## MEMORANDUM

TO: Brian D’Amico, USEPA/OW/OST/EAD

FROM: Mary Willett and Cortney Itle, ERG

DATE: 12 June 2007

SUBJECT: Potential Pollutants of Concern in Airport Deicing Stormwaters

The purpose of this memorandum is to identify potential pollutants of concern for the Airport Deicing Operations point source category. Identified pollutants of concern will be candidates for regulation under a proposed effluent limitations guidelines rule anticipated for June 2008.

Identification of Airport Deicing Stormwater Pollutants

Airport deicing stormwaters are generated when ai rfield and aircraft deic ing/anti-icing chemicals mix with stormwater (either dir ectly or as a result of snowmelt ). Because deicing stormwaters are weather dependent, they are hi ghly variable in nature and po llutant concentrations may vary greatly. In addition, other airpor t-related activities may contribute pollutants to stormwaters that are commingled with deicing chemicals, includi ng aircraft fueling and maintenance activities. Because of these difficulties in characterizi ng deicing stormwater, ERG evaluated pollutants detected in deicing stormwater s, pollutants present in source water, and pollutants that are present in aircraft deicing fluids (ADF) prior to use to determine which pollutants are present in deicing stormwater.

ERG considered multiple sources of information to identify potential pollutants of concern from deicing stormwater. These sour ces and the information obtained from each are listed below:

y EPA sampling data from the Preliminary Data Summary (PDS) of Airport Deicing Operations conducted during the 1990’s to determine the pollutants of concern identified in that study;

y National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) water discharge permits for airports to determine pollutants that are currently monitored or limited at airports;

y Current EPA sampling data colle cted during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 deicing seasons to identify polluta nts present in untreated deicing stormwater;

y Current EPA sampling data colle cted during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 deicing seasons to determine pollu tants present in source water;

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 2

y Current EPA sampling data colle cted during the 2004/2005 deicing season, current research, and expe rt sources to determine ADF constituents; and

y EPA toxic weighting factors for pollutants.

Each of these data sources are discussed below.

Airport Deicing Operations PDS

For the PDS, EPA sampled:

y Type I deicing fluids;

y Lagoon stormwater from the Al bany Internatio nal Airport;

y Untreated deicing stormwater from the Kansas City International Airport;

y Untreated deicing stormwater from th e Bradley International Airport;

y Untreated deicing stormwater from the Greater Rockford Airport; and

y Stormwater outfalls from the Brad ley International Airport.

The pollutants detected in one or more of thes e samples were summarized in Table 8-4 of the Preliminary Data Summary Airport Deicing Operations Report (EPA-821-R-00-016), and are presented in Table 1.

NPDES Permits

ERG reviewed NPDES individual and stormwater perm its for airports that are estimated to have the most deicing operations in the U.S. 1 

### The permit review is summarized in the April 16, 2007, Draft Airport Deicing Operations NPDES Permit Review Summary memorandum. Table 1 lists pollutants that have monitoring and limit requi rements in current airport NPDES permits.

Pollutants Present in Untreated Deicing Stormwaters

Under the current rulemaking effort, EPA samp led at six airports during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 deicing seasons. EPA collected samples at:

y Detroit Metro International Airport (DTW);

y Minneapolis St. Paul Inte rnational Airport (MSP);

y Albany International Airport (ALB);

y Greater Rockford Airport (RFD);

y Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT); and

y Denver International Airport (DIA).

Appendix A, Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3 present th e analytical data for the untreated deicing stormwater at these airports. Pollutants det ected in untreated deici ng stormwater are also identified in Table 1.

