, Professional Paper No, 33 Series H, Forestry, 11

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR * 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIBECTOB

FOREST CONDITIONS

IN THE

LINCOLN FOREST RESERVE, NEW MEXICO'

BY

FRED. G. PLUMMER AND M. G. GOWSELL

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1904
CONTENTS.

i Page

Letter of transruittal.......................... i. ........................................... 7

.Boundaries .........................................................1....'.................. 9

General description........................................................................ 10

Forest zones.............................................................................. 11

Description of trees................."...................................................... 12

Prices of lumber........................................................-...---..........- 16

Irrigation ...............---.......--.---.............--..........--.-..--....-...-.-.---. 16

Grazing ..............."..'.....'............................................................ 18

Burns ..................................................................................... 18

Mining --....-..........--..-....-.---......-....-..------..-...--...-.----.-.-..,.-..-.-- 19

Descriptions of townships ................................................................. ] 9

" Township 7 south, range 11 east...............................'....................... 19

Township 7 south, range 12 east...................................................... 20

Township 7 south, range 13 east...................................................... 20

Township 7 south, range 14 east..........................'........".........'........... 21

Township 7 south, range 15 east. .................'................. ...................: 22

Township 7 south, range 16 east...................................................... 22

Township 7 south, range 17 east..............:....................................... 23

Township 8 south, range 11 east....................................................... 23

Township 8 south, range 12 east...................................................... 24

Township 8 south, range 13 east...................................................... 24

Township 8 south, range 14 east. ...................................................... 25

. Township 8 south, range 15 east.'............................................... ...... 25

Township 8 south, range 16 east. ...................................................... . 26

Township 8 south, range 17 east....................................................... 27

Township 8 south, range 18 east...................................................... 27

Township 9 south, range 10 east...................................................... 28

Township 9 south, range 11 east. ...................................................... 29

Township _ 9 south, range 12 east... -.I..........................._^................... 29

Township 9 south, range 13 east...................................................'... 30

Township 9 south, range 17 east...................................................... 30

.xTownship 9 south, range 18 east...................................................... 31

Township 10 south, range 9 east.......................................... 1........... 31

Township 10 south, range 10 cast........................................................ 3]

Township 10 south, range 11 east...................................................... 32

Township 10 south, range 12 east..................................................... 32

3
4 CONTENTS.

Descriptions of townships Continued. Page.

\ Township 10. south, range 13 east..................................................... 33

Township 10 south, range 14 east..................................................... 34

Township 10 south, range 15 east..................................................... 34

Township 11 south, range 9J east..................................................... 35

Township 11 south, range 10 east..................................................... 35

Township 11 south, range 11 east..................................................... 36

Township 11 south, range 13 east..................................... _;.............. 37

Township 11 south, range 14 east...-..-.........--...-.-.-..-..---...-..-......-..... 37

Township 11 south, range 15 east..................................................... 38

Township 12 south, range 10 east. ...... a -............................................. 39

Township 12 south, range 11 east...................................................... 39

Township 12 south, range 12 east..................................................... 39

Township 13 south, range 10 east......-..--......--......---......--..-....-......-.. 40

Township 13 south, range 11 east. ............................................... ^.... 40

Summary .....................................'....................................... 41

Index.................................................................................... 45
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

PLATE I. Map of Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico, showing land classification and density of standing timber................................. .................. In pocket.

II. Diagram showing range and development of tree species ......................... 10

III. Diagram showing stand and commercial species of timber ........................ 12

IV. A, Scrub oaks near Three Rivers; B, Fremont cotton woods along irrigating ditch.. 14

V. A, Alligator juniper in the woodland; 7?, Yellow pine and woodland ............. 16

VI. A, Yellow pines; 7?, Inception of an arroyo in an overgrazed area................ 18

VII. A, Grove of Rocky Mountain oaks; B, Artificial "tank" for water supply........ 20

VIII. A, Litter left after culling for logs; B, Roots of black walnut exposed in creek bed. 24

I.. A, Eastern end of Capitan Mountains; B, Engelmann spruce and Mexican white

pine ................................................. ........................ 28

X. A, Sawmill and culled timber; B, Cultivated valley in x the woodland area......... 32

XI. A, Black walnut near Three Rivers; U, Typical piilon in very scattered woodland. j36 

XII. A, Veteran Mexican white pine; B, Yellow-pine litter after cutting railroad ties... 40

5
LETTER OF TRAJSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT or THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington^ D. C., March 8, 1904-

SIR: I transmit herewith for publication in the scries of Professional Papers 

a report on forest conditions in the Lincoln Forest Reserve, in New Mexico, 

prepared by Messrs. Fred. G. Plummer and M. G. Gowsell.

Very respectfully,

HENRY GANNETT,

Geographer. 

Hon. CHARLES I"). WALOOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.'

7
FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE LINCOLN FOREST RESERVE, N. MEX.

By FRED. G. PLUMMEB and M. G. GOWSELL.

BOUNDARIES.

The Lincoln "Forest Reserve, New Mexico, was created by proclamation of 

the President dated July 26, 1902, the description of the included area being 

given by townships and subdivisions as follows:

"Township seven (7) south, ranges eleven (11) and twelve (12) east, New Mexico 

principal meridian, New Mexico; sections thirteen (13) to thirty-six (36), both inclusive, township seven (7) south, range thirteen (13) east; township seven (1) south, 

ranges fourteen (14)-and fifteen (15) east; sections thirteen (13) to thirty-six^j36), both 

inclusive, township seven (7) south, ranges sixteen (16) and seventeen (17) east; township eight (8) south, ranges eleven (11) and twelve (12) east; sections one (1) to ten 

(10), both inclusive, and fifteen (15) to eighteen (18) both inclusive, township eight 

(8) south, range thirteen (13) east; sections one (1) to twenty (20), both inclusive, and 

the north half of sections twenty-nine (29) and thirty (30), township eight (8) south, 

range fourteen (14) east; township eight (8) south, ranges fifteen (15), sixteen (16), 

and seventeen (17) east; township nine (9) south, ranges teu (10), eleven (11), and 

twelve (12) east; township nine (9) south, range seventeen (17) east; township ten (10) 

south, ranges nine (9), ten (10), eleven (11), and twelve (12) east; sections seventeen 

(17) to twenty (20), both inclusive, and twenty-nine (29) to thirty-two (32), both 

inclusive, township ten (10) south, range thirteen (13) east; township eleven (11) 

south, range nine and one-half (9£) east; all of township eleven (11) south, range ten

(10) east, which is not included in the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation; sections 

five (5) to eight (8), both inclusive, sections seventeen (17) to twenty (20), both inclusive, and sections twenty-nine (29) to thirty-two (32), both inclusive, township eleven

(11) south, range thirteen (13) east; township twelve (12) south, range ten (10) east; 

township thirteen (13) south, ranges ten (10) and eleven (11) east."

Petitions and recommendations for additions to this forest reserve cover the 

following areas: Portion of township 8 south, range 13 east; township 8 south, 

range 18 east; township 9 south, range 13 east; township 9 south, range 18 east; 

portion of township 10 south, range 13 east; township 10 south, range 14 east; 

township 10 south, range 15 east; portion of township 11 south, range 10 east;

9
10 FOKEST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN BESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

township 11 south, range 11 east; portion o£ township 11 south, range 13 east; 

township 11 south, range 14 east; township 11 south, range 15 east; township 12 

south, range 11 east; township 12 south, range 12 east.

All the areas above mentioned arc described in this report and are shown 

on PI. I (in pocket).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

In southern New Mexico, between the Rio Grande del Norte and the Rio Pecos, 

is an elevated region 140 miles wide, from the center of which rises an irregular 

mass of mountains whose summits and higher slopes are covered with timber, and 

whose lower declivities and spurs support a scattering woodland. Deciduous trees 

follow, or attempt to follow, for short distances, the water courses which radiate 

from these summits. There are> four well-defined ranges Sacramento Mountains, 

Sierra Blanca or White Mountains, Capitan Mountains, and Jicarilla Mountains. 

In the most southerly of these, the Sacramento Mountains, little of the land is 

owned by the Government, and the timber is being logged and marketed at 

Alamogordo, a station on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway 14 miles south 

of Tularosa. The southern portion of the Sierra Blanca is included within the 

present boundaries of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation. The remaining 

portions of these mountainous areas which are timbered, wooded, or important 

parts of watersheds are included in or are adjacent to the Lincoln Forest Reserve.

East of these mountains the surface slopes steadily to the Rio Pecos, but 

toward the west, the slope is interrupted by the San Andreas Range and is not 

therefore directly tributary to the Rio Grande del Norte. The depression between 

the San Andreas Range and the area under consideration is arid and has no 

permanent surface drainage, the few small streams and springs immediately sinking into the earth. The Malpais, an ancient flood of lava which flowed from 

two -craters, followed the central trough of the depression southward a distance 

of 40 miles to a point near the border of an ancient salt lake. This is a dry, 

unpromising region, without water or prospect of water for irrigation.

The general elevation of the region adjacent to the mountain ranges is 5,000 

feet above the sea. The highest summit is Sierra Blanca Peak, which is in the 

northwest portion of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation, and which reaches 

an altitude of 11,882 feet. The axis of the range of the same name trends 

north and south from this summit. The Capitan Mountains bear east and west 

at right angles to the Sierra Blanca. Three low passes cut the mountains, but in 

other places the high relief is continuous.

Upon the higher slopes of the mountains are numerous small perpetual 

streams, varying in length according to the protection afforded by forest or 

woodland. Some of these unite to form "rivers," a term here applied to such
R.9 E. R.10 E. R.ll E. R.IZE. R.I3E. R.I4 E. R.I5 E. R.I6E. R.I7 E. R.18 E.

-ArroyoSeco *.......

_ MNTOLN CO]DNTY__ 

OIERO COUNTY | LEGEND

MERCHANTABLE TIMBER 

Less than 2.00O feelB.M

APACHE

5,000 to 10,000 

10.0OO to 25.0OO I 1ST D 1 A.

Timberless, Grazin

RE SER.AAATION 

M

R.iO E. R.ll E. R.12 E. R.I3 E R.I4-E R.15E R.16 E. R.I7 E. R.I8E.

LINCOLN FOREST RESERVE, NEW MEXICO

SHOWING LAND CLASSIFICATION AND STAND OF MERCHANTABLE TIMBER

BY FRED. G.PLUMM-EH AND M. G.GOWSELL

IBOt

Scple 

ZIP______2 « 6 e lomiles

Contour interval 25O feet

JULIUS BIEN & CO.LITH
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. II

WOODLAND 

ZONE

YELLOW PINE 

ZONE

T

SUBALPINE 

ZONE

DIAGRAM SHOWING RANGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TREE SPECIES.
FOREST ZONES. 11

of the watercourses as can advance a few miles desertward. These are 'mentioned 

more particularly under the heading "Irrigation" (pp. 16-18).

The El Paso and Northeastern Railway runs near the western boundary of 

the reserve. From Carrizozo a branch line crosses the mountains by Indian 

Pass and handles the output of the coal mines at Capitan. Wagon roads run 

everywhere over the flats, plains, and mesas, and the mountainous regions are 

accessible by numerous trails.

The forests are of a typo common to the mountains of the Southwest open 

and often scattered with light underbrush, almost lacking in humus except on 

some of the broad summits. Inasmuch as better lumber can be imported to the 

markets bordering this region, and as good water is the scarcest of commodities, 

these forests have their greatest value as water conservera.

FOREST ZONES. *

For convenience, the areas in which timber and woodland growths are found 

may be divided into zones determined by altitudes, although these should not be 

considered as being clearly denned over the entire region examined. The ranges 

of the species vary greatly according to soil, moisture, and exposure, and only 

after a careful tabulation of all the data was the classification made. The custom 

of botanists and the precedent of former reports of this Survey on forest reserves 

make this method desirable, as it enables the relatively small and isolated forests 

under consideration to be compared with the forests in other regions.

The subalpine zone is found between altitudes of 9,000 and 11,000 feet. The 

principal tree is Engelmann spruce, with subordinate amounts of white fir, red 

fir, Mexican white pine, and aspen, generally in groves.

The yellow-pine zone ranges from 6,400 to 9,000 feet. The principal tree is 

yellow pine, with red fir, white fir, Mexican white pine, and oak. Along the 

streams and canyons are locust, maple, cottonwood, and other deciduous species 

overlapping from the woodland zone.

