Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin and local agencies

Water-Quality and Lake-Stage Data 

for Wisconsin Lakes, Water Years 

2008–2011

Open-File Report 2012–1238

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Quality and Lake-Stage Data for 

Wisconsin Lakes, Water Years 

2008−2011

A report by the Wisconsin Water Science Center Lake-Studies Team—

S. Bridgett Manteufel, Daniel L. Olson, Dale M. Robertson, and Gerald L. Goddard

Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wisconsin

and with other agencies

Open-File Report 2012–1238

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012

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Suggested citation:

Manteufel, S.B., Olson, D.L., Robertson, D.M., and Goddard, G.L., 2012, Water-quality and lake-stage data for 

Wisconsin lakes, water years 2008–2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1238, 554 p., 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121238.

ISSN 2328-1258 (online)
Water-Quality and Lake-Stage 

Data for Wisconsin Lakes,

Water Year 2008




1 

WATER-QUALITY AND LAKE-STAGE DATA

FOR WISCONSIN LAKES, WATER YEAR 2008

By Wisconsin Water Science Center

Lake-Studies Team

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with local and other agencies, 

collects data at selected lakes throughout Wisconsin. These data, accumulated over many 

years, provide a data base for developing an improved understanding of the water quality of 

lakes. To make these data available to interested parties outside the USGS, the data are 

published annually in this report series. The locations of water-quality and lake-stage stations in 

Wisconsin for water year 2008 are shown in figure 1. A water year is the 12-month period from 

October 1 through September 30. It is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, 

the period October 1, 2007 through September 30, 2008 is called “water year 2008.”

The purpose of this report is to provide information about the chemical and physical 

characteristics of Wisconsin lakes. Data that have been collected at specific lakes, and 

information to aid in the interpretation of those data, are included in this report. Data collected 

include measurements of in-lake water quality and lake stage. Time series of Secchi depths, 

surface total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations collected during non-frozen periods 

are included for all lakes. Graphs of vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and 

specific conductance are included for sites where these parameters were measured. Descriptive 

information for each lake includes: location of the lake, area of the lake’s watershed, period for 

which data are available, revisions to previously published records, and pertinent remarks. 

Additional data, such as streamflow and water quality in tributary and outlet streams of some of 

the lakes, are published in another volume: “Water Resources Data-Wisconsin, 2008."

Water-resources data, including stage and discharge data at most streamflow-gaging 

stations, are available through the World Wide Web on the Internet. The Wisconsin Water 

Science Center’s home page is at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/. Information on the Wisconsin 

Water Science Center’s Lakes Program is found at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/lakes/index.html 

and http://wi.water.usgs.gov/projects/index.html. 

 
2 

W I N N E - CALUMET

B A G O

J U N E AU

A D A M S

WAU S H A R A

M O N R O E LA CROSSE GREEN

LAKE

MARQUETTE

F O N D D U L AC SHEBOYGAN

V E R N O N

C O L U M B I A

S A U K

D O D G E

O Z AU K E E

WA S H I N G

- TO N

RICHLAND

CRAWFORD

D A N E

G R A N T

MILWAUKEE

I O W A

WAUKESHA JEFFERSON

R A C I N E

G R E E N L A FAY E T T E R O C K WALWORTH

K E N O S H A

B R O W N

D O U G L A S

V I L A S

B U R N E T T

WASHBURN

S A W Y E R

F O R E S T

F L O R E N C E

P R I C E O N E I D A

M A R I N E T T E

P O L K

B A R R O N R U S K

L I N C O L N

L A N G L A D E

O C O N T O

T A Y L O R

D O O R

C H I P P E W A S T . C R O I X

D U N N

MENOMINEE

M A R A T H O N

C L A R K

S H A W A N O P I E R C E E A U C L A I R E

KEWAUNEE

P E P I N

P O RTAG E WAUPACA B U F F A L O W O O D

TREMPEA

-LEAU

J A C K S O N

OUTAGAMIE

MANITOWOC

B A Y F I E L D

A S H L A N D

I R O N

Little Cedar

Delavan

Green

Wind

Middle Genesee

Oconomowoc

Okauchee

EXPLANATION

Lake name

Lake-stage station

Lake water-quality

and stage station

Note: at some lakes more than one

site may be monitored.

Green

Geneva

Winnebago

Devils

Mendota

Monona

Waubesa

Kegonsa

Koshkonong

Mercer

0

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

20 40 60 MILES

44°

45°

43°

46°

92°

91°

90°

89°

88°

87°

Powers

Figure 1. Location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin.

Big Cedar

Beulah
3 

The USGS has done cooperative lake monitoring with local and other agencies since 

1983. Cooperators in 2008 included:

Big Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Dane County

Delavan Lake Sanitary District

Geneva Lake Environmental Agency

Green Lake Sanitary District

Lake Beulah Management District

Little Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Middle Genesee Lake District

Mercer School District (Mercer Lake Association)

Powers Lake District

Rock County Public Works Department

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Village of Oconomowoc Lake

Wind Lake Management District

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
4 

Lake data-collection sites are identified by a unique identification number. Lake waterquality sites are identified by a 15-digit number that is a concatenation of the site’s latitude, 

longitude, and a two-digit sequence number. The sequence number is used to distinguish 

between sites located at the same latitude-longitude designation. The site identification number 

is permanently assigned to the site; actual latitude and longitude of the site are subject to 

update and are stored separately. For some lakes, which have historical records of lake stage, 

an eight-to-ten digit number is assigned according to downstream order. Gaps are left in the 

numerical series to allow for new stations; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The first 

two digits of the complete eight-to-ten digit number, such as 04087000 or 054310157, designate 

the major river basin. For example, “04” designates the St. Lawrence River Basin and “05” 

designates the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

The water-quality lake stations that were discontinued prior to water year 2008 are listed 

in table 1. Discontinued lake-stage stations are not included in this table.

This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by a number of people who collected, 

compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the 

report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein 

is accurate, complete, and adheres to USGS policy and established guidelines. Technicians in 

charge of the field offices are: B.W. Olson (Merrill), and S.A. March (Middleton). The data were 

collected and processed by G.L. Goddard, S.B. Manteufel, B.W. Olson, D.L. Olson, P.C. 

Reneau, J.G. Schuler, and B.J. Siebers. S.B. Manteufel assembled, edited, and formatted the 

report. Additional assistance in preparation of the report was provided by M.M. Greenwood, 

L.L. Nelson, and D.L. Olson. 

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Depth profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance 

were collected using multi-parameter meters. Prior to measurements, the meters were 

calibrated using standards for pH and conductance, and dissolved oxygen was calibrated using 

the air calibration method. Generally, field measurements in profiles were made at 0.5-m 

intervals if the maximum depth of the lake was 5 m or less and at 1.0-m intervals if the 

maximum depth was greater than 5 m.
5 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations 

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Alma Lake near St. Germain 455426089254700 Oct. 1984–Sept. 1990,

May 1992–Sept.1996

Balsam Lake, off Cedar Island, at Balsam Lake 452755092264600 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Little Narrows, near Balsam Lake 452858092265300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Rock Island, near Balsam Lake 452754092234300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

Balsam Lake near Birchwood 453907091345800 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Bass Lake near Shawano 445215088300300 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Bear Lake at Deep Hole near Haugen 453754091490900 Mar. 1992–Aug. 1993

Beaver Dam Lake, South end, at Beaver Dam

 

432814088515000 June–Oct. 1991

 North end, near Beaver Dam 433122088545700 June–Oct. 1991

Benedict Lake near Powers Lake 423201088180800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Big Blacksmith Lake near Keshena 445401088334500 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Big Hills (Hills) Lake near Wild Rose

 

440912089092000 June 1983–Aug. 1984,

Feb.–Aug. 1987, 

Feb.–Aug. 1990, 

Feb.–Aug. 1993,

Feb.–Aug. 1996,

Feb.–Aug. 1999

Big Muskego Lake, at North Site, near Muskego 425301088061300 Feb.–Aug. 1988

 Research Base, near Muskego 425235088075300 May–June 1994

Big Round Lake near Milltown 453142092180100 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big St. Germain Lake, near St. Germain 455557089311000 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

 near Lake Tomahawk 05390750 1991–2001

Big Sand Lake, Deep Hole, near Hertel 454910092134000 Feb.–Sept. 2001

 East Site, near Hertel 454921092124300 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big Sissabagama Lake, near Stone Lake 454724091303600 Apr. 1986–Sept. 1996,

Oct. 1997–Sept. 2002

 North Site, near Stone Lake 454800091312900 Mar. 1998–Sept. 2001

Booth Lake near East Troy 424800088254800 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1994,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

Buffalo Lake, Center Site, at Packwaukee 434558089260600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 East End, at Montello 434720089201600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 West End, near Endeavor 434414089282400 May 1998–Sept. 2001
6 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Butternut Lake, near Park Falls 455854090310300 Oct. 2002–Oct. 2004

 Deep Hole, near Park Falls 455803090310800 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 North Site, near Butternut 455904090303400 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 Far South Site, near Park Falls 455651090312700 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

Denoon Lake at Wind Lake 425044088100300 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Druid Lake near Hartford 431643088243300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake near Kansasville 05544500 1936–64, 1975–77, 

1979,

Feb. 1993–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake, at Deep Hole, near Kansasville

 

424207088072400 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1996

Eagle Spring Lake at Eagleville 425103088261500 Apr. 1991–Sept. 2001

Elizabeth Lake near Twin Lakes 423051088155300 Feb. 1995–Sept. 1997

Fish Lake near Sauk City 05406050 Nov. 1966–Sept. 1981,

Apr. 1985–May 1987,

May 1988, Apr. 1989–

Oct. 1990, Oct. 1990–

Nov. 1996, Nov. 1996–

Sept. 2004

Fowler Lake, Center, at Oconomowoc 430653088294601 Jan.–Dec. 1984,

Oct. 1986–Sept. 1996

Fox Lake Deep Hole at Fox Lake 433458088560600 June 1991–Mar. 1993

Geneva Lake, Geneva Bay, at Lake Geneva

 

423455088263800 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Williams Bay, at Williams Bay 423420088320500 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Center, near Lake Geneva 423402088301400 Apr. 1997–Mar. 1999

 East End, near Lake Geneva 423421088272300 Apr. 1997–May 2000

Hemlock Lake near Mikana 453421091333700 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Hooker Lake at Salem 423335088060300 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1993

Kawaguesaga, Deep Hole, near Minocqua 455208089435800 May–Sept. 2003

 South Site, near Minocqua 455145089442600 May–Sept. 2003

Kirby Lake near Cumberland 453554092042101 Nov. 1995–Oct. 1996

 (Site 1) near Cumberland 453608092035801 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 2) near Cumberland 453601092035301 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996
7 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 (Site 3) near Cumberland 453612092034901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 4) near Cumberland 453603092035701 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 5) near Cumberland 453608092041201 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 6) near Cumberland 453555092040901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

Lac La Belle at Oconomowoc 430733088305900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985,

Apr. –Aug. 1991,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

 NW, at Oconomowoc 430809088313900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

 SE, at Oconomowoc 430707088301400 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

Lake Blass at Lake Delton 433545089482400 Mar. 1989–Aug. 1990

Lake Desair near Rice Lake 453446091465100 Aug. 2004

Lake Keesus, 

 East Bay, near Merton 430957088183400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 North Bay, near Merton 431006088191000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

Lake Morris at Mount Morris 440654089120500 Jun. 1983–Sept. 1989

Lake Nebagamon, Northeast Bay, at Lake 

Nebagamon

463050091412300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Southeast Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 462928091413500 Mar. 1992–Sept. 1995

 West Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 463034091425300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Lake Noquebay near Crivitz 451511087550900 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1988,

Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

 East End, near Crivitz 451540087525700 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

Lamotte Lake near Shawano 445305088361200 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Lauderdale Lakes at Lauderdale 

 Mill, at Lauderdale 

424554088332700

424555088335700

Oct. 1993–Oct. 1994

Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Green, Auxiliary, Number 1, near Lauderdale 424640088341900 June 1999–Sept. 2000

Green, near Lauderdale 424652088341500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Legend Lake (site 1) near Shawano 445342088312700 Feb. 1990–Feb. 1992

Little Arbor Vitae near Woodruff 455446089370300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 2002

Little Green Lake, at Center, near Markesan 434412088590700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 2003

Little Muskego Lake at Muskego 425425088083500 Oct. 1986–Aug. 2002

Little Rock Lake near Woodruff 455946089415702 Oct. 1983–Sept. 1996

Little St. Germain Lake, near Eagle River 05390700 (a)

 Upper East Bay, at St. Germain

 

455532089253900 Dec. 1996–Mar. 97,

Mar. 1999,

Mar. 2000–Aug. 2003
8 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 Northeast Bay, near St. Germain 455545089262500 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 South Bay, near St. Germain 455437089270800 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 West Bay, at St. Germain 455428089282400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

Little Sand Lake - Site No. 2 - near Mole Lake 452826088544101 May1996–Sept. 2003

Long (Kee Nong Go-Mong) Lake at Wind Lake 424937088103400 Feb. 1988–Aug. 1989,

Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Loon Lake near Shawano 445009088303700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

Lost Lake near Beaver Dam 432640088580500 June–Oct. 1991

McKenzie Lakes 

 McKenzie (Big McKenzie) 

 Deep Hole, near Spooner 455507092013500 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1998

 Northern Site, near Spooner 455540092022000 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 South Site, near Spooner 455437092022300 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Lower McKenzie, near Webb Lake 455902092011900 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Middle McKenzie, near Spooner 455635092021800 June 1997–Aug. 1998

Mary (Marie) Lake at Twin Lakes 423128088151200 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1997

Max Lake near Woodruff 460128089423501 Mar. 1988–Dec. 1996

Mead Lake, East Bay near Willard 444720090445000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 West Bay near Willard 444733090460100 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1995

Minocqua Lake

 Deep Hole, at Minocqua 455214089412800 May–Sept. 2003

 North Bay, at Minocqua 455232089424100 May–Sept. 2003

 South Bay, at Minocqua 455206089425200 May–Sept. 2003

Montello Lake at Montello 434748089195800 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1998

Moon Lake near St. Germain 455504089260500 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

Morgan Lake near Fence 454622088324801 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1998.

Moshawquit Lake near Shawano 445352088295800 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Muskego (Big Muskego)

 Auxiliary Number 1, near Muskego 425329088054000 June 1996–Aug. 2000

 Bass Bay, near Muskego 425344008807010 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002
9 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 near Wind Lake 425109088075000 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1989, 

Jan. 1991–Sept. 2002

 South Site, near Muskego 425212088072800 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002

Muskellunge Lake near Eagle River 455700089224900 June 2000–Aug. 2001

Muskellunge Lake, near Lake Outlet near Eagle 

River

455706089232400 Nov. 2000–Oct. 2001

Nagawicka Lake, at Deep Hole, at Delafield 430417088230300 Feb. 2003–Sept. 2004

Namekagon Lakes

 Garden, near Cable 461224091033200 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Jackson, near Cable 461457091065900 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Namekagon

 Deep Hole, near Cable 461308091065100 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 East Basin, near Cable 461228091044300 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Northeast Basin, near Cable 461410091050700 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

Park Lake (site 1) at Pardeeville 433239089175800 Feb. 1986–Aug. 1987,

May–Nov. 1993

 (site 2) at Pardeeville 433226089175500 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 3) at Pardeeville 433245089173000 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 4) at Pardeeville 433257089165100 May–Nov. 1993

Pike Lake near Hartford 431916088200501 Dec. 1998–Dec. 2000

Pike Lake-QW Site-near Hartford 431835088200600 Feb.–Aug. 2000

Potter Lake near Mukwonago 423246088175800 Feb. 1993–Sept. 2007

Pretty Lake, at Deep Hole, near Dousman 425722088295000 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1997

Puckaway Lake, West Basin, near Marquette 434515089124000 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 East Basin, near Marquette 43454208907300 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 River site, near Marquette 434824089083200 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

Red Cedar Lake, at Mikana 453522091360600 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Oct. 2000–Sept. 2001

 Deep Hole, near Mikana 453725091345100 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

 South End, at Mikana 453519091352500 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

Rice Lake at Deep Hole near Whitewater 424629088415700 Apr.–Nov. 1991

Round Lake near Shawano 445328088335000 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Sand Lake (Deep Hole) near Keshena 445321088323101 June–Aug. 1992
10

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Shell Lake at Shell Lake 05334000 Aug. 1936–Sept. 1999

Silver Lake near Oconomowoc 430436088293300 Apr. 1992–Aug. 1996

Silver Lake near West Bend 432322088125000 Feb. 1996–Aug. 1997

Sinissippi Lake, off Anthony Is., at Hustisford 432113088361100 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Butternut Is., near Hustisford 432240088363900 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Sam Point, near Hustisford 432300088374200 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

Spirit Lake near Keshena 445400088320100 Apr.–Aug. 1992

Spooner Lake, Deep Hole, near Spooner 455034091493300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

 Southeast Site, near Spooner 454945091483900 June 2002–Aug. 2004

Stewart Lake at Mt. Horeb 430117089442701 May 1992–Sept. 1993

Tichigan Lake near Waterford 424854088123300 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996,

Apr. 2003–Aug. 2004

Tombeau Lake near Powers Lake 423153088184800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Twin Lake, East Twin, near Westfield 435430089350700 June 2002–Aug. 2004

West Twin, near Westfield 435438089352300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

(a) Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. currently collects stage data for this site.

 

In most lakes, water samples were collected at two depths - near the surface and near 

the bottom. Chemical analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical 

methods by either the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (Wershaw and others, 1987; 

Fishman and Friedman, 1989; Fishman, 1993) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene 

(Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 1993). Analyses for dissolved constituents were

performed on samples that were filtered in the field through a 0.45-mm (micrometer) pore-size 

filter. Total or total recoverable constituents were determined by analyzing unfiltered water 

samples. Preservation and shipment of samples followed standard protocols established by the 

laboratories. Water-quality data were archived in the Water Quality Data Base (QWDATA) of 

the National Water Information System (NWIS). Additional descriptive information about waterquality data is available in the data report: "Water Resources Data – Wisconsin, 2008". NWIS 

parameter codes and minimum laboratory reporting levels for chemical constituents are given in 

table 2. The parameter code for turbidity has changed from 00076 to 63675 or 63676 because 

the method of testing has changed.
11

Records of lake stage are considered complete when one or more manual or automatic 

measurements were obtained per day. Partial records of lake stage result when measurements 

were less frequent than daily. A complete description of manual or automatic measurements of 

lake stage is described by Rantz and others (1982). 
12

 

Table 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical parameters commonly 

measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene (WSLH). 

(NWQL) (WSLH) 

Standard 

Analysis 

Low-Level 

Analysis 

Parameter Name Units 

CAS 

Number1 

Parameter 

Code2 LRL 

Lab 

Code 

LRL 

Lab 

Code 

LRL 

Test 

Code 

Calcium, diss. (Ca) mg/L 7440-70-2 00915 0.020 659 0.002 1895 0.02 I230IUD

Magnesium, diss. (Mg) mg/L 7439-95-4 00925 0.004 663 0.001 1897 0.02 I390IUD

Sodium, diss. (Na) mg/L 7440-23-5 00930 0.09 675 0.025 1898 0.09 I80IUD 

Potassium, diss. (K) mg/L 7440-09-7 00935 0.24 54 0.01 833 0.3 I540IUD

Sulfate, diss. (SO4) mg/L 14808-79-8 00945 0.31 1572 0.01 1263 1.0 I600DLD 

Chloride, diss. (Cl) mg/L 16887-00-6 00940 0.29 1571 0.01 1259 0.1 I240ELD

Fluoride, diss. (F) mg/L 16984-48-8 00950 0.100 31 0.01 1260 0.03 I330FLD

Iron, diss. (Fe) (μg/L) 7439-89-6 01046 10 645 3 1896 10 I370IUD 

Manganese, diss. (Mn) (μg/L) 7439-96-5 01056 2.2 648 1 1793 0.4 I400IUD

Silica, diss. (SiO2) mg/L 7631-86-9 00955 0.1 56 0.02 1899 0.008 I560LLD 

Nitrogen, NO2+NO3, 

diss. mg/L -- 00631 0.05 1975 0.005 1979 0.01 I460MLD 

Nitrogen, ammonia,

diss. mg/L 7664-41-7 00608 0.02 1976 0.002 1980 0.013 I440NLD 

Nitrogen, amm.+org., 

total4 mg/L 17778-88-0 00625 0.100 1985 -- -- 0.2 I470BLT 

Nitrogen, 

amm.+org.,diss. mg/L -- 00623 -- -- -- -- -- I470DLD 

Nitrogen, total5 mg/L -- 00600 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen, dissolved mg/L -- 00602 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, total mg/L 7723-14-0 00665 0.05 1984 0.004 2333 0.005 I520PLT 

Phosphorus, ortho, diss. mg/L 14265-44-2 00671 0.01 1262 0.002 1978 0.002 I530CLD

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 70953 0.1 586 -- -- -- --

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 32210 -- -- -- -- 0.26 I250UNF 

 

1: CAS (Chemical Abstracting Services) number = unique identification for each constituent 

2: Parameter Code - unique number for storage of data in database 

3: Calculated as difference between total ammonia + organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen 

4: Also known as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 

5: Calculated as sum of TKN + Nitrogen as (NO2+NO3) 

 
13

EXPLANATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES

Following are brief, generalized explanations of some of the common measurements of 

water quality and some of the physical processes occurring in lakes that influence these 

measures of water quality. More detailed explanations of water-quality data and lake processes 

are given by Wetzel (1983), Hem (1985), and Shaw and others (1993).

Water Temperature and Thermal Stratification

Water temperature in lakes is important because of its role in stratification and because 

of the temperature dependence of many chemical reactions and life processes of aquatic 

organisms. The extent of thermal stratification in lakes depends on the interaction between the 

lake’s shape, water clarity, solar heating, and wind-driven mixing. Complete mixing of the lake is 

usually inhibited by thermal stratification in summer and by ice cover in winter. Thermal 

stratification affects water quality and the distribution of organisms in the lake. Summer thermal 

stratification can occur in any lake, but in Wisconsin it commonly occurs in lakes deeper than 

about 6 m (Shaw and others, 1993).

 

 

The density of water increases with decreasing temperature down to a temperature of 

4°C, then decreases with decreasing temperature between 4°C and the freezing point of water 

(0°C). For a brief period in the spring after the ice is out, water temperature is usually uniform 

through the entire water column and wind action causes the lake to mix completely. This 

process is known as “spring turnover.” As the lake absorbs the sun’s energy, the surface water 

becomes warmer and its density decreases, making it more resistant to complete mixing. The 

difference in density caused by different water temperatures can prevent warm and cold water 

from mixing. In most lakes, therefore, a density “barrier” forms between the warmer surface 

water (epilimnion) and the underlying colder water (hypolimnion). This barrier is often marked by 

a sharp temperature gradient known as the “thermocline (metalimnion).” During the stratified 

summer period, these three distinct layers of lake water are often present. As the temperature 

difference between surface and deep water increases, this “stratified” condition stabilizes and 

can persist until surface temperatures decrease in the fall, which decreases the stability of the 

stratification. The mixing of the lake water in the fall is known as “fall turnover.” 
14

Thermal stratification may also occur under ice cover in the winter. In the winter, the 

coldest water (near 0°C) under the ice at the surface of the lake is less dense than water deeper 

in the lake with warmer temperatures.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current 

and is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Because conductance is 

temperature related, reported values are normalized at 25°C and are termed specific 

conductance. As the concentration of dissolved minerals increases, specific conductance 

increases. During winter and summer thermal stratification, concentrations of dissolved 

constituents near the lake bottom increase due to the decomposition of materials settling from 

the epilimnion, or release of dissolved materials (such as iron, manganese, and phosphorus) 

from the bottom sediments during anoxic periods. Therefore, differences in specific 

conductance with depth indicate differences in concentrations of dissolved solids.

Water Clarity

Water clarity, or transparency, is commonly measured using a Secchi disc. The range of 

depths within which photosynthetic activity occurs depends largely on depth of light penetration, 

which is influenced by water clarity. A Secchi disc, most commonly an 20-cm.-diameter disc with 

alternating black-and-white quadrants, is lowered to a depth at which it is no longer visible. This 

depth is referred to as the Secchi depth. Clarity can be reduced by algae, zooplankton, water 

color, and suspended sediment. Algae are often the most dominant influence on clarity in lakes 

and, therefore, Secchi depth is usually correlated with the algal abundance. Secchi depths are 

generally the least during summer when algal populations are largest.

pH

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. It is defined as the negative logarithm of 

hydrogen-ion concentration and varies over a 14-unit log scale, with a pH of 7 being neutral. 

Values less than 7 indicate acidic conditions; the lower the value, the stronger the acidity. 

Values greater than 7 indicate alkaline conditions. The pH of water is influenced in part by 

photosynthesis and respiration of planktonic algae and aquatic plants. It is important because it 

affects the solubility of many chemical constituents, and because aquatic organisms have 
15

limited pH tolerances. Planktonic algae and aquatic plants produce oxygen and consume 

carbon dioxide as they photosynthesize during daytime; they consume oxygen and produce 

carbon dioxide when they respire at night. Carbon dioxide combines with the water molecule to 

form carbonic acid; therefore respiration causes a decrease in pH at night and photosynthesis 

during the day causes an increase in pH. The result is a daily cycle in pH. Because 

phytoplankton are usually concentrated in the near-surface water, changes in pH in the 

epilimnion are more extreme than in the hypolimnion, where less photosynthesis usually occurs.

Lakes having good fish populations and productivity generally have a pH between 6.7 

and 8.2. Values of pH greater than 8.5 have been shown to cause the release of phosphorus 

from lake sediments (James and Barko, 1991). 

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most critical factors affecting a lake ecosystem because 

it is essential to most aquatic organisms, and it is involved in many chemical reactions. Very 

low dissolved oxygen concentrations can control some types of chemical reactions. The 

solubility of oxygen in water is inversely related to temperature–that is, oxygen solubility 

decreases as water temperature increases. This relation is important because at warmer 

temperatures the metabolic rate of organisms increases but less oxygen is available for 

respiration. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen are from the air and from photosynthesis. 

The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration specified in national water-quality criteria for early 

life stages of warmwater aquatic life is 5.0 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).

In early summer, if thermal stratification develops, the metalimnion restricts the surface 

supply of dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion. The hypolimnion can become isolated from the 

atmosphere. Thus, as summer progresses, the dissolved oxygen concentration can decrease in 

response to decomposition of dead algae that settle from the epilimnion and in response to the 

biological and chemical oxygen demand of the sediments. The oxygen demand from these 

processes may completely deplete the oxygen (anoxia) in the water near the lake bottom. The 

oxygen depletion then progresses upward but usually is confined to the hypolimnion. 

Anoxia in the hypolimnion is common in stratified eutrophic (nutrient-rich) lakes in 

Wisconsin. Complete anoxia, however, is often not detected because of meter constraints. 

During anoxic conditions, many aquatic organisms cannot survive, but many other species 
16

(primarily bacteria) actually function only in such conditions. Therefore, a shift from oxic to 

anoxic conditions produces a rapid and dramatic change in the biological community and 

chemical environment. Anoxia also can cause release of phosphorus from the bottom 

sediments. This phosphorus then mixes throughout the water column during spring and fall 

turnover.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. High phosphorus 

concentrations can cause dense algal populations (blooms) and can therefore be a major cause 

of eutrophication in lakes. When phosphorus concentrations exceed 0.025 mg/L at the time of 

spring overturn in lakes and reservoirs, these water bodies may occasionally experience excess 

or nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1986). In many regions of the country, including the upper Midwest, other nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen, tend to be in abundant supply. Phosphorus is often the nutrient in shortest supply, 

therefore limiting or controlling plant growth. About 90 percent of the lakes in Wisconsin are 

limited by phosphorus (Shaw and others, 1993). In water, dissolved orthophosphate is that part 

of total phosphorus that is most readily available for use by algae.

Internal phosphorus recycling occurs in many lakes. Phosphorus used by algae, aquatic 

plants, fish, and zooplankton is stored within these organisms. As these organisms die and 

decompose, this phosphorus is returned to the lake water and sediments. Anoxia in the 

hypolimnion makes phosphorus more soluble, adding further to the release of phosphorus from 

the falling particles and the lake sediments. During spring and fall turnover the phosphorus, 

which was released from the bottom sediments into the hypolimnion during anoxia, is mixed 

throughout the lake. The phosphorus is then available for algal growth. These phenomena are

part of the internal-recycling processes of lakes.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, is an essential nutrient for plant and algal growth. Usually in 

Wisconsin lakes, nitrogen is in abundant supply from the atmosphere and other sources. If 

phosphorus is abundant relative to algal needs, nitrogen can become the limiting nutrient. In 

that case, algal blooms are more likely to be triggered by increases in nitrogen than by 

increases in phosphorus. Some bluegreen algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 
17

(Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, in situations where other types of algae are excluded because of a 

shortage of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae have a competitive advantage and may 

be present in abundance.

Lakes with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio larger than 15 to 1 near the surface may 

generally be considered phosphorus limited; a ratio from 10 to 1 to 15 to 1 indicates a transition 

situation; and a ratio smaller than 10 to 1 generally indicates nitrogen limitation. Total nitrogen is 

the sum of ammonia, organic nitrogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen. The near-surface 

concentration is commonly used to compute the total nitrogen to phosphorus ratio because 

most algal species grow near the lake surface.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in algae (Wetzel, 1983) and other green 

plants. Its concentration, therefore, is commonly used as a measure of the density of the algal 

population in a lake. Chlorophyll a concentrations are generally highest during summer when 

algal populations are highest. Moderate populations of desirable algae are important in the food 

chain; however, excessive populations or algal blooms are undesirable. Algal blooms can cause 

taste and odor problems, and limit light penetration needed to support growth of submerged 

aquatic plants. Certain species of bluegreen algae can produce toxins (Rapavich and others, 

1987).

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES

Two methods are commonly used to classify and evaluate Wisconsin lakes according to 

their water quality or trophic state: Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water-quality index and Carlson’s 

(1977) trophic state index (TSI). In previous USGS data reports, a modification of Carlson’s 

trophic state index for Wisconsin lakes by Lillie and others (1993) had been used; however, this 

approach did not properly classify oligotrophic and highly euthrophic lakes and, therefore, was 

discontinued. 
18

Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water quality indices for Wisconsin lakes were developed 

based on summer measurements of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, and 

Secchi depth from a random set of lakes in Wisconsin. These data were used to classify the 

lakes’s water quality as shown below:

Water-quality index Total phosphorus 

range (mg/L) 

Chlorophyll a range 

(μg/L)

Water clarity range 

(Secchi depth, in 

meters)

“Excellent” <0.001 <1.0 >6.0

“Very good” .001-.009 1.0-4.9 3.0-6.0

“Good” .010-.029 5.0-9.9 2.0-2.9

“Fair” .030-.049 10.0-14.9 1.5-1.9

“Poor” .050-.149 15.0-30.0 1.0-1.4

“Very poor” >.150 >30.0 <1.0

Carlson’s (1977) TSI approach to lake classification assigns numerical ranges to the 

three trophic conditions generally used to describe the wide range of lake water-quality 

conditions. Oligotrophic lakes are typically clear, algal populations and phosphorus 

concentrations are low, and the deepest water is likely to contain oxygen throughout the year. 

Mesotrophic lakes typically have a moderate supply of nutrients, experience moderate algal 

blooms, and have occasional oxygen depletions at depth. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with 

relatively severe water-quality problems, such as frequent seasonal algal blooms, oxygen 

depletion in lower parts of the lakes, and poor clarity. When eutrophic conditions are very 

severe, the lake is considered hypereutrophic. 

Carlson’s (1977) TSI values are also based on near-surface total phosphorus and 

chlorophyll a concentrations, and Secchi depths. The indices were developed to place these 

three characteristics on similar scales to allow comparison of different lakes. TSI values based 

on phosphorus concentrations (TSIP), Secchi depths (TSISD), and chlorophyll a concentrations 

(TSIC) typically are computed only for measurements collected during the open-water period.

TSI values for a lake can be calculated using the following equations (Carlson, 1977):
19

TSIP = 4.15 + 14.42 x (ln [total phosphorus concentration x 1,000])

TSISD = 60.0 – 14.41 x (ln Secchi depth)

TSIC = 30.6 + 9.81 x (ln chlorophyll a concentration)

where: total phosphorus is in milligrams per liter, 

Secchi depth is in meters, and

chlorophyll a is in micrograms per liter.

The three main trophic conditions are defined with the following boundaries for total 

phosphorus, Secchi disc, and chlorophyll a: 

Trophic level Trophic State 

Index

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L) Secchi depth (m) Chlorophyll a(μg/L)

Eutrophic

----------------------- ---------50---------- -------0.024-------- ---------2.0--------- ---------7.2--------- 

Mesotrophic

----------------------- ---------40---------- -------0.012-------- ---------4.0--------- ---------2.6---------

Oligotrophic
20

REFERENCES CITED

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, March, v.

22, no. 2, p. 361-369.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water

Quality Laboratory–Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and

fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic

substances in water and fluvial sediments (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques

of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd

ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

James, W.F., and Barko, J.W., 1991, Littoral-pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime

convective circulation: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 5, p. 946-960.

Lillie, R.A., Graham, S., and Rasmussen, P., 1993, Trophic-State Index equations and regional

predictive equations for Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Research Management Findings No. 35, 4 p.

Lillie, R.A., and Mason, J.W., 1983, Limnological characteristics of Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 138, 116 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 631 p.

Rapavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Standridge, J.H., Vennie J.G., and Wedepohl, R.E., 1987,

Incidence of algal toxins in Wisconsin water experiencing blue-green algae blooms: 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, Informational Paper, 8 p.
21

Shaw, B., Mechenich, C., and Klessig, L., 1993, Understanding Lake Data: University of

Wisconsin Extension, G3582: Madison, Wis., 19 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Quality Criteria for Water 1986: U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency publication, EPA 440/5-86-001 [variously paged].

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for the

determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p. 

Wetzel, R.G., 1983, Limnology (2nd ed.): New York, W.B. Saunders, 767 p.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992, Wisconsin water quality assessment– 

Report to Congress, 1992: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publ-WR254- 

92-REV, 220 p. 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Sciences Section, 1993, Manual of

analytical methods, inorganic chemistry unit: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene,

revised November 1993 [variously paged].
22

LAKE DATA

Remarks codes and symbols used in the following tables: 

[<, less than; --, not available; E, estimated] 
23

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'40", long 88°24'16", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, DECEMBER 3, 2007 – AUGUST 26, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Dec. 3 Mar. 4 Apr. 21 Aug. 26

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.2 -- 3.8 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 9.0 17 1.8 2.0 8.0 14 17 18

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 3.4 0.9 2.4 2.8 11.3 23.5 13.8 7.4 6.8 6.6

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.4 7.6 7.4 8 8.3 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 548 586 596 624 527 504 553 560 565 575

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14.3 12.1 8.9 5.8 14.8 9.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.41 -- -- -- 5.00 7.45 -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.017 0.011 0.011 0.030 0.022 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.029 0.026

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.016 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002

00600 Total nitrogen 0.91 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.6 -- 1.0 1.4 1.1 --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.285 0.67 0.986 1.42 1.1 <.019 0.361 0.986 0.16 <.019

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.189 0.046 0.14 0.219 0.055 <.015 0.144 0.026 0.412 0.792

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.62 0.45 0.52 0.57 0.49 0.58 0.66 0.42 0.94 1.4

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 280 300 310 320 280 250 280 280 290 290

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) 232 244 250 262 237 218 234 244 249 257

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 55.2 62.5 64.9 69.7 61 47.6 55.6 60.8 61 62.5

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 33.6 35.5 35.2 36.1 32 32.5 33.2 32.1 32.3 32.5

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 9.4 10 9.8 9.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.1

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 22.1 23.7 23.4 23.8 21.5 20.9 21.1 21.3 21.4 22.1

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 28.2 29.5 30.4 31.4 28.3 26.3 27.6 28.1 27.9 23.7

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 15.7 15.2 16 17.1 13.6 10.3 11.3 16 17.7 19.7

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <.5 <1.6 <1.6 40 <1.6 <.5 20 100 330 630

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- -- -- 320 298 308 336 334 342
24

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, DECEMBER 3, 2007 TO AUGUST 26, 2008

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

12-03-07 03-04-08

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

04-21-08 08-26-08

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
25

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'29", long 88°23'13", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.8, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy.

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of 15 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 4 – AUGUST 26, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date March 4 April 21 August 26 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 4.0 4.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 8.0 15 1.8 2.0 9.0 12 14 15

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.1 2.7 3.4 12.3 23.9 12.5 8.3 7.4 7 

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 7.7 7.2 8.2 8.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 524 562 622 477 454 507 514 520 529

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.7 10.2 3.4 14.8 9.0 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- 2.66 3.98 -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.013 0.011 0.029 0.022 0.009 0.008 0.014 0.026 0.031

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.003 0.003 0.006 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002

00600 Total nitrogen 0.82 1.1 0.98 0.85 -- 0.76 0.86 -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.101 0.42 0.138 0.38 <.019 0.242 0.135 <.019 <.019

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.219 0.133 0.294 0.1 <.015 0.085 0.268 0.482 0.748

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.72 0.67 0.84 0.47 0.52 0.52 0.73 1.1 1.4

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 260 290 290 250 220 240 250 260 260

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) 209 235 235 206 181 208 218 220 225

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 47 57.1 55.6 49 35.1 47.1 50.3 50.9 50.9

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 34.9 34.7 36.5 30.8 31.6 30.8 30.9 31.6 31.5

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 11.9 10.4 17.6 10.5 11.3 10.6 10.4 10.6 9.9

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 2 1.9 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 27.2 24.4 40.4 24.5 25.7 24.3 24.2 23.9 24.6

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 27.5 28.4 27.4 25.3 24.9 25.5 25.4 24.8 22.3

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 14.6 14.7 15.3 9.59 10.5 11.3 14.4 15.8 17.4

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <.5 <.5 80 <.5 <1.6 <1.6 110 190 250

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.8

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- -- 286 268 294 300 300 308
26

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 4 TO AUGUST 26, 2008 

0 10 20 30

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-04-08

450 500 550 600 650

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600 650

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600 650

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-26-08

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

0 10 20 30

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

04-21-08

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
27

424934088220400 LAKE BEULAH NEAR EAST SHORE ROAD AT EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'34", long 88°22'04", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at East Troy.

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--December 2007.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, DECEMBER 3, 2007

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Dec. 3

00078 Secchi-depth (m) --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.6

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 514

00300 Dissolved oxygen 17

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 0.98

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.017

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.005

00600 Total nitrogen 0.83

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.039

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.277

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.79

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 220

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) 192

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 39.2

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 30.8

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 13.2

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.8

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 31.6

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 25.9

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 15.2

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.6

00081 Apparent color (PCU) --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) <1.0

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) --
28

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°24'09", long 88°15'16", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec. 20, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on north side at a depth of 12 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

 

Date Feb. 29 Apr. 24 Jun. 26 Jul. 22 Aug. 27

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 1.7 2.6 2.6 2.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 13 0.5 12 0.5 11 0.5 11.5 0.5 11.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.6 4.5 13.9 7.8 24.1 13.2 25.5 14.1 23.5 24.3

00400 pH (standard units) 7.1 7.1 8.1 7.7 8.4 7.4 8.7 7.4 8.6 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 590 776 560 557 544 595 545 603 544 651

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.5 0.6 11.8 8.3 9.2 0.5 8.6 0.4 8.3 0.3

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 6.6 -- 4.52 -- 2.6 -- 6.31 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.034 0.013 0.013 0.017 0.044 0.014 0.040 0.017 0.042
29

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008 

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-29-08 04-24-08

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-26-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-22-08 08-27-08

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
30

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
31

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'24", long 88°15'49", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on south side at deep hole. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Feb. 29 Apr. 24 Jun. 26 Jul. 22 Aug. 27

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 5.9 2.3 3.5 2.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 29 0.5 30 0.5 29 0.5 29.5 0.5 29

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.2 2.7 9.8 4.0 23.2 5.1 25 5.2 23.2 5.2

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 7.5 7.8 7.8 8.3 7.3 8.6 7.4 8.6 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 565 578 549 540 531 556 530 560 517 580

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.6 4.8 12 11.2 10.7 4.0 8.6 0.8 8.9 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 0.86 -- 7.7 -- 2.91 -- 9.15 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.009 0.12 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.072 0.012 0.076 0.017 0.044

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.006 -- -- -- 0.006 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.478 -- -- -- 0.201 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.02 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.54 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.51 -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 240 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- 190 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 38.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 35 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 50.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 21.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 3.61 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- 306 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
32

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

06-26-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-29-08 04-24-08

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-22-08 08-27-08

500 525 550 575 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 525 550 575 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 525 550 575 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 525 550 575 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 525 550 575 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
33

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
34

423706088363400 DELAVAN LAKE NEAR DELAVAN, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36′27′′, long 88°36′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 

N., R.16 E., Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Delavan Lake Sanitary District Lift Station No. 2 

at Delavan Lake Yacht Club, 1.0 mi southeast of outlet, and 2.7 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2, of which 2.30 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. October 1983 to September 1985 data published in Water 

Resources Investigation series report "Water Quality and Hydrology of Delavan Lake in Southeastern Wisconsin" 

by Stephen J. Field and Marvin D. Duerk. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 922.92 ft above NGVD of 1929. Prior to Sept. 5, 1989, staff gage at 

bridge on North Shore Drive at same datum. 

REMARKS.--Lake was ice covered from Jan. 17 to Mar. 25. Lake levels controlled by Delavan Lake Sanitary District. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 6.53 ft, Aug. 27, 2007; minimum daily, 

-4.44 ft, Nov. 6, 1989 (lake drawn down for lake rehabilitation program). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height, 5.89 ft, June 9 and 13; minimum, 4.77 ft, Aug. 2. 
35

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 5.03 4.94 5.02 5.11 5.02 5.05 5.14 4.99 5.09 5.07 4.83 4.86 

2 5.05 4.94 5.09 5.08 4.99 5.04 5.09 5.00 5.08 5.08 4.83 4.86 

3 5.04 4.94 5.13 5.04 4.98 5.23 5.03 5.02 5.06 5.17 4.83 4.87 

4 5.03 4.96 5.13 5.01 5.01 5.33 5.07 5.01 5.04 5.19 4.88 4.98 

5 5.02 4.95 5.13 4.97 5.03 5.22 5.04 4.99 5.22 5.19 4.92 e5.08 

6 5.03 4.95 5.11 4.96 5.08 5.09 5.03 5.00 5.39 5.17 4.93 5.04 

7 5.04 4.93 5.09 5.07 5.07 5.06 5.05 5.02 5.29 5.16 4.92 4.99 

8 5.04 4.94 5.09 5.38 5.06 5.04 5.05 5.02 5.28 5.34 4.90 4.97 

9 5.05 4.94 5.10 5.46 5.03 5.02 5.19 5.02 5.74 5.25 4.89 4.96 

10 5.03 4.93 5.09 5.37 5.00 5.02 5.17 5.02 5.82 5.15 4.88 4.95 

11 5.02 4.94 5.11 5.28 4.96 5.00 5.40 5.04 5.67 5.25 4.87 4.94 

12 5.00 4.94 5.14 5.18 4.94 5.01 5.38 5.05 5.51 5.53 4.87 4.94 

13 4.99 4.95 5.12 5.06 4.93 5.08 5.29 5.03 5.77 5.57 4.87 5.07 

14 5.02 4.94 5.13 4.97 4.93 5.19 5.16 5.01 5.79 5.42 4.88 5.16 

15 5.05 4.93 5.09 4.99 4.92 5.16 5.08 4.98 5.63 5.30 4.88 5.19 

16 5.11 4.92 5.09 5.02 4.93 5.07 5.02 4.96 5.44 5.20 4.87 5.14 

17 5.11 4.93 5.04 5.06 5.01 5.00 5.01 4.96 5.24 5.09 4.87 5.09 

18 5.12 4.94 5.00 5.07 5.07 5.01 5.01 4.96 5.08 5.00 4.87 5.08 

19 5.10 4.95 5.00 5.09 5.09 5.02 5.01 4.96 4.97 4.95 4.86 5.06 

20 5.08 e4.97 5.02 5.12 5.09 5.03 5.00 4.97 4.98 4.91 4.86 5.05 

21 5.04 4.98 5.01 5.11 5.07 5.06 4.99 4.97 5.00 4.85 4.86 5.05 

22 5.01 4.98 5.00 5.12 5.07 5.10 5.01 4.98 5.01 4.86 4.89 5.04 

23 5.00 4.98 5.09 5.09 5.06 5.08 5.02 4.98 5.02 4.87 4.89 5.03 

24 4.99 4.97 5.17 5.07 5.03 5.07 5.02 4.98 5.02 4.87 4.89 5.02 

25 4.99 4.99 5.20 5.06 5.01 5.04 5.09 4.98 5.03 4.86 4.89 5.01 

26 4.98 4.98 5.21 5.05 5.02 5.07 5.21 5.08 5.03 4.85 4.88 5.01 

27 4.97 5.00 5.24 5.01 5.00 5.11 5.18 5.08 5.04 4.85 4.88 5.00 

28 4.97 5.00 5.23 5.00 5.02 5.10 5.11 5.05 5.06 4.85 4.88 5.00 

29 4.96 5.00 5.20 4.99 5.06 5.03 5.07 5.04 5.08 4.85 4.88 5.00 

30 4.96 4.99 5.17 5.01 --- 4.97 5.02 5.09 5.08 4.84 4.87 5.00 

31 4.95 --- 5.14 5.00 --- 5.01 --- 5.11 --- 4.84 4.86 --- 

Mean 5.03 4.96 5.11 5.09 5.02 5.07 5.10 5.01 5.25 5.08 4.88 5.01 

Max 5.12 5.00 5.24 5.46 5.09 5.33 5.40 5.11 5.82 5.57 4.93 5.19 

Min 4.95 4.92 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.97 4.99 4.96 4.97 4.84 4.83 4.86 
36

 Stage hydrograph for Delavan Lake, 1983 – 2008. 

 

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 
37

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'56", long 88°36'50", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake ice-covered during February measurements. Water-quality analyses done by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory. 

Samples for determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake and analyzed by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene. A “*” indicates data collected by the Delavan Lake Sanitary District.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 3, 2007 TO JANUARY 9, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Oct. 3* Oct. 12* Oct. 17* Oct. 24* Nov. 1* Nov. 13* Nov. 13 Jan. 9* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.6 2.4 4.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 19 17 16 15.1 13 10 10 9.8 0.0

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- -- 8.5 8.6 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- -- -- 540 542 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- -- 11.8 11.2 --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.36 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.066 0.06 0.065

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.035 0.038 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- <.016 -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.025 -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.65 -- --
38

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MAY 4 TO MAY 15, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Mar. 4 Apr. 9* Apr. 15* Apr. 21* Apr. 21 May 6* May 15* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.6 3.4 4.9

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 16 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.7 3.3 2.0 4.5 10 11.3 5.6 11 15.6

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.4 -- -- -- 8.6 8.1 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 582 972 -- -- -- 532 545 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 15.8 3.5 -- -- -- 18.3 13.2 -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 12.6 -- -- -- -- 7.62 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.052 0.111 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.044 0.079 0.03 0.04

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.013 0.087 -- -- -- E.003 0.037 -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.87 -- -- -- -- 1.2 1.3 -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.209 -- -- -- -- 0.42 0.416 -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.037 -- -- -- -- 0.039 0.228 -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.67 -- -- -- -- 0.73 0.91 -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- -- 230 230 -- --

00410 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- -- 190 192 -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- -- 42.4 41.2 -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- -- 30.9 30.2 -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- -- 30.1 30.2 -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- -- 2.96 2.96 -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- -- 59.3 60.3 -- --

00950 Fluoride, dissolved (F) -- -- -- -- -- 0.19 0.18 -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- -- 21.5 21.2 -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- -- 0.9 2.2 -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- <8 <8 -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- 1.4 115 -- --

00080 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- -- -- -- 18 20 -- --

63676 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- -- -- -- 2.4 2.5 -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- -- -- -- 334 332 -- --
39

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MAY 19 TO JULY 23, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date May 19 May 28* June 4* June 10* June 17* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 8.8 2.4 3.0 5.8 3.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 11 14 16 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 14 12.9 10.8 10.3 14.5 17 19 20

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.2 7.8 7.6 -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 578 578 584 592 -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.8 9.0 4.9 0.8 -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 0.59 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.04 0.051 0.106 0.198 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.06

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.02 0.03 0.076 0.149 -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.416 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.133 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.66 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Date June 23 July 1* July 9* July 16* July 23* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.1 2.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 8 11 16 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.7 20.2 15.5 14.2 22 24 24 24.5

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 8 7.6 7.5 -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 541 560 586 593 -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.7 6.6 1.8 0.2 -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 15.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.063 0.046 0.161 0.263 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.006 <.006 0.071 0.179 -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.686 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.027 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.86 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

 

 
40

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 23 TO SEPTEMBER 2, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Date July 23 July 30* Aug. 6* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.9 1.8 1.5

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 5 13 16 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 25.8 25.1 15.4 14.3 26 25

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.6 7.3 7.2 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 526 527 599 612 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 11.7 0.1 0.1 -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.9 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.038 0.037 0.32 0.53 0.046 0.049

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) E.004 E.004 0.301 0.505 -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.98 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.252 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.104 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.73 -- -- -- -- --

Date Aug. 18 Aug. 19* Aug. 27* Sept. 2* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7 8 10 12 14 15 16 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 24.6 24 23 18.7 16.1 14.5 14.2 14 24 23 24

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.4 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.1 7 7 -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 492 497 516 569 587 608 620 626 -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.8 7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 45.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.043 0.041 0.044 0.182 0.39 0.57 0.64 0.7 0.043 0.053 0.04

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) E.003 E.003 -- -- -- 0.514 -- 0.639 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.016 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.031 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
41

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 10 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Date Sept. 10* Sept. 17 Sept. 23* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 1.7 2.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 11 14 16 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21 21.4 19.7 14.8 13.9 21

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.2 7.6 7.0 6.7 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 514 528 637 682 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 9.0 4.2 0.1 0.1 --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 19.5 -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.047 0.057 0.084 0.52 0.86 0.045

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- <.006 0.049 0.459 0.79 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- E.69 -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- E.015 -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- <.020 -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- 0.68 -- -- -- --
42

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 13, 2007 TO MAY 19, 2008

 

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-13-07 03-04-08 04-21-08

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

05-19-08

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
43

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 23 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 2008

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

06-23-08 07-23-08 08-18-08

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-17-08

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
44

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

329

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Delavan Lake, at Center, near Delavan, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
45

423659088354401 DELAVAN LAKE, AT NORTH END, NEAR LAKE LAWN, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36'59", long 88°35'44", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year.

 

Date Apr. 21 May 19 June 23 July 23 Aug. 18

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 7.9 3.8 2.2 1.5

 

 

423526088380101 DELAVAN LAKE, AT SW END, NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'26", long 88°38'01", in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.32, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year.

 

Date Apr. 21 May 19 June 23 July 23 Aug. 18

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.6 8.0 2.3 1.9 2.0
46

05404500 DEVILS LAKE NEAR BARABOO, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°25′35′′, long 89°43′40′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.11 N., R.6 E., Sauk 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07070004, in Devils Lake State Park, 3.5 mi south of Baraboo. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.56 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--4.79 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1922 to August 1930, June to August 1932, June 1934 to September 1981 (fragmentary). October 1981 

to September 1984, data unpublished in district files. October 1984 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-78-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder installed July 17, 1991. Datum of gage is 955.00 ft, above NGVD of 1929. 

REMARKS.--Lake normally has no surface outlet. However, during and after extreme rainfall in June, water spilled out of the north end 

of the lake. Water removed from lake by siphon October 1-25, April 17-May 29, and June 5-September 30. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 14.83 ft, June 12, 2008; minimum observed, 1.49 ft, Feb. 

8, 1965. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 14.83 ft, June 12, 2008; minimum recorded, 7.90 ft, Nov. 30 and 

Dec. 1. 
47

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 8.71 8.38 7.97 8.15 8.60 8.83 9.65 11.80 11.32 12.96 12.22 10.84 

2 8.70 8.37 8.06 8.15 8.61 8.84 9.71 11.84 11.30 12.91 12.17 10.79 

3 8.79 8.35 8.05 8.15 8.61 8.91 9.77 11.88 11.32 12.85 12.12 10.72 

4 8.76 8.34 8.05 8.15 8.62 8.94 9.82 11.88 11.31 12.80 12.14 10.71 

5 8.73 8.31 8.06 8.14 8.63 8.96 9.90 11.86 11.68 12.74 12.13 10.70 

6 8.72 8.29 8.06 8.16 8.68 8.96 10.02 11.85 11.84 12.68 12.08 10.66 

7 8.70 8.27 8.07 8.19 8.71 8.97 10.12 11.89 11.92 12.65 12.02 10.62 

8 8.69 8.26 8.07 8.26 8.71 8.98 10.20 11.87 12.50 12.69 11.97 10.57 

9 8.64 8.24 8.07 8.33 8.71 8.98 10.35 11.84 12.87 12.65 11.92 10.52 

10 8.59 8.23 8.06 8.36 8.70 8.98 10.47 11.82 13.00 12.61 11.86 10.48 

11 8.55 8.22 8.07 8.41 8.71 8.99 10.78 11.82 13.57 13.01 11.81 10.44 

12 8.51 8.21 8.08 8.43 8.71 8.99 10.91 11.82 13.93 13.18 11.77 10.41 

13 8.48 8.20 8.07 8.46 8.71 9.00 10.97 11.80 14.45 13.15 11.73 10.41 

14 8.47 8.15 8.07 8.48 8.73 9.02 10.99 11.79 14.11 13.11 11.68 10.39 

15 8.45 8.11 8.07 8.49 8.74 9.06 11.01 11.78 13.93 13.07 11.63 10.37 

16 8.48 8.09 8.06 8.49 8.74 9.08 11.03 11.74 13.79 13.02 11.58 10.33 

17 8.47 8.06 8.06 8.52 8.79 9.09 11.04 11.70 13.70 12.98 11.54 10.29 

18 8.55 8.05 8.06 8.54 8.83 9.12 11.10 11.67 13.65 12.93 11.50 10.25 

19 8.59 8.04 8.05 8.54 8.84 9.14 11.13 11.64 13.59 12.89 11.46 10.21 

20 8.58 8.03 8.05 8.54 8.83 9.17 11.14 11.61 13.54 12.87 11.41 10.17 

21 8.57 8.03 8.05 8.55 8.83 9.25 11.14 11.58 13.47 12.82 11.36 10.14 

22 8.55 8.03 8.05 8.57 8.83 9.32 11.15 11.55 13.41 12.78 11.32 10.10 

23 8.52 8.02 8.11 8.57 8.83 9.34 11.16 11.51 13.36 12.74 11.28 10.06 

24 8.49 8.00 8.13 8.57 8.83 9.35 11.15 11.46 13.30 12.66 11.22 10.03 

25 8.47 7.99 8.13 8.58 8.83 9.36 11.39 11.43 13.24 12.61 11.17 9.99 

26 8.46 7.98 8.12 8.59 8.83 9.38 11.77 11.41 13.19 12.55 11.12 9.95 

27 8.45 7.96 8.13 8.59 8.83 9.41 11.81 11.37 13.14 12.49 11.07 9.91 

28 8.44 7.96 8.14 8.59 8.83 9.43 11.83 11.33 13.13 12.44 11.02 9.87 

29 8.43 7.94 8.15 8.59 8.83 9.45 11.83 11.30 13.07 12.38 10.98 9.84 

30 8.42 7.92 8.15 8.60 --- 9.47 11.81 11.34 13.01 12.33 10.93 9.79 

31 8.40 --- 8.15 8.60 --- 9.53 --- 11.33 --- 12.28 10.89 --- 

Mean 8.56 8.13 8.08 8.43 8.75 9.14 10.84 11.66 12.99 12.77 11.58 10.32 

Max 8.79 8.38 8.15 8.60 8.84 9.53 11.83 11.89 14.45 13.18 12.22 10.84 

Min 8.40 7.92 7.97 8.14 8.60 8.83 9.65 11.30 11.30 12.28 10.89 9.79 
48

 

Annual minimum and maximum water levels for Devils Lake, 1936-2008.

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

5

10

15

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

MIN

MAX
49

423525088260400 GENEVA LAKE AT LAKE GENEVA, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35′25′′, long 88°26′04′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.2 N., R.17 E., 

Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Geneva Lake dam at Center Street at Lake Geneva. 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1997 to August 2002, December 2002 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 862.08 ft above NGVD of 1929. Intermittent staff-gage readings January to March. 

REMARKS.--Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20, 2007; minimum gage height, 1.44 ft, Nov. 5, 2005 

(affected by wind). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 3.25 ft (affected by wind), June 15; minimum gage height, 2.11

ft (affected by wind), Nov. 28, but may have been lower during period when the float was frozen in the well. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 2.49 2.39 --- --- --- --- 2.69 2.74 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.39 

2 2.50 2.38 --- --- --- --- 2.67 2.76 2.66 2.63 2.59 2.39 

3 2.52 2.37 --- e2.53 --- --- 2.66 2.77 2.64 2.64 2.58 2.39 

4 2.50 2.37 --- --- --- --- 2.68 2.76 2.64 2.63 2.61 2.45 

5 2.50 2.37 --- e2.40 --- --- 2.66 2.75 2.72 2.62 2.62 2.53 

6 2.50 2.34 --- 2.44 --- --- 2.64 2.73 2.81 2.61 2.61 2.52 

7 2.51 2.33 --- 2.51 --- --- 2.63 2.73 2.81 2.61 2.59 2.51 

8 2.52 2.32 --- 2.61 --- --- 2.64 2.71 2.88 2.72 2.57 2.50 

9 2.54 2.31 --- 2.63 --- --- 2.73 2.70 3.04 2.70 2.55 2.50 

10 2.48 2.31 --- 2.62 --- --- 2.75 2.68 3.02 2.71 2.52 2.49 

11 2.45 2.31 --- 2.64 --- e2.41 2.90 2.70 2.97 2.81 2.51 2.48 

12 2.43 2.32 --- 2.62 --- 2.44 2.90 2.70 2.94 2.97 2.51 2.48 

13 2.41 2.32 --- 2.63 --- 2.46 2.89 2.70 3.02 2.97 2.51 2.58 

14 2.43 2.33 --- e2.62 --- 2.47 2.87 2.68 3.00 2.91 2.53 2.64 

15 2.45 2.30 --- --- --- 2.48 2.85 2.66 2.97 2.88 2.51 2.65 

16 2.51 2.29 --- --- --- 2.48 2.84 2.66 2.92 2.84 2.51 2.64 

17 2.51 2.28 --- --- --- 2.47 2.80 2.65 2.89 2.82 2.50 2.62 

18 2.56 2.28 --- --- --- 2.48 2.78 2.63 2.83 2.79 2.49 2.60 

19 2.57 2.29 --- --- --- 2.48 2.77 2.61 2.80 2.82 2.46 2.59 

20 2.52 2.29 e2.28 --- --- 2.48 2.76 2.61 2.79 2.84 2.46 2.59 

21 2.51 2.30 2.30 --- --- 2.51 2.75 2.59 2.77 2.82 2.45 2.58 

22 2.49 2.31 2.36 --- e2.56 2.56 2.74 2.58 2.75 2.78 2.46 2.57 

23 2.49 2.31 2.52 --- --- 2.55 2.73 2.56 2.72 2.76 2.47 2.57 

24 2.47 2.31 --- --- --- 2.53 2.72 2.56 2.71 2.74 2.45 2.57 

25 2.44 2.31 --- --- --- 2.53 2.78 2.57 2.69 2.72 2.43 2.56 

26 2.44 2.28 --- --- --- 2.53 2.88 2.66 2.69 2.71 2.41 2.55 

27 2.45 2.28 --- --- --- 2.55 2.81 2.62 2.68 2.69 2.40 2.55 

28 2.43 2.27 --- --- --- 2.56 2.80 2.61 2.70 2.66 2.41 2.53 

29 2.44 2.27 --- --- --- 2.56 2.79 2.61 2.68 2.66 2.41 2.53 

30 2.42 e2.25 --- --- --- 2.54 2.76 2.67 2.66 2.65 2.40 2.53 

31 2.41 --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.69 --- 2.63 2.39 --- 

Mean 2.48 2.31 --- --- --- --- 2.76 2.67 2.80 2.74 2.50 2.54 

Max 2.57 2.39 --- --- --- --- 2.90 2.77 3.04 2.97 2.62 2.65 

Min 2.41 2.25 --- --- --- --- 2.63 2.56 2.64 2.61 2.39 2.39 
50

Stage hydrograph for Geneva Lake, 1997-2008.

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

STAFF GAGE READING

 
51

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°33'29", long 88°32'33", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.1 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 1.3 mi south of Williams Bay.

