United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued January 20, 2011

Decided June 6, 2011

Before

KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge

DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

G. PATRICK MURPHY, District Judge

*

No. 10-2504

TATSIANA BOIKA and

SERGEY ZHITS,

Petitioners,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.,

Attorney General of the United States,

Respondent.

Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals.

Nos. A088-223-087

A088-223-088

O R D E R

Petitioner TatsianaBoika sought asylum and withholding of removal based on a fear

of persecution upon her return to Belarus. Boika’s husband, co-petitioner Sergey Zhits,

joined Boika’s asylum petition as a derivative applicant. An immigration judge denied

relief based on an adverse credibility determination, and theBoardofImmigrationAppeals

affirmed. Boika and Zhits petitioned this court for review. Because the immigration

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

The Honorable G. Patrick Murphy of the Southern District of Illinois, sitting by *

designation.
No. 10-2504 Page 2

judge’s decision, as supplemented by the Board, is supported by substantial evidence and

does not suffer from legal error, we deny the petition.

Background

Boika was admitted to the United States on May 26, 2006, as a non-immigrant

exchange visitor with authorization to remain in the United States until September 1, 2006. 

She stayed beyond that date, however, and in October 2006, married Zhits, who was also

living in the United States with an expired non-immigrant visa. Both Boika and Zhits are

citizens of Belarus.

On May 2, 2007, Boika filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture. Boika asserted that she is at risk of

harm from the Belarusian government for her participation in a group opposed to the

government.

The U.S. Department of HomelandSecurityinitiatedproceedings against her in June

2007, charging her with removabilityunder 8U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). An immigration judge 1

held two evidentiary hearings in which Boika was the sole witness. In a thorough opinion

containing a detailed recitation of Boika’s testimony, the judge denied Boika’s application,

finding her testimony not credible. 

Boika appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals. She argued that the

immigration judge misconstrued her testimony. She further claimed that the judge was

biased, failed to conduct a proper hearing, relied upon irrelevant considerations, and

violated her due process rights. The Board dismissed Boika’s petition, concluding that the

judge’s detailed adverse credibility determination was not clearly erroneous and that the

record did not support Boika’s other contentions. Boika seeks review in this court. 

The statute provides that any alien present in the United States is deportable if her 1

visa or other documentation authorizing admission into the United States as a nonimmigrant has been revoked, or if she is in the United States in violation of any U.S. law. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B).
No. 10-2504 Page 3

Discussion

We review the immigration judge’s decision as supplemented by the Board’s

analysis. See Raghunathan v. Holder, 604 F.3d 371, 379 (7th Cir. 2010). We assess whether

the judge’s determination was based on reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence in

the record considered as a whole, and we will grant the petition only if the evidence

compels a contrary conclusion. See Surganova v. Holder, 612 F.3d 901, 903-04 (7th Cir. 2010),

quoting Sina v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 459, 461 (7th Cir. 2007). It does not in this case.

I. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

To establish eligibility for asylum, Boika must prove that she is a “refugee” within

the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act. As a derivative applicant under

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(A), Zhits can be granted relief only if Boika’s application is granted. 

Thus, we review only the circumstances upon which Boika bases her claim.

Boika must show that she is unable or unwilling to return to her country “because

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). If an applicant establishes that she suffered past persecution, she is

entitled to a rebuttable presumption of having a well-founded fear of persecution on the

same ground if she is removed. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).

To support withholding of removal, Boika must demonstrate a “clear probability”

that she will face persecution in Belarus. See Rapheal v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 521, 525 (7th Cir.

2008), quoting Firmansjah v. Gonzales, 424 F.3d 598, 605 (7th Cir. 2005). The clear probability

standard requires her to show that she is “more likely than not” to be subject to persecution

if returned to her native country – a higher standard than that required to establish

eligibility for asylum. Id. 

