u.s. Department of Justice 

National Institute of Justice 

124132 

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the 

person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated 

in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily 

represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of 

Justice. 

Permission to reproduce lhis~aterial has been 

granted by 

Public Domain/OJP/BJS 

u.s. Department of Justice 

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). 

Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of th~ owner. 
• 

• 

• 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Office of Justice Programs 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Justice Expenditure 

and Employment, 1988 

Federal, State, and local governments in 

the United States spent $61 billion In fiscal 

year 1988 for civil and criminal justice, an 

Increase of 34% since 1985, the last year 

comparable data were collected. From 

1985 to 1988, justice spending Increased 

more than total government spending for all 

activities, unlike the early 1980's, when justice spending did not increase as fast as 

other government spending. All government spending grew by 21 % since 1985 

to $1.92 trillion in 1988. 

The higher Increases for justice spending 

during 1985-88 were seen at each level 

of government but were greatest for tho 

Federal and State governments. 

Other findings Include-

• Three cents or 3.2% of every government 

dollar spent throughout the Nation in 1988 

was for justice activities; 1.5% for police 

protection, 1 % for corrections, and 0.7% 

for judicial and legal services. The Federal 

Government spent less than 1 cent of every 

dollar for jlJstlce; State governments, 

6 cents; and local governments, almost 

7 cents. 

• Compared to justice expenditures, the 

Federal, State, and local governments 

spent 6 times as much on social insurance 

payments, 5 times as much on national 

dafense and international relations, 4 times 

as much on education, 3 times as much 

011 interest on debt, 2.5 times as much on 

housing and the environment, and almOSt 

twice as much on public weHare. 

July 1990 

This report presents detailed criminal 

and civil justice expenditure and employment data for the Federal, State, 

and local governments for 1988. 

Although the cost of justice activities 

has grown faster than all government 

spending in recent years, It stili 

amounts to only about 3 cents of 

every public dollar spent throughout 

the Nation. This Bulletin provides 

detailed breakdowns for justice 

expenditures and compares them 

to other government functions. 

I would like to express my gratitude 

to the thousands of State and local 

governments who participate In the 

BJS and the Census Bureau surveys . 

The data they provide are essential to 

the development and Implementation 

of sound crime control policies. 

Joseph M. Bessette 

Acting Director 

• Reflecting the fact that criminal and cilJll 

justice Is primarily a State and local responsibility, State and local governments combined spent 88% of all justice dollars; the 

Federal Government spent 12%. 

• The Federal, State, and local governments spent $248 per capita on criminal 

and civil justice in 1988. 

• Expenditure for justice activities increased 

21 % In the past decade inconstant dollars 

per capita. Spending for corrections Increased the most, 65%, compared with 

34% for prosecution and legal services, 

34% for public defense, 17% for courts, 

and 3% for police protection. 

• Federal Government spending since 

1971, when data first became available, 

!ncreased 83% in constant dollars per 

capita, twic~ as fast as State and local 

governments. with 40%. 

• All levels of government are spending a 

greater proportion of their corrections dollars on institutions versus probation, parole, 

and pardon. 

• Since 1979, State government expenditure for building prisons Increased 593% 

in actual dollars - 2.6 times faster than 

spending to operate correctionallnstltutions. 

• State governments spent 3.5% of their 

total dollars for corrections -Including 

building and operating Institutions and running probation and parole programs. 

• In October 1988 the Nation's civil and 

criminal justice system employed 1.6 million 

persons, with a total October payroll of almost $3.7 billion. . 

• State and local per capita spending was 

highest In the Northeast ($276) and West 

($274) and lowest In the South ($179) and 

Midwest ($176). 

• Per capita spending ranged from less 

than $100 In Arkansas and West Virginia 

to more than $300 in four States; Nevada, 

California, New York, and Alaska. 
The Justice .hare of all spending 

Nationally, 3.2% of all government spending 

In 1988 was for criminal and civil Justice activities, up from 2.9% In 1985. In 1988-

Overall, the Nation spent 6 times as much 

on social Insurance payments as on Justice 

actlvl~les, 5 ames more for national defense 

and International relations. and 3 times as 

much on Interest on debt (table 1). 

ments (30.7%) and national defense and 

International relations spending (30.1 %l. 

State and local governments had higher 

percents going for Justice activities, 6.1 % 

and 6.8%, respectively, reflecting the fact 

that criminal Justice Is primarily a State and 

local responsibility. Major competitors for 

State and local Justice dollars are State 

public weHare spending (20%) and local 

education expenditures, 19.3% and 37%, 

respectively. County governments devoted 

the highest percent of spending to JustIce, 

13.7%; cities spent 11.2%. Overall, local 

governments spent 6.8% of their total budget on Justice activities because they Include school distrIcts and specIal districts 

that gellerally have no Justice expenditures. 

• 1.5% of all spending was for poDce 

protactlon 

• 1 % for correctIons 

e 0.7% for Judicial and legal services, such 

as courts (0.4%), prosecution and legal services (0.2%), and pubUc defense (0.1%). 

Among all levels of government, the Federal Government had the lowest percent of 

Its expenditure for Justice (0.7%), whi(;h was 

dwarfed by Federal social Insurance payTable 1. Percent of dlteCt government 8pgndlng for eelt\»clad 

government funotlon., by lovel of government. fI~ yallir 1988 

Leve10flEvemmenl 

Activity All Federal 

Social Insurance payments 20.2% 30.7% 

National dafenseand 

Intsmational r61 .. ~ons 17.2 30.1 

Education and IIbmr1es 13.6 1.3 Intsre~t on debt 10.5 14.4 

Houslngand the environment 8.0 8.5 

Public welfare 6.0 2.6 

Hospl!BIs and health 4.1 1.5 

Transportallon 3.7 .6 

Judice" 3.2 .7 

Pollco prolcotlon 1.5 .3 

JUdlolaJand legal .7 .2 

ComlOtlon. HIVk:H 1.0 .1 

Spaca research 

and tschnology .5 .8 

... Not appllcabte. 

"The total Includes a residual·other" ca!BgQry not dlsplayeri separatsly. The judicial and IegeJ servlcas,· category Includes the courts ·proSIICution and legal 

sel'\ices," and ·publlc defense" catagories shown sepaStats Local 

13.3% 1.6% 

.. , .. , 

19.3 37.0 

5.S 5.1 

3.6 9.6 

20.0 4.1 

S.8 6.6 

10.4 5.9 

6.1 6.8 

1.2 4.1 

1.3 1.3 

3.S 1.3 

ratsly elsewhere In this report SOurce: Data for nonjustice functions are from the U.S. Buroou of the Census. 

GovemmonlBl Finances in 1987-88, GF-88-5. table 10. 

USGPO: Washington, D.C. 

Ta~(l2. Justice system I9xpendltures, by level of government, fiscal year 1988 

Spending by level of government 

Local governments made more than haH 

of the Nation's civil and crimInal dIrect Justice expenditure, or $33.5 billion, followed 

by State governments with $22.1 bllilon and 

the Federal Government with $7.8 billion 

(tables 2 and 3). 

Ex [!!1nditures In thousands of dollars 

Juclc\el and ~ services 

Prosecution other 

expenditure type by Police Courts and legal Public justic" 

Ievelot.Q!:!vemment ToiBI e!0tsction Total onl:!: services defense Corrections activities 

AIIgolAlmlMllt. $60,980,334 $27.955.660 $13.314,937 $7,617.712 $4,299.275 $1,397.951 $19.118.734 $591.008 

Faderal 7,794.136 3.555.248 2.565.462 1.157,890 1.022,453 385,119 1.226,395 447.031 

Direct 7,463,724 3.554,248 2.565,462 1,157,890 1,022,453 385,119 1.136,458 207.556 

Intsrgovemmentnl 330,412 1,000 0 a 0 0 89,937 239,475 

All State and local 53.516.609 24.401.411 10.749,475 6,459.822 3,276,822 1.012.831 17.982,274 3~,452 

Stat. 22,120,159 4.513,297 4.575,036 3.070.941 1.076,307 427,788 12.670,955 360.672 

Direct 20.227,725 4,078,136 4,235,826 2.000,124 1,040.341 395,363 11,661.100 252,663 

lnt&rgovemmer.!BI 1.892.434 435.162 339.208 270.817 35.966 32,425 1,009,855 108,209 

Totallooal 33,535,433 20.332,648 6.542.049 3,687,505 2.236,834 617,910 6,529,765 130,955 

Direr.! 33.288.885 20.323.276 6,513,647 3,659,698 2.236,481 617,469 6,321.176 130.71l9 

Intsrgovemmantal 246.548 9.372 26.401 27.607 153 441 208,609 166 

County 14.373,111 4,715.310 4,757.878 2,957,413 1,319,950 480,515 4,608,434 91.492 

Dllect 14,255,757 4,700,735 4.726.272 2,928.041 1.319,430 478,601 4,738,663 90,087 

Inlorgovemmental 117,357 14,575 31,606 29,372 520 1.714 $9,771 1,405 

Munlolpal 19.533,908 15,884.681 1.821,610 760.522 918,142 142,946 1,786,647 40,991 

Direct 19.033,132 15.622.542 1.787.3n 731.657 917,052 138.668 1.582,513 40,702 

Intsrgovemmental 5OO,m 262,119 34.233 28,865 1.090 4,278 204,134 289 

Nots: Intergovernmental expenditure consists of pay- turo evenlUaily will show up as a direct expenditure of the levels of govemrr.enls are excluded from the totals for all 

mants from one government to another. Such expencf~ reclplent govemment Duplicative transections between govemments and local governments. 