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1997 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of about 43 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. Samples for 

 determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 13, 2007 TO JUNE 23, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Nov. 13 Apr. 23 June 23

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.3 6.6 4.9

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 22 30 42 0.5 41.5 0.5 7.0 14 34 39 42.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 11 10.8 7.9 7.2 7.2 3.7 20.2 19.6 12.5 6.8 6.4 6.2

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 8.4 7.6 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.9 7.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 518 518 529 532 519 529 518 518 521 525 527 528

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.7 10.2 1.6 0.1 15.2 13.9 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.1 9.5 8.8

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 8.36 -- -- -- 1.68 3.24 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.010 0.007 0.036 0.052 0.024 0.017 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.018

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- 0.004 <.002 <.002 -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- 0.43 0.61 -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- 0.079 0.096 <.019 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- 0.016 0.019 <.015 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.42 -- -- -- 0.35 0.51 0.45 -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 230 230 -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 181 183 -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- 35.7 35.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- 34.8 35.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- 20.4 20.6 -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- 1.9 2 -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- 40.4 41.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- 1.83 2.36 -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <100 <100 -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <.5 <.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- -- -- 5 5 -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- -- -- <1.0 <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- -- -- 280 276 -- -- -- -- -- --
52

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 23 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date July 23 Aug. 18

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.3 4.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 15 33 38 43 0.5 9.0 15 33 38 42

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 24.8 24.4 11.8 6.9 6.5 6.4 24.4 22.9 11.9 7.1 6.6 6.4

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.6 8.5 8.3 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 514 514 525 528 531 532 506 511 513 516 518 521

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.2 7.1 6.4 8.6 6.7 5.8 6.6 4.4 1.8

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.99 -- -- -- -- -- 2.32 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.005 0.015 0.033 0.015 0.015 0.012 0.012 0.02 0.058

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- -- -- 0.002 -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- -- -- <.019 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- -- -- <.015 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.46 -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 -- -- -- -- --

Date Sept. 17

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 12 17 33 38 42

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 20.6 20 10.9 7.0 6.7 6.6

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.3 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 516 517 526 528 531 532

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.0 8.2 4.9 5.0 1.8 0.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.38 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.024 0.064

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 <.002 <.002 0.006 0.015 0.048

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.44 0.59 0.68 0.6

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 <.019 0.107 0.275 0.335 0.254

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.015 <.015 <.015 <.015 <.015 0.097

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.28 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.35
53

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 13, 2007 TO JUNE 23, 2008 

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-13-08

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

06-23-08

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T. D.O.

pH S.C.

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

04-23-08

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
54

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 23 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 2008 

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-23-08

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

09-17-08

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

08-18-08

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
55

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10

20

30

40

50

60

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Geneva Lake, West End, near Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
56

434928088553601 GREEN LAKE AT COUNTY TRUNK HIGHWAY A NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49′28′′, long 88°55′36′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 

sec.27, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, on left bank at downstream side of

County Trunk Highway A, 2.3 mi southeast of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--103 mi2; Area of Green Lake, 7,346 acres.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1993 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 790.00 ft above sea level. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at outlet at Green Lake. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.67 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum 

recorded, 5.27 ft, Nov. 5, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.67 ft, June 15; minimum recorded gage 

height, 5.80 ft, Nov. 29. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.32 6.20 e6.01 6.20 e6.43 6.12 6.63 6.76 6.59 7.23 6.48 6.25 

2 6.32 6.19 e6.03 6.19 e6.41 e6.11 6.61 6.73 6.60 7.17 6.46 6.25 

3 6.36 6.18 e6.04 6.18 e6.38 e6.10 6.60 6.72 6.61 7.10 6.44 6.22 

4 6.38 6.18 e6.05 6.18 e6.36 6.10 6.60 6.69 6.62 7.01 6.48 6.22 

5 6.38 6.12 e6.07 6.18 e6.34 6.10 6.58 6.66 6.68 6.94 6.52 6.24 

6 6.39 6.11 e6.09 6.19 e6.33 6.09 6.56 6.66 6.72 6.88 6.52 6.24 

7 6.39 6.13 e6.10 6.21 e6.31 6.09 6.55 6.71 6.76 6.82 6.50 6.23 

8 6.36 6.13 6.07 6.26 e6.30 6.08 6.54 6.73 7.03 6.79 6.50 6.23 

9 6.32 6.12 6.07 6.30 e6.28 6.08 6.63 6.72 7.31 6.74 6.50 6.22 

10 6.30 6.11 6.07 6.31 e6.27 6.08 6.63 6.72 7.32 6.70 6.48 6.21 

11 6.29 6.11 6.07 6.36 e6.26 e6.08 6.75 6.72 7.29 6.74 6.48 6.21 

12 6.27 6.11 6.06 6.37 e6.25 e6.10 6.80 6.71 7.54 6.73 6.48 6.25 

13 6.26 6.10 6.07 6.40 e6.24 e6.11 6.82 6.71 8.25 6.68 6.47 6.26 

14 6.26 6.03 6.06 6.42 e6.23 e6.14 6.79 6.71 8.50 6.62 6.46 6.26 

15 6.25 6.05 6.06 6.42 e6.22 e6.18 6.76 6.71 8.57 6.57 6.45 6.27 

16 6.30 6.09 6.07 6.42 e6.22 e6.22 6.72 6.70 8.60 e6.57 6.44 6.26 

17 6.30 6.07 6.05 6.45 e6.21 e6.26 6.69 6.68 8.50 e6.59 6.44 6.27 

18 6.35 6.06 6.05 6.45 e6.21 e6.31 6.70 6.67 8.40 e6.63 6.43 6.25 

19 6.30 6.06 6.04 6.43 e6.19 e6.37 6.71 6.66 8.28 e6.67 6.39 6.25 

20 6.33 6.06 6.03 6.43 e6.18 e6.41 6.71 6.65 8.18 e6.73 6.38 6.25 

21 6.34 6.06 6.03 6.44 e6.17 e6.45 6.68 6.64 8.06 e6.77 6.38 6.24 

22 6.33 6.06 6.04 6.46 6.15 e6.50 6.65 6.62 7.94 6.80 6.37 6.24 

23 6.31 6.05 6.19 6.46 6.15 e6.56 6.63 6.61 7.83 6.77 6.36 6.24 

24 6.30 6.01 6.17 e6.45 6.15 e6.60 6.63 6.61 7.75 6.75 6.35 6.23 

25 6.29 6.01 6.16 e6.43 6.14 6.61 6.71 6.60 7.64 6.71 6.32 6.22 

26 6.29 6.02 6.16 e6.41 6.14 6.61 6.71 6.61 7.63 6.67 6.30 6.22 

27 6.27 5.99 6.17 e6.39 6.13 6.60 6.78 6.56 7.53 6.63 6.29 6.21 

28 6.27 6.00 6.18 e6.38 6.13 6.59 6.80 6.52 7.47 6.59 6.28 6.20 

29 6.25 5.93 6.20 e6.37 6.12 6.58 6.80 6.51 7.40 6.56 6.28 6.19 

30 6.25 e6.00 6.19 e6.39 --- 6.57 6.78 6.58 7.32 6.52 6.27 6.18 

31 6.19 --- 6.20 e6.43 --- 6.59 --- 6.58 --- 6.49 6.26 --- 

Mean 6.31 6.08 6.09 6.35 6.24 6.30 6.68 6.66 7.56 6.75 6.41 6.23 

Max 6.39 6.20 6.20 6.46 6.43 6.61 6.82 6.76 8.60 7.23 6.52 6.27 

Min 6.19 5.93 6.01 6.18 6.12 6.08 6.54 6.51 6.59 6.49 6.26 6.18 
57

Stage hydrograph for Green Lake, 1993-2008.

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
58

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°47'56", long 89°02'05", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about 5 miles southwest of the 

City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 to current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 27, 2007 TO JUNE 24, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Oct. 27* Apr. 29 May 6* May 15* May 28* June 1* June 24

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 7.6 5.5 5.9 1.8 1.7 1.4 5.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 67 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 67.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 13.3 4.1 3.8 11.7 10.0 12.2 17.2 21.2 4.4

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.1 8.0 -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 513 517 -- -- -- -- 484 525

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 14.7 14.4 -- -- -- -- 11.1 2.0

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 2.19 -- -- -- -- -- 0.45 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) -- 0.053 0.053 -- -- -- -- 0.029 0.090 

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- 0.023 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- 0.61 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- 0.303 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- <.015 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- 0.31 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- 230 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- 180 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- 33.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- 35 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- 19.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- 38.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- 0.461 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- <.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- 282 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
59

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 30 TO SEPTEMBER 25, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date June 30* July 4* July 10* July 18* July 24 Aug. 8* Aug. 14* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 6.4 7.3 3.4 3.5 2.7 2.1 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 67 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.7 23.3 23.9 23.3 25.1 4.5 25.6 24.4

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.4 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 481 521 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 11.8 5.5 -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 3.31 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.02 0.124 -- --

Date Aug. 19 Aug. 27* Aug. 30* Sept. 9* 

Sept. 

19* Sept. 22

Sept. 

25* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.2 4.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 14 66 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 15 66 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 23.7 9.5 4.6 23.9 25 21.1 20 19.7 11.2 4.7 20

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 7.7 7.3 -- -- -- -- 8.7 7.6 7.4 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 451 505 514 -- -- -- -- 465 515 535 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10 5.8 1.4 -- -- -- -- 10.4 2.2 0.2 --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 13.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- 18.7 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.021 0.012 0.15 -- -- -- -- 0.023 0.016 0.189 --

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.002 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.41 -- -- --
60

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2008

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-08 06-24-08

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

07-24-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

08-19-08 09-22-08

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
61

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Green Lake, Deep Hole, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
62

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'28", long 88°57'00", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of 

the City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 27, 2007 TO AUGUST 19, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Oct. 27* Apr. 29 May 6* May 15* May 28* June 1* June 24

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.5 4.0 4.9 1.7 1.8 1.4 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) -- 0.5 33 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 33

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 12.8 5.0 4.0 9.4 10 13.3 17.8 22 5.2

00400 pH (standard units) -- 7.8 8.2 -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 512 514 -- -- -- -- 472 518

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 15.0 14.3 -- -- -- -- 10.8 10.0

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 2.48 -- -- -- -- 0.64 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) -- 0.051 0.052 -- -- -- -- 0.054 0.093

 

Date June 30* July 4* July 10* July 18* July 24 Aug. 8* Aug. 14* Aug. 19

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.3 5.5 3.4 2.3 2.3 1.2 1.8 1.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 33 0.1 0.1 0.5 16 33

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.7 23.3 24.4 24.4 25.4 5.9 25.6 24.4 24.4 13.5 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.9 7.8 -- -- 8.9 7.6 7.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 487 516 -- -- 447 501 509

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 12.1 9.1 -- -- 11.3 1.9 7.0

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 7.82 -- -- -- 25.2 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.020 0.075 -- -- 0.029 0.021 0.075

 
63

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 27 TO SEPTEMBER 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Aug. 27* Aug. 30* Sept. 9* Sept. 19* Sept. 22 Sept. 25* 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.4 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.1 3.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 16 34 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.8 24 21.1 21.1 19.7 10.1 5.4 21.1

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.7 7.6 7.6 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 469 516 521 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 10.3 2.3 5.8 --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 29.4 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.032 0.018 0.091 --
64

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2008 

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-08 06-24-08

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-24-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-19-08 09-22-08

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
65

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Green Lake, East End, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
66

435009088550100 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 1, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°50'09", long 88°55'01", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29, 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 29 June 24 July 24 Aug. 19 Sept. 22

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 9.7 22.2 22.9 24.9 21.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 675 576 663 857 948

00300 Dissolved oxygen 16.7 6.1 7.3 9.1 12

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.083 0.24 0.245 0.143 0.084

 
67

434948088552200 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 2, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'48", long 88°55'22", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of the City 

of Green Lake.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA APRIL 29 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 29 June 24 July 24 Aug. 19 Sept. 22

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 10.3 21.7 23.9 24.4 21.4

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 666 541 660 824 890

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.3 6.5 6.9 10.2 10.5

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.076 0.23 0.252 0.142 0.064
68

425715089164700 LAKE KEGONSA AT BARBER DRIVE NEAR STOUGHTON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57′15′′, long 89°16′47′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.26, T.6 N., R.10 E., 

Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on downstream side of bridge on Barber Drive, 3.5 mi northwest of Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--386 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above sea level (levels from Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

benchmark). 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.73 ft, June 16, 2008; minimum observed, 2.07 ft, Jan.27, 

2006. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed,5.73 ft,June 16; minimum observed, 2.74 ft, Nov. 29. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 3.53 3.10 2.90 3.28 2.96 3.00 3.43 4.41 3.57 4.77 3.89 3.04 

2 3.54 3.07 2.98 3.21 2.96 2.99 3.44 4.37 3.56 4.71 3.82 3.06 

3 3.55 3.05 2.99 3.19 2.96 3.04 3.45 4.33 3.56 4.66 3.75 3.08 

4 3.54 3.03 2.99 3.16 2.97 3.08 3.45 4.27 3.53 4.59 3.75 3.15 

5 3.52 2.99 3.00 3.13 2.99 3.12 3.44 4.22 3.63 4.53 3.72 3.21 

6 3.50 2.98 3.02 3.11 3.03 3.15 3.43 4.17 3.71 4.45 3.65 3.22 

7 3.48 2.97 3.06 3.14 3.03 3.16 3.41 4.14 3.78 4.41 3.58 3.21 

8 3.45 2.96 3.08 3.23 3.05 3.15 3.44 4.10 3.97 4.41 3.52 3.21 

9 3.40 2.95 3.10 3.34 3.06 3.15 3.53 4.06 4.31 4.38 3.46 3.21 

10 3.34 2.94 3.11 3.42 3.04 3.14 3.66 4.02 4.52 4.36 3.40 3.19 

11 3.30 2.93 3.15 3.49 3.04 3.13 3.82 4.00 4.71 4.53 3.32 3.17 

12 3.26 2.93 3.18 3.52 3.02 3.11 3.95 3.98 4.93 4.64 3.26 3.16 

13 3.23 2.91 3.19 3.54 3.01 3.12 4.02 3.93 5.40 4.67 3.22 3.25 

14 3.23 2.89 3.18 3.53 3.00 3.16 4.07 3.91 5.57 4.69 3.19 3.31 

15 3.23 2.88 3.18 3.49 2.98 3.24 4.08 3.87 5.69 4.68 3.14 3.33 

16 3.25 2.87 3.19 3.46 2.97 3.31 4.07 3.83 5.72 4.68 3.08 3.31 

17 3.25 2.87 3.19 3.43 3.03 3.36 4.08 3.80 5.69 4.66 3.03 3.30 

18 3.32 2.86 3.18 3.38 3.08 3.38 4.09 3.77 5.64 4.63 3.00 3.28 

19 3.32 2.85 3.17 3.34 3.09 3.38 4.13 3.74 5.58 4.60 2.97 3.24 

20 3.33 2.86 3.16 3.30 3.11 3.38 4.13 3.71 5.50 4.58 2.95 3.20 

21 3.33 2.87 3.16 3.27 3.11 3.42 4.12 3.68 5.42 4.54 2.92 3.17 

22 3.34 2.86 3.17 3.24 3.10 3.43 4.10 3.66 5.35 4.49 2.92 3.14 

23 3.32 2.85 3.26 3.20 3.09 3.41 4.09 3.63 5.28 4.43 2.91 3.10 

24 3.31 2.83 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.38 4.07 3.60 5.21 4.36 2.90 3.07 

25 3.29 2.82 3.29 3.12 3.07 3.35 4.23 3.57 5.15 4.29 2.89 3.05 

26 3.26 2.82 3.31 3.09 3.06 3.35 4.32 3.62 5.09 4.24 2.87 3.03 

27 3.24 2.81 3.33 3.05 3.04 3.39 4.41 3.61 5.03 4.18 2.86 3.03 

28 3.22 2.79 3.34 3.01 3.02 3.40 4.46 3.55 4.96 4.13 2.89 3.03 

29 3.19 2.79 3.35 2.99 3.02 3.38 4.47 3.52 4.89 4.06 2.94 3.02 

30 3.16 2.85 3.33 2.98 --- 3.35 4.44 3.55 4.83 4.00 2.97 3.01 

31 3.12 --- 3.31 2.97 --- 3.39 --- 3.56 --- 3.95 3.01 --- 

Mean 3.33 2.91 3.16 3.25 3.03 3.25 3.93 3.88 4.79 4.46 3.22 3.16 

Max 3.55 3.10 3.35 3.54 3.11 3.43 4.47 4.41 5.72 4.77 3.89 3.33 

Min 3.12 2.79 2.90 2.97 2.96 2.99 3.41 3.52 3.53 3.95 2.86 3.01 
69

Stage hydrograph for Lake Kegonsa, 1993-2008.

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 
70

05427235 LAKE KOSHKONONG NEAR NEWVILLE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°51′27′′, long 88°56′27′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.5 N., R.13 E., 

Jefferson County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 80 ft east of Pottawatomi Trail Bridge at Bingham Point Estates, and 4.5 mi 

northeast of Newville. 

SURFACE AREA.—16.34 mi2.

DRAINAGE AREA.--2,560 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 1987 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 770.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (Wisconsin Department of Transportation bench mark). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at Indianford. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 15.13 ft, June 21, 22, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.06 ft, 

Feb. 22, 2007.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 15.13 ft, June 21, 22; minimum recorded gage height, 6.00 ft, 

Nov. 25. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.51 6.56 6.08 7.27 8.30 7.70 10.67 11.13 6.92 13.66 8.05 6.10 

2 6.47 6.52 6.15 7.25 8.21 7.67 10.73 11.05 6.87 13.42 7.81 6.11 

3 6.50 6.50 6.16 7.22 8.13 7.73 10.79 10.97 6.80 13.18 7.58 6.12 

4 6.49 6.44 6.19 7.17 8.06 7.83 10.85 10.85 6.74 12.93 7.47 6.14 

5 6.49 6.46 6.23 7.14 8.00 7.96 10.85 10.73 6.88 12.67 7.36 6.24 

6 6.50 6.42 6.24 7.13 7.99 8.08 10.83 10.60 7.10 12.40 7.21 6.26 

7 6.51 6.31 6.25 7.21 7.93 8.19 10.79 10.48 7.30 12.16 7.07 6.28 

8 6.51 6.27 6.26 7.45 7.85 8.28 10.77 10.34 7.81 12.04 6.93 6.31 

9 6.53 6.25 6.26 7.84 7.79 8.32 10.80 10.19 8.91 11.85 6.82 6.30 

10 6.50 6.20 6.26 8.24 7.77 8.34 10.83 10.03 10.03 11.65 6.72 6.27 

11 6.39 6.17 6.31 8.59 7.74 8.33 11.05 9.93 10.95 11.61 6.63 6.23 

12 6.30 6.17 6.32 8.85 7.70 8.31 11.30 9.76 11.71 11.80 6.56 6.22 

13 6.26 6.14 6.32 9.05 7.66 8.32 11.47 9.58 12.53 11.91 6.51 6.32 

14 6.30 6.18 6.31 9.19 7.62 8.42 11.56 9.46 13.19 11.92 6.46 6.44 

15 6.33 6.15 6.30 9.17 7.57 8.57 11.60 9.29 13.74 11.85 6.40 6.47 

16 6.37 6.08 6.31 9.13 7.54 8.77 11.61 9.11 14.16 11.73 6.34 6.39 

17 6.35 6.07 6.31 9.19 7.57 8.98 11.62 8.95 14.48 11.57 6.25 6.33 

18 6.34 6.05 6.31 9.15 7.61 9.17 11.58 8.77 14.72 11.38 6.25 6.29 

19 6.43 6.05 6.31 9.04 7.66 9.35 11.53 8.57 14.91 11.17 6.24 6.32 

20 6.47 6.05 6.31 8.94 7.71 9.52 11.46 8.38 15.03 10.96 6.22 6.29 

21 6.52 6.09 6.31 8.87 7.74 9.71 11.39 8.17 15.09 10.73 6.21 6.20 

22 6.60 6.07 6.32 8.79 7.77 9.86 11.25 7.96 15.09 10.49 6.20 6.19 

23 6.63 6.05 6.49 8.69 7.79 9.97 11.12 7.78 15.04 10.23 6.21 6.24 

24 6.66 6.04 6.64 8.61 7.80 10.05 10.98 7.59 14.94 9.97 6.20 6.29 

25 6.65 6.05 6.77 8.56 7.80 10.12 11.01 7.43 14.82 9.72 6.16 6.31 

26 6.67 6.07 6.88 8.51 7.78 10.20 11.10 7.38 14.68 9.48 6.12 6.31 

27 6.69 6.08 7.00 8.44 7.75 10.30 11.20 7.25 14.51 9.23 6.09 6.32 

28 6.65 6.06 7.11 8.37 7.74 10.39 11.25 7.12 14.32 9.00 6.10 6.29 

29 6.64 6.06 7.20 8.32 7.72 10.46 11.25 7.02 14.12 8.76 6.14 6.27 

30 6.60 6.04 7.24 8.36 --- 10.49 11.20 7.02 13.90 8.54 6.13 6.27 

31 6.60 --- 7.26 8.36 --- 10.58 --- 7.00 --- 8.30 6.12 --- 

Mean 6.50 6.19 6.46 8.33 7.80 9.03 11.15 9.03 11.91 11.17 6.60 6.27 

Max 6.69 6.56 7.26 9.19 8.30 10.58 11.62 11.13 15.09 13.66 8.05 6.47 

Min 6.26 6.04 6.08 7.13 7.54 7.67 10.67 7.00 6.74 8.30 6.09 6.10 
71

Stage hydrograph for Lake Koshkonong, 1987-2008.

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
72

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'55", long 88°13'47", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.6 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at center of northern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin 

State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 

Date Feb. 29 Apr. 24 Jun. 26 Jul. 22 Aug. 27

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 6.5 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.2 4.2 13.3 7.5 24.4 13.1 25.6 13.9 24 14.3

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 7.3 8.3 7.3 8.3 7.4 8.3 7.4 8.2 7.0

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 580 637 544 559 544 582 546 585 549 600

00300 Dissolved oxygen 16.8 2.2 13.4 4.5 9.3 0.6 7.1 0.6 8.0 0.9

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 11.7 -- 3.3 -- 5.8 -- 4.7 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.011 0.029 0.017 0.032 0.020 0.101 0.020 0.089 0.016 0.075
73

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008 

 

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-29-08 04-24-08

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-26-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-22-08 08-27-08

500 550 600 650 700

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650 700

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650 700

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650 700

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650 700

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T. D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
74

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
75

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'49", long 88°13'45", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.8 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in southern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Date Feb. 29 Apr. 24 Jun. 26 Jul. 22 Aug. 27

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.2 2.6 4.8 3.9

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 16 0.5 17 0.5 16 0.5 16 0.5 16

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.1 4.1 13.2 5.2 24.7 6.2 25.7 6.5 24.1 6.8

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 7.2 8.6 7.6 8.5 7.2 8.4 7.4 8.5 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 575 628 529 535 520 554 535 551 544 559

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.1 0.8 15.3 8.2 10.6 0.6 7.4 0.4 8.6 0.4

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 20.1 -- 5.36 -- 2.36 -- 3.38 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.262 0.03 0.031 0.019 0.124 0.012 0.121 0.015 0.115

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.008 -- -- -- 0.004 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.529 -- -- -- <.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.58 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.49 -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 230 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- 186 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 37.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 33.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 50.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 18.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 1.89 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
76

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- 384 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 29 TO AUGUST 27, 2008

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-29-08 04-24-08

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

06-26-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

07-22-08 08-27-08

500 550 600 650 700

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650 700

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650 700

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650 700

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650 700

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
77

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
78

05428000 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05′42′′, long 89°22′12′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in county boat house at dam at outlet, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.—15.2 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--233 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--January 1916 to January 1985 (incomplete), February 1985 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, gage datum was 847.82 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with two 12-foot gates and 20-foot lock at outlet. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 12.75 ft, June 5, 2000; minimum observed, 8.02 ft, Feb. 24 

to Mar. 10, 1920, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 12.45 ft, June 14; minimum recorded, 8.76 ft, Dec. 21-22. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 10.52 10.05 9.14 8.89 9.29 9.44 10.30 11.13 10.11 11.36 11.18 10.19 

2 10.55 10.0 9.25 8.87 9.29 9.43 10.31 11.10 10.10 11.32 11.15 10.15 

3 10.60 9.97 9.21 8.87 9.29 9.53 10.32 11.10 10.09 11.29 11.10 10.13 

4 10.60 9.94 9.17 8.86 9.30 9.57 10.33 11.05 10.07 11.27 11.15 10.13 

5 10.60 9.93 9.17 8.85 9.31 9.59 10.32 11.00 10.16 11.24 11.18 10.15 

6 10.60 9.88 9.13 8.86 9.36 9.60 10.32 10.95 10.22 11.20 11.16 10.14 

7 10.60 9.81 9.12 8.92 9.38 9.61 10.31 10.95 10.24 11.23 11.13 10.11 

8 10.60 9.79 9.07 9.03 9.38 9.60 10.34 10.90 e10.76 11.37 11.09 10.10 

9 10.59 9.76 9.05 9.12 9.38 9.60 10.43 10.84 e11.27 11.39 11.07 10.08 

10 10.54 9.71 9.02 9.18 9.37 9.59 10.49 10.79 11.64 11.39 11.03 10.05 

11 10.46 9.69 9.03 9.23 9.37 9.59 10.80 10.77 11.84 11.64 11.00 10.03 

12 10.42 9.68 9.01 9.26 9.38 9.59 10.96 10.70 11.95 11.91 10.98 10.04 

13 10.39 9.64 8.99 9.27 9.38 9.59 11.01 10.64 12.20 12.00 10.96 10.11 

14 10.37 9.64 8.95 9.28 9.38 9.64 11.00 10.60 12.32 11.99 10.94 10.16 

15 10.36 9.59 8.93 9.29 9.37 9.70 10.96 10.54 12.38 11.97 10.91 10.16 

16 10.39 9.54 8.91 9.29 9.37 9.76 10.92 10.48 12.35 11.93 10.87 10.15 

17 10.36 9.52 8.87 9.29 9.42 9.81 10.90 10.44 12.28 11.88 10.83 10.14 

18 10.44 9.49 8.85 9.29 9.46 9.86 10.95 10.38 12.20 11.82 10.79 10.12 

19 10.47 9.47 8.82 9.29 9.47 9.89 10.98 10.31 12.12 11.74 10.75 10.11 

20 10.44 9.46 8.80 9.28 9.47 9.93 10.98 10.27 12.04 11.71 10.71 10.11 

21 10.41 9.45 8.78 9.28 9.47 10.01 10.95 10.20 11.97 11.66 10.67 10.11 

22 10.40 9.43 8.79 9.30 9.47 10.06 10.91 10.14 11.87 11.59 10.63 10.09 

23 10.36 9.39 8.88 9.30 9.47 10.07 10.86 10.08 11.78 11.52 10.61 10.08 

24 10.33 9.35 8.87 9.30 9.48 10.08 10.82 10.05 11.70 11.46 10.57 10.08 

25 10.28 9.32 8.87 9.30 9.47 10.09 11.04 10.02 11.64 11.40 10.51 10.08 

26 10.26 9.31 8.87 9.30 9.46 10.12 11.18 10.06 11.59 11.36 10.46 10.07 

27 10.24 9.28 8.88 9.30 9.45 10.16 11.20 10.03 11.53 11.32 10.40 10.06 

28 10.19 9.23 8.90 9.28 9.45 10.17 11.21 10.0 11.50 11.28 10.36 10.04 

29 10.15 9.21 8.91 9.28 9.44 10.18 11.19 9.98 11.46 11.24 10.34 10.03 

30 10.11 9.16 8.90 9.28 --- 10.18 11.16 10.07 11.40 11.23 10.29 10.01 

31 10.09 --- 8.90 9.29 --- 10.24 --- 10.13 --- 11.21 10.24 --- 

Mean 10.41 9.59 8.97 9.18 9.40 9.82 10.78 10.51 11.43 11.51 10.81 10.10 

Max 10.60 10.05 9.25 9.30 9.48 10.24 11.21 11.13 12.38 12.00 11.18 10.19 

Min 10.09 9.16 8.78 8.85 9.29 9.43 10.30 9.98 10.07 11.20 10.24 10.01 
79

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°09'37", long 90°03'31", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.43 N., R.3 E., Iron County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002, at Minocqua. 

SURFACE AREA.—0.29 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—March to September 2008.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the east basin at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 20 TO JULY 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Mar. 20 May 5 June 17 July 10 July 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.1 3.1 2.7 3.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 1.0 5.0 0.5 6.0 0.5 5.5 0.5 6.0 0.5 6.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.1 4.5 7.2 7.1 17.8 14.3 22.6 13.6 23.3 15.4

00400 pH (standard units) 7.1 7.1 6.2 6.9 7.7 6.7 8.3 7.2 8.1 6.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 230 298 222 220 187 212 173 237 188 255

00300 Dissolved oxygen 2.6 0.7 10.7 10.6 8.7 2.0 8.8 0.4 9.7 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 8.89 -- 4.67 -- 1.95 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.015 0.026 0.026 0.023 0.018 0.025 0.066 0.070 0.018

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.006 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.43 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 88 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- 79 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 25.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 6.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 5.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 12.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 14.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- 200 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- 124 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 14 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Aug. 14 Aug. 31 Sept. 16

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.8 3.0 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 6.5 0.5 6.5 0.5 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.6 14.8 21.6 16.2 17.0 16.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 6.9 7.8 6.4 7.4 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 160 259 182 290 180 180

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 0.4 9.8 0.2 9.6 8.6

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.12 -- 1.62 -- 3.33 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.047 0.110 0.016 0.105 0.046 0.020 
81

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 20 TO JULY 10, 2008 

300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-20-08 05-05-08

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

06-17-08 07-10-08

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

150 200 250 300 350 400

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
82

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 25 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2008

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-25-08 08-14-08

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-31-08 09-16-08

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
83

 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2008 5

4

3

2

1

0

 2008 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Mercer Lake, Deep Hole, at Mercer, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
84

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°09'45", long 90°04'06", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.43 N., R.3 E., Iron County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002, at Mercer. 

SURFACE AREA.—0.29 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—March to September 2008.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the west basin. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 20 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Mar. 20 May 5 June 17 July 10 July 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.2 3.2 3.0 3.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 1.0 5.0 0.5 6.0 0.5 6.0 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.4 4.7 7.7 7.1 17.9 13.7 22.6 16 23.2 19.1

00400 pH (standard units) 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.8 6.6 8.7 7.5 8.1 6.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 233 383 206 211 187 211 164 190 177 193

00300 Dissolved oxygen 2.4 0.6 11.3 10.5 8.4 1.1 8.9 0.4 10.2 5.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 7.6 -- 4.39 -- 0.86 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.013 0.084 0.027 0.026 0.020 0.018 0.027 0.035 0.022 0.018

Date Aug. 14 Aug. 31 Sept. 16

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 3.4 2.9

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.8 20.4 21.9 20 16.9 15.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.3 8.1 6.5 7.7 7.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 156 178 178 195 170 170

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.2 3.6 10.2 1.0 11.3 9.9

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.52 -- 2.32 -- 2.3 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.040 0.041 0.015 0.028 0.022 0.018
85

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 20 TO JUNE 10, 2008

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-20-08 05-05-08

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

06-17-08 07-10-08

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
86

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 25 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2008

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-25-08 08-14-08

150 200 250 300 350

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300 350

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-31-08 09-16-08

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

150 200 250 300 350

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300 350

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
87 

 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2008 5

4

3

2

1

0

 2008 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Mercer Lake, West Basin, at Mercer, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
88

430251088284700 MIDDLE GENESEE LAKE, AT GENESEE LAKE ROAD, NEAR OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°02'51", long 88°28'47", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T. 7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 

07090001, at the southwest side of the lake about 2 miles south of Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--Unknown.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1996 to current year.

GAGE.--Staff gage. Local observer, Tom Schubring provided most readings of gage. Datum of gage is about 0.0 ft above NGVD of 

1929.

EXTREMES FOR THE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed gage height, 869.65 ft, July 12, 2008; minimum observed, 863.88 

ft, Oct. 31, 2005.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed gage height, 869.65 ft, July 12; minimum observed, 866.33 ft, Sept. 22. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft 

October 3 866.84 July 10 869.49 

16 866.82 11 869.61 

26 866.76 12 869.65 

31 866.70 14 869.59 

November 1 866.70 15 869.57 

8 866.64 17 869.53 

13 866.60 18 869.51 

16 866.58 20 869.49 

20 866.58 21 869.47 

April 29 868.12 23 869.39 

May 4 868.27 24 869.37 

6 868.29 25 869.35 

19 868.24 26 869.29 

24 868.16 27 869.25 

29 868.10 28 869.21 

June 1 868.14 29 869.17 

5 868.20 30 869.09 

8 868.58 31 869.05 

9 868.84 August 1 868.99 

10 868.92 2 868.89 

11 868.96 3 868.83 

29 869.50 4 868.83 

July 9 869.51 5 868.77 
89

August 6 868.69 September 8 867.01 

7 868.61 9 866.94 

8 868.57 10 866.88 

10 868.55 11 866.83 

11 868.37 12 866.73 

12 868.31 13 866.78 

13 868.27 14 866.83 

16 868.11 15 866.78 

17 868.01 16 866.72 

20 867.81 17 866.63 

22 867.71 18 866.55 

26 867.47 19 866.50 

28 867.36 20 866.45 

29 867.31 21 866.40 

30 867.31 22 866.33 

31 867.31 23 866.35 

September 1 867.29 24 866.38 

2 867.23 25 866.38 

3 867.15 26 866.39 

4 867.17 27 866.39 

5 867.15 28 866.39 

6 867.13 29 866.39 

7 867.05 30 866.41 
90

05429000 LAKE MONONA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°03′48′′, long 89°23′49′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.23, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in Brittingham Park, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.--5.3 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--279 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 1915 to current year (fragmentary) in reports of the Geological Survey. For 1856 to March 1917 in 

reports of Wisconsin Railroad Commission, volume 19. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1338: Lake area. WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, datum 843.61 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with four 12-foot stop-log sections and 12-foot lock at outlet of Lake Waubesa. 

Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.92 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum observed, 3.22 ft, Jan. 

20, 1965, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 7.92 ft, June 15; minimum recorded, 4.65 ft, Feb. 16. 
91

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.24 5.32 4.85 4.76 4.70 4.69 5.19 6.18 5.59 7.37 6.96 6.52 

2 6.21 5.29 4.95 4.76 4.69 4.69 5.23 6.17 5.56 7.34 6.89 6.50 

3 6.18 5.26 4.95 4.74 4.67 4.82 5.25 6.14 5.56 7.29 6.84 6.42 

4 6.12 5.23 4.98 4.72 4.68 4.86 5.28 6.10 5.51 7.19 6.89 6.40 

5 6.07 5.18 5.00 4.70 4.70 4.86 5.28 6.09 5.65 7.11 6.88 6.40 

6 6.03 5.12 5.00 4.69 4.73 4.86 5.29 6.07 5.73 7.06 6.83 6.35 

7 5.98 5.10 5.01 4.79 4.75 4.84 5.28 6.10 5.82 7.05 6.78 6.31 

8 5.93 5.08 4.99 4.95 4.74 4.84 5.31 6.08 6.21 7.16 6.74 6.28 

9 5.86 5.06 4.99 5.02 4.73 e4.81 5.44 6.05 6.92 7.11 6.70 6.25 

10 5.79 5.05 4.97 5.05 4.72 e4.77 5.55 6.04 7.09 7.06 6.66 6.21 

11 5.75 5.04 5.00 5.06 4.72 e4.70 5.86 6.03 7.19 7.37 6.63 6.19 

12 5.72 5.03 5.00 5.05 4.70 e4.68 5.94 6.01 7.34 e7.40 6.60 6.16 

13 5.69 5.01 4.99 5.03 4.69 e4.67 5.95 6.00 7.71 e7.41 6.60 6.24 

14 5.69 4.96 4.97 5.00 4.68 e4.71 5.96 5.98 7.83 e7.42 6.59 6.26 

15 5.68 4.93 4.96 4.98 4.67 4.76 5.97 5.96 7.90 7.45 6.57 6.23 

16 5.72 4.92 4.95 4.95 4.66 4.79 5.98 5.94 7.89 7.47 6.56 6.19 

17 5.72 4.91 4.93 4.93 4.74 4.80 5.97 5.92 7.86 7.46 6.56 6.16 

18 5.80 4.89 4.93 4.91 4.79 4.82 5.96 5.90 7.84 7.49 6.56 6.13 

19 5.78 4.89 4.91 4.88 4.79 4.84 5.97 5.88 7.83 7.52 6.56 6.08 

20 5.76 4.89 4.90 4.85 4.78 4.85 5.95 5.86 7.81 7.51 6.56 6.05 

21 5.74 4.89 4.89 4.82 4.76 4.91 5.95 5.85 7.79 7.48 6.55 6.03 

22 5.70 4.86 4.86 4.82 4.75 4.95 5.97 5.85 7.77 7.45 6.55 6.00 

23 5.66 4.84 4.94 4.80 4.74 4.95 5.98 5.83 7.74 7.40 6.53 5.97 

24 5.61 4.82 4.94 4.78 4.73 4.96 5.99 5.74 7.72 7.35 6.51 5.94 

25 5.57 4.81 4.92 4.76 4.72 4.97 6.25 5.68 7.68 e7.33 6.50 5.91 

26 5.53 4.80 4.90 4.75 4.71 4.98 6.33 5.68 7.63 7.30 6.50 5.88 

27 5.49 4.80 4.88 4.73 4.70 5.02 6.31 5.64 7.60 7.24 6.50 5.85 

28 5.46 4.81 4.86 4.72 4.69 5.03 6.26 5.57 7.53 7.20 6.52 5.83 

29 5.42 4.80 4.85 4.72 4.70 5.04 6.22 5.53 7.48 7.14 6.53 5.79 

30 5.40 4.79 4.82 4.72 --- 5.04 6.20 5.62 7.43 7.09 6.52 5.74 

31 5.36 --- 4.79 4.71 --- 5.10 --- 5.62 --- 7.03 6.52 --- 

Mean 5.76 4.98 4.93 4.84 4.72 4.86 5.80 5.91 7.11 7.30 6.64 6.14 

Max 6.24 5.32 5.01 5.06 4.79 5.10 6.33 6.18 7.90 7.52 6.96 6.52 

Min 5.36 4.79 4.79 4.69 4.66 4.67 5.19 5.53 5.51 7.03 6.50 5.74 
92

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Feb. 27 Apr. 24 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 6.0 6.4 2.8 1.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.6 3.6 11.2 5.2 23.5 7.5 26.1 7.7 23.9 7.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 7.5 8.2 7.9 8.3 7.5 8.5 7.6 8.5 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 622 660 594 586 568 590 557 594 557 602

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14 5.0 12.4 10.9 8.9 4.4 9.1 0.8 8.4 0.4

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 1.29 -- 1.33 -- 1.98 -- 6.43 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.033 0.012 0.025

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.006

00600 Total nitrogen 0.59

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.147

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.44

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 280

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) 213

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 53.6

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 35.3

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 21.1

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 2.4

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 47.1

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 29.8

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 7.51

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <.5

00081 Apparent color (PCU) 15

63675 Turbidity (NTU) 1 

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) 334
93

 

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-27-08 04-24-08

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-24-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-24-08 08-25-08

550 600 650 700 750

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700 750

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700 750

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
94

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Center Site, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
95

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'09", long 88°26'22", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.—1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deepest point in northeast bay near Hewitt Point. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Feb. 27 Apr. 24 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 4.7 11.6 2.4 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 14 0.5 15 0.5 15 0.5 14 0.5 14

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.7 4.6 11.4 6.5 23.4 8.7 25.7 9.2 24.1 9.1

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 7.4 8.0 7.7 8.4 7.4 8.5 7.5 8.6 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 648 740 643 642 600 646 596 653 608 672

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 3.9 12.6 8.9 10.2 1.5 9.4 0.7 8.3 0.4

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 2.04 -- 1.02 -- 4.1 -- 3.62 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.011 0.012 0.008 0.011 0.008 0.020 0.014 0.017 0.009 0.030 
96

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-27-08 4-24-08

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

6-24-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-24-08 08-25-08

550 600 650 700 750

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700 750

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700 750

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
97

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Hewitt Point, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
98

430723088252100 OKAUCHEE LAKE AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'23", long 88°25'21", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

DRAINAGE AREA.--80.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1984 to September 2006, April to August 2008. 

LAKE-STAGE GAGE.--Datum of gage is 869.00 ft above NGVD of 1929.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 23 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 23 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 3.1 3.0 1.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 28 0.5 27 0.5 27 0.5 27

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 11.7 4.6 23.1 5.2 25.8 5.5 23.7 5.5

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.8 8.1 7.3 8.5 7.5 8.6 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 602 591 551 597 552 598 554 605

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.7 11.3 10.5 1.9 8.7 1.4 8.4 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 9.8 -- 10.4 -- 8.42 -- 12.7 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.030 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.025 0.043 0.02 0.041

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.003 -- -- -- 0.004 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.738 -- -- -- 0.268 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.61 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.67 -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 290 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) 227 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 59.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 34.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 18.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 2.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 41.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 29.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 6.19 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PTU) 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) 342 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
99

430723088252100 OKAUCHEE LAKE AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 23 10 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-23-08 06-24-08

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-24-08 08-25-08

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
100

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
101

430759088244200 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 1, NEAR OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'59", long 88°24'42", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.30, T.8 N., R.18 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, near Okauchee. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008. 

LAKE-STAGE GAGE.--Datum of gage is 869.00 ft above NGVD of 1929.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Crane’s Nest Bay, in the northeast part of the lake, at an approximate depth of 2 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin 

State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 23 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 23 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 3.0 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 12.1 10.0 23.1 21.7 25.5 24.3 23.0 23.0

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 8.1 8.2 7.8 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 618 601 526 527 574 578 608 605

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.2 14.1 10.7 7.3 8.3 9.1 8.8 8.8

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 11.8 -- 15.1 -- 3.66 -- 4.27 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.039 0.038 0.047 0.042 0.030 0.026 0.020 0.021
102

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

10

20

30

40

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 1, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)
103

430645088264500 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 2, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'45", long 88°26'45", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.35, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008. 

LAKE-STAGE GAGE.--Datum of gage is 869.00 ft above NGVD 0f 1929.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Lower Okauchee Lake, at an approximate depth of 3 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 23 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 23 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 2.8 2.8 1.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 13.5 11.9 23.3 22.9 26.2 25.6 24.1 23.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 592 592 555 555 539 539 530 529

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14.4 14.4 10.1 9.5 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.3

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.22 -- 4.21 -- 3.52 -- 8.27 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.024 0.033 0.018 0.016 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.021
104

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 2, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
105

430642088252400 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 3, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'42", long 88°25'24", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.36, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008. 

LAKE-STAGE GAGE.--Datum of gage is 869.00 ft above NGVD 0f 1929.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Ice House Bay, in the southern part of the lake, at an approximate depth of 5 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 23 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Apr. 23 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.3 4.0 3.2 1.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 4.0 0.5 5.0 0.5 4.0 0.5 4.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 11.4 6.9 23.7 18.6 25.6 23.9 23.8 23.3

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 8.0 8.5 7.8 8.3 7.7 8.5 8.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 597 592 554 583 545 558 548 551

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14 12.9 10.2 6.7 7.7 2.6 7.8 1.7

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 4.11 -- 3.94 -- 2.64 -- 13.7 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.026 0.029 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.027 0.022
106

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 3, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)
107

430757088261700 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 4, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'57", long 88°26'17", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.25, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008. 

LAKE-STAGE GAGE.--Datum of gage is 869.00 ft above NGVD of 1929.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near McDowell (Crazyman’s) Island, in the northwest bay of the lake, at an approximate depth of 

 2 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 23 TO AUGUST 25, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

Date Apr. 23 June 24 July 24 Aug. 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 14.2 13.9 23.6 22.8 26.1 25.8 23.7 23.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 603 602 547 540 515 517 527 526

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 13.1 10.6 12.7 9.9 10.0 9.1 8.7

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.97 -- 0.53 -- 1.47 -- 8.33 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.021 0.025 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.022

 
108

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 4, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
109

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°32'46", long 88°17'58", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.1 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Powers Lake.

SURFACE AREA.—0.72 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--3.42 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to August 1996, and April 1998 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 23 TO AUGUST 22, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 

Date June 23 July 28 Aug. 22

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.0 1.8 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 10 0.5 9.5 0.5 10

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.8 15.6 26.1 16.0 24.7 15.8

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.5 8.5 7.5 8.7 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 510 544 503 552 507 574

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.9 1.4 8.3 0.5 8.1 0.4

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 8.51 -- 4.88 -- 7.04 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.018 0.017 0.024 0.036 0.018 0.052

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.8 -- -- --
110

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 23 TO AUGUST 22, 2008 

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

06-23-08

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-22-08

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

07-28-08

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
111

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Powers Lake, at Powers Lake, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
112

05429485 LAKE WAUBESA AT MCFARLAND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°00′32′′, long 89°18′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.3, T.6 

N., R.10 E., Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on left bank just upstream from bridge on U.S. Highway 

51, downstream of dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa and 1.0 mi southwest of McFarland. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.25 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--327 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 805, WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (levels by Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dams at outlets of Lake Mendota and Lake Waubesa. Gage-height telemeter at 

station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.22 ft, June 15-17, 2008; minimum 

observed, 3.50 ft, Feb.14, 2006, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 7.22 ft, June 15-17; minimum recorded, 4.30

ft, Mar. 2. 
113

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 5.73 4.86 4.46 4.49 4.41 4.33 4.85 5.69 5.18 6.88 6.60 6.08 

2 5.71 4.82 4.53 4.47 4.39 4.31 4.86 5.68 5.14 6.84 6.55 6.07 

3 5.69 4.80 4.48 e4.44 4.39 4.42 4.86 5.67 5.10 6.81 6.49 6.05 

4 5.64 4.78 4.55 4.41 4.39 4.47 4.89 5.64 5.07 6.75 6.54 6.04 

5 5.58 4.77 4.64 4.40 4.40 4.49 4.89 5.60 5.17 6.69 6.55 6.08 

6 5.53 4.75 4.64 4.41 4.44 4.49 4.88 5.58 5.26 6.63 6.52 6.04 

7 5.49 4.70 4.64 4.52 4.49 4.47 4.88 5.59 5.29 6.61 6.48 5.99 

8 5.44 4.67 4.64 4.69 4.47 4.46 4.90 5.57 5.52 6.71 6.44 5.95 

9 5.40 4.65 4.63 4.77 4.44 4.44 5.04 5.55 6.13 6.69 6.40 5.92 

10 5.34 4.63 4.61 4.77 4.43 4.42 5.10 5.52 6.37 6.65 6.36 5.88 

11 5.27 4.61 4.63 4.79 4.40 4.41 5.39 5.53 6.47 6.91 6.33 5.84 

12 5.22 4.61 4.65 4.76 4.39 4.40 5.49 5.52 6.60 7.06 6.31 5.82 

13 5.18 4.59 4.63 4.75 4.39 4.41 5.50 5.48 7.05 7.06 6.30 5.89 

14 5.17 4.59 4.62 4.72 4.37 4.48 5.50 5.46 7.15 7.04 6.29 5.93 

15 5.16 4.58 4.60 4.69 4.37 4.54 5.48 5.45 7.20 7.01 6.28 5.92 

16 5.19 4.55 4.61 4.66 4.35 4.56 5.45 5.43 7.22 6.99 6.26 5.87 

17 5.18 4.53 4.59 4.63 4.39 4.56 5.46 5.42 7.21 6.97 6.25 5.83 

18 5.24 4.52 4.58 4.60 4.46 4.58 5.49 5.40 7.19 6.96 6.25 5.79 

19 5.26 4.50 4.57 4.58 4.45 4.60 5.53 5.39 7.17 6.96 6.25 5.75 

20 5.23 4.50 4.56 4.55 4.44 4.62 5.50 5.37 7.16 6.98 6.23 5.73 

21 5.20 4.51 4.54 4.53 4.43 4.64 5.47 5.36 7.14 6.98 6.21 5.71 

22 5.19 4.51 4.54 4.53 4.42 4.67 5.46 5.34 7.14 6.96 6.19 5.67 

23 5.15 4.50 4.64 4.51 4.40 4.66 5.45 5.32 7.12 6.93 6.19 5.64 

24 5.12 4.47 4.64 4.49 4.39 4.66 5.44 5.29 7.11 6.90 6.18 5.62 

25 5.07 4.46 4.62 4.47 4.38 4.66 5.72 5.24 7.09 6.87 6.16 5.60 

26 5.04 4.45 4.59 4.46 4.37 4.69 5.87 5.27 7.07 6.85 6.14 5.58 

27 5.02 4.45 4.58 4.45 4.36 4.71 5.85 5.23 7.05 6.82 6.12 5.54 

28 4.98 4.44 4.56 4.43 4.34 4.72 5.81 5.18 7.02 6.78 6.10 5.51 

29 4.94 4.45 4.56 4.43 4.33 4.71 5.77 5.13 6.98 6.73 6.10 5.48 

30 4.90 4.45 4.53 4.44 --- 4.70 5.72 5.18 6.93 6.70 6.10 5.46 

31 4.88 --- 4.51 4.41 --- 4.76 --- 5.21 --- 6.65 6.09 --- 

Mean 5.26 4.59 4.59 4.56 4.40 4.55 5.35 5.43 6.51 6.85 6.30 5.81 

Max 5.73 4.86 4.65 4.79 4.49 4.76 5.87 5.69 7.22 7.06 6.60 6.08 

Min 4.88 4.44 4.46 4.40 4.33 4.31 4.85 5.13 5.07 6.61 6.09 5.46 
114

424848088083100 WIND LAKE AT OUTLET AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48′48′′, long 88°08′31′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.16, T.4 N., R.20 E., 

Racine County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--39.6 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1985 to current year. Prior to October 2000, published as "Wind Lake Outlet". 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-91-1: 1988(m). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam with two 10-foot gates at outlet. Lake ice-covered Dec. 3 to Mar. 14. Prior to October 1987, 

published as Wind Lake at Wind Lake, Wis. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 9.88 ft, June 14, 15, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.95 ft, Jan. 2, 1996. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 9.88 ft, June 14, 15; minimum recorded, 7.59 ft, Feb. 25. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 8.17 8.08 8.11 7.90 8.11 8.07 8.36 8.19 8.28 8.15 8.15 7.78 

2 8.18 8.07 8.20 7.86 8.10 8.12 8.32 8.18 8.28 8.06 8.14 7.77 

3 8.20 8.09 8.22 7.86 8.08 8.13 8.18 8.18 8.26 8.06 8.11 7.77 

4 8.19 8.10 8.24 7.88 8.06 8.05 8.06 8.18 8.20 8.14 8.15 7.84 

5 8.19 8.09 8.28 7.94 7.99 7.96 7.91 8.22 8.28 8.22 8.18 7.91 

6 8.19 8.08 8.29 7.99 7.97 7.94 7.77 8.24 8.22 8.29 8.17 7.89 

7 8.19 8.07 8.30 8.07 7.94 7.96 7.67 8.22 8.17 8.35 8.15 7.87 

8 8.19 8.07 8.26 8.22 7.88 8.04 7.73 8.18 8.52 8.40 8.13 7.87 

9 8.18 8.08 8.24 8.24 7.87 8.12 7.99 8.12 9.14 8.33 8.12 7.87 

10 8.16 8.07 8.23 8.20 7.85 8.16 8.18 8.09 9.45 8.25 8.10 7.85 

11 8.14 8.07 8.28 8.14 7.82 8.10 8.42 8.17 9.59 8.33 8.08 7.84 

12 8.13 8.08 8.30 8.04 7.83 8.03 8.49 8.22 9.65 8.30 8.07 7.84 

13 8.12 8.08 8.25 7.95 7.90 8.00 8.48 8.23 9.82 8.27 8.06 7.95 

14 8.14 8.07 8.10 7.86 7.97 8.05 8.39 8.24 9.86 8.30 8.06 8.02 

15 8.16 8.07 8.04 7.79 8.04 8.10 8.21 8.26 9.86 8.33 8.04 8.05 

16 8.23 8.06 8.03 7.82 8.10 8.12 8.01 8.25 9.81 8.36 8.02 8.04 

17 8.23 8.07 8.00 7.91 8.21 8.13 7.99 8.24 9.70 8.37 8.00 8.04 

18 8.21 8.07 8.01 7.98 8.17 8.15 8.13 8.24 9.57 8.30 7.98 8.04 

19 8.11 8.07 8.03 8.02 8.10 8.17 8.19 8.23 9.40 8.18 7.97 8.04 

20 8.14 8.08 8.05 8.04 8.02 8.16 8.19 8.22 9.19 8.16 7.96 8.04 

21 8.22 8.12 8.06 8.05 7.93 8.18 8.17 8.19 8.96 8.19 7.94 8.05 

22 8.27 8.13 8.05 8.04 7.84 8.21 8.17 8.17 8.68 8.21 7.93 8.04 

23 8.26 8.11 8.09 8.00 7.76 8.14 8.22 8.13 8.39 8.22 7.93 8.04 

24 8.22 8.10 8.12 7.96 7.67 8.06 8.24 8.09 8.10 8.22 7.91 8.03 

25 8.19 8.10 8.13 7.92 7.64 7.95 8.27 8.08 7.97 8.21 7.89 8.03 

26 8.24 8.11 8.13 7.93 7.75 7.94 8.29 8.12 8.16 8.22 7.87 8.02 

27 8.30 8.10 8.08 7.93 7.83 8.03 8.25 8.15 8.33 8.20 7.86 8.01 

28 8.35 8.09 8.04 7.93 7.91 8.09 8.22 8.13 8.44 8.20 7.84 8.01 

29 8.34 8.09 8.01 7.97 8.01 8.09 8.19 8.12 8.43 8.18 7.84 8.00 

30 8.23 8.09 7.96 8.02 --- 8.06 8.20 8.22 8.30 8.18 7.82 8.00 

31 8.14 --- 7.93 8.06 --- 8.15 --- 8.27 --- 8.16 7.80 --- 

Mean 8.20 8.09 8.13 7.98 7.94 8.08 8.16 8.19 8.83 8.24 8.01 7.95 

Max 8.35 8.13 8.30 8.24 8.21 8.21 8.49 8.27 9.86 8.40 8.18 8.05 

Min 8.11 8.06 7.93 7.79 7.64 7.94 7.67 8.08 7.97 8.06 7.80 7.77 
115

 Stage hydrograph for Wind Lake, 1985-2008.

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

CREST OF DAM

DAILY AVERAGE STAGES

MANUAL STAGE READING

 
116

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'15", long 88°08'39", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.20 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1985 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 27 TO JULY 28, 2008 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Feb. 27 Apr. 22 June 23 July 28

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.0 1.4 1.5

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 15 0.5 15 0.5 14.5 0.5 14.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.4 3.3 14.7 8.1 23.4 14.3 26 14.5

00400 pH (standard units) 7.0 7.0 8.2 7.5 7.8 7.2 8.8 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 784 964 626 668 531 661 540 678

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 1.5 12.3 8.9 8.8 0.4 9.7 0.4

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 25.2 -- 17.4 -- 17.2 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.066 0.136 0.043 0.047 0.081 0.244 0.062 0.428

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.004 -- -- -- <.002 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.057 -- -- -- <.019 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- <.015 --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.97 -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.1 --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 210 -- -- -- -- --

00417 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- 148 -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 47.5 -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 23.4 -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 48 -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 3.1 -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 88.4 -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 31.8 -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 0.805 -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.6 -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color (PTU) -- -- 50 -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- 352 -- -- -- -- --
117

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 22, 2008

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Date Aug. 22

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 4.0 11 13 14

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 24.2 24 15.3 14.8 14.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 8.8 7.2 7.2 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 544 544 672 680 683

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.5 8.0 0.3 0.3 0.3

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 14 -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.035 0.034 0.417 0.489 0.518
118

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 27 TO AUGUST 22, 2008 

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-27-08 04-22-08

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-23-08

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-28-08 08-22-08

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
119

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 4

3

2

1

0

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0

50

100

150

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.00

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Wind Lake, Deep Hole, at Wind Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
120

04082500 LAKE WINNEBAGO AT OSHKOSH, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°00′35′′, long 88°31′38′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.18 

 N., R.16 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203, 800 ft east of mouth of the upper Fox River.

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1938 to current year in reports of Geological Survey. Records from July 1882 to 

 September 1938 in files of Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report on Fox River by U.S.

 Army Corps of Engineers, published as House Document No. 146, 67th Congress, 2nd session, contains semi- 

 monthly records of inflow of Lake Winnebago for the period 1896-1917. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-83-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Nonrecording gage read once daily October 1938 to October 1978. Datum of gage is 

 745.05 ft above mean tide at New York City (levels by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Datum of Deuchman gage is 

 745.00 ft above mean tide at New York City. 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

 navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the

 crest of Menasha to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Oshkosh staff

 gage gives true level of lake, while Deuchman gage readings are affected by loss of head in the channel between 

 lake and dam. Data-collection platform and gage-height telemeter at station.

 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.33 ft (Deuchman gage) Nov. 8, 1881; 

 Minimum observed, -2.00 ft (Deuchman gage) Nov. 28, 1891.

 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, June 14; Minimum recorded, 1.64 ft, 

Mar. 12, 13, 14. 
121

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 2.91 2.57 2.29 2.27 2.14 1.73 2.28 2.88 3.23 3.09 3.18 2.99 

2 2.92 2.51 2.31 2.27 2.12 1.71 2.31 2.84 3.22 3.10 3.22 2.96 

3 2.90 2.51 2.31 2.26 2.10 1.74 2.31 2.77 3.25 3.15 3.20 2.99 

4 2.95 2.50 2.32 2.25 2.07 1.74 2.31 2.81 3.19 3.13 3.25 3.01 

5 2.96 2.34 2.32 2.23 2.06 1.74 2.31 2.78 3.20 3.14 3.30 2.98 

6 2.96 2.43 2.31 2.23 2.05 1.73 2.32 2.80 3.13 3.12 3.25 2.96 

7 2.97 2.41 2.31 2.25 2.03 1.73 2.29 2.79 3.13 3.15 3.23 2.96 

8 2.97 2.36 2.30 2.31 2.00 1.71 2.34 2.83 3.26 3.17 3.19 2.95 

9 2.91 2.34 2.29 2.36 1.98 1.69 2.41 2.83 3.50 3.16 3.18 2.95 

10 2.95 2.34 2.28 2.35 1.95 1.68 2.57 2.88 3.50 3.16 3.13 2.93 

11 2.95 2.31 2.27 2.36 1.92 1.67 2.50 2.89 3.50 3.17 3.10 2.91 

12 2.88 2.31 2.26 2.37 1.89 1.65 2.64 2.93 3.43 3.11 3.08 2.93 

13 2.85 2.29 2.25 2.37 1.86 1.64 2.71 2.93 3.82 3.07 3.10 2.95 

14 2.84 2.20 2.25 2.37 1.87 1.65 2.74 2.94 3.85 3.09 3.12 2.97 

15 2.84 2.29 2.25 2.36 1.88 1.66 2.77 3.02 3.81 3.04 3.12 2.96 

16 2.88 2.30 2.25 2.33 1.87 1.67 2.78 3.03 3.76 3.07 3.09 2.92 

17 2.86 2.31 2.25 2.32 1.89 1.69 2.82 3.03 3.70 3.14 3.09 2.92 

18 2.88 2.28 2.25 2.34 1.92 1.70 2.89 3.09 3.70 3.14 3.10 2.91 

19 2.76 2.24 2.25 2.33 1.91 1.73 2.90 3.12 3.61 3.15 3.11 2.86 

20 2.84 2.28 2.25 2.32 1.90 1.77 2.92 3.11 3.56 3.18 3.08 2.88 

21 2.81 2.32 2.25 2.31 1.88 1.81 2.93 3.12 3.50 3.20 3.07 2.87 

22 2.79 2.29 2.24 2.33 1.86 1.83 2.92 3.14 3.46 3.20 3.04 2.85 

23 2.76 2.27 2.29 2.32 1.85 1.87 2.92 3.14 3.43 3.17 3.05 2.84 

24 2.74 2.23 2.30 2.31 1.83 1.91 2.93 3.13 3.37 3.15 3.07 2.84 

25 2.75 2.24 2.29 2.29 1.81 1.96 2.88 3.12 3.31 3.13 3.07 2.86 

26 2.69 2.27 2.27 2.26 1.79 2.02 2.74 3.13 3.27 3.12 3.04 2.85 

27 2.65 2.23 2.27 2.24 1.77 2.07 2.94 3.19 3.24 3.13 3.02 2.83 

28 2.65 2.28 2.27 2.21 1.75 2.12 3.00 3.14 3.15 3.15 3.00 2.83 

29 2.59 2.19 2.29 2.20 1.75 2.16 2.93 3.14 3.14 3.13 3.02 2.79 

30 2.59 2.22 2.28 2.19 --- 2.18 2.90 3.15 3.13 3.13 3.02 2.74 

31 2.52 --- 2.28 2.16 --- 2.21 --- 3.17 --- 3.17 3.01 --- 

Mean 2.82 2.32 2.28 2.29 1.92 1.81 2.67 3.00 3.41 3.14 3.11 2.91 

Max 2.97 2.57 2.32 2.37 2.14 2.21 3.00 3.19 3.85 3.20 3.30 3.01 

Min 2.52 2.19 2.24 2.16 1.75 1.64 2.28 2.77 3.13 3.04 3.00 2.74 
122

04084255 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR STOCKBRIDGE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°04′14′′, long 88°19′44′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1983, Calumet County, WI, 

Hydrologic Unit 04030203, Stockbridge Indian Reservation, on east shore of Lake Winnebago, 300 ft south of 

County Highway E and 1.6 mi west of Stockbridge. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--November 1982 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 745.05 ft above mean tide of New York City (levels by U. S. Army 

Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

crest of Menasha dam to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Datacollection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, July 9, 11, 1993, June 14, 

2008; minimum observed, 0.30 ft, Mar. 1, 1986. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, June 14; minimum recorded, 1.47 ft, 

Mar. 13. 
123

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 2008

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 2.81 2.52 2.15 2.15 2.01 1.62 2.20 2.73 3.12 3.04 3.10 2.89 

2 2.83 2.47 2.24 2.14 1.98 1.60 2.21 2.73 3.12 3.04 3.12 2.88 

3 2.91 2.43 2.23 2.12 1.97 1.65 2.20 2.77 3.05 3.02 3.10 2.89 

4 2.86 2.38 2.19 2.11 1.95 1.64 2.21 2.76 3.06 3.05 3.18 2.81 

5 2.86 2.46 2.19 2.10 1.94 1.63 2.21 2.72 3.09 3.06 3.22 2.88 

6 2.88 2.43 2.17 2.10 1.93 1.63 2.20 2.70 3.13 3.07 3.21 2.92 

7 2.88 2.32 2.18 2.13 1.90 1.62 2.22 2.74 3.08 3.10 3.14 2.92 

8 2.92 2.23 2.17 2.19 1.87 1.61 2.23 2.72 3.20 3.14 3.11 2.89 

9 2.99 2.23 2.16 2.23 1.86 1.58 2.37 2.73 3.47 3.12 3.07 2.86 

10 2.92 2.21 2.15 2.23 1.85 1.57 2.25 2.76 3.48 3.09 3.00 2.83 

11 2.78 2.18 2.14 2.24 1.80 1.55 2.37 2.74 3.33 3.10 2.99 2.81 

12 2.76 2.20 2.13 2.23 1.77 1.54 2.45 2.83 3.34 3.13 2.99 2.83 

13 2.74 2.20 2.12 2.25 1.74 1.53 2.57 2.84 3.79 3.15 3.01 2.83 

14 2.70 2.27 2.13 2.25 1.76 1.53 2.66 2.89 3.85 3.01 3.00 2.84 

15 2.65 2.27 2.12 2.23 1.77 1.55 2.73 2.92 3.78 2.98 3.00 2.84 

16 2.74 2.16 2.14 2.20 1.75 1.57 2.74 2.98 3.73 2.98 3.05 2.87 

17 2.77 2.06 2.12 2.20 1.78 1.58 2.74 3.04 3.69 3.08 3.04 2.82 

18 2.76 2.12 2.12 2.21 1.82 1.60 2.78 3.03 3.61 3.07 3.03 2.77 

19 2.90 2.13 2.13 2.20 1.80 1.63 2.81 3.03 3.53 3.03 2.96 2.79 

20 2.80 2.14 2.12 2.19 1.78 1.67 2.83 3.05 3.48 3.11 2.96 2.77 

21 2.73 2.08 2.12 2.18 1.76 1.70 2.84 3.04 3.45 3.09 2.95 2.73 

22 2.69 2.14 2.11 2.20 1.74 1.74 2.84 3.02 3.39 3.07 2.97 2.73 

23 2.70 2.23 2.17 2.19 1.73 1.78 2.85 2.97 3.33 3.06 3.01 2.73 

24 2.63 2.28 2.17 2.18 1.70 1.82 2.80 3.00 3.29 3.08 2.97 2.75 

25 2.57 2.26 2.15 2.14 1.69 1.86 2.84 3.04 3.23 3.08 2.93 2.74 

26 2.56 2.18 2.15 2.13 1.68 1.93 3.12 3.06 3.20 3.10 2.90 2.74 

27 2.57 2.25 2.15 2.11 1.66 1.98 2.95 2.98 3.16 3.09 2.90 2.71 

28 2.55 2.20 2.15 2.08 1.64 2.03 2.82 3.03 3.20 3.03 2.91 2.68 

29 2.54 2.25 2.16 2.07 1.64 2.06 2.84 3.06 3.10 3.04 2.93 2.68 

30 2.51 2.18 2.15 2.08 --- 2.07 2.82 3.07 3.04 3.09 2.92 2.70 

31 2.56 --- 2.15 2.03 --- 2.12 --- 3.15 --- 3.09 2.91 --- 

Mean 2.74 2.25 2.15 2.16 1.80 1.71 2.59 2.91 3.34 3.07 3.02 2.80 

Max 2.99 2.52 2.24 2.25 2.01 2.12 3.12 3.15 3.85 3.15 3.22 2.92 

Min 2.51 2.06 2.11 2.03 1.64 1.53 2.20 2.70 3.04 2.98 2.90 2.68 
124

WISCONSIN DISTRICT PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING TO LAKES

The reports published in a U.S. Geological Survey series are for sale by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. Prepayment is 

required. Remittance should be sent by check or money order payable to the U.S. 

