IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-26

No. COA21-317

Filed 18 January 2022

Guilford County, No. 20 CVS 5804

DANIEL ALLEN CARMICHAEL, Plaintiff,

v.

LEO W. CORDELL, Defendant.

Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 14 October 2020 by Judge John O. Craig, 

III, in Guilford County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 14 December 

2021.

Gordon Law Offices, by Harry G. Gordon, for plaintiff-appellant.

Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP, by Fred M. Wood, Jr., and Holland 

& Knight, LLP, by Vivian L. Thoreen and Lydia L. Lockett admitted pro hac 

vice, for defendant-appellee.

TYSON, Judge.

¶ 1 Daniel Carmichael (“Plaintiff”) appeals an order by the trial court granting Leo 

Cordell’s (“Defendant”) motion to dismiss. We affirm in part, reverse in part and 

remand. 

I. Background

¶ 2 Defendant has been a California resident since 1954. Defendant married 

Patricia Cordell (“Decedent”) on 8 July 1961. Defendant and Decedent (the 
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“Cordells”), lived in California during the entirety of their marriage until Decedent 

died on 10 January 2020. The Cordells are parents of two daughters, Caroline P. 

Condon (“Ms. Condon”) and Wendy Cordell. Decedent was the mother of one son, 

Plaintiff, from a previous relationship. Plaintiff resides in North Carolina. 

Defendant has never traveled to, conducted business in, or has any other ties to or in 

North Carolina. 

¶ 3 The Cordells acquired assets during their 58 years of marriage, which are 

purportedly classified as community property under California law. Defendant

allegedly discovered after Decedent had died that Decedent had set up separate 

accounts for Plaintiff and made changes to certain accounts, which affected the 

disposition of their asserted community property assets. Decedent had purportedly 

removed the Cordell’s two daughters as beneficiaries on some accounts, leaving 

Plaintiff as the sole beneficiary. Decedent had also purportedly changed the address 

on the accounts to Plaintiff’s address in North Carolina. 

¶ 4 Plaintiff claimed ownership of funds from three accounts held by Decedent 

which named him as the sole beneficiary for twenty years. On 30 April 2020, 

Defendant sent Plaintiff a letter and threatened to sue Plaintiff. Defendant claimed

the transfers Decedent made in trust to Plaintiff should be voided because Defendant 

did not approve the changes. 
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¶ 5 On 8 July 2020, Defendant sued Plaintiff in California (“CA action”). 

Defendant filed a first amended complaint against Plaintiff in the CA action for: (1) 

aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; (2) elder financial abuse; (3) declaratory 

relief regarding non-probate transfers; and, (4) declaratory relief regarding transfer 

of stock. This amended complaint alleges Plaintiff unduly influenced Decedent to 

change the beneficiary designations of the accounts containing community funds and 

naming Plaintiff as the sole beneficiary of those accounts upon Decedent’s death. 

¶ 6 On 14 July 2020, Plaintiff filed his verified complaint as a declaratory 

judgment action, which initiated the instant litigation against Defendant in North 

Carolina (“NC Action”). This complaint was served on Defendant in California on 22 

July 2020. The NC action arises out of the same facts as alleged in Defendant’s CA 

action, and centers around actions the Decedent took in California involving the

purported marital property and Defendant’s spousal rights and duties as California 

residents. Plaintiff amended his complaint on 11 September 2020 and added Ms. 

Condon, Defendant’s daughter, and his attorney-in-fact, as a party. The NC action 

seeks a declaratory judgment holding Plaintiff is the sole and rightful owner of the 

funds placed in trust accounts, by Decedent, for his benefit in North Carolina, yet to 

be paid to him. Plaintiff filed a motion challenging Ms. Condon’s standing and 

alleging conflicts of interest on 2 October 2020. 
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¶ 7 Plaintiff also filed a petition for probate of lost will in California on 14 August 

2020. In that petition, Plaintiff sought to probate a document purported to be a 

handwritten will of Decedent dated 24 October 2003, along with a document 

purported to be a handwritten codicil dated 10 July 2011. 