2 

• A' 

• 

" 

J 

• 
• 

• 

• 

FE m 

Close to half - 28 billion - of the Nation's courts, with the Federal Government capita for other Justice activities that were 

total justice expenditure was for police pro- spending 15% of the total and municipal not elsewhere classlfled, such as State 

tectlon, and almost a third, $19 billion, was governments spending 10%. criminal Justice coordinating councils. 

for corrections, Including Jails, prisons, probation, and parole. The combined activities • Prosecution of court caS9S Is most often The $248 per capIta for JustIce activitIes 

of courts, prosecution and legal services, at the local level of government, whIch ac- compares with a total of $7,813 per capita 

and pubDc defense accounted for $13.3 bll- counted for 52% of the total prosecution for all government functions. The per capita 

lon, or 22% of the total. WIthin each cate- and legal services expenditure. figures for various categories of governgory of Justice activity, the distribution of ment expenditure are as follows: 

expendIture by level of government reflects • Public defense systems are organIzed at 

the dIfferent responsibilities of each level: the county levalln most States, and coun- Social Insurance payments $1,581 

ties spent a third of the total public defense National defense and 

International relations 1,342 • PoDce protection Is primarily a local expenditure. Education and libraries 1,061 responslblllty; accordIngly, local govern- Interest on debt 824 

ments spent 73% of the total police protec- CombIned, State and local governments Housing and the environment 621 

tlon expenditure In the country In 1988. spent 87.8% of the Nation's Justice monies. Publlewelfare 468 

Local governments alone spent 54.6% of Hospitals and health 321 

• CorrectIons Is primarily a State responsl- the total. The Federal Government ac- Transportation 287 

blllty. and the Slate governments accounted counted for 12.2% of direct Justice spend- Justlco 248 

for 61 % of the Nation's corrections expendl- Ing. Space research and technology 36 

ture. 

Per capita spending 

Trends 

• OVerall, local police spending represented The percent of total government spending 

a third of the Nation's total direct Justice ex- The Federal, State, and local governments at all levels of government for Justice sctlvlpendlture, and State corrections accounted combined spent $248 per capita on civil ties Increased from 2.9% In 1985 to 3.2% 

for the second largest portion, a fifth. and criminal Justice activities In 1988, up In 1988, passing Its 1979 level of 3.1%. 

from $191 In 1 ~185. Of this amount $114 Criminal Justice Is primarily a State and local 

• The bulk of court cases heard In this per capita was for police protection. $78 responsibility, and those governments Incountry are In State and county courts. was for corrections, and $54 was for Judicial creased the percent of their spending for 

Combined, those governments accounted and legal services, such as courts ($31), justice activities from 5.95% In 1979 to 

for 75% of the total direct expenditure for prosecution and legal services ($17), and 6.1 % In 1985 and 6.8% In 1988 . public defense ($6). Spending was $2 per 

Tabl" 3. DistribUtion of Justice system dIrect expenditures, 

bV activity and levol of government, fiscal year 1986 

Lavolof 

government 

Peroentllyklvel 

ofgoV1ll'llment 

All governments 

Federal 

Slate 

Total!ocal 

County 

Municipal 

Pwoent 

byaotlvity 

All governments 

Federal 

Slate 

Total!ocal 

County 

Municipal 

All 

100.0% 

12.2 

33.2 

54.S 

23.4 

31.2 

100.0"10 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Police 

protection 

100.0% 

12.7 

14.6 

72.7 

16.8 

55.9 

45.9% 

47.6 

20.2 

61.1 

33.0 

82.1 

Total 

100.0"10 

19.3 

31.8 

48.9 

35.5 

13.4 

21.8"10 

34.4 

20.9 

19.6 

33.2 

9.4 

Note: Because of rounding. detail may not add to totals . 

Judicial and legal services 

Courts Prosecution and Public: 

only legal services defense 

100.0"10 100.0"10 100.0"/. 

15.2 23.8 27.5 

35.8 24.2 28.3 

48.0 52.0 44.2 

38.4 SO.7 34.3 

11.6 21.3 9.9 

12.5"10 7.0"/. 2.3"10 

15.5 13.7 5.2 

13.8 5.1 2.0 

11.0 6.7 1.9 

20.5 9.3 3.4 

3.8 4.8 .7 

3 

Other 

justice 

Corrections activities 

100.0% 100.0"10 

5.9 35.1 

61.0 42.8 

33.1 22.1 

24.8 15.2 

a3 6.9 

31.3"10 1.0"10 

15.2 2.8 

57.6 1.2 

19.0 .4 

33.2 .6 

8.3 .2 
C&ll& rP;' 

Expenditure for Justice activities by all governments Increased by 21 % In the past 

decade In constant 1988 dollars per capita 

(table 4). The Federal Government had a 

larger Increase In spending from 1979 to 

1988 (29%) than State and local governments (20%). The Federal Government 

Increased Its Justice spending twlce as 

much as State and local governments over 

the history of the Justice Expenditure and 

Employment series -by 83% versus 40% 

In constant dollars from 1971 to 1988. 

For all governments combined, corrections 

expenditures Increased at a greater rate, 

65%, than other Justice activities from 1979 

to 1988 In constant dollars. For State and 

local governments the Increase was 64%; 

for the Federal Government, 84%. Corrections Increases were also the highest 

during the period 1985-88, 25% for all governments; during this period the number 

af adults under some form of correctional 

custody or supervision Increased by 29%. 

The overall 65% Increase In corrections 

expenditures from 1979 to 1988 compares 

with Increases ofca 34% for prosecution and legal services 

• 34% for public defense 

• 17% for courts 

ca 3% for police protection. 

When examined by type of justice activity 

and by level of government, the largest Increases In constant dollars per capita fiom 

1979 to 1988 werefI 124% for Federal prosecution and legal 

services 

• 84% each for Federal courts and corrections 

• 64% for State and local corrections 

• 54% for State and local public defense. 

At each level of government, Increases for 

police protection were among the lowest of 

the various Justice activities. 

The smallest spending changes were -

• 18.8% for State and local prosecution and 

legal services 

• 9.5% for State and local courts 

• 3.5% for State and local police 

protection 

• 0.6% for Federal police protection 

• -1.5% for Federal public defense. 

-----------------------------------------------------------1 

T~ble 4. Percent change In l!lrdlCt expenditurG8 (actual and constant • 1988 dollars per capita) for justice activities by activity and level 

of government, 1985-88 and 1979-88 

Pollco Judicial Prosecution 

pro- (courts and legal Public 

Level of~vernment Total IBcllon onl~l servlcos defense Corrections 

Pel'CGllt change In actual 

direct expendltul'88 

1985-88 

All governments 33.7% 27.0% 31.8% 32.9% 32.6% 46.7% 

Federal 31.3 28.4 35.9 27.2 12.2 60.8 

Stats 37.9 26.3 32.0 34.8 42.0 44.3 

Total local 31.8 26.9 30.4 34.7 42.7 48.8 

County 36.2 27.8 34.8 31.4 36.9 48.2 

Municipal 28.7 26.6 15.5 39.7 66.8 SO.8 

1979-88 

All governments 134.3% 100.9% 125.3% 160.5% 134.1% 216.5% 

Federal 120.9 73.2 213.4 284.2 60.3 221.1 

Stats 173.6 105.1 133.5 141.6 235.0 230.2 

Total local 118.2 105.8 101.9 134.6 153.3 193.4 

County 135.8 131.4 104.5 128.8 145.0 186.6 

Municipal 106.6 99.2 91.0 143.5 218.0 215.8 

Percent change In oonetllnt 1988 

doUa,.. p.rCBp~a 

1985·88 

All governments 13.3% 6.11"1. 11.SO":' 13.1% 17.9% 25.0% 

Fedaral 17.5 14.5 21.8 13.6 2.7 43.9 

StaIB and local 12.8 5.9 10.2 13.0 24.9 23.9 • 1979·88 

All governments 21.4% 3.1% 16.7% 33.8% 33.5% 65.3% 

Fedoral 29.0 .6 84.1 124.3 1.5 84.3 

Slats and local 20.4 3.5 9.5 18.8 54.4 64.2 

Looking at all State and local governments Each type of government Increased spendcombined masks some important differ- Ing for correctional Institutions more than 

ences between State, county, and munlcl- other justice spending: 351 % for the Fedpal spending and how they compare to eral Government, 259% for States, 235% 

Federal spending. In actual dollars, State for counties, and 261% for municipalities 

governments Increased their Justice spend- (data not displayed on table). Other high 

Ing from 1979 to 1988 by 174%, compared Increases were -

to a 136% Increase In county spending • 284% for Federal prosecution 

and a 107% Increase In municipal spend- and legal services 

Ing.* For the Federal Government, the .. 235% for State public defense 

increase In actual dollars was 121 %. • 230% for all State corrections 

• 221 % for all Federal corrections 

'State, county, and municipal expenditures were not COn- e 218% for municipal public defense verted separatsly to 1988 constant per capita dollars bacause of methodological reasons that includa population • 216% for ali municipal corrections 

data being available for counties and municipalities only at .213% for Federal courts 5-year Intsrvals. • 187% for ali county corrections 

.145% for county public defense 

• 144% for municipal pros.ilcutlon 

and legal services 

• 142% for State prosecution • and legal services. 

