin
. Th e dat afor th e uncatalyze dlaminate s show s acorrelatio n betwee nstyren e los t

after thirty minute s an dstyren e conten t o f th e resi n(Figur e 7)
. Here again , a s th e styren e conten t increases , th e amoun t o f styren e los t

increases
. Fo r bothth e uncatalyze dan dcatalyze dlaminates , acorrelatio n betwee n th e leve l o f

styren e measure dabov e th e laminat e an dth e percen t styren e i n th e resi ncan b e develope dby takin g anaverag e o f th e styren e reading s recordeda t zero , twenty , thirty , sixty , an d ninety minute s (Figur e 8)
. Thi s figure show s that , in general , a s th e styren e conten t

ofth e resi nincreases , th e amoun t o f styren e emitte d increases
. Fo r th e laminate s catalyze da t bot h2 0 and3 5 minutes , th e styren e los t base do ntota l styren e conten t correlate s wit

hth e styren e conten t ofth e resin. A t

approximatel y 4 0 minute s after th e initial ge l ofth e resin , th e amoun t

o f styren e los t

i s les s fo r th e L S resin s tha nfor

th e standar dresin s (Figur e 9)
. Th e catalyze dlaminat e dat acan als o b e compare dt o th e styren e los t fromasuppresse dsystem . Duff y [1 ] reporte dthat

asuppresse d laminat e mad e witha

northophthali c resi n a

t 4 5 percen t

monome r an dthre e plie s o f

1. 5 oz . choppe dma

t los t 1. 9 percen t

styren e after sixty minutes
. Thi s valu e i s comparabl e t o th e 2. 1 percen t styren e los t after sixty minute s b y th e L S resin s catalyze dt o a2 0 minut e ge l time
. Fo r bothth e uncatalyze dan dcatalyze dsamples , th e weigh t los s verse s th e ai r

measurement s abov e th e laminate s was graphed
. Th e result s showe dthat

ther e was agenera l tren dwit hgreate r ai r readings correlatin g wit

hgreate r weigh t loss
. CONCLUSION S Fo r bothth e lo w styren e an dstandar dresins , abou t 8 0 percen t

ofth e tota l styren e emitte di s los t durin g th e actual sprayin g process . Th e remainin g 2 0 percen t

i s los t durin g th e thirty minut e perio dsettin g in th e hood
. Durin g sprayin g a s wel l a s ove r th e entir e thirty minut e period , th e L S resin s los t les s tha n hal f

apercen t

o f styren e a s compare dt o 3. 5 t o 9 percen t for th e standardresins
. Durin g th e han dlay-u p process , the L S resin s los t a n averag e of 2 0 t o 4 0 percen t

les s styren e tha nth e standar dresins. Styren e los t

b y L S resin s i s comparabl e t o that los t b y suppresse d systemsVf4owever
. th e L S resin s provid e anadvantag e ove r thq suppresse dsystem s intha t ther e i s no t

th e potentia l for

secondary bondin g nroblem s cause db v wax inth e system . Th e dat agathere din thi s stud y indicate s that resin s wit

halowe r styren e conten t

emi t les s styren e durin g th e spray-u p an dhan dlay

u p processes . Suc hcharacteristic s wil l mak e thes e resins attractiv e t o fabricator s an dend-user s wh o ar e concerne dabou t meetin g ever increasin g environmenta l regulations
. Price s of lo w styren e resin s wil l b e highe r than standar dresin s becaus e o f

highe r raw materia l an dprocessin g cost s o f th e plasti c compoun dversu s styrene . However , i nth e lon g run , the y ca n b e mor e cos t effectiv e i n that

mor e materia l wil l remai ninth e laminat e rathe r tha n bein g los t

throug hevaporation
. REFERENCE S 1
. Duffy , M
. J
. 1979
. "Styrene Emissions—Ho w Effectiv e ar e Suppressed Resins? " 34th Annual Technical Conference, Reinforced

Plastics/Composites Institute, SPI. 2
. SaSmiinen, A
. J. , R
. I
. NiemilS ; T
. K
. Blomqvist, an dE
. M
. Nikander
. 1991
. "Emissiono

f Styrene Durin

g th e Han dLay-U p Moldin g o f Rein

force dPolyester. " Applied

Occupational

Environmental

Hygiene, 6(9) : 790-793
.
2 / SESSION5- B 

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BIOGRAPHIE S Lis aM . Adkin s Lis aM
. Adkin s i s aTechnica l Servic e Represenlativ e i ntheCompos

it e Polymer s Divisio n of

Ashlan dChemical , Inc
. l nadditio n t o technica l service , sh e i s responsibl e fo r researc handdevelopmen t i n lh e are ao f corrosio n resistan t

an dflame retardan t

resi nsystems . Lis a i s agraduat e of

Mar y Washingto n Colleg e where sh e receive da bachelo r o f scienc e degre e i

nchemistry
. Kath y E . Kitchen Kathy E
. Kitche ni s aTechnica l Servic e Representativ e i n th e Composit e Polymer s Divisio nof Ashlan dChemical , Inc
. Hercurren t responsibiliiie s arc i nlechnica l servic e fo

r corrosio n resistant , flame retardant. an dpultrusio nresins
. Kathy i s agraduat e o f Ohi o Stal e Universii y wilhabache!or* s degre e i n Geology
. Sh e ha s bee n with Ashlan dChemical , Inc
. for 1 6 years . Danny S
. Lande s Danny S
. Lande s i s aresearc htechnicia nwit hAshlan dChemical , Inc. , Composit e Polymer s Division
. Hi s primar y responsibilit y i s supportin g lechnica l servic e in th e are aof corrosio nresistan t

an d flam e retardan t

resins
. Dann y ha s bee nwit hAshlan dChemical , Inc
. fo r 5 years .

TABL E1
. Resi n Resi n L S viny l este r L S viny l este r viny l este r chlorendi c polyeste r ' viny l este r isophthali c polyester viny l este r Type s an d Styren e Level s Styren e Leve l (% ) 32. 5 34. 0 41. 8 42. 7 45. 2 45. 5 47. 8

FIGUR E 1
. Photoionizatio n detector
.

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. Spra

ygu n apparatus
. FIGUR E 3
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. FIGUR E 5
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. Styren e Los

s Durin g Sprayin g (%

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Styren e Conten t i n Resi n (% ) FIGUR E 6
. Styren e loss , base d o n tota l styren e content , os measure d wit h styren e detector
. Styren e Los s Durin g Settin g (%)

3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 4 0 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 5 0

Styren e Conten t i n Resi n (% ) FIGUR E 7 . Styren e loss , base d o n tota l styren e content , durin g setting , uncatalyze d laminates
.
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. 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5

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