¶ 8 Defendant filed his motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. 

Defendant’s motion was granted in the superior court on 12 October 2020. Plaintiff 

appeals.

II. Jurisdiction

¶ 9 This appeal is properly before this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A27(b)(1) and 1-277(b) (2021).

III. Issues

¶ 10 Plaintiff challenges whether the trial court erred: (1) by granting Defendant’s 

motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction; (2) by not finding North Carolina 

possesses in rem jurisdiction over the property and proceeds; and, (3) in failing to 

rule on Plaintiff’s motion challenging the standing of Caroline Condon and asserted 

conflicts of interest. 

IV. Argument

A. Personal Jurisdiction

1. In Personam

¶ 11 “Once jurisdiction is challenged, plaintiff has the burden of proving prima facie
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that a statutory basis for jurisdiction exists.” Williams v. Institute for Computational 

Studies, 85 N.C. App. 421, 424, 355 S.E.2d 177, 179 (1987). For North Carolina courts 

to exercise in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, there is a two-part

test: “first, the court must have jurisdiction over the person of defendant under our 

State’s long-arm statute, and second, the exercise of jurisdiction must not violate the 

due process clause of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

A court of this State having jurisdiction of the subject 

matter has jurisdiction over a person

(1) Local Presence or Status.--In any action, whether the 

claim arises within or without this State, in which a claim 

is asserted against a party who when service of process is 

made upon such party:

. . . .

d. Is engaged in substantial activity within this State, 

whether such activity is wholly interstate, intrastate, or 

otherwise.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-75.4(1)(d) (2021) (emphasis supplied). 

¶ 12 “The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment operates to limit the 

power of a State to assert in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.” 

Beem USA Ltd.-Liab. Ltd. P’ship v. Grax Consulting LLC, 373 N.C. 297, 302, 838 

S.E.2d 158, 161-62 (2020) (citations omitted). For North Carolina courts to assert

jurisdiction the due process requirements must be satisfied. The primary concern of 
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the Due Process Clause as it relates to a court’s jurisdiction over a nonresident 

defendant is the protection of an individual’s liberty interest in not being subject to 

the binding judgments of a forum with which he has established no meaningful 

contacts, ties, or relations.” Id. at 302, 838 S.E.2d. at 162 (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

The United States Supreme Court has made [it] clear that 

the Due Process Clause permits state courts to exercise 

personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant so long 

as the defendant has certain minimum contacts with [the 

forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not 

offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial 

justice.

Id. 

¶ 13 “Specific jurisdiction exists if the defendant has purposely directed its 

activities toward the resident of the forum and the cause of action relates to such 

activities.” Havey v. Valentine, 172 N.C. App. 812, 815, 616 S.E.2d 642, 646 (2005)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he court considers (1) the 

extent to which the defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting 

activities in the State; (2) whether the plaintiffs’ claims arise out of those activities 

directed at the State; and (3) whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be 

constitutionally reasonable.” Id. at 815, 616 S.E.2d at 647 (alterations, citations and

quotation marks omitted). 

¶ 14 “Purposeful availment is shown if the defendant has taken deliberate action 
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within the forum state or if he has created continuing obligations to forum residents.”

Id. “[C]ontacts that are isolated or sporadic may support specific jurisdiction if they 

create a substantial connection with the forum, the contacts must be more than 

random, fortuitous, or attenuated.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

¶ 15 Here, Defendant has never been to North Carolina, he has never conducted 

any business in North Carolina, and except for his relationship with Plaintiff, he has 

no other known ties to North Carolina. Defendant has not purposely availed himself 

of conducting activities in North Carolina sufficient to justify him being haled into a 

court of this State under in personam jurisdiction. Assertion of in personam

jurisdiction over Defendant is unreasonable because he has no contacts with this 

forum. This portion of the trial court’s order is affirmed. 