The woodland zone occurs between altitudes of 5,000 to 6,400 feet. The 

species composing it are pinon, juniper, cedar, scrub oak, and along streams ash, 

box elder, and walnut.

On the diagram, PI. II, are shown the altitudinal ranges of these various 

species, and also, by the thickness of the figures, the elevation at which they reach 

best development.

Along Three Rivers, extending out into the desert about 10 miles beyond the 

lower limit of the woodland, is a nan-ow broken fringe of deciduous trees which 

deserves mention. The lands have long since passed from Government control, 

a?id there has beeii some culling among the trees for fuel. The best growth was
12 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN KESE&VE, NEW MEXICO.

found near Throe Rivers post-office, where an acre was measured and estimated 

as follows:

Number of trees on 1 acre near Three Rivers, N. Mex.

Species.

Ash................................................

2.

1 

1

4.

5

2

1

Diameter in inches.

6.

1

8.

4 

4

10.

2

7

1

12.

5

 6 

1

14.

6 

3

is.

2

18.

1

24.

. 1

The trees fork low, are very crooked, and very little clear lumber could be 

cut from each. Nevertheless, such an exceptional acre would run over 1,000 feet 

B. M. The entire fringe of trees will not average 30 per cent of the above.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES.

Yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). This is the chief timber tree in both the 

Sierra Blanca and the Capitan mountains. It ranges between 6,400 and 9,250 feet 

elevation above the sea and forms 61 per cent of the entire forest stand. It 

rarely forms pure forests, being more or less associated with the woodland species 

at its lower range, and at higher elevations being mixed with all of the other 

timber species. The average mature tree has a height of 45 feet, with 11 feet of 

clear trunk and a diameter of 10 inches. Veterans attain a height of 100 feet 

and 30 inches in diameter.

Mexican white pine (Pinus strdbifomnis). This species is found as a member 

of the mixed forests at the higher elevations throughout the reserve. It is a 

valuable timber tree for this locality, and in quality is considered second only to 

the yellow pine. It has been culled for lumber along the headwaters of Eagle 

Creek, and also along the western summits of the Capitan Mountains, where it has 

been worked for shingles under the local name of "sugar pine." It comprises 

7 per cent of the entire forest stand. Average trees are 38 feet high, with 11 

feet of clear trunk and 9 inches diameter. A few veterans reach a height of 100 

feet and a diameter of 30 inches.

Pinon (Pinus edulis). This pinon is the principal constituent of the woodland, and is frequently associated with yellow pine at the lower altitudinal range 

of the latter. It is a remarkably hardy tree, and is the leader in the slow 

advance of the woodland upon the bordering arid lands. Mature trees at higher 

elevations roach a height of 30 feet and have a diameter of 9 inches, but are
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL.

R. 9 E. R. 10 E. R. II E. R. 12 E. R. 13 E. R. 14 E. R. 15 E. R. 16 E. R. 17 E. R. 18 E.

R. 10 E. R. II E. R. 12 E. R. 13 -E. R. 14 E. R. 15 E. R. 16 E. R. 17 E. R. 18 E.

DIAGRAM OF THE LINCOLN FOREST RESERVE, NEW MEXICO

SHOWING STAND OF COMMERCIAL, SPECIES OF TIMBER AND PROPORTION 

OF EACH SPECIES.BT TOWNSHIPS
DESCRIPTIONS OE TREES. 13

very crooked and are of use only for fuel. Once in about four years they set 

an abundance of cones, the seeds of which are edible.

Red fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolid). This tree, the most important member of the 

heavy forests of the North Pacific coast, reaches in this locality a point near its 

eastern and southern limits of distribution. It is here an intruder on the domain 

of the 3rcllow pine and the Engelmann spruce, and reaches a very inferior development when compared with localities where it ranks first in importance. The 

average mature tree is only 40 feet in height, with 8 feet clear trunk and a 

diameter of 8 inches, although veterans attain a diameter of 30 inches and a 

height of 90 feet.

White fa* (Abies concolor). This fir has a large altitudinal range, extending 

from 7,500 to 10,500 feet. Together with the red fir it is an important tree in 

the transition from the 3r ellow-pine zone to the subalpine zone, and is estimated 

to form 8 per cent of the total forest stand. Its heavy foliage affords.' good shade 

and protection on the more elevated slopes and in most of the principal canyons. 

Mature trees reach a diameter of 34 inches, with a height of 85 feet, but the 

average is the same as of the red fir.

Siibalpine fir (Alries lasiocarpa). Foliage of this species was found, closely 

resembling the lower foliage of Abies amdbilis, in T. 10 S., R. 11 E., but no cones 

could be obtained for its 'positive identification, although careful search was made. 

The trees were young and formed part of a new growth succeeding the dying 

Engelmann spruce.

Engelmann spruce (Picea engel/manni). This species is limited to elevations 

above tho 9,000-foot contour, where it frequently forms pure forests. The 

conditions for its best development are found along the high ridges north of 

Sierra Blanca Peak, at tho headwaters of the Rio Ruidoso, and also along the broad 

summits of the Capitan Mountains. Notwithstanding the fact that the summits of 

the Sierra Blanca afford apparently ideal conditions for the growth of the spruce, 

about 20 per cent of the standing trees are dead or dying. This gives the forest 

the appearance of having been scorched by a fire not severe enough to utterly 

destroy it. For this no cause was found. The mature trees reach a diameter 

of 24 inches and a height of about 75 feet, with branches nearly to the ground.

Cedar (Juniperus monosperma). This species (also called savin) is found 

throughout tho wooded districts, and its altitudinal range is the same as that of 

pinon. It furnishes 13 per cent of the total estimated cord wood. Although 

it is a very scraggy tree, yet, owing to its ability to withstand ground-rot, it is 

much prized for fence posts and rails. Mature trees attain a height of 20 feet 

and a diameter of 9 inches.
14 FOEEST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RE3EKVE, NEW MEXICO.

Alligator juniper (Juniperus pachyphlcea). This is a valuable fuel tree, forming 

30 per cent of the woodland. It has a greater altitudinal range than the pinon, 

being frequently found in the middle of the yellow-pine zone, where its position 

is generally on the open mountain sides or elevated mesas rather than in canyons 

or other waterways. Mature trees reach a diameter of 14 inches, but the average 

tree is about 4 inches in diameter and 15 feet in height. The trees are generally 

symmetrical and often beautiful, and their abundant crops of berries are considered 

edible after the first frosts of early winter.

Rocky Mountain oak (Quercus undulata). This tree is common above an 

altitude of 7,000 feet, forming characteristic groves on otherwise timberless slopes 

or spurs, particularly in the Sierra Blanca region. It is also found along the 

summits of the Capitaii Mountains, associated with timber species. It is usually 

about 15 feet in height, with 4 feet clear trunk, and a diameter of 3 inches, 

although veterans attain 40 feet in height and a diameter of 10 inches. It is 

afflicted with dry rot ovev the western end of the Capitaii Mountain region.

Crambel oak (Quercus yambelii). This small tree is common to nearly .all of 

the woodland, being associated with the pinon and cedar. It is not in demand for 

any purpose except fuel or an occasional fence post.

Aspen (Populus tremuloides). A common tree in the subalpine zone, where it 

is frequently found in isolated groves, which, in every instance, appear to be 

restockings of very old burns. On the north side of Sierra Blanca and among 

the dying spruce 'this species is doing considerable restocking. In T. 8 S., R. 16 

E., it comprises about 20 per cent of the forest cover in the subalpine zone. 

Average trees attain a height of 30 feet, 10 feet clear trunk, and a diameter of 

6 inches.

Narrow-leaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia). This species is represented 

along nearly all streams, where it forms a part of the mixed forests. It thrives 

best at about 7,000 feet elevation, but has been cultivated at lower altitudes. The 

average tree is 40 feet in height, having 10 feet clear trunk and a diameter of 9 

inches.

Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii). This tree is found in the cultivated 

districts throughout the reserve, chiefly along irrigating ditches, where it is a very 

serviceable shade tree.

Mexican walnut (Juglans rupestris). This tree is common to nearly all watercourses throughout this region, and is found at its best along Three Rivers and 

the Rio Ruidoso. It has a more rapid growth than any other tree found in the 

reserve. Average trees reach a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 11 inches,

with 6 feet clear trunk.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TREES. 15

Box elder {Acer negundo). The box elder is closely associated with Mexican 

walnut and other deciduous trees along the principal streams. The trunks are very 

crooked and would afford very little clear lumber. It is a beautiful shade tree. 

Average trees have a height of 40 feet, 4 feet clear trunk, and a diameter of 

about 9 inches. ,

Leather-leaf ash (fraxinus vekitima). The leather-leaf ash is an uncommon 

tree in this region. It is much sought on account of its strength and endurance. 

It is found along Three Rivers and Eagle Creek, and also in the Capitan Mountains. The average tree reaches 35 feet in height, 7 feet clear trunk, and 10 inches 

in diameter.

Large-tooth maple (Acer saccharum grandidentatum). This species is represented in the Capitan Mountains, in T. 8 S., R. 16 E., but is more common in 

Nogal Canyon, on the east slopes of the Sierra Blanca, at an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 

feet, where it is closely associated with aspen and other deciduous trees. It has 

been cut chiefly for cord wood. Mature trees attain a diameter of 10 inches and 

a height of 50 feet.

New Mexican locust (Bolnnia -neomexicana). This tree has an extensive distribution through this region. While small and unimportant for either timber 

or cord wood, it is very serviceable as a water conserver on some of the high 

eastern spurs of the Sierra Blanea, where, after the manner of the oak, it forms 

numerous small groves and thickets. It was seen at its best toward the head of 

Carrizo Creek, at an elevation of 8,300 feet, in T. 12 S., R. 12 E.

Kate of growth of trees in Lincoln Forest Reserve, N. Mex.

Species.

Pifion ...........................................................

Red fir .........................................................

White fir

Kadius.

Inches. 

' 108. 55

13.50

4.95

33.50

14.40

16.00

17.35

9.11

9.92

3.80

Annual 

rings.

3,340

244

168

388

151

593

390

167

54

28

Year'sgrowth 

per inch.

12.30

18. 00

34.00

11.50

10.40

35.80

22.40

18. 30

K 44

7.37
16 FOREST CONDITION'S IN LINCOLN EESEEVE, NEW MEXICO.

PRICES OF DUMBER.

West of the forest reserve, along the line of the El Paso and Northeastern 

Eailway, the lumber is generally obtained in the Sacramento Mountains. East 

of the reserve, along the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Eailway, the supply is 

obtained from Arkansas or from the Pacific coast. At Alamogordo the principal 

woods used are locally known as '' red spruce" (Pseudotsuga tamifolia) and 

"mountain pine" (Pinus pdnderosa). In this report they are referred to as "red 

fir" and "yellow pine." Prices of local and imported lumber do not vary 

materially and are as follows:

Prices of lumber in Lincoln Forest Reserve, N. Mex., per M feet B. M.

1 ,by 3, 1 by 4, 1 by 6, surfaced two sides................................... $26

1 by 8, 1 by 10, surfaced two sides...... ........................_..___..._.. 27

1 by 12, surfaced two sides ................................................... 30

2 by. 8, 2 by -10, surfaced two sides.......:... ...........'..................... 29 :

2 by .12, surfaced two sides ................................................. 32

.1 by 4, 1 by 6, 1 by 8, surfaced one side.. ................................... 16

1 by 10, surfaced one side.................................................. 37

1 by 1-2, surfaced one side .................................................. 19

4 by 8 to 8 by 8, 4 by 10 to 12 by 12, surfaced one side.................... 20

Flooring and ceiling.................................................. $20 to 26

Shingles, per 1,000 ......................................................... 5

Laths, per 1,000 ..........J................................................. 4

Heart stock brings $2.50 extra per M feet B. M.

IRRIGATION.

On all sides of the mountains are broad stretches of gently sloping plains and 

mesas, in which the soil, climate, and topography are favorable to agriculture, but 

the most important of all factors, water, is lacking. The Rio Bonito, Rio Ruidoso, 

and Rio Tularosa are the only streams which have a surface flow extending any 

considerable distance over the arid area, and none of their perpetual normal flow 

is permitted to waste. The cultivated lands in the area examined aggregate only 

.4,197 acres, an insignificant percentage of. the.'enormous areas which could be 

irrigated if water could be secured.

Artificial "tanks" are frequently employed for the storage of intermittent 

surface flows where water is used for domestic purposes and irrigation, but no 

works have as yet been constructed for the impounding of flood waters for 

general distribution.