Geological Survey. Prices can be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling 

(303) 236-7476. Reprints of journal articles may be obtained by writing directly to the 

author at U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562.

2008

Chung, E., Schladow, S.G., Perez-Losada, J., and Robertson, D.M., 2008, A linked 

hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

57–75.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2008, Water quality, hydrology, and simulated 

response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland 

Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus 

loading in a polymictic lake: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2008–5053, 

46 p. 

Robertson, D.M., and Schladow, S.G., 2008, Response in the water quality in the Salton 

Sea to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach: 

Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 5–19.

Robertson, D.M., Schladow, S.G., and Holdren, G.C., 2008, Long-term changes in the 

phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

21–36.

2007

Robertson, D.M., Garn, H.S., and Rose, W.J., 2007, Response of calcareous Nagawicka 

Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading. Lake and Reservoir 

Management, Vol. 23, p. 298-312.

Walker, J.F., Saad, D.A., and Hunt, R.J., 2007, Dynamics of CFCs in northern temperate 

lakes and adjacent groundwater. Water Resources. Research 43(4) W04423, 

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005WR004647.shtml

2006

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, 

Water quality, hydrology, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of 

Nagawicka Lake, a calcareous lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report: 2006–5273.

Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R,, Graczyk, D.J., 2006, Evaluating the effects of nearshore 

development on Wisconsin lakes. USGS Fact Sheet FS-2006-3033, 4 p.

Magnuson, J.J., Benson, B.J., Lenters, J.D, and Robertson, D.M., 2006, Climate driven 

variability and change, Chapter 7, In Magnuson, J.J., Kratz, T.K, and Benson, B.J 

eds. Long-term dynamics of lakes in the landscape, Oxford University Press, p 123–

150.
125

Saad, D.A., 2005, Pesticides in surface water, bed sediment, and ground water adjacent 

to commercial cranberry bogs, Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Vilas County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5262, 29 p.

2005

Hunt, R.J., Feinstein, D.T., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2005, The importance of 

diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern 

Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005.

Marzolf, G.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2005, Reservoir, In Encyclopedia of Hydrological 

Sciences: Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., v. 4, part 9, John Wiley & 

Sons, p. 1675-1680. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2005, Water quality, hydrology, and 

phosphorus loading to Little St. Germain Lake, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on 

the effects of winter aeration and ground-water inputs: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5071, 36 p.

2004

Dupre, D.H., and Robertson, D.M., 2004, Water quality of Nippersink Creek and Wonder 

Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, 1994–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2004–5085.

Rose, W.J., Robertson, D.M., and Mergener, E.A., 2004, Water quality, hydrology, and 

the effects of changes in phosphorus loading to Pike Lake, Washington County, 

Wisconsin, with special emphasis on inlet-to-outlet short-circuiting: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5141, 32 p.

2003

Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y.F., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in 

the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4204, 29 p.

Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S.A., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, traceelement, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as 

inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4225, 141 p.

Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Peppler, M.C., 2003, Sedimentation and sediment chemistry, 

Neopit Mill Pond, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 2001: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03–23, 58 p.

Garn, H.S., Elder, J.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Why study lakes? An overview of 

U.S. Geological Survey lake studies in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet FS–063–03, 8 p.

Graczyk, D.G., Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R., Buchwald, C.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 2003, 

Hydrology, water quality, and yields, from near-shore flows to four lakes in northern 

Wisconsin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4144. 64 p.
126

Hunt, R.J., 2003, Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 Package for 

MODFLOW2000: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 114–118.

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground 

water-lake interactions: approaches and insights: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 22, p. 

227–237.

Hunt, R.J., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Using diverse data types to calibrate a 

watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern Wisconsin, In MODFLOW and 

More 2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 600–604.

Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground water 

flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4154. 36 p.

John, R., Pint, C.D., Anderson, M.P., and Hunt, R.J., 2003, The effects of potential 

climate change on lake levels and lake capture zones, In MODFLOW and More 

2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 212–216.

Magnuson, J.J., Krohelski, J.T., Kunkel, K.E., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Wisconsin's 

waters and climate—historical changes and possible futures, In Wisconsin's waters: 

a confluence of perspectives: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy, p. 23–36.

Pint, C.D., Hunt, R.J., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Flow path delineation and ground 

water age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 895–902.

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Garn, H.S., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading, Red Cedar Lakes, Barron and Washburn Counties, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–

4238, 42 p.

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading to Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4011, 18 p.

2002

Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic 

conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Ground Water 40(2), p. 119–124.

Garn, H. S., 2002, Effects of lawn fertilizer on nutrient concentration in runoff from 

lakeshore lawns, Lauderdale Lakes, Wisconsin: USGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4130, 6 p.

Kelson, V.A., Hunt, R.J., and Haitjema, H.M., 2002, Improving a regional model using 

reduced complexity and parameter estimation: Ground Water, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 138–

149.
127

Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud and 

Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin: 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–20. 

Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Hydrologic investigation of Powell 

Marsh and its relationship to Dead Pike Lake Vilas County, Wisconsin: USGS WaterResources Investigations Report 02–4034.

Madenjian, C.P., Fahenstiel, G.L., Johengen, T.H., Nalepa, T.F., Venderploeg, H.A., 

Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., 

Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and Ebener, M.P., 2002, 

Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970–2000: Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 59, p. 736–753.

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L, Mergerer, E.A., Rose, W.J., and Garrison, P.J., 2002, 

Hydrology and water quality of Geneva Lake, Walworth County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02–4039, 73 p.

Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River Pools, 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4181, 36 p.

2001

Hunt, R.J., Bradbury, K.R., and Krohelski, J.T., 2001, The effects of large-scale pumping 

and diversion on the water resources in Dane County, Wisconsin: USGS Fact Sheet 

FS–127–01, 4 p. 

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2001, Simulating 

groundwater-lake interactions with models: MODFLOW and analytic element 

approaches, In MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 

4th International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 328–334.

Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Simulation of lake stage in two seepage 

lakes in southcentral Wisconsin using the LAK3 package for MODFLOW, In

MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 4th 

International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 411–417.

2000

Elder, J.F., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P.J., 2000, Chemical composition of surficial 

deposits in Geneva Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–121–

00.

Elder J.F., Rybicki, N.B., Carter, V.P., and Weintraub, V., 2000, Sources and yields of 

dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of 

peatland: Wetlands, vol. 20, no. 1, p.113–125.

Hunt, R.J., Graczyk, D.J., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Water flows in the Necedah National 

Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–068–00, 4 p.
128

Hunt, R.J., Lin, J., Krohelski, J.T., and Juckem, P.F., 2000, Simulation of the shallow 

hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic 

elements and parameter estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4136, 16 p.

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Interacting factors causing 

exceptional water clarity in Lakes Mendota and Monona, Wisconsin: Proc. of the 

International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Magnuson, J.J., Robertson, D.M. Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., Livigstone, D.M., Arai, T., 

Assel, R.A., Barry, R.G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N.G., Prowse, T.D., Stewart, 

K.M., and Vuglinski, V.S., 2000, Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the 

northern hemisphere: Science, Vol. 289, No. 5485, p. 1743–1746.

Magnuson, J.J., Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Lake and river 

ice as a powerful indicator of past and present climates: Proc. of the International 

Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Robertson, D.M., 2000, One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved 

oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4258, 17 p.

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L., Helsel, D.R., and MacKinnon, K.L., 2000, 

Rehabilitation of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and Reservoir Management, vol. 

20, vo. 3, p. 155–176.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4209, 8 p.

Robertson, D.M., Wynne, R.H., and Chang, W.Y.B., 2000, Variability in ice cover across 

the northern hemisphere during the 1900's associated with El Nino events: 

Proceedings of the International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 

1998.

Saad, D.A., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Water-resources-related information for the St. 

Croix Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4133, 65 p.

Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N.J., Robertson, D.M., and Olson, D.T., 2000, Methodology, 

data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced 

by aerators and mixers: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 

Report 00–4101, 72 p.

Grannemann, N.G., Hunt, R.J., Nicholas, J.R. Reilly, T.E., and Winter, T.C., 2000, The 

importance of ground water to the Great Lakes Region: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4008, 12 p.
129

 1999

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Summer water clarity 

responses to phosphorus, Daphnia grazing, and internal mixing in Lake Mendota: 

Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 137–146.

Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and hydrologic 

budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 99–4209, 23 p.

Panuska, J.C., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Estimating phosphorus concentrations 

following alum treatment using apparent settling velocities: Lakes and Reservoir 

Management, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 28–38.

 1998

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Improving a complex finitedifference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening 

model: Ground Water, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1011–1017.

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Linking an analytic element flow 

code to MODFLOW— Implementation and benefits, In MODFLOW’98: Proceedings 

of the 3rd International Conference of the International Ground Water Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p 477–504.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C.C., Benoit, J.M., Babiarz, C.L., Andren, A.W., and Hurley, 

J.P., 1998, Methyl mercury dynamics in littoral sediments of a temperate lake: 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 55, p. 835–844.

Robertson, D.M., Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1998, Dynamics in 

phosphorus retention in wetlands upstream of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lakes and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 466–477.

Rose, W.J., and Robertson, D.M., 1998, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

FS–066–98, 4 p.

Walker, J.F. and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1998, Groundwater and surface-water interactions 

in riparian and lake-dominated systems, In Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J. eds., 

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, Elsevier Publishing, New York, 839 p.

1997

Elder, J.F., Manion, B.J., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess 

factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin 

wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4272, 

14 p.

Goddard, G.L., and Elder, J.F., 1997, Retention of sediments and nutrients in Jackson 

Creek Wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–95: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4014, 22 p.
130

Hornewer, N.J., Johnson, G.P., Robertson, D.M. and Hondzo, M., 1997, Field-scale 

tests for determining mixing patterns associated with coarse-bubble air diffuser 

configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois, In Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: 

Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Proceedings of the International Association of 

Hydraulic Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 57–63.

Robertson, D.M., 1997, Regionalized loads of sediment and phosphorus to Lakes 

Michigan and Superior—High flow and long-term average: Journal of Great Lakes 

Research, vol. 23, p. 416–439.

1996

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M., and Magnuson, J.J., 1996, Evidence of recent 

warming and El Nino-related variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes: Limnology 

and Oceanography, vol. 41, p. 815–821.

Elder, J.F. and Goddard, G.L., 1996, Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a 

constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–1995: U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS–232–96.

Garn, H.S., Olson, D.L., Seidel, T.L., and Rose, W.J., 1996, Hydrology and water quality 

of Lauderdale Lakes, Walworth County, Wisconsin, 1993–94: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4235, 29 p.

Hunt, R.J. and Krohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytical element model to 

investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 12, p. 487–495.

Imberger, J., Robertson, D.M., and Boland, K., 1996, Lake Number—A quantitative 

indicator of mixing to be used in water quality management: Scientific Impeller, 

Solna, Sweden, no. 4, p. 9–15.

Kammerer, P.A., Jr., 1996, Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, South-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–197–96.

Robertson, D.M., Field, S.J, Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1996, 

Phosphorus dynamics of Delavan Lake Inlet in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4160, 18 p.

1995

Assel, R.A. and Robertson, D.M. 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake 

Michigan during 1851–1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p 165–176.

Assel, R.A., Robertson, D.M., Hoff, M.H., and Selgeby, J.H., 1995, Climatic-change 

implications from long-term (1823–1994) ice records near the Laurentian Great 

Lakes: Annals of Glaciology, vol. 21, p. 383–386.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the 

chemistry of a seepage lake: Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 2295–

2305.
131

Krohelski, J.T. and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the hydrologic budget of 

Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–

348, 22 p.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hydrologic and 

biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 199–212.

1994

Elder, J.F., 1994, Distribution and grain-size partitioning of metals in bottom sediments 

of an experimentally acidified lake: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 251–

259.

Goddard, G.L., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and 

Rice Lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990–91: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4101, 36 p.

Greb, S.R., and Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemical budgets, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., RILWAS 

1983–86: Wisconsin Regional Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification Study, 

Volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, Chapter 7, 20 p.

Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Babiarz, C.L., and Andren, A.W., 1994, Cycling 

processes of mercury across sediment/water interfaces in seepage lakes, In Baker, 

L.A. ed., Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry 

Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 426–449.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Kendall, C., and Gat, J.R., 1994, Use of oxygen-19 and 

deuterium to assess the hydrology of ground-water/lake systems, In Baker, L.A. ed., 

Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry Series, 

American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 67–90.

Robertson, D.M., Anderson, W., and Magnuson, J.J., 1994, Relations between El 

Nino/Southern Oscillation events and the climate and ice cover of lakes in 

Wisconsin, In Greenland, D. ed., El Nino and Long-Term Ecological Research 

(LTER) Sites: Publication No. 18. LTER Network Office: University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA, USA., p. 48–57.

Robertson, D.M. and Imberger, J. 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing 

used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen, Internationale Revue der gesamten 

Hydrobiologie, v. 79, p. 159–176.

Watras, C.J., Bloom, N.S., Hurley, J.P., Fitzgerald, W.F., Andren, A.W., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., and Porcella, D.B., 1994, Sources and fates of mercury and methylmercury in 

Wisconsin lakes, In Watras and Huckabee eds., Mercury as a Global Pollutant: 

Intergration and Synthesis, Lewis Pub., Chelsea, MI., p 153–177.

Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemistry of snowpack and ground water, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 6, 45 p.
132

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., and Rose, W.J., 1994, Hydrology, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 7, 74 p.

1993

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4126, 36 p.

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91–4107, 61 p.

House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on 

water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 92–4029, 10 p.

House, L.B., Waschbusch, R.J., and Hughes, P.E., 1993, Water quality of an urban wet 

detention pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987–88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93–172, 57 p.

Hughes, P.E., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of 

Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 91–4076, 44 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93–4139, 

22 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, Water and phosphorus budgets and trophic state, Balsam Lake, 

northwestern Wisconsin, 1987–1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91–4125, 28 p.

1992

Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P, and Walker, J.F., 1992, Water, energy, and 

biogeochemical budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the 

northern temperate lakes site, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

92–48, 15 p.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Babiarz, C.L., 1992, Role of groundwater transport in aquatic 

mercury cycling: Water Resources Research, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 3119–3128.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Krohelski, J.T., 1992, Data on water quality, lake sediment, and 

lake-level fluctuation, St. Croix Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981–87: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–26, 53 p.

Robertson, D.M., Ragotzkie, R.A., and Magnuson, J.J. 1992, Lake ice records used to 

detect historical and future climatic changes: Climatic Change, v. 21, p. 407–427.

1991
133

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1991, Hydrology of Lakes Clara and Vandercook in northcentral Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

89–4204, 24 p.

Watras, C.J., Andre, A.W., Bloom, N.S., Fitzgerald, W.F., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., Rada, R.G., Wiener, J.G., 1991, Mercury in temperate lakes: a mechanistic 

field study: Verhandlungen Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 24, p. 2199–2202.

Pre-1990

Walker, J.F., Pickard, S.A., and Sonzogni, W.C., 1989 Spreadsheet watershed modeling 

for nonpoint-source pollution management in a Wisconsin basin: Water Resources 

Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 139–147.

Wentz, D.A., Garrison, P.J., and Bockheim, J.G., 1989, Section 7—Chemical inputoutput budgets, In Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional 

integrated lake watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, 

California, Electric Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 7–1 to 7–30.

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1989, Interrelationships among hydrologic-budget 

components of a northern Wisconsin seepage lake and implications for aciddeposition modeling: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 

18, p. 147–155.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1989, Section 5—Hydrologic component, 

in Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional integrated lake 

watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, California, Electric 

Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 5–1 to 5–77.

Field, S.J., and Duerk, M.D., 1988, Hydrology and water quality of Delavan Lake in 

southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 87–4168, 61 p.

Krug, W.R., Ostenso, N.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 1988, Prediction of the effects of mine 

dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–471, 63 p.

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., Bockheim, J.G., Garrison, P.J., Knauer, D.R., 

and Goldstein, R.A., 1987, Hydrologic and chemical budgets of Wisconsin lakes, In

Perry, R., Harrison, R.M., Bel, J.N.B., and Lester, J.N., eds., Acid Rain: Scientific and 

Technical Advances, Selper Ltd., London, p. 309–316.

House, L.B., 1986, Stage fluctuations of Wisconsin Lakes: Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey Information Circular No. 49, 84 p.

House, L.B., 1984, Effects of urbanization on three ponds in Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84–4051, 17 p.

Krug, W.R., and House, L.B., 1984, Evaluation of alternative reservoir-management 

practices in the Rock River basin, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83–4186, 21 p.
134

House, L.B., 1981, An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of 

construction on impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 81–1192, 25 p.

Krug, W.R., 1981, Hydrologic effects of proposed changes in management practices, 

Winnebago Pool, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 80–107, 19 p.

Batten, W.G., and Hindall, S.M., 1980, Sediment deposition in the White River 

Reservoir, northwestern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

2069, 30 p.

Novitzki, R.P., and Holmstrom, B.K., 1979, Monthly and annual water budgets of Lake 

Wingra, Madison, Wisconsin, 1971–77: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 79–100, 31 p.

Rose, W.J., 1977, Hydrologic considerations associated with dredging spring ponds in 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–18, 35 p.

Oakes, E.L., Hendrickson, G.E., and Zuehls, E.E., 1975, Hydrology of the Lake Wingra 

basin, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 17–75, 31 p.

Novitzki, R.P., 1971, Hydrologic investigations of Heart Lake, Green Lake County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 9 p.
135

APPENDIX

Wisconsin Lakes Team

Quality-Assurance Plan

Most lake studies that are conducted by the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center 

include water sampling and analysis to determine water quality and biological 

productivity. Because all sampling and analyses are subject to possible biases and

variablility, rigorous sampling efforts should include quality-assurance samples. Studies 

conducted by the Lake Studies Team of the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center

include a quality-assurance plan each year that involves collecting three types of 

samples from a subset of the lakes studied each year, which include blanks, replicates, 

and spikes. These samples are collected and/or prepared solely for the purpose of

assessing the magnitude of potential biases and variability so that the accuracy and

precision of all data can be evaluated. The plan for this quality-assurance sampling is

described below.

Three types of QA/QC samples are collected:

Blanks: 

Provide information about accuracy and potential biases due to treatment or reagents

Replicates: 

Provide information about precision (variability)

Standard additions (spikes): 

Provide information about accuracy and matrix interferences

Blank Sampling

B1. A preservation blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water, to which 

is added any reagents or preservatives that are normally added to natural water 

samples. The blank is not taken to the field, but is shipped to the laboratory for analysis 

along with the natural water samples.

This blank sample is analyzed for the Nutrient Group1 and chlorophyll-a.

B2. A field blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water treated exactly 

the same as regular samples. Typically, during winter, the field blank is analyzed for total 

phosphorus (TP) only; during summer, it is analyzed for TP and chlorophyll-a, and in the 

spring it is analyzed for the Nutrient Group and chlorophyll-a.

------------------------------------------------------------- 

1

Nutrient Group = all phosphorus and nitrogen species that are commonly determined in

lakes (total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen)
136

Replicate Sampling

Triplicate samples are taken near water surface in summer for analysis of total 

phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. For a portion of the sites where surface triplicates 

are collected, a set of triplicate samples is also sometimes taken from nearbottom water, for analysis of total phosphorus.

Triplicate samples collected in the spring are taken near the water surface for 

analysis of the Nutrient Group.

Standard Addition Testing

Replicate samples are collected for a standard addition (spike) test, which

consists of an addition of a prepared phosphorus solution (standard) of known 

volume and concentration, such that the expected result of analysis is the natural 

water TP concentration plus the known addition. One sample from each set

receives no spike (the mean of these gives the natural water TP concentration). 

Data and results of replicate sampling and field blank testing in water year 2008

are shown in Table A1.
137

Table A1. Analyses of replicate samples from Wisconsin lakes in water years 2004-2008. See text for procedures used. Phosphorus

data in milligrams per liter; chlorophyll data in micrograms per liter. Symbol "<" indicates less than given detection limit (DL); mean and

standard deviation not calculated for datasets containing values less than DL. 

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviati on

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Delavan 7/20/04 0.031 0.020 0.041 0.031 0.011 34.3*

Big Cedar 8/18/04 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 4.9

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 0.015 0.015 0.009 0.013 0.003 26.6

Delavan 8/16/05 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.029 0.003 8.6

Middle 8/25/05 0.014 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.002 13.9

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 0.309 0.310 0.313 0.311 0.002 0.7

Upper Nemahbin 8/24/05 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.039 0.023 0.022 0.010 43.5

Big Cedar 8/30/06 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.002 4.5

Delavan 6/13/06 0.062 0.045 0.054 0.012 22.5

Delavan 8/15/06 0.030 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.028 0.002 6.0

Beulah 8/30/07 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.001 8.8

Delavan 4/16/07 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.001 3.6

Spring 9/6/07 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.001 9.4

Beulah 3/4/08 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.001 6.7

Beulah 8/26/08 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 6.1

Wind 7/11/05 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Wind 7/10/06 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 3/4/08 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 70.7

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/30/07 0.170 0.190 0.180 0.014 7.9

Beulah 3/4/08 0.083 0.046 0.065 0.026 40.6

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.015 <0.015

Beulah 8/30/07 0.510 0.420 0.465 0.064 13.7

Beulah 3/4/08 0.570 0.450 0.510 0.085 16.6

Beulah 8/26/08 0.530 0.580 0.555 0.035 6.4

Delavan 4/14/04 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 3/4/08 0.675 0.670 0.673 0.004 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.019 <0.019

Delavan 7/20/04 10.4 11.6 10.5 10.8 0.7 6.1

Big Cedar 8/18/04 8.36 8.56 8.61 8.51 0.13 1.6

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 3.13 3.10 2.63 2.95 0.28 9.49

Middle 8/25/05 4.45 4.48 4.82 4.70 4.40 4.58 0.21 4.48

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 174.00 178.00 168.00 173.33 5.03 2.90

Big Cedar, South 8/29/06 8.02 7.56 8.20 7.93 0.33 4.16

Beulah 8/30/07 4.05 3.78 3.92 0.19 4.88

Spring 9/6/07 2.47 2.79 2.63 0.23 8.60

Beulah 8/26/08 6.97 7.45 7.21 0.34 4.71

Beulah 8/30/07 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 3/4/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/30/07 42.8 41 41.9 1.273 3.0

Beulah 3/4/08 62.8 62.5 62.65 0.212 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 47.9 47.6 47.75 0.212 0.4

Beulah 8/30/07 32.7 31.2 31.95 1.061 3.3

Beulah 3/4/08 35.6 35.5 35.55 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/26/08 32.8 32.5 32.65 0.212 0.6

Beulah 8/30/07 1.5 1.4 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 3/4/08 1.8 1.9 1.85 0.071 3.8

Beulah 8/26/08 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Turbidity, NTU

Dissolved Calcium

Diss. Magnesium

Diss. Potassium

Replicate Data

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Dissolved Nitrate plus 

Nitrite

Chlorophyll-a 

(micrograms per liter)

 Total Phosphorus

Total Phosphorus, 

near bottom

 Dissolved 

Phosphorus

Dissolved Ammonia
138

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

 

Deviati on

 

Standard 

Beulah 8/30/07 8.8 8.5 8.65 0.212 2.5

Beulah 3/4/08 9.9 10 9.95 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/26/08 9 8.9 8.95 0.071 0.8

Beulah 8/30/07 192 193 192.5 0.707 0.4

Spring 9/6/07 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.141 2.2

Beulah 3/4/08 245 244 244.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 219 218 218.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 20.3 20.4 20.35 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 23.5 23.7 23.6 0.141 0.6

Beulah 8/26/08 21 20.9 20.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 15.2 15.3 15.25 0.071 0.5

Spring 9/6/07 0.105 0.111 0.108 0.004 3.9

Beulah 3/4/08 15.3 15.2 15.25 0.071 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 26.1 26.2 26.15 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/26/08 26.3 26.3 26.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 <100 <100

Beulah 3/4/08 <100 <100

Beulah 8/26/08 <100 <100

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.5 <0.5

Dissolved Solids Beulah 8/26/08 302 298 300 2.83 0.9

*Algal bloom on lake.

Diss. Manganese

Dissolved Sodium

Dissolved Sulfate

Dissolved Silica

Diss. Chloride

Dissolved Iron

Replicate Data

ANC as CaCO3
139

Table A2. Data from tests of blanks, 2004-2008. All data in milligrams per liter, unless otherwise indicated.

< = less than given detection limit; E = estimated value.

Delavan Lake. Analyses at USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Lakewood, CO. 

Parameter 4/7/06 6/13/06 8/14/06 4/16/07

Total P < 0.004 E 0.002 < 0.004 <0.004

Dissolved orthophosphate <0.006 <0.006 E0.003 <0.006

Chlorophyll a < 0.0260 < 0.0260 <0.260

Chlorophyll b

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N)

Ammonia (as N)

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N)

Lake Beulah at Deep Hole near East Troy, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, W

Parameter 8/29/07 2/27/08 8/26/08

Total P <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Dissolved orthophosphate 0.005 <0.002 <0.002

Total Kjeldahl <0.14 <0.14 <0.14

Dissolved Ammonia <0.15 <0.015 <0.015

Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite <0.019 <0.019 <0.019

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 --- <0.260

Dissolved Calcium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Magnesium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Potassium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Sodium 0.200 <0.10 <0.10

ANC as CaCO3 <2 3 <2

Dissolved Chloride <1.0 1.2 <1.0

Dissolved Silica <0.22 <0.022 <0.022

Dissolved Sulfate <4.5 <4.5 <4.5

Dissolved Iron <100 <100 <100

Dissolved Manganese <0.5 <0.5 <100

Dissolved Solids --- --- <50

Turbidity, NTU --- <1.0 <1.0

Rolling Stone Lake near Pickerel, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07

Total P <0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

ANC as CaCO3 2

Dissolved Silica <0.022

Wind Lake at Wind Lake, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 6/13/06

Total P < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260
140

Table A3. Data (for 2004-2008) from standard addition tests using stock solution 

containing 5.00 mg/L phosphorus. See text for detail of procedures. All concentration 

data in milligrams per liter.

Lake, Date

Original 

Sample 

Concentration

Stock Solution

Volume Added

(milliliters)

Final Expected 

Concentration

Actual 

Detected 

Concentration

Percent 

Recovery

Delavan, 

August 16, 

2005

0.029

0.029

0.188

0.75

0.036

0.059

0.037

0.063

103%

107%

No Spike data 

in 2006

No Spike data 

in 2007

No Spike data 

in 2008
Water-Quality and Lake-Stage 

Data for Wisconsin Lakes,

Water Year 2009


iv

CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1 

Methods of data collection ......................................................................................................................................... 4 

Explanation of physical and chemical characteristics of lakes ................................................................................ 13

Water temperature and thermal stratification.............................................................................................. 13

Specific conductance .................................................................................................................................. 14

Water clarity ................................................................................................................................................ 14

pH .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 

Dissolved oxygen ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Phosphorus ................................................................................................................................................. 16

Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................... 16

Chlorophyll a ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Classification of lakes............................................................................................................................................... 17

References cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Lake data.................................................................................................................................................................. 22

Beulah

Deep Hole, 424840088241600 ............................................................... ............................................ 23

Station No. 2, 424929088231300............................................................ ............................................ 25

Big Cedar

North Site, near West Bend, 432409088151600.................................................................................. 27

South Site, near West Bend, 432224088154900................................................................................. 30

Delavan

near Delavan, 423706088363400 ........................................................................................................ 33

at Center near Delavan Lake, 423556088365001 ............................................................................... 36

at North End near Lake Lawn, 423659088354401 .............................................................................. 44

at SW End near Delavan Lake, 423526088380101............................................................................. 44

Devils near Baraboo, 05404500 ................................................................................................................. 45

Geneva 

at Lake Geneva, 423525088260400 .................................................................................................... 47

West End, near Williams Bay, 423329088323300............................................................................... 49

Green

at County Trunk Highway A near Green Lake (East End), 434928088553601 ................................... 54

Deep Hole, 434756089020500............................................................................................................. 56

East End, 434928088570000............................................................................................................... 60

Inlet, Site 1, 435009088550100............................................................................................................ 64

Inlet, Site 2, 434948088552200............................................................................................................ 65

Kegonsa, 425715089164700...................................................................................................................... 66

Koshkonong near Newville, 05427235 ....................................................................................................... 68

Little Cedar

North Site, near West Bend, 432255088134700.................................................................................. 70

South Site, near West Bend, 432249088134500................................................................................. 73

Mendota at Madison, 05428000 ................................................................................................................. 76

Mercer

Deep Hole, 460937090033100............................................................................................................. 77

West Basin, 460945090040600 ........................................................................................................... 82

Middle Genesee at Genesee Lake Road, near Oconomowoc, 430251088284700 ................................... 86

Monona at Madison, 05429000 .................................................................................................................. 88

Oconomowoc

No. 1 (Center) at Oconomowoc, 430551088273500 ........................................................................... 90

No. 2 (off Hewitt Point) at Oconomowoc, 430609088262200 .............................................................. 93

Powers at Powers Lake, 423246088175800 .............................................................................................. 96

Silver Lake near West Bend, 432322088125000 ....................................................................................... 99

Turtle-Flambeau Flowage

Deep Hole, 460458090102700........................................................................................................... 102
v 

Southwest Basin, 460344090124800................................................................................................. 104 

Lake Bastine, 460511090153800....................................................................................................... 106 

Townline Lake, 460409090084100 .................................................................................................... 108 

Trude Lake, 460646090091900 ......................................................................................................... 110

Waubesa, 05429485................................................................................................................................. 112

Wind, at Outlet at Wind Lake, 424848088083100 .................................................................................... 114 

at Wind Lake, 424915088083900 ...................................................................................................... 116 

Winnebago

at Oshkosh, 04082500 ....................................................................................................................... 120

near Stockbridge, 04084255 .............................................................................................................. 123

Wisconsin Water Science Center publications pertaining to lakes........................................................................ 125 

Appendix - Quality-Assurance/Quality-Control Plan .............................................................................................. 136 

FIGURE

Figure 1. Map showing location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin ....................... 2 

TABLES

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations ....................................................................................................................... 5

 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical

 parameters commonly measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water-Quality 

 Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH)........................................ 12

 
vi 

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply By To Obtain

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

pound (lb) 453.6 gram

acre 0.4048 hectare

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

meter (m) 3.281 foot

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

Temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following 

equation

°F = 1.8(°C) + 32

Sea level: In this report “sea level” refers to either the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 

of 1929)–a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the 

United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929– or the North American Vertical 

Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). 

Abbreviated water-quality units: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric 

units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). 

Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight 

(milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 

one milligram per liter. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical 

values for concentrations expressed as mg/L and μg/L are the same as for concentrations in parts per 

million and parts per billion, respectively.

Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius 

(μS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter (mmho/cm) at 25 degrees Celsius, formerly 

used by the U.S. Geological Survey.
1 

WATER-QUALITY AND LAKE-STAGE DATA

FOR WISCONSIN LAKES, WATER YEAR 2009

By Wisconsin Water Science Center

Lake-Studies Team

INTRODUCTION

The U .S. Geological S urvey ( USGS), i n c ooperation w ith l ocal and other a gencies, 

collects dat a at s elected l akes t hroughout Wisconsin. T hese dat a, ac cumulated ov er m any 

years, pr ovide a dat a base for developing an i mproved under standing of t he water quality of 

lakes. T o m ake these dat a av ailable t o i nterested par ties out side t he U SGS, t he dat a ar e 

published annually in this report series. The locations of water-quality and lake-stage stations in 

Wisconsin for water year 2009 are shown in figure 1. A water year is the 12-month period from 

October 1 through September 30. It is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, 

the period October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2009 is called “water year 2009.”

The purpose of this report is to provide information about the chemical and physical 

characteristics of Wisconsin lakes. Data that have been collected at specific lakes, and 

information to aid in the interpretation of those data, are included in this report. Data collected 

include m easurements of in-lake water quality and l ake stage. Time series of Secchi dept hs, 

surface total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations collected during non-frozen periods 

are included for all lakes. Graphs of vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and 

specific conductance are included for sites where these parameters were measured. Descriptive 

information for each lake includes: location of the lake, area of the lake’s watershed, period for 

which dat a ar e av ailable, r evisions t o pr eviously publ ished r ecords, a nd per tinent remarks. 

Additional data, such as streamflow and water quality in tributary and outlet streams of some of 

the lakes, are published in another volume: “Water Resources Data-Wisconsin, 2009."

Water-resources da ta, i ncluding stage and discharge data at most s treamflow-gaging 

stations, are available through the W orld W ide W eb on the Internet. The W isconsin W ater 

Science C enter’s hom e pag e i s at ht tp://wi.water.usgs.gov/. I nformation on t he Wisconsin 

Water S cience C enter’s Lak es P rogram i s f ound at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/lakes/index.html 

and http://wi.water.usgs.gov/projects/index.html. 

 
2 

W I N N E - CALUMET

B A G O

J U N E AU

A D A M S

WAU S H A R A

M O N R O E LA CROSSE GREEN

LAKE

MARQUETTE

F O N D D U L AC SHEBOYGAN

V E R N O N

C O L U M B I A

S A U K

D O D G E

O Z AU K E E

WA S H I N G

- TO N

RICHLAND

CRAWFORD

D A N E

G R A N T

MILWAUKEE

I O W A

WAUKESHA JEFFERSON

R A C I N E

G R E E N L A FAY E T T E R O C K WALWORTH

K E N O S H A

B R O W N

D O U G L A S

V I L A S

B U R N E T T

WASHBURN

S A W Y E R

F O R E S T

F L O R E N C E

P R I C E O N E I D A

M A R I N E T T E

P O L K

B A R R O N R U S K

L I N C O L N

L A N G L A D E

O C O N T O

T A Y L O R

D O O R

C H I P P E W A S T . C R O I X

D U N N

MENOMINEE

M A R A T H O N

C L A R K

S H A W A N O P I E R C E E A U C L A I R E

KEWAUNEE

P E P I N

P O RTAG E WAUPACA B U F F A L O W O O D

TREMPEA

-LEAU

J A C K S O N

OUTAGAMIE

MANITOWOC

B A Y F I E L D

A S H L A N D

I R O N

Little Cedar

Delavan

Green

Wind

Middle Genesee

Oconomowoc

Okauchee

EXPLANATION

Lake name

Lake-stage station

Lake water-quality

and stage station

Note: at some lakes more than one

site may be monitored.

Green

Geneva

Winnebago

Devils

Mendota

Monona

Waubesa

Kegonsa

Koshkonong

Mercer

Turtle-Flambeau

Flowage

0

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

20 40 60 MILES

44°

45°

43°

46°

92°

91°

90°

89°

88°

87°

Powers

Figure 1. Location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin.

Big Cedar

Beulah
3 

The U SGS has done c ooperative l ake monitoring with l ocal and ot her agencies since 

1983. Cooperators in 2009 included:

Big Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Dane County

Delavan Lake Sanitary District

Geneva Lake Environmental Agency

Green Lake Sanitary District

Lake Beulah Management District

Little Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Middle Genesee Lake District

Mercer School District (Mercer Lake Association)

Powers Lake District

Rock County Public Works Department

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Village of Oconomowoc Lake

Wind Lake Management District

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
4 

Lake data-collection sites are identified by a unique identification number. Lake waterquality s ites ar e i dentified by a 15 -digit nu mber t hat i s a c oncatenation o f t he site’s l atitude, 

longitude, and a t wo-digit s equence num ber. The sequence nu mber is us ed t o di stinguish 

between sites located at the same latitude-longitude designation. The site identification number 

is per manently as signed t o t he s ite; ac tual l atitude and l ongitude o f t he s ite ar e s ubject t o 

update and are stored separately. For some lakes, which have historical records of lake stage, 

an eight-to-ten digit number is as signed according t o downstream or der. G aps ar e left in t he 

numerical series to allow f or new stations; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The first 

two digits of the complete eight-to-ten digit number, such as 04087000 or 054310157, designate 

the major river basin. For example, “04” designates the St. Lawrence River Basin and “05” 

designates the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

The water-quality lake stations that were discontinued prior to water year 2009 are listed 

in table 1. Discontinued lake-stage stations are not included in this table.

This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by a number of people who collected, 

compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the 

report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein 

is accurate, complete, and adheres to USGS policy and established guidelines. Technicians in 

charge of the field offices are: B.W. Olson (Merrill), and S.A. March (Middleton). The data were 

collected and pr ocessed by G.L. G oddard, S.B. Manteufel, B .W. Olson, D .L. Ol son, P.C. 

Reneau, J.G. S chuler, Z.T. S cott, and B .J. S iebers. S .B. M anteufel assembled, edi ted, and 

formatted the report. Additional assistance in preparation of the report was provided by M.M. 

Greenwood, and D.L. Olson. 

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Depth pr ofiles o f w ater t emperature, di ssolved oxygen, pH , and s pecific c onductance 

were c ollected us ing multi-parameter meters. Prior to measurements, the meters were 

calibrated using standards for pH and conductance, and dissolved oxygen was calibrated using 

the ai r c alibration m ethod. G enerally, f ield m easurements i n pr ofiles w ere made at 0. 5-m 

intervals i f t he m aximum dep th o f the l ake w as 5 m o r l ess and a t 1. 0-m i ntervals i f the 

maximum depth was greater than 5 m.
5 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Alma Lake near St. Germain 455426089254700 Oct. 1984–Sept. 1990,

May 1992–Sept.1996

Balsam Lake, off Cedar Island, at Balsam Lake 452755092264600 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Little Narrows, near Balsam Lake 452858092265300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Rock Island, near Balsam Lake 452754092234300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

Balsam Lake near Birchwood 453907091345800 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Bass Lake near Shawano 445215088300300 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Bear Lake at Deep Hole near Haugen 453754091490900 Mar. 1992–Aug. 1993

Beaver Dam Lake, South end, at Beaver Dam 432814088515000 June–Oct. 1991

 North end, near Beaver Dam 433122088545700 June–Oct. 1991

Benedict Lake near Powers Lake 423201088180800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Big Blacksmith Lake near Keshena 445401088334500 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Big Hills (Hills) Lake near Wild Rose

 

440912089092000 June 1983–Aug. 1984,

Feb.–Aug. 1987, 

Feb.–Aug. 1990, 

Feb.–Aug. 1993,

Feb.–Aug. 1996,

Feb.–Aug. 1999

Big Muskego Lake, at North Site, near Muskego 425301088061300 Feb.–Aug. 1988

 Research Base, near Muskego 425235088075300 May–June 1994

Big Round Lake near Milltown 453142092180100 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big St. Germain Lake, near St. Germain 455557089311000 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

 near Lake Tomahawk 05390750 1991–2001

Big Sand Lake, Deep Hole, near Hertel 454910092134000 Feb.–Sept. 2001

 East Site, near Hertel 454921092124300 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big Sissabagama Lake, near Stone Lake 454724091303600 Apr. 1986–Sept. 1996,

Oct. 1997–Sept. 2002

 North Site, near Stone Lake 454800091312900 Mar. 1998–Sept. 2001

Booth Lake near East Troy 424800088254800 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1994,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

Buffalo Lake, Center Site, at Packwaukee 434558089260600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 East End, at Montello 434720089201600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 West End, near Endeavor 434414089282400 May 1998–Sept. 2001
6 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Butternut Lake, near Park Falls 455854090310300 Oct. 2002–Oct. 2004

 Deep Hole, near Park Falls 455803090310800 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 North Site, near Butternut 455904090303400 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 Far South Site, near Park Falls 455651090312700 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

Denoon Lake at Wind Lake 425044088100300 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Druid Lake near Hartford 431643088243300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake near Kansasville 05544500 1936–64, 1975–77, 

1979,

Feb. 1993–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake, at Deep Hole, near Kansasville

 

424207088072400 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1996

Eagle Spring Lake at Eagleville 425103088261500 Apr. 1991–Sept. 2001

Elizabeth Lake near Twin Lakes 423051088155300 Feb. 1995–Sept. 1997

Fish Lake near Sauk City 05406050 Nov. 1966–Sept. 1981,

Apr. 1985–May 1987,

May 1988, Apr. 1989–

Oct. 1990, Oct. 1990–

Nov. 1996, Nov. 1996–

Sept. 2004

Fowler Lake, Center, at Oconomowoc 430653088294601 Jan.–Dec. 1984,

Oct. 1986–Sept. 1996

Fox Lake Deep Hole at Fox Lake 433458088560600 June 1991–Mar. 1993

Geneva Lake, Geneva Bay, at Lake Geneva

 

423455088263800 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Williams Bay, at Williams Bay 423420088320500 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Center, near Lake Geneva 423402088301400 Apr. 1997–Mar. 1999

 East End, near Lake Geneva 423421088272300 Apr. 1997–May 2000

Hemlock Lake near Mikana 453421091333700 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Hooker Lake at Salem 423335088060300 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1993

Kawaguesaga, Deep Hole, near Minocqua 455208089435800 May–Sept. 2003

 South Site, near Minocqua 455145089442600 May–Sept. 2003

Kirby Lake near Cumberland 453554092042101 Nov. 1995–Oct. 1996

 (Site 1) near Cumberland 453608092035801 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 2) near Cumberland 453601092035301 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996
7 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 (Site 3) near Cumberland 453612092034901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 4) near Cumberland 453603092035701 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 5) near Cumberland 453608092041201 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 6) near Cumberland 453555092040901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

Lac La Belle at Oconomowoc 430733088305900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985,

Apr. –Aug. 1991,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

 NW, at Oconomowoc 430809088313900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

 SE, at Oconomowoc 430707088301400 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

Lake Blass at Lake Delton 433545089482400 Mar. 1989–Aug. 1990

Lake Desair near Rice Lake 453446091465100 Aug. 2004

Lake Keesus, 

 East Bay, near Merton 430957088183400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 North Bay, near Merton 431006088191000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

Lake Morris at Mount Morris 440654089120500 Jun. 1983–Sept. 1989

Lake Nebagamon, Northeast Bay, at Lake 

Nebagamon

463050091412300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Southeast Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 462928091413500 Mar. 1992–Sept. 1995

 West Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 463034091425300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Lake Noquebay near Crivitz 451511087550900 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1988,

Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

 East End, near Crivitz 451540087525700 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

Lamotte Lake near Shawano 445305088361200 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Lauderdale Lakes at Lauderdale 

 Mill, at Lauderdale 

424554088332700

424555088335700

Oct. 1993–Oct. 1994

Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Green, Auxiliary, Number 1, near Lauderdale 424640088341900 June 1999–Sept. 2000

Green, near Lauderdale 424652088341500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Legend Lake (site 1) near Shawano 445342088312700 Feb. 1990–Feb. 1992

Little Arbor Vitae near Woodruff 455446089370300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 2002

Little Green Lake, at Center, near Markesan 434412088590700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 2003

Little Muskego Lake at Muskego 425425088083500 Oct. 1986–Aug. 2002

Little Rock Lake near Woodruff 455946089415702 Oct. 1983–Sept. 1996

Little St. Germain Lake, near Eagle River 05390700 (a)

 Upper East Bay, at St. Germain

 

455532089253900 Dec. 1996–Mar. 97,

Mar. 1999,

Mar. 2000–Aug. 2003
8 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 Northeast Bay, near St. Germain 455545089262500 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 South Bay, near St. Germain 455437089270800 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 West Bay, at St. Germain 455428089282400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

Little Sand Lake - Site No. 2 - near Mole Lake 452826088544101 May1996–Sept. 2003

Long (Kee Nong Go-Mong) Lake at Wind Lake 424937088103400 Feb. 1988–Aug. 1989,

Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Loon Lake near Shawano 445009088303700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

Lost Lake near Beaver Dam 432640088580500 June–Oct. 1991

McKenzie Lakes 

 McKenzie (Big McKenzie) 

 Deep Hole, near Spooner 455507092013500 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1998

 Northern Site, near Spooner 455540092022000 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 South Site, near Spooner 455437092022300 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Lower McKenzie, near Webb Lake 455902092011900 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Middle McKenzie, near Spooner 455635092021800 June 1997–Aug. 1998

Mary (Marie) Lake at Twin Lakes 423128088151200 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1997

Max Lake near Woodruff 460128089423501 Mar. 1988–Dec. 1996

Mead Lake, East Bay near Willard 444720090445000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 West Bay near Willard 444733090460100 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1995

Minocqua Lake

 Deep Hole, at Minocqua 455214089412800 May–Sept. 2003

 North Bay, at Minocqua 455232089424100 May–Sept. 2003

 South Bay, at Minocqua 455206089425200 May–Sept. 2003

Montello Lake at Montello 434748089195800 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1998

Moon Lake near St. Germain 455504089260500 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

Morgan Lake near Fence 454622088324801 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1998.

Moshawquit Lake near Shawano 445352088295800 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Muskego (Big Muskego)

 Auxiliary Number 1, near Muskego 425329088054000 June 1996–Aug. 2000

 Bass Bay, near Muskego 425344008807010 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002
9 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 near Wind Lake 425109088075000 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1989, 

Jan. 1991–Sept. 2002

 South Site, near Muskego 425212088072800 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002

Muskellunge Lake near Eagle River 455700089224900 June 2000–Aug. 2001

Muskellunge Lake, near Lake Outlet near Eagle 

River 

455706089232400 Nov. 2000–Oct. 2001

Nagawicka Lake, at Deep Hole, at Delafield 430417088230300 Feb. 2003–Sept. 2004

Namekagon Lakes

 Garden, near Cable 461224091033200 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Jackson, near Cable 461457091065900 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Namekagon

 Deep Hole, near Cable 461308091065100 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 East Basin, near Cable 461228091044300 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Northeast Basin, near Cable 461410091050700 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

Park Lake (site 1) at Pardeeville 433239089175800 Feb. 1986–Aug. 1987,

May–Nov. 1993

 (site 2) at Pardeeville 433226089175500 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 3) at Pardeeville 433245089173000 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 4) at Pardeeville 433257089165100 May–Nov. 1993

Pike Lake near Hartford 431916088200501 Dec. 1998–Dec. 2000

Pike Lake-QW Site-near Hartford 431835088200600 Feb.–Aug. 2000

Potter Lake near Mukwonago 423246088175800 Feb. 1993–Sept. 2007

Pretty Lake, at Deep Hole, near Dousman 425722088295000 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1997

Puckaway Lake, West Basin, near Marquette 434515089124000 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 East Basin, near Marquette 43454208907300 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 River site, near Marquette 434824089083200 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

Red Cedar Lake, at Mikana 453522091360600 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Oct. 2000–Sept. 2001

 Deep Hole, near Mikana 453725091345100 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

 South End, at Mikana 453519091352500 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

Rice Lake at Deep Hole near Whitewater 424629088415700 Apr.–Nov. 1991

Round Lake near Shawano 445328088335000 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Sand Lake (Deep Hole) near Keshena 445321088323101 June–Aug. 1992
10

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Shell Lake at Shell Lake 05334000 Aug. 1936–Sept. 1999

Silver Lake near Oconomowoc 430436088293300 Apr. 1992–Aug. 1996

Silver Lake near West Bend 432322088125000 Feb. 1996–Aug. 1997

Sinissippi Lake, off Anthony Is., at Hustisford 432113088361100 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Butternut Is., near Hustisford 432240088363900 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Sam Point, near Hustisford 432300088374200 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

Spirit Lake near Keshena 445400088320100 Apr.–Aug. 1992

Spooner Lake, Deep Hole, near Spooner 455034091493300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

 Southeast Site, near Spooner 454945091483900 June 2002–Aug. 2004

Stewart Lake at Mt. Horeb 430117089442701 May 1992–Sept. 1993

Tichigan Lake near Waterford 424854088123300 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996,

Apr. 2003–Aug. 2004

Tombeau Lake near Powers Lake 423153088184800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Twin Lake, East Twin, near Westfield 435430089350700 June 2002–Aug. 2004

West Twin, near Westfield 435438089352300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

(a) Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. currently collects stage data for this site.

 

In most lakes, water samples were collected at two depths - near the surface and near 

the bottom. Chemical analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical 

methods by either the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (Wershaw and others, 1987; 

Fishman and Friedman, 1989; Fishman, 1993) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene 

(Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 1993). Analyses for dissolved constituents were 

performed on samples that were filtered in the field through a 0.45-mm (micrometer) pore-size 

filter. Total or total recoverable constituents were determined by analyzing unfiltered water 

samples. Preservation and shipment of samples followed standard protocols established by the 

laboratories. Water-quality data were archived in the Water Quality Data Base (QWDATA) of 

the National Water Information System (NWIS). Additional descriptive information about waterquality data is available in the data report: "Water Resources Data – Wisconsin, 2009". NWIS 

parameter codes and minimum laboratory reporting levels for chemical constituents are given in 

table 2. The parameter code for turbidity has changed from 00076 to 63675 or 63676 because 

the method of testing has changed.
11

Records of lake stage are considered complete when one or more manual or automatic 

measurements were obtained per day. Partial records of lake stage result when measurements 

were less frequent than daily. A complete description of manual or automatic measurements of 

lake stage is described by Rantz and others (1982). 
12

 

Table 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical parameters commonly 

measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene (WSLH). 

(NWQL) (WSLH) 

Standard 

Analysis

Low-Level 

Analysis

Parameter Name Units

CAS 

Number1 

Parameter 

Code2 LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Test 

Code

Calcium, diss. (Ca) mg/L 7440-70-2 00915 0.020 659 0.002 1895 0.02 I230IUD

Magnesium, diss. (Mg) mg/L 7439-95-4 00925 0.004 663 0.001 1897 0.02 I390IUD

Sodium, diss. (Na) mg/L 7440-23-5 00930 0.09 675 0.025 1898 0.09 I80IUD

Potassium, diss. (K) mg/L 7440-09-7 00935 0.24 54 0.01 833 0.3 I540IUD

Sulfate, diss. (SO4) mg/L 14808-79-8 00945 0.31 1572 0.01 1263 1.0 I600DLD

Chloride, diss. (Cl) mg/L 16887-00-6 00940 0.29 1571 0.01 1259 0.1 I240ELD

Fluoride, diss. (F) mg/L 16984-48-8 00950 0.100 31 0.01 1260 0.03 I330FLD

Iron, diss. (Fe) (μg/L) 7439-89-6 01046 10 645 3 1896 10 I370IUD

Manganese, diss. (Mn) (μg/L) 7439-96-5 01056 2.2 648 1 1793 0.4 I400IUD

Silica, diss. (SiO2) mg/L 7631-86-9 00955 0.1 56 0.02 1899 0.008 I560LLD

Nitrogen, NO2+NO3, 

diss. mg/L -- 00631 0.05 1975 0.005 1979 0.01 I460MLD

Nitrogen, ammonia, 

diss. mg/L 7664-41-7 00608 0.02 1976 0.002 1980 0.013 I440NLD

Nitrogen, amm.+org., 

total4 mg/L 17778-88-0 00625 0.100 1985 -- -- 0.2 I470BLT

Nitrogen, 

amm.+org.,diss. mg/L -- 00623 -- -- -- -- -- I470DLD

Nitrogen, total5 mg/L -- 00600 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen, dissolved mg/L -- 00602 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, total mg/L 7723-14-0 00665 0.05 1984 0.004 2333 0.005 I520PLT

Phosphorus, ortho, diss. mg/L 14265-44-2 00671 0.01 1262 0.002 1978 0.002 I530CLD

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 70953 0.1 586 -- -- -- --

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 32210 -- -- -- -- 0.26 I250UNF

 

1: CAS (Chemical Abstracting Services) number = unique identification for each constituent 

2: Parameter Code - unique number for storage of data in database

3: Calculated as difference between total ammonia + organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen

4: Also known as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 

5: Calculated as sum of TKN + Nitrogen as (NO2+NO3) 

 
13

EXPLANATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES

Following are brief, generalized explanations of some of the common measurements of 

water q uality and s ome o f t he phy sical pr ocesses occurring i n l akes that i nfluence these 

measures of water quality. More detailed explanations of water-quality data and lake processes 

are given by Wetzel (1983), Hem (1985), and Shaw and others (1993).

Water Temperature and Thermal Stratification

Water temperature in lakes is important because of its role in stratification and because 

of the temperature dependence of many chemical reactions and life processes of aquatic 

organisms. The extent of thermal stratification in lakes depends on the interaction between the 

lake’s shape, water clarity, solar heating, and wind-driven mixing. Complete mixing of the lake is 

usually i nhibited by t hermal s tratification i n s ummer and by i ce c over i n w inter. Thermal 

stratification affects water quality and the distribution of organisms in the lake. Summer thermal 

stratification can occur in any lake, but in Wisconsin it commonly occurs in lakes deeper than 

about 6 m (Shaw and others, 1993).

 

 

The density of water increases with decreasing temperature down to a temperature of 

4°C, then decreases with decreasing temperature between 4°C and the freezing point of water 

(0°C). For a br ief period in the spring after the ice is out, water temperature is usually uniform 

through the ent ire w ater c olumn and w ind action c auses t he l ake to mix c ompletely. T his 

process is known as “spring turnover.” As the lake absorbs the sun’s energy, the surface water 

becomes warmer and i ts density decreases, making it more resistant to complete mixing. The 

difference in density caused by different water temperatures can prevent warm and c old water 

from mixing. In m ost l akes, therefore, a dens ity “ barrier” forms bet ween t he warmer s urface 

water (epilimnion) and the underlying colder water (hypolimnion). This barrier is often marked by 

a s harp t emperature gradient known as t he “ thermocline (metalimnion).” D uring the stratified 

summer period, these three distinct layers of lake water are often present. As the temperature 

difference between surface and deep w ater increases, this “stratified” condition stabilizes and 

can persist until surface temperatures decrease in the fall, which decreases the stability of the 

stratification. The mixing of the lake water in the fall is known as “fall turnover.” 
14

Thermal s tratification m ay al so oc cur under i ce c over i n t he winter. I n the w inter, t he 

coldest water (near 0°C) under the ice at the surface of the lake is less dense than water deeper 

in the lake with warmer temperatures.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current 

and is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Because conductance is 

temperature related, r eported v alues ar e nor malized at 25° C and ar e termed s pecific 

conductance. A s t he concentration o f di ssolved m inerals i ncreases, specific c onductance 

increases. D uring w inter and s ummer t hermal s tratification, c oncentrations o f di ssolved 

constituents near the lake bottom increase due t o the decomposition of materials settling from 

the epilimnion, or r elease of dissolved m aterials ( such as iron, manganese, and phos phorus) 

from t he bot tom sediments dur ing anox ic periods. Therefore, differences i n s pecific 

conductance with depth indicate differences in concentrations of dissolved solids.

Water Clarity

Water clarity, or transparency, is commonly measured using a Secchi disc. The range of 

depths within which photosynthetic activity occurs depends largely on depth of light penetration, 

which is influenced by water clarity. A Secchi disc, most commonly a 20-cm.-diameter disc with 

alternating black-and-white quadrants, is lowered to a depth at which it is no longer visible. This 

depth is referred to as the Secchi depth. Clarity can be reduced by algae, zooplankton, water 

color, and suspended sediment. Algae are often the most dominant influence on clarity in lakes 

and, therefore, Secchi depth is usually correlated with the algal abundance. Secchi depths are 

generally the least during summer when algal populations are largest.

pH

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. It is defined as the negative logarithm of 

hydrogen-ion concentration and v aries over a 14 -unit log scale, with a p H of 7 bei ng neutral. 

Values l ess t han 7 i ndicate ac idic c onditions; the l ower t he v alue, t he s tronger t he ac idity. 

Values greater than 7 indicate alkaline conditions. The pH of water is influenced in part by 

photosynthesis and respiration of planktonic algae and aquatic plants. It is important because it 

affects the solubility of many chemical constituents, and because aquatic organisms have 
15

limited pH tolerances. Planktonic al gae and aq uatic pl ants pr oduce ox ygen and c onsume 

carbon dioxide as they photosynthesize during daytime; they consume oxygen and produce 

carbon dioxide when they respire at night. Carbon dioxide combines with the water molecule to 

form carbonic acid; therefore respiration causes a dec rease in pH at night and phot osynthesis 

during the day c auses an i ncrease i n pH . The result i s a dai ly c ycle i n pH . B ecause 

phytoplankton a re us ually c oncentrated i n t he near -surface w ater, c hanges i n pH i n the 

epilimnion are more extreme than in the hypolimnion, where less photosynthesis usually occurs.

Lakes having good fish populations and pr oductivity generally have a pH between 6.7 

and 8.2. V alues of pH greater than 8.5 have been shown to cause the release of phosphorus 

from lake sediments (James and Barko, 1991). 

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most critical factors affecting a lake ecosystem because 

it is essential to most aquatic organisms, and it is involved in many chemical reactions. Very 

low di ssolved oxygen c oncentrations can c ontrol s ome types of chemical reactions. The 

solubility of ox ygen i n w ater i s i nversely r elated t o t emperature–that i s, ox ygen s olubility 

decreases as w ater temperature i ncreases. This r elation i s i mportant bec ause a t w armer 

temperatures the m etabolic r ate o f or ganisms i ncreases bu t l ess ox ygen i s av ailable f or 

respiration. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen are from the air and from photosynthesis. 

The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration specified in national water-quality criteria for early 

life stages of warmwater aquatic life is 5.0 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).

In early summer, if thermal stratification develops, the metalimnion restricts the surface 

supply of dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion. The hypolimnion can become isolated from the 

atmosphere. Thus, as summer progresses, the dissolved oxygen concentration can decrease in 

response to decomposition of dead algae that settle from the epilimnion and in response to the 

biological and c hemical ox ygen dem and o f t he s ediments. The ox ygen dem and from these 

processes may completely deplete the oxygen (anoxia) in the water near the lake bottom. The 

oxygen depletion then progresses upward but usually is confined to the hypolimnion. 

Anoxia i n t he hy polimnion i s c ommon i n stratified eu trophic ( nutrient-rich) la kes in 

Wisconsin. Complete anoxia, however, is often not detected because of meter constraints. 

During anox ic c onditions, many aq uatic or ganisms c annot s urvive, but m any ot her s pecies 
16

(primarily bacteria) actually function only in such conditions. Therefore, a shift from oxic to 

anoxic conditions produces a rapid and dramatic change in the biological community and 

chemical environment. A noxia a lso c an c ause r elease o f phos phorus from the bot tom 

sediments. This phos phorus t hen mixes t hroughout t he w ater c olumn during s pring and fall 

turnover.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus i s one o f t he es sential nut rients for pl ant growth. H igh pho sphorus 

concentrations can cause dense algal populations (blooms) and can therefore be a major cause 

of eutrophication in lakes. When phosphorus concentrations exceed 0.025 mg/L at the time of 

spring overturn in lakes and reservoirs, these water bodies may occasionally experience excess 

or nuisance growth of a lgae or other aquatic plants (U.S. E nvironmental P rotection Agency, 

1986). In many regions of the country, including the upper Midwest, other nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen, tend t o be i n abundant s upply. P hosphorus i s o ften the nut rient i n s hortest s upply, 

therefore l imiting or c ontrolling pl ant growth. A bout 90 per cent o f t he l akes i n Wisconsin ar e 

limited by phosphorus (Shaw and others, 1993). In water, dissolved orthophosphate is that part 

of total phosphorus that is most readily available for use by algae.