An applicant may establish that she qualifies as a refugee based on only her own

testimony if the judge finds it to be credible. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Because an

applicant’s credibility is paramount in asylum proceedings, though, an adverse credibility

finding will likely doom the applicant’s claimed eligibility. See Hassan v. Holder, 571 F.3d

631, 637 (7th Cir. 2009). Even if an immigration judge finds an applicant to be credible,

corroborating evidence may be required under the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-

13. Rapheal, 533 F.3d at 527 (7th Cir. 2008), citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). The REAL ID

Act provides: “Where the trier of fact determines that the applicant should provide
No. 10-2504 Page 4

evidence that corroborates otherwise credible testimony, such evidence must be provided

unless the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the

evidence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Here, the judge based her decision on

inconsistencies in Boika’s testimony and a lack of corroborative evidence to support her

account. We take up each determination in turn.

A. Lack of Credibility

The Immigration and Nationality Act as amended by the REAL ID Act instructs an 

immigration judge to consider “the totality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors”

in evaluating the credibility of an applicant. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Our review of the

judge’s determination is deferential. See Hassan, 571 F.3d at 636-37. We disturb a

credibility assessment only in extraordinary circumstances, such as where the judge’s

conclusions lack specific, cogent reasons or are based on incomplete or insufficient

evidence. See Musollari v. Mukasey, 545 F.3d 505, 508 (7th Cir. 2008), quoting Gjerazi v.

Gonzales, 435 F.3d 800, 807 (7th Cir. 2006). 

The immigration judge concluded that Boika’s testimony was “riddled with

inconsistencies,” the most significant of which was a discrepancy between Boika’s

testimony and the documentary evidence regarding which university she attended. 

Throughout her testimony and in her application, Boika claimed that she attended Minsk

State Linguistic University. She testified that she became involved in a political

organization at the university known as Maladaya Hramada. In Boika’s words, Maladaya

Hramada opposed the policies of the Belarusian government and tried “to inform people

about the situation in the country.” Boika testified that she was an active member of the

group, creating, editing, and distributing political leaflets. 

Boika stated that in August 2005, she was detained by police officers and beaten

while in detention for participating in a scheme to print and distribute Maladaya Hramada

leaflets. In March 2006, she was arrested while participating in a protest in Minsk and

served twenty-three days in jail. Upon her return to Minsk State following her release,

Boika learned she had been expelled. She left Minsk to live with her parents in Brest,

nearly 400 kilometers away, though she continued to be engaged in political activities. She

was again detained and interrogated in April 2006. With charges still pending against her,

Boika left Belarus the following month for the United States, where she had traveled in

2004. 
No. 10-2504 Page 5

The judge did not find Boika’s testimony credible. Almost all of Boika’s account of

her past persecution took place in connection with her studies at Minsk State Linguistic

University and her political activities there, leading the judge to conclude that her

attendance at Minsk State was “at the very heart of her claim.” But Boika’s 2004 and 2006

U.S. visa applications both stated that she attended Brest StateUniversity. In the comments

section of her 2006 visa application, a consular officer wrote, “4th year brest state” and

“govt pays for education.” 

The judge gave Boika ample opportunity to explain the discrepancy in universities

and found that Boika was unable to provide a plausible explanation. Most troubling to the

judge was Boika’s inconsistent testimony regarding the process through which she

obtained her visas. Boika first testified that she had personally completed the visa

applications and that the information they contained was correct. Later she claimed that

a travel agency had completed the visa applications on her behalf and that any errors were

carried over through no fault of her own. The judge rejected the possibility that the name

of the university listed on her visa applications was a mistake made by a staff person at the

travel agency or by a consular officer. The judge also noted that Boika signed both

applications, attesting to their truthfulness.

We see no ground on which to upset the judge’s credibility determination. An

immigration judge may properly base a credibility determination on the consistency

between the applicant’s written and oral statements and the internal consistency of each. 

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Unexplained material inconsistencies are a sufficient basis for

a judge to find an applicant not credible. See Aung v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 742, 746 (7th Cir.

2007) (upholding judge’s adverse credibility determination where petitioner was unable

to explain inconsistencies and substantial evidence supported the determination). The

judge was not compelled to accept the explanation that the consular officer must have

misheard or copied the name from another document that an intermediary had prepared. 