1 Memorandum from Steve Strackbein and Cortney Itle of ERG. Airport Deicing Operations SWPPP and Permit Review . November 8, 2006.Memorandum12 June 2007Page 3Table 1. Pollutants Under Consideration as Potential Pollutants of ConcernAnalytePollutantsIdentified inthe PDSSamplingPollutantsMonitoredin NPDESPermitsPollutantsIdentified in RawADF in Researchor Current EPASamplingPollutants Identifiedin UntreatedStormwater inCurrent EPASamplingPollutantsIdentified inSource Waterin CurrentEPA SamplingToxicWeightingFactorClassicalsAlkalinity X XAmmonia As Nitrogen (NH3-N) X X X X 0.0011Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) X X X XChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) X X XChloride X X X 0.000024Dissolved Oxygen XHardness X XOil & Grease XSilica-Gel TreatedHexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM)X XHexane Extractable Material (HEM) X X XNitrate/Nitrite (NO3-N+ NO2-N) X X XSulfate X X X 0.000006Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) X XTotal Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) X X XTotal Organic Carbon (TOC) X X X XTotal Orthophosphate X XTotal Phosphorus X X XTotal Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) XTotal Recoverable Phenolics X XTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) X XMetalsMemorandum12 June 2007Page 4Table 1. Pollutants Under Consideration as Potential Pollutants of ConcernAnalytePollutantsIdentified inthe PDSSamplingPollutantsMonitoredin NPDESPermitsPollutantsIdentified in RawADF in Researchor Current EPASamplingPollutants Identifiedin UntreatedStormwater inCurrent EPASamplingPollutantsIdentified inSource Waterin CurrentEPA SamplingToxicWeightingFactorAluminum X X 0.065Antimony X X X 0.012Arsenic X X X 4.04Barium X X X 0.0020Boron X X 0.18Cadmium X 23.12Calcium X X X X 0.000028Chromium X X 0.076Copper X X X X X 0.63Iron X X X X 0.0056Lead X X 2.24Magnesium X X X X 0.00087Manganese X X 0.070Mercury X X 117.12Molybdenum X X 0.20Potassium XSelenium X X 1.12Silver XSodium X X X X 0.000005Thallium X 1.03Tin X X X 0.30Titanium X 0.029Vanadium X 0.035Memorandum12 June 2007Page 5Table 1. Pollutants Under Consideration as Potential Pollutants of ConcernAnalytePollutantsIdentified inthe PDSSamplingPollutantsMonitoredin NPDESPermitsPollutantsIdentified in RawADF in Researchor Current EPASamplingPollutants Identifiedin UntreatedStormwater inCurrent EPASamplingPollutantsIdentified inSource Waterin CurrentEPA SamplingToxicWeightingFactorZinc X X X X X 0.047OrganicsAcetone X X 0.000008Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) X X 0.032 benzene0.0056 toluene0.0014 ethylenebenzene0.0043 xyleneBenzoic Acid X 0.00033Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate X 0.25Di-n-butyl Phthalate X 0.012Diethylene Glycol X 0.00000074N-Dodecane X 0.0043Ethylene Glycol X X X 0.0013N-Hexadecane X 0.0043Methyl Ethyl Ketone X 0.000026Naphthalene X 0.016Phenol X X 0.028Propylene Glycol X X X X 0.000057N-Tetradecane X 0.00431,2,4- Trimethylbenzene XTrichloroethene X 0.019Tolyltriazole X 0.0018BenzotriazoleMemorandum12 June 2007Page 6Table 1. Pollutants Under Consideration as Potential Pollutants of ConcernAnalytePollutantsIdentified inthe PDSSamplingPollutantsMonitoredin NPDESPermitsPollutantsIdentified in RawADF in Researchor Current EPASamplingPollutants Identifiedin UntreatedStormwater inCurrent EPASamplingPollutantsIdentified inSource Waterin CurrentEPA SamplingToxicWeightingFactor5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole XAlkylphenolsNonylphenol, total X X 0.85Nonylphenol-1-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-2-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-3-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-4-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-5-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-6-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-7-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-8-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-9-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-10-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-11-Ethoxylate X X *Nonylphenol-12-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-13-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-14-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-15-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-16-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-17-Ethoxylate X X X *Nonylphenol-18-Ethoxylate X X X *Octylphenol X X 0.30Octylphenol-2-Ethoxylate X X *Memorandum12 June 2007Page 7Table 1. Pollutants Under Consideration as Potential Pollutants of ConcernAnalytePollutantsIdentified inthe PDSSamplingPollutantsMonitoredin NPDESPermitsPollutantsIdentified in RawADF in Researchor Current EPASamplingPollutants Identifiedin UntreatedStormwater inCurrent EPASamplingPollutantsIdentified inSource Waterin CurrentEPA SamplingToxicWeightingFactorOctylphenol-3-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-4-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-5-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-6-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-7-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-8-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-9-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-10-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-11-Ethoxylate X X *Octylphenol-12-Ethoxylate X X *Total Nonylphenol-3-Ethoxylate-Nonlyphenol18-X X X 2.80Total Octylphenol-2-Ethoxylate-Octylphenol-12-EthoxylateX X 2.80* TWF assumed to be equal to 2.8 for any of the alkylphenol ethoxylates.Note: Octylphenol and nonylphenol should have a higher toxicity than the alkylphenol ethoxylates.

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 8

Pollutants Present in Source Water

Pollutants detected in source water samples at the airports EPA sampled at during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 deicing seasons are pr esented in Table A-4. Polluta nts detected in source water are also identified in Table 1.

Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluid Constituents

Insufficient information is available about the constituents of airfield deicing and anti-icing chemicals to characterize them in Table 1. However, ERG determined which chemicals are commonly used based on the Airport Deici ng Operations Questionnaire responses. The chemicals in use might help to define the polluta nts expected in the deicing stormwaters. The commonly used airfield deici ng and anti-icing chemicals are listed below, along with the approximate percentage of total paveme nt chemical usage they comprise.

y Potassium acetate (80 percent);

y Sodium acetate (6 percent);

y Urea (6 percent);

y Ethylene glycol based fluids (3 percent);

y Propylene glycol based fluids (2 percent); and

y Sodium formate (2 percent).

ERG identified the chemical constituents of ADF based on sampling data, information from a technical expert, and current research. The identi fication of the constituents is described below, and the constituents are presented in Table 1.

EPA collected and analyzed samples of unused, or “raw” ADF during the sampling episodes at DTW and MSP. Table A-5 presents the analytic al data for the raw ADF. EPA did not analyze samples for alkylphenols during these sampling episodes, theref ore no alkylphenol data are available for the raw ADF.

In addition to the sampling data collected by EPA, EPA received general ADF composition data from Mr. Doug Jackson (formerly of Octagon Pr ocess Inc. and Inland Technologies, Inc.) who worked in research and development for ADF 2 

### . Mr. Jackson identified the chemicals in Table 2 as ADF components. In addition, Mr. Jackson described the function of the ADF components; the functions are also presented in Table 2. In addition to the chemicals presented in Table2, Mr. Jackson stated that ADFs also contain water (a pproximately 10 percent), dyes, and possibly thickening agents.

2 Memorandum from Brian D'Amico of EPA/EAD. Formulation of Aircraft Deicing Fluids - Notes from 12/12/2006 Teleconference with Douglas Jackson. December 12, 2006.

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 9

Table 2. General ADF Constituents

Chemical Approximate Percent Composition of ADF Function Description of Function Propylene and EthyleneGlycol90% Freezing point depressants Lower the freezing point of the applied ADF resulting in snow and ice removal and prevention of the formation of ice on an aircraft surface. Toyltriazole, benzotriazole and its methylated derivative 0.5% Corrosion inhibitors and flame retardants Reduce the flammability hazard from corrosion of metal components carrying a direct current. Alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates 0.5% Surfactants/wetting agents Reduce surface tension in aircraft deicers. Triethanolamine 0.25% pH buffer



### Finally, ERG reviewed research conducted by Mr. Steven Corsi of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to determine ADF constituents. Mr. Corsi conducts research and sampling on ADF and deicing stormwater at the General Mitchell Milwaukee airport; he has published multiple papers presenting his research and sampling results and has identified the following pollutants in ADF stormwater and snowmelt 3 

### :

y Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD);

y Chemical oxygen demand (COD);

y Propylene and ethylene glycol;

y Alkylphenols (AP), and alkylpheno l ethoxylates (APEO); and

y Benzotriazole (BT) and its met hylated derivatives (MeBT).

Toxic Weighting Factors

To determine the toxicity of the pollutants present in deicing stormwaters, ERG considered the toxic weighting factors (TWFs) of the pollutants. EPA develops TWFs based on toxicity data contained in the EPA Toxics Database 4 

### . The database is compiled from over 100 references and contains aquatic life and human h ealth toxicity data, as well as physical/chemical property data, for more than 1,900 pollutants. ERG devel oped TWFs for Alkylphenols based on available toxicity information. 5 

### Pollutant TWFs are included in Table 1.

Pollutants of Concern Selection Criteria

Having identified pollutants that are present in airport deicing stormwaters, the Agency must consider which pollutants shoul d be controlled. EPA might not consider a pollutant as a potential pollutant of concern if it possesses the following criteria:

3 DCNs AD00081, AD00083, AD00085, and AD00326.
4 US EPA. Toxic Weighting Factor Development in S upport of CWA 304(m) Planning Process . June 2006.
5 Memorandum from Maureen Kaplan of ERG. Toxic Weighting Factors (TWFs) for Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylate. March 30, 2007.

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 10

y The pollutant is present in the deicin g stormwater from a source other than deicing chemical use;

y The pollutant can be monitored/contro lled by use of a surrogate pollutant;

y The pollutant is discharged in rela tively small amounts and is neither causing nor likely to cause toxic effects;

y The pollutant is detected in the effl uent from a small number of airports and is uniquely related to those facilities; or

y The pollutant cannot be analyzed by EPA-approved or other established methods.