Internal phosphorus recycling occurs in many lakes. Phosphorus used by algae, aquatic 

plants, fish, and zooplankton is stored within these organisms. As these organisms die and 

decompose, t his phos phorus i s r eturned t o the l ake w ater and sediments. A noxia i n t he 

hypolimnion makes phosphorus more soluble, adding further to the release of phosphorus from 

the f alling particles and the l ake s ediments. D uring spring and fall t urnover t he phos phorus, 

which w as r eleased f rom t he bot tom s ediments i nto t he hy polimnion dur ing anox ia, i s mixed 

throughout the lake. The phosphorus is then available for algal growth. These phenomena are

part of the internal-recycling processes of lakes.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, is an e ssential nutrient for plant and al gal growth. Usually in 

Wisconsin l akes, ni trogen i s i n abundant s upply f rom t he a tmosphere and ot her s ources. If 

phosphorus i s abundant r elative t o al gal needs , ni trogen c an bec ome the l imiting nut rient. I n 

that c ase, al gal bl ooms ar e m ore l ikely t o be t riggered by i ncreases i n n itrogen than by 

increases in phosphorus. Some bluegreen algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 
17

(Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, in situations where other types of algae are excluded because of a 

shortage of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae have a competitive advantage and may 

be present in abundance.

Lakes with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio larger than 15 to 1 near the surface may 

generally be considered phosphorus limited; a ratio from 10 to 1 to 15 to 1 indicates a transition 

situation; and a ratio smaller than 10 to 1 generally indicates nitrogen limitation. Total nitrogen is 

the s um of a mmonia, or ganic ni trogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen. The nea r-surface 

concentration i s c ommonly us ed t o c ompute the t otal ni trogen t o ph osphorus r atio bec ause 

most algal species grow near the lake surface.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in algae (Wetzel, 1983) and other green 

plants. Its concentration, therefore, is commonly used as a m easure of the density of the algal 

population in a l ake. Chlorophyll a concentrations ar e generally highest during summer when 

algal populations are highest. Moderate populations of desirable algae are important in the food 

chain; however, excessive populations or algal blooms are undesirable. Algal blooms can cause 

taste and odo r pr oblems, and l imit l ight pene tration needed t o s upport g rowth o f s ubmerged 

aquatic plants. Certain species of bluegreen algae can pr oduce toxins ( Rapavich and ot hers, 

1987).

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES

Two methods are commonly used to classify and evaluate Wisconsin lakes according to 

their water quality or trophic state: Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water-quality index and Carlson’s 

(1977) trophic state i ndex ( TSI). In p revious USGS data reports, a modification o f Carlson’s 

trophic state index for Wisconsin lakes by Lillie and others (1993) had been used; however, this 

approach did not properly classify oligotrophic and highly euthrophic lakes and, therefore, was 

discontinued. 
18

Lillie and Mason’s ( 1983) w ater q uality indices f or Wisconsin l akes w ere dev eloped 

based on summer measurements of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, and 

Secchi depth from a random set of lakes in Wisconsin. These data were used to classify the 

lakes’s water quality as shown below:

Water-quality index Total phosphorus 

range (mg/L)

Chlorophyll a range 

(μg/L)

Water clarity range 

(Secchi depth, in 

meters)

“Excellent” <0.001 <1.0 >6.0

“Very good” .001-.009 1.0-4.9 3.0-6.0

“Good” .010-.029 5.0-9.9 2.0-2.9

“Fair” .030-.049 10.0-14.9 1.5-1.9

“Poor” .050-.149 15.0-30.0 1.0-1.4

“Very poor” >.150 >30.0 <1.0

Carlson’s (1977) TSI approach to lake classification assigns numerical ranges to the 

three t rophic conditions generally used to describe the wide range of lake water-quality 

conditions. Oligotrophic l akes a re typically clear, al gal popul ations and phos phorus 

concentrations are low, and t he deepest water is likely to contain oxygen throughout the year. 

Mesotrophic lakes typically have a moderate supply of nutrients, experience moderate algal 

blooms, and have occasional oxygen depletions at depth. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with 

relatively s evere water-quality pr oblems, s uch as frequent seasonal a lgal bl ooms, ox ygen 

depletion i n l ower par ts o f the l akes, and poo r c larity. When e utrophic c onditions ar e v ery 

severe, the lake is considered hypereutrophic. 

Carlson’s ( 1977) TSI v alues ar e al so bas ed on near -surface total p hosphorus and 

chlorophyll a concentrations, and S ecchi dept hs. The i ndices w ere dev eloped t o pl ace t hese 

three characteristics on similar scales to allow comparison of different lakes. TSI values based 

on phosphorus concentrations (TSIP), Secchi depths (TSISD), and chlorophyll a concentrations 

(TSIC) typically are computed only for measurements collected during the open-water period.

TSI values for a lake can be calculated using the following equations (Carlson, 1977):
19

TSIP = 4.15 + 14.42 x (ln [total phosphorus concentration x 1,000])

TSISD = 60.0 – 14.41 x (ln Secchi depth)

TSIC = 30.6 + 9.81 x (ln chlorophyll a concentration)

where: total phosphorus is in milligrams per liter, 

Secchi depth is in meters, and

chlorophyll a is in micrograms per liter.

The t hree m ain t rophic conditions ar e de fined w ith t he f ollowing boundar ies f or t otal 

phosphorus, Secchi disc, and chlorophyll a: 

Trophic level Trophic State 

Index

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L) Secchi depth (m) Chlorophyll a(μg/L)

Eutrophic

----------------------- ---------50---------- -------0.024-------- ---------2.0--------- ---------7.2---------

Mesotrophic

----------------------- ---------40---------- -------0.012-------- ---------4.0--------- ---------2.6---------

Oligotrophic
20

REFERENCES CITED

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, March, v.

22, no. 2, p. 361-369.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water

Quality Laboratory–Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and

fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic

substances in water and fluvial sediments (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques

of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd

ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

James, W.F., and Barko, J.W., 1991, Littoral-pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime

convective circulation: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 5, p. 946-960.

Lillie, R.A., Graham, S., and Rasmussen, P., 1993, Trophic-State Index equations and regional

predictive equations for Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Research Management Findings No. 35, 4 p.

Lillie, R.A., and Mason, J.W., 1983, Limnological characteristics of Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 138, 116 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 631 p.

Rapavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Standridge, J.H., Vennie J.G., and Wedepohl, R.E., 1987,

Incidence of algal toxins in Wisconsin water experiencing blue-green algae blooms: 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, Informational Paper, 8 p.
21

Shaw, B., Mechenich, C., and Klessig, L., 1993, Understanding Lake Data: University of

Wisconsin Extension, G3582: Madison, Wis., 19 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Quality Criteria for Water 1986: U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency publication, EPA 440/5-86-001 [variously paged].

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for the

determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p.

Wetzel, R.G., 1983, Limnology (2nd ed.): New York, W.B. Saunders, 767 p.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992, Wisconsin water quality assessment– 

Report to Congress, 1992: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publ-WR254- 

92-REV, 220 p.

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Sciences Section, 1993, Manual of

analytical methods, inorganic chemistry unit: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene,

revised November 1993 [variously paged].
22

LAKE DATA

Remarks codes and symbols used in the following tables:

[<, less than; --, not available; E, estimated]
23

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'40", long 88°24'16", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 – AUGUST 24, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Nov. 19 Feb. 23 Apr. 8 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.16 0.55 0.78 2.66

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.1 -- 5.4 6.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 2.0 17.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 15.0 17.0 18.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.0 3.5 3.0 6.0 22.7 13.0 7.6 7.1 6.9

00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 561 601 652 565 507 562 574 580 589

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 11.6 5.4 11.5 8.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.017 0.024 0.021 0.022 0.035

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 0.003

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.307 0.673 0.311 1.180 0.074 0.500 0.809 0.650 0.158

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.19 0.211 0.263 0.06 0.032 0.089 0.198 0.298 0.773

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.44 0.16 0.31 0.33 0.40 1.10

00600 Total nitrogen 0.96 1.30 0.95 1.60 0.23 0.81 1.10 1.10 1.20

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 290 300 290 300 230 250 270 270 270

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 58.9 63 59.2 63.3 41.7 50 58.4 56.7 58.6

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 33.9 34.7 35.5 33.9 31.2 31.1 31.3 30.4 31.1

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 9.3 9.7 12.5 9.8 8.6 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.8

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 246 258 252 252 209 225 249 250 259

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 22.4 23 28.8 23.1 21.6 21.3 22 21.9 22.3

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 29.7 30.5 29.5 31.4 27.7 28.7 29.6 29.5 26.9

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 15.4 14.8 14.7 13.2 11.3 11.1 15.4 15.5 18.4

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 <1.0 20 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 120 170 520

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 328 350 362 346 312 328 360 356 360
24

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 TO AUGUST 24, 2009

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-19-08 02-23-09

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

04-08-09 08-24-09

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 500 600 700

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
25

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'29", long 88°23'13", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.8, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy.

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of 15 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 – AUGUST 24, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Nov. 19 Feb. 23 Apr.8 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.95 1.00 1.45 3.47

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.5 -- 4.2 4.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 2.0 14.5 2.0 2.0 9.0 13.0 14.0 14.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 6.5 4.1 3.1 6.6 22.9 12.4 8.2 7.9 7.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.7 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 496 532 605 506 463 514 520 525 527

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.7 17.2 11.7 12.0 8.1 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.012 0.014 0.029 0.017 0.014 0.014 0.038 0.037 0.038

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 <.002 0.018 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002 <.002

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.033 0.077 1.48 0.31 <.019 0.182 <.019 <.019 <.019

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.173 0.158 0.301 0.067 <.015 0.111 0.428 0.572 0.642

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.8 0.7 0.68 0.6 0.25 0.18 0.97 1 1.1

00600 Total nitrogen 0.83 0.78 2.2 0.91 -- 0.36 -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 240 250 330 260 200 230 240 240 240

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 43.8 45.9 71.2 49.8 32 44.2 45.9 46.4 47

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 32.5 33.8 36.4 32.3 30.2 29.9 29.7 29.8 30

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 11.1 12.5 9.7 11.3 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.2 10.3

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 205 213 278 216 179 206 218 219 218

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 25.8 28.4 23.9 26 25.3 24.5 24.8 24.8 25.1

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 26.4 27.2 33.3 27.6 26.2 26 26.2 26 25.5

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 15.4 12.3 17.7 10.2 9.13 8.26 13.1 14.7 15.1

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 <1.0 90 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 90 150 180

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 286 308 382 306 286 310 312 326 322
26

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 TO AUGUST 24, 2009

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-19-08 02-23-09

450 500 550 600

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

450 500 550 600

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

04-08-09 08-24-09

450 500 550 600

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

450 500 550 600

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
27

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°24'09", long 88°15'16", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec. 20, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on north side at a depth of 12 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 19 April 16 June 25 July 22 August 27

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 3.53 1.67 8.29 5.12

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.8 4.0 2.4 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 11.5 0.5 11.0 0.5 11.0 0.5 11.0 0.5 11.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.9 4.1 8.6 6.8 28.3 13.5 21.7 14.1 21.9 14.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 7.2 8.1 8.1 7.2 9.0 8.2 7.1 8.7 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 537 814 550 550 576 580 550 594 535 610

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.6 0.3 12.2 11.6 7.8 0.7 9.9 0.1 8.1 0.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.017 0.031 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.038 0.017 0.052 0.013 0.048
28

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009

 

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-19-09 04-16-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-25-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-22-09 08-27-09

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
29

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
30

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'24", long 88°15'49", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on south side at deep hole. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 19 April 16 June 25 July 22 August 27

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 4.2 2.17 3.33 8.55

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 4.2 5.0 4.6 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 29.5 0.5 30 0.5 30 0.5 30 0.5 30

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.6 2.6 6.1 4.6 27.2 5.9 21.4 5.6 22 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 7.7 8.1 8 7.4 8 7.8 7 8.8 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 578 614 550 549 569 564 552 581 530 579

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.5 8.6 12.6 11.4 8 4.9 9.6 0.1 8.9 0.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.017 0.057 0.012 0.021 0.011 0.029 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.03

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- 0.003 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.542 -- -- -- 0.208 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- <.14 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 240 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 40.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 34.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 199 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 50.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 23.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 3.66 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 312 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
31

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-19-09 04-16-09

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

06-25-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-22-09 08-27-09

500 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
32

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
33

423706088363400 DELAVAN LAKE NEAR DELAVAN, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36′27′′, long 88°36′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 

N., R.16 E., Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Delavan Lake Sanitary District Lift Station No. 2 

at Delavan Lake Yacht Club, 1.0 mi southeast of outlet, and 2.7 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.30 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year. October 1983 to September 1985 data published in Water 

Resources Investigation series report "Water Quality and Hydrology of Delavan Lake in Southeastern Wisconsin" 

by Stephen J. Field and Marvin D. Duerk. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 922.92 ft above NGVD of 1929 or 922.72 ft above NAVD of 1988. 

Prior to Sept. 5, 1989, staff gage at bridge on North Shore Drive at same datum. 

REMARKS.—Records good. Lake was ice covered from Dec. 16 to Mar. 18. Lake levels controlled by Delavan Lake 

Sanitary District. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 6.53 ft, Aug. 27, 2007; minimum daily, 

-4.44 ft, Nov. 6, 1989 (lake drawn down for lake rehabilitation program). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height, 5.63 ft, Apr. 27; minimum, 4.92 ft, Sept. 30. 
34

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 4.98 5.02 5.04 5.05 5.00 5.05 5.13 5.17 5.01 4.96 5.00 5.03 

2 4.96 5.03 5.02 5.03 5.01 5.02 5.08 5.05 4.99 4.97 5.00 5.03 

3 4.95 5.04 5.01 5.04 5.00 5.01 5.03 4.97 4.98 4.97 5.00 5.02 

4 4.95 5.05 5.01 5.06 5.00 5.00 5.03 5.00 4.97 4.99 5.00 5.00 

5 4.94 5.05 5.00 5.05 5.00 5.01 5.00 5.03 4.97 4.99 5.01 4.99 

6 4.95 5.06 5.01 5.03 5.00 5.02 4.98 5.04 4.97 5.00 5.00 4.98 

7 4.96 5.06 5.02 5.01 5.01 5.05 4.97 5.05 4.98 5.00 5.02 4.98 

8 5.02 5.05 5.03 4.98 5.08 5.15 4.96 5.02 5.10 5.00 5.09 4.99 

9 5.02 5.03 5.09 5.01 5.07 5.22 4.97 5.01 5.13 5.01 5.11 4.99 

10 5.02 5.01 5.10 5.05 5.08 5.21 4.97 4.98 5.03 e5.01 5.06 4.99 

11 5.01 5.00 5.07 5.04 5.12 5.15 4.97 4.99 4.96 5.04 4.99 4.99 

12 5.01 5.03 5.05 5.02 5.12 5.04 4.97 5.00 4.96 5.03 4.99 4.99 

13 5.02 5.02 5.05 5.01 5.05 5.01 4.97 5.02 5.00 5.01 4.99 4.99 

14 5.03 5.05 5.06 4.99 5.00 4.99 5.00 5.09 5.00 4.98 4.99 5.00 

15 5.04 5.04 5.12 4.98 5.01 5.01 5.01 5.05 5.00 5.01 4.99 5.00 

16 5.05 5.02 5.13 4.96 5.01 5.02 5.01 4.97 4.98 5.00 4.99 4.98 

17 5.04 5.00 5.12 4.95 5.02 5.03 5.02 4.93 4.96 4.99 5.01 4.97 

18 5.03 4.98 5.08 4.95 5.04 5.03 5.02 4.94 4.95 4.99 5.02 4.97 

19 5.01 4.98 5.10 4.96 5.04 5.02 5.04 4.95 5.13 4.98 5.01 4.97 

20 5.01 4.96 5.08 4.97 5.04 e4.99 5.13 4.97 5.40 4.98 5.02 4.98 

21 5.00 4.97 5.05 4.98 5.05 e4.99 5.15 4.98 5.39 4.98 5.02 5.01 

22 4.98 4.97 5.02 4.98 5.06 e5.00 5.13 4.99 5.28 5.04 5.01 5.02 

23 4.97 4.98 5.01 4.98 5.05 e5.00 5.08 5.00 5.18 5.19 5.00 5.01 

24 5.03 5.00 5.02 4.99 5.05 5.05 5.02 5.00 5.10 5.17 5.01 4.97 

25 5.06 5.00 5.01 4.99 5.04 5.24 4.98 4.99 5.04 5.08 5.01 4.96 

26 5.05 5.00 5.00 4.99 5.05 5.20 5.17 5.00 5.00 5.01 5.05 4.98 

27 5.02 5.01 5.08 4.99 5.18 5.08 5.58 5.09 4.99 5.01 5.10 4.98 

28 5.01 5.00 5.45 5.00 5.13 4.98 5.51 5.09 4.98 4.99 5.12 4.96 

29 5.00 5.01 5.47 5.00 --- 5.03 5.37 5.05 4.96 4.97 5.09 4.93 

30 5.01 5.01 5.34 5.00 --- 5.06 5.26 5.02 4.96 4.98 5.04 4.92 

31 5.01 --- 5.19 5.00 --- 5.09 --- 4.99 --- 5.00 5.03 ---

Mean 5.00 5.01 5.09 5.00 5.05 5.06 5.08 5.01 5.04 5.01 5.02 4.99 

Max 5.06 5.06 5.47 5.06 5.18 5.24 5.58 5.17 5.40 5.19 5.12 5.03 

Min 4.94 4.96 5.00 4.95 5.00 4.98 4.96 4.93 4.95 4.96 4.99 4.92 
35

 Stage hydrograph for Delavan Lake, 1983 – 2009. 

 

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 -6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
36

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'56", long 88°36'50", in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake ice-covered during February measurements. Water-quality analyses done by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory. 

Samples for determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake and analyzed by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene. A “*” indicates data collected by the Delavan Lake Sanitary District.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 3, 2008 TO NOVEMBER 18, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct. 3* Oct. 10* Oct. 13* Oct. 30* Nov. 5* Nov. 11* Nov. 18

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.53

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 3.0 3.7 4.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 18.0 16.0 17.0 11.0 11.0 9.5 8.0 7.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.7 7.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- -- -- 536 536

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- -- 9.8 9.6

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.262 0.100 0.091 0.084 0.074 0.080 0.079 0.079

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- <.008 0.023

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.88 --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.158 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- E.018 --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.72 --
37

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 26, 2008 TO APRIL 8, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Nov. 26* Feb. 23 Mar. 20* Mar. 26* Apr. 2* Apr. 8

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.31 -- -- -- 13.2

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.8 9.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 3.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 16.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 5.0 1.7 4.7 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- 7.7 7.3 -- -- -- 8.7 8.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 485 840 -- -- -- 544 544

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 18.0 0.8 -- -- -- 14.2 13.9

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.078 0.090 0.214 0.081 0.080 0.070 0.029 0.034

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- 0.056 0.179 -- -- -- E.004 E.005

00600 Total nitrogen -- 1 -- -- -- -- 0.94 1

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- 0.331 -- -- -- -- 0.413 0.381

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- 0.177 -- -- -- -- E.017 0.047

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- 0.72 -- -- -- -- 0.52 0.63

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- -- -- 220 230

00410 Acid neutralizing capacity (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- -- -- 192 192

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- -- -- 42.2 43

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- -- -- 28.2 29.4

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- -- -- 28.2 27.2

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.75 2.82

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- -- -- 54.1 55

00950 Fluoride, dissolved (F) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.19 0.19

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- -- -- 19.9 19.9

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- -- -- <.2 <.2

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- -- <4 <4

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.2 6.7

00080 Apparent color (PCU) -- -- -- -- -- -- 12 15

63676 Turbidity (NTU) -- -- -- -- -- -- E3.5 E2.9

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 C°) -- -- -- -- -- -- 317 317
38

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 16 TO JUNE 11, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 16* Apr. 23* Apr. 29* May 7* May 12

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 9.04

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.0 3.4 2.7 4.0 4.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 9.0 11.0 16.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.5 13.9 12.3 11.2 10.4

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 544 544 546 550

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 11.1 8.9 7.0 4.0

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.025 0.025 0.036 0.044 0.034 0.037 0.051 0.085

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- <.008 <.008 E.005 0.035

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- 0.97 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.382 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- E.012 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.59 -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name May 22* May 28* June 3* June 11* June 11

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 4.16

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.5 1.8 2.7 2.7 3.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 8.0 12.0 16.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 16.0 17.0 16.0 18.0 18.4 17.4 15.2 13.2

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.4 8.3 7.8 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 553 555 564 578

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.042 0.044 0.040 0.041 0.039 0.038 0.079 0.293

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- <.008 <.008 0.041 0.182

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- 0.72 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.102 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- <.020 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.61 -- -- --

 

 
39

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 18 TO AUGUST 11, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 18* June 24* July 1* July 8* July 16* July 16

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- 25

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.7 3.0 3.7 2.1 2.1 1.5

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7.0 12.0 15.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 20.0 26.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 23.3 22.3 14.9 14.2

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- 8.5 8.2 7.4 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- -- 535 543 571 580

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- 10.8 7.5 0.0 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.047 0.030 0.042 0.040 0.036 0.044 0.036 0.270 0.389

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- E.004 E.004 0.152 0.266

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- <.016 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- 0.075 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- 0.76 -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 21* July 27* Aug. 4* Aug. 11*

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.0 23.0 23.0 22.0

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.046 0.038 0.033 0.032
40

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 11 TO SEPTEMBER 21, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug. 11 Aug. 19* Aug. 25*

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 16 -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.5 1.5 1.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 9.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 24.0 22.0 20.1 16.1 15.1 14.7 14.6 14.4 23.0 22.0

00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 512 525 535 564 572 578 580 582 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.7 4.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.042 0.038 0.092 0.256 0.337 0.399 0.421 0.421 0.033 0.042

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.008 <.008 -- -- 0.196 -- -- 0.33 -- --

00600 Total nitrogen E.69 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) E.009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.68 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept. 1* Sept. 8* Sept. 15* Sept. 15 Sept. 21*

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- 10.8 --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 10.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.0 21.0 22.0 23.2 19.9 16.3 14.5 14.2 19.5

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- 8.7 7.5 6.8 6.5 6.3 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- 519 549 602 626 648 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- 9.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.053 0.042 0.041 0.035 0.065 0.386 0.601 0.801 0.035

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- <.008 <.008 0.301 -- 0.727 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- <.016 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- 0.029 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- 0.62 -- -- -- -- --
41

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 18, 2008 TO MAY 12, 2009 

 

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-18-08 02-23-09 04-08-09

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

05-12-09

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
42

423556088365001 DELAVAN LAKE AT CENTER NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 11 TO SEPTEMBER 15, 2009

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

06-11-09 07-16-09 08-11-09

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-15-09

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

400 600 800 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
43

 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

329

 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Delavan Lake, at Center, near Delavan, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
44

423659088354401 DELAVAN LAKE, AT NORTH END, NEAR LAKE LAWN, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36'59", long 88°35'44", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to August 2009 (discontinued). 

 

Date Apr. 8 May 12 June 11 July 16 Aug. 11 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.6 4.1 3.7 1.3 1.6

 

 

423526088380101 DELAVAN LAKE, AT SW END, NEAR DELAVAN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35'26", long 88°38'01", in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.32, T.2 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic 

Unit 07090001, 2.6 mi southeast of Delavan.

SURFACE AREA--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2, of which 2.3 mi2 is non-contributing.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to August 2009 (discontinued). 

 

Date Apr. 8 May 12 June 11 July 16 Aug. 11

00078 Secchi-depth 

(m) 2.7 5.0 3.5 1.8 1.8
45

05404500 DEVILS LAKE NEAR BARABOO, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°25′35′′, long 89°43′40′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.11 N., R.6 E., Sauk 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07070004, in Devils Lake State Park, 3.5 mi south of Baraboo. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.56 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--4.79 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1922 to August 1930, June to August 1932, June 1934 to September 1981 (fragmentary). October 1981 

to September 1984, data unpublished in district files. October 1984 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-78-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder installed July 17, 1991. Datum of gage is 954.88 ft, above NAVD of 1988. 

REMARKS.--Lake has no surface outlet. Water removed from lake by siphon October 1 to February 17 and September 9-30. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed, 14.83 ft, June 12, 2008; minimum observed, 1.49 ft, Feb. 8, 1965. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed, 9.77 ft, Oct. 1; minimum observed, 6.93 ft, Feb. 19, 20, 24 and 26. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 9.75 8.84 8.31 7.90 7.24 7.00 8.21 8.60 8.80 8.61 8.19 7.99 

2 9.70 8.81 8.29 7.87 7.21 7.00 8.22 8.60 8.78 8.58 8.17 7.97 

3 9.67 8.79 8.26 7.85 7.19 7.00 8.22 8.60 8.76 8.57 8.14 7.96 

4 9.63 8.76 8.24 7.83 7.17 6.99 8.23 8.60 8.74 8.55 8.13 7.94 

5 9.60 8.74 8.22 7.81 7.15 6.99 8.23 8.60 8.72 8.54 8.10 7.93 

6 9.58 8.72 8.20 7.78 7.13 7.00 8.22 8.61 8.70 8.52 8.08 7.91 

7 9.56 8.71 8.18 7.76 7.12 7.03 8.21 8.66 8.68 8.50 8.08 7.90 

8 9.55 8.68 8.16 7.73 7.10 7.10 8.21 8.65 8.82 8.52 8.20 7.89 

9 9.51 8.65 8.20 7.72 7.09 7.16 8.21 8.75 8.83 8.50 8.24 7.87 

10 9.48 8.61 8.19 7.70 7.08 7.22 8.20 8.77 8.82 8.49 8.23 7.84 

11 9.45 8.59 8.16 7.68 7.07 7.26 8.19 8.78 8.80 8.48 8.22 7.80 

12 9.42 8.62 8.14 7.66 7.05 7.28 8.19 8.78 8.79 8.46 8.20 7.77 

13 9.40 8.62 8.12 7.65 7.04 7.29 8.18 8.81 8.79 8.44 8.19 7.74 

14 9.37 8.64 8.10 7.64 7.03 7.30 8.17 8.89 8.77 8.41 8.17 7.72 

15 9.35 8.63 8.09 7.61 7.01 7.31 8.16 8.91 8.75 8.39 8.15 7.69 

16 9.32 8.61 8.07 7.59 6.99 7.33 8.16 8.91 8.73 8.37 8.14 7.66 

17 9.29 8.59 8.06 7.57 6.97 7.39 8.15 8.91 8.73 8.34 8.16 7.63 

18 9.26 8.58 8.03 7.54 6.97 7.46 8.14 8.91 8.73 8.31 8.16 7.61 

19 9.23 8.56 8.08 7.52 6.95 7.50 8.14 8.90 8.81 8.29 8.14 7.58 

20 9.20 8.54 8.07 7.50 6.94 7.52 8.15 8.90 8.80 8.27 8.13 7.55 

21 9.16 8.52 8.06 7.48 6.96 7.54 8.18 8.88 8.79 8.27 8.14 7.53 

22 9.13 8.49 8.04 7.46 6.96 7.55 8.18 8.88 8.83 8.30 8.11 7.54 

23 9.10 8.46 8.02 7.43 6.96 7.59 8.18 8.87 8.83 8.29 8.09 7.55 

24 9.10 8.44 8.01 7.41 6.95 7.73 8.18 8.86 8.81 8.29 8.08 7.53 

25 9.09 8.42 7.99 7.39 6.95 8.00 8.22 8.84 8.79 8.27 8.06 7.51 

26 9.05 8.40 7.98 7.37 6.97 8.07 8.41 8.82 8.77 8.26 8.04 7.49 

27 9.02 8.37 7.97 7.34 7.01 8.10 8.52 8.84 8.75 8.25 8.03 7.47 

28 8.98 8.35 7.99 7.32 7.01 8.11 8.55 8.86 8.71 8.23 8.02 7.43 

29 8.94 8.33 7.97 7.30 --- 8.15 8.57 8.85 8.67 8.21 8.05 7.39 

30 8.91 8.31 7.95 7.28 --- 8.16 8.59 8.84 8.64 8.22 8.03 7.36 

31 8.88 --- 7.93 7.26 --- 8.19 --- 8.82 --- 8.21 8.01 ---

Mean 9.31 8.58 8.10 7.58 7.05 7.46 8.25 8.79 8.76 8.39 8.13 7.69 

Max 9.75 8.84 8.31 7.90 7.24 8.19 8.59 8.91 8.83 8.61 8.24 7.99 

Min 8.88 8.31 7.93 7.26 6.94 6.99 8.14 8.60 8.64 8.21 8.01 7.36 
46

 

Annual minimum and maximum water levels for Devils Lake, 1936-2009.

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0

5

10

15

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

MIN

MAX
47

423525088260400 GENEVA LAKE AT LAKE GENEVA, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35′25′′, long 88°26′04′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.2 N., R.17 E., 

Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Geneva Lake dam at Center Street at Lake Geneva. 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1997 to August 2002, December 2002 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 861.86 ft above NAVD of 1988 or 862.08 ft above NGVD of 1929. Intermittent staffgage readings during winter months. 

REMARKS.—Records good except for estimated days, which are poor. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20, 2007; minimum gage height, 1.44 ft, Nov. 5, 2005 

(affected by wind). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 3.09 ft (affected by wind), May 13; minimum gage height, 2.18

ft (affected by wind), Feb. 26, but may have been lower during period when the float was frozen in the well. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.51 2.43 2.46 --- --- 2.44 2.57 2.84 2.72 2.66 2.52 2.52 

2 2.49 2.43 2.46 --- --- e2.42 2.52 2.83 2.71 2.63 2.50 2.50 

3 2.46 2.45 2.46 --- --- e2.40 2.52 2.80 2.69 2.61 2.49 2.50 

4 2.46 2.45 2.46 --- --- 2.40 2.50 2.78 2.68 2.60 2.47 2.49 

5 2.45 2.46 2.45 --- --- 2.39 2.48 2.76 2.68 2.60 2.47 2.49 

6 2.44 2.46 2.44 --- --- 2.39 2.47 2.76 2.65 2.59 2.46 2.48 

7 2.45 2.48 --- --- --- 2.41 2.46 2.79 2.64 2.57 2.47 2.48 

8 2.52 2.49 --- --- 2.48 2.48 2.44 2.77 2.73 2.55 2.52 2.47 

9 2.50 2.47 2.45 --- 2.48 2.51 2.43 2.78 2.76 2.55 2.55 2.47 

10 2.49 2.45 --- --- 2.50 2.54 2.43 2.76 2.74 2.55 2.56 2.46 

11 2.48 2.44 --- --- 2.49 2.56 2.44 2.74 2.72 2.58 2.54 2.46 

12 2.49 2.47 --- --- 2.50 2.53 2.44 2.72 2.72 2.57 2.53 2.46 

13 2.50 2.50 --- --- 2.48 2.51 2.44 2.74 2.72 2.55 2.52 2.46 

14 2.50 2.51 2.44 --- 2.48 2.49 2.47 2.81 2.71 2.53 2.52 2.46 

15 2.50 2.51 --- --- e2.44 2.48 2.47 2.78 2.70 2.59 2.51 2.45 

16 2.50 2.50 --- --- e2.42 2.47 2.48 2.77 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.43 

17 2.49 2.48 --- --- 2.41 2.46 2.48 2.74 2.67 2.56 2.52 2.43 

18 2.48 2.47 e2.46 --- 2.43 2.45 2.49 2.73 2.67 2.53 2.53 2.42 

19 2.48 2.47 --- --- e2.41 2.44 2.51 2.71 2.83 2.52 2.50 2.41 

20 2.47 2.45 --- --- e2.40 2.42 2.59 2.70 2.96 2.51 2.53 2.42 

21 2.46 2.44 --- --- e2.39 2.41 2.63 2.68 2.93 2.51 2.50 2.48 

22 2.44 2.43 --- e2.52 2.39 2.39 2.63 2.66 2.90 2.52 2.48 2.49 

23 2.43 2.43 --- --- e2.37 2.38 2.62 2.65 2.89 2.55 2.47 2.51 

24 2.49 2.44 --- --- e2.36 2.41 2.64 2.64 2.87 2.57 2.47 2.51 

25 2.53 2.44 --- --- 2.36 2.53 2.65 2.61 2.85 2.55 2.46 2.50 

26 2.52 2.43 --- --- 2.38 2.52 2.77 2.61 2.81 2.54 2.46 2.51 

27 2.47 2.44 2.58 --- 2.47 2.50 2.85 2.71 2.79 2.54 2.51 2.52 

28 2.46 2.44 2.73 --- 2.46 2.48 2.84 2.73 2.78 2.53 2.57 2.50 

29 2.44 2.43 --- --- --- 2.53 2.82 2.72 2.72 2.51 2.57 2.44 

30 2.44 2.43 --- --- --- 2.51 2.84 2.71 2.68 2.51 2.54 2.42 

31 2.44 --- --- --- --- 2.52 --- 2.69 --- 2.53 2.52 ---

Mean 2.48 2.46 --- --- --- 2.46 2.56 2.73 2.75 2.56 2.51 2.47 

Max 2.53 2.51 --- --- --- 2.56 2.85 2.84 2.96 2.66 2.57 2.52 

Min 2.43 2.43 --- --- --- 2.38 2.43 2.61 2.64 2.51 2.46 2.41 
48

Stage hydrograph for Geneva Lake, 1997-2009.

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

STAFF GAGE READING

 
49

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°33'29", long 88°32'33", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.1 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 1.3 mi south of Williams Bay.

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1997 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of about 43 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. Samples for 

 determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 18, 2008 TO JUNE 11, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Name November 18 April 9 June 11

Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.31 1.53 1.81

Secchi-depth (m) 5.0 7.5 5.0

Sampling depth (m) 0.5 29.0 36.0 42.0 0.5 42.5 0.5 11.0 15.0 33.0 38.0 42.5

Water Temperature (°C) 9.1 9.0 7.5 7.2 4.1 3.8 16.8 16.3 10.8 7.1 6.9 6.7

pH (standard units) 7.7 7.6 7.1 7.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.9

Specific conductance (μS/cm) 523 525 530 532 512 512 523 524 526 529 530 531

Dissolved oxygen 9.1 7.5 0.6 0.2 13.4 12.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.014 0.043 0.052 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.017

Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.004 -- -- -- <.002 <.002 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.063 -- -- -- 0.103 0.099 0.031 -- -- -- -- --

Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- <.015 <.015 0.022 -- -- -- -- --

Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.38 -- -- -- 0.46 0.47 0.57 -- -- -- -- --

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Total nitrogen 0.44 -- -- -- 0.56 0.57 0.6 -- -- -- -- --

Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- -- -- <1.0 <1.0

Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- -- -- 5 5

Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 230 240

Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- 35.7 36.4

Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- 34.3 35

Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- 20.5 20.8

Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- 1.9 1.9

ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 190 190

Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- 42.9 41.9

Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- 30.4 30.5

Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- 2.31 2.34

Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <100 <100

Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <1.0 <1.0

Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- -- -- 302 294
50

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 16 TO SEPTEMBER 15, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 16 August 11

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.65 3.04

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.6 4.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 17.0 32.0 37.0 41.5 0.5 10.0 18.0 33.0 38.0 42.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.3 21.7 10.4 7.2 6.9 6.8 22.9 21.2 10.4 7.3 7.0 6.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.6 8.4 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 514 517 517 517 517 518 507 510 513 515 518 519

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.9 8.7 8.3 7.7 6.6 6.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.011 0.012 0.016 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.012 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.017

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- -- -- <.002 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- -- -- <.019 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- -- -- 0.034 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.47 -- -- -- -- -- 0.48 -- -- -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name September 15

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 12 16 33 38 42

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 23.3 19.5 12.3 7.4 7.1 6.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 528 533 533 535 537 541

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 6.4 4.9 7.4 4.6 0.5

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.008 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.02 0.065

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.002 <.002 <.002 0.002 0.05 0.012

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 <.019 0.159 0.269 0.317 0.176

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.043 <.015 <.015 <.015 <.015 0.17

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.45 0.48 0.41 0.37 0.42 0.61

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.57 0.64 0.74 0.79
51

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 18, 2008 TO JUNE 11, 2009 

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-18-08

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

06-11-09

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T. D.O.

pH S.C.

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

04-09-09

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
52

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 16 TO SEPTEMBER 15, 2009 

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-16-09

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

09-15-09

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

08-11-09

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
53

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 10

20

30

40

50

60

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Geneva Lake, West End, near Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
54

434928088553601 GREEN LAKE AT COUNTY TRUNK HIGHWAY A NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49′28′′, long 88°55′36′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 

sec.27, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, on left bank at downstream side of 

County Trunk Highway A, 2.3 mi southeast of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--103 mi2; Area of Green Lake, 7,346 acres.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1993 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 790.00 ft above sea level. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at outlet at Green Lake. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.67 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum 

recorded, 5.27 ft, Nov. 5, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.65 ft, Mar. 10; minimum recorded gage 

height, 5.77 ft, Sept. 27. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 6.17 6.14 6.18 6.37 6.36 6.56 6.44 6.45 6.41 6.31 6.21 5.98 

2 6.15 6.14 6.18 6.37 6.35 e6.56 6.40 6.43 6.39 6.30 6.18 5.98 

3 6.15 6.16 6.18 6.36 6.34 e6.55 6.37 6.44 6.38 6.30 6.20 5.97 

4 6.14 6.17 6.18 6.38 6.34 6.55 6.34 6.42 6.37 6.29 6.17 5.96 

5 6.13 6.16 6.19 6.37 6.34 6.55 6.29 6.40 6.37 6.29 6.12 5.95 

6 6.16 6.17 6.20 6.36 6.34 6.53 6.27 6.41 6.39 6.28 6.09 5.95 

7 6.17 6.18 6.17 6.37 6.34 6.51 6.24 6.42 6.41 6.26 6.08 5.94 

8 6.19 6.16 6.17 6.37 6.34 6.54 6.20 6.43 6.49 6.24 6.13 5.94 

9 6.17 6.16 6.22 6.39 6.34 6.58 6.17 6.44 6.54 6.23 6.15 5.93 

10 6.19 6.16 6.23 6.39 6.37 6.61 6.14 6.45 6.55 6.23 6.17 5.93 

11 6.19 6.17 6.23 6.38 6.41 e6.60 6.12 6.44 6.53 6.23 6.18 5.92 

12 6.20 6.19 6.22 6.38 6.43 e6.58 6.12 6.44 6.49 6.22 6.16 5.91 

13 6.21 6.20 6.22 6.38 6.46 6.56 6.12 6.44 6.46 6.22 6.16 5.90 

14 6.19 6.23 6.22 6.38 6.48 6.53 6.13 6.46 6.47 6.20 6.16 5.90 

15 6.20 6.22 6.25 e6.38 6.48 6.52 6.14 6.49 6.47 6.19 6.14 5.88 

16 6.22 6.21 6.20 e6.38 6.49 6.51 6.15 6.45 6.44 6.18 6.13 5.85 

17 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.39 6.49 6.51 6.16 6.45 6.47 6.16 6.12 5.84 

18 6.22 6.21 6.21 6.39 6.51 6.50 6.18 6.44 6.48 6.15 6.09 5.84 

19 6.21 6.19 6.25 6.39 6.50 6.47 6.18 6.44 6.50 6.15 6.08 5.82 

20 6.20 6.17 6.27 6.39 6.51 6.45 6.23 6.44 6.51 6.15 6.08 5.81 

21 6.19 e6.16 e6.27 6.38 6.52 6.44 6.29 6.42 6.50 6.15 6.09 5.84 

22 6.17 e6.16 6.27 6.38 6.52 6.41 6.32 6.42 6.49 6.17 6.08 5.85 

23 6.16 e6.16 6.27 6.37 6.52 6.39 6.33 6.42 6.49 6.20 6.08 5.86 

24 6.19 e6.16 6.28 6.36 6.52 6.42 6.34 6.41 6.48 6.19 6.07 5.87 

25 6.18 e6.17 6.28 6.36 6.52 6.53 6.35 6.40 6.46 6.17 6.07 5.86 

26 6.16 6.17 6.30 6.36 6.54 6.53 6.44 6.41 6.44 6.23 6.08 5.86 

27 6.16 6.16 6.32 6.36 6.57 6.51 6.49 6.42 6.41 6.22 e6.04 5.86 

28 6.15 6.16 6.37 6.36 6.57 6.50 6.49 6.46 6.39 6.22 e6.02 5.87 

29 6.15 6.17 6.37 6.36 --- 6.50 6.48 6.45 6.36 6.24 6.00 5.84 

30 6.14 6.17 6.36 6.35 --- 6.47 6.48 6.43 6.33 6.24 5.99 5.80 

31 6.15 --- 6.37 6.36 --- 6.45 --- 6.42 --- 6.24 5.99 ---

Mean 6.18 6.17 6.25 6.37 6.45 6.51 6.28 6.43 6.45 6.22 6.11 5.89 

Max 6.22 6.23 6.37 6.39 6.57 6.61 6.49 6.49 6.55 6.31 6.21 5.98 

Min 6.13 6.14 6.17 6.35 6.34 6.39 6.12 6.40 6.33 6.15 5.99 5.80 
55

Stage hydrograph for Green Lake, 1993-2009.

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
56

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°47'56", long 89°02'05", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about 5 miles southwest of the 

City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 to current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 3, 2008 TO JUNE 10, 2009

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct. 3* Oct. 11* April 15 May 19* May 29* May 31* June 10*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.3 4.3 6.7 2.9 1.2 1.2 1.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.5 67.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 16.1 15.6 2.9 3.1 10.6 13.3 15.6 17.2

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- 8.1 8.2 -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- 503 517 -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 13.0 12.6 -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 1.53 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- 0.057 0.058 -- -- -- --

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.045 -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.406 -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.44 -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.85 -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 230 -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 33.9 -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 34.4 -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 18.6 -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 3.3 -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 183 -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 38.4 -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 30.5 -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 1.17 -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 282 -- -- -- -- --
57

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 14 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 14* June 22* June 25 June 26* July 3* July 6* July 13*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.4 3.5 5.9 8.5 6.1 6.1 5.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.5 67 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 19.4 23.3 25.2 4.5 27.2 21.1 21.7 22.2

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- 8.9 7.8 -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- 479 499 -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 11.4 6.8 -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 1.97 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- 0.018 0.106 -- -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 19* July 20 July 23* Aug. 4* Aug. 11* August 18

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4.3 4.4 5 3.8 3.7 2.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 67 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 16 66

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 20.6 20.8 4.7 22.8 21.1 23.3 23.3 8.8 4.8

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.6 7.7 -- -- -- 8.6 8.1 7.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 488 498 -- -- -- 475 499 503

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 9.9 3.6 -- -- -- 8.6 5.9 0.6

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 3.5 -- -- -- -- 9.47 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.026 0.15 -- -- -- 0.019 0.01 0.181

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- <.019 -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.053 -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.58 -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug. 23* Aug. 28* Sept. 1* Sept. 8* Sept. 14* September 23

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.6 4.9 4.5

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 15.0 66.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.7 21.7 21.7 22.2 23.3 21.2 10.6 4.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.8 7.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- -- 482 512 530

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- -- 8.7 1.7 0.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- -- -- 5.31 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- -- -- 0.014 0.01 0.278
58

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 15 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-15-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

07-20-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

08-18-09 09-23-09

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
59

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Green Lake, Deep Hole, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
60

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'28", long 88°57'00", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of 

the City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, OCTOBER 3, 2008 TO JULY 19, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Oct. 3* Oct. 11* April 15 May 19* May 29* May 31* June 10* June 14*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.0 3.0 4.3 2.6 1.8 1.2 1.8 2.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.5 34.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 16.7 16.7 3.5 3.5 11.1 13.3 16.1 16.7 20.0

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- 8.1 8.3 -- -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- 503 506 -- -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 14.4 14.9 -- -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 3.84 -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- 0.058 0.059 -- -- -- -- --

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 22* June 25 June 26* July 3* July 6* July 13* July 19*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.2 5.6 7.9 6.4 6.4 4.6 4.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 32.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.8 27.4 5.9 27.2 22.2 23.3 22.2 21.1

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.7 8.1 -- -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 483 498 -- -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 10.3 9.3 -- -- -- -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.16 -- -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.018 0.068 -- -- -- -- --

 
61

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 20 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 20 July 23* Aug. 4* Aug. 11* August 18 Aug. 23* Aug. 28*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.6 4.3 4.3 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 34.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 16.0 31.0 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.3 6.0 22.2 22.2 24.4 24.3 9.4 5.9 21.7 22.2

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 -- -- -- -- 8.6 7.9 7.9 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 488 496 -- -- -- 474 502 501 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.8 8.0 -- -- -- 8.9 4.1 6.5 -- --

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.54 -- -- -- -- 12 -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.018 0.076 -- -- -- 0.019 0.01 0.087 -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept. 1* Sept. 8* Sept. 14* Sept. 23*

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.5 3.7 4.3 3.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 19.0 34.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.7 21.7 23.3 20.9 8.9 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- 8.7 7.8 7.8

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- 485 510 510

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- 9.8 3.5 5.9

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- -- 6.83 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- 0.016 0.015 0.093
62

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 15 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009 

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-15-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-20-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-18-09 09-23-09

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
63

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Green Lake, East End, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
64

435009088550100 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 1, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°50'09", long 88°55'01", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 15, 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 15 June 25 July 20 Aug. 18 Sept. 23

00078 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

00098 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 00010 Water Temperature (°C) 11.0 30.0 20.5 24.6 18.1

00400 00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 7.7 7.6 7.8 7.4

00095 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 727 821 914 946 1230

00300 00300 Dissolved oxygen 18.2 5.2 8.6 10.2 3.6

00665 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.054 0.183 0.111 0.175 0.197

 
65

434948088552200 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 2, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'48", long 88°55'22", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of the City 

of Green Lake.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA APRIL 15 TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 15 June 25 July 20 Aug. 18 Sept. 23

00078 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.8

00098 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

00010 00010 Water Temperature (°C) 10.6 28.7 20.2 23.7 18.7

00400 00400 pH (standard units) 8.6 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.5

00095 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 742 805 902 934 1170

00300 00300 Dissolved oxygen 14.8 4.3 7.3 3.1 4.7

00665 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.054 0.202 0.174 0.162 0.695
66

425715089164700 LAKE KEGONSA AT BARBER DRIVE NEAR STOUGHTON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57′15′′, long 89°16′47′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.26, T.6 N., R.10 E., 

Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on downstream side of bridge on Barber Drive, 3.5 mi northwest of Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--386 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above sea level (levels from Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

benchmark). 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.73 ft, June 16, 2008; minimum observed, 2.07 ft, Jan.27, 

2006. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.34 ft, Mar. 28; minimum observed, 2.40 ft, Feb. 6-9. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 3.00 2.88 3.01 3.22 2.53 3.07 4.20 4.13 3.46 3.37 3.06 3.15 

2 3.00 2.87 2.99 3.21 2.51 3.08 4.18 4.08 3.45 3.32 3.04 3.15 

3 3.02 2.86 3.03 3.20 2.48 3.05 4.13 4.02 3.42 3.29 3.01 3.16 

4 3.02 2.86 3.05 3.20 2.45 3.01 4.07 3.96 3.39 3.27 3.03 3.16 

5 3.03 2.85 3.06 3.18 2.44 2.98 4.02 3.89 3.35 3.23 3.03 3.16 

6 3.04 2.86 3.07 3.17 2.43 2.97 3.94 3.83 3.33 3.20 3.04 3.16 

7 3.06 2.86 3.03 3.15 2.42 3.05 3.87 3.87 3.30 3.17 3.05 3.16 

8 3.15 2.85 3.05 3.12 2.42 3.25 3.81 3.85 3.34 3.13 3.12 3.16 

9 3.17 2.84 3.10 3.12 2.43 3.41 3.76 3.87 3.35 3.08 3.19 3.16 

10 3.20 2.84 3.12 3.11 2.51 3.61 3.73 3.85 3.36 3.05 3.27 3.16 

11 3.22 2.84 3.13 3.08 2.61 3.72 3.68 3.84 3.35 3.04 3.27 3.16 

12 3.25 2.86 3.14 3.06 2.71 3.76 3.65 3.81 3.32 3.00 3.22 3.16 

13 3.27 2.86 3.14 3.03 2.77 3.77 3.63 3.80 3.31 2.98 3.17 3.16 

14 3.29 2.90 3.16 3.02 2.82 3.75 3.60 3.85 3.29 2.94 3.11 3.16 

15 3.30 2.90 3.18 3.01 2.82 3.73 3.57 3.86 3.28 2.92 3.09 3.17 

16 3.31 2.90 3.19 2.99 2.82 3.69 3.54 3.84 3.27 2.89 3.06 3.17 

17 3.30 2.89 3.19 2.96 2.82 3.67 3.53 3.82 3.23 2.88 3.07 3.16 

18 3.26 2.88 3.16 2.92 2.81 3.65 3.51 3.76 3.21 2.90 3.08 3.17 

19 3.22 2.87 3.19 2.88 2.77 3.63 3.52 3.72 3.34 2.93 3.08 3.18 

20 3.20 2.87 3.17 2.85 2.78 3.61 3.60 3.67 3.39 2.96 3.08 3.19 

21 3.17 2.84 3.15 2.83 2.80 3.58 3.65 3.63 3.42 3.01 3.09 3.22 

22 3.13 2.84 3.12 2.80 2.79 3.57 3.68 3.61 3.46 3.10 3.09 3.31 

23 3.09 2.85 3.11 2.77 2.77 3.56 3.69 3.61 3.49 3.14 3.09 3.36 

24 3.09 2.88 3.09 2.75 2.76 3.70 3.68 3.62 3.52 3.17 3.09 3.36 

25 3.07 2.89 3.07 2.73 2.74 4.01 3.71 3.60 3.54 3.19 3.09 3.32 

26 3.03 2.91 3.06 2.70 2.82 4.15 3.90 3.55 3.54 3.20 3.11 3.29 

27 3.01 2.92 3.07 2.67 2.93 4.25 4.00 3.55 3.53 3.21 3.12 3.26 

28 2.97 2.94 3.13 2.64 3.00 4.30 4.10 3.54 3.49 3.20 3.14 3.21 

29 2.95 2.96 3.16 2.61 --- 4.31 4.11 3.52 3.44 3.15 3.15 3.19 

30 2.91 2.99 3.19 2.59 --- 4.28 4.13 3.49 3.40 3.11 3.15 3.17 

31 2.90 --- 3.21 2.56 --- 4.24 --- 3.47 --- 3.10 3.14 ---

Mean 3.12 2.88 3.11 2.94 2.68 3.63 3.81 3.76 3.39 3.10 3.11 3.20 

Max 3.31 2.99 3.21 3.22 3.00 4.31 4.20 4.13 3.54 3.37 3.27 3.36 

Min 2.90 2.84 2.99 2.56 2.42 2.97 3.51 3.47 3.21 2.88 3.01 3.15 
67

Stage hydrograph for Lake Kegonsa, 1993-2009.

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1

2

3

4

5

6

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
68

05427235 LAKE KOSHKONONG NEAR NEWVILLE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°51′27′′, long 88°56′27′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.5 N., R.13 E., 

Jefferson County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 80 ft east of Pottawatomi Trail Bridge at Bingham Point Estates, and 4.5 mi 

northeast of Newville. 

SURFACE AREA.—16.34 mi2.

DRAINAGE AREA.--2,560 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 1987 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 769.77 ft above NAVD of 1988 (Wisconsin Department of Transportation bench mark). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at Indianford. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 15.13 ft, June 21, 22, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.06 ft, 

Feb. 22, 2007.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 11.37 ft, Mar. 29; minimum recorded gage height, 5.60 ft, Oct. 

23. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 6.23 5.72 6.25 7.31 6.31 7.98 11.30 9.91 8.63 7.87 6.29 6.20 

2 6.20 5.75 6.21 7.40 6.28 8.07 11.31 9.96 8.51 7.73 6.28 6.19 

3 6.19 5.78 6.21 7.42 6.26 8.10 11.28 9.99 8.36 7.58 6.26 6.18 

4 6.20 5.81 6.20 7.43 6.24 8.09 11.20 9.99 8.21 7.42 6.27 6.17 

5 6.20 5.82 6.18 7.42 6.22 8.06 11.11 9.95 8.05 7.26 6.25 6.15 

6 6.20 5.85 6.18 7.39 6.19 8.06 11.01 9.91 7.89 7.10 6.23 6.13 

7 6.23 5.92 6.17 7.36 6.18 8.14 10.85 9.94 7.74 6.94 6.21 6.12 

8 6.32 6.02 6.16 7.32 6.21 8.37 10.69 9.92 7.66 6.78 6.29 6.13 

9 6.26 6.08 6.19 7.29 6.28 8.77 10.55 9.94 7.58 6.65 6.37 6.14 

10 6.24 6.08 6.19 7.23 6.43 9.23 10.39 9.89 7.51 6.55 6.41 6.15 

11 6.26 6.09 6.18 7.17 6.69 9.67 10.22 9.86 7.47 6.50 6.37 6.15 

12 6.28 6.14 6.18 7.11 7.00 9.99 10.05 9.80 7.42 6.39 6.31 6.16 

13 6.29 6.18 6.17 7.05 7.26 10.24 9.88 9.78 7.42 6.28 6.30 6.16 

14 6.31 6.26 6.18 7.00 7.48 10.42 9.72 9.82 7.41 6.24 6.29 6.16 

15 6.30 6.33 6.25 6.95 7.63 10.55 9.56 9.80 7.39 6.31 6.27 6.16 

16 6.28 6.36 6.30 6.90 7.73 10.66 9.40 9.83 7.35 6.30 6.23 6.15 

17 6.23 6.41 6.36 6.85 7.80 10.75 9.23 9.79 7.33 6.26 6.22 6.15 

18 6.09 6.40 6.39 6.80 7.84 10.80 9.05 9.74 7.32 6.23 6.23 6.15 

19 5.95 6.43 6.48 6.75 7.85 10.81 8.91 9.72 7.50 6.22 6.20 6.17 

20 5.88 6.47 6.50 6.70 7.83 10.78 8.86 9.68 7.68 6.23 6.22 6.19 

21 5.79 6.41 6.51 6.65 7.82 10.74 8.81 9.64 7.86 6.23 6.23 6.24 

22 5.69 6.37 6.51 6.61 7.78 10.67 8.75 9.57 8.06 6.27 6.22 6.31 

23 5.65 6.35 6.51 6.57 7.72 10.58 8.70 9.51 8.21 6.30 6.20 6.41 

24 5.69 6.35 6.51 6.54 7.66 10.63 8.66 9.43 8.30 6.29 6.18 6.41 

25 5.71 6.34 6.49 6.51 7.60 10.85 8.66 9.32 8.34 6.30 6.17 6.41 

26 5.76 6.32 6.48 6.48 7.59 11.03 8.79 9.21 8.34 6.27 6.19 6.44 

27 5.71 6.29 6.52 6.45 7.71 11.17 9.04 9.14 8.28 6.24 6.19 6.46 

28 5.67 6.28 6.67 6.42 7.85 11.26 9.34 9.06 8.22 6.27 6.21 6.59 

29 5.67 6.26 6.82 6.39 --- 11.34 9.57 8.96 8.12 6.28 6.26 6.52 

30 5.67 6.25 6.99 6.37 --- 11.32 9.77 8.86 8.00 6.28 6.22 6.48 

31 5.70 --- 7.16 6.34 --- 11.30 --- 8.74 --- 6.29 6.21 ---

Mean 6.03 6.17 6.39 6.91 7.12 9.95 9.82 9.63 7.87 6.58 6.25 6.25 

Max 6.32 6.47 7.16 7.43 7.85 11.34 11.31 9.99 8.63 7.87 6.41 6.59 

Min 5.65 5.72 6.16 6.34 6.18 7.98 8.66 8.74 7.32 6.22 6.17 6.12 
69

Stage hydrograph for Lake Koshkonong, 1987-2009.

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
70

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'55", long 88°13'47", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.6 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at center of northern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin 

State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 19 April 16 June 25 July 22 August 27

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 4.53 1.2 8.42 4.47

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.4 4.4 3.0 4.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.5 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.8 4.7 9.1 7.2 28.6 16.2 21.7 18.2 22.3 20.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.4 8.2 8.1 7.4 8.7 8.3 7.3 8.4 7.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 551 694 536 540 541 571 546 576 538 561

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.9 1.7 12.4 13.0 7.9 0.9 9.2 0.0 7.8 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.020 0.029 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.032 0.021 0.051 0.018 0.021
71

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009 

 

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-19-09 04-16-09

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-25-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-22-09 08-27-09

500 550 600 650

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
72

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
73

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'49", long 88°13'45", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.8 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in southern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 19 April 16 June 25 July 22 August 27

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 6.14 0.95 1.82 2.53

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.6 10.2 5.8 5.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 14.0 0.5 17.0 0.5 16.5 0.5 16.0 0.5 16.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.4 3.5 8.3 6.2 28.1 8.2 21.9 8.1 22.2 8.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 7.5 8.2 8.2 7.4 8.4 8.2 7.2 8.7 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 499 629 530 528 550 552 544 564 533 569

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.2 0.4 13.5 12.5 7.4 2.6 8.8 0.0 8.4 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 0.084 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.024 0.013 0.026 0.009 0.173

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- 0.004 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.184 -- -- -- <.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.78 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.63 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 240 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 39.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 34.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 191 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 50.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 20.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 2.32 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 296 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
74

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009 

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-19-09 04-16-09

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

06-25-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

07-22-09 08-27-09

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
75

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
76

05428000 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05′42′′, long 89°22′12′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in county boat house at dam at outlet, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.—15.2 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--233 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--January 1916 to January 1985 (incomplete), February 1985 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, gage datum was 847.82 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with two 12-foot gates and 20-foot lock at outlet. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 12.75 ft, June 5, 2000; minimum observed, 8.02 ft, Feb. 24 

to Mar. 10, 1920, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 10.99 ft, April 1; minimum recorded, 8.30 ft, Feb. 7, 9. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 9.98 9.75 8.99 8.70 8.37 9.46 10.94 10.56 10.06 10.16 9.99 10.01 

2 9.96 9.72 8.87 8.69 8.36 9.50 10.94 10.55 10.02 10.14 9.97 10.00 

3 9.93 9.70 8.86 8.67 8.35 9.52 10.94 10.53 9.99 10.12 9.95 10.0 

4 9.92 9.69 8.83 8.67 8.35 9.53 10.92 10.50 9.95 10.11 9.96 9.99 

5 9.91 9.66 e8.82 8.65 8.34 9.55 10.89 10.46 9.92 10.11 9.95 9.98 

6 9.90 9.66 e8.81 8.64 8.33 9.59 10.87 10.42 9.89 10.10 9.94 9.97 

7 9.92 9.66 e8.77 8.63 8.33 9.70 10.82 10.42 9.86 10.07 9.93 9.96 

8 10.01 9.66 e8.76 8.61 8.35 9.93 10.75 10.39 10.02 10.05 10.00 9.95 

9 10.01 9.63 e8.75 8.61 8.38 10.21 10.70 10.50 10.06 10.04 10.07 9.94 

10 10.0 9.58 e8.74 8.60 8.46 10.48 10.65 10.53 10.06 10.04 10.10 9.93 

11 9.99 9.55 e8.73 8.58 8.63 10.68 10.59 10.51 10.05 10.07 10.11 9.92 

12 9.99 9.55 e8.72 8.57 8.77 10.77 10.53 10.46 10.04 10.05 10.11 9.91 

13 9.99 9.54 e8.70 8.56 8.85 10.81 10.47 10.44 10.04 10.04 10.10 9.90 

14 9.99 9.56 e8.68 8.55 8.88 10.79 10.42 10.54 10.03 10.00 10.09 9.89 

15 9.99 9.54 e8.67 8.54 8.89 10.77 10.35 10.55 10.00 10.02 10.08 9.88 

16 9.98 9.50 e8.67 8.53 8.88 10.74 10.30 10.56 9.97 10.01 10.07 9.86 

17 9.97 9.46 e8.67 8.50 8.87 10.71 10.24 10.50 9.98 9.98 10.08 9.85 

18 9.95 9.40 e8.67 8.49 8.89 10.69 10.19 10.45 9.98 9.96 10.09 9.84 

19 9.93 9.36 e8.66 8.47 8.88 10.66 10.16 10.41 10.16 9.94 10.06 9.83 

20 9.93 9.34 e8.66 8.46 8.88 10.62 10.18 10.37 10.26 9.93 10.09 9.82 

21 9.91 9.27 e8.66 8.44 8.91 10.58 10.18 10.34 10.29 9.94 10.09 9.83 

22 9.88 9.21 e8.65 8.43 8.93 10.54 10.13 10.31 10.30 9.99 10.07 9.98 

23 9.86 9.17 e8.65 8.42 8.94 10.51 10.08 10.28 10.32 10.0 10.06 10.19 

24 9.89 9.17 e8.65 8.41 8.94 10.59 10.03 10.26 10.32 10.00 10.05 10.24 

25 9.90 9.13 e8.65 8.41 8.95 10.78 10.06 10.20 10.32 10.02 10.04 10.25 

26 9.91 9.08 e8.65 8.40 9.01 10.84 10.31 10.17 10.31 10.01 10.04 10.26 

27 9.87 9.06 e8.66 8.40 9.23 10.86 10.46 10.19 10.27 10.00 10.03 10.27 

28 9.84 9.02 e8.67 8.39 9.38 10.88 10.51 10.19 10.27 10.01 10.04 10.33 

29 9.82 8.97 e8.68 8.39 --- 10.90 10.52 10.16 10.23 9.99 10.06 10.25 

30 9.79 8.96 8.70 8.38 --- 10.88 10.54 10.13 10.19 10.0 10.03 10.21 

31 9.77 --- 8.70 8.37 --- 10.91 --- 10.09 --- 10.0 10.01 ---

Mean 9.93 9.42 8.72 8.52 8.73 10.42 10.49 10.39 10.11 10.03 10.04 10.01 

Max 10.01 9.75 8.99 8.70 9.38 10.91 10.94 10.56 10.32 10.16 10.11 10.33 

Min 9.77 8.96 8.65 8.37 8.33 9.46 10.03 10.09 9.86 9.93 9.93 9.82 
77

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°09'37", long 90°03'31", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.43 N., R.3 E., Iron County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002, at Minocqua. 