4 
Focus on corrections 

• The special survey used to collect the 1988 

expenditure and I~mployment data also collectad more detailed corrections data than 

are available for 1980-84 and 1986-87, 

allowing more Indepth analysis of corrections expenditure and employment: 

• 

• 

• Durlng the perlod 1979 to 1988, State 

government expenditures to operate correctlonallnstltutlons rose 226% In actual 

dollars, but expenditures for prlson construction rose 2.6 times as fast, or 593%. 

• The proportion of total direct expenditures 

by State governments for corrections capital outlays Increased from a low of 6.4% In 

1973 to 13.4% In 1985 and 15.1 % In 1988 

(table 5). 

• Since 1977, when prison construction 

data first became available, Stete governments Increased the percent of total 

corrections direct expenditure for prison 

construction from a low of 7.7% In 1977 

to 11.2% In 1985 and 12.9% In 1988. 

• From 1977 to 1988, alllClvels of government spent an Increasing proportion of their 

corrections dollars (Including capital and 

operating costs) for Institutions rather than 

for probation, parole, and pardon (table 6). 

Percent of State and local 

corrections spending 

Probation. 

Institutions !1!!role, and eardon 

1977 74.4% 17.6% 

1978 75.3 16.3 

1979 76.1 15.7 

1965 83.5 12.2 

1988 84.9 11.1 

Percent of Federal Government 

corrections spending 

Probation. 

Institutions !1!!role, and (!!!rdon 

1979 sa.5% 21.1% 

1985 75.8 16.2 

1988 82.2 13.0 

Table 5. Percent of State government total direct corrections 

expenditures for prison operations, all capital outlays, and 

prison construction, 1971-88 

1971 

1972 

11173 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1985 

1988 

Total 

direct 

100% 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

Prison 

o(?llratlons 

70.6% 

75.1 

74.3 

72.7 

70.7 

69.9 

68.5 

70.5 

70.8 

70.9 

69.9 

Note: Includes only direct outlays; doos not Include 

the cost of Interest for projects such as prison conCapital outlays 

Prison 

construction 

All only 

10.8% 

7.6 

6.4 

6.9 

8.1 

8.0 

10.0 7.7 

10.1 7.8 

10.1 8.1 

13.4 11.3 

15.1 12.9 

structlon financed over time. 

... Not available. 

Table 6. Percent of total direct corrections expenditures 

for Inntltutlons and probation, parole, and pardon, 

by level of government, 1Q77, 1985, and 1988 

Percent of total corrections direct eX!lendltures for: 

Institutions Probation,llarole, and Ilardon 

Level of government 1977 1985 1988 1977 1985 1988 

All Slate and local 74.4% 83.5% 84.9% 17.6% 12.2% 11.1% 

State 76.3 83.9 84.6 12.6 9.6 9.2 

Tutallocal 71.5 82.8 85.4 25.2 17.2 14.6 

County 70.1 79.S 82.8 27.6 20.2 17.2 

Municipal 76.0 91.9 92.9 17.3 8.1 7.1 

5 
,Juetlco employment Local governments accounted for more civil Reflecting the fact that law enforcement 

and criminal Justice employment than the Is essentially the responsibility of local • In October 1988 the Nation's civil and Federal and State governments combined. governments, 77% of the Nation's police 

criminal Justice systems employed 1.6 Of the Nation's total Justice employees, employees were working at the local level. 

million persons, with a total October 60.3% were engaged In local justice actlvl- State governments employed 14.7% of 

payroll of almost $3.7 billion (table 7). ties (table 8). police protection workers; the Federal 

Government, 8.3%. 

Table 7. Justice 8ysbHn employment and payroll, Local governments also dominate judicial by activity and level of government, October 1988 and legal employment, though not as much. 

Eme!o~ment OctobGr Local employees account for 59.4% of court 

payroll (In employees, 57.5% of prosecution and legal Activity and Full-time thousands services employees, and 51.2% of public klvelofSlOVllmment Total Full-time equivalent oldollara) defense employees. 

TotaIJuatloeeyatem 1,600,955 1,496.316 1,534,496 $3.600,457 

Federal 118,244 118,207 117.367 333.878 The distribution of corrections employees Stats 517,509 493.768 504,154 1.193.279 

Total local 965,202 884.341 912,975 2.153,300 reflects State government dominance In 

County 423,501 391,701 405,814 860,181 that activity - 61.6% of corrections employ- Municipal 541,700 492,640 507,161 1,293,119 ees worked for State governments, followed 

Polloll protection 784,371 728,018 745,935 $1,867,793 by 34.9% at the local level and 3.6% at the 

Federal 65,297 65,297 65,297 182,153 Fedarallaval. S1IIts 115,121 105,103 108,005 263,892 

Total local 603,953 557,619 572,633 1,421,746 

County 144,710 136,009 139,018 313,628 

Municipal 459,241 421,606 433,615 1,108,119 TableS_ Distribution of Justice syswm 

Judicial (OCUM only) 209,422 188,213 196.530 $456,057 totsl employment and payroll, by activity 

Federal 18,283 18.283 18,283 50.985 snd level of government, October 1988 

S1IIts 66,822 62,512 64,976 193,007 

Total local 124,317 107,418 113,271 212,066 Aclivily T01lll 

County 95.592 86,467 90,147 169,032 and level employ- OctobGr 

Municipal 28,721 20,951 22,525 43.034 ofS2vernment ment payroll 

Proacoutlonand Tolaljustfceaystem 100.0% 100.0% 

legal MI'VicN 104,135 96,245 99,096 $269,001 Foderal 7.4 9.1 • Federal 16,485 16,485 16,485 52,457 S1IIte 32.3 32.4 

Slats 27,817 26,094 26,883 72,588 Local 60.3 58.5 

Totallocel 59,833 53,666 55,728 143,956 

County 39,652 36,511 37,912 92,851 Police protection 100.0% 100.0% 

Municipal 20,183 17,158 17,819 51,105 Federal 8.3 9.8 

Sta!a 14.7 14.1 

Publlod.tenH 14,001 12,640 13.486 $36,985 Local 77.0 76.1 

Federal 493 493 493 1,432 

S1IIts 6,344 5,960 6,198 16,629 Judicial (courts only) 100.0% 100.0% 

T01llliocal 7,164 6,387 6.795 18,924 Federal 8.7 11.2 

County 6,853 6,152 6,554 18,185 S1II!a 31.9 42.3 

Municipal 309 233 240 739 Local 59.4 46.5 

Corrections 482,613 464,882 473,211 $1,036,628 Prosecutfon and 

Federal 17,247 17,210 16.370 45,284 legal services 100.0% 100.0% 

StaIB 297,165 289,987 293,925 638,073 Federal 15.8 19.5 

T01llliocal 168.200 157,682 162,916 353,269 Slate 26.7 27.0 

County 135,923 125,285 130,267 263.928 Local 57.5 53.5 

Municipal 32,870 92,391 32,650 89,341 

Publl:: defenoe 100.0% 100.0% 

OIh.,julttlo8acxlvltlee 6.409 6,120 6,238 $13,994 Fade;-a! 3.5 3.9 

Federal 439 439 439 1,567 StaIB 45.3 45.0 

S1II1B 4,240 4,112 4,167 9,090 Local 51.2 51.2 

Total local 1,730 1,569 1,632 3.337 

County 1.978 1,281 1,316 2.557 Corrections 100.001. 100.0% 

Municipal 350 288 316 781 Fedoral 3.6 4.4 

State 61.6 61.6 

Local 34.9 34.1 

Nota: Because 01 rounding, detail !mY not add to hours worked by part-time employees. A payroll-baaed 

kltals. Statistics for full-time equivalent employment pre- formula was used prior to the 1988 survey. See definl- OIherJuetfce 

sentad In this report are computed with a formula using tions of !arms for details. actlvltfes 100.00/. 100.0% 

Federal 6.8 11.2 '1 

State 66.2 65.0 

Locel 27.0 23.8 

Nots: Because of rounding, detall may not add 

to totals. 

• 

6 
• 

State comparisons 

• Tablo O. State and local Juatlee ayal:llm Table 10. Stale and local JUI1t1ce ayal8m 

Across the Nation, State and local govern- por capita Gxpondlturos. by Statu. full-time equivalent employment 

ments spent $218 per capita on Justice flacalye9r1988 per 10,000 population, by State, October 1988 activities (table 9). This ranged from less ExpendlbJre8 

than $100 per capita In Arkansas ($97) Rank Stats I!!!rcaplta Full-Hmo 

and West Virginia ($90) to more than $300 oqulvalont 1 Dlst of Columbia $858.82 employmont per capita In four States and the District 01 2 Alaska 540.53 perl0,COO Columbia: Nevada ($315), California 3 NawYork 398.96 Rank Stats Il!!!!!!latlon 

($316), New York ($399), Alaska ($541), 4 Callfomla 315.73 

5 Navada 311.64 1 Dlst of Columbia 169.8 and the District of Columbia ($859). 6 ArIzona 275.64 2 NawYork 89.6 7 NawJersey 274.26 3 Alaska 88.9 

Twelve States and the District of Columbia 8 Hawaii 246.85 4 Nevada n.9 9 Massachusetts 246.04 5 NawJersey 76.1 had higher than average State and local per 10 Delaware 239.44 6 ArIzona 75.2 

capita expenditures. In addition to those 11 Maryland 236.09 7 Florida 69.3 12 Michigan 230.73 8 Delaware 68.9 Dsted above, the higher lhan average 13 Florida 227.83 9 Maryland 64.9 States were Arizona, New Jersey, HawaII, 10 Hawaii 64.5 

Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, Mlchl- All Statund local 217.72 11 New Mexico 63.0 

12 Wyomln9 62.9 gan, and Florida. 14 Oragon 214.23 13 Louisiana 62.1 

15 Connecdcut 214.06 14 Goorgla 60.2 

Per capita Justice expenditures varied by 16 Colorado 212.38 15 California 59.6 17 Wyoming 205.49 16 Massachusetts 58.7 region: They were highest In the Northeast 18 Ullnols 201.48 

($276) and West ($274) and lowest In the 19 Virginia 198.72 All statll8nd local 57.7 20 Rhoda Island 195.23 MIdwest and South ($176 and $179, re- 21 NawMexlco 192.67 17 Virginia 57.1 spectlvely). 22 Washington 190.92 18 illinois 56.6 23 Georgia 187.20 19 South Carolina 55.5 

24 Wisconsin 178.00 20 Texas 55.3 In 1988, full-time equivalent employment 25 Texas 174.50 21 Colorado 64.3 

In State and local Justice was 57.7 persons 26 Minnesota 170.n 22 Michigan 54.2 

27 louisiana 169.61 23 Kansas 64.0 per 10,000 population nationally (table 10). 28 Utah 166.')7 2.4 Missouri 53.2 In proportion to Its population. New York 29 Ohio 166.70 :i'[, Rhode Island 52.0 

was the State with the most Justice employ- 30 Kansas 161.95 26 Oregon 51.8 • 31 Missouri 161.27 27 Tennesseo 51.3 ees (89.6 per 10,000 population), followed 32 North Carolina 160.58 28 North Carolina 50.7 by Alaska (88.9) and Nevada (77.9). (The 33 Pennsylvania 159.88 29 Connecticut 49.8 

District of Columbia had 169.8.) The States 34 South Carolina 159.50 30 Oklahoma 48.8 

35 NawHampshlre 156.94 31 Washington 48.7 with the fewest were West Virginia with 36 Tennossse 154.50 32 Wisconsin 47.9 

35.3, North Dakota with 36.8, Iowa with 37 Vermont 150.64 33 Alabama 47.5 

38 Maino 140.63 34 Ohio 47.4 38.6, and Arkansas with 39.2. 39 Alabama 136.92 35 Pennsylvania 46.6 

40 Oklahoma 136.31 36 Nebraska 48.4 

The State and local government ranklngs 41 Nebraska 134.98 37 Montana 46.3 

42 KenbJcky 133.17 38 Idaho 45.7 on per capita employment closely resemble 43 Idaho 132.32 39 Vermont 45.2 

the expenditure ranklngs. All but 1 of the 44 Montana 129.76 40 New Hampshire 44.6 

States with above-average expenditures 45 Iowa 124.79 41 Indiana 44.3 

46 Indiana 123.88 42 South Dakota 44.2 had above-average employment per 10,000 47 South Mota 115.93 43 Utah 43.1 

population. 48 North Dakota 106.40 44 Kentucky 43.0 

49 Mississippi 100.46 45 Maine 42.5 

50 Arkansas 97.32 46 Minnesota 41.5 

51 West Virginia 89.51 47 Mississippi 40.5 

48 Arkansas 39.2 

49 iowa 38.6 

50 North Dakota 36.8 

51 West Virginia 35.3 

• 

7 
Nationally, 6.5"'/0 of all State and local State governments spent 6.1 % of their total 

spending was devoted to clvll and criminal 

Justice. About haft of this was for police protection (3%), followed by corrections (2.2%) 

and Judicial and legal service activities 

(1.3%) (table 11). The proportion of State 

and local spending directed to Justice functions ranged from a low of 3.3% In North 

Dakota to a high of 9.1% In Nevada. (The 

District of Columbia allotted 11 % of Its total 

expenditure to Justice activities.) 

direct expenditures for all fUnctions on crlm- • 

Inal and civil justice (table 12). Of the total, 

3.5% went for corrections; 1.3% went for 

Tabl.i1. Percent of State and local total direct expenditures 

for Justice actlvltlos, by StIlte, fiscal year 1988 

Percent for lustice activltieG 

Judicial 

and 

Police legal 

Rank State Total !!rotectlon servlcos Corrections 

1 Dist of Columbia 11.0% 4.0% 1.9% 5.0% 

2 Nevada 9.1 3.5 1.7 3.9 

3 CalifornIa 8.1 3.3 1.7 3.1 

4 New York 8.0 3.6 1.5 2.8 

5 Arizona 7.7 3.4 1.6 2.7 

6 Florida 7.7 3.7 1.5 2.4 

7 Now Jersey 7.4 3.6 1.5 2.2 

8 HawaII 7.4 3.2 2.2 2.0 

11 Maryland 7.2 3.1 1.3 2.8 

10 Virginia 6.9 3.0 1.2 2.6 

11 Delaware 6.7 3.0 1.5 2.1 

12 MI.sour! 6.6 3.4 1.3 2.0 

13 Illinois 6.6 3.8 1.1 1.7 

A1IStat .. ndlooal 6.5 3.0 1.3 2.2 

14 Michigan 6.5 2.8 1.3 2.3 

15 Oregon 6.3 2.5 1.9 1.8 

16 Massachusetts 6.3 3.1 1.4 1.7 

17 Colorado 6.2 3.0 1.3 1.9 

18 Now Mexico 6.1 2.7 1.1 2.2 

19 Georgia 6.1 2.6 1.1 2.4 

20 Connecticut 6.0 3.2 1.3 1.4 

21 Texas 6.0 2.7 1.2 2.0 

22 NowHampshlrEl 5.9 3.1 1.4 1.4 

23 South Carolina 5.8 2.5 .7 2.6 

24 Loulsle.na 5.8 2.6 1.2 2.0 

25 North Carolina 5.7 2.7 .8 2.1 

26 Rhodo Island 5.7 3.1 1.3 1.3 

27 Kansas 5.6 2.7 1.1 1.8 

28 Wisconsin 5.5 2.9 1.2 1.4 

29 OhIo 5.4 2.4 1.1 1.9 

30 Pennsylvania 5.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 

31 Idaho 5.3 2.5 1.4 1.4 

32 Alabama 5.2 2.4 1.2 1.6 

33 Kentucky 5.2 2.1 1.1 1.9 

34 Alaska 5.1 2.1 1.5 1.5 

35 Ok/ahoma 5.0 2.4 1.0 1.7 

36 Utah 5.0 2.4 1.1 1.5 

37 TElnnessee 5.0 2.2 .9 1.9 

38 Indiana 4.9 2.4 .9 1.6 

39 Washlnglon 4.8 2.2 1.0 1.6 

40 MaIne 4.7 2.4 .9 1.5 

41 Vermont 4.6 2.1 1.1 1.4 

42 Arkansas 4.5 2.2 .8 1.4 

43 Iowa 4.3 2.1 1.1 1.1 

44 South Dakota 4.3 2.2 1.0 1.1 

45 Minnesota 4.3 2.0 1.1 1.3 

46 Wyoming 4.3 2.1 .9 1.1 

47 Montana 4.1 2.0 .9 1.1 

oW Mississippi 4.0 2.0 .8 1.1 

49 Nebraska 3.9 2.0 .8 1.0 

50 West Virginia 3.4 1.6 .9 .8 

51 North Dakota 3.3 1.6 1.1 .6 

Noto: The percentages for the total justice system Include expenditures 

for a residual "other" category not displayed separately. 

8 

the combined judicial activities of courts, 

prosecution and legal services, and public 

defense; and 1.2% went for police protection. 