Identification of Pollutants of Concern

EPA compared the pollutants detected in de icing stormwaters to ADF constituents and determined that many pollutants present in the stormwater are not ADF constituents. This is because of the addition of pollutants to stormw ater from sources other than ADF, which may include but is not limited to:

y Source water pollutants;

y Pollutants from aircraft and vehicle fueling;

y Pollutants from maintenan ce related operations; or

y Pollutants from roof runoff.

A discussion of pollutants of concern by analy tical category follows, and is summarized in Table 3.

Classical Parameters

The major components of both airfield and aircraft deicing chemicals and fluids are organic in nature and degrade in the envi ronment after their release. Because of this, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 

### ) are produced in deicing stormwaters. Both of these pollutant paramete rs are good indicators to represent the amount of acetates, urea, glycols, and formate in deicing st ormwater and the environmental impacts of the deicing stormwater.

EPA believes that those airpor ts requiring monitoring and control of ammonia, TKN, and nitrate/nitrite are likely doing so to monitor discharges of urea. Information collected during EPA’s airport site visits seemed to indicate that airports have been phasing out the use of urea for airfield deicing. However, analys is of urea use from the airport questionnaire has actually shown an increase in the amount of use from th e 2002/2003 through 2004/2005 deicing seasons, with approximately the same number of airpor ts using urea in each of those seasons.

Several of the classical paramete rs detected in deicing stormwat ers are the result of background pollutant concentrations from stormwater, dilution water, or other airport operations; these pollutants are not present in ADF but are present in deicing stormwater. Pollutants from other

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 11
airport sources aside from ADF include alkalin ity, hardness, oil & grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total suspended solids (TSS).

Table 3 presents the classical pollutants detected in deicing stormwaters and the reason for their selection or rejection as a pollutant of concern.

Metals

Multiple metals have been detected in samples of airport deicing stormwaters. Some of these metals were also detected in the ADF samples collected by EPA. Many of these metals are not original components of deicing products (e.g., al uminum and chromium) and their presence in the stormwater is a result of background concen trations from the stormwater or source water used for ADF dilution and metals picked up by stormwater runoff from aircraft maintenance/operation areas or building roofs.

Table 3 presents the metal pollutants detected in deicing stormwaters and the reason for their selection or rejection as a pollutant of concern.

Organic Pollutants

Organic pollutants known to be present in deicing st ormwaters as a result of airfield and aircraft deicing chemicals include propylene and ethylene glycol, triazole compounds, alkylphenols, and alkylphenol ethoxylates. Other orga nics may also be present from the breakdown of glycols, urea, acetates, and formates.

Toxicity studies conducted by Steven Corsi and others indicate th at deicing stormwaters exhibit toxicity from the additive compounds included in the aircraft (and in some cases) airfield deicing products 6



### . Table 3 presents the organic pollutants detected in deicing stormwaters and the reason for their selection or rejection as a pollutant of concern.

Table 3. Pollutants Identified as Pollutants of Concern

Pollutant/Parameter Evaluation Pollutant of Concern
Classicals Alkalinity A function of the source water Ammonia As Nitrogen (NH3-N)* A functio n of urea use at selected airports Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Indicator for general organic pollution in
wastewater 3

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Indicator of total oxygen demand from wastewater chemical decomposition 3

Chloride Main source is road salt and is not airfield/aircraft deicing related Dissolved Oxygen Water quality parameter

6 DCN AD00326

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 12

Table 3. Pollutants Identified as Pollutants of Concern

Pollutant/Parameter Evaluation Pollutant of Concern
Hardness A function of the source water
Oil & Grease Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing
Silica-Gel Treated Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM) Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing

Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing

Nitrate/Nitrite (NO3-N + NO2 -N)* A function of urea use at selected airports Sulfate Pollutant discharged in small amounts with low toxicity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)* A functio n of urea use at selected airports Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Covered by surrogate parameter Total Orthophosphate Pollutant discharged in small amounts with low toxicity Total Phosphorus Pollutant discharged in small amounts with low toxicity Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Total Recoverable Phenolics Pollutant discharged in small amounts with low toxicity Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing
Metals Aluminum Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Antimony* Arsenic Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Barium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Boron Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Cadmium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing
Calcium A function of the source water Chromium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Copper
Iron*
Lead Sources other than ai rfield/aircraft deicing Magnesium A function of the source water Manganese Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Mercury* Molybdenum* Potassium Pollutant has low toxicity Selenium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing
Silver Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Sodium A function of the source water, and Pollutant has low toxicity Thallium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 13

Table 3. Pollutants Identified as Pollutants of Concern

Pollutant/Parameter Evaluation Pollutant of Concern
Tin* Titanium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing Vanadium Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing
Zinc* Organics Acetone* Pollutant has low toxicity Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) Sources other than airfield/aircraft deicing