Boika acknowledged that she had reviewed both applications before signing them, and

upon signing them, she was swearing to the truthfulness of their contents. Moreover, her

claim that an agent prepared her visa materials surfaced for the first time during her

testimony. Contrary to Boika’s contention on appeal, when asked during the evidentiary

hearing whether she filled out her visa application in 2006, she replied affirmatively. We

find no error in the judge’s conclusion that Boika failed to offer an adequate explanation

regarding this inconsistency, which was central to her entire application.

The judge’s adverse credibility determination rested on other inconsistencies, as

well. Boika testified that she could not locate her friend, Larisa Fomina, who was jailed
No. 10-2504 Page 6

with her in August 2005, and that she did not know anything about what happened to her

after Boika left Belarus. The record contains a letter from Larisa Fomina addressed to Boika

at her former address in Illinois. The judge concluded that this document “raises more

questions about the central elements of [Boika’s] claim.” Boika also testified that when she

came to the United States in 2006, she passed through Paris. A copy of Boika’s passport in

the record indicated that Boika in fact passed through Warsaw, Poland, on May 26, 2006,

the day she was admitted to the United States. The judge was further troubled by a strange

motion filed by an attorney acting on Boika’s behalf indicating that the co-petitioners were

divorcedandrequesting a change of venue. The judge found that Boika never satisfactorily

explained the motion, which was later repudiated by Boika’s and Zhits’s new attorney.2

The changes made by the REAL ID Act permit a judge to consider “inaccuracies or

falsehoods that do not go to the heart of the asylum applicant’s claim, . . . as part of his

consideration of the ‘totality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors.’” Kadia v.

Gonzales, 501 F.3d 817, 822 (7th Cir. 2007). Here, the judge had a substantial basis for

doubting Boika’s credibility. At no time did Boika adequately explain the inconsistencies

in her application. The immigration judge acted well within her discretion in concluding

from these disparities, as well as from her evaluation of Boika’s demeanor at the hearings,

that Boika was not credible. We see no basis for rejecting the judge’s assessment. 

B. Lack of Corroboration

The immigration judge held a second hearing at which Boika had a further

opportunity to provide corroborating evidence that she attended Minsk State Linguistic

University. Boika failed to provide any corroboration. She testified that her parents were

unsuccessful in obtaining records from the university. According to Boika, a letter in which

her mother explained these circumstances had not arrived in time for the second hearing. 

The judge did not find Boika’s explanation to be reasonable. She concluded that Boika

The government and the petitioners agree that one inconsistency cited by the judge 2

was not supported by the record. The judge found that Boika first testified that she paid

her own tuition when she lost her university scholarship but then later testified that her

parents paid. Read in context, however, Boika’s testimony was consistent throughout,

stating that she and her family paid. Nevertheless, in light of the record in its entirety, one

area of consistency amid this “multitude” of inconsistencies identified by the judge would

not have altered the final determination. 
No. 10-2504 Page 7

should have been able to provide some corroboration of her claim that she attended Minsk

State. 

The REAL ID Act requires that an applicant provide corroborating evidence when

ordered by the trier of fact, unless the applicant does not have and cannot reasonably

obtain the evidence. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). An immigration judge has “substantial

leeway to demand corroboration of an asylum applicant’s allegations whether or not the

judge finds the applicant credible.” Raghunathan, 604 F.3d at 379, quoting Krishnapillai v.

Holder, 563 F.3d 606, 618 (7th Cir. 2009). We find no error in the judge’s expectation that

Boika should have been able to produce additional evidence to corroborate her account. 

Boika provided no documentation during the initial proceedings or in her application to

confirm that she attended Minsk State. Under these circumstances, and given that the

burden of proof was on Boika, it was reasonable for the judge to expect her to submit some

other documentation to substantiate her enrollment.

Boika faces a stringent standard of review for the judge’s conclusion regarding the

availability of corroborating evidence. We do not reverse such a determination unless we

find that a reasonable trier of fact would be compelled to conclude that such evidence is

unavailable. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4). The record here does not compel that conclusion. 