Table 12. Percent of State government total direct expenditures 

for Justice activities, by State, fiscal year 1988 

Percent for lustlce activities 

JUdicial 

and 

Police Iogal 

Rank Stats Total !!!:otectlon services Correctlons 

1 North Carollna 8.9% 1.9% 1.8% 4.9% 

2 Florida B.7 1.3 2.3 4.8 

3 Arizona 8.1 2.1 .9 5.1 

4 Nevada B.l 1.2 .8 6. i 

5 Delaware 7.9 2.1 2.2 3.5 

6 California 7.5 1.6 .5 5.3 

7 Maryland 7.4 1.3 1.6 4.4 

8 New York 7.3 .8 2.4 4.0 

9 Virginia 7.0 1.5 1.4 4.0 

10 Georgia 6.9 1.6 .6 4.6 

11 New Mexico 6.9 1.3 2.0 3.5 

12 Oregon 6.8 1.2 3.2 2.3 

13 South Carolina 6.7 1.6 .5 4.5 

14 Massachusatls 6.7 1.3 2.5 2.9 

15 Kansas 6.5 1.0 1.7 3.8 

16 Missouri 6.4 1.3 1.5 3.6 

17 Colorado 6.3 .9 2.0 3.3 

18 Connectlcut 6.3 1.4 2.2 2.7 

AllState 

govemments 6.1 1.2 1.3 3.5 

19 Michigan 6.1 1.1 .8 4.2 

20 Alaska 6.1 1.5 2.3 2.4 

21 Kentucky 5.9 1.3 1.8 2.7 

22 NewJersey 5.9 1.t> 1.3 3.1 

23 Vermont 5.8 1.8 1.6 2.3 

24 Utah 5.7 1.6 1.2 2.8 

25 Tennessee 5.5 9 .9 3.8 

26 Illinois 5.4 1.2 1.0 3.1 

27 Texas 5.4 1.1 .5 3.7 

28 New Hampshire 5.4 1.2 2.4 1.8 

29 Oklahoma 5.3 1.1 1.2 3.0 

30 Alabama 5.2 1.1 1.6 2.4 

31 HawaII 5.1 .2 2.3 2.6 

32 Iowa 5.0 1.2 1.8 2.1 

33 Rhode Isle.nd 4.9 .9 1.B 2.2 

34 Nebraska 4.8 1.4 1.0 2.4 

35 Indiana 4.8 1.3 .6 2.9 

36 Louisiana 4.7 1.1 .8 2.7 

37 South Dakota 4.7 1.5 1.3 2.0 

38 Wyoming 4.6 1.1 1.1 2.0 

39 Maine 4.6 1.3 1.2 2.0 

40 Wisconsin 4.4 .7 1.1 2.6 

41 Ohio 4.4 .8 .5 3.1 

42 MissIssIppi 4.1 1.3 .6 2.2 

43 Idaho 4.1 1.2 1.0 1.8 

44 Washington 4.1 1.0 .6 2.5 

45 Pennsylvania 3.8 1.3 .7 1.8 

46 Arkansas 3.8 1.0 .6 2.0 

47 Montana 3.3 1.1 .5 1.5 

48 Minnesota 3.2 .8 .8 1.6 

49 WestVlrglnla 2.9 1.0 .9 1.0 

50 North Dakota 2.4 .6 1.0 .8 

Note: The percentages for the total justice system Include expenditures 

for a residual "other" category not displayed separately. 

• 

• 
-------~----~-~-----------------

Definitions of terms worked by part-time employees had been Corrections Involves the confinement and 

• worked by full-time employees. This statls- rehabllltatlon of adults and Juveniles conThis section provides brief definitions of tic Is calculated separately for each function vlcted of offenses against the law and the 

the terms used In this report. More explicit of a government by dividing the "part-time confinement of persons suspected of a 

definitions will be contained In the full re- hours pald" by the standard number of crime awaiting trial or adJudication. It Inport, Justice expenditure and Employment In hours for fUll-time employees In the partlcu- cludes costs and employment for Jails, 

the U.S., 1988flnal report. lar government and then adding the resul- prisons, probation, parole, pardon, and cortant quotient to the number of full·tlme rectlonal administration. Data for InstltuExpenditure Includes only e:lternal cash employees. tlons with authority to hold prisoners 

payments made from any source of monies, beyond arraignment (usually 48 hours or 

Including any payments financed from bor- In previous reports In this series, a different more) are Included In this category. Data 

rOWing, fund balances, Intergovernmental methodology was used to compute this for lockups or "tanks" holding prisoners less 

revenue, and other current revenue. It ex- statIstic, affecting comparability over time. than 48 hours are InclUded In "police procludes any Intragovernmentaitransfers and In the past, the payroll-based formUla tection." 

noncash transactions, such as the provl- divided the total payroll (full-time plus partslon of meals or housing of employees. It time) by the full-time payroll and multiplied Correctional Institutions are prisons, 

also excludes retirement of debt, Invest- the result by the number of full-time employ- reformatories, Jails, houses of correction, 

ment In securities, extensions of loans, or ees. penitentiaries, correctional farms, workagency transactions. Total expenditures for houses, reception centers, diagnostic cenall government functions do Include Interest Payroll Is the gross payroll before deduc- ters, Industrial schools, training schools, 

payments on debt, but the justice expendl- tion5 and Includes salaries, wages, f"les, detention centers, and a variety of other 

ture data do not. and commissions pald to employees as de- types of Institutions for the confinement and 

fined abolle for the month of October 1988. correction of convicted adults or Juveniles 

Expenditure Is divided Into two major who are adjudicated delinquent or In need 

categories: Pollee protection Is the function of enforc- of supervision. It also Includes facilities for 

• Direct expenditure Is all expenditure ex- Ing the law, preserving order, and appre- the detention of adults and Juveniles accept that classified as Intergovernmental. It hendlng those who violate the law, whether cused of a crime and awaiting trial or hearIncludes "direct current sxpendlture" these activities are performed by a city Ing. In this report, prison Is sometimes used 

(salaries, wages, fees, and commissions as police department, a sheriff's department, to refer to State correctional 

well as the purchase of supplies, materials, the State police, or a Federal law enforce- Institutions. 

• and contractual services) and "capital out- ment agency such as the FBI and the Drug 

lay" (construction and purchase of equlp- Enforcement Administration. Private secu- Probation, parole, and pardon Includes 

ment, land, and existing structures). Capital rity police are outside the scope of the data on probation agencies, boards of 

outlays are Included for the year when the survey. parole, boards of pardon, and their varidirect expenditure Is made, regardless of ously named equivalents. Although probahow the funds are raised (for example, by Judicial (courts only) Includes ali civil and tlon departments frequently function under 

bond Issue) or when they are paid back. criminal courts and activities associated the administration of a court, the data are 

• Intergovernmental expenditure Is the with courts, such as law libraries, grand ju- presented separately under corrections 

sum of payments from one government rles, petit Juries, and the like. It Is not the after having been deducted from the Judicial 

to another, Including grants-In-aid, shared same as the "Judicial and legal services" data. 

revenues, payments In lieu of taxes, and category used In reports from the 8JS 

amounts for services performed by one Justice Expenditure and Employment Other Justice activities Includes expendlgovernment for another on a reimbursable Extracts series. The "Judicial" category ture and employment data that are not elseor cost-sharing basis (for example, pay- In the Extracts reports also Includes "prose- where classified, that cut across more than 

ments by one government to another for cutlon and legal services" and "public one category, or that are not allocable to 

boarding prisoners). defense," which are displayed separately separate categories. Examples are crime 

In this report. commissions, neighborhood crime councils, 

Employees are all persons on government and State criminal Justice coordinating 

payrolls during the pay period Including Oc- Prosecution and legal services Includes COUncils. 

tober 12,1988. They Include all paid the civil and criminal Justice activities of 

officials and persons on paid leave but ex- the attorneys general, district attorneys, 

clude unpaid officials, persons on unpaid State's attorneys, and their variously named 

leave. pensioners, and contractors. equivalents as well as corporation counsels, solicitors, and legal departments with 

Full·tlme employees are ali persons em- various names. 

ployed on a full·tlme basis, Including all fulltime temporary or seasonal workers who public defense Includes legal counsel and 

were employed dUring this pay period. representation In either criminal or civil proceedings as provided by public defenders 

• Full·tlme equivalent employment Is a sta- and other government programs that pay 

'ilstlcal measure that estimates the number the fees of court-appointed counsel. 

of full-time employees that could have been 

employed If the reported number of hours 

9 
• 

. 

Appendix table 1. stale lind locaIjuaUce eyallGm toIDI oxpendllunta (direct and In.rgovammanlDl), 

bV activity and SIDte. fiacal yasr 1D88 Ex~ndllUreB In thou~nds 01 dollars 

Stato 

Total 

Justleo 

8~stom erotoction 

Polle" 

Judle'l 

onl~l 

(courts 

IIGrvlco8 

ProllGcution 

Bndlogal 

' 

defense 

pubnc 

CorrllCtions 

Juatlea 

Otller 

activities 

• 

Total $53,516,609 $24,401,411 $6,459,821 $3,276,822 $1,012,832 $17,982,275 $383,451 

