UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

RUBEN JESSIE HERNANDEZ, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting 

Commissioner of Social Security, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 13-1325 

(D.C. No. 1:12-CV-01783-WJM) 

(D. Colo.)

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

 

Before HOLMES, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges. 

 

 Ruben Jesse Hernandez filed an application for disability insurance benefits 

and supplemental security income in which he alleged that he was disabled due to 

back, neck, and wrist pain, numbness in his hands, high blood pressure, heart 

problems, and difficulty hearing. On remand from the Appeals Council, the 

administrative law judge (ALJ) conducted a second hearing and issued a written 

 

*

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 28, 2014

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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decision in which he denied the claim. The Appeals Council denied Mr. Hernandez’s 

request for review and the ALJ’s decision became final. The district court affirmed 

the ALJ’s decision. This appeal followed. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), we affirm. 

I. 

 Mr. Hernandez was forty-six years old in November 2006 – the onset date of 

his alleged disability. He was a high-school graduate who had worked as a forklift 

operator from 1982 to 2003, and as a laborer from May to November 2006, when he 

was laid off from that seasonal job. 

 As part of the application process, Velma Campbell, M.D., an occupational 

specialist, examined Mr. Hernandez in September 2007. Dr. Campbell diagnosed 

him with: (1) a heart irregularity; (2) shortness of breath; (3) high blood pressure; 

(4) chronic low back and right hip pain; (5) pain and cracking in the shoulders and 

knees suggestive of osteoarthritis; and (6) some hearing loss. As to his lower 

extremities, Dr. Campbell opined that Mr. Hernandez could: (1) bend, stoop, and 

squat up to two hours per day; (2) stand and walk less than four hours per day; and 

(3) sit throughout the day so long as he could change position frequently. As to his 

upper extremities, Dr. Campbell found that Mr. Hernandez could use his arms 

overhead less than two hours per day. She also noted “evidence of cognitive 

dysfunction [and] a history of learning disorder that could affect development of new 

occupations.” R. at 285. 
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 In July 2008, Mr. Hernandez first saw his treating physician, Vui Mai, M.D. 

His visit was apparently prompted by his need to be certified for a state program that 

provided benefits for persons who were temporarily totally disabled. He complained 

about pain in his hands, wrists, left shoulder, and neck. Dr. Mai found that he had a 

full range of motion in all joints and some cracking in his left shoulder. Because 

there was a suggestion of carpal tunnel syndrome, Dr. Mai recommended that 

Mr. Hernandez undergo a neurological test to determine whether, in fact, he had 

carpal tunnel, but Mr. Hernandez lacked the funds for the test. Mr. Hernandez also 

declined, for cost reasons, prescription medicines to ease his symptoms. 

 Mr. Hernandez returned to Dr. Mai in September 2008, complaining again of 

pain in his wrists and back. He told Dr. Mai that he was not taking any prescription 

medications because he could not afford them. Dr. Mai opined that Mr. Hernandez 

was temporarily totally disabled due to his chronic lower back pain and possible 

carpal tunnel, but that medical treatment could alleviate his symptoms. Dr. Mai told 

Mr. Hernandez that if he did not comply with her medical recommendations, she 

would not re-certify him for state benefits. 

 In January 2009, Mr. Hernandez told Dr. Mai that his pain was adequately 

controlled with over-the-counter medications. Nonetheless, Dr. Mai recommended 

an MRI and continued to press for the carpal tunnel test. A few days later, Dr. Mai 

completed a physical residual functional capacity assessment. She said that she was 

not qualified to assess any restrictions regarding lifting, carrying, sitting, standing, 
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and walking, and deferred to Dr. Campbell’s September 2007 evaluation. As to the 

use of the upper extremities, Dr. Mai stated that she was “unable to evaluate” 

whether Mr. Hernandez was restricted in any way. Id. at 357. Nonetheless, Dr. Mai 

completed the form by stating that if any restrictions existed, Mr. Hernandez was 

limited to “[r]are” reaching. Id. 

 In February 2009, Mr. Hernandez had his first hearing before the ALJ. He 

testified that he was laid off from his most recent job, which included “patching 

holes, street sanitation, and some concrete [work],” because it was a seasonal job. Id. 

at 31. He also testified he injured his back in 2003, and returned to work in 2006 

because he ran out of money. Regarding his physical problems, he testified that 

numbness in his hands caused him to drop things, he could not sit or stand for 

extended periods of time, and he needed to walk around regularly. He said nothing 

about any psychological problems or a learning disability. 