Benzoic Acid Pollutant is discharged in relatively small amounts and is neither causing nor likely to cause toxic effects Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Pollutant detected in a small number of samples during PDS Di-n-butyl Phthalate Pollutant detected in one ADF sample during PDS Diethylene Glycol Pollutant is used at a small number of airports N-Dodecane Pollutant detected in one ADF sample during PDS Ethylene Glycol ADF component 3 N-Hexadecane Pollutant detected in one airport sample during PDS Methyl Ethyl Ketone Pollutant detected in small amounts from one airport Naphthalene Pollutant not found in sampling/monitored in one permit Phenol Pollutant is discharged in relatively small amounts and is neither causing nor likely to cause toxic effects Propylene Glycol ADF component 3 N-Tetradecane Pollutant detected in one airport sample during PDS Trichloroethene Pollutant is discharged in small amounts and from only one airport sampled 1,2,4- Trimethylbenzene Pollutant not found in sampling/monitored in one permit Tolyltriazole Potential ADF additive 3

Benzotriazole Potential ADF additive 3 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole Potential ADF additive 3 Nonylphenol, total Breakdown product from ADF additives 3 Octylphenol, total Breakdown product from ADF additives 3Total Nonylphenol-3-EthoxylateNonlyphenol-18-Ethoxylate Potential ADF additive 3

Total Octylphenol-2-EthoxylateOctylphenol-12-Ethoxylate Potential ADF additive 3

### Memorandum 12 June 2007 Page 14

*Pollutants were not identified as Pollutants of Concern, but ERG proposes they be evaluated further because the pollutants are known to exist in deicing/anti-icing chemicals, and are not from other known sources (e.g. source water, other airport practices).



### Pollutants of Concern Summary

Based on the available information, ERG identifie d the following potential pollutants of concern for airport deicing operations:

y BOD;

y COD;

y Ethylene glycol;

y Propylene glycol;

y Benzotriazole;

y 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole;

y Nonylphenol, total;

y Octylphenol, total;

y Total nonylphenol-3-ethoxylate- nonlyphenol-18-ethoxylate; and

y Total octylphenol-2-ethoxylat e-octylphenol-12-ethoxylate.

ERG proposes further evaluation of the following pollutants to determine their selection or rejection as pollutants of concern:

y Ammonia as Nitrogen;

y Nitrate/Nitrite;

y TKN;

y Antimony;

y Copper;

y Iron;

y Mercury;

y Molybdenum;

y Tin;

y Zinc; and

y Acetone.

### Appendix A

### A-1 Table A-1. Minneapolis/St. Paul and Detroi t Airport Grab Sample Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Unit MSP High Concentration Storage Tank MSP Low Concentration Storage Tank DTW Northwest Frac Tank
Classical Pollutants Ammonia as Nitrogen (NH3-N) mg/L 0.790 BOD 5-day mg/L 115,000 8,000 140,000 Chloride mg/L 45.0 27.0 25.0 COD 5-day mg/L 358,000 16,000 332,000 Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) mg/L 50.0 ND(5.00) 22.0 Nitrate/Nitrite (NO2 + NO3-N) mg/L 0.0950 < 0.0600 0.240 Silica Gel Treated HEM (SGT-HEM) mg/L 17.0 ND(5.00) Sulfate mg/L 21.2 13.6 20.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 1,370 559 1,440 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L 13.5 5.61 71.1 Total Organic Carbon mg/L 96,100 5,660 93,100 Total Phosphorus mg/L 6.49 < 2.10 0.320 Total Recoverable Phenolics mg/L 0.150 0.0375 < 0.007 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 89.0 19.5 11.5
Total and Dissolved Metals Aluminum μg/L 525 508 Aluminum, Dissolved μg/L ND(500) 136 Antimony, Dissolved (a) μg/L 201 ND(20.0) ND(200) Barium μg/L 114 67.1 52.4 Barium, Dissolved μg/L 36.4 61.9 46.9 Calcium μg/L 68,200 35,200 127,000 Calcium, Dissolved μg/L 59,600 34,500 125,000 Copper (a) μg/L ND(100) 37.6 ND(100) Copper, Dissolved (a) μg/L ND(100) 16.4 ND(100) Iron μg/L 11,000 7,470 1,410 Iron, Dissolved μg/L 4,960 6,030 1,370 Magnesium μg/L 9,230 4,250 12,900 Magnesium, Dissolved μg/L 8,490 4,080 13,000 Manganese μg/L 887 317 433 Manganese, Dissolved μg/L 756 308 423 Mercury (a) μg/L 45.1 Mercury, Dissolved (a) μg/L 68.7 Molybdenum μg/L 19,100 794 15,900 Molybdenum, Dissolved μg/L 19,000 771 16,000 Sodium μg/L 48,700 18,700 22,800 Sodium, Dissolved μg/L 48,100 18,600 19,200