Alabama 561,644 257,669 90,443 30,261 6,213 172,744 4,314 

Alaska 283,240 116,722 95,418 42,S05 6,535 81,661 0 

Arfzona 961,724 423,230 110,162 70,7'15 23,628 332,749 1,240 

Arkansas 233,078 113,454 28,928 13,118 1,747 71,018 4,819 

CaUfomla 8,939,614 3,650,529 971,978 611,822 239,689 3,394,647 70,950 

Colorado 701,062 335,977 76,242 58,049 16,739 212,580 1,474 

Connocdc:ut 692,068 373,029 90,371 49,400 10,251 166,094 2,929 

Dolaware 158,031 70,104 26,645 6,917 2,172 50,140 2,054 

Dl.t of Columbia 529,894 193,889 60,758 12,942 19,976 240,097 2,240 

Florida 2,810,272 1,348,733 324,637 151,298 69,726 871,671 38,307 

GoorglB 1,187,219 500,547 158,6(1) 50,113 8,456 460,851 8,646 

Hawaii 271,040 115,699 46,349 29,194 4,500 71,989 3,316 

Idaho 132,715 62,330 22,262 10,985 2,754 33,929 455 

IIUnol, 2,339,975 1,335,938 237,549 128,152 28,895 595,705 13,742 

Indiana 688,290 337,307 83,633 38,359 6,285 220,324 2,382 

Iowa 353,651 172,547 49,244 25,947 13,495 92,183 234 

Kansas 404,077 191,630 50,121 27,685 3,825 129,492 ',323 

Kentucky 496,320 202,512 69,693 31,861 5,1147 182,456 3,870 

Louisiana 747,619 337,171 114,180 38,354 2,IllJe 252,422 2,534 

Maino 169,464 84,827 19,339 10,004 1,426 53,004 870 

Maryland 1,091,219 469,268 128,501 47,751 19,06& 417,898 8,736 

Ma8BBchuBBtts 1,448,933 712,570 197,040 91,118 37,603 402,372 8,230 

Michigan 2,131,971 918,558 306,660 106,731 27,412 770,865 1,746 

Mlnnll80ta 735,496 349,984 96,304 65,195 17,102 212,018 893 

Ml8al~slppl 263,213 135,022 38,827 13,657 1,r.!98 73,894 415 

Mls&ourf 829,103 423,875 109,635 39,876 (),0164 245,584 1,369 

Montana 104,457 50,020 12,613 8,09} 1,750 28,991 2,989 

Nobraska 216,231 109,974 28,741 15,29 2.929 58,255 1,037 

Nevada 331,632 125,589 34,012 22,402 6,100 143,475 44 

New 

NowJersey 

Hampshire 

2,117,568 

170,275 

1,038,246 

91,150 

225,212 

24,267 

168,609 

10,970 

44,954 

4,14:1 

638,597 

39,097 

1,949 

49 • 

NowMaxlco 290,358 130,458 28,026 21,026 5,511 104,263 1,075 

NawVork 7,144,927 3,259,295 748,534 406,390 150,846 2,495,522 84,340 

North Carolina 1,041,998 491,158 103,316 43,933 4,517 385,519 13,555 

North Dakota 70,971 3.\502 13,740 8,127 1,087 13,499 16 

Ohio 1,809,484 792,299 248,363 106,712 24,781 633,424 3,925 

Oklahoma 441,909 209,800 42,364 39,079 2,207 148.459 0 

Oragon 592,773 233,302 97,228 52,146 26,379 174,810 8.909 

Ponnsylvanla 1,918.775 903,117 311,888 99,016 27,934 56i1,787 7,030 

Rhode Island 193,668 104,494 25,709 15,075 2,654 45,709 226 

South Carolina 553,477 233,559 49,099 16,375 3,666 246.584 4,195 

South Dakota 82,659 41,663 10,725 1.597 1,280 21,387 7 

Tonnessoe 156,257 333,460 96.368 34,199 10,501 281,211 517 

Texas 2,938.736 1,313,606 362,570 183,372 33,664 997.829 41,695 

Utah 282,177 135.365 34,951 21,400 2,518 85,578 2,365 

Vermont 83,907 38,649 10,678 e,617 2,949 24,472 554 

Virginia 1,195,297 521,541 147,357 48,122 15,195 448,627 8,454 

Wa&nlngton 887,377 391,605 108,116 62,499 21,537 296,912 708 

WeBtVlrglnla 167,924 80,702 30,966 10,519 3,478 41.619 642 

Wi6Con6ln 664,211 451,254 108,413 63,990 23,529 224,434 2,592 

Wyomln9 98,430 41,505 13,155 6,858 1,588 25,828 3,496 

Noto: BIICBUSG of rounding, detail may not add to totals. 

• 

10 
• ApptIndlx IDble 2. SID» and ocal Juatlee ayat&m full-time equivalent employment, by activity and SIDII9, October 1988 

Full·time egulveJentemelollment 

Total Judicial Prosecution Other 

Justice Police (courts and legal Public jU$Uce 

State s~stem erotectian onl~l servlco$ defense Corrections activities 

Total 1,417,129 680,638 178,247 82,611 12,993 456,841 5,799 

Alabama 19,468 10,312 2,805 1,10~ 9 5,180 59 

Alaska 4,657 1,928 645 435 95 1,554 0 

Arizona 26,230 10,315 3,120 1,627 378 10,769 21 

Arkansas 9,379 4,875 1,222 406 49 2,772 55 

Callforn!a 168,654 75,043 20,043 12,457 2.677 57,561 873 

Colorado 17,916 9,141 2,156 1,204 254 5,118 43 

Connecticut 16,101 9,282 1,749 948 220 3,814 88 

Delaware 4,548 1,841 866 191 72 1,554 24 

Dllt of Columbia 10,477 4,600 1,180 398 25 4,245 29 

Florida 85,482 39,853 9,075 4,729 1,694 29,051 1,080 

Georgia 38,195 18,118 5,237 1,275 112 13,393 60 

HawaII 7,077 3.122 1,206 847 98 1,724 80 

Idaho 4.588 2,305 783 359 33 1,097 11 

1II1nois 65,695 36,925 7,821 3,492 1,OSO 16,321 86 

Indiana 24,579 12,072 3,276 1,565 210 7,407 49 

Iowa 10,951 5,631 1,605 698 60 2,947 10 

Kansas 13,438 6,506 1,779 811 59 4,266 17 

Kentucky 16,042 7,234 2,371 1,013 175 5,220 29 

Louisiana 27,366 13,349 3,682 1,271 64 8,946 54 

Malna 5,126 2,914 a95 276 0 1,518 23 

Maryland 29,980 13,351 4,012 1,345 510 10,558 204 

Massachusatts 34,591 18,475 4,894 1,782 204 9,116 120 

Michigan SO,057 22,873 7,608 2,131 97 17,316 32 

Minnesota 17,857 8,798 2,385 1,521 386 4,752 15 

Mississippi 10,601 5,616 1,351 3BO 24 3,227 3 

Missouri 27,284 14,037 3,813 1,249 228 7,929 28 

• Montana 3,710 1,799 484 280 14 1,092 41 

Nebraska 7,428 3,696 1,006 423 43 2,237 23 

Nevada 8,206 3,379 94!i 592 107 3,182 1 

New Hampshlro 4,838 2,978 613 208 0 1,037 2 

New JerlollY 58,723 29,049 7,633 4,441 1,043 16,532 25 

New Mexico 9,489 4,520 952 545 120 3,342 10 

New York 160,371 77,571 15,064 10,251 695 55,935 855 

North Carolina 32,880 16,259 3,512 940 147 11,578 444 

North Dakota 2,441 1,280 440 210 0 511 0 

Ohio 51,430 23,780 8,547 3,213 385 15,447 58 

Oklahoma 15,810 7,593 1,572 1,102 73 5,470 0 

Oregon 14,306 6,221 1,892 1,307 24 4,712 ISO 

Pennsylvania 55,844 26,199 10,801 2,646 572 15,484 142 

Rhode Island 5,168 2,&;>8 722 347 62 1,190 9 

South Carolina 19,241 8.641 1,945 498 64 7,977 116 

South Dakota 3,139 1,569 372 203 13 982 0 

TennesGlle 25,102 12,205 3,275 941 125 8,550 6 

Texas 93,068 43,745 11.684 5,590 55 31,469 525 

Utah 7,283 3,793 909 450 3 2,116 12 

Vermont 2,514 1.254 282 142 60 760 16 

Virginia 34,336 15,SOO 3,507 1,150 104 13,932 143 

Washington 22,610 10.398 2,900 1,737 103 :,466 6 

WalltVlrglnla 6,606 3,352 1,179 387 9 1,679 0 

Wisconsin 23,239 12,905 2,531 1,347 360 6,034 62 

Wyoming 3,008 1.598 401 148 29 772 60 

Note: Because of roundin9, detail may not add to presonted In this report are computed with a formula A payroll·based formula was used prior to the 1988 

totals. Statistics lor lull-lime equivalent employment using hours worked by part·time employees. survey. See definition of terms lor details. 

• 

11 
Methodology and limitations 

The data In this report are preliminary and 

subject to change. They were collected 

by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics using a special 

sample survey of State and local governments. Data were collected for the Federal 

Government, and all State governments, all 

county governments, and all municipalities 

(and townships In the 6 New England 

States, the 3 Middle Atlantic States, Michigan, and Wisconsin) having a 1980 population of 10,000 or more and for a sample 

of the remaining municipalities and townships. A total of 8,302 local governments 

were Included In the survey panel (3,041 

county governments, 4,296 municipalities, 

and 965 townships). 

The survey was accomplished using two 

methods of data collection: field compilation and mall canvass. trained field representatives complied expenditure and 

employment data from the governments' 

own records for all States, 72 counties, and 

49 municipalities. Other units In the sample 

were canvassed by mall. Response for the 

fleld-complled units was 100%. For the mall 

canvass units, the response rate was 87%. 

Data for the Federal Government were 

extracted from The Budget of the United 

States Government for the fiscal year 1990, 

Appendix. For 1985 and 1988, that document allowed the classification of appropriate expenditure and employment amounts 

for the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the U.S. Customs Service, and the 

Internal Revenue Service as "prosecution 

and legal services." In earlier years, those 

amounts could not be broken out of the 

"police protection" category. 

Data for nonjustice functions are from the 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Governmental 

FInances In 1987-88, tables 1 and 10. Since 

1985, changes In the format for those tables 

allow the Inclusion of expenditure amounts 

that were not Included In BJS expenditure 

and employment reports prior to 1985. 

"Housing and the environment" now Includes "parks and recreation," "sewerage," 

and "other sanitation" not previously Included. "transportation" now Includes 

"other transportation" not previously Included. "Social Insurance payments" Is 

"Insurance trust expenditure" In the source; 

It Includes Social Security, unemployment 

compensation, employee retirement, worker's compensation, and a residual "other" 

category. 

The Justice data In this report Include the 

expenditures and employment of the Federal Government, the State governments, 

and a sample of county, municipal, and 

township governments. Unless otherwise 

noted, data for total governmental functions and nonJustice governmental functions also Include the expenditures of 

special districts and school districts, which 

generally do not have Justice functions. 

Justice expenditure data for these districts 

are not collected, although In 1978 (the 

Most recent year for which such data are 

available), 0.6% of Justice expenditure was 

made by such districts. The special district 

and school district data are InclUded In the 

total government spending to allow Stateby-State comparisons across States that 

make varying use of school districts to 

finance education. 