The Rio Tularosa furnishes the supply for the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation Agency; also for the irrigation of several small farms outside of the reservation 

and for the town of Tularosa. There are about 150 claimants in. Tularosa, to
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. IV

A, SCRUB OAKS NEAR THREE RIVERS.

B, FREMONT COTTONWOODS ALONG IRRIGATING DITCH
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. V

A. ALLIGATOR JUNIPER IN THE WOODLAND.

B, YELLOW PINE AND WOODLAND.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. Ill

R. 9 E. R. 10 E. R. II E. R. 12 E. R. 13 E. R. 14 E. R. 15 E. R. 16 E. R. 17 E. R. 18 E.

__J

YELLOW 

PINE

RED 

FIR

WHITE 

FIR

ENGELMANN MEXICAN 

SPRUCE WHITE PINE

R. 10 E. R. II E. R. 12 E. R. 13 E. R. 14 E. R. 15 E. R. 16 E. R. 17 E. R. 18 E.

DIAGRAM OF 

fr STANTi 

THE 

fVR 

LINCOLN 

rT»TVTA/r PT-R r-TAT 

FOREST 

d-DTTr-firc /vtr 

RESERVE, 

T^Tx>iT3Tr' n A^TI-\ T-^T^^T^^T-.^^^^

NEW MEXICO

JULIUS BIENS CO.LITH.N.V
18 FOBEST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN BESEBVE, NEW MEXICO.

Little Creek and Eagle Creek are of comparatively little importance, and the 

small perpetual flow at their heads is used only in T. 10 S., E. 13 E. There are 

some promising mesa lands bordering these streams, but so far their cultivation 

without water has .not proved a success.

The Bio Euidoso is important for irrigation outside of the present limits of 

the forest reserve and within the area shown on the map (PI. I). It is partly 

for this reason that settlers have petitioned for the inclusion, of this stream in

the reserve.

GRAZING.

Over the greater portion of the forest reserve forage grasses form an 

important part of the ground cover. They are not only a factor iii regulating 

the run-off after heavy rains or melting snows, but retard the excessive evaporation. The areas shown in yellow on PI. I include only such grazing lands as 

support neither woodland nor timber, but all of the forest reserve might be classified as grazing land so far as its natural utility for that purpose is concerned. 

The elevated timberless spurs from the Sierra Blanca are well covered with 

forage grasses, and together with the forested summits of the Capitan Mountains 

are at present the best areas for stock grazing. The lower slopes and plains, 

lying below the 7,000-foot contour, have been more accessible, and for this 

reason have been irreparably damaged by overgrazing. In some places the extermination of the gramma grasses and other, ground cover has permitted deep and 

extensive erosion, actually changing the topography and laying waste large areas 

which formally supported a luxuriant growth of valuable forage grasses. This 

effect was particularly noticed in the northwest portion of T. 10 S., R. 14 E., 

but is observable in the western tiers of townships, which include Carrizozo 

Flats, where the grazing value is very low as a result of overgrazing, and 

where the grasses will be extinct ere long. Mountain mahogany is plentiful in 

the Capitan Mountains and furnishes the principal winter browse.

BURNS.

The total burned area was estimated at' 1,480 acres, or less than 1 per cent 

of the entire timbered area examined. The areas classified as burned include 

only such as are so recent as to contain no merchantable timber, and it must 

not be inferred that fires are of rare occurrence in this region. Very small 

burns are numerous, and considerable areas have been overrun by fires which 

resulted in the partial destruction of the trees. This is particularly true in 

the Capitan Mountains, where sapling conifers and scrub oak have been the 

greatest sufferers. Since the establishment of the forest reserve most of these 

small fires have ceased, owing partly to the vigorous patrol which has been
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. VI

A. YELLOW PINES.

B> INCEPTION UP AIM AKROYO iN AN OVERGRAZED AREA.
MINING. " 19

maintained, and also to the changed sentiment of the people, who are now fully 

alive to the benefits of forest protection.

Traces of very old burns are frequently seen throughout the .timbered areas, 

particularly near the summits. In many cases the restocking has been by aspen 

(Populus tremuloides) where the original forest was tindoubtedly coniferous.

T. 10 S., R. 11 E., has sustained the greatest loss from fires, which, according to the testimony of residents, have resulted in a visible decrease in the 

minimum flow of the streams. These burns occurred in 1895, as did also the 

burn in sec. 3, T. 11 S., R. 11 E. The resulting litter from these fires, together 

with the dead and dying Engelinann spruce, which is mentioned elsewhere in 

this report, is a constant menace to the standing forests, and will necessitate the 

utmost vigilance on the part of the rangers to prevent a most disastrous conflagration, the effects of which would be far-reaching for the reason that the most 

important streams rise in these townships.

MINING.

The area examined covers portions of eight mining districts White Oaks, 

Vera Cruz, Nogal, White Mountain, Rio Tularosa, Tularosa, Capitan, and Bonito. 

The region has been well prospected for gold, silver, and copper, which have 

been found in paying quantities. A 15-stamp mill has been installed 2 miles 

south of Nogal town site to work the free-milling output from the Helen Rae, 

American, and adjacent properties. There has been considerable development 

work in the vicinity of Bonito and Parsons, where promising ledges of goldbearing quartz haye been uncovered in the porphyritic formations.

Measures of bituminous coal are found in the vicinity of Capitan, in T. 9 S., 

R. 14 E., and also near White Oaks. The former are being worked by the 

New Mexico Railway and Coal Company, and in 1901 yielded 200,000 tons.

Further details regarding these and other mining properties will be found 

in the report of the governor of New Mexico, 1902, page 523 et seq.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS.

TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

The eastern third of this township is steep and rocky, lying on the west 

slope of Carrizo Peak. The rest is a gently rolling and sloping plain, which 

supports neither woodland nor forest. The surface is cut by shallow arroyos 

which drain westerly to the Malpais. There has been much overgrazing, particularly in the southern portions. A goat ranch is located in sec. 24, where 

there is a small spring. In sec. 28 is a ranch with a well 50 feet deep giving 

good soft water. All the woodland is on the slopes of Carrizo Peak. The
20 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

reproduction is good, and there has been some culling' for fuel in sec. 23. There 

is no timber.

Stand of trees in T. 7 S., 2{. 11 E.

Cords.

Piilon.................................................................... 4,000

Juniper .................................................................. 1,600 

Cedar.................................................................... 1, 600

Oak....:...._..........................................................._ 800

Total ..^........................................................... 8, 000

TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 12 EAST.

This irregular township contains but six sections. It lies on both sides of 

Carrizo Peak, which has an elevation of about 9,500 feet and a rough and 

precipitous surface. Only the higher elevations are timbered, the lower slopes 

being scattering woodland. It has been grazed by goats.

 Stand of trees in T. 7 &, R. 1® E.

Cords, Feet B. M.

Yellow pine . 1..................................................... 643,000

Red fir............................................................ 1,502,000

rifion ....................................................... 2, 280 .........

Juniper ..................................................... 1,140 .........

Cedar ........................................................ 380 .........

Total ................................................. 3,800 2,145,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 S., Ji. JS E.

Average total height................................................... feet.. 30

Average height, clear...................................................do.. 10

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 12

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 1

Average age .........................................................years.. 70

Reproduction ............................................................ Good.

TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 13 EAST.

Sees. 13 to 36, inclusive, are within the reserve. The surface is rough and 

mountainous, traversed by a divide which has a general northwest-southeast 

trend, and is cut by Bernal Gap. The northeastern portion is cut by numerous 

arroyos which drain into Carrizo Creek. In the southwestern portion Bernal 

Gap drains into Nogal Arroyo. All the township has been grazed, principally 

by cattle. A small sawmill is operating intermittently on sec. 9, outside the 

reserve.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. . 21

Stand of trees in T. 7 S., R. 13 E.

Cords. FeetB.M.

Yellow pine..........--....-...-....--......-...-..-------..-.-.. 9,810,000

Ecd fir.......-----....-..-...--.-....-........-----.....-...---.. 1,090,000

Pinon...... _.............---..........---............. .... 5,400 ..........

Juniper ............____... _......._____..............____. 4,200 .......--,-

Cedar .....................'................................ 1, 800 ...........

Oak ...................................................... 600 ..........

Total................................................ 12,000 10,900,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 S., R 13 E. 

Average total height................................................... feet.. 50

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high....................................... inches.. 10

Dead ............................................................ .per cent.. 1

Diseased .............................................................do.-.. 1

Average age.....................-....-......--...---................ years.. 60

Reproduction ..............._...._........................... ..__....._.. Good.

TOWNSHIP T SOUTH, RANGE 14 EAST.

The surface is gently sloping and rolling toward the north and east and is 

drained by Carrizo Creek, the flow of which is perpetual in portions of its bed 

and sinks in others. In the creek valley are about 1,000 acres of arable land, of 

which 60 acres are in cultivation. The entire township has been grazed, principally 

by cattle. In the southern .and western portions there has been some culling of 

the trees for fuel and fencing. In sec. 32 is a well, but the water is strongly 

impregnated with gypsum.

Stand of trees in T. 7 S., E. U E.

a Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine......................................................... 560,000

Pifion....................'.................................... 18,000 .......

Juniper .........'..........:.................................. 9,000 .......

Cedar .....................^................................... 1,500 .......

Oak.......................................................... 1,500 .......

Total ................................................. 1 30,000 560,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 S., R. 14 K.

Average total height..................................................feet.. 40

Average height, clear..................................................do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 8

Dead...........................'...........................'.......per cent.. 2

Diseased .............................................................do.... 1

Average age...-.-...-.--...----.....................................years.. 50

.Reproduction ......................................................... Medium.
22 FOKEST^ CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN BESEBVE, NEW MEXICO. 

TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 15 EAST.

The surface has an easy gradient to the north and is drained by arroyos 

tributary to Carrizo Creek. It has all been closely grazed. In sees. 28 and 

35 the water for domestic purposes and for watering stock has been piped a 

distance of 1£ miles. There is no other water in the township. A sawmill was 

formerly located in sec. 34, for which some culling was done in the canyons 

and arroyos in the immediate neighborhood.

Stand of trees in T. 7 8., R, 15 E.

Cords. Fpet. B. M.

Yellow pine- ...................................................... 2,540, 000

Pinon ...................................................... 19, 350 .........

Juniper .................................................... 21,500 .........

Oak........................................................ 2,150 .........

Total..-.-........--.........---..-..-..-----.....-... 43,000 2,540,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 8., R. 15 E.

Average total height -...-..-...--..-................--......---.......feet.. 40

Average height, clear....----.-.-...------..-..----.-....-- -.......--.do...- 10

Average diameter, breast-high........................................inches.. 8

Dead.........................L...................................per cent.. 5

Diseased .............................................................do.... 1

Average age.....---....--.-.-----.....-..---.--.-..----....-.---....years.. 50

Reproduction ...........-...-......---........---.-...'.................. Good.

TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 16 EAST.

Sees. 13 to 36, inclusive, are within the reserve. The surface has a gentle 

slope to the north and is cut by numerous arroyos. A well 100 feet deep in 

sec. 22 furnishes an abundance of good water for a small settlement of Mexicans. The Block ranch, with headquarters at Richardson, in the northwestern 

part of this township, brings water a distance of over 6 miles through an open 

ditch from streams which head in the Capitan Mountains, in T. 8 S., R. 16 E. 

All this township is being grazed by cattle. Fifteen years ago portable sawmills 

operated in the canyons in the southern portion.

Stand of trees in T. 7 S., R. 16 E.

Cords. Pect B. M.

Yellow pine........................:.............................. 1,120, 000

Pinon.......--.------...-....---....-.---...--..--.-------- 28,800 .........

Juniper .................-......................'............ 28,800 .........

Oak........... .........-..---.....-.--........-.-......--. 6,400 .........

Total........--.......-..-.....---...........---..!--- 64,000 1,120,000
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 23

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 8., B. 16 E.

Average total height..___..................---...-...---..---.--.--- - -feet.. 40

Average height, clear...................--. ...-..-..--...'...-.------..do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 8

Dead ---..........-...-.......---..........---....-..---..---.----per cent.. 5

Diseased ...-.............-..........----..-.-...--_-......--------.. - -do.... 2

 Average age .........................................................years.. 50 s

Reproduction .-.........--... ........---...........--....-...------... Medium.

TOWNSHIP T SOUTH, RANGK IT EAST.