### A-2 Table A-1. Minneapolis/St. Paul and Detroi t Airport Grab Sample Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Unit MSP High Concentration Storage Tank MSP Low Concentration Storage Tank DTW Northwest Frac Tank Tin μg/L 611 32.1 673 Tin, Dissolved μg/L 616 32.5 646 Titanium μg/L ND(100) 13.5 Zinc (a) μg/L 492 291 119 Zinc, Dissolved (a) μg/L 444 277 119 Volatile and Semivolatile Organics Acetone μg/L 1,440 23,700 3,340 Propylene Glycol – 1671 mg/L 192,000 Propylene Glycol – 8015D mg/L 193,000 8,600 170,000 Trichloroethene (a) μg/L 14.5 EXCLUDE - Data excluded from the data set (see da ta review narratives in Appendix C for details). < - Average result includes at least one nondetect value. ND - Not detected (number in parenthesis is detection limit). (a) -* The analytical method for Alkylphenols is based on the "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving W ater to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms", U.S. EPA, August 1993. NA - Not collected. NC - Not calculated. ND - Not detected (number in parenthesis is detection limit).


### A- 3 Table A-2. Denver, Pittsburgh, and Albany Airports 5-Day Average Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Units DIA Airport Effluent from Equalization Feed Tank (SP-1) 5-day Average PIT Airport Influent to RO

Unit (SP-1) 5-day Average ALB Airport Influent to Anaerobic Trt System (SP-1) 5-day Average Alkalinity mg/L 706 481 159 Ammonia As Nitrogen (NH3-N) mg/L 0.448 <0.262 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L 149,000 16,600 3,400 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 247,000 28,300 5,350 Chloride mg/L 120 11.6 90.0 Hardness mg/L 362 542 248 Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) mg/L 9.20 Nitrate/Nitrite (NO3-N + NO2-N) mg/L 0.0266 <0.0204 <0.0284 Sulfate mg/L 60.0 48.1 26.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L NC 1,670 650 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L 6.41 9.04 1.61 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 89,000 7,720 1,570 Total Orthophosphate mg/L <1.03 <0.0196 0.115 Total Phosphorus mg/L <2.76 0.0778 0.946
Total Recoverable Phenolics mg/L 0.0608 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L <17.8 <8.40 16.6
Arsenic μ g/L <81.8 12.7
Barium μ g/L <13.2 103 42.5

Boron μ g/L <723 532
Calcium μ g/L 103,000 155,000 48,300 Copper μg/L 305

Iron μ g/L 1,210 5,870 6,270 Magnesium μ g/L 5,360 6,260 9,990 Manganese μ g/L 156 532 736 Molybdenum μg/L 11,900

Selenium μ g/L 172 31.8 <5.38
Sodium μ g/L 254,000 54,300 89,600

Tin μ g/L <258 41.0
Zinc μ g/L <81.1 71.8 48.3

Acetone μ g/L 4,100 10,900 15,400

### A- 4 Table A-2. Denver, Pittsburgh, and Albany Airports 5-Day Average Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Units DIA Airport Effluent from Equalization Feed Tank (SP-1) 5-day Average PIT Airport Influent to RO

Unit (SP-1) 5-day Average ALB Airport Influent to Anaerobic Trt System (SP-1) 5-day Average
Benzoic Acid μ g/L 716 278 Methyl Ethyl Ketone μ g/L <58.5