SURFACE AREA.—0.29 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—March 2008 to September 2009 (discontinued). 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the east basin at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 23 TO AUGUST 5, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Mar. 23 Apr. 28 June 16 June 29 Aug. 5

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.9 2.1 2.7 2.3 3.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 1.0 5.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.0 0.5 5.0 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 5.1 4.8 7.3 19.9 20.5 14.1 20.1 18.9 18.5

00400 pH (standard units) 7.3 7.2 7.3 8.0 8.1 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.9

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 234 297 204 200 191 239 195 201 207

00300 Dissolved oxygen 5.3 0.1 9.8 10.0 6.9 0.7 8.6 5.8 4.3

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 4.24 2.72 4.23 -- 1.7 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.026 0.017 0.030 0.040 0.048 0.053 0.023 0.024 0.142

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.005 -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.019 -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.022 -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.59 -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- 2.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 97 -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 27.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 6.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 6.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 84 -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 12.6 -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 13.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 134 -- -- -- -- -- --
78

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 19 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug. 19 Sept. 2 Sept. 16

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.1 4.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 5.5 0.5 5 0.5 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.9 18.9 19.3 17.9 21.4 18.2

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 6.8 7.8 7 8.3 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 182 210 192 193 160 173

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.8 2.5 9.3 6 9.5 0.6

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.49 -- 2.7 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.037 0.035 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.037
79

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 23 TO JUNE 29, 2009 

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-23-09 04-28-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

150 200 250 300 350 400

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

06-16-09 06-29-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300 350 400

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
80

460937090033100 MERCER LAKE, DEEP HOLE, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 5 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2009 

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

08-05-09 08-19-09

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-02-09 09-16-09

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
81

 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2008 2009 5

4

3

2

1

0

 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 2008 2009 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Mercer Lake, Deep Hole, at Mercer, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
82

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°09'45", long 90°04'06", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.43 N., R.3 E., Iron County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002, at Mercer. 

SURFACE AREA.—0.29 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—March 2008 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the west basin. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 23 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name March 23 Apr. 28 June 16 June 29 Aug. 5

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.3 3.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 1.0 5.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 4.2 4.6 7.9 20.2 20.3 14.7 20.0 18.0

00400 pH (standard units) 7.3 7.3 7.7 8.0 8.2 7.3 8.0 6.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 191 381 201 199 188 201 191 202

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 0.4 10.7 9.2 6.8 0.0 8.8 1.8

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- -- 4.84 3.16 5.08 -- 1.41 --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.026 0.134 0.024 0.039 0.026 0.054 0.020 0.025

Parameter Code Parameter Name Aug. 19 Sept. 2 Sept. 16

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.7 3.5 4.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.5 0.5 5.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.9 18.5 19.3 17.2 21.7 17.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 6.6 7.9 6.9 8.4 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 176 200 187 192 159 165

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.7 0.9 9.9 4.9 8.8 0.2

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 2.28 -- 3.14 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.022 0.083 0.015 0.030 0.022 0.047
83

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 23 TO JUNE 29, 2009

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-23-09 04-28-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

06-16-09 06-29-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
84

460945090040600 MERCER LAKE, WEST BASIN, AT MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 5 TO SEPTEMBER 16, 2009 

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

08-05-09 08-19-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-02-09 09-16-09

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

150 200 250 300 350 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
85

 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2008 2009 5

4

3

2

1

0

 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 2008 2009 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Mercer Lake, West Basin, at Mercer, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
86

430251088284700 MIDDLE GENESEE LAKE, AT GENESEE LAKE ROAD, NEAR OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43° 02'51", long 88°28'47", i n S W 1⁄4 S W 1⁄4 S W 1⁄4 s ec.22, T . 7 N ., R.17 E ., Waukesha C ounty, Hydrologic U nit 

07090001, at the southwest side of the lake about 2 miles south of Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--Unknown.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1996 to current year.

GAGE.--Staff gage. Local observer, Tom Schubring provided most readings of gage. Datum of gage is about 0.0 ft above NGVD of 

1929.

EXTREMES FOR THE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed gage height, 869.65 ft, July 12, 2008; minimum observed, 863.88 

ft, Oct. 31, 2005.

EXTREMES F OR C URRENT Y EAR.--Maximum ob served gage h eight, 868.05 ft, June 22; m inimum obs erved, 866.40 ft, Oct. 3 .
87

Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft

October 3 866.40 May 26 867.85 July 20 867.52

7 866.49 27 867.88 25 867.50

8 866.55 June 1 867.86 27 867.47

14 866.57 4 867.81 29 867.41

15 866.59 5 867.78 31 867.37

18 866.60 8 867.79 August 1 867.33

25 866.63 9 867.81 2 867.31

28 866.61 11 867.76 3 867.29

31 866.59 15 867.73 4 867.27

November 2 866.57 17 867.70 6 867.21

4 866.59 18 867.67 8 867.29

9 866.61 19 867.91 13 867.21

16 866.63 22 868.05 17 867.12

21 866.59 24 868.03 21 867.07

25 866.58 27 868.00 24 866.97

April 16 867.31 28 867.97 27 866.93

22 867.41 30 867.90 31 866.87

May 3 867.71 July 1 867.89 September 1 866.87

5 867.70 5 867.81 3 866.83

7 867.77 9 867.73 14 866.69

9 867.82 12 867.71 17 866.62

10 867.83 15 867.73 19 866.59

14 867.91 17 867.59 23 866.67

22 867.89 19 867.54 30 866.63

GAGE HEIGHT, FT

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009
88

05429000 LAKE MONONA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°03′48′′, long 89°23′49′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.23, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in Brittingham Park, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.--5.3 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--279 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 1915 to current year (fragmentary) in reports of the Geological Survey. For 1856 to March 1917 in 

reports of Wisconsin Railroad Commission, volume 19. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1338: Lake area. WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, datum 843.61 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with four 12-foot stop-log sections and 12-foot lock at outlet of Lake Waubesa. 

Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.92 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum observed, 3.22 ft, Jan. 

20, 1965, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.21 ft, Mar. 26; minimum recorded, 4.48 ft, Feb. 26. 
89

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 5.68 4.91 5.04 5.12 4.58 4.70 5.89 5.91 5.64 5.83 5.49 5.53 

2 5.64 4.91 5.04 5.09 4.55 4.66 5.85 5.83 5.62 5.80 5.47 5.52 

3 5.61 4.92 5.05 5.06 4.54 4.62 5.80 5.77 5.62 5.80 5.46 5.51 

4 5.58 4.92 5.04 5.04 4.52 4.58 5.76 5.72 5.61 5.80 5.45 5.50 

5 5.56 4.92 5.05 5.02 4.51 4.56 5.75 5.71 5.59 5.79 5.43 5.50 

6 5.55 4.95 5.07 5.00 4.51 4.54 5.68 5.72 5.58 5.77 5.41 5.49 

7 5.57 4.96 5.04 4.97 4.52 4.63 5.66 5.80 5.54 5.77 5.43 5.49 

8 5.65 4.94 5.05 4.94 4.52 4.90 5.67 5.80 5.68 5.77 5.54 5.48 

9 5.62 4.91 5.11 4.94 4.53 5.15 5.67 5.93 5.68 5.76 5.62 5.47 

10 5.60 4.89 5.10 4.92 4.59 5.37 5.67 5.96 5.69 5.77 5.65 5.46 

11 5.57 4.90 5.09 4.91 4.67 5.48 5.65 5.94 5.68 5.79 5.65 5.46 

12 5.55 4.93 5.03 4.89 4.69 5.52 5.66 5.93 5.69 5.79 5.64 5.44 

13 5.52 4.95 5.01 4.89 4.69 5.55 5.67 5.94 5.74 5.76 5.64 5.43 

14 5.47 5.00 5.03 4.88 4.72 5.57 5.66 6.01 5.77 5.74 5.63 5.41 

15 5.45 5.00 5.02 4.87 4.72 5.58 5.64 5.99 5.79 5.73 5.63 5.40 

16 5.41 4.99 4.97 4.86 4.73 5.58 5.63 5.92 5.79 5.69 5.62 5.39 

17 5.37 4.98 4.96 4.85 4.74 5.59 5.63 5.88 5.77 5.66 5.62 5.36 

18 5.34 5.00 4.95 4.84 4.74 5.59 5.63 5.85 5.77 5.62 5.59 5.34 

19 5.30 5.04 5.02 4.84 4.71 5.59 5.66 5.83 6.01 5.60 5.59 5.32 

20 5.26 5.04 5.03 4.83 4.68 5.59 5.75 5.79 6.10 5.58 5.61 5.29 

21 5.21 5.03 5.04 4.82 4.66 5.59 5.77 5.77 6.11 5.58 5.62 5.28 

22 5.17 5.05 5.03 4.81 4.62 5.58 5.79 5.76 6.13 5.62 5.60 5.44 

23 5.12 5.06 5.04 4.77 4.57 5.62 5.80 5.78 6.12 5.61 5.59 5.65 

24 5.13 5.07 5.05 4.73 4.54 5.79 5.78 5.79 6.10 5.59 5.58 5.65 

25 5.10 5.07 5.04 4.70 4.51 6.14 5.79 5.75 6.08 5.59 5.57 5.65 

26 5.04 5.07 5.05 4.67 4.55 6.19 6.07 5.70 6.05 5.57 5.58 5.66 

27 4.97 5.07 5.10 4.65 4.72 6.17 6.13 5.72 6.01 5.55 5.58 5.68 

28 4.93 5.05 5.19 4.63 4.73 6.09 6.09 5.70 5.94 5.54 5.57 5.70 

29 4.90 5.05 5.19 4.61 --- 6.01 6.02 5.67 5.89 5.51 5.57 5.66 

30 4.88 5.06 5.17 4.59 --- 5.95 5.98 5.65 5.85 5.51 5.55 5.65 

31 4.90 --- 5.14 4.59 --- 5.92 --- 5.63 --- 5.52 5.53 ---

Mean 5.34 4.99 5.06 4.85 4.62 5.43 5.77 5.81 5.82 5.68 5.56 5.49 

Max 5.68 5.07 5.19 5.12 4.74 6.19 6.13 6.01 6.13 5.83 5.65 5.70 

Min 4.88 4.89 4.95 4.59 4.51 4.54 5.63 5.63 5.54 5.51 5.41 5.28 
90

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 17 March 30 June 11 July 21 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 3.07 1.91 3.46 4.11

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 6.0 7.8 3.4 3.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18 0.5 18

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.1 3 4.3 4 18.6 7.4 22.4 7.5 22.9 7.8

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.5 8 8 8.5 7.6 8.3 7.2 8.6 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 595 642 588 589 575 587 558 599 545 600

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.4 6.9 12.8 11.7 9.5 3.7 9 0.1 9 0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.016 0.019 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.019 0.012 0.018 0.009 0.011

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.501 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.56 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 260 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 52.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 32.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 20.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 218 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 47.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 27.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 8.67 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 356 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
91

 

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-09 03-30-09

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-11-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-21-09 08-26-09

550 600 650 700

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
92

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Center Site, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
93

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'09", long 88°26'22", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.—1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deepest point in northeast bay near Hewitt Point. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 17 March 30 June 11 July 21 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 2.3 2.64 2.17 2.97

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 7.6 5.2 3.6 3.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 13.5 0.5 14.0 0.5 14.0 0.5 13.0 0.5 14.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 3.5 3.7 5.6 4.9 19.0 8.1 22.3 9.0 22.9 8.9

00400 pH (standard units) 7.8 7.3 7.9 7.9 8.4 7.2 8.1 7.3 8.6 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 652 713 654 655 618 649 612 660 602 669

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.1 7.0 13.1 12.9 9.7 4.0 8.9 1.6 9.0 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.021 0.011 0.015 0.008 0.012
94

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-09 03-30-09

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-11-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-21-09 08-26-09

550 600 650 700

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
95

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Hewitt Point, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
96

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°32'46", long 88°17'58", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.1 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Powers Lake.

SURFACE AREA.—0.72 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--3.42 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to August 1996, and April 1998 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 17 March 30 June 11 July 21 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 1.61 4.74 3.22 5.37

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 7.2 4.6 3.0 3.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 9.5 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 3.5 3.6 6.2 6 19 17.2 22.7 16.7 23.1 18.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.4 7.6 8.4 7.4 8.6 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 511 554 519 519 508 518 504 537 506 549

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14.0 13.8 12.6 11.4 9.5 2.5 9.2 0.1 8.6 0.3

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.020 0.014 0.009 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.036 0.017 0.019

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- <.002 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.101 -- -- -- <.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.079 -- -- -- <.015 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.71 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.68 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.81 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 230 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 39.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 30.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 186 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 40.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 29.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 8.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 314 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
97

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-09 03-30-09

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-11-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-21-09 08-26-09

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
98

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Powers Lake, at Powers Lake, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
99

432322088125000 SILVER LAKE NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°23'22", long 88°12'50", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.27, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 1.4 mi southwest of West 

Bend. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—February 1996 to August 1997, and February to August 2009. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at northern end of southern basin of lake at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 19 April 16 June 25 July 22 August 27

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 4.21 4.9 5.4 5.18

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.2 2.8 1.8 2.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 13.5 0.5 14.0 0.5 14.0 0.5 13.0 0.5 13.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 3.0 4.5 8.7 5.3 27.9 7.2 21.7 7.2 22.0 7.4

00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.5 8.1 7.9 7.3 8.7 7.9 7.1 8.3 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 600 685 555 553 554 574 539 592 528 629

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.1 0.2 12.5 10.0 7.4 1.1 9.2 0.0 8.8 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.020 0.039 0.016 0.022 0.017 0.045 0.018 0.088 0.011 0.074

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.188 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.158 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.62 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.81 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 280 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 52 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 37.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 12.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 248 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 27.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 23.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 11.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 320 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
100

432322088125000 SILVER LAKE NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 19 TO AUGUST 27, 2009

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-19-09 04-16-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-25-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-22-09 08-27-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

500 600

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

pH S.C.

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
101

 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Silver Lake, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
102

460458090102700 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°04'58", long 90°10'27", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.42 W., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.7 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 13 0.5 13 0.5 13 1.0 12.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.3 25.7 9.7 20.1 10.1 18.9 10.1 2.6 3.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 8.1 6.9 7.2 6.8 8.1 7.3 7.5 6.9

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 89 90 116 94 134 95 154 114 144

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 10.4 0 9.6 0.3 9.2 0.6 7.6 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.79 3.05 -- 3.19 -- 3.34 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.025 0.045 0.056 0.034 0.079 0.017 0.065 0.018 0.028

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.004 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.123 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.034 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.48 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.33 --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.453 --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 11.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 38 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 8.13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) 600 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 64 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
103

460458090102700 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
104

460344090124800 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, SOUTHWEST BASIN, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°03'44", long 90°12'48", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.2, T.41 N., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the deepest part of the southwest basin of the flowage. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 5.5 0.5 6.0 0.5 6.0 1.0 4.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 8.7 25.1 16.4 19.8 19.0 18.6 16.9 2.9 4.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 8.0 6.8 7.1 6.8 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 95 90 95 90 90 91 93 117 144

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.4 12.3 1.2 8.7 7.7 8.7 5.4 10.1 1.1

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.57 3.63 -- 3.79 -- 5.95 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.027 0.044 0.036 0.036 0.029 0.020 0.026 0.013 0.118

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.087 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.39 --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.477 --
105

460344090124800 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, SOUTHWEST BASIN, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
106

460511090153800 LAKE BASTINE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°05'11", long 90°15'38", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.29, T.41 N., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.4 2.1 1.7 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 11.0 0.5 12.0 0.5 11.0 1.0 9.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.9 24.7 7.9 19.9 8.8 18.2 9.0 3.0 4.1

00400 pH (standard units) 6.9 7.9 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.0

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 105 90 127 93 145 94 164 112 130

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.5 11.2 0.0 8.6 0.4 8.7 0.3 11.8 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 3.25 2.38 -- 2.86 -- 8.36 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.021 0.042 0.067 0.026 0.064 0.021 0.075 0.012 0.212

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.001 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.071 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.45 --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.521 --
107

460511090153800 LAKE BASTINE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
108

460409090084100 TOWNLINE LAKE NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°04'09", long 90°08'41", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.5, T.41 N., R.3 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued). 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 5.0 0.5 5.0 0.5 5.0 1.0 4.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 9.4 25.4 14.0 19.9 19.6 18.4 16.5 4.7 4.0

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 8.0 6.8 7.1 7.0 8.0 7.4 7.7 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 76 81 90 83 83 84 84 93 108

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.7 10.8 0.0 9.7 8.4 9.1 5.3 8.7 2.3

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 5.9 3.83 -- 6.0 -- 6.02 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.030 0.025 0.040 0.041 0.034 0.033 0.033 0.013 0.036

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.006 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.127 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.37 --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.497 --
109

460409090084100 TOWNLINE LAKE NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
110

460646090091900 TRUDE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°06'46", long 90°09'19", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.42 N., R.3 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 28 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 28 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.8 3.2 2.3 2.4 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 13.0 0.5 13.0 0.5 12.0 1.0 10.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.4 25.0 12.1 19.4 12.0 20.0 11.9 2.9 3.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 8.0 6.7 7.0 6.6 8.1 7.2 7.5 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 78 81 90 81 115 82 136 87 96

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 8.6 0.0 8.6 0.4 7.9 0.1 11.0 4.7

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 1.47 0.88 -- 3.08 -- 4.52 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.018 0.039 0.082 0.026 0.032 0.010 0.058 0.016 0.018

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.003 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.012 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.058 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.066 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.029 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.57 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.39 --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.63 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.456 --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 37 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 9.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 34 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 8.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 58 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
111

460646090091900 TRUDE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

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6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-28-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
112

05429485 LAKE WAUBESA AT MCFARLAND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°00′32′′, long 89°18′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.3, T.6 

N., R.10 E., Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on left bank just upstream from bridge on U.S. Highway 

51, downstream of dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa and 1.0 mi southwest of McFarland. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.25 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--327 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 805, WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (levels by Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dams at outlets of Lake Mendota and Lake Waubesa. Gage-height telemeter at 

station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.22 ft, June 15-17, 2008; minimum 

observed, 3.50 ft, Feb.14, 2006, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 5.86 ft, June 22; minimum recorded, 4.22 ft, 

Feb. 6-7. 
113

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 5.41 4.52 4.70 4.76 4.29 4.48 5.52 5.56 5.28 5.57 5.29 5.33 

2 5.36 4.51 4.68 4.73 4.28 4.44 5.47 5.49 5.28 5.55 5.27 5.32 

3 5.32 4.51 4.67 4.71 4.26 4.40 5.44 5.42 5.28 5.53 5.26 5.30 

4 5.29 4.52 4.69 4.69 4.26 4.36 5.38 5.36 5.27 5.52 5.26 5.29 

5 5.25 4.52 4.65 4.67 4.24 4.33 5.34 5.31 5.26 5.52 5.25 5.28 

6 5.23 4.52 4.63 4.64 4.22 4.33 5.32 5.30 5.25 5.52 5.24 5.27 

7 5.21 4.54 4.68 4.63 4.23 4.41 5.29 5.38 5.25 5.51 5.23 5.26 

8 5.28 4.57 4.67 4.61 4.24 4.64 5.25 5.39 5.38 5.50 5.34 5.26 

9 5.30 4.57 4.69 4.61 4.25 4.86 5.24 5.48 5.43 5.49 5.42 5.25 

10 5.26 4.55 4.70 4.60 4.34 5.03 5.22 5.52 5.43 5.49 5.48 5.24 

11 5.22 4.52 4.70 4.58 4.41 5.13 5.20 5.51 5.42 5.51 5.49 5.22 

12 5.19 4.54 4.69 4.57 4.45 5.14 5.19 5.48 5.42 5.50 5.48 5.21 

13 5.15 4.55 4.66 4.57 4.44 5.14 5.18 5.47 5.45 5.49 5.47 5.20 

14 5.12 4.59 4.65 4.55 4.44 5.14 5.19 5.55 5.48 5.46 5.45 5.19 

15 5.09 4.62 4.69 4.54 4.43 5.14 5.18 5.55 5.51 5.46 5.43 5.18 

16 5.05 4.62 4.68 4.53 4.42 5.15 5.18 5.54 5.52 5.45 5.42 5.16 

17 5.00 4.62 4.66 4.52 4.42 5.16 5.17 5.50 5.53 5.42 5.42 5.13 

18 4.96 4.61 4.63 4.51 4.43 5.18 5.17 5.45 5.54 5.39 5.42 5.11 

19 4.90 4.60 4.63 4.50 4.43 5.17 5.19 5.42 5.71 5.37 5.40 5.09 

20 4.87 4.63 4.64 4.50 4.41 5.16 5.32 5.39 5.81 5.34 5.41 5.06 

21 4.84 4.65 4.64 4.49 4.41 5.15 5.37 5.38 5.84 5.32 5.42 5.07 

22 4.78 4.64 4.64 4.48 4.40 5.14 5.36 5.37 5.85 5.37 5.41 5.15 

23 4.74 4.63 4.64 4.47 4.36 5.14 5.34 5.38 5.82 5.36 5.40 5.31 

24 4.73 4.65 4.64 4.46 4.32 5.30 5.32 5.38 5.77 5.35 5.39 5.34 

25 4.74 4.67 4.64 4.43 4.29 5.67 5.37 5.34 5.74 5.36 5.38 5.34 

26 4.72 4.66 4.65 4.40 4.33 5.73 5.64 5.30 5.71 5.36 5.37 5.34 

27 4.69 4.66 4.69 4.38 4.50 5.73 5.72 5.32 5.67 5.34 5.37 5.35 

28 4.63 4.66 4.78 4.36 4.51 5.69 5.69 5.34 5.66 5.33 5.37 5.40 

29 4.59 4.66 4.80 4.34 --- 5.66 5.63 5.32 5.63 5.31 5.40 5.39 

30 4.54 4.66 4.80 4.32 --- 5.59 5.60 5.30 5.59 5.31 5.37 5.35 

31 4.52 --- 4.79 4.30 --- 5.54 --- 5.28 --- 5.31 5.35 ---

Mean 5.00 4.59 4.68 4.53 4.36 5.07 5.35 5.41 5.53 5.43 5.38 5.25 

Max 5.41 4.67 4.80 4.76 4.51 5.73 5.72 5.56 5.85 5.57 5.49 5.40 

Min 4.52 4.51 4.63 4.30 4.22 4.33 5.17 5.28 5.25 5.31 5.23 5.06 
114

424848088083100 WIND LAKE AT OUTLET AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48′48′′, long 88°08′31′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.16, T.4 N., R.20 E., 

Racine County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--39.6 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1985 to current year. Prior to October 2000, published as "Wind Lake Outlet". 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-91-1: 1988(m). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam with two 10-foot gates at outlet. Lake ice-covered Dec. 3 to Mar. 14. Prior to October 1987, 

published as Wind Lake at Wind Lake, Wis. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 9.88 ft, June 14, 15, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.95 ft, Jan. 2, 1996. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.57 ft, June 19; minimum recorded, 7.50 ft, Jan. 3. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 7.98 8.24 7.84 7.75 8.16 7.78 8.15 8.31 8.35 8.42 8.20 8.26 

2 7.96 8.26 7.85 7.60 8.05 7.68 8.09 8.29 8.31 8.42 8.19 8.26 

3 7.95 8.28 7.88 7.54 7.97 7.68 8.06 8.32 8.31 8.42 8.17 8.25 

4 7.93 8.29 7.91 7.59 7.98 7.81 8.01 8.36 8.30 8.42 8.17 8.25 

5 7.93 8.27 7.92 7.59 8.00 7.94 8.00 8.35 8.30 8.44 8.17 8.24 

6 7.93 8.24 7.96 7.60 8.02 8.08 8.05 8.33 8.30 8.43 8.16 8.24 

7 7.94 8.20 7.97 7.62 8.05 8.22 8.11 8.35 8.30 8.41 8.17 8.24 

8 7.99 8.21 8.00 7.60 8.10 8.30 8.19 8.35 8.37 8.40 8.29 8.23 

9 7.99 8.22 8.07 7.58 8.15 8.24 8.27 8.36 8.34 8.40 8.36 8.22 

10 7.98 8.21 8.11 7.56 8.17 8.19 8.35 8.33 8.35 8.37 8.34 8.22 

11 7.98 8.19 8.14 7.53 8.19 8.18 8.40 8.33 8.37 8.42 8.30 8.21 

12 7.98 8.24 8.17 7.54 8.18 8.08 8.41 8.36 8.38 8.41 8.28 8.21 

13 7.99 8.25 8.19 7.63 8.19 8.10 8.33 8.34 8.39 8.39 8.26 8.20 

14 7.99 8.26 8.24 7.71 8.24 8.19 8.21 8.38 8.39 8.36 8.25 8.20 

15 8.00 8.26 8.31 7.78 8.27 8.24 8.11 8.37 8.40 8.35 8.24 8.19 

16 8.01 8.22 8.33 7.83 8.26 8.25 8.11 8.39 8.40 8.35 8.22 8.18 

17 8.01 8.20 8.36 7.89 8.20 8.20 8.15 8.39 8.39 8.34 8.24 8.17 

18 8.01 8.16 8.32 7.94 8.20 8.22 8.20 8.39 8.38 8.33 8.24 8.16 

19 8.00 8.03 8.32 7.99 8.20 8.23 8.26 8.44 8.41 8.30 8.22 8.15 

20 8.01 7.80 8.29 8.03 8.17 8.22 8.30 8.47 8.36 8.29 8.22 8.15 

21 8.02 7.63 8.26 8.06 8.18 8.21 8.11 8.45 8.36 8.29 8.23 8.16 

22 8.02 7.63 8.31 8.10 8.15 8.24 8.05 8.39 8.42 8.30 8.22 8.17 

23 8.02 7.64 8.37 8.14 8.06 8.24 8.11 8.27 8.43 8.29 8.21 8.19 

24 8.06 7.68 8.39 8.16 7.95 8.18 8.18 8.24 8.36 8.27 8.20 8.19 

25 8.11 7.70 8.30 8.19 7.82 8.15 8.28 8.24 8.35 8.27 8.20 8.19 

26 8.13 7.71 8.15 8.21 7.77 8.14 8.39 8.26 8.41 8.26 8.28 8.20 

27 8.14 7.72 8.07 8.24 7.86 8.17 8.27 8.32 8.41 8.25 8.28 8.20 

28 8.16 7.74 8.16 8.26 7.84 8.21 8.31 8.35 8.40 8.25 8.29 8.23 

29 8.18 7.75 8.18 8.29 --- 8.32 8.32 8.35 8.36 8.23 8.30 8.20 

30 8.19 7.78 8.09 8.30 --- 8.30 8.28 8.34 8.36 8.22 8.29 8.18 

31 8.21 --- 7.95 8.24 --- 8.21 --- 8.34 --- 8.21 8.27 ---

Mean 8.03 8.03 8.14 7.87 8.09 8.14 8.20 8.35 8.37 8.34 8.24 8.20 

Max 8.21 8.29 8.39 8.30 8.27 8.32 8.41 8.47 8.43 8.44 8.36 8.26 

Min 7.93 7.63 7.84 7.53 7.77 7.68 8.00 8.24 8.30 8.21 8.16 8.15 
115

 Stage hydrograph for Wind Lake, 1985-2009.

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

CREST OF DAM

DAILY AVERAGE STAGES

MANUAL STAGE READING
116

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'15", long 88°08'39", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.20 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1985 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO JULY 21, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter 

Code Parameter Name Feb. 17 March 30 June 11 July 21

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) -- 12.2 0.84 8.59

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.0 4.6 2.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 15.5 0.5 15.0 0.5 15.0 0.5 14.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 4.2 2.9 5.5 4.8 18.0 13.0 22.6 14.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.6 7.0 8.4 6.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 655 900 676 674 634 672 628 689

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.7 1.0 15.3 14.0 8.6 0.0 9.6 0.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.030 0.086 0.035 0.038 0.029 0.126 0.030 0.136

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.002 -- -- -- <.002 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.089 -- -- -- <.019 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.064 -- -- -- <.015 --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 1.1 -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 200 -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 44.5 -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 22.7 -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 54.3 -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.9 -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 157 -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 104 -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 30.5 -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 0.374 -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 400 -- -- -- -- --
117

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 26, 2009 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton (μg/L) 10.7

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.3

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 11.0 14.0 15.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.3 20.5 16.0 15.5 15.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 619 634 683 688 695

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.025 0.053 0.338 0.461 0.514
118

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2009 

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-09 03-30-09

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-11-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-21-09 08-26-09

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
119

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 4

3

2

1

0

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0

50

100

150

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0.00

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Wind Lake, Deep Hole, at Wind Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
120

04082500 LAKE WINNEBAGO AT OSHKOSH, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°00′35′′, long 88°31′38′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.18 

 N., R.16 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203, 800 ft east of mouth of the upper Fox River.

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1938 to current year in reports of Geological Survey. Records from July 1882 to 

 September 1938 in files of Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report on Fox River by U.S.

 Army Corps of Engineers, published as House Document No. 146, 67th Congress, 2nd session, contains semi- 

 monthly records of inflow of Lake Winnebago for the period 1896-1917. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-83-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Nonrecording gage read once daily October 1938 to October 1978. Datum of gage is 

 745.05 ft above mean tide at New York City (levels by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

 navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the

 crest of Menasha to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Data-collection 

platform and gage-height telemeter at station.

 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.32 ft, Mar. 9, 1982; Minimum 

 observed, 0.33 ft, May 17, 1960. 

 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.17 ft, June 8, 10; Minimum recorded, 1.70

ft, Mar. 5, 6. 
121

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.74 2.42 2.35 2.41 1.92 1.75 2.37 2.56 3.03 3.01 2.74 2.86 

2 2.71 2.41 2.38 2.41 1.90 1.74 2.38 2.58 3.03 2.99 2.76 2.85 

3 2.72 2.40 2.40 2.40 1.88 1.73 2.38 2.59 3.08 3.00 2.76 2.85 

4 2.69 2.41 2.41 2.40 1.86 1.72 2.40 2.58 3.08 3.00 2.80 2.85 

5 2.68 2.41 2.41 2.40 1.85 1.70 2.40 2.56 3.08 2.98 2.78 2.85 

6 2.70 2.40 2.40 2.39 1.82 1.70 2.36 2.57 3.13 2.98 2.77 2.84 

7 2.68 2.39 2.40 2.38 1.81 1.71 2.34 2.62 3.12 2.99 2.78 2.84 

8 2.67 2.40 2.40 2.38 1.79 1.72 2.35 2.66 3.17 2.95 2.85 2.84 

9 2.68 2.42 2.45 2.37 1.77 1.77 2.34 2.74 3.16 2.94 2.89 2.84 

10 2.70 2.43 2.46 2.35 1.79 1.81 2.35 2.76 3.17 2.90 2.90 2.83 

11 2.68 2.43 2.45 2.34 1.80 1.84 2.35 2.78 3.15 2.91 2.90 2.82 

12 2.68 2.41 2.44 2.32 1.81 1.82 2.37 2.79 3.14 2.91 2.88 2.81 

13 2.67 2.42 2.42 2.31 1.80 1.81 2.40 2.74 3.13 2.90 2.88 2.81 

14 2.64 2.46 2.41 2.29 1.79 1.80 2.39 2.78 3.14 2.88 2.86 2.81 

15 2.64 2.45 2.41 2.27 1.78 1.80 2.40 2.86 3.14 2.82 2.88 2.81 

16 2.65 2.45 2.40 2.25 1.77 1.81 2.42 2.68 3.11 2.84 2.85 2.81 

17 2.62 2.43 2.40 2.23 1.76 1.82 2.42 2.80 3.12 2.83 2.88 2.76 

18 2.60 2.44 2.38 2.22 1.77 1.85 2.44 2.73 3.12 2.81 2.86 2.76 

19 2.55 2.37 2.40 2.20 1.77 1.88 2.46 2.74 3.06 2.80 2.88 2.75 

20 2.56 2.39 2.40 2.18 1.76 1.91 2.44 2.74 3.06 2.78 2.81 2.74 

21 2.57 2.38 2.42 2.16 1.75 1.95 2.52 2.76 3.08 2.76 2.87 2.75 

22 2.55 2.38 2.41 2.14 1.76 1.98 2.60 2.82 3.04 2.80 2.89 2.78 

23 2.50 2.36 2.40 2.11 1.75 2.01 2.55 2.82 3.04 2.79 2.88 2.80 

24 2.47 2.35 2.40 2.09 1.74 2.09 2.50 2.88 3.05 2.77 2.86 2.79 

25 2.46 2.34 2.39 2.07 1.73 2.22 2.50 2.89 3.07 2.76 2.85 2.79 

26 2.40 2.36 2.39 2.05 1.75 2.27 2.58 2.89 3.09 2.78 2.90 2.74 

27 2.46 2.35 2.40 2.03 1.78 2.31 2.58 2.99 3.06 2.79 2.89 2.69 

28 2.43 2.34 2.44 2.01 1.77 2.33 2.66 2.98 2.99 2.78 2.87 2.60 

29 2.42 2.37 2.43 1.99 --- 2.34 2.62 3.02 3.01 2.79 2.87 2.73 

30 2.39 2.40 2.42 1.97 --- 2.38 2.58 3.01 3.03 2.79 2.90 2.67 

31 2.40 --- 2.42 1.95 --- 2.38 --- 3.06 --- 2.79 2.88 ---

Mean 2.59 2.40 2.41 2.23 1.79 1.93 2.45 2.77 3.09 2.87 2.85 2.79 

Max 2.74 2.46 2.46 2.41 1.92 2.38 2.66 3.06 3.17 3.01 2.90 2.86 

Min 2.39 2.34 2.35 1.95 1.73 1.70 2.34 2.56 2.99 2.76 2.74 2.60 
122

Stage hydrograph for Lake Winnebago, 1882-2010.

 1882 1887 1892 1897 1902 1907 1912 1917 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 -2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 
123

04084255 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR STOCKBRIDGE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°04′14′′, long 88°19′44′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1983, Calumet County, WI, 

Hydrologic Unit 04030203, Stockbridge Indian Reservation, on east shore of Lake Winnebago, 300 ft south of 

County Highway E and 1.6 mi west of Stockbridge. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--November 1982 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 745.05 ft above mean tide of New York City (levels by U. S. Army 

Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

crest of Menasha dam to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Datacollection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, July 9, 11, 1993, June 14, 

2008; minimum observed, 0.30 ft, Mar. 1, 1986. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.09 ft, June 9; minimum recorded, 1.58 ft, 

Mar. 5, 6. 
124

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET 

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2008 TO SEPTEMBER 2009 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.64 2.27 2.31 2.30 1.82 1.64 2.28 2.54 2.89 2.90 2.74 2.74 

2 2.67 2.28 2.34 2.31 1.79 1.63 2.33 2.54 2.91 2.90 2.70 2.73 

3 2.59 2.29 2.31 2.29 1.78 1.62 2.34 2.49 2.94 2.88 2.70 2.73 

4 2.58 2.31 2.32 2.31 1.76 1.60 2.35 2.46 2.99 2.87 2.69 2.73 

5 2.56 2.30 2.30 2.29 1.73 1.58 2.28 2.45 3.03 2.89 2.68 2.72 

6 2.53 2.27 2.31 2.28 1.71 1.58 2.27 2.47 2.94 2.89 2.67 2.72 

7 2.52 2.33 2.30 2.28 1.69 1.59 2.34 2.55 2.92 2.85 2.65 2.71 

8 2.62 2.37 2.30 2.28 1.68 1.63 2.30 2.57 3.02 2.80 2.72 2.70 

9 2.68 2.44 2.36 2.26 1.66 1.66 2.27 2.57 3.09 2.81 2.78 2.70 

10 2.57 2.39 2.36 2.25 1.66 1.69 2.24 2.67 3.04 2.82 2.80 2.69 

11 2.56 2.30 2.35 2.22 1.69 1.74 2.27 2.68 3.00 2.86 2.78 2.69 

12 2.57 2.29 2.33 2.20 1.70 1.71 2.28 2.68 3.01 2.84 2.78 2.69 

13 2.58 2.35 2.30 2.20 1.68 1.69 2.24 2.64 3.03 2.79 2.78 2.69 

14 2.61 2.37 2.30 2.19 1.68 1.68 2.27 2.82 3.03 2.77 2.79 2.70 

15 2.59 2.37 2.33 2.17 1.67 1.68 2.33 2.72 3.01 2.78 2.78 2.67 

16 2.55 2.40 2.30 2.14 1.66 1.69 2.36 2.80 2.96 2.81 2.79 2.62 

17 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.12 1.64 1.70 2.37 2.73 3.00 2.76 2.78 2.64 

18 2.51 2.35 2.28 2.11 1.67 1.75 2.37 2.70 2.99 2.72 2.83 2.63 

19 2.52 2.33 2.30 2.09 1.67 1.78 2.28 2.64 2.96 2.68 2.74 2.60 

20 2.45 2.31 2.30 2.07 1.65 1.82 2.37 2.69 3.00 2.67 2.80 2.60 

21 2.42 2.34 2.33 2.04 1.65 1.85 2.50 2.69 2.95 2.65 2.81 2.63 

22 2.35 2.27 2.31 2.03 1.66 1.88 2.44 2.69 2.92 2.66 2.76 2.63 

23 2.30 2.28 2.29 2.02 1.64 1.90 2.38 2.72 2.94 2.68 2.74 2.68 

24 2.37 2.27 2.30 1.99 1.62 1.96 2.38 2.72 2.96 2.69 2.77 2.65 

25 2.45 2.28 2.29 1.96 1.62 2.13 2.35 2.68 2.97 2.70 2.79 2.62 

26 2.51 2.26 2.29 1.94 1.64 2.19 2.43 2.73 2.96 2.70 2.74 2.63 

27 2.45 2.29 2.30 1.92 1.67 2.22 2.52 2.76 2.94 2.69 2.73 2.70 

28 2.40 2.30 2.35 1.90 1.66 2.23 2.47 2.89 3.04 2.72 2.75 2.79 

29 2.33 2.27 2.33 1.88 --- 2.26 2.47 2.95 3.03 2.71 2.80 2.62 

30 2.33 2.21 2.32 1.86 --- 2.28 2.48 2.98 2.95 2.69 2.76 2.52 

31 2.30 --- 2.33 1.83 --- 2.26 --- 2.93 --- 2.69 2.76 ---

Mean 2.50 2.32 2.31 2.12 1.68 1.83 2.35 2.68 2.98 2.77 2.75 2.67 

Max 2.68 2.44 2.36 2.31 1.82 2.28 2.52 2.98 3.09 2.90 2.83 2.79 

Min 2.30 2.21 2.28 1.83 1.62 1.58 2.24 2.45 2.89 2.65 2.65 2.52 
125

WISCONSIN DISTRICT PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING TO LAKES

The r eports publ ished i n a U .S. Geological S urvey s eries ar e f or s ale by t he U .S. 

Geological S urvey, B ox 25425, Feder al C enter, D enver, C O 80225. Prepayment i s 

required. R emittance s hould be s ent by c heck or m oney or der pay able t o t he U .S. 

Geological Survey. Prices can be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling 

(303) 236 -7476. R eprints of j ournal ar ticles may be obt ained by writing directly t o t he 

author at U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562.

2009

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of 

Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses of a 

terminal lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5077, 38 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Juckem, P.F., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of

 Whitefish Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses

 of an oligotrophic seepage lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: 

 U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5089, 41 p.

2008

Chung, E., Schladow, S.G., Perez-Losada, J., and Robertson, D.M., 2008, A linked 

hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

57–75.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2008, Water quality, hydrology, and simulated 

response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland 

Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus 

loading in a polymictic lake: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2008–5053, 

46 p. 

Robertson, D.M., and Schladow, S.G., 2008, Response in the water quality in the Salton 

Sea to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach: 

Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 5–19.

Robertson, D.M., Schladow, S.G., and Holdren, G.C., 2008, Long-term changes in the 

phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

21–36.

2007

Robertson, D.M., Garn, H.S., and Rose, W.J., 2007, Response of calcareous Nagawicka 

Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading. Lake and Reservoir 

Management, Vol. 23, p. 298-312.

Walker, J.F., Saad, D.A., and Hunt, R.J., 2007, Dynamics of CFCs in northern temperate 

lakes and adjacent groundwater. Water Resources. Research 43(4) W04423, 

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005WR004647.shtml
126

2006

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, 

Water quality, hydrology, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of 

Nagawicka Lake, a calcareous lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report: 2006–5273.

Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R,, Graczyk, D.J., 2006, Evaluating the effects of nearshore 

development on Wisconsin lakes. USGS Fact Sheet FS-2006-3033, 4 p.

Magnuson, J.J., Benson, B.J., Lenters, J.D, and Robertson, D.M., 2006, Climate driven 

variability and change, Chapter 7, In Magnuson, J.J., Kratz, T.K, and Benson, B.J 

eds. Long-term dynamics of lakes in the landscape, Oxford University Press, p 123–

150.

Saad, D.A., 2005, Pesticides in surface water, bed sediment, and ground water adjacent 

to commercial cranberry bogs, Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Vilas County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5262, 29 p.

2005

Hunt, R.J., Feinstein, D.T., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2005, The importance of 

diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern 

Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005.

Marzolf, G.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2005, Reservoir, In Encyclopedia of Hydrological 

Sciences: Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., v. 4, part 9, John Wiley & 

Sons, p. 1675-1680. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2005, Water quality, hydrology, and 

phosphorus loading to Little St. Germain Lake, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on 

the effects of winter aeration and ground-water inputs: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5071, 36 p.

2004

Dupre, D.H., and Robertson, D.M., 2004, Water quality of Nippersink Creek and Wonder 

Lake, M cHenry C ounty, I llinois, 1994 –2001: U .S. G eological S urvey S cientific 

Investigations Report 2004–5085.

Rose, W.J., Robertson, D.M., and M ergener, E.A., 2004, Water quality, hydrology, and 

the e ffects o f changes in phos phorus l oading to P ike La ke, Washington C ounty, 

Wisconsin, with special em phasis on i nlet-to-outlet short-circuiting: U. S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5141, 32 p.

2003

Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y.F., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in 

the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4204, 29 p.
127

Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S.A., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, traceelement, and ec ological hi story of M usky B ay, Lac C ourte O reilles, Wisconsin, as 

inferred f rom sediment c ores: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4225, 141 p.

Fitzpatrick, F .A., and P eppler, M .C., 2003 , S edimentation and s ediment c hemistry, 

Neopit Mill Pond, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 2001: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03–23, 58 p.

Garn, H.S., Elder, J.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Why study lakes? An overview of 

U.S. Geological Survey lake studies in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet FS–063–03, 8 p.

Graczyk, D .G., H unt, R .J., G reb, S.R., B uchwald, C .A., and K rohelski, J .T., 2003 , 

Hydrology, water quality, and y ields, from near-shore flows to four lakes in northern 

Wisconsin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4144. 64 p.

Hunt, R.J., 2003, Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 Package for 

MODFLOW2000: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 114–118.

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground 

water-lake interactions: approaches and insights: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 22, p. 

227–237.

Hunt, R.J., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Using diverse data types to calibrate a 

watershed m odel of the Tr out Lake Basin, northern Wisconsin, In MODFLOW and 

More 2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference o f t he I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. Go lden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 600–604.

Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground water 

flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4154. 36 p.

John, R ., P int, C .D., A nderson, M .P., and H unt, R .J., 2003, The e ffects o f p otential 

climate c hange on l ake l evels and l ake c apture z ones, In MODFLOW and M ore 

2003—Understanding t hrough m odeling: Proceedings o f t he 5t h International 

Conference o f t he I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. Go lden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 212–216.

Magnuson, J.J., Krohelski, J.T., Kunkel, K.E., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Wisconsin's 

waters and c limate—historical changes and pos sible futures, In Wisconsin's waters: 

a confluence of perspectives: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy, p. 23–36.

Pint, C .D., H unt, R .J., and A nderson, M .P., 2003, Fl ow pat h del ineation and g round 

water age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 895–902.

Robertson, D .M., R ose, W.J., and Garn, H .S., 2003, Water quality and the effects o f 

changes in phosphorus loading, Red Cedar Lakes, Barron and Washburn Counties, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–

4238, 42 p.
128

Robertson, D .M., R ose, W.J., and S aad, D .A., 2003, Water quality and t he e ffects o f 

changes in phosphorus loading to Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4011, 18 p.

2002

Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic 

conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Ground Water 40(2), p. 119–124.

Garn, H . S ., 2002, E ffects o f l awn f ertilizer on nut rient c oncentration i n r unoff from 

lakeshore l awns, Lauder dale Lak es, Wisconsin: U SGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4130, 6 p.

Kelson, V.A., Hunt, R.J., and H aitjema, H.M., 2002, Improving a regional m odel using 

reduced complexity and parameter estimation: Ground Water, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 138–

149.

Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud and 

Crystal Lak es and t he s hallow g round-water s ystem, Dane County, W isconsin: 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–20. 

Krohelski, J .T., R ose, W.J., and H unt, R .J., 2 002, H ydrologic i nvestigation o f P owell 

Marsh and its relationship to Dead Pike Lake Vilas County, Wisconsin: USGS WaterResources Investigations Report 02–4034.

Madenjian, C .P., Fahen stiel, G .L., Johengen, T.H., N alepa, T.F., V enderploeg, H .A., 

Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., 

Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and E bener, M.P., 2002, 

Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970–2000: Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 59, p. 736–753.

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L, Mergerer, E.A., Rose, W.J., and Garrison, P.J., 2002, 

Hydrology and water qual ity of G eneva Lak e, Walworth C ounty, Wisconsin: U .S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02–4039, 73 p.

Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River Pools, 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4181, 36 p.

2001

Hunt, R.J., Bradbury, K.R., and Krohelski, J.T., 2001, The effects of large-scale pumping 

and diversion on the water resources in Dane County, Wisconsin: USGS Fact Sheet 

FS–127–01, 4 p. 

Hunt, R .J., H aitjema, H.M., K rohelski, J .T., and Fei nstein, D .T., 2 001, S imulating 

groundwater-lake interactions with models: MODFLOW and analytic element 

approaches, In MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 

4th I nternational C onference o f the I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 328–334.
129

Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Simulation of lake stage in two seepage 

lakes i n s outhcentral W isconsin us ing t he L AK3 pac kage for M ODFLOW, In

MODFLOW 2001 and O ther M odeling O dysseys: Proceedings o f t he 4t h 

International C onference o f the International G round Water M odeling C enter. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 411–417.

2000

Elder, J.F., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P.J., 2000, Chemical composition of surficial 

deposits in Geneva Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–121–

00.

Elder J.F., Rybicki, N.B., Carter, V.P., and Weintraub, V., 2000, Sources and yields of 

dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of 

peatland: Wetlands, vol. 20, no. 1, p.113–125.

Hunt, R.J., Graczyk, D.J., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Water flows in the Necedah National 

Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–068–00, 4 p.

Hunt, R .J., Li n, J ., K rohelski, J .T., and J uckem, P .F., 2000, S imulation of t he s hallow 

hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic 

elements and parameter estimation: U.S. G eological Survey Water R esources 

Investigations Report 00–4136, 16 p.

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Interacting factors causing 

exceptional water c larity i n La kes M endota and M onona, Wisconsin: P roc. of the 

International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Magnuson, J.J., Robertson, D.M. Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., Livigstone, D.M., Arai, T., 

Assel, R.A., Barry, R.G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N.G., Prowse, T.D., Stewart, 

K.M., and V uglinski, V.S., 2000, Historical trends in lake and r iver ice cover in the 

northern hemisphere: Science, Vol. 289, No. 5485, p. 1743–1746.

Magnuson, J.J., Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Lake and river 

ice as a po werful indicator of past and pr esent climates: Proc. of t he I nternational 

Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Robertson, D .M., 2000, O ne-dimensional s imulation of s tratification a nd di ssolved 

oxygen i n McCook Re servoir, I llinois: U. S. G eological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4258, 17 p.

Robertson, D .M., Goddard, G.L., H elsel, D .R., and M acKinnon, K .L., 2000 , 

Rehabilitation of D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin: La ke and R eservoir M anagement, v ol. 

20, vo. 3, p. 155–176.

Robertson, D .M., and Rose, W.J., 2000 , H ydrology, w ater quality, a nd phos phorus 

loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4209, 8 p.

Robertson, D.M., Wynne, R.H., and Chang, W.Y.B., 2000, Variability in ice cover across 

the nor thern he misphere dur ing the 190 0's associated w ith E l N ino ev ents: 

Proceedings of the International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 

1998.
130

Saad, D.A., and R obertson, D.M., 2000, Water-resources-related information for the St. 

Croix Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4133, 65 p.

Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N.J., Robertson, D.M., and Olson, D.T., 2000, Methodology, 

data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced 

by aer ators and mixers: U .S. Geological S urvey Water R esources I nvestigations 

Report 00–4101, 72 p.

Grannemann, N.G., Hunt, R.J., Nicholas, J.R. Reilly, T.E., and Winter, T.C., 2000, The 

importance of ground water to the Great Lakes Region: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4008, 12 p.

 1999

Lathrop, R .C., C arpenter, S .R., and R obertson, D .M., 1999, Summer w ater c larity 

responses to phos phorus, D aphnia grazing, and i nternal m ixing i n La ke M endota: 

Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 137–146.

Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and hydrologic 

budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 99–4209, 23 p.

Panuska, J .C., and R obertson, D .M., 1999, E stimating phos phorus c oncentrations 

following al um t reatment us ing appar ent s ettling v elocities: Lak es and R eservoir 

Management, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 28–38.

 1998

Hunt, R .J, A nderson, M.P., and K elson, V .A., 1998 , I mproving a complex f initedifference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening 

model: Ground Water, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1011–1017.

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1 998, Linking an analytic el ement flow 

code to MODFLOW— Implementation and bene fits, In MODFLOW’98: Proceedings 

of the 3rd International Conference of the International Ground Water Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p 477–504.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C.C., Benoit, J.M., Babiarz, C.L., Andren, A.W., and Hurley, 

J.P., 1998, M ethyl m ercury dy namics i n l ittoral s ediments o f a t emperate l ake: 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 55, p. 835–844.

Robertson, D.M., Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1998, Dynamics in 

phosphorus retention in wetlands upstream of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lakes and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 466–477.

Rose, W.J., and R obertson, D .M., 1998, H ydrology, w ater quality, an d phos phorus 

loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

FS–066–98, 4 p.

Walker, J.F. and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1998, Groundwater and surface-water interactions 

in r iparian and l ake-dominated s ystems, In Kendall, C . and M cDonnell, J .J. ed s., 

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, Elsevier Publishing, New York, 839 p.
131

1997

Elder, J.F., Manion, B.J., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess 

factors af fecting phos phorus r etention and r elease i n an e xtended W isconsin 

wetland: U .S. G eological S urvey Water-Resources I nvestigations R eport 97 –4272, 

14 p.

Goddard, G.L., and Elder, J.F., 1997, Retention of sediments and nutrients in Jackson 

Creek Wetland near D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin, 1993–95: U .S. G eological S urvey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4014, 22 p.

Hornewer, N .J., J ohnson, G .P., R obertson, D .M. and H ondzo, M., 1997, Fi eld-scale 

tests for det ermining m ixing pat terns as sociated with c oarse-bubble ai r di ffuser 

configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois, In Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: 

Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Proceedings of the International Association of 

Hydraulic Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 57–63.

Robertson, D .M., 1997, R egionalized l oads of s ediment and phos phorus t o La kes 

Michigan and S uperior—High flow and l ong-term average: J ournal of Great Lakes 

Research, vol. 23, p. 416–439.

1996

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M., and Magnuson, J.J., 1996, Evidence of recent 

warming and E l Nino-related variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes: Limnology 

and Oceanography, vol. 41, p. 815–821.

Elder, J .F. and G oddard, G .L., 1996, S ediment and nut rient t rapping efficiency of a 

constructed w etland near D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin, 1993 –1995: U .S. G eological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS–232–96.

Garn, H.S., Olson, D.L., Seidel, T.L., and Rose, W.J., 1996, Hydrology and water quality 

of Lau derdale Lak es, Walworth C ounty, Wisconsin, 1993 –94: U .S. G eological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4235, 29 p.

Hunt, R.J. and K rohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytical element model to 

investigate gr oundwater-lake i nteractions at P retty Lak e, Wisconsin: Lak e and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 12, p. 487–495.

Imberger, J ., R obertson, D .M., and B oland, K ., 1996, Lak e N umber—A q uantitative 

indicator of mixing to be used in water quality management: Scientific Impeller, 

Solna, Sweden, no. 4, p. 9–15.

Kammerer, P .A., J r., 19 96, H ydrology and w ater quality o f P ark L ake, S outh-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–197–96.

Robertson, D .M., Fi eld, S .J, E lder, J .F., Goddard, G.L., and J ames, W.F., 199 6, 

Phosphorus dy namics of D elavan Lak e I nlet i n s outheastern Wisconsin: U .S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4160, 18 p.
132

1995

Assel, R.A. and R obertson, D.M. 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake 

Michigan dur ing 1851 –1993, as det ermined from r egional l ake-ice r ecords: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p 165–176.

Assel, R .A., R obertson, D .M., H off, M .H., a nd S elgeby, J .H., 1 995, Climatic-change 

implications f rom long-term ( 1823–1994) i ce r ecords nea r t he Lau rentian G reat 

Lakes: Annals of Glaciology, vol. 21, p. 383–386.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the 

chemistry of a s eepage lake: Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 2295–

2305.

Krohelski, J.T. and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the hydrologic budget of 

Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–

348, 22 p.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hy drologic and 

biogeochemical responses of a s oft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 199–212.

1994

Elder, J.F., 1994, Distribution and grain-size partitioning of metals in bottom sediments 

of an experimentally acidified lake: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 251–

259.

Goddard, G.L., and Fi eld, S .J., 1994 , H ydrology and w ater q uality o f Whitewater and 

Rice Lak es i n s outheastern Wisconsin, 1990 –91: U .S. Geological S urvey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4101, 36 p.

Greb, S.R., and Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemical budgets, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., RILWAS 

1983–86: W isconsin Regional I ntegrated La ke Watershed A cidification S tudy, 

Volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, Chapter 7, 20 p.

Hurley, J .P., K rabbenhoft, D .P., B abiarz, C .L., and A ndren, A .W., 1994, C ycling 

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Intergration and Synthesis, Lewis Pub., Chelsea, MI., p 153–177.

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Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., and Rose, W.J., 1994, Hydrology, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

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1993

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: 

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Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91–4107, 61 p.

House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on 

water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 92–4029, 10 p.

House, L.B., Waschbusch, R.J., and Hughes, P.E., 1993, Water quality of an urban wet 

detention pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987–88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93–172, 57 p.

Hughes, P.E., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of 

Fowler Lak e, Wisconsin: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources I nvestigations 

Report 91–4076, 44 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, H ydrology o f Li ttle R ock La ke i n V ilas C ounty, nor th-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93–4139, 

22 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993 , Water and phos phorus bud gets and trophic state, Balsam La ke, 

northwestern W isconsin, 1987 –1989: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91–4125, 28 p.

1992

Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P, and Walker, J .F., 1992, Water, energy, and 

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92–48, 15 p.
134

Krabbenhoft, D .P., and B abiarz, C .L., 1992, R ole of groundwater t ransport i n aq uatic 

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Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Krohelski, J.T., 1992, Data on water quality, lake sediment, and 

lake-level fluctuation, St. Croix Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981–87: U.S. 

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detect historical and future climatic changes: Climatic Change, v. 21, p. 407–427.

1991

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1991, Hydrology of Lakes Clara and Vandercook in northcentral Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

89–4204, 24 p.

Watras, C .J., A ndre, A .W., B loom, N .S., Fi tzgerald, W.F., H urley, J .P., K rabbenhoft, 

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Pre-1990

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Wentz, D .A., and R ose, W.J., 1989 , Interrelationships am ong hy drologic-budget 

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and Goldstein, R.A., 1987, Hydrologic and c hemical budgets of Wisconsin lakes, In

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135

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Winnebago P ool, Wisconsin: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

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Wingra, M adison, Wisconsin, 1971 –77: U .S. Geological S urvey W ater-Resources 

Investigations 79–100, 31 p.

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Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–18, 35 p.

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basin, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 17–75, 31 p.

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Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 9 p.
136

APPENDIX

Wisconsin Lakes Team

Quality-Assurance Plan

Most lake studies that are conducted by the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center 

include water sampling and analysis to determine water quality and biological 

productivity. Because all sampling and analyses are subject to possible biases and

variablility, rigorous sampling efforts should include quality-assurance samples. Studies 

conducted by the Lake Studies Team of the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center

include a quality-assurance plan each year that involves collecting three types of 

samples from a subset of the lakes studied each year, which include blanks, replicates, 

and spikes. These samples are collected and/or prepared solely for the purpose of

assessing the magnitude of potential biases and variability so that the accuracy and

precision of all data can be evaluated. The plan for this quality-assurance sampling is

described below.

Three types of QA/QC samples are collected:

Blanks: 

Provide information about accuracy and potential biases due to treatment or reagents

Replicates: 

Provide information about precision (variability)

Standard additions (spikes): 

Provide information about accuracy and matrix interferences

Blank Sampling

B1. A preservation blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water, to which 

is added any reagents or preservatives that are normally added to natural water 

samples. The blank is not taken to the field, but is shipped to the laboratory for analysis 

along with the natural water samples.

This blank sample is analyzed for the Nutrient Group1 and chlorophyll-a.

B2. A field blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water treated exactly 

the same as regular samples. Typically, during winter, the field blank is analyzed for total 

phosphorus (TP) only; during summer, it is analyzed for TP and chlorophyll-a, and in the 

spring it is analyzed for the Nutrient Group and chlorophyll-a.

------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Nutrient Group = all phosphorus and nitrogen species that are commonly determined in

lakes (total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen)
137

Replicate Sampling

Triplicate samples are taken near water surface in summer for analysis of total 

phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. For a portion of the sites where surface triplicates 

are collected, a set of triplicate samples is also sometimes taken from nearbottom water, for analysis of total phosphorus.

Triplicate samples collected in the spring are taken near the water surface for 

analysis of the Nutrient Group.

Standard Addition Testing

Replicate samples are collected for a standard addition (spike) test, which

consists of an addition of a prepared phosphorus solution (standard) of known 

volume and concentration, such that the expected result of analysis is the natural 

water TP concentration plus the known addition. One sample from each set

receives no spike (the mean of these gives the natural water TP concentration). 

Data and results of replicate sampling and field blank testing in water year 2009

are shown in Table A1.
138

Table A1. Analyses of replicate samples from Wisconsin lakes in water years 2005-2009. See text for procedures used. Phosphorus

data in milligrams per liter; chlorophyll data in micrograms per liter. Symbol "<" indicates less than given detection limit (DL); mean and

standard deviation not calculated for datasets containing values less than DL. 

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 0.015 0.015 0.009 0.013 0.003 26.6

Delavan 8/16/05 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.029 0.003 8.6

Middle 8/25/05 0.014 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.002 13.9

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 0.309 0.310 0.313 0.311 0.002 0.7

Upper Nemahbin 8/24/05 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.039 0.023 0.022 0.010 43.5

Big Cedar 8/30/06 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.002 4.5

Delavan 6/13/06 0.062 0.045 0.054 0.012 22.5

Delavan 8/15/06 0.030 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.028 0.002 6.0

Beulah 8/30/07 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.001 8.8

Delavan 4/16/07 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.001 3.6

Spring 9/6/07 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.001 9.4

Beulah 3/4/08 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.001 6.7

Beulah 8/26/08 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 6.1

Beulah 2/23/09 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.0

Delavan 9/15/09 0.035 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.002 7.1

Wind 7/11/05 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Wind 7/10/06 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 3/4/08 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 70.7

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 2/23/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/24/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/30/07 0.170 0.190 0.180 0.014 7.9

Beulah 3/4/08 0.083 0.046 0.065 0.026 40.6

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.015 <0.015

Beulah 2/23/09 0.211 0.204 0.208 0.005 2.4

Beulah 8/24/09 0.032 0.035 0.034 0.002 6.3

Beulah 8/30/07 0.510 0.420 0.465 0.064 13.7

Beulah 3/4/08 0.570 0.450 0.510 0.085 16.6

Beulah 8/26/08 0.530 0.580 0.555 0.035 6.4

Beulah 2/23/09 0.660 0.690 0.675 0.021 3.1

Beulah 8/24/09 0.160 0.530 0.345 0.262 75.8

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 3/4/08 0.675 0.670 0.673 0.004 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 2/23/09 0.673 0.721 0.697 0.034 4.9

Beulah 8/24/09 0.074 0.073 0.074 0.001 1.0

Big Cedar, South 7/19/05 3.13 3.10 2.63 2.95 0.28 9.49

Middle 8/25/05 4.45 4.48 4.82 4.70 4.40 4.58 0.21 4.48

Puckaway, West 7/18/05 174.00 178.00 168.00 173.33 5.03 2.90

Big Cedar, South 8/29/06 8.02 7.56 8.20 7.93 0.33 4.16

Beulah 8/30/07 4.05 3.78 3.92 0.19 4.88

Spring 9/6/07 2.47 2.79 2.63 0.23 8.60

Beulah 8/26/08 6.97 7.45 7.21 0.34 4.71

Beulah 2/23/09 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 2.66 2.90 2.78 0.17 6.1

Delavan 9/15/09 10.80 10.10 9.8 10.23 0.51 5.0

Beulah 8/30/07 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 3/4/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Replicate Data

Total Phosphorus, near 

bottom

 Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll-a 

(micrograms per liter)

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Dissolved Ammonia

Dissolved Nitrate plus 

Nitrite

 Dissolved Phosphorus

Turbidity, NTU
139

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 42.8 41 41.9 1.273 3.0

Beulah 3/4/08 62.8 62.5 62.65 0.212 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 47.9 47.6 47.75 0.212 0.4

Beulah 2/23/09 63 63.8 63.4 0.566 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 41.7 41.9 41.8 0.141 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 32.7 31.2 31.95 1.061 3.3

Beulah 3/4/08 35.6 35.5 35.55 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/26/08 32.8 32.5 32.65 0.212 0.6

Beulah 2/23/09 34.7 35.1 34.9 0.283 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 31.2 31.3 31.25 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/30/07 1.5 1.4 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 3/4/08 1.8 1.9 1.85 0.071 3.8

Beulah 8/26/08 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 8.8 8.5 8.65 0.212 2.5

Beulah 3/4/08 9.9 10 9.95 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/26/08 9 8.9 8.95 0.071 0.8

Beulah 2/23/09 9.7 9.8 9.75 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 8.6 8.7 8.65 0.071 0.8

Beulah 8/30/07 192 193 192.5 0.707 0.4

Spring 9/6/07 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.141 2.2

Beulah 3/4/08 245 244 244.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 219 218 218.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 258 256 257 1.414 0.6

Beulah 8/24/09 209 209 209 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 20.3 20.4 20.35 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 23.5 23.7 23.6 0.141 0.6

Beulah 8/26/08 21 20.9 20.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 23 22.9 22.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/24/09 21.6 21.4 21.5 0.141 0.7

Beulah 8/30/07 15.2 15.3 15.25 0.071 0.5

Spring 9/6/07 0.105 0.111 0.108 0.004 3.9

Beulah 3/4/08 15.3 15.2 15.25 0.071 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 14.8 15 14.9 0.141 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 11.3 11.3 11.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 26.1 26.2 26.15 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/26/08 26.3 26.3 26.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 30.5 30.8 30.65 0.212 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 27.7 27.8 27.75 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 <100 <100

Beulah 3/4/08 <100 <100

Beulah 8/26/08 <100 <100

Beulah 2/23/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/24/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 302 298 300 2.83 0.9

Beulah 2/23/09 350 346 348 2.83 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 312 312 312 0.00 0.0

Dissolved Calcium

Diss. Magnesium

Diss. Potassium

Dissolved Sodium

Diss. Manganese

Dissolved Solids

Replicate Data

ANC as CaCO3

Diss. Chloride

Dissolved Silica

Dissolved Sulfate

Dissolved Iron
140

Table A2. Data from tests of blanks, 2005-2009. All data in milligrams per liter, unless otherwise indicated.