Sees. 13 to 36, inclusive, are within the reserve. The surface has a gentle 

slope to the north and east and is cut by a number of small arroyos. Water has 

been brought 5 miles by flume from sec. 15, T. 8 S., R. 17 E., and is used 

in sec. 26 for domestic and other purposes. All this township has been closely 

grazed by cattle, arid also bears evidence of having been oversheeped in the 

past. In the southern part there has been some culling for cord wood and posts.

Stand of trees in T. 7 S., R. 17 E.

Cords. Feet B. II.

Yellow pine.................................................. ...... 180,000

Pifion............... ......................................... 27,500 .......

Juniper ........... ^.......................................... 16, 500 .......

Cedar........................................................ 2,750 .......

Oak.......................................................... 8,250 .......

Total ...................................I.............. 55,000 180,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 7 S., R. 17 E.

Average total height..................................................feet.. 40

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high..............................._..... ..inches.. 8

Dead ............................................................ .per cent.. 5

Diseased ............................................................. do.... 3

Average age.......................................................... .years.. 50

Reproduction ........---........................;........................ Good.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

The northern portion of this township is a nearly level plain lying between 

Carrizo Peak and the northern end of the Sierra Blanca, known locally as Carrizozo 

Flats. The southern portion is steep and rocky and is cut by numerous deep 

arroyos which drain northwesterly toward the Malpais. There are some mining 

claims and a rancher in see. 33, where there has been some culling for fuel. The 

entire township lias been badly overgrazed and the ground cover ruined. Under 

these conditions it is not likely that the woodland, which extends into the southern
24 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

tier of sections, will naturally reclaim any of these areas, although the reproduction

is good.

Stand of trees,in T 8 S., R. 11 E.

Cords.

Pifion.......................................................'............. 500

Cedar ........................................... 1........................ 500

Total............................................................... 1,000.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 12 EAST.

This irregular township contains less than 7 sections. The surface is gently 

rolling valley land, which is tributary to Nogal Arroyo. There is no timber, and 

the only woodland is at the southern boundary.

Stand of trees in T S S., H. IS E.

Cords. 

Pinon ..___-.........---.........-.. ...._..._........................_...... 250'

Cedar...................................................................... 250

Total....................................:............................ 500

TOWNSHIP S SOUTH, RANGE 13 EAST.

This township lies on the divide between the Rio Pecbs and the Malpais desert, 

including in part the Vera Cruz Mountains and the Tucson Mountains, which reach 

an elevation of 8,000 feet. Its lowest point is at Indian divide, which has an 

elevation of 6,952 feet and is crossed by the Carrizozo-Capitan branch of the El 

Paso and Northeastern Railway. The surface is rough. The grazing value is 

very low, owing to overstocking. The drainage is westward by Nogal Arroyo 

and its tributaries and eastward by Indian Canyon, both of which are' intermittent streams of little consequence.

Stand of trees in T. 8 S., E. 13 E.

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ......................................................... . 510,000

Pifion ........................................................ 24, 000 .......

Juniper ......_--.--.-...._.-..--....--.....-..-.--...-..--.-. '4,000 .......

Cedar ........................................................ 12,000 .......

Total................................................... 40,000 510,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. S S., E. IS E. 

Average total height................................................... feet.. 40

Average height, clear .................................'................do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high .......................................inches.. 9

Dead ......-----...-.....-----.--....-- ....-..----..-..-.----... .per cent.. 2

Diseased ......-.----.-........--..-.....-..........------.----..--....do.... 1

Average age ...................-............. .........'......-.. -.-...years.. 55

Eeproduction .....--.......---.-.....-..--..-'..-..---.---.-.-----..--. Medium.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSfONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. VII

A GROVE OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN OAKS.

B. ARTIFICIAL "TANK" FOR WATER SUPPLY
V. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. VIII

A. LITTER LEFT AFTER CULLING FOR LOGS.

B. ROOTS OF BLACK WALNUT EXPOSED IN CREEK BED.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 25

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE M EAST.

Twenty-one sections of this township are in the reserve. The area covers 

a low divide in the Capitan Mountains, and its principal drainage is by Gyp 

Springs Canyon, a tributary of Salado Creek. At Jacobs ranch, in sec. 1, is an 

abundance of spring water for local use and for the irrigation of a small 

orchard. There is also good drinking water in sec. 18. The entire township has 

been grazed the southern portion, which is outside the reserve, to an injurious 

extent. The large percentage of dead trees is attributed by the settlers to the 

continued droughts.

Stand of trees in T. 8 3., R. 14 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine. ........................................................ 840, OOQ

Pinon ....................................................... 39,600 , .......

Juniper ....................................... '.............. 19, 800 .......

Cedar....................................................... 6,600 .......

Total ................................................. 66,000 840,000

'Conditions of timber trees in T. 8 S., E. 14 E. 

Average total height .................................................. feet.. 50

Average height, clear................................................. do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high .......................................inches.. 10

Dead (95 per cent Pinon) ........................................per cent.. 10

Diseased ............................................................. do.... 5

Average age .........................................................years.. 60

Reproduction ......................................................... Medium.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 15 EAST.

The southwestern portion of this township is rolling land of easy gradient, 

but the surface is generally rocky and bowlder strewn. The rest of the township is traversed by the rounded summits of the Capitan Mountains, which are 

cut by Capitan Pass. The township is comparatively inaccessible for stock, and 

therefore has not been badly overgrazed. 

Settlers in the southern part haul water from sec. 35, to which point it has 

been conveyed by troughs a distance of 2 miles, from the foot of the Capitan 

Mountains. Several attempts have been made to get water by sinking wells, and 

on sec. 31, at a depth of 100 feet, a supply was obtained, which subsequently 

failed.

There has been considerable culling for railroad ties.in the northwest portion 

of this township, and in sees. 35 and 36 several years ago there was culling for 

fuel for the supply of Fort Stanton. The forests are mixed, and the estimated 

stand is the heaviest in the reserve.
26 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

Stand of trees in T. 8 S., R. 15 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine...................................................... 32,917,000

Red fir .......................................................... 11, 970,000

White fir ........................................................ 2,993,000

Mexican white pine .............................................. 11,970,000

Pinon..................................................... 23,400 ..........

Juniper ................................................... 11, 700 ..........

Cedar..................................................... 3,900 ..........

Total................................................ 39,000 59,850,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 8 S., R. 15 E.

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 50

Average height, clear .................................................do... 14

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 12

Dead, woodland ..................................................per cent.. 10

Dead, timber trees ....................................................do... 1

Diseased ........................................:.....................do... 1

Average age ...............................:.........................years.. 80

Reproduction ............................................................ Good.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE .16. EAST.

This township is mountainous and rugged. The sharp backbone of the 

Capitan Mountains divides it into equal parts, which drain north into Carrizo 

Creek through numerous small canyons and south into Salado Creek. The 

mountains of this range reach their highest elevation, over 10,000 feet, in sec. 15. 

At the higher elevations, mainly on the north slope, are numerous small springs, 

and in- sec. 34 is a spring which is being used in sees. 3 and 10, T. 9 S., E. 16 E., 

and,supplies sufficient water for 200 head of cattle and for two ranchers. The 

grazing value of this township is good. About fifteen years ago several small portable sawmills operated on the north slope and culled from the-principal canyons.

Stand of trees in T. 88., R. 16 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine...................................................... 34,252,000

Red fir........................................................... 11,417,000

White fir......................................................... 2,854,000

Engelrnann spruce................................................ 5, 709, 000

Mexican white pine .............................................. 2,854, 000

Pinon..................................................... 5,400 ..........

Juniper ............'....................................... 6,750 ..........

Cedar..................................................... 1,350 ..........

Total................................................ 13,500. 57,086,000
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 27

Conditions of timber trees in T. 8 S., It. 16 E.

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 40

Average height, clear..................................................do... S

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 8

Dead ...............------.-...............-...............----.. .per cent.. 10

Diseased :...............-............---.-.......-.------.-...........do... 3

Average age ..........----...-...-.-------.-...........-............. years.. 60

Keproduction........................................................ Very good.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 17 EAST.

This township includes the eastern portion of the Capitan Mountains and is 

exceedingly rough and broken. It has not been overgrazed by cattle, because of 

its comparative inaccessibility. At higher elevations in all canyons there is running water in small quantities. In the northern portion there has been some 

culling^of the woodland for fuel.

Stand of trees in T. 8 8., R. 17 E.

Cords. . Feet B. SI.

Yellow pine......-..---.--................-.......-.......------. - 18,060,000

Red fir........................................................... 7,525,000

White fir ........................... ............................ ' 1,505,000

Engelmann spruce................................................ 1, 505,000

Mexican white pine .............---------.-........-..---.-...... 1,505, 000

Pinon...........----..--... ............................... 6,000 ..........

Juniper .................................................... 9,000 ..........

Cedar..................-.............:..................... 9,000 ..........

Oak....................................................... 6,000 ..........

Total ............................................... 30,000 30,100,000

Conditions of Umber trees in T. 8 S., R. 17 E.

Average total height..................................................feet.. 40

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high-..................................... .inches.. 9

Dead .............................. ^............................. .per cent.. 10

Diseased ....:....--.-...-..-----. .----.---...........-.-.-..........do.... 3

Average age..........................................................years.. 55

Reproduction ........... ......................................'..... Very good.

TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 18 EAST.

The surface along the western boundary is very rugged and precipitous, 

marking the abrupt termination of the Capitan Mountains. In the central portions the gradient is very gentle, while in the eastern areas are limestone hills, 

cut by small canyons to a depth of about 150 feet. The drainage is eastward by 

Cedar Canyon and its numerous smaller tributaries, all of which are intermittent.
28 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESEBVE, 'NEW MEXICO.

There are numerous wells and springs on settled lands. There has been considerable culling all over the woodland; in fact, the majority of the settlers have 

for 3T ears earned their livelihood by hauling cordwood to Eoswell, a distance 

of 50 miles, where there is an increasing market for fuel and fencing. The 

grazing value is low, owing to overstocking.

Stand of trees in T. S S., R. 18 E.

Cords. Feet B. JI.

Yellow pine....................................................... 2,465, 000

Piaon...................................................... 19,600 .........

Juniper-...--.:...-.......------....-..-.-.....--.?'-.....-. 14,700 .........

Oak..................................-.........:........... 14,700 .........

Total ............_..........._.-.-...........,......_ 49,000 2,465,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 8'S., R. IS E. 

Average total height ................................. ................ feet.. 40

Average height, clear ................................................ do.... \9

Average diameter, breast-high ...................:..................inches.. 10

Dead ........-..'.". ................................................. .per cent.. , 3

Diseased ...."......... .............. .. ................................do.... 1

Average age........j......... ........................... ........:.. .years.. 70

Reproduction, woodland. .............................\.............. Very good.

Reproduction, yellow pine .-..----...---------.--..---................ Medium.

TOWNSHIP 9 SOUTH, KANGE 10 EAST.

This township is a gently rolling plain from which rise two of the three hills 

known as Tres Cerros. These three hills are nearly equidistant,. range due north 

and south, and are a prominent feature of the landscape. The drainage is westward 

toward the Malpais. At the head of Canyon del Agua is the only perpetual 

flow of water in the township. The plain is the southern extension of Carrizozo 

Flats and has been badly overgrazed by both cattle and sheep,

Stand of trees in T. 9 S., R. 10 E.

Cords. Feet B. SI.

Yellow, pine......................................................... 200,000

Pinon......................................................... 1,050 v .......

Cedar.............;.:.....----------.---.......---------.----. 450 ........

Total.................................................... 1,500 200,000

Conditions of timber . trees in T. 9 S., R. 10 .E.

Average total -height .................................................. .feet.. 35

Average height, clear. ................................................Ao.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high....................................... inches.. 8

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 1

Average age.........................................................years.. 60

Reproduction .............'............................................ Medium.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPEft N6. S3 PL. IX

A. EASTERN END OF CAPITAN MOUNTAINS.

B. ENGELMANN SPRUCE AND MEXICAN WHITE PINE.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 29

a

TOWNSHIP 9 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

This township covers in part the northern end of the Sierra Blanca and 

has a very rough and broken surface. At the higher elevations are several small 

perpetual streams, which become intermittent before reaching the adjoining plains. 

The grazing value is good. There has been some culling for saw logs in Nogal 

Canyon, near the eastern boundary.

Stand of trees in T. 9 S., R. 11 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine....................................................... 4, 720,000

Red fir............................................................ 1,180,000

Piflon...........................................:.......... 7, 250 .........