Phenol μ g/L 24.5 Ethylene Glycol - 1671 mg/L <167 <65.6 Ethylene Glycol - 8015D mg/L <172 <73.6 Propylene Glycol - 1671 mg/L 174,000 15,700 2,570 Propylene Glycol - 8015D mg/L 173,000 15,900 2,630 Tolyltriazole μ g/L 10,100 7,860 325 Nonylphenol, total μ g/L 22.2 ND(12.0) Nonylphenol-1-Ethoxylate μ g/L 130 Nonylphenol-2-Ethoxylate μ g/L 190 Nonylphenol-3-Ethoxylate μ g/L 17.8 59.9 3.90 Nonylphenol-4-Ethoxylate μ g/L 16.4 15.4 3.01 Nonylphenol-5-Ethoxylate μ g/L 21.5 213 5.70 Nonylphenol-6-Ethoxylate μ g/L 50.4 403 12.5 Nonylphenol-7-Ethoxylate μ g/L 60.7 619 15.4 Nonylphenol-8-Ethoxylate μ g/L 86.2 841 24.7 Nonylphenol-9-Ethoxylate μ g/L 79.1 942 24.7 Nonylphenol-10-Ethoxylate μ g/L 92.5 1,050 38.1 Nonylphenol-11-Ethoxylate μ g/L 100 1,040 40.4 Nonylphenol-12-Ethoxylate μ g/L 216 833 33.7 Nonylphenol-13-Ethoxylate μ g/L 167 589 25.2 Nonylphenol-14-Ethoxylate μ g/L 116 386 17.8 Nonylphenol-15-Ethoxylate μ g/L 69.9 222 8.80 Nonylphenol-16-Ethoxylate μ g/L 43.4 107 4.69 Nonylphenol-17-Ethoxylate μ g/L 23.3 53.5 2.27 Nonylphenol-18-Ethoxylate μ g/L 12.4 23.3 1.09 Octylphenol μ g/L <8.80 ND(2.00) Octylphenol-2-Ethoxylate μ g/L 71.8 0.159 Octylphenol-3-Ethoxylate μ g/L 1,460 4.38 2.66 Octylphenol-4-Ethoxylate μg/L 1,260
Octylphenol-5-Ethoxylate μg/L 891
Octylphenol-6-Ethoxylate μg/L 441

### A- 5 Table A-2. Denver, Pittsburgh, and Albany Airports 5-Day Average Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Units DIA Airport Effluent from Equalization Feed Tank (SP-1) 5-day Average PIT Airport Influent to RO

Unit (SP-1) 5-day Average ALB Airport Influent to Anaerobic Trt System (SP-1) 5-day Average Octylphenol-7-Ethoxylate μg/L 198
Octylphenol-8-Ethoxylate μg/L 116
Octylphenol-9-Ethoxylate μg/L 44.6
Octylphenol-10-Ethoxylate μg/L 22.5
Octylphenol-11-Ethoxylate μg/L 12.0
Octylphenol-12-Ethoxylate μg/L 8.08Total Nonylphenol-3-EthoxylateNonlyphenol-18- μ g/L 1,170 7,400 260

Total Octylphenol-2-Ethoxylate-Octylphenol12-Ethoxylate μg/L 4,530

### A- 6 Table A-3. Rockford Airport 1-Day Data Summary for Untreated Deicing Stormwater

Analyte Units Influent to Aerobic Treatment System, Spring (SP-1A) Alkalinity mg/L 1,030 Ammonia As Nitrogen (NH3-N) mg/L 59.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L 603 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 646
Chloride mg/L 14.0
Hardness mg/L 112 Nitrate/Nitrite (NO3-N + NO2-N) mg/L 0.0190
Sulfate mg/L 5.65 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 384 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L 82.8 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 137 Total Phosphorus mg/L 0.330 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 85.0
Barium ug/L 20.3
Calcium ug/L 6,600
Iron ug/L 108 Magnesium ug/L 14,700 Manganese ug/L 164
Sodium ug/L 4,790
Acetone ug/L 86.6 Methyl Ethyl Ketone ug/L 136 Propylene Glycol - 8015D mg/L 31.0 Tolyltriazole ug/L 45.3 Bisphenol A NG/L ND(12,000) N-Nonylphenol-2-Ethoxylate NC 50.0 N-Nonylphenoxyl-2-Carboxylic Acid NC 41.0 Octylphenol-9-Ethoxylate ug/L ND(3.18)* The analytical method for Alkylphenols is based on the "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving W ater to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms", U.S. EPA, August 1993. NA - Not collected. NC - Not calculated. ND - Not detected (number in parenthesis is detection limit).


### A- 7 Table A-4. Source Water Data from DTW, MSP, DIA, PIT, and ALB

Analyte Unit Priority Pollutant DTW Source Water (SP-8) MSP Source Water (SP-8) DIA Source Water (SP-7) PIT Source Water (SP-4) ALB Source Water (SP-5)
Classical Pollutants Alkalinity mg/L 41.0 57.4 94.3 Ammonia As Nitrogen (NH3- N) mg/L 0.560

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L 11.0

Chloride mg/l 13.3 25.0 40.0 Hardness mg/L 64.0 112 200 Nitrate/Nitrite (NO3-N + NO2- N) mg/L 0.100 0.0760 0.0220 0.0300 0.0130