A more detailed description of the survey 

methodology (Including sample design and 

sampling errors) will be Included In the final 

report from this survey, Justice Expenditure 

al"Jd Employment In the U.S., 1988 (final 

report). Data In that report will be presented 

In greater geographic, functional, and financial detail. 

The deflation procedures to produce constant 1988 dollars are described in the 

Technical Appendix: Report to the Nation on 

Crime and Justice, Second edition, pp. 82-

86. The current analysis differs from the 

methodology described there in two ways. 

First, the current analysis adjusted Federal 

expenditures In addition to State and local 

expenditures. The procedures employed 

were Identical; the following U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, "government Implicit price deflators" were used separately for total State 

and local expenditures and Federal nondefense expenditures: 

• noneducation compensation (for payroll) 

~ structures (for capital outlay) 

• the purchase of nondurable goods 

(for prorated portion of balance) 

u the purchase of services other than compensation (for prorated portion of balance). 

12 

m 

The second deviation was that the current 

methodology used October payroll data for 

the collection year rather than the fiscal 

year of the payroll period. This change was 

made because data for the fiscal year payroll data are not available for 3 years In the 

analysis: 

a October 1970 (fiscal 1971 ) 

• October 1984 (fiscal 1985) 

a October 1987 (fiscal 1988). 

The practical effect of this Is minimal. The 

previous method somewhat understates the 

adjusted figures, while the current method 

overstates them. Had the missing data 

been available, It would have been possible 

to adjust the salary data between two collection points to more accurately reflect the 

amount of salary actually paid during the 

year. Using the simple midpoint between 

October 1971-72 and October 1978-79 for 

police protection, It was found that adjusting 

the salary data would reduce the estimates 

by less than 1 % and that the "1972-79 percent change In per capita expenditure 

would be 4.3% rather than 4.2%. Because 

the focus of the analysiS Is on the change In 

per capita constant dollars and on comparIsons between criminal Justice functions, It 

was determined that the additional romputatlons and estimations of missing data 

were unwarranted. 

Trend comparisons between the data In this 

report and reports covering data for 1980 

through 1986 In the Justice Expenditure and 

Employment Extracts series are complicated 

by differences In methodology. These differences are described In the BJS reports 

for these years and In the final BJS survey 

reports for 1985 and 1988. In making trend 

comparisons, users should limit their analysis to one o~ the two sources: 

along-term trends for 1971-79,1985, 

and 1988 from the Justice Expenditure 

and Employment series 

• recent year-to-year trends from the 1980-

sa Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts reports. 

• 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 

Further reading 

To obtain other BJS justice expenditure and 

employment reports or to be added to the 

BJS Bulletin and/or Expenditure and Employment mailing lists, write to the Justice 

Statistics Clearinghouse /NCJRS 

Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. 

(301-251-5500 or toll-free 800-732-3277). 

Other reports of Interest Include-

• Report to the Nation on crime and Justice: 

second edlf..'I1, 3/88, NCJ-105506 

• Technical appendix: Report to the NatIon 

on crime and JustIce, second editIon, 7/88, 

NCJ-112011 

• JustIce variable passthrough data, 1988: 

AntI-drug abuse formula grants, 2190, 

NCJ-120070 

• JustIce expenditure and employment in 

the U.S., 1985 (final report), 7/89, 

NCJ-106356 

• Justice expenditure and employment, 1985, 

BJS Bulletin, 3/87, NCJ-104460 

• JustIce expenditure and employment In the 

US., 1979 (final report), 12183, NCJ-87242 

(and annual volumes from 1971 to 1978) 

• Just1ca expenditure and employment 

1971-79, 11/84, NCJ-92596 

• JustIce expenditure and employment 

extracts: 1984, 1985, and 1986, 

NCJ-124139 (forthcoming) 

• JustIC9 expenditure and employment extracts: 1982 and 1983,6/88, NCJ-106629 

• Justice expenditure and employment 

extracts: 1980 and 1981, 3/85, NCJ-96007 . 

Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletins 

are prepared principally by the staff 

of BJS. This Bulletin was written by 

Sue A. Lindgren, BJS statistician, 

assisted by Rhonda C. Keith, BJS Intern. It was edited by Thomas Hester 

and Yvonne aoston. Marilyn Marbrook, publications unit chief, administered production, assisted by Donna 

OlIphant, Jayne Pugh, and Mildred 

Shuebrooks. At the Census Bureau, 

Diana Cull, Sheryl Jones, Victoria E. 

Campbell, and Linda Humphreys provided technical support services for 

the report's preparation. 

July 1990, NCJ-124132 

The Assistant Attorney General, Office 

of Justice Programs, coordinates the 

activities of the following offices and 

bureaus: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 

National Institute of Justice, Bureau of 

Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile 

Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 

and Office for Victims of Crime. 

13 
-------- --- 

.

Now you can receive BJS press releases 

and other current data from the NCJRS • 

Electroni,c Bulletin Board! 

The Electronic Bulletin Board 

provides quick and easy 

access to new informationuse your personal computer 

and modem, set at 8-N-1 

(rates 300 to 2400 baud), 

and call 301-738-8895, 

24 hours a day. 

Once online, you will be able 

to review current news and 

announcements from BJS 

and its Justice Statistics 

Clearinghouse, including 

new publication listings 

and conference calendars. 

For more information 

about the Bulletin 

Board, call 

1-800-732-3277. 

• 

----------------------------. 
J 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

• 

reports 

(Revised Oclober 1990) 

Call1oll·free 800·732·3271 (local 301· 

251·5500) to order BJS reports, to be 

added to one of the BJS mailing lists, 

or to speak to a reference specialist In 

statistic!. at the Justice Statistics 

Clearinghouse, National Criminal 

Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, 

Rockville, MO 20850. 

BJS maintains the following mailing 

lists: 

• Law enforcement reports (new) 

• Drugs and crime data (new) 

• Justice spending & employment 

• Wtl!te·collar crime • National Crime Survey (annual) 

• Corrections (annual) 

• Courts (annual) • Privacy and security of criminal 

history Information and 

Information policy 

• Federal statistics (annual) • BJS bulletins and special reports 

(approximately twice a month) 

• Sourcebook of Criminal Justice 

Statistics (annual) 

Single copies of reports are freej use 

NCJ number to order. Postage and 

handling are charged for bulk orders 

of single reports. For single copies of 

multiple tltles, up to 10 titles are free; 

11-40 titles $10j more than 40, $20j 

libraries cali for special rates. 

Public·use tapes of BJS data sets 

and other criminal justice data are 

available from the National Archive of 

Criminal Justice Data (formerly 

CJAIN), P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 

• 

48106 (IolI·free 1-800·999·0960). 

National Crime Survey 

The Nation's two crime measures: Uniform 

Crime Reports and the National Crime 

SUNey, NCJ·122705, 4190 

Criminal vlctlml:atlon In the U.S.: 

1989 press release, 5190 

1988 (final), NCJ·122024, 10190 

1987 (final report), NCJ·115524, 6/89 

BJS spec/al reports 

Handgun crime victims, NCJ·123559, 7/90 

Black victims, NCJ·122562, 4190 

Hispanic Victims, NCJ·120507, 1190 

The redesigned National Crime SUNey: 

Selected new date, NCJ·114746, 1/89 

Motor vehicle theft, NCJ·109978, 3/88 

Elderiy victims, NCJ·l07676, 11/87 

Vlolenl crime trends, NCJ·107217, 11187 

Robbery victims NCJ·l04Wl, 4/87 

Violent crime by strangers and non· 

strangers, NCJ·l03702, 1/87 

Preventing domestic violence against 

women, NCJ·l02037, 8/88 

Crimo prevention moasuras, NCJ·l00438, 

31e<l 

The use at weapons In c<lmmlUing crimes, 

NCJ·99643, 1/86 

Reporting crimes to the pollee, NCJ·99432, 

12/85 

Locating city, suburban, and rural crime, 

NCJ·99535, 12/85 

The economic cost 01 crime to victims, 

NCJ.93450, 4184 

Family vlol&nce, NCJ·93449, 4/64 

BJS bulletins: 

Criminal victiml:atlon 1989, NCJ·125615, 

10190 

Crime and the Nation's househOlds, 1989, 

NCJ·124544, 9190 

The crime of rape, NCJ·96777, 3185 

Household burglary, NCJ·96021, 1/85 

Mea.uring crime, NCJ·75710, 2/81 

BJS lephnical reports 

• 

New directions lor tho NCS, NCJ·115571, 

3189 

Series crimes: Report of a tleld test, 

NCJ·l046154/87 

Redesign of the National Crima Survey, 

NCJ·111457,3/B9 

The seasonality of crime vlctlmlutlon, 

NCJ·lll033,6/88 

Crim~ and aider Americans inlormation 

packag., NCJ·l04569, $10, 5187 

Teenage victims, NCJ·l03138, 12/86 

Victimization and lear 01 crime: World 

perspectives, NCJ·93872, 1185, $9.15 

The National Crime SUNey: Worltlng papers, 

vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, 

NCJ·75374, 8182 

vol. II: Melhodology studies, NCJ·90307 

CorrectIons 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Capital punishment 1989, NCJ·124545, 10190 