 In March 2009, Dr. Mai discussed the results of an MRI, which showed mild 

degenerative disc disease but no acute abnormalities. She again noted 

Mr. Hernandez’s refusal to take the prescribed medications or have the test for carpal 

tunnel. Dr. Mai wrote that if Mr. Hernandez followed the medical recommendations, 

“his symptoms could be under control [and] he could go back to his job.” Id. at 349. 

 At appointments in July and August 2009, Mr. Hernandez said that he was 

using over-the-counter medications and did not report any pain in his neck, 

shoulders, or elbow. He denied being depressed. Dr. Mai observed normal ranges of 
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motion in all joints, equal strength in all extremities, and a bright and pleasant affect. 

Still, because Mr. Hernandez had some pain, Dr. Mai authorized further state 

benefits. At another appointment in November 2009, Mr. Hernandez reported to 

Dr. Mai that his back pain was helped “quite a bit” by over-the-counter medications. 

Id. at 341. Once again, Dr. Mai observed normal ranges of motion in all joints and 

equal strength in all extremities. 

 Just one week prior to his November 2009 appointment with Dr. Mai, 

Mr. Hernandez saw Jose Vega, Ph.D., a psychologist, for a mental-health 

examination. Mr. Hernandez was referred to Dr. Vega by his lawyer. Dr. Vega 

diagnosed Mr. Hernandez with depression and a possible learning disorder. He also 

noted his suspicion that Mr. Hernandez “functions within the borderline range of 

intelligence.” Id. at 326. Dr. Vega concluded that Mr. Hernandez had “difficulty in 

recall and maintaining and sustaining attention and concentration for extended 

periods of time which would affect his ability to be employed, particularly in the 

competitive job market, particularly on those tasks that require those abilities.” Id. 

He could not say whether Mr. Hernandez’s alleged pain had a psychological or 

medical origin. 

 Despite Mr. Hernandez’s record of employment, including more than twenty 

years operating a forklift, Dr. Vega opined in the mental residual functional capacity 

assessment that there were twelve categories in which Mr. Hernandez had “Marked” 

through “Extreme” limitations, with “Marked” defined as “Serious limitations . . . 
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ability to function . . . severely limited but not precluded” and “Extreme” defined as 

“Severe limitations . . . [n]o useful ability to function.” Id. at 327. In the eight 

remaining categories, Dr. Vega found that Mr. Hernandez had “Moderate” to 

“Marked” limitations, with “Moderate” defined as “still able to function.” Id. Some 

examples of the “Marked” through “Extreme” limitations found by Dr. Vega 

included: “[t]he ability to perform activities within a schedule, maintain regular 

attendance, and be punctual within customary tolerances . . . [t]he ability to work in 

coordination with or in proximity to others without being distracted by them . . . 

[and] [t]he ability to travel in unfamiliar places or use public transportation.” 

Id. at 327-28.1

 We note that there is nothing specific in the narrative of Dr. Vega’s 

interview with Mr. Hernandez, including the results of the mental status examination, 

that appears to support “Marked” or “Extreme” limitations in these or several other 

areas categorized by Dr. Vega as “Marked” or “Extreme.” 

 Neurological testing for carpal tunnel was performed by Khoi Pham, M.D., in 

December 2009. Dr. Pham opined that Mr. Hernandez did not have carpal tunnel in 

either wrist and stated that his complaints were “likely from overuse or degenerative 

changes.” Id. at 339. 

 

1

 Dr. Vega circled both “Marked” and “Extreme” and drew an arrow pointing 

from “Marked” to “Extreme” on the mental residual functional capacity form. He 

also circled both “Moderate” and “Marked” and drew an arrow from “Moderate” to 

“Marked.” Although we are not prepared to categorically reject this approach, we 

caution future evaluators not to provide a range of limitations, but to follow 

directions on the form and indicate the limitations using one category. 
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 Mr. Hernandez had his next appointment with Dr. Mai in January 2010. 

Dr. Mai wrote that Mr. Hernandez presented with a bright and pleasant affect, good 

judgment, normal gait, normal ranges of motion in all joints, equal strength in all 

extremities, and a normal shoulder examination. Dr. Mai nonetheless ordered x-rays 

of Mr. Hernandez’s wrists and neck. The wrist x-rays showed “no evidence of 

fracture, dislocation, arthritic, or inflammatory changes.” Id. at 329. And the neck 

x-ray showed only mild degenerative changes. 