Boika provided nothing to support her assertion that her parents were unable to obtain

university records, nor did she attempt to provide any substitute documentation. The

judge did not err by concluding that Boika needed to provide more than bare assertions

that corroboration was not available.

II. Due Process

Boika also challenges the Board’s determination that she was afforded a full and fair

hearing. Due process requires that an asylum applicant “be afforded a meaningful

opportunity to present a claim.” Lin v. Holder, 630 F.3d 536, 544 (7th Cir. 2010); see also

Malave v. Holder, 610 F.3d 483, 487 (7th Cir. 2010) (recognizing that an alien is guaranteed

“notice and an opportunity for a fair hearing” by statute and regulation). We analyze

whether, in light of the totality of the circumstances, Boika had a full and fair opportunity

to put on her case. See Barradas v. Holder, 582 F.3d 754, 767 (7th Cir. 2009). We conclude

that she did.

Boika submits that the immigration judge erred by taking official notice of a report

from the U.S. Government Accountability Office. The report described an increase in

fraudulent petitions from Russian, Belarusian, Armenian, and Ukrainian J-1 (non-
No. 10-2504 Page 8

immigrant cultural exchange) visa holders claiming to have suffered persecution. Boika

maintains first that the reportis contradicted by the country conditions reportfrom the U.S.

Department of State already in the record that discussed an increase in persecution by the

Belarusian government against members of the political opposition, especially students. 

Second, she contends that the judge should have allowed her an opportunity to respond

to the content of the GAO report. Finally, Boika argues that the judge inappropriately

relied on the judge’s own beliefs, speculation, and conjecture in deciding whether Boika

was credible. 

Boika relies on our conclusion in Kaczmarczyk v. INS, 933 F.2d 588, 596 (7th Cir.

1991), that “the due process clause of the fifth amendment requires that petitioners be

allowed an opportunity to rebut officially noticed facts, particularly when, as in this case,

those facts are crucial to – indeed dispositive of – the outcome of the administrative

proceeding.” In response, the government argues that if the immigration judge’s notice of

the GAO report was error, the error was harmless at best. We agree with the government

that the judge’s reference to the GAO report is not a sufficient justification for reversing her

decision, which had a much broader foundation. 

To prevail on a due process claim, an applicant must show prejudice, Roman v. INS,

233 F.3d 1027, 1033 (7th Cir. 2000), which requires that a due process violation probably

affected the results of the proceedings. See Capric v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1075, 1087-88 (7th

Cir. 2004), citing Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316, 320-21 (4th Cir. 2002). Reading the immigration

judge’s decision as a whole, it is clear that the GAO report was not decisive, so we find no

prejudice here even if there was an error. The judge relied on the GAO report primarily

for its uncontroversial explanation that J-1 visa holders are “students in good standing” at

their universities – a phrase the judge emphasized in her opinion. From this

uncontroversial premise, the judge reasoned it was implausible that Boika could have

received two J-1 visas without documenting her good standing at her university, which

was listed on her applications as Brest State. It was reasonable to conclude that Boika

would have needed to provide consular officialswithuniversity records demonstrating her

good standing to obtain the visa. Moreover, the judge was clear that she reached her

credibility and corroboration determinations independent of the GAO report. 

As for Boika’s claim that the judge was biased and relied on speculation, we cannot

agree. First, Boika makes no credible claim regarding bias on the part of the judge. She

does not identify any passage in the decision or the administrative transcript that suggests

bias, nor do we find any indication of bias upon our review. Second, the judge’s detailed

opinion substantiates each of her conclusions with references to the record. The adverse
No. 10-2504 Page 9

credibility determination is not “rife” with personal beliefs andconjectures as Boika claims. 

We agree with the Board that Boika has failed to show that she was deprived of her right

to due process of law.

Conclusion

Boika’s credibility was key to the success of her petition. In the absence of

compelling evidence that the judge erred in her adverse credibility determination, Boika’s

asylum claim fails, and with it her husband’s claim. Because a claim for withholding of

removal is subject to a higher burden of proof, it follows that Boika’s request for that relief

fails as well. Accordingly, we DENY the petition for review.