Juniper .................................................... 4,350 .........

Cedar.......------.....-.......-......--.------..... ...... 2,900 .........

Total ................................................. 14,500 5,900,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 9 S., R- 11 E. 

Average total height..................................................feet.. 60

Average height, clear.................. 1..............................do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 12

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 2

Diseased.-........................................................... do.... 1

Average age ......--------.....................--------.............years.. 70

Reproduction ----......-......--....----..-----__.......................- Good.

TOWNSHIP 9 SOUTH, RANGE 12 EAST.

This irregular township is unsurveyed, but is assumed to be of about the 

same area as the irregular townships on the north and south. It covers in part 

the foothills of the Sierra Blanca and drains easterly into Nogal Canyon. The 

southern portion supports neither woodland nor forest, but is good grazing land.

Stand of trees in T. 9 S., R. 12 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine-......................................'.............:.... 432, 000

Red fir.............................................................. 48, 000

Pifioii......................................................... 2,700 .......

Juniper ....................................................... \, 350 ..;....

Cedar........... ...........................................'... 450 .......

Total.................................................... 4,500 480,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 9 S., R. 12 E. 

Average total height .................................................. feet.. 50

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high ...................................... .inches.. 10

Average age ----...-...-..-.---.-..................--................years.. 60

Reproduction .....-..------.---.--.--.--...----.........-................ Good.
30 FOBEST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN KESEBVE, NEW" NEXICO.

TOWNSHIP 9 SOUTH, KANGE 13 EAST.

The surface of this township, while not strictly a mesa, generally goes by that 

name. It is rolling, with an eas3^ gradient toward the east, and is cut by numerous 

arroyos, which drain into Salado Creek or Nogal Canyon. A plentiful supply of 

good well water has been obtained in the southern portions.

Stand of trees in T. 9 S., K. 13 E.

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ........__....--....-...._...--........--..-............. 160, 000

Pifion...........---.-.-..-...---..........-...........---.... 21,250 .......

Jumper ...................................................... 12, 750 .......

Cedar....................-....'.......-.-...........---....... 8,500 .......

Total.................................................... 42,500 160,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 9 S-, S. 13 E. 

Average total height................................................... feet.. 40

Average height, clear ......................................'.............do.. 12

Average diameter, breast-high .......................................inches.. 8

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 1

Average age .........................................................years.. 50

Eeproduction............................................................. Poor.

TOWNSHIP 9 SOUTH, KANGK 17 EAST.

This township has not a very steep gradient, as it includes the. long spurs 

from the Capitan Mountains. The surface is generally rocky and bowlder strewn. 

The drainage is by numerous arroyos, which are tributary to Bluewater Canyon. 

The township is being grazed, principally by goats. There has been some culling 

in the woodland of sees. 8, 13, 17, 20, 28, 29, and 33 for fuel and fencing.

Stand of trees in T. 9 S.; S. 17 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine....................................................... 3,480,000

Pifion...................................................... 7,200 .....:...

Juniper .................................................... 14,400 .........

Cedar....................................................... 10,800 .........

Oak........................................................ 1,800 .........

Other species ..*............................................ 1. 800

. Total................................................. 36,000 3,480,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 9 S., R. 17 E. 

Average total height...................................................feet.. 35

Average height, clear ..:..............................................do.... 10

Average-diameter, breast-high ..'.....................................inches.. 10

Average, age ..........................................................years.. 65

Eeproduction.. ........................................................... Good.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 31

TOWNSHIP 9 . SOUTH, RANGE 18 EAST.

The surface is mainly a series of limestone hills cut by dry canyons, which 

in the eastern part are 100 to 200 feet deep. The drainage is eastward by 

Bluewater Canyon and its numerous tributaries, all of which are intermittent. 

An abundance of good water has been found at a depth of 4 feet in sec. 16. 

The grazing value is low, owing to overstocking. All of the western portion 

has been culled for fuel and fencing, which was marketed at Roswell.

Stand of trees in T. 9 S., R. 18 E.

Cords.

Juniper ................................................................. 13,500

Cedar .................................................................... 2, 700

Oak......-.-.....--..-.--..-.---....-.-..---..-.--.--.--.-.----....---.. 8,100

Other species............................................................ 2,700

Total ............................................................. 27,000

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 9 EAST.

The surface is broken by a long and partly detached spur from the Sierra 

Blanca, the highest point being 7,000 feet elevation, -or nearly 2,000 feet above 

the surrounding plain. The western and southeastern portions are nearly level. 

The entire township has been badly overgrazed by cattle and sheep, and at the 

present time has a very low grazing value. There is no timber, and the only 

woodland is a small area in the northeastern portion.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., R. 9 E.

Cords. 

Piflon.---.....--.......-..----.-.---.-.--.-..--..-...-;.................... 250

Cedar...................................................................... 250

Total ................................................................ 500

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 10 EAST.

The southwestern portion of this township is a nearly level drainage basin 

of one of the branches of Three Rivers. The rest is rough, being broken by 

spurs and foothills from the Sierra Blanca. The flow of Three Rivers is perpetual 

for about 2i miles in this township. The grazing value is low, owing to overgrazing by cattle and sheep.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., R. 10 E.

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine......................................................... 44,000

Engelmann spruce.................................'.................. 396,000

riaon......................................................... 3,250 .......

Juniper ....................................................... 650 .......

Cedar ............-.-..--....----:.-...,..............._....... 1,300 .......

Oak........................................................... 1,300 .......

Total ................................................... 6,500 440,000
32 FOREST CONDITION'S IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

Conditions of timber trees in T. 10 S., R. 10 K.

Average total height-.._.-...._...-.._.....'._.._......_..._..._._____.feet.. 40

Average height, clear (yellow pine) ...................................do.... 14

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 10

Average age.........................................................years.. 70

Reproduction............................................................... Poor.

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

This township has a very high relief, as it includes the northern summits of 

the Sierra Blanca, the highest mountains in this portion of New Mexico. Although 

it does not support as great a stand of timber as other townships in the reserve, 

in respect of drainage it is perhaps the most important. All the streams are 

perpetual within the township, and two Rio Bonito and Rio Ruidoso are perpetual throughout their length and are important for irrigation, The grazing value 

is high, as the area has never been overstocked.

Above 9,000 feet the Engelmann spruce is gradually dying out. There have 

been several burns on the eastern slopes, and the litter which has resulted is 

now a menace to the standing forest. For the foregoing reasons this township 

deserves a more careful patrol than any other within this reserve.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., R. 11 E.

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine...................................................... 10,194,000

Bed fir............................................................ 4,078,000

"White fir. ........................................................ 8, 155,000

Engelmann spruce................................................ 14,271,000

Mexican white pine .............................................. 4,077,000

Pifion............. .......................................... 80 ..........

Juniper ................^...................................... 80 ..........

Total................................................... 160 40,775,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. JO S., R. 11 E.

Average total height ................................................. .feet.. 40

Average height, clear ................................................ .do.... 11

 Average diameter, breast-high-...................................... inches.. 10

Dead (principally spruce) .........................................per cent.. 20

Average age .........................................................years.. 7,0

Reproduction ......................................................... Medium.

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 12 EAST.

This is an irregular, partly surveyed township containing less than seven sections. It covers a portion of the steep and broken slopes" of the Sierra Blanea and 

is drained by the Rio Bonito and Eagle Creek. It has all been grazed, but not
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER No. 33 PL. X

A. SAWMILL AND CULLED TIMBER.

B. CULTIVATED VALLEY IN THE WOODLAND AREA.
DESCRIPTIONS OP TOWNSHIPS. 33

overstocked. Eight years ago there was some culling of logs for lumber in sec. 1 

along Kraut Gulch, a tributary of the Rio Bonito.

Stand of trees in T. 10 8., R. IS E.

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine......_........................................:.......... 2, 232,000

Red fir................................'....... ........................ 1,116,000

White fir............................................................. 1,116,000

Mexican white pine .......................... ........................ 1,116,000

Total .......................................................... 5,580, 000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 10 S., K. 1% E.

Average total height ...................................................feet.. 45

Average height, clear................................................ .do..-. 10

Average diameter, breast-high ..................................... .inches.. 10

Dead .................................-.......-..........'-....... .per cent.. 2

Average age .................................. _..................... .years.. 70

Reproduction ........................................................'..... Good.

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 13 EAST.

The surface of the western part is bold, consisting of spurs from the Sierra 

Blanea, flattening in the eastern part into a general mesa-like surface, which is cut by 

three streams and their tributaries. The drainage is by the Rio Bonito, a.perpetual 

stream, and by Little and Eagle creeks, which are intermittent, all draining eastward. 

About ten years ago some portable sawmills operated in all the principal canyons, 

and the methods of logging were wasteful. A sawmill of small capacity is now 

located in sec. 31 and supplies the local demand. The grazing value is good in the 

western portions of this township, but the central and eastern portions have been 

badly overstocked.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., K. IS E.

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ...................'................................... 14,895,000

Red fir............................................................ 827,000

White fir......................................................... 828, 000

Piiion.........................'............................ 15, 300 ..........

Juniper .............'...................................... 13, 600 ..........

Cedar ..................................................... 3,400 ..........

Oak....................................................... 1,700 ..........

Total................................................ 34,000 16,550,000

9974 No. 33 04 3
34 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN BESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

Condition of timber trees in T. 10 S., R. 1,1 E. 

Average total height....... 1......_...................,............... .feet.. 50

Average height, clear ................................................ .do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high ...................................... .inches.. 10

Dead ............. ............................................... per cent.. 5

Diseased .............................................................do.... 1

Average age ......................................................... years.. 65

.Reproduction .................................................. ..._..... Good.

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 14 EAST.

The eastern portion of this township is cut by two canyons 150 feet deep, 

through which flow Little and Eagle creeks, but in the central and western 

portions arc extensive mesas, which are covered with a luxuriant growth of 

black gramma grass. The drainage is by Little and Eagle creeks, which ai'e 

intei'inittent, and by the Rio Bonito, which is perpetual. The entire township has 

been overstocked for years, and the grazing value is low. The denudation of the 

surface has permitted the cutting of numerous water runs and gullies.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., It. U K.

Corah. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ......................................................... 180,000

Pifloii ........................................................ 15,400 .......

Juniper ...................................................... 17, 325 .......

Cedar ........................................................ 5, 775 .......

Total.................................................... 38, 500 180,000

Conditions of limber trees in T. 10 S., B. 14 E. 

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 45

Average height, clear..................................................do.... 10

Average diameter, breast-high .......................................inches.. 9

Dead ............................................................-per cent.. 3

Diseased .............................................................do.... 1

Average age .........................................................years.. 55

Keproduction ......................................................... Medium.

TOWNSHIP 10 SOUTH, RANGE 15 EAST.

The greater portion of the surface is composed of limestone hills which are 

cut by canyons over 100 feet deep. The drainage is by the Rio Ruidoso, a perpetual 

stream, and by Little and Eagle creeks, which are intermittent. Springs and 

wells in sees. 9 and 34 furnish an abundance of water for domestic purposes and 

for the herds of goats which are raised in this vicinity. The northern portion of 

this township is being rapidly culled for fuel, which is marketed at the marine 

hospital at Fort Stanton. It was the former custom to remove only the dead
O. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. XI

A, BLACK WALNUT NEAR THREE RIVERS B. TYPICAL PINON IN VERY SCATTERED WOODLAND,
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 35

wood, but much of the living woodland was included in the recent cuttings. The 

grazing value is low, owing partly to the rock-strewn, eroded surface and partly 

to overstocking.

Stand of trees in T. 10 S., K. 15 E.

Cords. FeetB. M.

Yellow pine.......................................................... ' 85,000

Red fir............................................................... 4,000

Pinon ......................................................... 36,300 ......

Juniper ....................................................... 18,150 ------

Cedar.......................................................... 6,050 ......

Total ................................................... 60, 500 89,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 10 S., H lo IS. »

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 45

Average height, clear ................................................do..., 10

Average diameter, breast-high ......................................inches.. 8

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 2

Average age ......................................................... .years.. 50

Reproduction............................................................. Poor.

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANWK 91 EAST.

This irregular township includes a portion of the valley of Three Rivers, 

which is bordered on the north by high, rocky escarpments known as the "Palisades" and on the south by rolling and mesa lands. About 3,000 acres of bottoms 

along the "river" bed are arable, of which 11 per cent is in cultmition, the 

rest being covered in part with groves of walnut, box elder, and ash. According to testimony the .stream was formerly, perpetual, but is now intermittent 

in and west of this township. The whole township has been overgrazed, and 

its value now is low. There has been some slight culling for fuel among the 

deciduous trees.