 At his second hearing in June 2010, Mr. Hernandez raised for the first time his 

alleged psychological problems/learning deficits. For example, he testified that the 

only information he could read and understand in his case-related notices was “where 

it says time, place.” Id. at 50. He also claimed that he was limited to reading 

children’s books, had a hard time learning things, was unable to follow instructions 

or directions, and had constantly been getting lost “[e]ver since school.” Id. at 51. 

Mr. Hernandez could not explain why he failed to raise these alleged problems in 

2007 when he applied for benefits, at his first hearing, or why they had not prevented 

him from working in the past, especially for more than twenty years in a semi-skilled 

occupation as a forklift operator. 

 The ALJ determined that Mr. Hernandez could perform light work, with the 

following limitations: (1) standing and walking limited to two to four hours in an 

eight-hour workday; (2) sitting limited to at least six hours in an eight-hour workday 

(allowing for frequent postural shifting or changes); (3) occasional pushing and 
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pulling with the upper extremities; (4) occasional overhead reaching; and 

(5) unskilled work. 

 The ALJ asked the vocational expert (VE) to assume a person of the same age, 

education, vocational history, and residual functional capacity described above. The 

VE testified that this hypothetical person could not perform Mr. Hernandez’s past 

relevant work, but could perform the sedentary work of a food and beverage order 

clerk, call-out operator, or document preparer. He further opined that the 

hypothetical person could perform the light work of an office helper, although the 

2,285 jobs in Colorado and 158,110 jobs in the national economy would be eroded by 

about one-third to accommodate the additional limitations noted in the ALJ’s 

hypothetical. Based on the VE’s testimony, the ALJ concluded at step five of the 

sequential evaluation process that there were jobs that existed in significant numbers 

in the national economy that Mr. Hernandez could perform and, therefore, he was not 

disabled. 

II. 

Mr. Hernandez argues that the ALJ’s decision should be set aside because the 

ALJ failed to: (1) properly assess his mental impairments; (2) properly assess the 

opinion of his treating physician; and (3) apply the grids to determine whether he was 

disabled. We disagree. 

“We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the factual 

findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether the correct 
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legal standards were applied.” Lax v. Astrue, 489 F.3d 1080, 1084 (10th Cir. 2007) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, “[w]e consider whether the ALJ 

followed the specific rules of law that must be followed in weighing particular types 

of evidence in disability cases, but we will not reweigh the evidence or substitute our 

judgment for the Commissioner’s.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as 

adequate to support a conclusion[,] [and] requires more than a scintilla, but less than 

a preponderance.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

III. 

 According to Mr. Hernandez, the ALJ’s residual functional capacity 

assessment that limited him to unskilled work, did not adequately account for the 

mental health limitations expressed by Dr. Vega. More specifically, he argues that 

because the ALJ did not reject Dr. Vega’s opinion entirely, the ALJ was required to 

explain which portions of the opinion he accepted and which portions he rejected 

instead of “converting them into unskilled work.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 9. He argues 

additionally that because the ALJ did not explain which portions of Dr. Vega’s 

opinion he accepted, this court is “unable to review whether the ALJ correctly 

equated the mental health limitations with unskilled work.” Id. at 14. 

 The parties agree that the ALJ followed the law in affording Dr. Vega’s 

opinion “little weight,” and that this conclusion is supported by substantial evidence. 

See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) (listing the factors to consider in assigning weight to an 
- 10 - 

examining source opinion).2

 Where the parties disagree is on whether the ALJ’s 

limitation to “unskilled” work was based a mental health limitation that the ALJ 

failed to identify, or his learning disorder, which the ALJ acknowledged. A careful 

review of the ALJ’s decision convinces us that the limitation was based on 

Mr. Hernandez’s alleged learning disorder – not some other mental health limitation. 

We further conclude that this finding is supported by substantial evidence. Our 

review also convinces us that when the ALJ said that he afforded “little weight” to 

Dr. Vega’s report, he was referring to its discussion of Mr. Hernandez’s suspected 

learning disorder – not some other mental impairment. 

 In analyzing the severity of Mr. Hernandez’s alleged mental impairments, the 

ALJ explained Dr. Vega’s report in light of Dr. Campbell’s 2007 assessment that 

included “evidence of cognitive dysfunction and a history of a learning disorder.” 