Victims of violent State prison Inmatas, 

NCJ·124133, 7190 

PrisoneNiln 1989, NCJ·122716, 5/90 

Prison rule violators, NCJ·120344, 12/89 

Capital punlshmenl198B, NCJ·118313, 7189 

Recidivism of prisoners released In 1983, 

NCJ·116261, 4/89 

Drug use and crime: Slale prison Inmale 

survey, 1986, NCJ·111940, 7186 

Time served In prison and on parole 1984, 

NCJ·1OB544, 12187 

Prollle of State prison Inmates, 1986, 

NCJ·109926, 1/88 

Imprisonment In four counlrles, 

NCJ·l03967, 2187 

Population density In Slate prisons, 

NCJ·l03204, 12186 

State and Federal prisoners, 1925-85, 

NCJ·l0~494, 11/86 

Prison odmlsslons and releases, 1983, 

NCJ·loo582, 3/86 

Tho prevalence of Imprisonment, 

NCJ·93657, 7185 

Examining recidivism, NCJ·96501, 2/85 

Prisoners at midyear 1990 (press release), 

10/90 Correctional populations In the U.S.: 

1987, NCJ·118762, 12/89 

1986, NCJ·111611, 2/89 

1985, NCJ·103957, 2/88 

Historical statistics on prisoners In State and 

Foderal institutions, yearend 1925'88, 

NCJ·l11098.6/88 

1984 census of State adult correctional 

laclllties, NCJ·l05585, 7/87 

Census of fails and survey of fail Inmates: 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Jail Inmates, 1989, NCJ·123264, 6190 

Population density In local Jails, 1988, 

NCJ·122299,3190 

Census 01 local Jails, 1988 (BJS bullel/n), 

NCJ·121101,2/90 

Jail Inmates, 1987. NCJ·114319, 12/88 

Drunk driving, NCJ·l09945, 2/86 

Jail Inmates, 1986, NCJ·l07123, 10/87 

The 1983 Jail census, NCJ·95536, ll1B4 

Cen$US of 10.:81 JsII., 1983: Data for 

Indlvlduol Jails, vols. I·IV, Norlheast, 

Midwest, South, West, NCJ-11279S-9; 

vol. V. Selected IIndlngs, methodology, 

summary tables, NCJ·112795, 11/86 

Our crowded Jails: A nallonal plight, 

NCJ·111846,8188 

Parole and probation 

BJS bulletins 

Probation and parole: 

1988, NCJ·119970, 11/89 

1987, NCJ·113948 11188 

1986, NCJ·l0801:!, 12/87 

Setting prison terms, NCJ·76218, 8183 

BJS specla/ reports 

Recidivism 01 young parolees, NCJ·l04916, 

5187 

Children In custody 

Census of public and prlvat. Juvenile 

detention, correctional, and shelter 

facilities, 1975-85, NCJ·114065, 6189 

Survey 01 youth In custody, 1987 

(special report), NCJ·113385, 9186 

Public Juvenile facilities, 1985 

(bulletin), NCJ·l02457, 10/86 

Law enforcement management 

BJS bulletins and spec/B/ reports: 

Police departments In lorge cities, 1987, 

NCJ·11922Q,8/89 

Profile of state and local law enforcement 

agencies, NCJ·113949, 3189 

ExpendIture and employment 

BJS bulletins: 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1988, NCJ·123132, 7/90 

1985, NCJ·l04460, 3187 

1983, NCJ·l01776, 7/86 

Antl·drug abuse formula grants: Justice 

variable pass·through data, 1988 (BJS 

Technical Report), NCJ·12oo70, 3190 

Justice expenditure and employment: 

1985 (full report), NCJ·l06356, 8189 

Extracts, 1982 and 1983, NCJ·l08629, 8188 

Courts 

BJS bulletins: 

Felony sentences In State courts, 

NCJ·115210, 2/89 

Criminal defense for the poor, 1986, 

NCJ·112919, 9188 

State telony courts and lelony iaws, 

NCJ·l06273, 8/87 

The growth of appeals: 1973·83 trends, 

NCJ·96381,2/85 

Case filings in Stata courts 1983, 

NCJ·95111, 10164 

BJS spec/al reporls: 

Felony CBse processing In State courts, 

1986, NCJ·121753, 2/90 

Felony caae·processlng time, NCJ·101985, 

6/86 

Felony sentencing In 18 IOCBI Jurisdictions, 

NCJ·97881, 6185 

Tho prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ·96018, 

12/84 

Sentonclng practices in 13 Slates, 

NCJ·95399, 10/B4 

Felony defendants In largo urban counties, 

1988, NCJ·122385 

Profile of felons convicted In State courts, 

1966, NCJ-12oo21, 1190 

Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts, 

NCJ·l05743,8/87 

National crimina! defense systems study, 

NCJ·94702. 10186 

The prosecution of felony arrests: 

1987, NCJ·124140, 9190 

1986, NCJ·113248, 6189 

1982, NCJ·l06990, 5/88 

Felony laws ot the 50 States and the Dlstrfct 

of Columbia, 1986, NCJ·l05066, 2188 

State court model statistical dictionary, 

Supplement, NCJ·98326, 91B5 

1st edition, NCJ-62320, 9/80 

Privacy and security 

Compendium 01 State privacy and security 

loglslatlon: 

1989 oveNlow, NCJ·121157, 5/90 

1987 oveNiew, NCJ·l11097, 9/88 

1989 lull rel'ort (1, 500 pages, 

microfiche $:1, hard copy $145), 

NCJ·121158,9190 

Criminal justice Information policy: 

BJS/SEJIRCH conference proceedings: 

Criminal Justice In the 1990's: The future 

of Informallon management, NCJ· 

121697, 5190 

Juvenile and adult records: One system, 

one record?, NCJ·1t4947 1190 

Open vs. confldentiBI racords, 

NCJ·113560, 1188 

Strategies for improving data quality, 

NCJ·115339,5189 

Public access to criminal history record 

Information, NCJ·111458, 11/88 

Juvenile records and recordkeeplng 

systems, NCJ·112815, 11186 

Automated tingerprlnt IdentlflcBllon 

systems: Technology and policy Issues, 

NCJ·l04342,4IB7 

Criminal Justice "hot" Illes, NCJ·l01850. 

12/86 

Crime control and criminal records (BJS 

special report), NCJ·99176. 10185 

m 

Drugs & crIme data: 

State drug resources: A natlonat directory, 

NCJ·122582, 5190 

Federal drug data lor national policy, NCJ· 

122715, 4190 

Drugs & crime data conter & clearinghouse, 

brochure 133, 4190 

Drugs and crime facts, 1989, NCJ·121022, 

1190 

Rolodex card, Be 100, 8/86 

Computer crIme 

BJS specIal reports: 

Electronic lund transfer Iraud, NCJ·98686, 

3/85 

Electronic lund transfer and crime, NCJ· 

92650,2/64 

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud. NCJ· 

100461,4186 

Electronic fund tr.nsfer systems and crime, 

NCJ·83736, 9182 

Expert witness manual, NCJ·77927, 91Bl, 

$1150 

Federal justice statIstIcs 

Federal criminal case processing, 19BD-a7. 

NCJ'120069,5190 

Compendium 01 Federal Justice statistics 

1984, NCJ·112816, 9189 

The Federal civil Justice system (BJS 

bulletin), NCJ·l04769, 8/87 

Federal offenses and offenders 

BJS spec/sl reports: 

Immigration offenses, NCJ·124546, 8190 

Federal criminal cases, 198D-87, 

NCJ.116311,7/89 

Drug law violators, 198D-36, NCJ 111163, 

6/88 

Pretrial relaase and detention: 

The aall Reform Act of 1984, 

NCJ·109929, 2/88 

White·collar crime NCJ·l06876, 9187 

Pretrial release and misconduct, 

NCJ·96132, 1185 

BJS bulle/ins: 

Bank robbery, NCJ·94483, 8184 

Federal drug law violators, NCJ·92692, 2/84 

General 

BJS bulletins and special reports: 

Tracking offenders, 1987, NCJ·125315, 

10190 

Criminal cases In five stales, 1983·86, 

NCJ·11879B,9189 

International crime mID., NCJ·l10776 5/88 

Tracking offenders, ,~.~I;, NCJ.l09686, 1188 

BJS tolephone contM!lb '87, NCJ·l02909, 

12186 

Tracking offenders: Whlte·collar crime, 

NCJ·l02807, 11/86 

Police employment and expenditure, 

NCJ·loo117,2186 

BJS data report, 1989, NCJ·121514. 10190 

Sourcebook of crimina! lustlce statistics, 

1989, NCJ·124224, 9190 

Publications of BJS, 1985·89: 

Microfiche library, PR03OO14, 5190, $190 

Bibliography, TB0030013, $17.50 

Publications 01 BJS, 1971-84: 

Microfiche library, PR03OO12, $203 

Bibliography, T803OO12, $17.50 

1990 dlreclory 01 automated crimInal Justice 

Information .ystems, Vol. 1, Correction.; 2, 

Courts; 3, lalli enforcement; 4, Probellon 

and parolo; 5, Pro!}8Cutlon; NCJ·l2222S-30, 

5190 

BJS annual repori, fl8ca11988, NCJ·115749, 

4189 

Report to the Nation on crime and Justice: 

Second edition, NCJ·l05506, 6/88 

Technical appondlx, NCJ·112011, 8188 

Criminal Justice microcomputer guide and 

software catalog. NCJ·112178, 8/88 

Proceedings 01 the third workshop on law 

and Justice statistics, NCJ·112230, 7/88 

National sUNey of crime severity, NCJ·96017, 

10/85 

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