Stand of trees in T. 11 S., K. 9% E.

Cords.

Oak...................................................................... 150

Walnut .... -. ............................................................ 1, 500

Box elder ................................................................ ^,HQO

Ash.:.....-_......._......_............-._._.._.__._.._.__._............. 50

Total ...-..............--....-.-..-.-.--.................__._,._._. 3,000

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANGE 10 EAST.

The eastern portion is mountainous, changing gradually westward into rolling and mesa lands. A branch of Three Rivers crosses the northern portion 

and'is perpetual for the greater part of its length. Other valleys and arro}ros
36 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

have intermittent flows. The grazing value is medium, but the western part has 

been shecped.

Stand of trees in T. 11 S., R. 10 E.

> . Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine..........................I......................../... 3, 458, 000

Red fir............................................................ 1,482, 000

Pinon. ...................................................... 1, 400 .........

Juniper ..................................................... ,350 .........

Cedar ....................................................... 350 .........

Walnut....:................................................. 700 .........

Box elder...........................................:........ 630 .........

Oak.....-.-.....-..--...--.-,-..-......----.-..---........... 70 .........

Total ......*............................................. 3,500 4,940, 000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 11 S., li. 10 E. 

Average total height.................................................. .feet.. 45

' Average height, clear ................................................do.... 8

Average diameter, breast-high ...................................... .inches.. 10

Dead ...............................-.-.,.......-..-..._._-....__. _ .per cent.. 1

Average age ......_..,.....-..-...-.........-.-....-._..._......__. .'.years.. 65

Keproductioii ..................................................._......... Good.

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

The following description and estimates include a strip-of land which, when 

surveyed, may be known as T. 11 S., R. 12 E. The entire area is at present 

within the Mcscalero Apache Indian Reservation. It includes the highest area 

in southeastern New Mexico, and at Sierra Blanca reaches an elevation of 

11,882 feet. It is the highest point on the divide between the Rio Pecos and the 

basin of the Malpais, and from it radiate several small but important streams. 

It includes, together with the township bordering it on the north, the most 

important watershed of the region. It has all been sheeped, but fortunately not 

to great excess, and its grazing value is still good.

Stand of trees in T. 11 S., R. 11 E.

Cords. FeetB.M. 

Yellow pine...................................................... 4,764,000

Bed fir........................................................... 3, 573, 000

AVhite fir........................................................ 7,146,000

Engelmann spruce ............................'.................... 7,146,000

Mexican white pine.......:.....-. .............I................... 1,191, 000

Pinon ........... 1.......................................... 700 ..........

Oak...........................-.--...-....-...---.-.-..---. 3,500 ..........

Other species............................................... 2, 800 ..........

Total................................................. 7, 000 23, 820, 000
.DESCBIPTiONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 37

Conditions of limber trees in T. 11 S., B. HE..

Average total height.._............._-..............-....-_....-_.......feet.. 45

Average height, clear .................................................do.... 7

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 8

Dead .............................................................per cent.. 5

Diseased ......................................'........ ................do.... 1

Average age ............................................-......"...... .years.. 60

Reproduction ........................................'.................... Good.

TOWNSHIV 11 SOUTH, RANGE 13 EAST.

The western third of this township covers steep slopes of the Sierra Blanca. 

The rest has an easy gradient toward the southeast and is drained by the Rio 

Ruidoso, a perpetual stream. A water-power sawmill of small capacity was operated in sec. 26 about sixteen years ago, but most of the logging for its supply 

was done on the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation. The western portion of 

this township is a favorite resort for campers and health seekers. The grazing 

value is good.

Stand of trees in T. 11 8., R. 13 E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine...._.........-.....-......_...........-.............. 32, 371,000

Red fir........................................................... 1,704,000

Pifion...................................................... 10,200 ..........

Juniper ..,..._............................................ 3.400 ..........

Cedar ...................................... .^............. 3,400 ..........

Total................................................ 17,000 34,075,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 11 S., R. 13 E. 

Average total height .................................................. .feet.. 50

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high ...................................... .inches.. 10

Dead, principally woodland ....................................... per cent.. 3

Diseased .............................................................do.... 1

Average age .........................................................years.. 65

Reproduction........................................................ Very good.

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANGE 14 EAST.

The surface is high, rolling, rather bold, and bounded on the south by high 

mesas which are cut by numerous small arroyos and some unimportant canyons. 

The drainage is mainly into the Rio Ruidoso. There has been a small amount 

of culling in the woodland for the domestic use of settlers. The grazing value 

is medium. At present the range is being used for cattle and goats; in the past 

it has' been badly overstocked.
38 . FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN BESEBVE, NEW MEXICO.

Stand of trees in T. 11 S., R. U E.

Cords. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine....................................................... 8,092,000

Red n r............................................................ 449,000

White f^e.......................................................... 449, 000

Piflon ...................................................... 52, 800 .........

Juniper .................................................... 26, 400 .........

Cedar...................................................... 8,800 .........

Total................................................. 88,000 8,990,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 11 S., K. 14 E.

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 50

Average height, clear................................................. .do.... 11

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 10

Dead............................................................. per cent.. 3

Diseased ..............................................................do...; 1

Average age ......................................................... years.. 70

Reproduction ....................................................... Very good.

TOWNSHIP 11 SOUTH, RANGE 15 EAST.

. The surface is interrupted by limestone hills, which in the northern portion 

of the township are badly cut by dry canyons from 100 to 200 feet deep. 

Toward the head of the canyons in the southern portion the surface has a 

more easy gradient. The drainage is northward into the Rio Ruidoso by numerous dry canyons. The grazing value is good, as the land has not been badly 

overstocked, owing, perhaps, to the lack of water.

Stand of trees in T. 11 S., ft. 15 E.

Conls. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine.................................:.......-....-..-.-... 6,042,000

Red fir............................................................ 318, 000

Pinon...................................................... 48, 600 ..........

Juniper ..................................................... 16, 200 .........

Cedar....................................................... 16,200 .........

Total.................................................. 81,000 6,360,000

Conditions of timber trees in T. 11 S., K. 15 E.

Average total height .................................................. feet.. 50

Average height, clear.................................................do.... 12

Average diameter, breast-high....................................... inches.. 10

Dead .............................................................. per cent.. 3

Diseased .......................................................... ....do.... 2

Average age.........................................................years.. 70

Reproduction ......................................................... Medium. J '
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 39

TOWNSHIP 12 SOUTH, RANGE 10 EAST.

The east half is rough and mountainous; the west half slopes gently toward 

the Malpais. There are no perpetual streams, and only one well, in sec. 8, which 

is used as a watering station for cattle. The supply is small and of inferior 

quality. The land has been grazed by .both cattle and sheep. There is no timber, 

and the woodland is a very scattering growth in the southeastern part of the

township.

Stand of trees in T. IS 8., R. 10 3.

Cords.

Pifion...................................................................... 1, 200

Cedar.................................................................... .800

Total. ............................................................... 2,000

TOWNSHIP 12 SOOTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

The western portion includes, in part, one of the high spurs of the Sierra 

Blanca. The eastern portion lies in the nearly level basin of the Rineonada, an 

intermittent stream which flows westerly toward the Malpais. The stream" flows 

in sec. 35^ but the water is of very poor qualit}7 . The overgrazing by sheep and 

cattle has contributed to the loosening of the top soil, which the freshets are 

eroding rapidly. There has been some culling for fuel.

Stand of trees in T. 12 8., R. 11 K.

Cords-. Feet B. M.

Yellow pine.-.----.......--....-....-.---..........--...-..-..---. 2,772,000

' Red fir............................................................ 308,000'

Pifion........................................................ 8, 750 .........

Juniper ...........................................'......... 5,250 -..--....

Cedar ...................................................... 3, 500 .........

Total................................................. 17,500 3,080,000

Conditions of timber treex in T. 12 S., R. 11 E. 

Average total height,.................................................. feet.. 35

Average height, clear..................................................do.... 8

Average diameter, breast-high...................................... .inches.. 7

Dead ............................................ ................per cent.. 3

Diseased . ............................................................ .do.... 1

Reproduction.. ............................................................ Poor.

TOWNSHIP 12 SOUTH, RANGE 12 EAST. '

The southern termination of the Sierra Blanca runs into this township and 

makes the topography very rough and rocky. The higher elevations are timberless, and the streams are all intermittent. There has been slight culling of fuel 

for domestic use, and several years ago there was some culling of yellow-pine
40 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO. ~

logs for a sawmill located in T. 11 S., K. 13 E. It is all good grazing land, and 

its value for this purpose is high, as the greater portion has not been badly

overstocked.

Stand of trees in T. IS S., E. IS X

Uords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine.. ............................-.............:..' ...'...... 9..058, 000

Red fir.....................................-..............;........ 1,294,000

White fir. ....................................................... 2, 588, 000

Pifion ..................................................... 13, 650 ..........

Juniper ............... ^.....^..........i.................. 9,100 ..........

Cedar ...................................................... 4,550 ..........

Oak......................;.............'................... 18,200 ...........

Total................................................ 45,500 12,940,000

Conditions of limber trees in T. IS S., Jt. IS K. 

Average total height ..................................................feet.. 50

Average height, clear................................................. do.... 11

Average diameter, breast-high.......................................inches.. 12

Dead ............................................................. per cent.. 2

"Diseased ..'...............-.......................................... .do.... 1

Average age ..........................................................years.. 75

« 

Reproduction........................................................ Very poor.

TOWNSHIP 13 SOUTH, KANGE 10 EAST.

Except along the west boundary, this township has a very broken surface. 

It has been ruined by overgrazing. There is a well and windmill in sec. 2, and 

in sec. 32 is a perpetual spring, but the water in both is very poor. There is 

no timber, and only a very scattering growth of woodland on the eastern portion.

Stand of trees in T. 13 S., R. 10 E.

 Cords. 

Pifion .................................................................... 1, 800

Cedar ....................... ^.... ^................................. ^..... 1, 200

Total...-..........-......--...-.........----.:.-.......-.-.......... 3,000

TOWNSHIP 13 SOUTH, RANGE 11 EAST.

This township comprises broken hills of limestone and gypsum, cut by the 

narrow valleys of the Rio Tularosa and Arroyo Kinconada, the latter an intermittent stream. The surface is rough. The township has all been sheeped, and its 

grazing value is only medium. There has been some culling of fuel in the

woodland.

Stand of trees in T. 13 S., li. 11 E.

Cords.

Pifion ..-.......'.-.........--...-..... l...--...----..---.--...----....... 24, 700

Cedar ..........................:....................'.................... 13, 300

Total...............................----.---..--......------....... 38, 000
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 33 PL. Xft

**

l. VETERAN MEXICAN WHITE PINE, II. YELLOW-PINE LITTER AFTER CUTTING RAILROAD TIES
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 

SUMMARY.

Percentages of timber-tree species in find adjacent to Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico.

41

~*

Township.

8 south ..........................

9 south ..........................

10 south ............. i ...........

10 south .........................

10 south .........................

10 south .........................

10 south .........................

1 1 south .........................

11 south .........................

1 1 south .........................

1 1 south ..........................

12 south .........................

12 south'. ................!.......

12 south .........................

13 south ................ ........

13 south .........................

Range.

12 east...

13 east...

14 east...

Iff east...

17 east...

11 east...

12 east...

13 east...

16 east...

18 east...

10 cast...

12 east. ..

13 east...

17 east. . .

18 east. . .

9 east....

10 east...

12 east. . .

13 east...

10 east...

13 east...

14 east...

15 east...

10 east...

11 east...

12 east. . .

10 east. . .

11 east...

Yellow 

pine.

30

90

100

100

100

100

100

100

55

60

60

100

100

80

90

100

100

10

25

40

90

100

95

70

20

95

- 90

95

90

70

Red fir.

70

10

20

20

25

20

10

^

10

20

5

5

30

15

5

5

5

10

10

White fir.

5

5

5

OA

20

5

3d

5

20

Engelmaiin 

spruce.

10

5

qn

35

on

Mexican 

white pine.

Ofl

5

5

10

20

5
42 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO.

Stand and classification of timber in and adjacent to Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico."

Township.

9 south ......

9 south ......

9 south......

10 south.....

10 south.....

10 south.....

10 south.....

10 south .....

11 south.....

11 south. ... .