Id. at 13. In addition, the ALJ specifically discussed Mr. Hernandez’s testimony that 

“he had difficulties with various subjects in school and he reported that it was 

difficult and is difficult for him to learn things and to understand what he reads.” Id. 

These findings all speak a learning disorder – not some other mental health 

impairment. It is true that the ALJ discussed the findings of Dr. Vega’s mental 

residual functional capacity assessment, but the ALJ specifically noted the lack of 

 

2

 Part 404 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which applies to disability 

insurance benefit claims, have parallel citations to Part 416 of the Code, which 

applies to supplemental security income claims. We cite only to Part 404. 
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any objective evidence to support any mental health limitation other than a possible 

learning disorder. 

In his residual functional capacity assessment, the ALJ recognized that 

Mr. Hernandez’s “work would have to be unskilled.” Id. at 16. Immediately 

thereafter, the ALJ noted that Dr. Campbell’s report “identifie[d] an indication of 

cognitive dysfunction and a history of a learning disorder . . . [but] the condition has 

remained untreated as far as any secondary psychiatric condition and [Dr. Vega’s] 

examination . . . concluded or opined that a learning disorder is only ‘suspected.’” 

Id. This language bolsters our conclusion that the ALJ was referring to a possible 

learning disorder – not some other mental condition. 

We also disagree with Mr. Hernandez’s other argument that the limitation to 

“unskilled” work did not adequately address his learning disorder. An ALJ’s 

limitation to “unskilled” work may not, under certain facts, adequately address a 

claimant’s mental limitations. See Chapo v. Astrue, 682 F.3d 1285, 1290 n.3 

(10th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that restrictions to unskilled jobs does not in all 

instances account for the effects of mental impairments). Chapo, in turn, relied on an 

unpublished decision of this court, Wayland v. Chater, Nos. 95-7029 & 95-7059, 

1996 WL 50459, at *2 (10th Cir. Feb. 7, 1996), in which we recognized that “there 

may be circumstances in which a particular mental limitation could be so obviously 

accommodated by a reduction in skill level that” other limitations need not be 

discussed. This is one of those circumstances. First, there was no evidence that 
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Mr. Hernandez could not perform “[u]nskilled work . . . which needs little or no 

judgment to do simple duties that can be learned on the job in a short period of time.” 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1568(a). Second, there was no evidence about any particular 

limitations in performing work at an unskilled level that Mr. Hernandez experienced 

as a result of his learning disorder. To the contrary, Mr. Hernandez’s “past work as a 

forklift operator which is a semi-skilled position and other work at the semi-skilled 

level [led the ALJ to] conclude[] that the implications of any learning disorder in 

terms of work capacity would be mild at best, and is accommodated with the 

unskilled parameter provided in this residual functional capacity.” R. at 16. Last, 

because the ALJ did not make any specific findings regarding any mental limitations 

other than a possible learning disorder, the limitation to “unskilled” work was 

sufficient. We acknowledge that a limitation to “unskilled” work may be too broad 

to account for all the limitations where an ALJ makes specific findings regarding a 

claimant’s mental impairments. See, e.g., Wiederholt v. Barnhart, 121 F. App’x 833, 

839 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding that where the ALJ makes findings regarding mild 

restrictions in the claimant’s daily activities, mild difficulties with social functioning, 

and moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace, a general 

limitation to “unskilled” work is inadequate). But in this case the ALJ made no such 

findings and the limitation to “unskilled” work was adequate. 
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IV. 

 In formulating Mr. Hernandez’s residual functional capacity, the ALJ found 

that he was limited to “occasional” overhead reaching, consistent with 

Dr. Campbell’s opinion. R. at 16. Mr. Hernandez argues that the ALJ should have 

adopted Dr. Mai’s opinion that Mr. Hernandez could only rarely use his upper 

extremities for reaching. Id. at 357. Whether we view this argument as a failure to 

properly weigh the treating physician’s opinion or an improper picking and choosing 

of the evidence, the result is the same. The ALJ’s conclusion that Mr. Hernandez 

was restricted to “occasional” overhead reaching is supported by substantial 

evidence, and the ALJ did not commit legal error by failing to specifically discuss 

Dr. Mai’s “conflicting” opinion. 