< = less than given detection limit; E = estimated value.

Delavan Lake. Analyses at USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Lakewood, CO. 

Parameter 4/7/06 6/13/06 8/14/06 4/16/07 9/14/09

Total P < 0.004 E 0.002 < 0.004 <0.004 <0.008

Dissolved orthophosphate <0.006 <0.006 E0.003 <0.006 <0.008

Chlorophyll a < 0.0260 < 0.0260 <0.260

Chlorophyll b

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N)

Ammonia (as N)

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N)

Lake Beulah at Deep Hole near East Troy, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07 2/27/08 8/26/08 2/22/09 8/20/09

Total P <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Dissolved orthophosphate 0.005 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002

Total Kjeldahl <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14

Dissolved Ammonia <0.15 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015

Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 --- <0.260 <0.260 <0.260

Dissolved Calcium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Magnesium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Potassium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Sodium 0.200 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

ANC as CaCO3 <2 3 <2 <2 <2

Dissolved Chloride <1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Silica <0.22 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022

Dissolved Sulfate <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5

Dissolved Iron <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

Dissolved Manganese <0.5 <0.5 <100 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Solids --- --- <50 <50 <50

Turbidity, NTU --- <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Rolling Stone Lake near Pickerel, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07

Total P <0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

ANC as CaCO3 2

Dissolved Silica <0.022

Wind Lake at Wind Lake, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 6/13/06

Total P < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

Silver Lake near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/31/09

Total P < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260
141

Table A3. Data (for 2005-2009) from standard addition tests using stock solution 

containing 5.00 mg/L phosphorus. See text for detail of procedures. All concentration 

data in milligrams per liter.

Lake, Date

Original 

Sample 

Concentration

Stock Solution

Volume Added

(milliliters)

Final Expected 

Concentration

Actual 

Detected 

Concentration

Percent 

Recovery

Delavan, 

August 16, 

2005

0.029

0.029

0.188

0.75

0.036

0.059

0.037

0.063

103%

107%

No Spike data 

in 2006

No Spike data 

in 2007

No Spike data 

in 2008

No Spike data 

in 2009

Water-Quality and Lake-Stage 

Data for Wisconsin Lakes,

Water Year 2010

iv

CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1 

Methods of data collection ......................................................................................................................................... 4 

Explanation of physical and chemical characteristics of lakes ................................................................................ 13

Water temperature and thermal stratification.............................................................................................. 13

Specific conductance .................................................................................................................................. 14

Water clarity ................................................................................................................................................ 14

pH .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 

Dissolved oxygen ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Phosphorus ................................................................................................................................................. 16

Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................... 16

Chlorophyll a ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Classification of lakes............................................................................................................................................... 17

References cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Lake data.................................................................................................................................................................. 22

Beulah

Deep Hole, 424840088241600 ............................................................... ............................................ 23

Station No. 2, 424929088231300............................................................ ............................................ 25

Big Cedar

North Site, near West Bend, 432409088151600.................................................................................. 27

South Site, near West Bend, 432224088154900................................................................................. 30

Delavan

near Delavan, 423706088363400 ........................................................................................................ 33

Devils near Baraboo, 05404500 ................................................................................................................. 36

Geneva 

at Lake Geneva, 423525088260400 .................................................................................................... 38

West End, near Williams Bay, 423329088323300............................................................................... 40

Green

at County Trunk Highway A near Green Lake (East End), 434928088553601 ................................... 45

Deep Hole, 434756089020500............................................................................................................. 47

East End, 434928088570000............................................................................................................... 51

Inlet, Site 1, 435009088550100............................................................................................................ 55

Inlet, Site 2, 434948088552200............................................................................................................ 56

Kegonsa, 425715089164700...................................................................................................................... 57

Koshkonong near Newville, 05427235 ....................................................................................................... 59

Little Cedar

North Site, near West Bend, 432255088134700.................................................................................. 61

South Site, near West Bend, 432249088134500................................................................................. 64

Mendota at Madison, 05428000 ................................................................................................................. 67

Middle Genesee at Genesee Lake Road, near Oconomowoc, 430251088284700 ................................... 68

Monona at Madison, 05429000 .................................................................................................................. 69

Oconomowoc

No. 1 (Center) at Oconomowoc, 430551088273500 ........................................................................... 71

No. 2 (off Hewitt Point) at Oconomowoc, 430609088262200 .............................................................. 74

Okauchee

Deep Hole, 430723088252100............................................................................................................. 77

No. 1, Crane’s Nest Bay, 430759088244200....................................................................................... 80

No. 2, Lower Okauchee, 430645088264500........................................................................................ 82

No. 3, Ice House Bay, 430642088252400 ........................................................................................... 84

No. 4, Crazyman’s Island, 430757088261700 ..................................................................................... 86

Powers at Powers Lake, 423246088175800 .............................................................................................. 88

Turtle-Flambeau Flowage

Deep Hole, 460458090102700............................................................................................................. 91

Southwest Basin, 460344090124800................................................................................................... 93
v 

Lake Bastine, 460511090153800......................................................................................................... 95

Townline Lake, 460409090084100 ...................................................................................................... 97

Trude Lake, 460646090091900 ........................................................................................................... 99

Waubesa, 05429485................................................................................................................................. 101

Wind, Headwater, at Outlet at Wind Lake, 424848088083100 ................................................................ 104 

at Wind Lake, 424915088083900 ...................................................................................................... 106 

Winnebago

at Oshkosh, 04082500 ....................................................................................................................... 111

near Stockbridge, 04084255 .............................................................................................................. 114

Wisconsin Water Science Center publications pertaining to lakes........................................................................ 116

Appendix - Quality-Assurance/Quality-Control Plan .............................................................................................. 128

FIGURE

Figure 1. Map showing location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin ....................... 2 

TABLES

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations ....................................................................................................................... 5

 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical

 parameters commonly measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water-Quality 

 Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH)........................................ 12

 
vi 

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply By To Obtain

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

pound (lb) 453.6 gram

acre 0.4048 hectare

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

meter (m) 3.281 foot

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

Temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following 

equation

°F = 1.8(°C) + 32

Sea level: In this report “sea level” refers to either the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 

of 1929)–a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the 

United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929– or the North American Vertical 

Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). 

Abbreviated water-quality units: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric 

units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). 

Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight 

(milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 

one milligram per liter. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical 

values for concentrations expressed as mg/L and μg/L are the same as for concentrations in parts per 

million and parts per billion, respectively.

Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius 

(μS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter (mmho/cm) at 25 degrees Celsius, formerly 

used by the U.S. Geological Survey.
1 

WATER-QUALITY AND LAKE-STAGE DATA

FOR WISCONSIN LAKES, WATER YEAR 2010

By Wisconsin Water Science Center

Lake-Studies Team

INTRODUCTION

The U .S. Geological S urvey ( USGS), i n c ooperation w ith l ocal and other a gencies, 

collects dat a at s elected l akes t hroughout Wisconsin. T hese dat a, ac cumulated ov er m any 

years, pr ovide a dat a base for developing an i mproved under standing of t he water quality of 

lakes. T o m ake these dat a av ailable t o i nterested par ties out side t he U SGS, t he dat a ar e 

published annually in this report series. The locations of water-quality and lake-stage stations in 

Wisconsin for water year 2010 are shown in figure 1. A water year is the 12-month period from 

October 1 through September 30. It is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, 

the period October 1, 2009 through September 30, 2010 is called “water year 2010.”

The purpose of this report is to provide information about the chemical and physical 

characteristics of Wisconsin lakes. Data that have been collected at specific lakes, and 

information to aid in the interpretation of those data, are included in this report. Data collected 

include m easurements of in-lake water quality and l ake stage. Time series of Secchi dept hs, 

surface total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations collected during non-frozen periods 

are included for all lakes. Graphs of vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and 

specific conductance are included for sites where these parameters were measured. Descriptive 

information for each lake includes: location of the lake, area of the lake’s watershed, period for 

which dat a ar e av ailable, r evisions t o pr eviously publ ished r ecords, a nd per tinent remarks. 

Additional data, such as streamflow and water quality in tributary and outlet streams of some of 

the lakes, are published in another volume: “Water Resources Data-Wisconsin, 2010."

Water-resources da ta, i ncluding stage and discharge data at most s treamflow-gaging 

stations, are available through the W orld W ide W eb on the Internet. The W isconsin W ater 

Science C enter’s hom e pag e i s at ht tp://wi.water.usgs.gov/. I nformation on t he Wisconsin 

Water S cience C enter’s Lak es P rogram i s f ound at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/lakes/index.html 

and http://wi.water.usgs.gov/projects/index.html. 

 
2 

WINNE CALUMET -

B A G O

JUNE AU

A D A M S

WAUSHAR A

MON R O E LA CROSSE GREEN

LAKE

MARQUETTE

FON D D U L AC SHEBOYGAN

VERNO N

COLUMBI A

S A U K

DODG E

OZ AUKE E

WASHIN G

- TO N

RICHLAN D

CRAWFORD

D A N E

GRAN T

MILWAUKEE

I O W A

WAUKESHA JEFFERSON

R A CIN E

GREE N L A FAYETT E R O C K WALWORTH

KENOSH A

B R O W N

DOUGLA S

VILA S

B URNET T

WASHBURN

S A WYE R

FORES T

FLORENC E

PRIC E ONEI D A

MARINETT E

POL K

BAR R O N R U S K

LINCOL N

LANGLAD E

OCON T O

T A YLO R

DOO R

CHIPPE W A S T . C R O I X

DUN N

MENOMINE E

MAR A THO N

CLAR K

S H A W A N O PIERC E E A U CLAIR E

KEWAUNEE

PEPI N

PO RTAG E WAUPACA B U F F A L O W O O D

TREMPEA

-LEAU

J A CKSO N

OUTAGAMIE

MANITOWOC

B A YFIEL D

ASHLAN D

I R O N

LittleCedar

Delavan

Green

Wind

MiddleGenesee

Oconomowoc

Okauchee

EXPLANATION

Lake name

Lake-stage station

Lake water-quality

and stage station

Note: at some lakes more than one

site may be monitored.

Green

Geneva

Winnebago

Devils

Mendota

Monona

Waubesa

Kegonsa

Koshkonong

Turtle-Flambeau

Flowage

0

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

20 40 60 MILES

44°

45°

43°

46°

92°

91°

90°

89°

88°

87°

Powers

Figure 1. Location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin.

Big Cedar

Beulah
3 

The U SGS has done c ooperative l ake monitoring with l ocal and ot her agencies since 

1983. Cooperators in 2010 included:

Big Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Dane County

Delavan Lake Sanitary District

Geneva Lake Environmental Agency

Green Lake Sanitary District

Iron County Land & Water Conservation Department

Lake Beulah Management District

Little Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Middle Genesee Lake District

Okauchee Lake Management District

Powers Lake District

Rock County Public Works Department

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Village of Oconomowoc Lake

Wind Lake Management District

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
4 

Lake data-collection sites are identified by a unique identification number. Lake waterquality s ites ar e i dentified by a 15 -digit nu mber t hat i s a c oncatenation o f t he site’s l atitude, 

longitude, and a t wo-digit s equence num ber. The sequence nu mber is us ed t o di stinguish 

between sites located at the same latitude-longitude designation. The site identification number 

is per manently as signed t o t he s ite; ac tual l atitude and l ongitude o f t he s ite ar e s ubject t o 

update and are stored separately. For some lakes, which have historical records of lake stage, 

an eight-to-ten digit number is assigned according t o downstream or der. G aps ar e left in t he 

numerical series to allow f or new stations; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The first 

two digits of the complete eight-to-ten digit number, such as 04087000 or 054310157, designate 

the major river basin. For example, “04” designates the St. Lawrence River Basin and “05” 

designates the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

The water-quality lake stations that were discontinued prior to water year 2010 are listed 

in table 1. Discontinued lake-stage stations are not included in this table.

This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by a number of people who collected, 

compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the 

report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein 

is accurate, complete, and adheres to USGS policy and established guidelines. Technicians in 

charge of the field offices are: B.W. Olson (Merrill), and S.A. March (Middleton). The data were 

collected and pr ocessed by G.L. G oddard, S.B. Manteufel, B .W. Olson, D .L. Ol son, P.C. 

Reneau, J.G. Schuler, Z.T. Scott, B.J. Siebers and E.F. Younger. S.B. Manteufel assembled, 

edited, and formatted the report. Additional assistance in preparation of the report was provided 

by M.M. Greenwood, and D.L. Olson. 

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Depth pr ofiles o f w ater t emperature, di ssolved oxygen, pH , and s pecific c onductance 

were c ollected us ing multi-parameter meters. Prior to measurements, the meters were 

calibrated using standards for pH and conductance, and dissolved oxygen was calibrated using 

the ai r c alibration m ethod. G enerally, f ield m easurements i n pr ofiles w ere m ade at 0. 5-m 

intervals i f t he m aximum dep th o f the l ake w as 5 m o r l ess and a t 1. 0-m i ntervals if t he 

maximum depth was greater than 5 m.
5 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Alma Lake near St. Germain 455426089254700 Oct. 1984–Sept. 1990,

May 1992–Sept.1996

Balsam Lake, off Cedar Island, at Balsam Lake 452755092264600 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Little Narrows, near Balsam Lake 452858092265300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Rock Island, near Balsam Lake 452754092234300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

Balsam Lake near Birchwood 453907091345800 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Bass Lake near Shawano 445215088300300 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Bear Lake at Deep Hole near Haugen 453754091490900 Mar. 1992–Aug. 1993

Beaver Dam Lake, South end, at Beaver Dam 432814088515000 June–Oct. 1991

 North end, near Beaver Dam 433122088545700 June–Oct. 1991

Benedict Lake near Powers Lake 423201088180800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Big Blacksmith Lake near Keshena 445401088334500 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Big Hills (Hills) Lake near Wild Rose

 

440912089092000 June 1983–Aug. 1984,

Feb.–Aug. 1987, 

Feb.–Aug. 1990, 

Feb.–Aug. 1993,

Feb.–Aug. 1996,

Feb.–Aug. 1999

Big Muskego Lake, at North Site, near Muskego 425301088061300 Feb.–Aug. 1988

 Research Base, near Muskego 425235088075300 May–June 1994

Big Round Lake near Milltown 453142092180100 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big St. Germain Lake, near St. Germain 455557089311000 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

 near Lake Tomahawk 05390750 1991–2001

Big Sand Lake, Deep Hole, near Hertel 454910092134000 Feb.–Sept. 2001

 East Site, near Hertel 454921092124300 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big Sissabagama Lake, near Stone Lake 454724091303600 Apr. 1986–Sept. 1996,

Oct. 1997–Sept. 2002

 North Site, near Stone Lake 454800091312900 Mar. 1998–Sept. 2001

Booth Lake near East Troy 424800088254800 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1994,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

Buffalo Lake, Center Site, at Packwaukee 434558089260600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 East End, at Montello 434720089201600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 West End, near Endeavor 434414089282400 May 1998–Sept. 2001
6 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Butternut Lake, near Park Falls 455854090310300 Oct. 2002–Oct. 2004

 Deep Hole, near Park Falls 455803090310800 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 North Site, near Butternut 455904090303400 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 Far South Site, near Park Falls 455651090312700 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

Delavan Lake, Center, at Delavan 423556088365001 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

 North end, near Lake Lawn 423659088354401 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

 SW end, near Delavan 423526088380101 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

Denoon Lake at Wind Lake 425044088100300 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Druid Lake near Hartford 431643088243300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake near Kansasville 05544500 1936–64, 1975–77, 

1979,

Feb. 1993–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake, at Deep Hole, near Kansasville

 

424207088072400 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1996

Eagle Spring Lake at Eagleville 425103088261500 Apr. 1991–Sept. 2001

Elizabeth Lake near Twin Lakes 423051088155300 Feb. 1995–Sept. 1997

Fish Lake near Sauk City 05406050 Nov. 1966–Sept. 1981,

Apr. 1985–May 1987,

May 1988, Apr. 1989–

Oct. 1990, Oct. 1990–

Nov. 1996, Nov. 1996–

Sept. 2004

Fowler Lake, Center, at Oconomowoc 430653088294601 Jan.–Dec. 1984,

Oct. 1986–Sept. 1996

Fox Lake Deep Hole at Fox Lake 433458088560600 June 1991–Mar. 1993

Geneva Lake, Geneva Bay, at Lake Geneva 423455088263800 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Williams Bay, at Williams Bay 423420088320500 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Center, near Lake Geneva 423402088301400 Apr. 1997–Mar. 1999

 East End, near Lake Geneva 423421088272300 Apr. 1997–May 2000

Hemlock Lake near Mikana 453421091333700 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Hooker Lake at Salem 423335088060300 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1993

Kawaguesaga, Deep Hole, near Minocqua 455208089435800 May–Sept. 2003

 South Site, near Minocqua 455145089442600 May–Sept. 2003

Kirby Lake near Cumberland 453554092042101 Nov. 1995–Oct. 1996

 (Site 1) near Cumberland 453608092035801 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 2) near Cumberland 453601092035301 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996
7 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 (Site 3) near Cumberland 453612092034901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 4) near Cumberland 453603092035701 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 5) near Cumberland 453608092041201 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 6) near Cumberland 453555092040901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

Lac La Belle at Oconomowoc 430733088305900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985,

Apr. –Aug. 1991,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

 NW, at Oconomowoc 430809088313900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

 SE, at Oconomowoc 430707088301400 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

Lake Blass at Lake Delton 433545089482400 Mar. 1989–Aug. 1990

Lake Desair near Rice Lake 453446091465100 Aug. 2004

Lake Keesus, 

 East Bay, near Merton 430957088183400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 North Bay, near Merton 431006088191000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

Lake Morris at Mount Morris 440654089120500 Jun. 1983–Sept. 1989

Lake Nebagamon, Northeast Bay, at Lake 

Nebagamon

463050091412300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Southeast Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 462928091413500 Mar. 1992–Sept. 1995

 West Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 463034091425300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Lake Noquebay near Crivitz 451511087550900 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1988,

Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

 East End, near Crivitz 451540087525700 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

Lamotte Lake near Shawano 445305088361200 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Lauderdale Lakes at Lauderdale 

 Mill, at Lauderdale 

424554088332700

424555088335700

Oct. 1993–Oct. 1994

Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Green, Auxiliary, Number 1, near Lauderdale 424640088341900 June 1999–Sept. 2000

Green, near Lauderdale 424652088341500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Legend Lake (site 1) near Shawano 445342088312700 Feb. 1990–Feb. 1992

Little Arbor Vitae near Woodruff 455446089370300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 2002

Little Green Lake, at Center, near Markesan 434412088590700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 2003

Little Muskego Lake at Muskego 425425088083500 Oct. 1986–Aug. 2002

Little Rock Lake near Woodruff 455946089415702 Oct. 1983–Sept. 1996

Little St. Germain Lake, near Eagle River 05390700 (a)

 Upper East Bay, at St. Germain

 

455532089253900 Dec. 1996–Mar. 97,

Mar. 1999,

Mar. 2000–Aug. 2003
8 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 Northeast Bay, near St. Germain 455545089262500 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 South Bay, near St. Germain 455437089270800 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 West Bay, at St. Germain 455428089282400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

Little Sand Lake - Site No. 2 - near Mole Lake 452826088544101 May1996–Sept. 2003

Long (Kee Nong Go-Mong) Lake at Wind Lake 424937088103400 Feb. 1988–Aug. 1989,

Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Loon Lake near Shawano 445009088303700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

Lost Lake near Beaver Dam 432640088580500 June–Oct. 1991

McKenzie Lakes 

 McKenzie (Big McKenzie) 

 Deep Hole, near Spooner 455507092013500 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1998

 Northern Site, near Spooner 455540092022000 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 South Site, near Spooner 455437092022300 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Lower McKenzie, near Webb Lake 455902092011900 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Middle McKenzie, near Spooner 455635092021800 June 1997–Aug. 1998

Mary (Marie) Lake at Twin Lakes 423128088151200 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1997

Max Lake near Woodruff 460128089423501 Mar. 1988–Dec. 1996

Mead Lake, East Bay near Willard 444720090445000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 West Bay near Willard 444733090460100 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1995

Mercer Lake, Deep Hole, at Mercer 460937090033100 Mar. 2008–Sept. 2009

 West basin, at Mercer 460945090040600 Mar. 2008–Sept. 2009

Minocqua Lake

 Deep Hole, at Minocqua 455214089412800 May–Sept. 2003

 North Bay, at Minocqua 455232089424100 May–Sept. 2003

 South Bay, at Minocqua 455206089425200 May–Sept. 2003

Montello Lake at Montello 434748089195800 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1998

Moon Lake near St. Germain 455504089260500 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

Morgan Lake near Fence 454622088324801 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1998.

Moshawquit Lake near Shawano 445352088295800 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Muskego (Big Muskego)

 Auxiliary Number 1, near Muskego 425329088054000 June 1996–Aug. 2000

 Bass Bay, near Muskego 425344008807010 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002
9 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 near Wind Lake 425109088075000 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1989, 

Jan. 1991–Sept. 2002

 South Site, near Muskego 425212088072800 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002

Muskellunge Lake near Eagle River 455700089224900 June 2000–Aug. 2001

Muskellunge Lake, near Lake Outlet near Eagle 

River 

455706089232400 Nov. 2000–Oct. 2001

Nagawicka Lake, at Deep Hole, at Delafield 430417088230300 Feb. 2003–Sept. 2004

Namekagon Lakes

 Garden, near Cable 461224091033200 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Jackson, near Cable 461457091065900 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Namekagon

 Deep Hole, near Cable 461308091065100 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 East Basin, near Cable 461228091044300 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Northeast Basin, near Cable 461410091050700 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

Park Lake (site 1) at Pardeeville 433239089175800 Feb. 1986–Aug. 1987,

May–Nov. 1993

 (site 2) at Pardeeville 433226089175500 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 3) at Pardeeville 433245089173000 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 4) at Pardeeville 433257089165100 May–Nov. 1993

Pike Lake near Hartford 431916088200501 Dec. 1998–Dec. 2000

Pike Lake-QW Site-near Hartford 431835088200600 Feb.–Aug. 2000

Potter Lake near Mukwonago 423246088175800 Feb. 1993–Sept. 2007

Pretty Lake, at Deep Hole, near Dousman 425722088295000 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1997

Puckaway Lake, West Basin, near Marquette 434515089124000 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 East Basin, near Marquette 43454208907300 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 River site, near Marquette 434824089083200 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

Red Cedar Lake, at Mikana 453522091360600 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Oct. 2000–Sept. 2001

 Deep Hole, near Mikana 453725091345100 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

 South End, at Mikana 453519091352500 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

Rice Lake at Deep Hole near Whitewater 424629088415700 Apr.–Nov. 1991

Round Lake near Shawano 445328088335000 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Sand Lake (Deep Hole) near Keshena 445321088323101 June–Aug. 1992
10

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Shell Lake at Shell Lake 05334000 Aug. 1936–Sept. 1999

Silver Lake near Oconomowoc 430436088293300 Apr. 1992–Aug. 1996

Silver Lake near West Bend 432322088125000 Feb. 1996–Aug. 1997

Feb. 2009–Aug. 2009

Sinissippi Lake, off Anthony Is., at Hustisford 432113088361100 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Butternut Is., near Hustisford 432240088363900 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Sam Point, near Hustisford 432300088374200 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

Spirit Lake near Keshena 445400088320100 Apr.–Aug. 1992

Spooner Lake, Deep Hole, near Spooner

 

455034091493300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

 Southeast Site, near Spooner 454945091483900 June 2002–Aug. 2004

Stewart Lake at Mt. Horeb 430117089442701 May 1992–Sept. 1993

Tichigan Lake near Waterford 424854088123300 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996,

Apr. 2003–Aug. 2004

Tombeau Lake near Powers Lake 423153088184800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Turtle-Flambeau Flowage, Deep Hole, near 

Mercer

460458090102700 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 SW Basin, near Mercer 460344090124800 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Lake Bastine, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460511090153800 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Townline Lake, near Mercer 460409090084100 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Trude Lake, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460646090091900 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

Twin Lake, East Twin, near Westfield 435430089350700 June 2002–Aug. 2004

West Twin, near Westfield 435438089352300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

(a) Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. currently collects stage data for this site.

 

In most lakes, water samples were collected at two depths - near the surface and near 

the bottom. Chemical analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical 

methods by either the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (Wershaw and others, 1987; 

Fishman and Friedman, 1989; Fishman, 1993) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene 

(Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 1993). Analyses for dissolved constituents were 

performed on samples that were filtered in the field through a 0.45-mm (micrometer) pore-size 

filter. Total or total recoverable constituents were determined by analyzing unfiltered water 

samples. Preservation and shipment of samples followed standard protocols established by the 

laboratories. Water-quality data were archived in the Water Quality Data Base (QWDATA) of 

the National Water Information System (NWIS). Additional descriptive information about water-
11

quality data is available in the data report: "Water Resources Data – Wisconsin, 2010". NWIS 

parameter codes and minimum laboratory reporting levels for chemical constituents are given in 

table 2. The parameter code for turbidity has changed from 00076 to 63675 or 63676 because 

the method of testing has changed.

Records of lake stage are considered complete when one or more manual or automatic 

measurements were obtained per day. Partial records of lake stage result when measurements 

were less frequent than daily. A complete description of manual or automatic measurements of 

lake stage is described by Rantz and others (1982). 
12

 

Table 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical parameters commonly 

measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene (WSLH). 

(NWQL) (WSLH) 

Standard 

Analysis

Low-Level 

Analysis

Parameter Name Units

CAS 

Number1 

Parameter 

Code2 LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Test 

Code

Calcium, diss. (Ca) mg/L 7440-70-2 00915 0.020 659 0.002 1895 0.02 I230IUD

Magnesium, diss. (Mg) mg/L 7439-95-4 00925 0.004 663 0.001 1897 0.02 I390IUD

Sodium, diss. (Na) mg/L 7440-23-5 00930 0.09 675 0.025 1898 0.09 I80IUD

Potassium, diss. (K) mg/L 7440-09-7 00935 0.24 54 0.01 833 0.3 I540IUD

Sulfate, diss. (SO4) mg/L 14808-79-8 00945 0.31 1572 0.01 1263 1.0 I600DLD

Chloride, diss. (Cl) mg/L 16887-00-6 00940 0.29 1571 0.01 1259 0.1 I240ELD

Fluoride, diss. (F) mg/L 16984-48-8 00950 0.100 31 0.01 1260 0.03 I330FLD

Iron, diss. (Fe) (μg/L) 7439-89-6 01046 10 645 3 1896 10 I370IUD

Manganese, diss. (Mn) (μg/L) 7439-96-5 01056 2.2 648 1 1793 0.4 I400IUD

Silica, diss. (SiO2) mg/L 7631-86-9 00955 0.1 56 0.02 1899 0.008 I560LLD

Nitrogen, NO2+NO3, 

diss. mg/L -- 00631 0.05 1975 0.005 1979 0.01 I460MLD

Nitrogen, ammonia, 

diss. mg/L 7664-41-7 00608 0.02 1976 0.002 1980 0.013 I440NLD

Nitrogen, amm.+org., 

total4 mg/L 17778-88-0 00625 0.100 1985 -- -- 0.2 I470BLT

Nitrogen, 

amm.+org.,diss. mg/L -- 00623 -- -- -- -- -- I470DLD

Nitrogen, total5 mg/L -- 00600 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen, dissolved mg/L -- 00602 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, total mg/L 7723-14-0 00665 0.05 1984 0.004 2333 0.005 I520PLT

Phosphorus, ortho, diss. mg/L 14265-44-2 00671 0.01 1262 0.002 1978 0.002 I530CLD

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 70953 0.1 586 -- -- -- --

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 32210 -- -- -- -- 0.26 I250UNF

 

1: CAS (Chemical Abstracting Services) number = unique identification for each constituent 

2: Parameter Code - unique number for storage of data in database

3: Calculated as difference between total ammonia + organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen

4: Also known as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 

5: Calculated as sum of TKN + Nitrogen as (NO2+NO3) 

 
13

EXPLANATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES 

Following are brief, generalized explanations of some of the common measurements of 

water q uality and s ome o f t he phy sical pr ocesses oc curring i n l akes that i nfluence these 

measures of water quality. More detailed explanations of water-quality data and lake processes 

are given by Wetzel (1983), Hem (1985), and Shaw and others (1993).

Water Temperature and Thermal Stratification

Water temperature in lakes is important because of its role in stratification and because 

of the temperature dependence of many chemical reactions and life processes of aquatic 

organisms. The extent of thermal stratification in lakes depends on the interaction between the 

lake’s shape, water clarity, solar heating, and wind-driven mixing. Complete mixing of the lake is 

usually in hibited by t hermal s tratification i n s ummer and by i ce c over i n w inter. Thermal 

stratification affects water quality and the distribution of organisms in the lake. Summer thermal 

stratification can occur in any lake, but in Wisconsin it commonly occurs in lakes deeper than 

about 6 m (Shaw and others, 1993).

 

 

The density of water increases with decreasing temperature down to a temperature of 

4°C, then decreases with decreasing temperature between 4°C and the freezing point of water 

(0°C). For a br ief period in the spring after the ice is out, water temperature is usually uniform 

through the ent ire w ater c olumn and w ind ac tion c auses t he l ake to mix c ompletely. T his 

process is known as “spring turnover.” As the lake absorbs the sun’s energy, the surface water 

becomes warmer and i ts density decreases, making it more resistant to complete mixing. The 

difference in density caused by different water temperatures can prevent warm and c old water 

from mixing. In m ost l akes, therefore, a dens ity “barrier” forms bet ween t he warmer s urface 

water (epilimnion) and the underlying colder water (hypolimnion). This barrier is often marked by 

a s harp t emperature gradient known as t he “ thermocline (metalimnion).” D uring the stratified 

summer period, these three distinct layers of lake water are often present. As the temperature 

difference between surface and deep w ater increases, this “stratified” condition stabilizes and 

can persist until surface temperatures decrease in the fall, which decreases the stability of the 

stratification. The mixing of the lake water in the fall is known as “fall turnover.” 
14

Thermal s tratification m ay al so oc cur under i ce c over i n t he winter. I n the w inter, t he 

coldest water (near 0°C) under the ice at the surface of the lake is less dense than water deeper 

in the lake with warmer temperatures.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current 

and is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Because conductance is 

temperature related, r eported v alues ar e nor malized at 25° C and ar e termed s pecific 

conductance. A s t he concentration o f di ssolved m inerals i ncreases, specific c onductance 

increases. D uring w inter and s ummer t hermal s tratification, concentrations o f di ssolved 

constituents near the lake bottom increase due t o the decomposition of materials settling from 

the epilimnion, or r elease of dissolved m aterials ( such as iron, manganese, and phos phorus) 

from t he bot tom sediments dur ing anox ic periods. Therefore, differences i n s pecific 

conductance with depth indicate differences in concentrations of dissolved solids.

Water Clarity

Water clarity, or transparency, is commonly measured using a Secchi disc. The range of 

depths within which photosynthetic activity occurs depends largely on depth of light penetration, 

which is influenced by water clarity. A Secchi disc, most commonly a 20-cm.-diameter disc with 

alternating black-and-white quadrants, is lowered to a depth at which it is no longer visible. This 

depth is referred to as the Secchi depth. Clarity can be reduced by algae, zooplankton, water 

color, and suspended sediment. Algae are often the most dominant influence on clarity in lakes 

and, therefore, Secchi depth is usually correlated with the algal abundance. Secchi depths are 

generally the least during summer when algal populations are largest.

pH

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. It is defined as the negative logarithm of 

hydrogen-ion concentration and v aries over a 14 -unit log scale, with a p H of 7 bei ng neutral. 

Values l ess t han 7 i ndicate ac idic c onditions; the l ower t he v alue, t he s tronger t he ac idity. 

Values greater than 7 indicate alkaline conditions. The pH of water is influenced in part by 

photosynthesis and respiration of planktonic algae and aquatic plants. It is important because it 

affects the solubility of many chemical constituents, and because aquatic organisms have 
15

limited pH tolerances. Planktonic al gae and aq uatic pl ants pr oduce ox ygen and c onsume 

carbon dioxide as they photosynthesize during daytime; they consume oxygen and produce 

carbon dioxide when they respire at night. Carbon dioxide combines with the water molecule to 

form carbonic acid; therefore respiration causes a dec rease in pH at night and phot osynthesis 

during the day c auses an i ncrease i n pH . The result i s a dai ly c ycle i n pH . B ecause 

phytoplankton a re us ually c oncentrated i n t he near -surface w ater, c hanges i n pH i n the 

epilimnion are more extreme than in the hypolimnion, where less photosynthesis usually occurs.

Lakes having good fish populations and pr oductivity generally have a pH between 6.7 

and 8.2. V alues of pH greater than 8.5 have been shown to cause the release of phosphorus 

from lake sediments (James and Barko, 1991). 

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most critical factors affecting a lake ecosystem because 

it is essential to most aquatic organisms, and it is involved in many chemical reactions. Very 

low di ssolved oxygen c oncentrations can c ontrol s ome types of chemical reactions. T he 

solubility of ox ygen i n w ater i s i nversely r elated t o t emperature–that i s, ox ygen s olubility 

decreases as w ater temperature i ncreases. This r elation i s i mportant bec ause a t w armer 

temperatures the m etabolic r ate o f or ganisms i ncreases but l ess ox ygen i s av ailable f or 

respiration. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen are from the air and from photosynthesis. 

The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration specified in national water-quality criteria for early 

life stages of warmwater aquatic life is 5.0 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).

In early summer, if thermal stratification develops, the metalimnion restricts the surface 

supply of dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion. The hypolimnion can become isolated from the 

atmosphere. Thus, as summer progresses, the dissolved oxygen concentration can decrease in 

response to decomposition of dead algae that settle from the epilimnion and in response to the 

biological and c hemical ox ygen dem and o f t he s ediments. The ox ygen dem and from t hese 

processes may completely deplete the oxygen (anoxia) in the water near the lake bottom. The 

oxygen depletion then progresses upward but usually is confined to the hypolimnion. 

Anoxia i n t he hy polimnion i s c ommon i n stratified eu trophic ( nutrient-rich) la kes in 

Wisconsin. Complete anoxia, however, is often not detected because of meter constraints. 

During anox ic c onditions, m any aq uatic or ganisms c annot s urvive, but m any ot her s pecies 
16

(primarily bacteria) actually function only in such conditions. Therefore, a shift from oxic to 

anoxic conditions produces a rapid and dramatic change in the biological community and 

chemical env ironment. A noxia a lso c an c ause r elease o f phos phorus from the bot tom 

sediments. This phos phorus t hen mixes t hroughout t he w ater c olumn during s pring and fall 

turnover.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus i s one o f t he es sential nut rients for pl ant growth. H igh pho sphorus 

concentrations can cause dense algal populations (blooms) and can therefore be a major cause 

of eutrophication in lakes. When phosphorus concentrations exceed 0.025 mg/L at the time of 

spring overturn in lakes and reservoirs, these water bodies may occasionally experience excess 

or nuisance growth of a lgae or other aquatic plants (U.S. E nvironmental P rotection Agency,

1986). In many regions of the country, including the upper Midwest, other nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen, tend t o be i n abundant s upply. P hosphorus i s o ften the nut rient i n s hortest s upply, 

therefore l imiting or c ontrolling pl ant growth. A bout 90 per cent o f t he l akes i n Wisconsin ar e 

limited by phosphorus (Shaw and others, 1993). In water, dissolved orthophosphate is that part 

of total phosphorus that is most readily available for use by algae.

Internal phosphorus recycling occurs in many lakes. Phosphorus used by algae, aquatic 

plants, fish, and zooplankton is stored within these organisms. As these organisms die and 

decompose, t his phos phorus i s r eturned t o the l ake w ater and sediments. A noxia i n t he 

hypolimnion makes phosphorus more soluble, adding further to the release of phosphorus from 

the falling par ticles and the l ake s ediments. D uring spring and fall t urnover t he phos phorus, 

which w as r eleased f rom t he bot tom s ediments i nto t he hy polimnion dur ing anox ia, i s mixed 

throughout the lake. The phosphorus is then available for algal growth. These phenomena are 

part of the internal-recycling processes of lakes.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, is an e ssential nutrient for plant and al gal growth. Usually in 

Wisconsin l akes, ni trogen i s i n abundant supply f rom t he a tmosphere and ot her s ources. If 

phosphorus i s abundant r elative t o al gal needs , ni trogen c an bec ome the l imiting nut rient. I n 

that c ase, al gal bl ooms ar e m ore l ikely t o be t riggered by i ncreases i n n itrogen than by 

increases in phosphorus. Some bluegreen algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 
17

(Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, in situations where other types of algae are excluded because of a 

shortage of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae have a competitive advantage and may

be present in abundance.

Lakes with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio larger than 15 to 1 near the surface may 

generally be considered phosphorus limited; a ratio from 10 to 1 to 15 to 1 indicates a transition 

situation; and a ratio smaller than 10 to 1 generally indicates nitrogen limitation. Total nitrogen is 

the s um of a mmonia, or ganic ni trogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen. The nea r-surface 

concentration i s c ommonly us ed t o c ompute the t otal ni trogen t o ph osphorus r atio bec ause 

most algal species grow near the lake surface.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in algae (Wetzel, 1983) and other green 

plants. Its concentration, therefore, is commonly used as a m easure of the density of the algal 

population in a l ake. Chlorophyll a concentrations ar e generally highest during summer when 

algal populations are highest. Moderate populations of desirable algae are important in the food 

chain; however, excessive populations or algal blooms are undesirable. Algal blooms can cause 

taste and odo r pr oblems, and l imit l ight pene tration needed t o s upport g rowth o f s ubmerged 

aquatic plants. Certain species of bluegreen algae can pr oduce toxins ( Rapavich and ot hers, 

1987).

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES

Two methods are commonly used to classify and evaluate Wisconsin lakes according to 

their water quality or trophic state: Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water-quality index and Carlson’s 

(1977) trophic state i ndex ( TSI). In p revious USGS data reports, a modification o f Carlson’s 

trophic state index for Wisconsin lakes by Lillie and others (1993) had been used; however, this 

approach did not properly classify oligotrophic and highly euthrophic lakes and, therefore, was 

discontinued. 
18

Lillie and Mason’s ( 1983) w ater q uality indices f or Wisconsin l akes were dev eloped 

based on summer measurements o f t otal phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, and 

Secchi depth from a random set of lakes in Wisconsin. These data were used to classify the 

lakes’s water quality as shown below:

Water-quality index

Total phosphorus 

range (mg/L)

Chlorophyll a range 

(μg/L)

Water clarity range 

(Secchi depth, in 

meters)

“Excellent” <0.001 <1.0 >6.0

“Very good” .001-.009 1.0-4.9 3.0-6.0

“Good” .010-.029 5.0-9.9 2.0-2.9

“Fair” .030-.049 10.0-14.9 1.5-1.9

“Poor” .050-.149 15.0-30.0 1.0-1.4

“Very poor” >.150 >30.0 <1.0

Carlson’s (1977) TSI approach to lake classification assigns numerical ranges to the 

three t rophic conditions generally used to describe the wide range of lake water-quality 

conditions. Oligotrophic l akes a re typically clear, al gal popul ations and phos phorus 

concentrations are low, and t he deepest water is likely to contain oxygen throughout the year. 

Mesotrophic lakes typically have a moderate supply of nutrients, experience moderate algal 

blooms, and have occasional oxygen depletions at depth. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with 

relatively s evere water-quality pr oblems, s uch as frequent seasonal a lgal bl ooms, ox ygen

depletion i n l ower par ts o f the l akes, and poo r c larity. When e utrophic c onditions ar e v ery 

severe, the lake is considered hypereutrophic. 

Carlson’s ( 1977) TSI v alues ar e al so bas ed on near -surface total p hosphorus and 

chlorophyll a concentrations, and Secchi dept hs. The i ndices w ere dev eloped t o pl ace t hese 

three characteristics on similar scales to allow comparison of different lakes. TSI values based 

on phosphorus concentrations (TSIP), Secchi depths (TSISD), and chlorophyll a concentrations 

(TSIC) typically are computed only for measurements collected during the open-water period.

TSI values for a lake can be calculated using the following equations (Carlson, 1977):
19

TSIP = 4.15 + 14.42 x (ln [total phosphorus concentration x 1,000])

TSISD = 60.0 – 14.41 x (ln Secchi depth)

TSIC = 30.6 + 9.81 x (ln chlorophyll a concentration)

where: total phosphorus is in milligrams per liter, 

Secchi depth is in meters, and

chlorophyll a is in micrograms per liter.

The t hree m ain t rophic conditions ar e de fined with t he f ollowing boundar ies f or t otal 

phosphorus, Secchi disc, and chlorophyll a: 

Trophic level Trophic State 

Index

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L) Secchi depth (m) Chlorophyll a(μg/L)

Eutrophic

----------------------- ---------50---------- -------0.024-------- ---------2.0--------- ---------7.2---------

Mesotrophic

----------------------- ---------40---------- -------0.012-------- ---------4.0--------- ---------2.6---------

Oligotrophic
20

REFERENCES CITED

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, March, v.

22, no. 2, p. 361-369.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water

Quality Laboratory–Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and

fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic

substances in water and fluvial sediments (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques

of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd

ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

James, W.F., and Barko, J.W., 1991, Littoral-pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime

convective circulation: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 5, p. 946-960.

Lillie, R.A., Graham, S., and Rasmussen, P., 1993, Trophic-State Index equations and regional

predictive equations for Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Research Management Findings No. 35, 4 p.

Lillie, R.A., and Mason, J.W., 1983, Limnological characteristics of Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 138, 116 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 631 p.

Rapavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Standridge, J.H., Vennie J.G., and Wedepohl, R.E., 1987,

Incidence of algal toxins in Wisconsin water experiencing blue-green algae blooms: 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, Informational Paper, 8 p.
21

Shaw, B., Mechenich, C., and Klessig, L., 1993, Understanding Lake Data: University of

Wisconsin Extension, G3582: Madison, Wis., 19 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Quality Criteria for Water 1986: U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency publication, EPA 440/5-86-001 [variously paged].

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for the

determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p.

Wetzel, R.G., 1983, Limnology (2nd ed.): New York, W.B. Saunders, 767 p.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992, Wisconsin water quality assessment– 

Report to Congress, 1992: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publ-WR254- 

92-REV, 220 p.

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Sciences Section, 1993, Manual of

analytical methods, inorganic chemistry unit: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene,

revised November 1993 [variously paged].
22

LAKE DATA

Remarks codes and symbols used in the following tables:

[<, less than; --, not available; E, estimated]
23

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'40", long 88°24'16", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 19, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 19

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 5.56

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 8.0 14.0 17.0 18.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 25.6 14.9 8.0 6.9 6.8

00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 493 549 580 588 589

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.7 2.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.016 0.012 0.014 0.021 0.032

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.002 <0.002 0.002 <0.002 0.009

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.022 0.673 0.724 0.204 0.188

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.030 0.172 <0.015 0.408 0.657

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.84 1.10

00600 Total nitrogen 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 257 295 313 305 316

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 47.3 58.6 64.8 63.7 66.2

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 33.8 36.0 36.7 35.4 36.5

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 11.4 11.9 11.5 11.1 11.4

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 207 230 247 253 254

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 21.5 22.6 23.2 23.3 23.2

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 25.8 28.9 29.1 29.6 27.4

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 18.1 9.13 16.1 19.1 20.1

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 <1.0 150 270 350

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 286 304 326 332 332
24

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 19, 2010

0 10 20 30

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-19-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

450 500 550 600

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
25

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'29", long 88°23'13", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.8, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy.

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of 15 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 19, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 19

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 5.78

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 2.0 8.0 12.0 14.0 15.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 25.7 15.2 8.3 6.9 6.6

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 463 496 560 578 587

00300 Dissolved oxygen 8.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.032 0.031

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- <.002

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- <.019

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- 0.597

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.50 -- -- -- 1.2

00600 Total nitrogen <0.52 -- -- -- <1.2

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- <1.0

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 220 -- -- -- 291

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 36.0 -- -- -- 57.2

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 31.6 -- -- -- 36.0

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 12.6 -- -- -- 14.9

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 1.6 -- -- -- 1.9

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 179 -- -- -- 241

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 25.8 -- -- -- 28.5

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 28.4 -- -- -- 25.0

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 14.9 -- -- -- 19.8

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 -- -- -- <100

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 -- -- -- 310

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 260 -- -- -- 328
26

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, AUGUST 19, 2010

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

08-19-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

450 500 550 600

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELCIUS

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELCIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS
27

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°24'09", long 88°15'16", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec. 20, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on north side at a depth of 12 m. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 18 April 5 June 22 July 21 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 2.24 2.30 3.67 3.53

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 3.0 4.6 2.4 2.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 11.0 0.5 12.0 0.5 9.5 0.5 11.0 0.5 11.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 2.3 3.5 11.0 5.0 24.3 13.0 27.2 13.1 25.7 13.5

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.2 8.1 7.1 8.3 7.3 8.6 6.9 8.6 7.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 599 760 565 730 561 549 509 590 508 605

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.9 2.8 10.6 4.2 10.2 5.3 9.0 0.3 9.1 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.026 0.030 0.008 -- 0.013 0.024 0.016 0.036 0.019 0.058
28

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

 

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-18-10 04-05-10

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-22-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-21-10 08-24-10

500 600 700 800

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
29

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
30

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'24", long 88°15'49", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on south side at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Feb. 18 April 5 June 22 July 21 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 1.96 3.87 4.67 3.93

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 5.6 2.4 2.2 2.1

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 30.0 0.5 30.0 0.5 29.5 0.5 32.0 0.5 30.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.3 3.3 7.4 5.0 23.7 6.0 26.9 5.9 25.4 6.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.3 8.0 7.8 8.5 7.4 8.5 6.8 8.6 7.4

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 554 601 552 556 554 576 514 595 496 573

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.4 4.3 11.0 10.4 10.6 1.7 10.2 0.4 9.5 0.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.009 0.16 0.009 -- 0.012 0.008 0.012 0.019 0.015 0.081

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.002 -- -- -- 0.003 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.426 -- -- -- 0.040 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <0.015 -- -- -- 0.019 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.38 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.44 -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.81 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 236 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 37.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 34.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 192 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 52.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 22.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 3.14 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 310 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
31

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-18-10 04-05-10

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-22-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-21-10 08-24-10

400 500 600

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 500 600

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 500 600

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

DEPTH, IN METERS

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS
32

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
33

423706088363400 DELAVAN LAKE NEAR DELAVAN, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°36′27′′, long 88°36′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.2 

N., R.16 E., Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Delavan Lake Sanitary District Lift Station No. 2 

at Delavan Lake Yacht Club, 1.0 mi southeast of outlet, and 2.7 mi southeast of Delavan. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.24 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--41.4 mi2

, of which 2.30 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1983 to February 2010 (discontinued). October 1983 to September 1985 data 

published in Water Resources Investigation series report "Water Quality and Hydrology of Delavan Lake in 

Southeastern Wisconsin" by Stephen J. Field and Marvin D. Duerk. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 922.92 ft above NGVD of 1929 or 922.72 ft above NAVD of 1988. 

Prior to Sept. 5, 1989, staff gage at bridge on North Shore Drive at same datum. 

REMARKS.—Records good. Lake was ice-covered from Dec. 16-25 and Dec. 29 to Mar. 25. Lake levels controlled 

by Delavan Lake Sanitary District. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 6.53 ft, Aug. 27, 2007; minimum daily, 

-4.44 ft, Nov. 6, 1989 (lake drawn down for lake rehabilitation program). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height, 5.31 ft, Dec. 26; minimum, 4.90 ft, Oct. 1 and Dec. 30. 
34

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010 

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 4.94 5.11 5.00 4.95 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

2 5.03 5.07 4.99 4.96 4.97 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

3 5.03 5.03 4.99 4.96 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

4 5.00 5.01 4.98 4.95 4.95 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

5 4.98 5.03 4.97 4.96 4.95 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

6 4.99 5.04 4.97 4.97 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

7 4.98 5.04 4.97 5.00 4.97 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

8 4.98 5.04 4.98 5.00 4.99 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

9 5.00 5.05 5.07 5.01 5.01 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 

10 5.00 5.04 5.02 5.00 5.02 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

11 4.99 5.03 4.97 4.99 5.01 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

12 4.98 5.02 4.96 4.98 4.99 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

13 4.97 5.01 4.96 4.98 4.97 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

14 4.97 5.00 4.97 4.97 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

15 4.98 5.01 4.98 4.96 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

16 5.00 5.00 4.98 4.96 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

17 5.01 5.00 4.98 4.96 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

18 5.00 5.02 4.98 4.95 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

19 5.00 5.04 4.99 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 

20 5.01 5.04 4.99 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

21 5.01 5.04 4.99 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

22 5.04 5.04 5.00 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

23 5.17 5.05 5.01 4.95 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

24 5.13 5.06 5.07 4.96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

25 5.05 5.13 5.17 5.03 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

26 5.08 5.19 5.28 5.06 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

27 5.05 5.21 5.25 5.01 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

28 5.00 5.15 5.12 4.99 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

29 4.99 5.09 4.99 4.99 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 

30 5.08 5.04 4.92 4.98 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 

31 5.13 --- 4.93 4.97 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Mean 5.02 5.05 5.01 4.98 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Max 5.17 5.21 5.28 5.06 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Min 4.94 5.00 4.92 4.95 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
35

 Stage hydrograph for Delavan Lake, 1983 – 2010. 

 

 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 
36

05404500 DEVILS LAKE NEAR BARABOO, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°25′35′′, long 89°43′40′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.11 N., R.6 E., Sauk 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07070004, in Devils Lake State Park, 3.5 mi south of Baraboo. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.56 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--4.79 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1922 to August 1930, June to August 1932, June 1934 to September 1981 (fragmentary). October 1981 

to September 1984, data unpublished in district files. October 1984 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-78-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder installed July 17, 1991. Datum of gage is 954.88 ft, above NAVD of 1988. 

REMARKS.--Lake has no surface outlet. Water removed from lake by bottom withdrawal pipe, October 1 to November2, May 13-28

and June 16 to September 30. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed, 14.83 ft, June 12, 2008; minimum observed, 1.49 ft, Feb. 8, 1965. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed, 9.78 ft, June 27; minimum observed, 6.87 ft, Nov. 17, 20 and Dec. 6. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 7.34 7.09 6.94 7.21 7.29 7.27 7.93 9.03 8.93 9.58 9.37 9.58 

2 7.38 7.06 6.93 7.21 7.30 7.26 7.93 9.06 8.91 9.53 9.33 9.62 

3 7.36 7.05 6.91 7.20 7.30 7.26 7.94 9.07 8.90 9.47 9.28 9.61 

4 7.34 7.04 6.91 7.20 7.30 7.25 7.94 9.07 8.90 9.42 9.24 9.57 

5 7.32 7.03 6.90 7.20 7.30 7.24 7.92 9.08 8.90 9.39 9.19 9.54 

6 7.32 7.03 6.89 7.19 7.30 7.24 8.03 9.07 8.92 9.37 9.14 9.51 

7 7.31 7.02 6.89 7.22 7.29 7.23 8.36 9.08 8.90 9.34 9.09 9.46 

8 7.28 7.02 6.89 7.24 7.30 7.23 8.52 9.10 8.94 9.34 9.17 9.40 

9 7.25 7.01 6.98 7.24 7.33 7.23 8.58 9.10 8.95 9.30 9.34 9.36 

10 7.22 7.00 6.99 7.24 7.34 7.30 8.62 9.10 8.93 9.25 9.36 9.33 

11 7.19 7.00 6.98 7.23 7.34 7.42 8.64 9.13 8.97 9.20 9.33 9.29 

12 7.17 6.99 6.97 7.23 7.33 7.57 8.65 9.16 8.97 9.15 9.30 9.25 

13 7.14 6.98 6.97 7.22 7.33 7.71 8.66 9.36 8.95 9.11 9.40 9.20 

14 7.12 6.95 6.97 7.22 7.32 7.81 8.67 9.41 8.95 9.07 9.57 9.16 

15 7.11 6.94 6.97 7.22 7.32 7.87 8.68 9.41 9.23 9.34 9.56 9.12 

16 7.09 6.93 6.97 7.21 7.32 7.91 8.68 9.40 9.67 9.32 9.52 9.07 

17 7.07 6.92 --- 7.21 7.31 7.93 8.68 9.38 9.69 9.28 9.48 9.03

18 7.05 6.92 --- 7.21 7.31 7.95 8.67 9.36 9.72 9.25 9.44 8.99 

19 7.02 6.92 --- 7.20 7.30 7.97 8.66 9.33 9.69 9.21 9.40 8.95 

20 7.00 6.93 --- 7.20 7.30 7.98 8.66 9.30 9.66 9.18 9.41 8.91 

21 6.99 6.92 --- 7.19 7.30 7.99 8.65 9.28 9.63 9.13 9.56 8.88 

22 7.01 6.92 --- 7.19 7.30 7.99 8.64 9.26 9.62 9.23 9.54 8.84 

23 7.07 6.91 --- 7.19 7.30 7.99 8.63 9.23 9.70 9.43 9.52 8.83 

24 7.08 6.91 --- 7.25 7.30 7.98 8.66 9.20 9.71 9.53 9.48 8.86 

25 7.07 6.94 --- 7.29 7.30 7.98 8.72 9.17 9.68 9.56 9.43 8.81 

26 7.05 6.97 --- 7.29 7.29 7.97 8.74 9.12 9.71 9.53 9.38 8.76 

27 7.04 6.97 --- 7.30 7.28 7.96 8.74 9.08 9.74 9.50 9.33 8.72 

28 7.02 6.96 --- 7.30 7.28 7.95 8.73 9.03 9.72 9.52 9.28 8.68 

29 7.02 6.95 7.21 7.30 --- 7.95 8.73 9.01 9.68 9.50 9.23 8.65 

30 7.12 6.95 7.20 7.30 --- 7.95 8.79 8.99 9.63 9.46 9.19 8.61 

31 7.10 --- 7.21 7.29 --- 7.93 --- 8.95 --- 9.41 9.20 ---

Mean 7.15 6.97 --- 7.23 7.31 7.69 8.52 9.17 9.32 9.35 9.36 9.12 

Max 7.38 7.09 --- 7.30 7.34 7.99 8.79 9.41 9.74 9.58 9.57 9.62 

Min 6.99 6.91 --- 7.19 7.28 7.23 7.92 8.95 8.90 9.07 9.09 8.61 
37

 

Annual minimum and maximum water levels for Devils Lake, 1936-2010.

1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

0

5

10

15

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

MIN

MAX
38

423525088260400 GENEVA LAKE AT LAKE GENEVA, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35′25′′, long 88°26′04′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.2 N., R.17 E., 

Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Geneva Lake dam at Center Street at Lake Geneva. 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1997 to August 2002, December 2002 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 861.86 ft above NAVD of 1988 or 862.08 ft above NGVD of 1929. Intermittent staffgage readings during winter months. 

REMARKS.—Records good except for estimated days, which are poor. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20, 2007; minimum gage height, 1.44 ft, Nov. 5, 2005 

(affected by wind). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 3.07 ft (affected by wind), June 18; minimum gage height, 2.19

ft (affected by wind), Apr. 6.

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.41 2.68 2.63 2.62 2.40 2.42 2.46 2.62 2.69 2.64 2.69 2.39 

2 2.50 2.67 2.61 2.62 2.40 2.41 2.47 2.61 2.72 2.62 2.67 2.40 

3 2.49 2.65 2.60 2.62 2.41 2.41 2.48 2.62 2.71 2.60 2.65 2.46 

4 2.49 2.64 2.60 2.62 2.40 2.40 2.48 2.61 2.70 2.59 2.64 2.40 

5 2.47 2.63 2.57 2.62 2.40 e2.41 2.47 2.60 2.68 2.57 2.63 2.37 

6 2.49 2.61 2.56 2.62 2.44 e2.40 2.60 2.57 2.73 2.56 2.59 2.36 

7 2.47 2.61 2.55 2.62 e2.43 2.39 2.64 2.58 2.70 2.55 2.57 2.37 

8 2.46 2.60 2.54 2.62 e2.43 2.39 2.68 2.60 2.70 2.57 2.57 2.30 

9 2.46 2.59 2.64 2.62 2.44 2.39 2.67 2.58 2.73 2.55 2.59 2.28 

10 2.46 2.58 2.64 2.62 2.46 2.41 2.66 2.56 2.69 2.54 2.58 2.26 

11 2.44 2.58 e2.60 2.62 2.43 2.46 2.65 2.61 2.68 2.53 2.57 2.29 

12 2.43 2.57 2.64 2.62 2.42 2.50 2.63 2.64 2.67 2.52 2.56 2.30 

13 2.42 2.57 2.62 e2.46 2.41 2.54 2.62 2.75 2.66 2.50 2.56 2.29 

14 2.40 2.56 2.58 2.61 2.40 2.57 2.63 2.77 2.66 2.50 2.61 2.28 

15 2.42 2.55 2.58 2.56 2.38 2.57 2.63 2.75 2.67 2.48 2.59 2.27 

16 2.43 2.53 2.58 2.56 2.38 2.56 2.62 2.72 2.69 2.48 2.55 2.38

17 2.43 2.51 2.58 2.55 2.38 2.56 2.60 2.71 2.67 2.45 2.51 2.41 

18 2.43 2.54 2.58 2.51 2.40 2.55 2.59 2.70 2.72 2.45 2.49 2.42 

19 2.43 2.55 2.58 2.46 2.41 2.55 2.58 2.68 2.80 2.43 2.47 2.41 

20 2.42 2.56 2.58 2.45 2.43 2.55 2.58 2.67 2.76 2.42 2.48 2.40 

21 2.43 2.55 2.58 2.43 2.43 2.55 2.57 2.68 2.75 2.41 2.48 2.43 

22 2.46 2.54 2.52 2.43 2.44 2.53 2.56 2.72 2.76 2.45 2.47 2.42 

23 2.57 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.44 2.52 2.55 2.71 2.79 2.61 2.45 2.44 

24 2.59 2.54 2.54 2.45 2.44 2.51 2.56 2.70 2.77 2.70 2.45 2.46 

25 2.57 2.61 2.65 2.47 e2.43 2.50 2.60 2.71 2.75 2.68 2.43 2.39 

26 2.61 2.68 2.68 2.47 e2.41 2.49 2.60 2.75 2.75 2.67 2.41 2.37 

27 2.62 2.67 2.69 2.49 e2.40 2.48 2.59 2.74 2.74 2.65 2.40 2.37 

28 2.61 2.65 2.68 2.48 2.42 2.47 2.59 2.73 2.72 2.63 2.39 2.37 

29 2.61 2.65 2.66 2.48 --- 2.47 2.59 2.72 2.68 2.60 2.38 2.37 

30 2.72 2.65 2.66 2.45 --- 2.46 2.60 2.71 2.66 2.58 2.38 2.36 

31 2.72 --- 2.63 2.41 --- 2.46 --- 2.70 --- 2.69 2.37 ---

Mean 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.53 2.42 2.48 2.58 2.67 2.71 2.56 2.52 2.37 

Max 2.72 2.68 2.69 2.62 2.46 2.57 2.68 2.77 2.80 2.70 2.69 2.46 

Min 2.40 2.51 2.49 2.41 2.38 2.39 2.46 2.56 2.66 2.41 2.37 2.26 
39

Stage hydrograph for Geneva Lake, 1997-2010.

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

STAFF GAGE READING

 
40

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°33'29", long 88°32'33", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.1 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 1.3 mi south of Williams Bay.