2. In Rem

¶ 16 Plaintiff argues Defendant may be haled into North Carolina courts based 

upon in rem jurisdiction. Assertions of in rem and quasi in rem actions should be 

evaluated in accordance with the minimum contacts standard. See Ellison v. Ellison, 

242 N.C. App. 386, 390, 776 S.E.2d 522, 525-26 (2015) (stating the defendant and 

State must possess minimum contacts so the jurisdiction does not offend “traditional 

notions of fair play and substantial justice”).

Jurisdiction in rem or quasi in rem may be invoked in any 
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of the following cases:

(1) When the subject of the action is real or personal 

property in this State and the defendant has or claims any 

lien or interest therein, or the relief demanded consists 

wholly or partially in excluding the defendant from any 

interest or lien therein. This subdivision shall apply 

whether any such defendant is known or unknown.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-75.8 (2021). 

¶ 17 In Lessard v. Lessard this Court held:

The estate of the defendant’s deceased daughter is personal 

property in this State and the relief demanded is to exclude 

the defendant from any interest in this property.

68 N.C. App. 760, 762, 316 S.E.2d 96, 97 (1984). 

¶ 18 This Court further held in Ellison, “[t]he relief sought in the present action, 

like in Lessard, is to exclude [d]efendant from any interest in property located in 

North Carolina. When the subject matter of the controversy is property located in 

North Carolina, the constitutional requisites for jurisdiction will generally be met.”

Ellison, 242 N.C. App. at 391, 776 S.E.2d at 526.

¶ 19 Here, Defendant initiated the controversy by threatening to sue Plaintiff by 

claiming an interest in the accounts in North Carolina. Defendant essentially 

reached into North Carolina to claim the property being held within this state by a 

citizen of this state. Plaintiff responded by filing a declaratory judgment to bar 

Defendant from taking an interest in the accounts in North Carolina. Defendant

challenges and asserts a superior interest in the property purportedly owned by a 
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person, who is located in and is a citizen of North Carolina. Plaintiff’s complaint

demands relief which excludes Defendant from property within North Carolina. This 

is sufficient and reasonable to establish the in rem jurisdiction of North Carolina 

courts for Plaintiff’s declaratory action over funds and accounts held in North 

Carolina. 

B. Standing of Ms. Condon

1. Standard of Review

¶ 20 “It is well established that where matters are left to the discretion of the trial 

court, appellate review is limited to a determination of whether there was a clear 

abuse of discretion.” White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829, 833 (1985).

2. Analysis 

¶ 21 Plaintiff argues the trial court erred by declining to hear Plaintiff’s Motion 

Challenging the Standing of Caroline Patricia Condon and Finding Conflicts of 

Interest (“Plaintiff’s Motion”) and instead of granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 

for lack of jurisdiction. 

¶ 22 Prior to the hearing, the trial judge emailed counsel for Plaintiff and Defendant 

and stated: “I do not need to address [Plaintiff counsel’s] additional motion. . . . you 

can cite the G.S. Sec. 32C-2-212, as well as the fact that even though the objection 

was served more than five days before, it was not calendared with my TCC and the 

court received no notice of it until the day of the hearing.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 32C-2-
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212 (2021) permits a power of attorney to “assert and maintain before a court . . . an 

action to recover property or other thing of value.”

¶ 23 Plaintiff amended his complaint to include Ms. Condon as a party and made 

allegations asserting her power of attorney and her “total control” over Defendant. 

In his discretion, the trial judge determined Plaintiff failed to comply with the

motion’s prior notice and calendaring requirements to bar Ms. Condon’s standing or 

find conflict of interest. The trial judge acted within his authority. Plaintiff’s 

argument fails to show any abuse of that discretion and is overruled. 

V. Conclusion

¶ 24 The trial court properly ruled assertion of personal jurisdiction over Defendant 

is unreasonable because he has no contacts with this forum. Plaintiff’s interest in 

the bank accounts and funds located in North Carolina permits the courts of this 

State to exercise in rem jurisdiction over his declaratory judgment action to address 

his claims. The trial court did not err in refusing to hear Plaintiff’s arguments 

concerning Caroline Condon’s standing and asserted conflicts of interest. We affirm 

in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings. 

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Judges Carpenter and Gore concur.