 When Dr. Campbell examined Mr. Hernandez in September 2007, she noted 

that “[s]ensation [was] intact throughout [his] upper extremities, but tingling in the 

hands is reported with elevation of the arms above shoulder height for more than 

1 minute.” Id. at 284. As such, Dr. Campbell concluded that the “[u]se of the upper 

extremities is limited in overhead use to less than 2 hours a day.” Id. at 285. Dr. Mai 

completed a physical residual functional capacity assessment in January 2009, in 

which she stated that she was “not qualified to make [an] assessment” of how much 

weight Mr. Hernandez could lift, and deferred to Dr. Campbell’s findings. Id. at 355. 

She also deferred to Dr. Campbell’s findings concerning how much weight 

Mr. Hernandez could carry and for what portion of a work day, as well as how long 
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he could sit during a work day. In response to the question whether Mr. Hernandez’s 

“condition restrict[ed] his ability to use his/her upper extremities,” Dr. Mai stated 

that she was “unable to evaluate” any such restrictions, but opined that it was 

“most likely [secondary] to carpal tunnel,” and concluded that he could rarely reach. 

Id. at 357. 

Despite disavowing the ability to evaluate Mr. Hernandez’s use of his upper 

extremities, Mr. Hernandez urges us to find that Dr. Mai “did not defer to 

Dr. Campbell’s reaching restriction, but instead . . . issued her own conflicting 

opinion.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 20. And because the ALJ found that Dr. Mai’s 

opinion was entitled to “some weight,” Mr. Hernandez argues that the ALJ erred by 

failing to give controlling weight to Dr. Mai’s opinion. We disagree. 

If an ALJ declines to give controlling weight to a treating physician’s opinion, 

then the ALJ must decide how much weight to assign the opinion. We are not at all 

certain that Dr. Mai gave any opinion as to Mr. Hernandez’s ability to reach, but 

assuming her comments amounted to an opinion, the ALJ considered the factors 

listed in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) and gave “good reasons in the . . . decision for the 

weight he ultimately assign[ed] the opinion.” Watkins v. Barnhart, 350 F.3d 1297, 

1301 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Of course, an 

ALJ is not required to explicitly discuss all of the factors in deciding what weight to 

give a medical opinion. Oldham v. Astrue, 509 F.3d 1254, 1258 (10th Cir. 2007). 

Specifically, the ALJ considered and discussed the treatment relationship between 
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Dr. Mai and Mr. Hernandez, including the length of the relationship, Dr. Mai’s 

acknowledged lack of expertise in occupational medicine, and the lack of objective 

evidence to support the opinion. This was more than enough to justify the weight 

afforded to Dr. Mai’s assessment. 

V. 

 Last, Mr. Hernandez argues that under a proper application of the 

medical-vocational guidelines, 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2 (the grids), the 

ALJ should have found him disabled.3

 We disagree. 

Although the “grids . . . may provide a shortcut in certain circumstances to 

determining whether a claimant can perform other work by obviating the need for a 

vocational expert’s testimony . . . the [ALJ] may not apply the grids conclusively . . . 

unless the claimant’s characteristics precisely match the criteria of a particular rule.” 

Daniels v. Apfel, 154 F.3d 1129, 1132 (10th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Under Grid Rule 201.14, the ALJ would have been compelled to find 

Mr. Hernandez disabled if he was limited to only sedentary work in light of his 

advanced age and lack of transferrable skills. However, the VE testified that 

Mr. Hernandez could perform the light work of office helper, albeit with one-third 

fewer jobs available in the national economy due to the additional limitations. 

 

3

 “The grids are matrices of the four factors identified by Congress – physical 

ability, age, education, and work experience – and set forth rules that identify 

whether jobs requiring specific combinations of these factors exist in significant 

numbers in the national economy.” Daniels v. Apfel, 154 F.3d 1129, 1132 (10th Cir. 

1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). 
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We agree with Mr. Hernandez that SSR 83-12, 1983 WL 31253 (1983) guides 

the ALJ in these circumstances. We disagree, however, that the ALJ was compelled 

to find him disabled under SSR 83-12(2)(b), which provides that “if the exertional 

capacity is significantly reduced in terms of the regulatory definition [of light work], 

it could indicate little more than the occupational base for the lower rule [of 

sedentary work] and could justify a finding of ‘Disabled.’” Id. at *2. The regulation 

says “could,” which indicates that such a finding is permissive – not required. The 

VE’s testimony was sufficient to establish that Mr. Hernandez could perform 

substantial gainful work at the light category and, therefore, was not disabled. 

 The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

 Entered for the Court 

 Stephen H. Anderson 

 Circuit Judge