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1997 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of about 43 m. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State

 Laboratory of Hygiene. Samples for determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, NOVEMBER 3, 2009 TO JUNE 10, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name November 3 April 20 June 10

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.14 0.75 1.36

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 6.8 8.9 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 28.0 35.0 42.5 0.5 42.0 0.5 7.0 13.0 33.0 38.0 42.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 11.0 10.6 8.1 7.6 9.2 5.5 19.9 17.6 11.7 8.0 7.6 7.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.7 7.2 7.0 8.4 8.3 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.9

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 526 529 531 532 528 533 526 525 528 535 536 536

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.9 7.5 1.8 0.3 13.0 13.0 10.8 11.0 11.6 9.6 9.2 9.2

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.012 0.012 0.028 0.045 0.007 -- 0.010 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- <.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.086 -- -- -- 0.121 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.020 -- -- -- 0.016 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.41 -- -- -- 0.42 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.50 -- -- -- 0.54 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 232 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- -- -- 36.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- -- -- 34.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- -- -- 20.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- -- -- 1.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- 187 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- -- -- 42.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- -- -- 30.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- -- -- 2.44 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- -- -- 286 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
41

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JULY 29 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 29 August 19 September 17

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.78 2.61 5.51

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.5 3.6 4.65

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 42.5 0.5 9.0 15.0 32.0 37.0 41.0 0.5 12.0 17.0 32.0 37.0 41.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 26.5 7.9 26.2 24.7 12.5 8.8 8.3 8.2 20.2 20.1 12.4 8.9 8.5 8.4

00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 7.3 8.5 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.6 8.5 8.5 7.9 7.7 7.6 7.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 527 542 535 537 533 538 539 540 520 521 533 537 538 539

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 3.0 8.5 7.4 7.3 3.1 2.5 1.6 9.0 8.8 5.6 3.2 1.9 1.7

00665 Phosphorus, Total (as P) 0.007 -- 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.009 0.009 0.019 0.016 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.025 0.032

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) <.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate + nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.019 <.019 0.133 0.273 0.279 0.258

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.015 <.015 0.031 <.015 0.022 0.051

00625 Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.34 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.36 0.38 0.43

00600 Total nitrogen <.36 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- <.51 <.46 0.54 0.63 0.66 0.69
42

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, NOVEMBER 3, 2009 TO JUNE 10, 2010

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

11-03-09

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

06-10-10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T. D.O.

pH S.C.

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

04-20-10

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
43

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 29 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 2010

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-29-10

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

09-17-10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

08-19-10

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
44

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 10

20

30

40

50

60

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Geneva Lake, West End, near Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
45

434928088553601 GREEN LAKE AT COUNTY TRUNK HIGHWAY A NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49′28′′, long 88°55′36′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 

sec.27, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, on left bank at downstream side of 

County Trunk Highway A, 2.3 mi southeast of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--103 mi2; Area of Green Lake, 7,346 acres.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1993 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 790.00 ft above sea level. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at outlet at Green Lake. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.67 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum 

recorded, 5.27 ft, Nov. 5, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.96 ft, July 15; minimum recorded gage 

height, 5.63 ft, Oct. 1. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 5.78 6.02 6.04 6.18 6.16 6.15 6.41 6.60 6.52 6.52 6.51 6.57 

2 5.83 6.02 6.04 6.16 6.19 6.15 6.41 6.59 6.50 6.48 6.51 6.58 

3 5.84 5.99 6.03 6.16 6.20 6.14 6.42 6.55 6.52 e6.47 6.49 6.56 

4 5.83 5.98 6.02 6.15 e6.19 6.14 6.48 6.53 6.57 e6.46 6.50 6.53 

5 5.83 5.98 6.02 6.15 e6.19 6.13 6.49 6.49 6.56 e6.45 6.49 6.52 

6 5.85 5.98 5.99 6.14 6.19 6.12 6.52 6.48 6.57 e6.54 6.48 6.53 

7 5.87 5.99 5.99 6.15 6.22 6.12 6.60 6.46 6.56 6.52 6.48 6.51 

8 5.86 5.97 5.97 6.16 6.29 6.12 6.64 6.49 6.56 6.55 6.57 6.51 

9 5.84 5.98 6.08 6.15 6.30 6.13 6.63 6.51 6.58 6.55 6.63 6.51 

10 5.83 5.96 6.10 6.16 6.32 6.15 6.62 6.49 6.55 6.56 6.60 6.50 

11 5.82 5.95 6.07 6.16 6.30 6.21 6.56 6.50 6.58 6.62 6.58 6.51 

12 5.79 5.97 6.03 6.15 6.30 6.25 6.53 6.51 6.60 6.64 6.56 6.53 

13 5.79 5.97 6.04 6.15 6.31 e6.31 6.51 6.56 6.59 6.63 6.55 6.52 

14 5.77 5.97 6.05 6.15 6.31 6.38 6.50 6.56 6.57 6.57 6.53 6.51 

15 5.77 5.97 6.07 6.15 6.30 6.39 6.49 6.56 6.60 6.83 6.50 6.50 

16 5.77 5.95 6.03 6.14 6.29 6.41 6.48 6.54 6.63 6.80 6.45 6.52 

17 5.76 5.95 6.01 6.14 6.28 6.43 6.48 6.52 6.61 6.75 6.42 6.52 

18 e5.77 5.95 6.02 6.14 6.27 6.43 6.50 6.51 6.63 6.70 6.41 6.52 

19 e5.77 5.98 6.02 6.14 6.28 e6.42 6.50 6.51 6.61 6.65 6.40 6.51 

20 e5.77 5.99 6.03 6.13 6.25 e6.42 6.50 6.51 6.58 6.61 6.42 6.50 

21 e5.80 5.98 6.04 6.13 6.21 e6.41 6.48 6.50 6.56 6.59 6.48 6.50 

22 e5.90 5.98 6.02 6.13 6.21 6.41 6.48 6.52 6.65 6.64 6.52 6.49 

23 e5.98 5.97 6.01 6.13 6.21 6.40 6.47 6.54 6.67 6.77 6.52 6.51 

24 e5.98 5.97 6.05 6.17 6.21 6.40 6.48 6.53 6.66 6.73 6.52 6.52 

25 e5.96 6.02 6.13 6.19 6.20 e6.40 6.55 6.54 6.63 6.67 6.51 6.51 

26 5.94 6.05 6.17 6.19 6.20 e6.40 6.59 6.54 6.66 6.63 6.51 6.51 

27 5.94 6.05 6.21 6.18 6.19 6.40 6.57 6.54 6.66 6.59 6.50 6.50 

28 5.94 6.04 6.20 6.18 6.16 6.41 6.56 6.53 e6.62 6.61 6.49 6.49 

29 5.94 6.04 6.18 6.17 --- 6.42 6.54 6.52 6.59 6.56 6.49 6.48 

30 6.01 6.04 6.19 6.16 --- 6.42 6.54 6.53 6.54 6.54 6.49 6.47 

31 6.02 --- 6.20 6.16 --- 6.41 --- 6.52 --- 6.52 6.49 ---

Mean 5.86 5.99 6.07 6.15 6.24 6.31 6.52 6.53 6.59 6.60 6.50 6.51 

Max 6.02 6.05 6.21 6.19 6.32 6.43 6.64 6.60 6.67 6.83 6.63 6.58 

Min 5.76 5.95 5.97 6.13 6.16 6.12 6.41 6.46 6.50 6.45 6.40 6.47 
46

Stage hydrograph for Green Lake, 1993-2010.

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
47

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°47'56", long 89°02'05", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about 5 miles southwest of the 

City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 to current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, April 19 TO JUNE 16, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 19 May 20* May 26* June 3* June 10* June 16*

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 4.92 -- -- -- -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.7 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 66.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.1 4.0 16.7 22.2 22.8 20 21.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 8.1 -- -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 511 515 -- -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14.0 11.9 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.041 0.049 -- -- -- -- --

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.02 -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.224 -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, unfltrd, total (as N) 0.49 -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, fltrd, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.71 -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 5 -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 225 -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 33.6 -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 34.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 18.8 -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 180 -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 37.8 -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 30.9 -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 0.362 -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 276 -- -- -- -- -- --
48

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 24 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 24 June 26* June 30* July 9* July 13 July 19* 

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.1 -- -- -- 3.2 -- 

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.0 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.6 4.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 68.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 66.5 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 22.0 5.6 24.4 23.9 24.4 24.6 5.6 25

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 7.6 -- -- -- 8.8 7.5 --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 485 517 -- -- -- 487 519 --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 5.6 -- -- -- 9.7 3.5 --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.022 0.094 -- -- -- 0.045 0.116 --

Parameter Code Parameter Name July 26* August 6* August 14* August 22* August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 3.57

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 4 2.4 2.4 3.7 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 14.0 68.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 26.1 25.6 25.6 25 23.7 9.9 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.8 7.9 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 478 511 527

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 8.7 4.5 1.8

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.016 0.013 0.185

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.022 -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.032 -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, unfltrd, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, fltrd, total (as N) -- -- -- -- 0.69 -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept. 5* Sept. 14* Sept. 22* Sept. 28* September 29

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- -- -- -- 10.3

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.2 3.7 4.6 3.7 4.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 19.0 69.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 21.1 19.4 19.4 17.2 17.1 9.0 5.7

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- -- 8.5 8.2 7.6

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- -- 482 509 534

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- -- 10.0 5.4 1.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- -- 0.019 0.012 0.202
49

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 19 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

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40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-19-10 06-24-10

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

07-13-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

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10

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0 10 20

08-26-10 09-29-10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

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30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
50

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Green Lake, Deep Hole, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
51

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'28", long 88°57'00", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of 

the City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 19 TO JULY 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 19 May 20* May 26* June 3* June 10* June 16*

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 2.6 -- -- -- -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.2 3.8

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 32.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.9 4.8 15.6 22.2 22.8 20.6 22.8

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.2 -- -- -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 513 514 -- -- -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 14 12.7 -- -- -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.036 0.046 -- -- -- -- --

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name June 24 June 26* June 30* July 9* July 13 July 19* July 26*

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.12 -- -- -- 3.86 -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 5.0 6.2 4.9 4.6 3.4 3.7 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 37.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 32.0 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 24.0 6.6 25 24.4 26.1 25.5 6.9 26.7 26.7

00400 pH (standard units) 8.8 7.8 -- -- -- 8.9 7.8 -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 489 515 -- -- -- 490 514 -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen 9.3 8.0 -- -- -- 9.3 8.2 -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.022 0.065 -- -- -- 0.02 0.067 -- --

 
52

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 6 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name August 6* August 14* August 22* August 26 Sept. 5* Sept. 14* Sept. 22*

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- -- -- 8.38 -- -- --

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 2.2 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.8 4.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 15.0 34.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 27.2 27.2 25.6 24.1 10.3 6.8 21.7 20.0 20.0

00400 pH (standard units) -- -- -- 8.8 7.9 7.7 -- -- --

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- -- -- 479 512 516 -- -- --

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- -- 9.4 4.2 5.6 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- -- -- 0.021 0.017 0.077 -- -- --

Parameter Code Parameter Name Sept. 28* September 29

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 11.2

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 3.7

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.1 0.5 20.0 33.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 17.8 17.4 10.0 7.1

00400 pH (standard units) -- 8.6 8.1 7.9

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) -- 490 507 512

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- 10.1 5.1 4.5

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) -- 0.018 0.016 0.061
53

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 19 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

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0

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30

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0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-19-10 06-24-10

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-13-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-26-10 09-29-10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

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10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

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30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

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10

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0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
54

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Green Lake, East End, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
55

435009088550100 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 1, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°50'09", long 88°55'01", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 19 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 19 June 29 July 13 Aug. 26 Sept. 29

00078 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.5

00098 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5

00010 00010 Water Temperature (°C) 16.5 23.0 24.9 22.2 17.0

00400 00400 pH (standard units) 8.4 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.1 

00095 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 814 600 664 830 905

00300 00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.7 4.0 5.5 4.6 9.8

00665 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.092 0.130 0.150 0.175 0.070

 
56

434948088552200 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 2, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'48", long 88°55'22", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of the City 

of Green Lake.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA APRIL 19 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 19 June 29 July 13 Aug. 26 Sept. 29

00078 00078 Secchi-depth (m) 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0

00098 00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5

00010 00010 Water Temperature (°C) 15.8 22.3 24.5 22.5 17.5

00400 00400 pH (standard units) 8.5 7.8 7.7 7.9 8.4

00095 00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 747 703 671 796 872

00300 00300 Dissolved oxygen 16.1 5.4 5.0 5.6 10.5

00665 00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.063 0.177 0.144 0.160 0.070
57

425715089164700 LAKE KEGONSA AT BARBER DRIVE NEAR STOUGHTON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57′15′′, long 89°16′47′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.26, T.6 N., R.10 E., 

Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on downstream side of bridge on Barber Drive, 3.5 mi northwest of Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--386 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above sea level (levels from Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

benchmark). 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.73 ft, June 16, 2008; minimum observed, 2.07 ft, Jan.27, 

2006. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.16 ft, June 27; minimum observed, 2.30 ft, Mar. 6-10. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

[e, estimated] 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 3.15 3.35 3.26 3.40 2.67 2.35 2.56 3.58 3.48 4.00 3.53 e3.19 

2 3.17 3.32 3.26 3.37 2.66 2.34 2.59 3.62 3.51 3.94 3.48 e3.16 

3 3.16 3.28 3.24 3.34 2.64 2.34 2.64 3.63 3.54 3.88 3.43 e3.22 

4 3.16 3.23 3.21 3.31 2.60 2.33 2.65 3.64 3.56 3.80 3.39 e3.20 

5 3.16 3.18 3.20 3.28 2.58 2.32 2.69 3.63 3.60 3.76 3.33 e3.20 

6 3.17 3.13 3.18 3.27 2.56 2.32 2.86 3.64 3.70 3.71 3.26 e3.21 

7 3.17 3.09 3.18 3.26 2.54 2.31 3.04 3.67 3.73 3.67 3.20 e3.19 

8 3.18 3.06 3.18 3.24 2.52 2.30 3.20 3.67 3.77 3.64 3.17 e3.19 

9 3.17 3.03 3.28 3.22 2.52 2.30 3.29 3.67 3.80 3.60 3.21 e3.20 

10 3.14 3.00 3.27 3.20 2.52 2.38 3.33 3.66 3.83 3.54 3.20 e3.20 

11 3.12 2.98 3.33 3.17 2.51 2.50 3.34 3.69 3.88 3.49 3.18 e3.17 

12 3.10 2.96 3.35 3.14 2.50 2.65 3.33 3.69 3.91 3.46 3.17 e3.16 

13 3.10 2.95 3.40 3.12 2.48 2.77 3.31 3.75 3.92 3.42 3.23 e3.15 

14 3.09 2.94 3.45 3.09 2.46 2.84 3.24 3.75 3.92 3.38 3.33 e3.12 

15 3.09 2.94 3.47 3.06 2.45 2.87 3.17 3.75 3.92 3.37 3.34 e3.10 

16 3.08 2.95 3.48 3.02 2.44 2.88 3.12 3.73 3.92 3.32 3.33 e3.07 

17 3.06 2.96 3.48 2.99 2.43 2.86 3.06 3.69 3.90 3.29 3.34 e3.04 

18 3.05 2.96 3.47 2.96 2.42 2.83 3.02 3.64 3.89 3.25 3.34 e3.05 

19 3.04 2.98 3.45 2.93 2.40 2.80 2.99 3.60 3.87 3.22 3.36 e3.04 

20 3.04 2.98 3.43 2.88 2.40 2.79 2.98 3.56 3.84 3.19 3.38 e3.02 

21 3.04 3.00 3.39 2.84 2.39 2.76 3.02 3.54 3.85 3.16 e3.39 e3.02 

22 3.11 3.02 3.36 2.81 2.39 2.72 3.06 3.52 3.96 3.28 3.39 e3.03 

23 3.21 3.02 3.32 2.77 2.39 2.68 3.10 3.50 4.01 3.50 3.37 e3.01 

24 3.24 3.04 3.33 2.78 2.39 2.65 3.18 3.50 4.02 3.64 3.34 e3.00 

25 3.27 3.11 3.39 2.80 2.38 2.64 3.32 3.49 4.02 3.68 3.30 e2.98 

26 3.32 3.20 3.41 2.79 2.37 2.58 3.38 3.49 4.07 3.67 3.27 2.96 

27 3.35 3.23 3.43 2.76 2.37 2.55 3.43 3.50 4.12 3.66 3.23 e2.94 

28 3.36 3.26 3.44 2.75 2.36 2.53 3.45 3.49 4.12 3.63 3.19 2.93 

29 3.36 3.28 3.44 2.74 --- 2.50 3.47 3.48 4.09 3.61 3.16 2.93 

30 3.41 3.27 3.44 2.72 --- 2.50 3.51 3.48 4.05 3.58 e3.12 2.93 

31 3.37 --- 3.42 2.69 --- 2.52 --- 3.48 --- 3.57 e3.09 ---

Mean 3.18 3.09 3.35 3.02 2.48 2.57 3.11 3.60 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.09 

Max 3.41 3.35 3.48 3.40 2.67 2.88 3.51 3.75 4.12 4.00 3.53 3.22 

Min 3.04 2.94 3.18 2.69 2.36 2.30 2.56 3.48 3.48 3.16 3.09 2.93 
58

Stage hydrograph for Lake Kegonsa, 1993-2010.

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1

2

3

4

5

6

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
59

05427235 LAKE KOSHKONONG NEAR NEWVILLE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°51′27′′, long 88°56′27′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.5 N., R.13 E., 

Jefferson County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 80 ft east of Pottawatomi Trail Bridge at Bingham Point Estates, and 4.5 mi 

northeast of Newville. 

SURFACE AREA.—16.34 mi2.

DRAINAGE AREA.--2,560 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 1987 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 769.77 ft above NAVD of 1988 (Wisconsin Department of Transportation bench mark). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at Indianford. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 15.13 ft, June 21, 22, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.06 ft, 

Feb. 22, 2007.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 11.16 ft, July 31; minimum recorded gage height, 5.74 ft, Oct. 

20. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 6.47 6.79 6.82 7.34 7.03 6.30 8.37 8.04 7.16 9.44 11.14 7.51 

2 6.53 6.90 6.87 7.35 6.99 6.30 8.26 8.05 7.06 9.37 11.08 7.41 

3 6.57 6.96 6.87 7.33 6.94 6.30 8.19 8.04 7.02 9.28 11.01 7.37 

4 6.59 7.00 6.87 7.29 6.89 6.30 8.06 8.00 6.99 9.16 10.92 7.32 

5 6.58 7.04 6.83 7.24 6.83 6.30 7.96 7.98 7.01 9.06 10.80 7.27 

6 6.62 7.03 6.81 7.19 6.78 6.31 7.96 7.91 7.19 8.94 10.66 7.26 

7 6.60 7.07 6.78 7.15 6.75 6.32 8.03 7.86 7.28 8.80 10.50 7.30 

8 6.54 7.06 6.76 7.10 6.71 6.34 8.14 7.85 7.39 8.65 10.35 7.27 

9 6.51 7.05 6.80 7.04 6.70 6.38 8.23 7.76 7.53 8.51 10.29 7.23 

10 6.47 7.00 6.73 6.98 6.68 6.52 8.36 7.68 7.57 8.37 10.16 7.18 

11 6.42 6.94 6.68 6.92 6.65 6.85 8.46 7.69 7.61 8.23 10.01 7.14 

12 6.38 6.87 6.63 6.87 6.61 7.35 8.50 7.69 7.64 8.12 9.86 7.09 

13 6.34 6.80 6.61 6.82 6.58 7.83 8.50 7.80 7.62 7.99 9.77 7.04 

14 6.29 6.77 6.59 6.78 6.56 8.22 8.47 7.93 7.58 7.85 9.81 6.97 

15 6.24 6.72 6.57 6.75 6.53 8.52 8.46 8.04 7.53 7.83 9.68 6.90 

16 6.12 6.65 6.54 6.72 6.51 8.76 8.45 8.14 7.50 7.87 9.52 6.86 

17 5.98 6.58 6.51 6.70 6.49 8.93 8.39 8.21 7.44 7.99 9.39 6.80 

18 5.85 6.52 6.48 6.69 6.47 9.03 8.30 8.24 7.43 8.13 9.25 6.82 

19 5.77 6.49 6.46 6.68 6.45 9.09 8.23 8.23 7.44 8.22 9.12 6.79 

20 5.75 6.47 6.44 6.66 6.44 9.13 8.16 8.18 7.40 8.30 8.98 6.75 

21 5.78 6.44 6.42 6.64 6.42 9.12 8.08 8.14 7.40 8.36 8.86 6.75 

22 5.83 6.43 6.41 6.62 6.39 9.10 7.98 8.08 7.69 8.50 8.74 6.74 

23 5.92 6.40 6.40 6.61 6.36 9.06 7.88 8.01 7.93 9.05 8.61 6.70 

24 6.02 6.39 6.43 6.64 6.35 9.01 7.86 7.95 8.34 9.57 8.48 6.76 

25 6.08 6.46 6.51 6.72 6.34 8.96 7.91 7.89 8.68 10.04 8.35 6.71 

26 6.19 6.59 6.65 6.84 6.33 8.87 7.94 7.85 8.99 10.43 8.21 6.65 

27 6.27 6.59 6.81 6.96 6.31 8.79 7.97 7.77 9.23 10.72 8.07 6.60 

28 6.36 6.65 6.96 7.04 6.31 8.73 7.99 7.65 9.40 10.93 7.95 6.56 

29 6.44 6.74 7.10 7.08 --- 8.63 7.97 7.52 9.46 11.03 7.83 6.51 

30 6.57 6.78 7.22 7.08 --- 8.53 7.99 7.37 9.47 11.07 7.69 6.48 

31 6.73 --- 7.30 7.07 --- 8.46 --- 7.29 --- 11.15 7.57 ---

Mean 6.28 6.74 6.71 6.93 6.59 7.88 8.17 7.90 7.80 9.06 9.44 6.96 

Max 6.73 7.07 7.30 7.35 7.03 9.13 8.50 8.24 9.47 11.15 11.14 7.51 

Min 5.75 6.39 6.40 6.61 6.31 6.30 7.86 7.29 6.99 7.83 7.57 6.48 
60

Stage hydrograph for Lake Koshkonong, 1987-2010.

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
61

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'55", long 88°13'47", in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.6 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at center of northern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin 

State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 18 April 5 June 22 July 21 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 2.79 3.92 7.76 11.3

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 5.2 2.7 1.8 2.0

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7.0 0.5 7.0 0.5 8.5 0.5 8.0 0.5 7.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.4 4.2 11.3 10.0 25.0 12.0 27.9 13.6 26.4 14.3

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.5 8.2 8.1 8.5 7.1 7.8 6.8 8.2 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 563 618 535 537 536 594 520 583 518 589

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 5.6 11.0 10.9 10.8 0.4 7.6 0.7 10.1 0.4

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.010 0.014 0.010 -- 0.018 0.065 0.042 0.059 0.031 0.228
62

432255088134700 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

0 10 20 30

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-18-10 04-05-10

0 10 20 30

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

06-22-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

07-21-10 08-24-10

400 500 600

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 500 600

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 500 600

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
63

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
64

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'49", long 88°13'45", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.33, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, 2.8 mi southwest of West 

Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--0.38 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1997 to August 1999, February 2003 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in southern basin at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 18 April 5 June 22 July 21 August 24

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 2.66 1.13 2.49 4.05

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 5.4 7.2 4.8 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 16.0 0.5 16.0 0.5 15.5 0.5 17.0 0.5 0.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.4 4.1 10.0 4.8 24.8 7.8 22.7 8.5 26.4 8.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 7.3 8.2 7.5 8.4 7.0 8.4 6.8 8.4 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 562 592 535 571 533 579 505 585 505 585

00300 Dissolved oxygen 13.5 0.9 12.0 6.8 10.2 0.6 8.6 0.4 8.7 0.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.017 0.128 0.014 -- 0.012 0.053 0.025 0.114 0.018 0.192

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- 0.002 -- -- -- 0.003 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.146 -- -- -- <0.019 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.017 -- -- -- <0.015 -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.40 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.36 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.51 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 226 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 35.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 33.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 23.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 183 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 52.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 20.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 2.46 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- 2.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 302 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
65

432249088134500 LITTLE CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 18 TO AUGUST 24, 2010

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-18-10 04-05-10

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

06-22-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

0 10 20

07-21-10 08-24-10

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
66

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Little Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
67

05428000 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05′42′′, long 89°22′12′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in county boat house at dam at outlet, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.—15.2 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--233 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--January 1916 to January 1985 (incomplete), February 1985 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, gage datum was 847.82 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with two 12-foot gates and 20-foot lock at outlet. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 12.75 ft, June 5, 2000; minimum observed, 8.02 ft, Feb. 24 

to Mar. 10, 1920, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 11.46 ft, Aug. 15; minimum recorded, 8.23 ft, Jan. 16. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 10.19 10.33 9.27 8.60 8.42 8.39 9.29 9.85 9.97 10.83 11.29 11.18 

2 10.22 10.34 9.25 8.57 8.43 8.39 9.30 9.87 9.94 10.80 11.26 11.24 

3 10.22 10.32 9.20 8.54 8.43 8.40 9.34 9.88 9.93 10.77 11.25 11.32 

4 10.20 10.31 9.16 8.50 8.42 8.41 9.35 9.87 9.92 10.74 11.23 11.28 

5 10.17 10.29 9.09 8.47 8.42 8.42 9.37 9.90 9.96 10.72 11.21 11.24 

6 10.19 10.24 9.05 8.44 8.42 8.43 9.49 9.87 10.10 10.70 11.16 11.22 

7 10.16 10.23 9.03 8.43 8.41 8.44 9.63 9.90 10.09 10.71 11.12 11.21 

8 10.15 10.21 8.99 8.43 8.41 8.45 9.76 9.94 10.11 10.72 11.16 11.17 

9 10.14 10.19 9.11 8.40 8.44 8.48 9.81 9.92 10.17 10.68 11.25 11.14 

10 10.11 10.13 9.04 8.37 8.44 8.55 9.85 9.92 10.15 10.64 11.27 11.11 

11 10.07 10.08 8.97 8.34 8.43 8.65 9.88 9.98 10.14 10.58 11.27 11.11 

12 10.05 10.02 8.93 8.32 8.43 8.76 9.90 10.01 10.14 10.54 11.26 11.09 

13 10.02 9.96 8.89 8.32 8.43 8.87 9.90 10.16 10.13 10.49 11.29 11.08 

14 10.0 9.92 8.87 8.32 8.42 8.95 9.90 10.24 10.12 10.43 11.41 11.05 

15 9.99 9.86 8.85 8.32 8.42 9.00 9.89 10.26 10.14 10.52 11.42 11.02 

16 9.98 9.80 8.76 8.31 8.42 9.04 9.90 10.27 10.20 10.56 11.38 11.01 

17 9.96 9.75 8.75 8.32 8.42 9.07 9.87 10.26 10.19 10.55 11.35 10.97 

18 9.92 9.70 8.72 8.32 8.41 9.09 9.83 10.25 10.20 10.54 11.32 11.03 

19 9.91 9.66 8.69 8.31 8.41 9.12 9.80 10.22 10.19 10.49 11.30 11.03 

20 9.90 9.60 8.65 8.31 8.41 9.16 9.77 10.19 10.16 10.45 11.30 11.01 

21 9.89 9.56 8.61 8.31 8.41 9.18 9.74 10.18 10.16 10.41 11.31 11.01 

22 9.93 9.51 8.59 8.31 8.42 9.20 9.72 10.16 10.27 10.47 11.30 11.00 

23 10.07 9.46 8.56 8.30 8.42 9.21 9.70 10.13 10.46 10.79 11.28 10.98 

24 10.13 9.42 8.58 8.36 8.41 9.22 9.70 10.11 10.60 11.10 11.26 10.99 

25 10.14 9.44 8.65 8.40 8.41 9.23 9.78 10.11 10.67 11.29 11.23 10.94 

26 10.16 9.47 8.69 8.42 8.40 9.23 9.80 10.13 10.77 11.34 11.19 10.89 

27 10.16 9.42 8.71 8.43 8.40 9.24 9.80 10.17 10.86 11.35 11.15 10.85 

28 10.16 9.39 8.70 8.43 8.40 9.25 9.79 10.14 10.90 11.37 11.12 10.82 

29 10.16 9.37 8.67 8.43 --- 9.25 9.79 10.09 10.88 11.35 11.09 10.78 

30 10.28 9.32 8.65 8.43 --- 9.25 9.81 10.05 10.86 11.32 11.07 10.74 

31 10.33 --- 8.63 8.42 --- 9.27 --- 10.02 --- 11.31 11.07 ---

Mean 10.10 9.84 8.85 8.39 8.42 8.89 9.72 10.07 10.28 10.79 11.24 11.05 

Max 10.33 10.34 9.27 8.60 8.44 9.27 9.90 10.27 10.90 11.37 11.42 11.32 

Min 9.89 9.32 8.56 8.30 8.40 8.39 9.29 9.85 9.92 10.41 11.07 10.74 
68

430251088284700 MIDDLE GENESEE LAKE, AT GENESEE LAKE ROAD, NEAR OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43° 02'51", long 88°28'47", i n S W 1⁄4 S W 1⁄4 S W 1⁄4 s ec.22, T . 7 N ., R.17 E ., Waukesha C ounty, Hydrologic U nit 

07090001, at the southwest side of the lake about 2 miles south of Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--Unknown.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1996 to current year.

GAGE.--Staff gage. Local observer, Tom Schubring provided most readings of gage. Datum of gage is about 0.0 ft above NGVD of 

1929.

EXTREMES FOR THE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed gage height, 869.65 ft, July 12, 2008; minimum observed, 863.88 

ft, Oct. 31, 2005.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed gage height, 868.50 ft, Aug. 9; minimum observed, 866.51 ft, Oct. 21. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FT

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft

October 2 866.69 June 11 866.74 August 9 868.50

10 866.61 16 866.84 12 868.48

12 866.59 20 866.82 13 868.44

17 866.53 22 866.90 14 868.48

21 866.51 23 867.18 16 868.42

24 866.63 25 867.40 18 868.40

28 866.65 26 867.18 19 868.36

30 866.71 27 867.28 21 868.38

November 1 866.69 30 867.32 25 868.28

14 866.67 July 1 867.34 26 868.26

12 866.53 7 867.42 28 868.22

27 866.61 11 867.42 31 868.14

30 866.57 12 867.44 September 1 868.14

December 6 866.53 14 867.42 4 868.08

May 19 866.70 15 867.70 8 868.00

20 866.70 17 867.72 13 867.92

25 866.68 23 868.02 17 867.80

31 866.60 27 868.38 23 867.78

June 1 866.58 31 868.42 26 867.68

3 866.68 August 1 868.46 30 867.58

6 866.78 6 868.44
69

05429000 LAKE MONONA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°03′48′′, long 89°23′49′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.23, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in Brittingham Park, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.--5.3 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--279 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 1915 to current year (fragmentary) in reports of the Geological Survey. For 1856 to March 1917 in 

reports of Wisconsin Railroad Commission, volume 19. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1338: Lake area. WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, datum 843.61 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with four 12-foot stop-log sections and 12-foot lock at outlet of Lake Waubesa. 

Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.92 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum observed, 3.22 ft, Jan. 

20, 1965, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 7.08 ft, Aug. 14; minimum recorded, 4.03 ft, Apr. 2. 
70

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 5.66 5.29 5.32 5.15 4.49 4.29 4.15 5.16 5.64 6.41 6.77 6.65 

2 5.70 5.23 5.30 5.13 4.51 4.28 4.14 5.16 5.66 6.36 6.75 6.70 

3 5.67 5.18 5.26 5.10 4.50 4.25 4.14 5.13 5.69 6.32 6.73 6.83 

4 5.64 5.15 5.23 5.07 4.48 4.22 4.12 5.13 5.74 6.28 6.70 6.78 

5 5.62 5.13 5.21 5.05 4.47 4.20 4.11 5.08 5.82 6.27 6.65 6.75 

6 5.61 5.11 5.19 5.03 4.45 4.19 4.25 5.06 5.98 6.27 6.62 6.73 

7 5.59 5.11 5.17 5.02 4.44 4.17 4.39 5.06 6.01 6.32 6.59 6.65 

8 5.58 5.10 5.18 5.01 4.44 4.17 4.54 5.02 6.09 6.37 6.67 6.62 

9 5.55 5.10 5.26 4.99 4.46 4.17 4.59 5.00 6.10 6.33 6.79 6.58 

10 5.50 5.14 5.23 4.97 4.45 4.22 4.59 4.99 6.11 6.30 6.81 6.54 

11 5.46 5.17 5.23 4.94 4.43 4.30 4.58 5.06 6.13 6.28 6.79 6.51 

12 5.43 5.20 5.22 4.90 4.42 4.38 4.56 5.05 6.15 6.28 6.78 6.47 

13 5.39 5.23 5.21 4.84 4.42 4.42 4.58 5.19 6.13 6.27 6.86 6.43 

14 5.37 5.25 5.18 4.78 4.40 4.44 4.59 5.20 6.13 6.26 7.05 6.39 

15 5.35 5.25 5.15 4.72 4.40 4.44 4.61 5.21 6.14 6.34 7.03 6.36 

16 5.31 5.26 5.09 4.66 4.39 4.44 4.63 5.21 6.15 6.33 6.99 6.32 

17 5.27 5.27 5.08 4.62 4.40 4.43 4.63 5.19 6.14 6.33 6.96 6.29 

18 5.23 5.29 5.07 4.58 4.37 4.41 4.67 5.19 6.14 6.31 6.93 6.37 

19 5.20 5.30 5.04 4.55 4.37 4.39 4.72 5.22 6.11 6.30 6.89 6.36 

20 5.19 5.30 5.03 4.52 4.44 4.39 4.76 5.25 6.09 6.30 6.88 6.32 

21 5.15 5.30 5.02 4.49 4.40 4.37 4.81 5.31 6.13 6.28 6.88 6.29 

22 5.18 5.31 5.02 4.45 4.38 4.35 4.83 5.33 6.36 6.41 6.83 6.26 

23 5.30 5.32 5.02 4.44 4.38 4.33 4.86 5.35 6.48 6.70 6.79 6.23 

24 5.32 5.33 5.07 4.49 4.39 4.31 4.91 5.38 6.51 6.85 6.74 6.21 

25 5.31 5.39 5.20 4.52 4.39 4.29 5.02 5.45 6.48 6.91 6.68 6.19 

26 5.30 5.43 5.26 4.50 4.41 4.26 5.06 5.51 6.55 6.91 6.63 6.18 

27 5.27 5.42 5.27 4.48 4.39 4.24 5.08 5.56 6.59 6.89 6.59 6.18 

28 5.24 5.41 5.25 4.47 4.32 4.22 5.09 5.55 6.57 6.87 6.56 6.17 

29 5.22 5.39 5.22 4.45 --- 4.19 5.10 5.58 6.52 6.83 6.53 6.16 

30 5.33 5.34 5.21 4.44 --- 4.18 5.13 5.61 6.47 6.80 6.50 6.17 

31 5.32 --- 5.19 4.47 --- 4.18 --- 5.63 --- 6.80 6.49 ---

Mean 5.40 5.26 5.17 4.74 4.42 4.29 4.64 5.25 6.16 6.47 6.76 6.42 

Max 5.70 5.43 5.32 5.15 4.51 4.44 5.13 5.63 6.59 6.91 7.05 6.83 

Min 5.15 5.10 5.02 4.44 4.32 4.17 4.11 4.99 5.64 6.26 6.49 6.16 
71

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 17 April 7 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 2.07 3.39 6.1 5.88

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 6.6 3.0 1.8 2.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 19.5 0.5 19.0 0.5 18.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.5 3.2 8.3 6.0 24.4 9.6 27.5 9.4 24.8 10.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.0 7.6 8.3 8.1 8.4 7.5 8.2 6.7 8.4 7.7

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 586 637 578 583 542 596 515 602 288 592

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.6 7.2 11.6 11.6 8.8 2.1 9.8 0.3 9.4 0.4

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.010 0.027 0.006 -- 0.014 0.043 0.012 0.019 0.018 0.023

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.273 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.024 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.52 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.79 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 249 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 46.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 32.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 21.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 207 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 50.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 24.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 7.47 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 330 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
72

 

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-10 04-07-10

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-24-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-27-10 08-26-10

200 400 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

200 400 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

200 400 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

200 400 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

200 400 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
73

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Center Site, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
74

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'09", long 88°26'22", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.—1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deepest point in northeast bay near Hewitt Point. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 17 April 7 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 1.87 1.64 2.88 2.06

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 7.0 4.6 2.8 3.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 12.0 0.5 14.0 0.5 16.5 0.5 15.0 0.5 14.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.8 3.6 9.8 5.2 24.6 8.4 27.4 8.8 24.9 10.0

00400 pH (standard units) 7.9 7.6 8.2 7.5 8.3 7.3 8.1 6.9 8.4 7.5

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 646 687 642 390 595 692 557 699 581 683

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.3 9.4 11.5 8.8 9.1 2.5 9.3 0.5 8.7 0.5

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.011 0.011 <.005 -- 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.045 0.013 0.049
75

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

0 10 20 30

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-10 04-07-10

0 10 20 30

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-24-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-27-10 08-26-10

550 600 650 700

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
76

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Hewitt Point, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
77

430723088252100 OKAUCHEE LAKE AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'23", long 88°25'21", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

DRAINAGE AREA.--80.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1984 to September 2006, April to August 2008, April to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 8 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 8 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.61 4.9 14.4 17.3

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 7.0 3.9 1.6 2.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 30.0 0.5 27.5 0.5 27.5 0.5 27.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.8 5.0 24.8 6.0 26.8 6.0 25.6 6.5

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 7.9 8.3 7.4 8.4 7.0 8.4 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 582 587 556 601 516 606 523 595

00300 Dissolved oxygen 12.5 12.9 10.5 7.4 10.0 1.8 10.1 2.9

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.013 -- 0.017 0.106 0.016 0.014 0.032 0.028

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.002 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.391 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) <.015 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, unfltrd, total (as N) 0.51 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 15 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 267 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 52.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 18.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 223 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 44.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) 24.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 6.74 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 336 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
78

430723088252100 OKAUCHEE LAKE AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 8 10 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-07-10 06-24-10

0 10 20 30

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-27-10 08-26-10

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 550 600 650

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
79

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
80

430759088244200 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 1, NEAR OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'59", long 88°24'42", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.30, T.8 N., R.18 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, near Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008, April to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Crane’s Nest Bay, in the northeast part of the lake, at an approximate depth of 2 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin 

State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 8 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 8 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.99 1.54 40.7 11.3

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 >2.1 0.9 1.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 6.9 6.9 26.0 24.2 27.3 25.6 25.7 23.4

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.0 8.2 8.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 590 590 563 582 515 521 533 557

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 8.9 12.0 9.7 6.3 9.9 10.6

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.011 -- 0.019 -- 0.043 -- 0.034 --
81

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

10

20

30

40

50

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 1, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)
82

430645088264500 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 2, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'45", long 88°26'45", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.35, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008, April to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Lower Okauchee Lake, at an approximate depth of 3 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 8 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 8 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.04 1.3 9.34 13.7

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.5 >3.8 2.2 1.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 2.0 0.5 3.5 0.5 3.0 0.5 2.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 8.0 10.3 26.2 25.0 27.2 26.3 25.8 24.9

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 561 553 526 527 516 515 514 513

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 11.2 13.8 8.8 9.0 10.4 9.8

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.007 -- 0.014 -- 0.016 -- 0.029 --
83

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 2, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
84

430642088252400 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 3, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'42", long 88°25'24", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.36, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008, April to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in Ice House Bay, in the southern part of the lake, at an approximate depth of 5 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State 

Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 8 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 8 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.71 0.97 8.35 15.9

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 3.4 5.0 2.0 1.2

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 4.0 0.5 5.3 0.5 4.0 0.5 4.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 8.4 8.2 26.0 20.8 27.1 26.4 25.3 24.4

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.4 7.9 8.3 8.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 565 565 513 544 494 510 521 520

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 11.2 18.3 9.1 2.6 8.9 8.1

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.007 -- 0.012 -- 0.018 -- 0.027 --
85

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

20

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 3, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)
86

430757088261700 OKAUCHEE LAKE, NO. 4, AT OKAUCHEE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°07'57", long 88°26'17", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.25, T.8 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Okauchee.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1986 to September 2006, April to August 2008, April to August 2010. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near McDowell (Crazyman’s) Island, in the northwest bay of the lake, at an approximate depth of 

 2 m. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 8 TO AUGUST 26, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name April 8 June 24 July 27 August 26

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 2.01 1.09 8.01 12.4

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.0 >2.0 >2.0 1.4

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.75 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 10.2 8.0 25.9 25.7 27.3 27.1 25.3 24.5

00400 pH (standard units) 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.3

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 553 561 494 495 504 504 528 523

00300 Dissolved oxygen -- -- 11.4 12.6 9.8 10.3 9.6 10.8

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.005 -- 0.016 -- 0.017 -- 0.028 --

 
87

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

4

3

2

1

0

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Okauchee Lake, No. 4, near Okauchee, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

 (Triangles in Secchi plot indicate maximum depth at sampling site.

Actual Secchi depth on these days was greater than the plotted triangles.)

Oligotrophic

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
88

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°32'46", long 88°17'58", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.1 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Powers Lake.

SURFACE AREA.—0.72 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--3.42 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to August 1996, and April 1998 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 30, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 17 April 7 June 25 July 29 August 30

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 6.89 4.24 4.08 4.48

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 4.7 2.65 2.85 2.25

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 10.0 0.5 10.0 0.5 11.5 0.5 10.0 0.5 9.5

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 0.7 4.8 11.1 10.5 25.6 14.1 27.8 15.5 25.9 18.3

00400 pH (standard units) 8.1 7.5 8.3 8.3 8.6 7.0 8.5 7.5 8.4 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 536 578 512 513 496 572 503 516 507 519

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.8 6.4 11.4 10.9 9.3 0.6 8.0 0.6 8.7 0.3

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.014 0.015 0.006 -- 0.017 0.022 0.017 0.051 0.021 0.036

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- <.002 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.083 -- -- -- 0.025 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- <.015 -- -- -- 0.019 -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.65 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.68 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 223 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 38.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 19.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 182 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 42.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 26.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 8.01 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 292 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
89

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 30, 2010

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-10 04-07-10

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-29-10 08-30-10

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-25-10

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

450 500 550

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

450 500 550

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
90

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Powers Lake, at Powers Lake, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
91

460458090102700 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°04'58", long 90°10'27", in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.42 W., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.7 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 13 0.5 13 0.5 13 1.0 12.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.3 25.7 9.7 20.1 10.1 18.9 10.1 2.6 3.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.6 8.1 6.9 7.2 6.8 8.1 7.3 7.5 6.9

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 89 90 116 94 134 95 154 114 144

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 10.4 0 9.6 0.3 9.2 0.6 7.6 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.79 3.05 -- 3.19 -- 3.34 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.025 0.045 0.056 0.034 0.079 0.017 0.065 0.018 0.028

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.004 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.123 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.034 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.48 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.33 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.453 --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 11.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 38 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 8.13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) 600 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 64 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
92

460458090102700 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

 

 

 

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
93

460344090124800 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, SOUTHWEST BASIN, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°03'44", long 90°12'48", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.2, T.41 N., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled in the deepest part of the southwest basin of the flowage. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 5.5 0.5 6.0 0.5 6.0 1.0 4.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 8.7 25.1 16.4 19.8 19.0 18.6 16.9 2.9 4.7

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 8.0 6.8 7.1 6.8 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.2

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 95 90 95 90 90 91 93 117 144

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11.4 12.3 1.2 8.7 7.7 8.7 5.4 10.1 1.1

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.57 3.63 -- 3.79 -- 5.95 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.027 0.044 0.036 0.036 0.029 0.020 0.026 0.013 0.118

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.087 --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.39 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.477 --

 

 

 
94

460344090124800 TURTLE-FLAMBEAU FLOWAGE, SOUTHWEST BASIN, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

 

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
95

460511090153800 LAKE BASTINE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°05'11", long 90°15'38", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.29, T.41 N., R.2 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.4 2.1 1.7 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 11.0 0.5 12.0 0.5 11.0 1.0 9.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.9 24.7 7.9 19.9 8.8 18.2 9.0 3.0 4.1

00400 pH (standard units) 6.9 7.9 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.0

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 105 90 127 93 145 94 164 112 130

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.5 11.2 0.0 8.6 0.4 8.7 0.3 11.8 0.5

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 3.25 2.38 -- 2.86 -- 8.36 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.021 0.042 0.067 0.026 0.064 0.021 0.075 0.012 0.212

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.001 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.071 --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.45 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.521 --

 

 
96

460511090153800 LAKE BASTINE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

 

 

 

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

75 100 125 150 175

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
97

460409090084100 TOWNLINE LAKE NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°04'09", long 90°08'41", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.5, T.41 N., R.3 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued). 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 29 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 29 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.6 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 5.0 0.5 5.0 0.5 5.0 1.0 4.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 9.4 25.4 14.0 19.9 19.6 18.4 16.5 4.7 4.0

00400 pH (standard units) 7.7 8.0 6.8 7.1 7.0 8.0 7.4 7.7 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 76 81 90 83 83 84 84 93 108

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.7 10.8 0.0 9.7 8.4 9.1 5.3 8.7 2.3

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 5.9 3.83 -- 6.0 -- 6.02 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.030 0.025 0.040 0.041 0.034 0.033 0.033 0.013 0.036

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.006 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.127 --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.37 --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.497 --

 

 
98

460409090084100 TOWNLINE LAKE NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010 

 

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-29-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

70 80 90 100 110

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
99

460646090091900 TRUDE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 46°06'46", long 90°09'19", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.42 N., R.3 E., Vilas County, Hydrologic Unit 07050002. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.—April 2009 to March 2010 (discontinued).

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 28 TO MARCH 15, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name Apr. 28 June 25 Aug. 4 Sept. 3 March 15

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 2.8 3.2 2.3 2.4 --

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 0.5 13.0 0.5 13.0 0.5 12.0 1.0 10.0

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 7.4 25.0 12.1 19.4 12.0 20.0 11.9 2.9 3.6

00400 pH (standard units) 7.5 8.0 6.7 7.0 6.6 8.1 7.2 7.5 7.1

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 78 81 90 81 115 82 136 87 96

00300 Dissolved oxygen 10.8 8.6 0.0 8.6 0.4 7.9 0.1 11.0 4.7

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 1.47 0.88 -- 3.08 -- 4.52 -- -- --

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.018 0.039 0.082 0.026 0.032 0.010 0.058 0.016 0.018

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) 0.003 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.012 --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) 0.058 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.066 --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) 0.029 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) 0.57 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.39 --

00600 Total nitrogen 0.63 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.456 --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) 37 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) 9.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) 34 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) <4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) 8.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) 58 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
100

460646090091900 TRUDE LAKE, DEEP HOLE, NEAR MERCER, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 29, 2009 TO MARCH 15, 2010

 

 

 

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-28-09 06-25-09

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

08-04-09

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-03-09 03-15-10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

50 100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

5 6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
101

05429485 LAKE WAUBESA AT MCFARLAND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°00′32′′, long 89°18′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.3, T.6 

N., R.10 E., Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on left bank just upstream from bridge on U.S. Highway 

51, downstream of dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa and 1.0 mi southwest of McFarland. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.25 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--327 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 805, WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (levels by Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dams at outlets of Lake Mendota and Lake Waubesa. Gage-height telemeter at 

station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.22 ft, June 15-17, 2008; minimum 

observed, 3.50 ft, Feb.14, 2006, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.63 ft, Aug. 15; minimum recorded, 3.99 ft, 

Mar. 9. 
102

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 5.32 5.00 5.03 4.94 4.30 4.09 4.14 5.03 5.28 5.89 6.37 6.10 

2 5.34 4.97 5.01 4.91 4.30 4.09 4.13 5.04 5.32 5.83 6.34 6.13 

3 5.34 4.94 5.00 4.89 4.28 4.08 4.13 5.04 5.37 5.78 6.32 6.24 

4 5.34 4.89 4.98 4.87 4.26 4.06 4.13 5.01 5.42 5.74 6.30 6.24 

5 5.31 4.86 4.94 4.85 4.25 4.04 4.14 5.00 5.49 5.72 6.29 6.21 

6 5.29 4.82 4.91 4.83 4.24 4.02 4.21 4.95 5.67 5.71 6.26 6.20 

7 5.30 4.80 4.90 4.83 4.22 4.00 4.48 4.92 5.69 5.71 6.23 6.17 

8 5.28 4.79 4.89 4.82 4.21 4.00 4.69 4.95 5.74 5.74 6.27 6.12 

9 5.24 4.78 4.98 4.80 4.21 4.00 4.70 4.90 5.77 5.73 6.38 6.08 

10 5.20 4.79 4.97 4.78 4.22 4.06 4.69 4.82 5.75 5.72 6.40 6.03 

11 5.15 4.80 4.96 4.76 4.21 4.15 4.68 4.83 5.78 5.70 6.39 6.00 

12 5.11 4.82 4.95 4.74 4.20 4.23 4.66 4.85 5.77 5.70 6.38 5.97 

13 5.08 4.83 4.94 4.71 4.18 4.28 4.64 4.96 5.76 5.69 6.41 5.94 

14 5.04 4.86 4.93 4.67 4.18 4.30 4.63 5.01 5.75 5.67 6.59 5.90 

15 5.02 4.89 4.92 4.62 4.17 4.29 4.63 4.99 5.75 5.71 6.62 5.86 

16 5.01 4.89 4.89 4.58 4.16 4.28 4.66 4.96 5.76 5.74 6.60 5.83 

17 4.97 4.91 4.86 4.54 4.16 4.27 4.69 4.94 5.74 5.74 6.57 5.79 

18 4.93 4.92 4.84 4.50 4.14 4.26 4.71 4.93 5.73 5.76 6.52 5.82 

19 4.89 4.94 4.82 4.47 4.13 4.24 4.72 4.93 5.72 5.76 6.47 5.82 

20 4.88 4.96 4.81 4.43 4.13 4.26 4.76 4.93 5.68 5.77 6.42 5.81 

21 4.86 4.96 4.80 4.40 4.12 4.25 4.76 4.97 5.70 5.77 6.40 5.78 

22 4.86 4.96 4.80 4.38 4.13 4.23 4.73 5.00 5.88 5.87 6.37 5.76 

23 5.01 4.96 4.79 4.36 4.13 4.22 4.74 5.01 5.97 6.17 6.33 5.72 

24 5.05 4.97 4.80 4.39 4.12 4.21 4.73 5.04 6.01 6.34 6.28 5.74 

25 5.02 5.05 4.94 4.43 4.12 4.20 4.81 5.07 5.99 6.41 6.24 5.70 

26 5.01 5.13 5.00 4.44 4.12 4.19 4.93 5.08 6.02 6.42 6.18 5.67 

27 4.99 5.13 5.02 4.42 4.11 4.18 4.98 5.14 6.05 6.44 6.12 5.65 

28 4.96 5.10 5.02 4.39 4.10 4.18 4.99 5.15 6.05 6.43 6.08 5.64 

29 4.93 5.09 5.00 4.37 --- 4.18 4.96 5.21 6.00 6.40 6.04 5.63 

30 5.02 5.07 4.98 4.34 --- 4.15 4.97 5.22 5.95 6.37 6.01 5.62 

31 5.04 --- 4.96 4.32 --- 4.13 --- 5.25 --- 6.39 5.99 ---

Mean 5.09 4.93 4.92 4.61 4.18 4.17 4.63 5.00 5.75 5.93 6.33 5.91 

Max 5.34 5.13 5.03 4.94 4.30 4.30 4.99 5.25 6.05 6.44 6.62 6.24 

Min 4.86 4.78 4.79 4.32 4.10 4.00 4.13 4.82 5.28 5.67 5.99 5.62 
103

Stage hydrograph for Lake Waubesa, 2003-2010

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 3

4

5

6

7

8

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
104

424848088083100 WIND LAKE, HEADWATER, AT OUTLET AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48′48′′, long 88°08′31′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.16, T.4 N., R.20 E., 

Racine County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--39.6 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1985 to current year. Prior to October 2000, published as "Wind Lake Outlet". 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-91-1: 1988(m). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam with two 10-foot gates at outlet. Lake ice-covered Dec. 3 to Mar. 14. Prior to October 1987, 

published as Wind Lake at Wind Lake, Wis. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 9.88 ft, June 14, 15, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.95 ft, Jan. 2, 1996. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.56 ft, July 15; minimum recorded, 8.08 ft, Jan. 11. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET (HEADWATER)

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 8.18 8.30 8.35 8.27 8.38 8.27 8.36 8.25 8.29 8.32 8.34 8.31 

2 8.28 8.34 8.40 8.24 8.31 8.26 8.36 8.26 8.30 8.26 8.33 8.32 

3 8.28 8.39 8.44 8.21 8.24 8.26 8.35 8.30 8.33 8.36 8.35 8.33 

4 8.27 8.43 8.48 8.24 8.24 8.26 8.26 8.31 8.32 8.39 8.34 8.31 

5 8.26 8.46 8.50 8.33 8.32 8.27 8.22 8.33 8.36 8.33 8.35 8.29 

6 8.26 8.44 8.53 8.40 8.36 8.28 8.32 8.32 8.39 8.30 8.33 8.28 

7 8.26 8.38 8.50 8.43 8.34 8.29 8.25 8.30 8.26 8.42 8.34 8.27 

8 8.25 8.34 8.37 8.36 8.31 8.30 8.34 8.22 8.31 8.28 8.36 8.26 

9 8.26 8.33 8.36 8.26 8.29 8.29 8.31 8.19 8.38 8.24 8.40 8.25 

10 8.26 8.36 8.29 8.16 8.29 8.27 8.34 8.22 8.40 8.33 8.37 8.24 

11 8.24 8.37 8.33 8.11 8.26 8.30 8.41 8.30 8.35 8.45 8.31 8.29 

12 8.24 8.37 8.38 8.17 8.32 8.32 8.41 8.30 8.27 8.38 8.33 8.30 

13 8.23 8.37 8.43 8.24 8.37 8.32 8.37 8.36 8.24 8.26 8.35 8.30 

14 8.22 8.38 8.42 8.31 8.35 8.30 8.29 8.30 8.27 8.34 8.37 8.29 

15 8.23 8.38 8.27 8.35 8.30 8.27 8.29 8.28 8.32 8.43 8.35 8.29 

16 8.25 8.38 8.24 8.31 8.26 8.28 8.35 8.37 8.36 8.30 8.31 8.29 

17 8.24 8.38 8.28 8.28 8.23 8.29 8.37 8.42 8.32 8.40 8.26 8.27 

18 8.23 8.39 8.32 8.24 8.25 8.32 8.38 8.40 8.35 8.43 8.26 8.29 

19 8.22 8.39 8.36 8.24 8.28 8.26 8.36 8.35 8.37 8.34 8.26 8.30 

20 8.22 8.37 8.39 8.26 8.27 8.27 8.33 8.31 8.38 8.28 8.27 8.31 

21 8.22 8.35 8.41 8.31 8.25 8.30 8.30 8.32 8.38 8.33 8.37 8.32 

22 8.26 8.33 8.37 8.35 8.28 8.32 8.27 8.33 8.36 8.37 8.37 8.37 

23 8.37 8.32 8.30 8.31 8.29 8.25 8.27 8.36 8.29 8.35 8.37 8.36 

24 8.35 8.33 8.27 8.25 8.30 8.30 8.29 8.35 8.35 8.41 8.37 8.35 

25 8.34 8.39 8.29 8.27 8.31 8.39 8.35 8.28 8.34 8.42 8.36 8.35 

26 8.38 8.43 8.27 8.32 8.31 8.38 8.31 8.28 8.33 8.38 8.34 8.34 

27 8.36 8.37 8.31 8.38 8.31 8.32 8.25 8.28 8.31 8.32 8.32 8.33 

28 8.33 8.33 8.35 8.32 8.28 8.25 8.27 8.28 8.27 8.28 8.30 8.33 

29 8.32 8.34 8.36 8.24 --- 8.23 8.32 8.27 8.31 8.29 8.29 8.32 

30 8.36 8.33 8.35 8.23 --- 8.33 8.31 8.26 8.38 8.34 8.28 8.32 

31 8.32 --- 8.32 8.33 --- 8.36 --- 8.27 --- 8.39 8.28 ---

Mean 8.27 8.37 8.36 8.28 8.30 8.29 8.32 8.30 8.33 8.35 8.33 8.31 

Max 8.38 8.46 8.53 8.43 8.38 8.39 8.41 8.42 8.40 8.45 8.40 8.37 

Min 8.18 8.30 8.24 8.11 8.23 8.23 8.22 8.19 8.24 8.24 8.26 8.24 
105

 Stage hydrograph for Wind Lake, 1985-2010.

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

CREST OF DAM

DAILY AVERAGE STAGES

MANUAL STAGE READING
106

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'15", long 88°08'39", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.20 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1985 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 17 TO AUGUST 30, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name February 17 April 7 June 25 July 29 August 30

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) -- 8.5 9.88 17.9 12

00078 Secchi-depth (m) -- 2.65 2.4 1.25 1.35

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 14 0.5 15 0.5 16 0.5 14 0.5 15

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 1.2 3 11 9.3 25.1 12.8 26.9 13.2 25 13.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.7 7 8.2 7.9 8.4 7.2 8.2 7.4 8.2 7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 697 923 709 729 616 689 519 695 491 710

00300 Dissolved oxygen 11 3.7 10.6 10.2 7.8 0.3 7.5 0.2 8.5 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.048 0.131 0.021 -- 0.031 0.199 0.070 0.331 0.033 --

00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved (as P) -- -- <.002 -- -- -- 0.021 -- -- --

00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.037 -- -- -- 0.033 -- -- --

00608 Ammonia, dissolved (as N) -- -- 0.029 -- -- -- 0.021 -- -- --

00623 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved (as N) -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.85 -- -- --

00625 Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total (as N) -- -- 0.83 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00600 Total nitrogen -- -- 0.87 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

63675 Turbidity, (NTU) -- -- <1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00081 Apparent color, (PTU) -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00900 Hardness (as CaCO3) -- -- 221 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00915 Calcium, dissolved (Ca) -- -- 46.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (Mg) -- -- 25.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00930 Sodium, dissolved (Na) -- -- 55.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00935 Potassium, dissolved (K) -- -- 2.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00417 ANC (as CaCO3) -- -- 167 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00940 Chloride, dissolved (Cl) -- -- 107 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (SO4) -- -- 32.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

00955 Silica, dissolved (SiO2) -- -- 0.335 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01046 Iron (μg/L) -- -- <100 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

01056 Manganese (μg/L) -- -- 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

70300 Solids, dissolved (at 180 °C) -- -- 406 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
107

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, SEPTEMBER 2, 2010

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

Parameter Code Parameter Name September 2

32210 Chlorophyll a (μg/L) 16.9

00078 Secchi-depth (m) 1.6

00098 Sampling depth (m) 0.5 7 12 13.5 15

00010 Water Temperature (°C) 25.2 23.1 13.6 13.3 13.1

00400 pH (standard units) 8.2 7.5 7.1 7.1 7 

00095 Specific conductance (μS/cm) 497 530 702 705 710

00300 Dissolved oxygen 7.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2

00665 Phosphorus, total (as P) 0.035 0.093 0.439 0.426 0.445
108

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 17 TO JUNE 25, 2010

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-17-10

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700 800 9001000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-25-10

W.T. D.O.

S.C.

pH

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

04-07-10

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
109

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 29 TO SEPTEMBER 2, 2009

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-29-10

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700 800 9001000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

09-02-10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

08-30-10

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
110

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 4

3

2

1

0

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

50

100

150

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0.00

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Wind Lake, Deep Hole, at Wind Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
111

04082500 LAKE WINNEBAGO AT OSHKOSH, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°00′35′′, long 88°31′38′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.18 

 N., R.16 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203, 800 ft east of mouth of the upper Fox River.

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1938 to current year in reports of Geological Survey. Records from July 1882 to 

 September 1938 in files of Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report on Fox River by U.S.

 Army Corps of Engineers, published as House Document No. 146, 67th Congress, 2nd session, contains semi- 

 monthly records of inflow of Lake Winnebago for the period 1896-1917. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-83-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Nonrecording gage read once daily October 1938 to October 1978. Datum of gage is 

 745.05 ft above mean tide at New York City (levels by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

 navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the

 crest of Menasha to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Data-collection 

platform and gage-height telemeter at station.

 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.32 ft, Mar. 9, 1982; Minimum 

 observed, 0.33 ft, May 17, 1960. 