12 south.....

12 south.....

Total..

Range.

1 1 east. . .

12 east...

16 east...

12 east...

13 east...

14 east. . .

1 7 east. . .

1 ft pacf

i n pact

12 cast...

18 east...

10 east...

11 east...

1 9 pact

qi ea^t

10 east. ..

14 e'lst

15 east

10 east. ..

1 least. . .

10 east...

11 east...

Total stand.

.Vfeet B. M.

2,145

10,900

560

2,540

1,120

180

>

510

840

59, 850

57, 086

30, 100

2,465

200

5,900

480

160

3, 480

440

40, 775

5, 580

16, 550

180

89

' 4,940

23, 820

34, 075

8,990

6,360

3,080

12,940

336, 335

Average 

stand per 

acre.

Feet B. M.

1,500

1,222

1,166

1,984

1,400

500

500

953

4,661

2 623

1,563

1,185.

500

1,046

1,500

500

853

*

500

2,347

1,516

1,151

500

500

1, 357

2,282

1,642

1,208

1,169

770

2, 432

1,913

Yellow pine.

Mfeel B. M.

643

9,810

560

2,540

1,120

180

510

840

32,917

34, 252

18,060

2, 465

200

4 720

432

160

3,480

44

10,194

2,232

14, 895

180

85

3,458

4,764

09 071

8,092

6 042

9 779

9, 058

207, 076

Ked fir.

1,1 feet B. M.

1,502

1,090

11,970

11,417

7, 525

1,180

48

4,078

1,116

827

4

1,482

3, 573

1,704

449

318

308

1,294

49, 885

White Hr.

M feel 11. M.

2,993

2,854

1, 505

8,155

1,116

828

7, 146

449

2, 588

27, 634

Engelmauu 

spruce.

Mfeet B. 11.

5, 709

1 , 505

396

14,271

7, 146

29, 027

Mexican 

white pine.

Mfeet B. 11.

11,970

2,854

1,505

-

4,077

1,116

1, 191

22, 713
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS.

Classification of lands in and adjacent to Lincoln Forest Reserve, Neio Mexico.

Township.

7 south ..............

7 soutli

8 south ..............

10 south .............

10 south .............

10 south .............

11 south .............

11 south .............

12 south .............

12 south .............

13 south .............

13 south .............

Total..........

Kauge.

1 1 east « .

12 east ..

13 east & .

16 east 6 .

1 1 east « .

1 3 east o .

14 east b .

16 east . .

18 east'' .

10 east . .

1 1 GflSt

13 east'' .

18 east''.

10 east ..

1 1 east . .

1 3 east c .

14 east <i .

10 east c .

11 east'' .

13 east c .

14 east <' .

15 east<' .

10 east . .

11 east''.

12 east a, .

10 east . .

1 1 east . .

Total area.

Acres. 

23, 046. 34

3, 324. 84

15,431

23,149.92

22, 984. 93

15, 357

15,450 .

22,010.71

4, 166. 24

23, 079. 68

13, 461

22, 893. 37

23, 044. 50

23, 147. 38

23, 145. 63

23, 041'. 66

22,010.71

4, 166. 24

22, 430. 14

21,982.78

23,171.46

23,011.37

23, 036. 58

22,010.71

4, 166. 24

22, 802. 54

22, 824

23, 017. 07

15, 323. 76

23, 080. 72

27, 200

23, 058. 45

23, 049. 36

22, 887. 57

21,631.23

21,600

21,000

23, 540. 79

21, 886. 82

775, 628. 74

Timbered 

area.

Acres.

1,430

8,920

480

1,280

800

360

1,020

880

12, 840

21,760

19, 260

2,080

400

- 5,640

320

320

4,080

880

17,370

3,680

14, 380

360

179

3,640

10, 440

20, 750

7,443

5,440

4,000

5, 320

175,752

\Vooded area.

Acres. 

4,140

1,894.84

6,511

10, 040

6,360

11,440

13, 850

1,300

400

19, 379. 68

12, 581

10,053.37

1,284.50

3,887.38

21,065.63

1,520

10, 100

2,060

16, 616

17,902.78

9,691

440

6,720

HIO

5, 470

1 9 V.>O

22, 120. 07

COA

7,100

1,686"

2, 308. 45

15, 606. 36

17, 447. 57

7,000

17,600

13,520

11, -420

21,886.82

345, 596. 45

Burned 

area.

Acre*.

*

920

560

1,480

Naturally timberless area.

Acres. 

18,906.34

12, 629. 92

15, 344. 93

3, 117

1,240

20, 710. 71

3,- 766. 24

2,680

21,121.66

6, 270. 71

1, 786. 24

5, 500. 14

13, 480. 46

22,571.37

15, 436. 58

3, 560. 71

 Lftfi 9J.

2, 952. 54

Q oj.4.

7 1 Q

14, 803. 76

12, 340. 72

14, 520

H ftOl OQ

2,160

12,120.79

or o OAA 90

Cultivated area.

. Acres.

100

60

25

80

100

80

90

40

20

80

60

JA

OCQ

30

QA

1 UO

120

SO

OQO

9'^n

1,000

S30

i no

OJ.

400

40

45

100

4 ' 197

f Part of these townships proposed to be eliminated. 

b A portion only of this township in the reservo.

o Portion in the reservo,-balance in proposed addition. 

fi Proposed additions to the reserve.
44 FOREST CONDITIONS IN LINCOLN RESERVE, NEW MEXICO. 

Estimated cords of fuel in and adjacent to Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico.

Township.

7 south ..............

8 south ..............

9 south ..............

10 south .............

10 south.............

lOsouth. ............

10 south .............

10 south .............

1 1 south ........... 1

11 south .............

11 south.............

12 south .............

Total..........

Range.

12. east ..

13 east . .

16 east . .

17 east . .

n

pqQ-f12 cast

13 east . .

»

16 east ..

 17 cast . .

18 east ..

10 east . .

12 east . .

13 east ..

17 Ao G f

18 east . .

9 pa at

10 pq«f

12 east"..

13 east . .

14 east

10 cast

13 east

1 f) pnof

1 f) (\n at

Total.

Cords. 

8,000

3,800

12, 000

30,000

43, 000

64, 000

55, 000

1,000

500

40, 000

66, 000

39,000

13, 500

30, 000

49, 000

1,500

14, 500

4,500

42, 500

36, 000

27, 000

500

6,500

160

34, 000

38, 500

60, 500

3,000

3,500

* 7, 000

17,000

88, 000

81, 000

2,000

17, 500

45, 500

3,000

38, 000

1, 026, 460

Pinon.

Cords. 

4,000

2,280

5,400

18, 000

 19, 350

28, 800

27,500

500

250

24, 000

39, 600

23, 400

5,400

6,000

19, 600

1,050

7,250

2,700

21, 250

7,200

250

3,250

80

15, 300

15, 400

36, 300

1,400

700

10,200

52, 800

48, 600

1,200

8, 750

13,650

1,800

24, 700

' 497,910

Juniper.

Cords. 

. 1, 600

1,140

4 9nO

9,000

21, 500

' 28, 800

16, 500

4,000

19,800

11,700

6,750

9,000

14, 700

4,350

1,350

12, 750

14, 400

13, 500

650

80

13, 600

17, 325

18, 150

350

3,400

26, 400

16,200

5,250

9,100

305, 545

Cedar.

Cords.

1,600

380

1,800

1,500

2,750

500

250

12,000

6,600

3,900

1,350

9,000

450

2,900

450

8,500

10,800

2,700

250

1,300

3,400

5,775

6,050

350

3,400

8,800

16,200

800

3,500

4,550

1,200

13,300

136,305

Oak.

Cords. 

800

600

1,500

2,150

6,400

8,250

6,000

14, 700

1,800

8,100

1,300

1,700

150

3,500

18, 200

75, 150

Other 

species.

Cords.

1,800

2,700

2, 850

1,400

2,800

11,550
INDEX.

Page.

Abies concolor. See Fir, white. 

Abies lasiocarpa. See Fir, subalpine. 

Acer negunda. See Box elder.

Acer sacchannn graudidentatum. See Maple, largetooth. 

Agriculture, extent of .............................. 16,21,13

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Alligator juniper. See Juniper, alligator. 

Altitudes in reserve ................................... 10

Altitudinal range ot timber species, limits of.......... 11-15

Altitudinal zones, limits of............................ 11

Ash, occurrence of..................................... 11,12

Ash, black, rate of growth of.......................... 15

Ash, leather- leaf, occurrence of....................... 15

size of.............................................. 13

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Aspen, altitiidinal range of............................ 11,14

occurrence of...................................... 14

reproduction of.................................... 14

size of.............................................. 14

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Black ash. See Ash, black. 

Black walnut. See Walnut, black. 

Blackvvater Canyon, possible reservoir sites in......... 17

Block ranch, irrigation on............................. 17,22

Bluewuter Canyon, possible reservoir sites in.........". 17

Bonito, N. Mex.,gold near............................. 19

Boundaries of reserve, establishment of............... 9

petitions for extension of ......................... 9-10

Box elder, character of................................ 15

occurrence of................................... 11,12,15.

size of.............................................. 15

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Burers Canyon, irrigation from........................ 17

water of............................................ 17

Burned area,acreage and percentage of............... 18

extent of, by townships ........................... 43

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Capitan, M. Mex.,coal near............................ 11,19

Capitan Mountains, fires in ............................ 18

location and character of.......................... 10

view of .........-........-...-'............-........ 28

Carrizo Creek, water of................................ 17

Carrizo Creek tributary, irrigation from............... 17

Carrizo Peak, elevation of............................. 19

Carrizozo, N. Mex.. wells at......-.....................' 17

Carrizozo Flats, description of......................... 23

grazing on ......................................... 18

Cedar, altitudinal range of............................. 11,13

character of........................................ 13

cords of, by townships............................. 44

size of...................................... ....... 13

For definite localities, see Townships,

Page. 

Copper, occurrence of.................................. 19

For definite localities, see Townships.

Cottonwood, altitudinal range of.............. ; ....... 11

Cottonwood, Frcmont, occurrence of.................. 14

view of............................................. 14

Cottonwood, narrow-leaf, altitudinal range of......... 14

occurrence of...................................... 14

range of............................................ 11

For definite localities, see Townships.

Cultivated lands, area of, by townships ............... 43

For definite localities, see Townships.

Drainage, features of................................1. 10

Eagle Creek, flow of.................................... 18,34

Elder, box. See Box elder.

Elevations in reserve, character of.................... 10

Engelmann spruce. See Spruce, Engelmann.

Erosion, effectsof...................................... 18

effects of, views of................................. 18,24

Establishment of reserve, proclamation of ............ 9

Fir, red, altitudinal range of.......................... 11

percentage of...................................... 41

rate of growth of................................... 15

size of.............................................. 13

stand of, by townships ............................ 42

use of.............................................. 16

For definite localities, see Townships.

Fir, white, altitudinal range of........................ 11,13

percentage of...................................... 13,41

rate of growth of.................................. 15

size of.............................................. 13

stand of, by townships ............................ 42

For definite localities, see Townships.

Fir, subalpine, supposed occurrence of................ 13

Fires, destructiveness ot............................... 18-19

For definite localities, see Townships.

Forest conditions in reserve, account of............... 11-19

For definite localities, see Townships.

Forest zones, limits and characterof.................. 11-12

Forests of reserve, chief value of ...................... 11

Fraxinus veTutiua. See Ash, leather-leaf.

Fremont Cottonwood. See Cottonwood, Fremont.

Fuel, cords of, by to\vrisliips and by species........... 44

Gambel oak. See Oak, Gambel.

Grazing, dcstructiveness of............................ 18

effect of, view of.................................... 18

extent of .......................................... 18

For definite localities, see Townships,

Gold, occurrence of.................................... 19

For definite localities, see Townships.

Indian divide, elevation of............................ 24

Irrigation in reserve, extent of........................ 16

Jicarilla Mountains, location and character of........ 10

Juglans nigra. See Walnut, black.

45
INDEX.

, Page.

Jnglans rupestris. See Walnut, Mexican.

Juniper, alligator, altitudinal limits o{................ 11,14

. cords of, by townships............................. 44

percentage of...................................... 14

rate of growth of ...... 1........................... 15

size of.............................................. 14

view of ....-.....-..........-....-..---....-.'.--.-. 16

For definite localities, see Townships..

Juniperus monosperma. See Cedar.