Sulfate mg/L 24.0 27.4 67.8 30.9 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 132 120 95.0 217 219 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L 1.79 0.730 1.09 0.590 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 1.63 5.09 1.52 1.31 1.39 Total Orthophosphate mg/L 0.0140 Total Phosphorus mg/L 0.290 0.270 0.0330
Total Metals
Barium μ g/L 14.3 12.1 21.6 35.5 23.3
Calcium μ g/L 30,500 26,200 14,000 30,900 34,700 Copper μ g/L P120 30.7 18.3 11.6 531
Iron μ g/L 136 202 433 Magnesium μ g/L 7,450 1,530 4,710 7,850 6,350
Sodium μ g/L 6,030 6,740 9,590 32,800 30,700
Zinc μ g/L P128 25.5 144
Volatile and Semivolatile Organics
Bromodichloromethane μ g/L P048 13.5
Chloroform μ g/L P023 12.5 36.8 11.3 12.2 24.2 Alkylphenols* Nonylphenol-12-Ethoxylate μ g/L 1.01 Nonylphenol-13-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.840 Nonylphenol-14-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.615 Nonylphenol-15-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.324 Nonylphenol-16-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.183 Nonylphenol-17-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.0730

### A- 8 Nonylphenol-18-Ethoxylate μ g/L 0.0450 0.0300 Total- Nonylphenol-3- Ethoxylate-Nonylphenol-18 μ g/L 16.4

### A- 9 Table A-5. Analytical Results for Raw ADF Sampled at MSP and DTW

Analyte Unit DTW SP-3 Northwest Type I ADF 66116 DTW SP-7 FBO’s Type I ADF 66120 MSP SP-6 Northwest Airline’s Type I Fluid 66140 MSP SP-7 Northwest Airline’s Type IV Fluid 66141
Classical Pollutants BOD 5-day mg/L 366,000 ND(630,000) (b) 410,000 531,000 Chloride mg/L 45.0 25.0 45.0 455 COD 5-day mg/L 967,000 1,700,000 900,000 999,000
Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) mg/L 14.0 10.0 13.0 24.0

Nitrate/Nitrite (NO2 + NO3- N) mg/L 0.550 3.43 0.270 0.800

Sulfate mg/L 12.4 54.4 12.5 166
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L EXCLUDE EXCLUDE EXCLUDE EXCLUDE

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L 298 86.7 44.1 273

Total Organic Carbon mg/L 672,000 617,000 45,600 58,100 Total Phosphorus mg/L 4.30 1.08 4.68 5.63 Total Recoverable Phenolics mg/L ND(0.0500) ND(0.0500) ND(0.0500) 0.130 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L ND(5.00) ND(5.00) ND(5.00) EXCLUDE

Total and Dissolved Metals Antimony (a) μ g/L 597 1,070 477 508 Antimony, Dissolved (a) μ g/L 537 1,030 506 540
Calcium μ g/L 15,300 2,720 13,500 ND(500) Calcium, Dissolved μ g/L 15,400 2,690 13,600 ND(500) Copper (a) μ g/L 329 ND(100) Copper, Dissolved (a) μ g/L 329 ND(100)
Iron μ g/L ND(1,000) ND(1,000) ND(1,000) 6,780 Iron, Dissolved μ g/L ND(1,000) ND(1,000) ND(1,000) 6,840 Magnesium μ g/L 3,270 ND(2,000) 2,960 ND(2,000) Magnesium, Dissolved μ g/L 3,300 ND(2,000) 2,990 ND(2,000) Manganese, Dissolved μ g/L ND(150) ND(150) Mercury (a) μ g/L 100 ND(40.0) Mercury, Dissolved (a) μ g/L 87.0 ND(40.0) Molybdenum μ g/L 47,200 ND(100) 41,000 ND(100) Molybdenum, Dissolved μ g/L 47,700 ND(100) 41,500 ND(100)
Sodium μ g/L 31,300 422,000 29,700 145,000 Sodium, Dissolved μ g/L 29,500 408,000 30,500 58,900
Tin μ g/L 1,830 3,580 1,850 1,940 Tin, Dissolved μ g/L 1,860 3,460 1,870 1,850

### A- 10 Table A-5. Analytical Results for Raw ADF Sampled at MSP and DTW

Analyte Unit DTW SP-3 Northwest Type I ADF 66116 DTW SP-7 FBO’s Type I ADF 66120 MSP SP-6 Northwest Airline’s Type I Fluid 66140 MSP SP-7 Northwest Airline’s Type IV Fluid 66141 Zinc (a) μ g/L 264 107 235 172 Zinc, Dissolved (a) μ g/L 268 133 236 308 Volatile and Semivolatile Organics
2-Picoline μ g/L EXCLUDE EXCLUDE
Acetone μ g/L 704 ND(500) Propylene Glycol - 1671 mg/L 290,000 730,000 Propylene Glycol - 8015D mg/L 353,000 675,000 441,000 506,000