Jimiperuspachyphlcca. See Juniper, alligator........ 14

Lands in and adjacent to reserve, classification of .... 43 

classification of, map showing ............... In pocket.

Lands, irrigated and irrigable, extent of.............. 16

Large-tooth maple. See Maple, large-tooth.

Leather-leaf ash. See Ash, leather-leaf.

Litter, views of........................................ 24,40

For definite localities, see Townships.

Little Eagle Creek, flow of ............................ 18,34

Locust, altitudinal range of ........................... 11

occurrence of................-.....--.....-....---- 11,12

For definite localities, see Townships.

Locust, New Mexican, altitudinal range of ........... 15

distribution of..................................... 15

occurrence of...................----..-.-.--.-. - 15

rate'of growth of .................................. 15

For definite localities, see Townships.

Lumber, prices of .................-.-..-........------ 16

sources of...-..............--.-.-..-.-.......------ 16

Lumbering. For definite localities, sec Tmvnships.

Map of reserve, showing classification of lands 

of............................................... In pocket.

Maple, allitudinal range of............................ 11

Maple, large-tooth, altitudimil rang« of............... 15

cutting of....-.........-......--.-.--...-.-.....-.- 15

occurrence of.....................'................. 15

rate of growth of .................................. 15

size of ............................................. 15

For definite localities, see Townships.

Mexican walnut. See Walnut, Mexican.

Mexican white pine. See Fine, Mexican white.

Mining in reserve, extent of .......................... 19

For definite localities, sec Townships.

Mining districts, list ol................................ 19

Mountains in reserve, location and character of...... 10-11

Narrow-leaf cottonwood. See Cottomvood, narrowleaf.

New Mexican locust. See Locust, New Mexican.

New Mexico, report of governor cited on mines of.... 19

Nognl, N. Mex., stamp mill near.

Nogal Arroyo, flats near............................... 17

irrigation from .................................... 17

water of ........................................... 17

Nontimbcred land, area of, by townships ............. 43

Oak, Gambel, occurrence of........................... 14

Oak, Rocky Mountain, altitudinal range of........... 11,14

cords of, by townships............................. 44

dry rot in .......................................... 1<1

occurrence of...................................... 14

rate of growth of ................-..............'... ] 5

size of.............................................. 14

view of ......................:......_...._....._.._ 14,20

For definite localities, see Townships.

Oak, scrub. See Oak, Rocky Mountain.

Palisades, location of .................................. ss'

Parsons, N. Mex., gold near ........................... 19

Picea Engelmanni. See Spruee, Engelmann.

Page.

Pine, Mexican white, altitudinal range of............. 11

distribution and range of.......................... 11,12

occurrence of...................................... 12

percentage of...................................... 12,41

rate of growth of .................................. 15

size of.............................................. 12

stand of, by townships ............................ 42

view of ............................................ 28,40

For definite localities, see Townships.

Hue, yellow, altitudinal range of..................... 11,12

litter of, view of................................... 40

percentage of ...................................... 12,41

rate of growth of .................................. 15

size of.............................................. 12

stand of, by townships. ............................. 62

uses of............................................. 16

view of ............................................ 16,18

For definite localities, see Townships.

Pinon, altitndinal limits of............................ n-12

cords of, by townships............................. 41

rate of growth of ................................. 15

seeds of............................................ 13

size of.............................................. 12

view of ............................................ 36

For definite localities, see Townships.

Pinus ednlis. See Pinon. 

Pinus ponderosa. See Pine, yellow.

Pinus strobiformis. See Pine, Mexican white.

Populusangustifolia. Sec Cottonwood, narrow-leaf.

Popnlus fremontii. See Cottonwood, Fremont.

Populus tremuloides. See Aspen.

Prices of 1 umber, statement of......................... 16

Pseudotsugn taxifolia. See Fir, red.

Quercus (rambelii. See Oak, Gambel.

Quercus nndulatti. See Oak, Rocky Mountain.

Range, altitndinal, of timber.......................... 11-

Red fir. See Fir, red.

Riconado Arroyo, irrigable lands near................ 17

reservoir site on................................... 17

Rio Bonito, irrigation from............................ 16-17

Rio Euidoso, irrigation from .......................... 16,18

Rio Tularosa, irrigation from.......................... 16-17

Koblnia, neomexicana. See Locust, New Mexican.

Routes of travel, existence of.......................... 11

Sacramento Mountains, location and character of .... 10

Savin. See Cedar.

Sawmill and culled timber, view of................... 32

Scrub oak. See Oak, Kocky Mountain.

Sierra Blanea, location and character of.............. 10

Sierra Peak, Engel mann spruce on.................... 13

location and elevation of.......................... 10

Silver, occurrence of .................................. 19

For definite localities, see Townships.

Sprnce, Engelmann, altitudinal range of.............. 11,13

destruction of........................ ............. 13

distribution of..................................... 13

percentage of...................................... 41

sizes of............................................. 13

stand of............................................ 42

vievv of ............................................ 28

For definite localities, see Townships.

Subalpine fir. See Fir, subalpine.

Tanks, artificial, use of................................. 16

view ol ........................................^... 20

Temporal Flats, reclamation of........................ 17

Three Rivers, irrigable lands near ............. ...... 17

irrigation from .................................... 17
INDEX. 47

Page. 

Three Rivers, length of................................ 17

Three Rivers, N. Mex., woodland near................ 11-12

woodland near, density of......................... 21

Timber, altitiidinal range of .......................... ]1-12

percentage of, by townships....................... 41

species of, amount of, by townships............... 42

range and development of, diagram showing . 10 

stand and commercial species of, diagram showing 12 

stand of............................................ 42

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Timbered land", area of. by townships................ 43

Topography, character of.............................. 10-11

Townships, classification of lands in .................. 43

conditions in 

township 7 south, range 11 east.......... 19-20,41-44

township 7 south, range 12 cast............. 20,41-44

township 7 south, range 13 east.......... 20-21,41-44

township 7 south, range 14 east............. 21,41^14

township 7 south, range 15 east............. 22,41-44

township? south, range 16 east.......... 22-23,41^14

township 7 south, range 17 east............. 23,41^14

township 8 sonth, range 11 east.......... 23-24,4M4

township 8 south, range 12 east............. 24,41^14

township 8 south, range 13 east............. 24,41-44

township 8 south, range 14 east............. 25,41-44

township 8 south, range 15 east.......... 2o-26,41-44

township 8 south, range 16 east.......... 26-27,41-44

township 8 south, range 17 east............. 27,41-14

township 8 south, range 18 east.......... 27-28,41-44

township 9 south, range 10 east-............ 28,4M4

township 9 south, range 11 east.............. 29,41-44

township 9 south, range 12 east............. 29,41-44

township 9 south, range 18east.............. 80,41-44

township 9 south, range 17 east............. 30,4M4

township 9 south, range ]8 east............. 31,41--14

township 10 south, range 9 east............. 31,41-44

township 10 south, range 10 east......... 31-32,4M4

township 10 south, range 11 east............ 32,41-44

township 10 south, range 12 east......... 32-33,41-44

township 10 south, range 13 east......... 33-34,4M4

township 10 south, range 14 east............ 34,41-44

township 10 south, range 15 east......... 34-35,41-44'

township 11 south, range 9J east............ 35,41-44

Page. 

Townships, conditions in Continued.

township 11 south, range 10 east......... 35-36,4M4

township 11 south, range 11 east......... 36-37,41-44

township 11 south, range 13 east. ....'....... 37,41-44

township 11 south, range 14 east......... 37-38,41^44

township 11 south, range 15 east............ 38, 41-44

township 12 south, range 10 east............ 39,41-44

township 12 south, range 11 east............ 39,41-44

township 12 south, range 12 east......... 39^10,41-44

township 13 south, range 10 east............ 40,41-44

township 13 south, range 11 east............ 40,4M4

cords of fuel in .................................... 44

percentage of timber-tree species in .............. 41

stand and classification of timber in............... 42

Trees, species of, descriptions of....................... 12-15

rate of growth of .................................. 15

stand of, by townships-............................ 42

near Three Rivers, N. Mex .................... 12

summary of, by townships......................... 41

Tucsou Mountains, elevation of....................... 24

Undergrowth, occurrence of........................... 11

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Walnut, occurrence of................................. 11

Walnut, black, occurrence of.......................... 12

rate of growth of................................... ^15

view of ............................................ 36

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Walnut, Mexican, distribution of...................... 14

growth of.......................................... 14

occurrence of...................................... 14

size of.............................................. 14

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Water supply. For definite localities, see Townships. 

White fir. See Fir, white. 

White Mountains. See Sierra Blanca. 

White Oaks, N. Mex., coal near ....................... 19

White pine. See Pine, Mexican white.

Woodland, altitudinal limits of ....................... 11

area of, by townships.............................. 43

cultivated valley in, view of ...................... 32

Yellow pine. See Pine, yellow.

Zones, forest, altitudinal limits of..................... 11

O
PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

[Professional Paper No. 33.]

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, (2) 

Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) AVater-Supply and 

Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States folios and separate sheets thereof, 

(8) Geologic Atlas of the United States folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at 

cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on 

application.

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and 

the total number isaued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following seriea: A, 

Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and 

mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; 

J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investigationa; 

N, Waterpower; O, Underground watera; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This paper is the eleventh 

in series H, the complete list of which follows (all are Professional Papers thus far):

SERIES H, FORESTRY.

4. The forests of Oregon, by Henry Gannett. 1902. 36 pp., 7 pis.

5. The forests of Washington, a revision of estimates, by Henry Gannett. 1902. 38 pp., 1 pi.

6. Forest conditions in the Cascade Range, Washington, between the Washington and Mount Rainier forest reserves, 

by F. G. Plummer. 1902. 42 pp., 11 pis.

7. Forest conditions in the Olympic Forest Reserve, Washington, from notes by Arthur Dodwell and T. F. Rixon. 

1902. 110 pp., 20 pis.

8. Forest conditions in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, by J. B. Leiberg. 1902. 194 pp., 12 pis.

9. Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon, by H. D. Langille, F. G. Plummer, Arthur Dodwell, 

T. F. Rixon, and J. B. Leiberg, with an introduction by Henry Gannett. 1903. '298 pp., 41 pis.

22. Forest conditions in the San Francisco Iifonntains Forest Reserve, Arizona, by J. B. Leiberg, T. F. Eixon, and 

Arthur Dodwell, with an introduction by F. G. Plummer. 1904. 95 pp., 7 pis.

23. Forest conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona, prepared by F. G. Plummer from notes by T. F. Rixon 

and Arthur Dodwell. 1904. 62 pp., 7 pis.

29. Forest conditions in the Absaroka division of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve, Montana, and the Livingston and 

Big Timber quadrangles, by J. B. Leiberg. 1904. 148 pp., 3 pis.

30. Forest conditions in the Little Belt Mountains Forest Reserve, Montana, and the Little Belt Mountains quadrangle, 

by J. B. Leiberg. 1904. 75 pp., 2 pis.

33. Forestconditions in the Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico, by F. G. Plummer and M. G. Gowsell. 1904. 47 pp., 

12 pis.

Besides the foregoing, three volumes on forestry have been published, as Pt. V of the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and 

Twenty-flrst annual reports, each consisting of several papers.

Correspondence should be addresaed to 

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GROLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

SEPTEMBER, 1904.

9974 No. 33 04 4 i
LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

[Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the top of the 

second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the series 

card, but additional numbers should be added, as" received, to the first 

entry.]

Plummet, Fred. G.

... Forest conditions in the Lincoln forest reserve, 

1 New Mexico, by Fred. G. Plnmmer and M. G. Gowsell. 

*" Washington, Gov't print, off., 1904.

47, in p. 12'pi. (incl. map, diagrs.) 29J x 23om. (TJ. S. Geological survey. Professional paper no. 33.)

Subject series: II, Forestry, 11.

Plumm'er, Fred. G.

. . . Forest conditions in the Lincoln forest reserve, 

1 New Mexico, 133^ Fred. G. Plurnmer and M. G. Gowsell. 

% Washington, Gov't print, off., 1904.

47, in p. 12 pi. (iiicl. map, diagrs.) 29J x 23OIU. , (U. S. Geological survey. Professional paper no. 33.)

Subject series: II, Forestry, 11.

U. S. Geological survey.

Professional papers.

no. 33. Plurnmer, F. G. Forest conditions in the 

Lincoln forest reserve, New Mexico, by F. G. 

Plummer and M. G. Gowsell. 1904.

U. S. Dept. of the Interior.

see also 

U. S. Geological survey.