 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.58 ft, July 25; Minimum recorded, 1.68 ft, 

Mar. 5-9. 
112

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.66 2.57 2.26 2.23 1.88 1.71 2.23 2.82 3.11 3.14 3.35 3.18 

2 2.60 2.51 2.24 2.22 1.88 1.70 2.26 2.87 3.13 3.12 3.28 3.17 

3 2.59 2.52 2.24 2.20 1.88 1.70 2.27 2.87 3.12 3.13 3.27 3.08 

4 2.59 2.49 2.20 2.18 1.87 1.69 2.33 2.89 3.12 3.12 3.26 3.09 

5 2.60 2.47 2.20 2.16 1.86 1.69 2.36 2.78 3.15 3.16 3.21 3.06 

6 2.56 2.45 2.20 2.14 1.85 1.68 2.45 2.88 3.18 3.20 3.23 3.01 

7 2.60 2.40 2.19 2.12 1.84 1.68 2.60 2.86 3.18 3.21 3.26 2.86 

8 2.61 2.41 2.23 2.12 1.83 1.68 2.58 2.79 3.18 3.20 3.31 2.98 

9 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.09 1.83 1.68 2.63 2.82 3.08 3.18 3.36 2.98 

10 2.56 2.38 2.15 2.07 1.83 1.70 2.62 2.79 3.16 3.15 3.35 2.98 

11 2.57 2.37 2.21 2.04 1.82 1.74 2.65 2.81 3.15 3.12 3.33 2.96 

12 2.56 2.36 2.21 2.03 1.81 1.82 2.65 2.72 3.14 3.13 3.31 2.99 

13 2.55 2.33 2.21 2.02 1.80 1.85 2.65 2.74 3.13 3.10 3.23 3.01 

14 2.57 2.31 2.21 2.01 1.78 1.88 2.61 2.73 3.11 3.11 3.18 3.03 

15 2.56 2.32 2.23 2.00 1.76 1.92 2.62 2.83 3.12 3.31 3.09 3.03 

16 2.54 2.33 2.24 1.99 1.75 1.94 2.65 2.84 3.17 3.37 3.03 2.99 

17 2.53 2.34 2.24 1.97 1.74 1.97 2.71 2.85 3.17 3.39 3.01 2.98 

18 2.52 2.30 2.24 1.96 1.74 2.00 2.70 2.86 3.10 3.41 3.00 2.96 

19 2.50 2.29 2.24 1.95 1.73 2.02 2.69 2.88 3.05 3.42 3.03 2.96 

20 2.52 2.31 2.25 1.94 1.73 2.05 2.69 2.90 3.05 3.42 3.04 2.95 

21 2.53 2.32 2.25 1.92 1.72 2.06 2.72 2.93 2.99 3.37 3.11 2.90 

22 2.58 2.31 2.25 1.90 1.72 2.07 2.69 2.95 2.97 3.42 3.14 2.95 

23 2.57 2.31 2.24 1.89 1.72 2.09 2.69 2.97 3.01 3.45 3.16 2.94 

24 2.52 2.30 2.24 1.91 1.72 2.10 2.72 3.00 3.04 3.55 3.15 2.83 

25 2.55 2.31 2.28 1.92 1.72 2.11 2.92 3.01 3.03 3.58 3.16 2.95 

26 2.54 2.31 2.30 1.92 1.72 2.11 2.86 3.04 3.06 3.55 3.18 2.90 

27 2.55 2.34 2.30 1.92 1.72 2.12 2.89 3.09 3.13 3.51 3.16 2.85 

28 2.54 2.30 2.30 1.91 1.71 2.14 2.85 3.10 3.18 3.48 3.16 2.83 

29 2.54 2.28 2.28 1.91 --- 2.16 2.82 3.10 3.17 3.48 3.16 2.80 

30 2.52 2.25 2.26 1.90 --- 2.18 2.77 3.10 3.17 3.44 3.16 2.79 

31 2.49 --- 2.25 1.89 --- 2.18 --- 3.12 --- 3.39 3.16 --- 

Mean 2.56 2.36 2.24 2.01 1.78 1.92 2.63 2.90 3.11 3.31 3.19 2.97 

Max 2.66 2.57 2.30 2.23 1.88 2.18 2.92 3.12 3.18 3.58 3.36 3.18 

Min 2.49 2.25 2.15 1.89 1.71 1.68 2.23 2.72 2.97 3.10 3.00 2.79 
113

Stage hydrograph for Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh, WI, 1882-2010.

 1882 1887 1892 1897 1902 1907 1912 1917 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 -2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

 
114

04084255 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR STOCKBRIDGE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°04′14′′, long 88°19′44′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1983, Calumet County, WI, 

Hydrologic Unit 04030203, Stockbridge Indian Reservation, on east shore of Lake Winnebago, 300 ft south of 

County Highway E and 1.6 mi west of Stockbridge. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--November 1982 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 745.05 ft above mean tide of New York City (levels by U. S. Army 

Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

crest of Menasha dam to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Datacollection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, July 9, 11, 1993, June 14, 

2008; minimum observed, 0.30 ft, Mar. 1, 1986. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.48 ft, July 24, 25, 26; minimum recorded, 

1.53 ft, Mar. 6, 7, 8, 9. 
115

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2009 TO SEPTEMBER 2010

DAILY MEAN VALUES 

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.45 2.45 2.14 2.12 1.76 1.58 2.11 2.77 3.03 3.05 3.24 3.11 

2 2.43 2.44 2.10 2.11 1.76 1.58 2.16 2.77 2.97 3.07 3.23 3.09 

3 2.51 2.44 2.12 2.08 1.76 1.57 2.22 2.82 3.00 3.07 3.18 3.18 

4 2.56 2.38 2.21 2.06 1.74 1.57 2.25 2.77 3.02 3.10 3.17 3.09 

5 2.50 2.39 2.14 2.05 1.74 1.56 2.26 2.88 3.05 3.10 3.18 2.96 

6 2.52 2.31 2.06 2.02 1.73 1.55 2.25 2.76 3.10 3.14 3.17 2.90 

7 2.59 2.30 2.04 2.01 1.71 1.55 2.33 2.62 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.03 

8 2.52 2.28 2.01 2.00 1.70 1.55 2.45 2.72 3.02 3.13 3.27 2.90 

9 2.48 2.26 2.05 1.98 1.71 1.55 2.54 2.71 3.09 3.10 3.27 2.84 

10 2.55 2.25 2.19 1.94 1.72 1.58 2.54 2.62 3.04 3.06 3.23 2.80 

11 2.49 2.24 2.10 1.93 1.70 1.63 2.53 2.44 3.00 3.07 3.21 2.86 

12 2.43 2.23 2.08 1.91 1.68 1.69 2.51 2.52 3.00 3.01 3.20 2.92 

13 2.43 2.20 2.09 1.90 1.67 1.74 2.45 2.60 2.99 2.94 3.14 2.93 

14 2.38 2.20 2.11 1.89 1.66 1.78 2.48 2.73 2.95 2.95 3.08 2.90 

15 2.36 2.22 2.13 1.88 1.65 1.81 2.56 2.70 2.97 3.28 3.09 2.86 

16 2.39 2.17 2.12 1.86 1.65 1.83 2.59 2.70 3.09 3.38 3.03 2.83 

17 2.41 2.11 2.12 1.85 1.63 1.86 2.59 2.69 3.05 3.33 2.93 2.89 

18 2.42 2.13 2.13 1.84 1.62 1.89 2.56 2.72 3.02 3.32 2.92 2.86 

19 2.41 2.20 2.13 1.82 1.61 1.91 2.55 2.77 3.01 3.32 2.91 2.84 

20 2.36 2.21 2.13 1.81 1.60 1.94 2.57 2.79 2.92 3.30 2.93 2.80 

21 2.37 2.19 2.13 1.80 1.60 1.95 2.53 2.79 2.85 3.29 3.01 2.83 

22 2.33 2.17 2.13 1.78 1.60 1.97 2.53 2.84 2.87 3.27 3.03 2.80 

23 2.33 2.16 2.12 1.76 1.60 1.98 2.54 2.86 2.93 3.40 3.05 2.84 

24 2.49 2.16 2.13 1.78 1.61 1.99 2.53 2.88 2.97 3.48 3.08 3.04 

25 2.42 2.19 2.17 1.79 1.60 1.99 2.50 2.89 2.95 3.48 3.09 2.85 

26 2.42 2.25 2.18 1.81 1.60 1.99 2.67 2.92 2.94 3.48 3.08 2.75 

27 2.43 2.23 2.18 1.80 1.59 2.00 2.67 2.96 3.05 3.45 3.10 2.73 

28 2.40 2.18 2.19 1.80 1.58 2.01 2.69 2.96 3.11 3.43 3.09 2.70 

29 2.39 2.16 2.16 1.79 --- 2.03 2.64 2.97 3.06 3.39 3.07 2.70 

30 2.51 2.23 2.14 1.78 --- 2.05 2.66 2.99 3.04 3.35 3.08 2.69 

31 2.60 --- 2.14 1.78 --- 2.07 --- 3.01 --- 3.27 3.09 ---

Mean 2.45 2.24 2.12 1.89 1.66 1.80 2.48 2.78 3.00 3.23 3.11 2.88 

Max 2.60 2.45 2.21 2.12 1.76 2.07 2.69 3.01 3.11 3.48 3.27 3.18 

Min 2.33 2.11 2.01 1.76 1.58 1.55 2.11 2.44 2.85 2.94 2.91 2.69 
116

WISCONSIN DISTRICT PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING TO LAKES

The r eports publ ished i n a U .S. G eological S urvey s eries ar e f or s ale by t he U .S. 

Geological S urvey, B ox 25425, Feder al C enter, D enver, C O 80225. Prepayment i s 

required. R emittance s hould be s ent by c heck or m oney or der pay able t o t he U .S. 

Geological Survey. Prices can be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling 

(303) 236 -7476. R eprints of j ournal ar ticles may be obt ained by writing directly t o t he 

author at U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562.

2011

Feinstein, D.T., Dunning, C.P., Juckem, P.F., and Hunt, R.J., 2010, Application of the 

Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interactions of 

lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5214, 30 p.

Robertson, D.M. and Rose, W.J., 2011, Response in the trophic state of stratified lakes 

to changes in hydrology and water level: potential effects of climate change: Journal 

of Water and Climate Change, vol. 2. No. 1, p. 1-18.

2010

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2010, Hydrology, water 

quality, and response to simulated changes in phosphorus loading of Minocqua and 

Kawaguesaga Lakes, Oneida County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on effects of 

urbanization: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2010-5196.

2009

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of 

Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses of a 

terminal lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5077, 38 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Juckem, P.F., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of

 Whitefish Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses

 of an oligotrophic seepage lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: 

 U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5089, 41 p.

2008

Chung, E., Schladow, S.G., Perez-Losada, J., and Robertson, D.M., 2008, A linked 

hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

57–75.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2008, Water quality, hydrology, and simulated 

response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland 

Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus 

loading in a polymictic lake: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2008–5053, 

46 p. 
117

Robertson, D.M., and Schladow, S.G., 2008, Response in the water quality in the Salton 

Sea to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach: 

Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 5–19.

Robertson, D.M., Schladow, S.G., and Holdren, G.C., 2008, Long-term changes in the 

phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

21–36.

2007

Robertson, D.M., Garn, H.S., and Rose, W.J., 2007, Response of calcareous Nagawicka 

Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading. Lake and Reservoir 

Management, Vol. 23, p. 298-312.

Walker, J.F., Saad, D.A., and Hunt, R.J., 2007, Dynamics of CFCs in northern temperate 

lakes and adjacent groundwater. Water Resources. Research 43(4) W04423, 

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005WR004647.shtml

2006

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, 

Water quality, hydrology, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of 

Nagawicka Lake, a calcareous lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report: 2006–5273.

Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R,, Graczyk, D.J., 2006, Evaluating the effects of nearshore 

development on Wisconsin lakes. USGS Fact Sheet FS-2006-3033, 4 p.

Magnuson, J.J., Benson, B.J., Lenters, J.D, and Robertson, D.M., 2006, Climate driven 

variability and change, Chapter 7, In Magnuson, J.J., Kratz, T.K, and Benson, B.J 

eds. Long-term dynamics of lakes in the landscape, Oxford University Press, p 123–

150.

Saad, D.A., 2005, Pesticides in surface water, bed sediment, and ground water adjacent 

to commercial cranberry bogs, Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Vilas County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5262, 29 p.

2005

Hunt, R.J., Feinstein, D.T., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2005, The importance of 

diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern 

Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005.

Marzolf, G.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2005, Reservoir, In Encyclopedia of Hydrological 

Sciences: Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., v. 4, part 9, John Wiley & 

Sons, p. 1675-1680. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2005, Water quality, hydrology, and 

phosphorus loading to Little St. Germain Lake, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on 

the effects of winter aeration and ground-water inputs: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5071, 36 p.

2004

Dupre, D.H., and Robertson, D.M., 2004, Water quality of Nippersink Creek and Wonder

Lake, M cHenry C ounty, I llinois, 1994 –2001: U .S. G eological S urvey S cientific 

Investigations Report 2004–5085.
118

Rose, W.J., Robertson, D.M., and M ergener, E.A., 2004, Water quality, hydrology, and 

the e ffects o f changes in phos phorus l oading to P ike La ke, Washington C ounty, 

Wisconsin, with special em phasis on i nlet-to-outlet short-circuiting: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5141, 32 p.

2003

Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y.F., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in 

the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4204, 29 p.

Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S.A., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, traceelement, and ec ological hi story of M usky B ay, Lac C ourte O reilles, Wisconsin, as 

inferred from sediment c ores: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4225, 141 p.

Fitzpatrick, F .A., and P eppler, M .C., 2003 , S edimentation and s ediment c hemistry, 

Neopit Mill Pond, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 2001: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03–23, 58 p.

Garn, H.S., Elder, J.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Why study lakes? An overview of 

U.S. Geological Survey lake studies in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet FS–063–03, 8 p.

Graczyk, D .G., H unt, R .J., G reb, S .R., B uchwald, C .A., a nd K rohelski, J .T., 2 003, 

Hydrology, water quality, and y ields, from near-shore flows to four lakes in northern 

Wisconsin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey W ater-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4144. 64 p.

Hunt, R.J., 2003, Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 Package for 

MODFLOW2000: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 114–118.

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground 

water-lake interactions: approaches and insights: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 22, p. 

227–237.

Hunt, R.J., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Using diverse data types to calibrate a 

watershed m odel of the Tr out Lake Basin, northern Wisconsin, In MODFLOW and 

More 2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference o f t he I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. Go lden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 600–604.

Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground water 

flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4154. 36 p.

John, R ., P int, C .D., A nderson, M .P., a nd H unt, R .J., 2003, The e ffects o f p otential 

climate c hange on l ake l evels and l ake c apture z ones, In MODFLOW and M ore 

2003—Understanding t hrough m odeling: Proceedings o f t he 5t h International 

Conference o f t he I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. Go lden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 212–216.
119

Magnuson, J.J., Krohelski, J.T., Kunkel, K.E., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Wisconsin's 

waters and c limate—historical changes and pos sible futures, In Wisconsin's waters: 

a confluence of perspectives: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy, p. 23–36.

Pint, C .D., H unt, R .J., and A nderson, M .P., 2003, Fl ow pat h del ineation and g round 

water age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 895–902.

Robertson, D .M., R ose, W.J., a nd Garn, H .S., 2003, Water quality and t he e ffects of 

changes in phosphorus loading, Red Cedar Lakes, Barron and Washburn Counties, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–

4238, 42 p.

Robertson, D .M., R ose, W.J., and S aad, D .A., 2003, Water quality and t he e ffects o f 

changes in phosphorus loading to Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4011, 18 p.

2002

Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic 

conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Ground Water 40(2), p. 119–124.

Garn, H . S ., 2002, E ffects o f l awn f ertilizer on nut rient c oncentration i n r unoff from 

lakeshore l awns, Lauder dale Lak es, Wisconsin: U SGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4130, 6 p.

Kelson, V.A., Hunt, R.J., and H aitjema, H.M., 2002, Improving a regional m odel using 

reduced complexity and parameter estimation: Ground Water, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 138–

149.

Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud and 

Crystal Lak es and t he s hallow g round-water s ystem, Dane County, W isconsin: 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–20. 

Krohelski, J .T., R ose, W.J., and H unt, R .J., 2 002, H ydrologic i nvestigation o f P owell 

Marsh and its relationship to Dead Pike Lake Vilas County, Wisconsin: USGS WaterResources Investigations Report 02–4034.

Madenjian, C .P., Fahen stiel, G .L., Johengen, T.H., N alepa, T.F., V enderploeg, H .A., 

Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., 

Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and E bener, M.P., 2002, 

Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970–2000: Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 59, p. 736–753.

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L, Mergerer, E.A., Rose, W.J., and Garrison, P.J., 2002, 

Hydrology and water qual ity of G eneva Lak e, Walworth C ounty, Wisconsin: U .S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02–4039, 73 p.

Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River Pools, 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4181, 36 p.

2001
120

Hunt, R.J., Bradbury, K.R., and Krohelski, J.T., 2001, The effects of large-scale pumping 

and diversion on the water resources in Dane County, Wisconsin: USGS Fact Sheet 

FS–127–01, 4 p. 

Hunt, R .J., H aitjema, H.M., K rohelski, J .T., and Fei nstein, D .T., 2 001, S imulating 

groundwater-lake interactions with models: MODFLOW and analytic element 

approaches, In MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 

4th I nternational C onference o f the I nternational G round Water M odeling C enter. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 328–334.

Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Simulation of lake stage in two seepage 

lakes i n s outhcentral W isconsin us ing t he L AK3 pac kage for M ODFLOW, In

MODFLOW 2001 and O ther M odeling O dysseys: Proceedings o f t he 4t h 

International C onference o f the International G round Water M odeling C enter. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 411–417.

2000

Elder, J.F., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P.J., 2000, Chemical composition of surficial 

deposits in Geneva Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–121–

00.

Elder J.F., Rybicki, N.B., Carter, V.P., and Weintraub, V., 2000, Sources and yields of 

dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of 

peatland: Wetlands, vol. 20, no. 1, p.113–125.

Hunt, R.J., Graczyk, D.J., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Water flows in the Necedah National 

Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–068–00, 4 p.

Hunt, R .J., Li n, J ., K rohelski, J .T., and J uckem, P .F., 2000, S imulation of t he s hallow 

hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic 

elements and pa rameter estimation: U.S. G eological Survey Water R esources 

Investigations Report 00–4136, 16 p.

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Interacting factors causing 

exceptional water c larity i n La kes M endota and Monona, Wisconsin: P roc. o f the 

International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Magnuson, J.J., Robertson, D.M. Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., Livigstone, D.M., Arai, T., 

Assel, R.A., Barry, R.G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N.G., Prowse, T.D., Stewart, 

K.M., and V uglinski, V.S., 2000, Historical trends in lake and r iver ice cover in the 

northern hemisphere: Science, Vol. 289, No. 5485, p. 1743–1746.

Magnuson, J.J., Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Lake and river 

ice as a po werful indicator of past and pr esent climates: Proc. of t he I nternational 

Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Robertson, D .M., 2000, O ne-dimensional s imulation of s tratification a nd di ssolved 

oxygen i n McCook R eservoir, Illinois: U .S. G eological S urvey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4258, 17 p.
121

Robertson, D .M., Goddard, G.L., H elsel, D .R., and M acKinnon, K .L., 2000 , 

Rehabilitation of D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin: La ke and R eservoir M anagement, v ol. 

20, vo. 3, p. 155–176.

Robertson, D .M., and Rose, W.J., 2000 , H ydrology, w ater quality, a nd phos phorus 

loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4209, 8 p.

Robertson, D.M., Wynne, R.H., and Chang, W.Y.B., 2000, Variability in ice cover across 

the nor thern he misphere dur ing the 190 0's associated w ith E l N ino ev ents: 

Proceedings of the International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 

1998.

Saad, D.A., and R obertson, D.M., 2000, Water-resources-related information for the St. 

Croix Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4133, 65 p.

Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N.J., Robertson, D.M., and Olson, D.T., 2000, Methodology, 

data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced 

by aer ators and mixers: U .S. Geological S urvey Water R esources I nvestigations 

Report 00–4101, 72 p.

Grannemann, N.G., Hunt, R.J., Nicholas, J.R. Reilly, T.E., and Winter, T.C., 2000, The 

importance of ground water to the Great Lakes Region: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4008, 12 p.

 1999

Lathrop, R .C., C arpenter, S .R., and R obertson, D .M., 1999, S ummer w ater c larity 

responses to phos phorus, D aphnia grazing, and i nternal m ixing i n La ke M endota: 

Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 137–146.

Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and hydrologic 

budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 99–4209, 23 p.

Panuska, J .C., and R obertson, D .M., 1999, E stimating phos phorus c oncentrations 

following al um t reatment us ing appar ent s ettling v elocities: Lak es and R eservoir 

Management, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 28–38.

 1998

Hunt, R .J, A nderson, M.P., and K elson, V .A., 1998 , I mproving a complex f initedifference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening 

model: Ground Water, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1011–1017.

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1 998, Linking an analytic el ement flow 

code to MODFLOW— Implementation and bene fits, In MODFLOW’98: Proceedings 

of the 3rd International Conference of the International Ground Water Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p 477–504.
122

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C.C., Benoit, J.M., Babiarz, C.L., Andren, A.W., and Hurley, 

J.P., 1998, M ethyl m ercury dy namics i n l ittoral s ediments o f a t emperate l ake: 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 55, p. 835–844.

Robertson, D.M., Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1998, Dynamics in 

phosphorus retention in wetlands upstream of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lakes and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 466–477.

Rose, W.J., and R obertson, D .M., 1998, H ydrology, w ater quality, an d phos phorus 

loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

FS–066–98, 4 p.

Walker, J.F. and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1998, Groundwater and surface-water interactions 

in r iparian and l ake-dominated s ystems, In Kendall, C . and M cDonnell, J .J. ed s., 

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, Elsevier Publishing, New York, 839 p.

1997

Elder, J.F., Manion, B.J., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess 

factors af fecting phos phorus r etention and r elease i n an e xtended W isconsin 

wetland: U .S. G eological S urvey Water-Resources I nvestigations R eport 97 –4272, 

14 p.

Goddard, G.L., and Elder, J.F., 1997, Retention of sediments and nutrients in Jackson 

Creek Wetland near D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin, 1993–95: U .S. G eological S urvey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4014, 22 p.

Hornewer, N .J., J ohnson, G .P., R obertson, D .M. and H ondzo, M., 1997, Fi eld-scale 

tests f or determining m ixing pat terns as sociated with c oarse-bubble ai r di ffuser 

configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois, In Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: 

Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Proceedings of the International Association of 

Hydraulic Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 57–63.

Robertson, D .M., 1997, R egionalized l oads of s ediment and phos phorus t o La kes 

Michigan and S uperior—High flow and l ong-term average: J ournal of Great Lakes 

Research, vol. 23, p. 416–439.

1996

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M., and Magnuson, J.J., 1996, Evidence of recent 

warming and E l Nino-related variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes: Limnology 

and Oceanography, vol. 41, p. 815–821.

Elder, J .F. and G oddard, G .L., 1996, S ediment and nut rient t rapping efficiency of a 

constructed w etland near D elavan Lak e, Wisconsin, 1993 –1995: U .S. G eological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS–232–96.

Garn, H.S., Olson, D.L., Seidel, T.L., and Rose, W.J., 1996, Hydrology and water quality 

of Lau derdale Lak es, Walworth C ounty, Wisconsin, 1993 –94: U .S. G eological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4235, 29 p.
123

Hunt, R.J. and K rohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytical element model to 

investigate gr oundwater-lake i nteractions at P retty Lak e, Wisconsin: Lak e and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 12, p. 487–495.

Imberger, J ., R obertson, D .M., and B oland, K ., 1996, Lak e N umber—A q uantitative 

indicator of mixing to be used in water quality management: Scientific Impeller, 

Solna, Sweden, no. 4, p. 9–15.

Kammerer, P .A., J r., 19 96, H ydrology and w ater quality o f P ark La ke, S outh-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–197–96.

Robertson, D .M., Fi eld, S .J, E lder, J .F., Goddard, G.L., and J ames, W.F., 199 6, 

Phosphorus dy namics of D elavan Lak e I nlet i n s outheastern Wisconsin: U .S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4160, 18 p.

1995

Assel, R.A. and R obertson, D.M. 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake 

Michigan dur ing 1851 –1993, as det ermined from r egional l ake-ice r ecords: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p 165–176.

Assel, R .A., R obertson, D .M., H off, M .H., a nd S elgeby, J .H., 1 995, Climatic-change 

implications f rom long-term ( 1823–1994) i ce r ecords nea r t he Lau rentian G reat 

Lakes: Annals of Glaciology, vol. 21, p. 383–386.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the 

chemistry of a s eepage lake: Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 2295–

2305.

Krohelski, J.T. and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the hydrologic budget of 

Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–

348, 22 p.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hy drologic and 

biogeochemical responses of a s oft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 199–212.

1994

Elder, J.F., 1994, Distribution and grain-size partitioning of metals in bottom sediments 

of an experimentally acidified lake: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 251–

259.

Goddard, G.L., and Fi eld, S .J., 1994 , H ydrology and w ater q uality o f Whitewater and 

Rice Lak es i n s outheastern Wisconsin, 1990 –91: U .S. Geological S urvey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4101, 36 p.

Greb, S.R., and Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemical budgets, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., RILWAS 

1983–86: Wisconsin R egional I ntegrated La ke Watershed A cidification S tudy, 

Volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, Chapter 7, 20 p.
124

Hurley, J .P., K rabbenhoft, D .P., B abiarz, C .L., and A ndren, A .W., 1994, C ycling 

processes of mercury across sediment/water interfaces in seepage lakes, In Baker, 

L.A. ed., Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry 

Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 426–449.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Kendall, C., and Gat, J.R., 1994, Use of oxygen-19 and 

deuterium to assess the hydrology of ground-water/lake systems, In Baker, L.A. ed., 

Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and R eservoirs: Advances in Chemistry Series, 

American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 67–90.

Robertson, D .M., A nderson, W., and M agnuson, J .J., 1994, R elations bet ween E l 

Nino/Southern Oscillation ev ents and the c limate and i ce c over o f l akes i n 

Wisconsin, In Greenland, D . ed. , E l N ino and Long -Term E cological R esearch 

(LTER) Sites: Publication No. 18. LT ER Network Office: University of W ashington, 

Seattle, WA, USA., p. 48–57.

Robertson, D.M. and Imberger, J. 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing 

used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen, Internationale Revue der gesamten 

Hydrobiologie, v. 79, p. 159–176.

Watras, C.J., Bloom, N.S., Hurley, J .P., Fitzgerald, W.F., Andren, A.W., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., and P orcella, D.B., 1994, Sources and fates of mercury and m ethylmercury in 

Wisconsin l akes, In Watras a nd H uckabee ed s., Mercury as a Global P ollutant: 

Intergration and Synthesis, Lewis Pub., Chelsea, MI., p 153–177.

Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemistry of snowpack and g round water, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 6, 45 p.

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., and Rose, W.J., 1994, Hydrology, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 7, 74 p.

1993

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4126, 36 p.

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91–4107, 61 p.

House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on 

water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 92–4029, 10 p.

House, L.B., Waschbusch, R.J., and Hughes, P.E., 1993, Water quality of an urban wet 

detention pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987–88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93–172, 57 p.
125

Hughes, P.E., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of 

Fowler Lak e, Wisconsin: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources I nvestigations 

Report 91–4076, 44 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, H ydrology o f Li ttle R ock La ke i n V ilas C ounty, nor th-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93–4139, 

22 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993 , Water and phos phorus bud gets and trophic state, Balsam La ke, 

northwestern W isconsin, 1987–1989: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91–4125, 28 p.

1992

Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P, and Walker, J .F., 1992, Water, energy, and 

biogeochemical budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the 

northern temperate lakes site, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

92–48, 15 p.

Krabbenhoft, D .P., and B abiarz, C .L., 1992, R ole of groundwater t ransport i n aq uatic 

mercury cycling: Water Resources Research, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 3119–3128.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Krohelski, J.T., 1992, Data on water quality, lake sediment, and 

lake-level fluctuation, St. Croix Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981–87: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–26, 53 p.

Robertson, D.M., Ragotzkie, R.A., and Magnuson, J.J. 1992, Lake ice records used to 

detect historical and future climatic changes: Climatic Change, v. 21, p. 407–427.

1991

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1991, Hydrology of Lakes Clara and Vandercook in northcentral Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

89–4204, 24 p.

Watras, C .J., A ndre, A .W., B loom, N .S., Fi tzgerald, W.F., H urley, J .P., K rabbenhoft, 

D.P., Rada, R.G., Wiener, J.G., 1991, Mercury i n temperate l akes: a mechanistic 

field study: Verhandlungen Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 24, p. 2199–2202.

Pre-1990

Walker, J.F., Pickard, S.A., and Sonzogni, W.C., 1989 Spreadsheet watershed modeling 

for nonpoint-source pollution m anagement in a Wisconsin basin: Water Resources 

Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 139–147.

Wentz, D .A., G arrison, P.J., and B ockheim, J .G., 1989 , S ection 7 —Chemical i nputoutput bud gets, In Knauer, D ., and B rouwer, S .A., eds ., The Wisconsin r egional 

integrated l ake w atershed acidification s tudy ( RILWAS)—1981–1983: P alo Alto, 

California, Electric Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 7–1 to 7–30.
126

Wentz, D .A., and R ose, W.J., 1989 , Interrelationships am ong hy drologic-budget 

components o f a no rthern Wisconsin seepage l ake a nd i mplications for ac iddeposition modeling: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 

18, p. 147–155.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and K rohelski, J.T., 1989, Section 5—Hydrologic component, 

in Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional integrated lake 

watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, California, Electric 

Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 5–1 to 5–77.

Field, S .J., and D uerk, M.D., 1988, H ydrology and w ater q uality o f D elavan Lak e i n 

southeastern W isconsin: U.S. Geological Survey W ater-Resources Investigations 

Report 87–4168, 61 p.

Krug, W.R., Ostenso, N.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 1988, Prediction of the effects of mine 

dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–471, 63 p.

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., Bockheim, J.G., Garrison, P.J., Knauer, D.R., 

and Goldstein, R.A., 1987, Hydrologic and c hemical budgets of Wisconsin lakes, In

Perry, R., Harrison, R.M., Bel, J.N.B., and Lester, J.N., eds., Acid Rain: Scientific and 

Technical Advances, Selper Ltd., London, p. 309–316.

House, L. B., 1986, Stage fluctuations of Wisconsin Lakes: Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey Information Circular No. 49, 84 p.

House, L.B., 1984, Effects of urbanization on three ponds in Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84–4051, 17 p.

Krug, W.R., and H ouse, L. B., 1984 , E valuation o f al ternative r eservoir-management 

practices i n t he R ock River bas in, Wisconsin: U .S. G eological S urvey WaterResources Investigations Report 83–4186, 21 p.

House, L.B., 1981, An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of 

construction on i mpoundment on B ridge C reek at A ugusta, Wisconsin: U .S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 81–1192, 25 p.

Krug, W.R., 1981, H ydrologic effects of proposed changes i n management practices, 

Winnebago P ool, Wisconsin: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations 80–107, 19 p.

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Reservoir, nor thwestern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply P aper 

2069, 30 p.

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Wingra, M adison, Wisconsin, 1971 –77: U .S. Geological S urvey Water-Resources 

Investigations 79–100, 31 p.

Rose, W.J., 1977, Hydrologic considerations associated with dredging spring ponds in 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–18, 35 p.

Oakes, E.L., Hendrickson, G.E., and Zuehl s, E.E., 1975, Hydrology of the Lake Wingra 

basin, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 17–75, 31 p.
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128

APPENDIX

Wisconsin Lakes Team

Quality-Assurance Plan

Most lake studies and monitoring programs that are conducted by the USGS Wisconsin

Water Science Center entail water sampling and analysis to determine water quality and

biological productivity. Because all sampling and analysis is subject to error and random

variablility, a certain proportion of the sampling effort should include quality-assurance

samples. Sampling by the USGS was done by the Lake Studies Team of the USGS 

Wisconsin Water Science Center. This team implements a quality-assurance plan each 

year that involves collecting three types of samples from a subset of the lakes studied 

each year, which include blanks, replicates, and spikes (U.S. Geological Survey, 

Wisconsin Water Science Center Lake Studies Team). These samples are collected 

and/or prepared solely for the purpose of assessing the magnitude of error and random 

variability so that the accuracy and precision of all data can be evaluated. The plan for 

this quality-assurance sampling is described below.

Three types of QA/QC samples are collected:

blanks

Provide information about accuracy and errors due to treatment or reagents

replicates

provide information about precision (variability)

standard additions (spikes)

provide information about accuracy and matrix interferences

Blank Sampling

B1. A preservation blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water, to which 

is added any reagents or preservatives that are normally added to natural water 

samples. The blank is not taken to the field, but is shipped to the laboratory for analysis 

along with the natural water samples.

This blank sample is analyzed for the Nutrient Group1 and chlorophyll-a.

B2. A field blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water treated exactly 

the same as regular samples. During winter, the field blank is analyzed for total 

phosphorus (TP) only; during summer, it is analyzed for TP and chlorophyll-a, and in the 

spring it is analyzed for the Nutrient Group and chlorophyll-a.

-------------------------------------------------------------

1

Nutrient Group = all phosphorus and nitrogen species that are commonly determined in

lakes (total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen)
129

Replicate Sampling

Triplicate samples are taken near water surface in summer for analysis of total 

phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. For a portion of the sites where surface triplicates 

are collected, a set of triplicate samples is also taken from near-bottom water, for 

analysis of total phosphorus.

Triplicate samples collected in the spring are taken near the water surface for 

analysis of the Nutrient Group.

Standard Addition Testing

Replicate samples are collected for a standard addition (spike) test, which

consists of an addition of a prepared phosphorus solution (standard) of known 

volume and concentration, such that the expected result of analysis is the natural 

water TP concentration plus the known addition. One sample from each set will

receive no spike (the mean of these gives the natural water TP concentration). 

Data and results of replicate sampling and field blank testing in water year 2008

are shown in Table A1.
130

Table A1. Analyses of replicate samples from Wisconsin lakes in water years 2006-2010. See text for procedures used. Phosphorus

data in milligrams per liter; chlorophyll data in micrograms per liter. Symbol "<" indicates less than given detection limit (DL); mean and

standard deviation not calculated for datasets containing values less than DL. 

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Big Cedar 8/30/06 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.002 4.5

Delavan 6/13/06 0.062 0.045 0.054 0.012 22.5

Delavan 8/15/06 0.030 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.028 0.002 6.0

Beulah 8/30/07 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.001 8.8

Delavan 4/16/07 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.001 3.6

Spring 9/6/07 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.001 9.4

Beulah 3/4/08 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.001 6.7

Beulah 8/26/08 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 6.1

Beulah 2/23/09 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.0

Delavan 9/15/09 0.035 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.002 7.1

Beulah 8/19/10 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.001 4.6

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.001 4.9

Powers 8/30/10 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.001 3.3

Wind 7/10/06 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 0.081 0.067 0.074 0.010 13.4

Powers 8/30/10 0.036 0.038 0.037 0.001 3.8

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 3/4/08 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 70.7

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 2/23/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/24/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/19/10 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/30/07 0.170 0.190 0.180 0.014 7.9

Beulah 3/4/08 0.083 0.046 0.065 0.026 40.6

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.015 <0.015

Beulah 2/23/09 0.211 0.204 0.208 0.005 2.4

Beulah 8/24/09 0.032 0.035 0.034 0.002 6.3

Beulah 8/19/10 <0.015 0.030

Beulah 8/30/07 0.510 0.420 0.465 0.064 13.7

Beulah 3/4/08 0.570 0.450 0.510 0.085 16.6

Beulah 8/26/08 0.530 0.580 0.555 0.035 6.4

Beulah 2/23/09 0.660 0.690 0.675 0.021 3.1

Beulah 8/24/09 0.160 0.530 0.345 0.262 75.8

Beulah 8/19/10 0.580 0.680 0.63 0.071 11.2

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 3/4/08 0.675 0.670 0.673 0.004 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 2/23/09 0.673 0.721 0.697 0.034 4.9

Beulah 8/24/09 0.074 0.073 0.074 0.001 1.0

Beulah 8/19/10 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.000 0.0

Big Cedar, South 8/29/06 8.02 7.56 8.20 7.93 0.33 4.16

Beulah 8/30/07 4.05 3.78 3.92 0.19 4.88

Spring 9/6/07 2.47 2.79 2.63 0.23 8.60

Beulah 8/26/08 6.97 7.45 7.21 0.34 4.71

Beulah 2/23/09 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 2.66 2.90 2.78 0.17 6.1

Delavan 9/15/09 10.80 10.10 9.8 10.23 0.51 5.0

Beulah 8/19/10 5.35 5.56 5.46 0.15 2.72

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 3.93 3.9 3.92 0.02 0.54

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Dissolved Nitrate plus 

Nitrite

Chlorophyll-a 

(micrograms per liter)

 Dissolved Phosphorus

Dissolved Ammonia

Replicate Data

 Total Phosphorus

Total Phosphorus, near 

bottom
131

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 3/4/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/19/10 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/30/07 42.8 41 41.9 1.273 3.0

Beulah 3/4/08 62.8 62.5 62.65 0.212 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 47.9 47.6 47.75 0.212 0.4

Beulah 2/23/09 63 63.8 63.4 0.566 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 41.7 41.9 41.8 0.141 0.3

Beulah 8/19/10 47 47.3 47.15 0.212 0.4

Beulah 8/30/07 32.7 31.2 31.95 1.061 3.3

Beulah 3/4/08 35.6 35.5 35.55 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/26/08 32.8 32.5 32.65 0.212 0.6

Beulah 2/23/09 34.7 35.1 34.9 0.283 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 31.2 31.3 31.25 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/19/10 34.1 33.8 33.95 0.212 0.6

Beulah 8/30/07 1.5 1.4 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 3/4/08 1.8 1.9 1.85 0.071 3.8

Beulah 8/26/08 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 1.4 1.5 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 8/30/07 8.8 8.5 8.65 0.212 2.5

Beulah 3/4/08 9.9 10 9.95 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/26/08 9 8.9 8.95 0.071 0.8

Beulah 2/23/09 9.7 9.8 9.75 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 8.6 8.7 8.65 0.071 0.8

Beulah 8/19/10 10.4 11.4 10.9 0.707 6.5

Beulah 8/30/07 192 193 192.5 0.707 0.4

Spring 9/6/07 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.141 2.2

Beulah 3/4/08 245 244 244.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 219 218 218.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 258 256 257 1.414 0.6

Beulah 8/24/09 209 209 209 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 208 207 207.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 20.3 20.4 20.35 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 23.5 23.7 23.6 0.141 0.6

Beulah 8/26/08 21 20.9 20.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 23 22.9 22.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/24/09 21.6 21.4 21.5 0.141 0.7

Beulah 8/19/10 21.6 21.5 21.55 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/30/07 15.2 15.3 15.25 0.071 0.5

Spring 9/6/07 0.105 0.111 0.108 0.004 3.9

Beulah 3/4/08 15.3 15.2 15.25 0.071 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 14.8 15 14.9 0.141 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 11.3 11.3 11.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 18.1 18.1 18.1 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 26.1 26.2 26.15 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/26/08 26.3 26.3 26.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 30.5 30.8 30.65 0.212 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 27.7 27.8 27.75 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/19/10 25.9 25.8 25.85 0.071 0.3

Turbidity, NTU

Dissolved Calcium

Diss. Potassium

Diss. Magnesium

Dissolved Sodium

Replicate Data

ANC as CaCO3

Diss. Chloride

Dissolved Silica

Dissolved Sulfate
132

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 <100 <100

Beulah 3/4/08 <100 <100

Beulah 8/26/08 <100 <100

Beulah 2/23/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/24/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/19/10 <100 <100

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 302 298 300 2.83 0.9

Beulah 2/23/09 350 346 348 2.83 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 312 312 312 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 284 286 285 1.41 0.5

Dissolved Solids

Replicate Data

Dissolved Iron

Diss. Manganese
133

Table A2. Data from tests of blanks, 2006-2010. All data in milligrams per liter, unless otherwise indicated.

< = less than given detection limit; E = estimated value.

Delavan Lake. Analyses at USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Lakewood, CO. 

Parameter 4/7/06 6/13/06 8/14/06 4/16/07 9/14/09

Total P < 0.004 E 0.002 < 0.004 <0.004 <0.008

Dissolved orthophosphate <0.006 <0.006 E0.003 <0.006 <0.008

Chlorophyll a < 0.0260 < 0.0260 <0.260

Chlorophyll b

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N)

Ammonia (as N)

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N)

Lake Beulah at Deep Hole near East Troy, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07 2/27/08 8/26/08 2/22/09 8/20/09 8/19/10

Total P <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Dissolved orthophosphate 0.005 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002

Total Kjeldahl <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14

Dissolved Ammonia <0.15 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.015

Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 --- <0.260 <0.260 <0.260 <0.260

Dissolved Calcium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Magnesium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Potassium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Sodium 0.200 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

ANC as CaCO3 <2 3 <2 <2 <2 <2

Dissolved Chloride <1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Silica <0.22 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022

Dissolved Sulfate <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5

Dissolved Iron <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

Dissolved Manganese <0.5 <0.5 <100 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Solids --- --- <50 <50 <50 <50

Turbidity, NTU --- <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Mercer Lake at Main Deep Hole at Mercer, WI, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/27/10

Total P < 0.005

Rolling Stone Lake near Pickerel, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07

Total P <0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

ANC as CaCO3 2

Dissolved Silica <0.022

Wind Lake at Wind Lake, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 6/13/06 8/30/10

Total P < 0.005 < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

Silver Lake near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/31/09

Total P < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260
Water-Quality and Lake-Stage 

Data for Wisconsin Lakes,

Water Year 2011

iv

CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1 

Methods of data collection ......................................................................................................................................... 4 

Explanation of physical and chemical characteristics of lakes ................................................................................ 13

Water temperature and thermal stratification.............................................................................................. 13

Specific conductance .................................................................................................................................. 14

Water clarity ................................................................................................................................................ 14

pH .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 

Dissolved oxygen ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Phosphorus ................................................................................................................................................. 16

Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................... 16

Chlorophyll a ............................................................................................................................................... 17

Classification of lakes............................................................................................................................................... 17

References cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Lake data.................................................................................................................................................................. 22

Beulah

Deep Hole, 424840088241600 ............................................................... ............................................ 23

Station No. 2, 424929088231300............................................................ ............................................ 27

Big Cedar

North Site, near West Bend, 432409088151600.................................................................................. 31

South Site, near West Bend, 432224088154900................................................................................. 34

Devils near Baraboo, 05404500 ................................................................................................................. 38

Geneva 

at Lake Geneva, 423525088260400 .................................................................................................... 40

West End, near Williams Bay, 423329088323300............................................................................... 42

Green

at County Trunk Highway A near Green Lake (East End), 434928088553601 ................................... 46

Deep Hole, 434756089020500............................................................................................................. 48

East End, 434928088570000............................................................................................................... 53

Inlet, Site 1, 435009088550100............................................................................................................ 57

Inlet, Site 2, 434948088552200............................................................................................................ 58

Kegonsa, 425715089164700...................................................................................................................... 59

Koshkonong near Newville, 05427235 ....................................................................................................... 61

Mendota at Madison, 05428000 ................................................................................................................. 63

Middle Genesee at Genesee Lake Road, near Oconomowoc, 430251088284700 ................................... 65

Monona at Madison, 05429000 .................................................................................................................. 66

Oconomowoc

No. 1 (Center) at Oconomowoc, 430551088273500 ........................................................................... 69

No. 2 (off Hewitt Point) at Oconomowoc, 430609088262200 .............................................................. 73

Powers at Powers Lake, 423246088175800 .............................................................................................. 76

Waubesa, 05429485................................................................................................................................... 80

Wind, Headwater, at Outlet at Wind Lake, 424848088083100 .................................................................. 83

at Wind Lake, 424915088083900 ........................................................................................................ 85

Winnebago

at Oshkosh, 04082500 ......................................................................................................................... 89

at Buoy Site, 440128088271201 .......................................................................................................... 92

near Stockbridge, 04084255 ................................................................................................................ 96

Wisconsin Water Science Center publications pertaining to lakes.......................................................................... 98

Appendix - Quality-Assurance/Quality-Control Plan .............................................................................................. 110
v 

FIGURE

Figure 1. Map showing location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin ....................... 2 

TABLES

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations ....................................................................................................................... 5

 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical

 parameters commonly measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water-Quality 

 Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH)........................................ 12

 
vi 

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply By To Obtain

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

pound (lb) 453.6 gram

acre 0.4048 hectare

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

meter (m) 3.281 foot

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer

Temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following 

equation

°F = 1.8(°C) + 32

Sea level: In this report “sea level” refers to either the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 

of 1929)–a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the 

United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929– or the North American Vertical 

Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). 

Abbreviated water-quality units: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric 

units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). 

Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight 

(milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 

one milligram per liter. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical 

values for concentrations expressed as mg/L and μg/L are the same as for concentrations in parts per 

million and parts per billion, respectively.

Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius 

(μS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter (mmho/cm) at 25 degrees Celsius, formerly 

used by the U.S. Geological Survey.
1 

WATER-QUALITY AND LAKE-STAGE DATA

FOR WISCONSIN LAKES, WATER YEAR 2011

By Wisconsin Water Science Center

Lake-Studies Team

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with local and other agencies, collects data at 

selected lakes throughout Wisconsin. These data, accumulated over many years, provide a data base for 

developing an improved understanding of the water quality of lakes. To make these data available to interested 

parties outside the USGS, the data are published annually in this report series. The locations of water-quality 

and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin for water year 2011 are shown in figure 1. A water year is the 12-month 

period from October 1 through September 30. It is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, the 

period October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011 is called “water year 2011.”

The purpose of this report is to provide information about the chemical and physical characteristics of 

Wisconsin lakes. Data that have been collected at specific lakes, and information to aid in the interpretation of 

those data, are included in this report. Data collected include measurements of in-lake water quality and lake 

stage. Time series of Secchi depths, surface total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations collected 

during non-frozen periods are included for all lakes. Graphs of vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved 

oxygen, pH, and specific conductance are included for sites where these parameters were measured. 

Descriptive information for each lake includes: location of the lake, area of the lake’s watershed, period for 

which data are available, revisions to previously published records, and pertinent remarks. Additional data, 

such as streamflow and water quality in tributary and outlet streams of some of the lakes, are published in 

another volume: “Water Resources Data-Wisconsin, 2011."

Water-resources data, including stage and discharge data at most streamflow-gaging stations, are 

available through the World Wide Web on the Internet. The Wisconsin Water Science Center’s home page is 

at http://wi.water.usgs.gov/. Information on the Wisconsin Water Science Center’s Lakes Program is found at 

http://wi.water.usgs.gov/lakes/index.html and http://wi.water.usgs.gov/projects/index.html. 

 
2 

WINNEBAGO CALUMET

JUNEAU

ADAMS

WAUSHARA

MONROE L A CROSSE GREEN

LAKE MARQUETTE

FOND DU LAC SHEBOYGAN

VERNON

COLUMBIA

SAUK

DODGE

OZAUKEE

WASHING

-TON

RICHLAND

CRAWFORD

DANE

GRANT

M ILWAUKEE

IOWA WAUKESHA

JEFFERSON

RACINE

GREEN ROCK WALWORTH L AFAYETTE

KENOSHA

BROWN

DOUGLAS

VILAS

BURNETT WASHBURN SAWYER

FOREST

FLORENCE

PRICE

ONEIDA

MARINETTE

POLK BARRON RUSK

LINCOLN

LANGLADE

OCONTO

TAYLOR

DOOR

ST. CROIX CHIPPEWA

DUNN

MENOMINEE

MARATHON

CLARK SHAWANO PIERCE EAU CLAIRE

KEWAUNEE

PEPIN

PORTAGE

WAUPACA

WOOD BUFFALO

TREMPEA

-LEAU JACKSON

OUTAGAMIE

MANITOWOC

BAYFIELD

ASHLAND

IRON

EXPLANATION

Lake name

Lake-stage station

Lake water-quality

and stage station

Note: at some lakes more than one

site may be monitored.

Green

Winnebago

Devils

Green

Mendota Monona

Waubesa

Kegonsa

Koshkonong

Wind

MiddleGenesee

Oconomowoc

Geneva

Powers

BigCedar

Beulah

0

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

20 40 60 MILES

44°

45°

43°

46°

92°

91°

90°

89°

88°

87°

Figure 1. Location of USGS lake water-quality and lake-stage stations in Wisconsin.
3 

The USGS has done cooperative lake monitoring with local and other agencies since 

1983. Cooperators in 2011 included:

Big Cedar Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District

Dane County

Geneva Lake Environmental Agency

Green Lake Sanitary District

Lake Beulah Management District

Middle Genesee Lake District

Powers Lake District

Rock County Public Works Department

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Village of Oconomowoc Lake

Wind Lake Management District

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
4 

Lake data-collection sites are identified by a unique identification number. Lake waterquality sites are identified by a 15-digit number that is a concatenation of the site’s latitude, 

longitude, and a two-digit sequence number. The sequence number is used to distinguish 

between sites located at the same latitude-longitude designation. The site identification number 

is permanently assigned to the site; actual latitude and longitude of the site are subject to 

update and are stored separately. For some lakes, which have historical records of lake stage, 

an eight-to-ten digit number is assigned according to downstream order. Gaps are left in the 

numerical series to allow for new stations; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The first 

two digits of the complete eight-to-ten digit number, such as 04087000 or 054310157, designate 

the major river basin. For example, “04” designates the St. Lawrence River Basin and “05” 

designates the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

The water-quality lake stations that were discontinued prior to water year 2011 are listed 

in table 1. Discontinued lake-stage stations are not included in this table.

This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by a number of people who collected, 

compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the 

report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein 

is accurate, complete, and adheres to USGS policy and established guidelines. Technicians in 

charge of the field offices are: B.W. Olson (Rhinelander), and S.A. March (Middleton). The data 

were collected and processed by D.E. Housner, S.B. Manteufel, D.L. Olson, P.C. Reneau, Z.T. 

Scott, B.J. Siebers and E.F. Younger. S.B. Manteufel assembled, edited, and formatted the 

report. Additional assistance in preparation of the report was provided by M.M. Greenwood, 

and D.L. Olson. 

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Depth profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance 

were collected using multi-parameter meters. Prior to measurements, the meters were 

calibrated using standards for pH and conductance, and dissolved oxygen was calibrated using 

the air calibration method. Generally, field measurements in profiles were made at 0.5-m 

intervals if the maximum depth of the lake was 5 m or less and at 1.0-m intervals if the 

maximum depth was greater than 5 m.
5 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Alma Lake near St. Germain 455426089254700 Oct. 1984–Sept. 1990,

May 1992–Sept.1996

Balsam Lake, off Cedar Island, at Balsam Lake 452755092264600 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Little Narrows, near Balsam Lake 452858092265300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

 off Rock Island, near Balsam Lake 452754092234300 May 1991–Aug. 1994

Balsam Lake near Birchwood 453907091345800 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Bass Lake near Shawano 445215088300300 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Bear Lake at Deep Hole near Haugen 453754091490900 Mar. 1992–Aug. 1993

Beaver Dam Lake, South end, at Beaver Dam 432814088515000 June–Oct. 1991

 North end, near Beaver Dam 433122088545700 June–Oct. 1991

Benedict Lake near Powers Lake 423201088180800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Big Blacksmith Lake near Keshena 445401088334500 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Big Hills (Hills) Lake near Wild Rose

 

440912089092000 June 1983–Aug. 1984,

Feb.–Aug. 1987, 

Feb.–Aug. 1990, 

Feb.–Aug. 1993,

Feb.–Aug. 1996,

Feb.–Aug. 1999

Big Muskego Lake, at North Site, near Muskego 425301088061300 Feb.–Aug. 1988

 Research Base, near Muskego 425235088075300 May–June 1994

Big Round Lake near Milltown 453142092180100 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big St. Germain Lake, near St. Germain 455557089311000 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

 near Lake Tomahawk 05390750 1991–2001

Big Sand Lake, Deep Hole, near Hertel 454910092134000 Feb.–Sept. 2001

 East Site, near Hertel 454921092124300 Feb.–Sept. 2001

Big Sissabagama Lake, near Stone Lake 454724091303600 Apr. 1986–Sept. 1996,

Oct. 1997–Sept. 2002

 North Site, near Stone Lake 454800091312900 Mar. 1998–Sept. 2001

Booth Lake near East Troy 424800088254800 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1994,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

Buffalo Lake, Center Site, at Packwaukee 434558089260600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 East End, at Montello 434720089201600 May 1998–Sept. 2001

 West End, near Endeavor 434414089282400 May 1998–Sept. 2001
6 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Butternut Lake, near Park Falls 455854090310300 Oct. 2002–Oct. 2004

 Deep Hole, near Park Falls 455803090310800 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 North Site, near Butternut 455904090303400 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

 Far South Site, near Park Falls 455651090312700 Mar. 2003–Sept. 2004

Delavan Lake, Center, at Delavan 423556088365001 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

 North end, near Lake Lawn 423659088354401 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

 SW end, near Delavan 423526088380101 Oct. 1983–Oct. 2009

Denoon Lake at Wind Lake 425044088100300 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Druid Lake near Hartford 431643088243300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake near Kansasville 05544500 1936–64, 1975–77, 

1979,

Feb. 1993–Sept. 1996

Eagle Lake, at Deep Hole, near Kansasville

 

424207088072400 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1996

Eagle Spring Lake at Eagleville 425103088261500 Apr. 1991–Sept. 2001

Elizabeth Lake near Twin Lakes 423051088155300 Feb. 1995–Sept. 1997

Fish Lake near Sauk City 05406050 Nov. 1966–Sept. 1981,

Apr. 1985–May 1987,

May 1988, Apr. 1989–

Oct. 1990, Oct. 1990–

Nov. 1996, Nov. 1996–

Sept. 2004

Fowler Lake, Center, at Oconomowoc 430653088294601 Jan.–Dec. 1984,

Oct. 1986–Sept. 1996

Fox Lake Deep Hole at Fox Lake 433458088560600 June 1991–Mar. 1993

Geneva Lake, Geneva Bay, at Lake Geneva 423455088263800 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Williams Bay, at Williams Bay 423420088320500 Apr. 1997–Feb. 1999

 Center, near Lake Geneva 423402088301400 Apr. 1997–Mar. 1999

 East End, near Lake Geneva 423421088272300 Apr. 1997–May 2000

Hemlock Lake near Mikana 453421091333700 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar.–Sept. 2001

Hooker Lake at Salem 423335088060300 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1993

Kawaguesaga, Deep Hole, near Minocqua 455208089435800 May–Sept. 2003

 South Site, near Minocqua 455145089442600 May–Sept. 2003

Kirby Lake near Cumberland 453554092042101 Nov. 1995–Oct. 1996

 (Site 1) near Cumberland 453608092035801 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 2) near Cumberland 453601092035301 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996
7 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 (Site 3) near Cumberland 453612092034901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 4) near Cumberland 453603092035701 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 5) near Cumberland 453608092041201 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

 (Site 6) near Cumberland 453555092040901 Nov. 1995–Nov. 1996

Lac La Belle at Oconomowoc 430733088305900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985,

Apr. –Aug. 1991,

Feb. 2001–Aug. 2003

 NW, at Oconomowoc 430809088313900 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

 SE, at Oconomowoc 430707088301400 Feb. 1984–Aug. 1985

Lake Bastine, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460511090153800 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

Lake Blass at Lake Delton 433545089482400 Mar. 1989–Aug. 1990

Lake Desair near Rice Lake 453446091465100 Aug. 2004

Lake Keesus, 

 East Bay, near Merton 430957088183400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 North Bay, near Merton 431006088191000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

Lake Morris at Mount Morris 440654089120500 Jun. 1983–Sept. 1989

Lake Nebagamon, Northeast Bay, at Lake 

Nebagamon

463050091412300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Southeast Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 462928091413500 Mar. 1992–Sept. 1995

 West Bay, at Lake Nebagamon 463034091425300 May 1992–Aug. 1995

Lake Noquebay near Crivitz 451511087550900 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1988,

Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

 East End, near Crivitz 451540087525700 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994

Lamotte Lake near Shawano 445305088361200 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Lauderdale Lakes at Lauderdale

 Mill, at Lauderdale 

424554088332700

424555088335700

Oct. 1993–Oct. 1994

Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Green, Auxiliary, Number 1, near Lauderdale 424640088341900 June 1999–Sept. 2000

Green, near Lauderdale 424652088341500 Nov. 1993–Nov. 1994,

Aug. 2002

Legend Lake (site 1) near Shawano 445342088312700 Feb. 1990–Feb. 1992

Little Arbor Vitae near Woodruff 455446089370300 Feb. 1991–Sept. 2002

Little Green Lake, at Center, near Markesan 434412088590700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 2003

Little Muskego Lake at Muskego 425425088083500 Oct. 1986–Aug. 2002

Little Rock Lake near Woodruff 455946089415702 Oct. 1983–Sept. 1996

Little St. Germain Lake, near Eagle River 05390700 (a)

 Upper East Bay, at St. Germain

 

455532089253900 Dec. 1996–Mar. 97,

Mar. 1999,

Mar. 2000–Aug. 2003
8 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 Northeast Bay, near St. Germain 455545089262500 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 South Bay, near St. Germain 455437089270800 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

 West Bay, at St. Germain 455428089282400 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1994,

Aug. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. 1999–Aug. 2003

Little Sand Lake - Site No. 2 - near Mole Lake 452826088544101 May1996–Sept. 2003

Long (Kee Nong Go-Mong) Lake at Wind Lake 424937088103400 Feb. 1988–Aug. 1989,

Feb. 1991–Aug. 1996

Loon Lake near Shawano 445009088303700 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

Lost Lake near Beaver Dam 432640088580500 June–Oct. 1991

McKenzie Lakes 

 McKenzie (Big McKenzie) 

 Deep Hole, near Spooner 455507092013500 Feb. 1987–Aug. 1998

 Northern Site, near Spooner 455540092022000 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 South Site, near Spooner 455437092022300 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Lower McKenzie, near Webb Lake 455902092011900 June 1997–Aug. 1998

 Middle McKenzie, near Spooner 455635092021800 June 1997–Aug. 1998

Mary (Marie) Lake at Twin Lakes 423128088151200 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1997

Max Lake near Woodruff 460128089423501 Mar. 1988–Dec. 1996

Mead Lake, East Bay near Willard 444720090445000 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1995

 West Bay near Willard 444733090460100 Feb. 1991–Sept. 1995

Mercer Lake, Deep Hole, at Mercer 460937090033100 Mar. 2008–Sept. 2009

 West basin, at Mercer 460945090040600 Mar. 2008–Sept. 2009

Minocqua Lake

 Deep Hole, at Minocqua 455214089412800 May–Sept. 2003

 North Bay, at Minocqua 455232089424100 May–Sept. 2003

 South Bay, at Minocqua 455206089425200 May–Sept. 2003

Montello Lake at Montello 434748089195800 Feb. 1995–Aug. 1998

Moon Lake near St. Germain 455504089260500 Feb. 1992–Aug. 1996

Morgan Lake near Fence 454622088324801 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1998.

Moshawquit Lake near Shawano 445352088295800 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Muskego (Big Muskego)

 Auxiliary Number 1, near Muskego 425329088054000 June 1996–Aug. 2000

 Bass Bay, near Muskego 425344008807010 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002
9 

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

 near Wind Lake 425109088075000 Oct. 1987–Sept. 1989, 

Jan. 1991–Sept. 2002

 South Site, near Muskego 425212088072800 Feb. 1988–Aug. 2002

Muskellunge Lake near Eagle River 455700089224900 June 2000–Aug. 2001

Muskellunge Lake, near Lake Outlet near Eagle 

River 

455706089232400 Nov. 2000–Oct. 2001

Nagawicka Lake, at Deep Hole, at Delafield 430417088230300 Feb. 2003–Sept. 2004

Namekagon Lakes

 Garden, near Cable 461224091033200 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Jackson, near Cable 461457091065900 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Namekagon

 Deep Hole, near Cable 461308091065100 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 East Basin, near Cable 461228091044300 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

 Northeast Basin, near Cable 461410091050700 Mar. 1998–Aug. 1999

Park Lake (site 1) at Pardeeville 433239089175800 Feb. 1986–Aug. 1987,

May–Nov. 1993

 (site 2) at Pardeeville 433226089175500 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 3) at Pardeeville 433245089173000 May–Nov. 1993

 (site 4) at Pardeeville 433257089165100 May–Nov. 1993

Pike Lake near Hartford 431916088200501 Dec. 1998–Dec. 2000

Pike Lake-QW Site-near Hartford 431835088200600 Feb.–Aug. 2000

Potter Lake near Mukwonago 423246088175800 Feb. 1993–Sept. 2007

Pretty Lake, at Deep Hole, near Dousman 425722088295000 Feb. 1993–Aug. 1997

Puckaway Lake, West Basin, near Marquette 434515089124000 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 East Basin, near Marquette 43454208907300 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

 River site, near Marquette 434824089083200 Apr. 2005–Sept. 2007

Red Cedar Lake, at Mikana 453522091360600 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Oct. 2000–Sept. 2001

 Deep Hole, near Mikana 453725091345100 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

 South End, at Mikana 453519091352500 Mar. 1993–Aug. 1994,

Mar. 1996–Aug. 1997,

Mar. –Sept. 2001

Rice Lake at Deep Hole near Whitewater 424629088415700 Apr.–Nov. 1991

Round Lake near Shawano 445328088335000 Feb. 1990–Aug. 1992

Sand Lake (Deep Hole) near Keshena 445321088323101 June–Aug. 1992
10

Table 1. Discontinued lake stations--continued

Station name Site identification number Period of record

Shell Lake at Shell Lake 05334000 Aug. 1936–Sept. 1999

Silver Lake near Oconomowoc 430436088293300 Apr. 1992–Aug. 1996

Silver Lake near West Bend 432322088125000 Feb. 1996–Aug. 1997

Feb. 2009–Aug. 2009

Sinissippi Lake, off Anthony Is., at Hustisford 432113088361100 Feb. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Butternut Is., near Hustisford 432240088363900 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

 off Sam Point, near Hustisford 432300088374200 Apr. 1991–Aug. 1993

Spirit Lake near Keshena 445400088320100 Apr.–Aug. 1992

Spooner Lake, Deep Hole, near Spooner

 

455034091493300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

 Southeast Site, near Spooner 454945091483900 June 2002–Aug. 2004

Stewart Lake at Mt. Horeb 430117089442701 May 1992–Sept. 1993

Tichigan Lake near Waterford 424854088123300 Mar. 1994–Aug. 1996,

Apr. 2003–Aug. 2004

Tombeau Lake near Powers Lake 423153088184800 May 1998–Aug. 2000

Townline Lake near Mercer 460409090084100 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

Trude Lake, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460646090091900 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

Turtle-Flambeau Flowage, Deep Hole, near 

Mercer

460458090102700 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 SW Basin, near Mercer 460344090124800 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Lake Bastine, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460511090153800 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Townline Lake, near Mercer 460409090084100 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

 Trude Lake, Deep Hole, near Mercer 460646090091900 Apr. 2009–Mar. 2010

Twin Lake, East Twin, near Westfield 435430089350700 June 2002–Aug. 2004

West Twin, near Westfield 435438089352300 June 2002–Aug. 2004

(a) Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. currently collects stage data for this site.

 

In most lakes, water samples were collected at two depths - near the surface and near 

the bottom. Chemical analyses of water samples were performed using standard analytical 

methods by either the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (Wershaw and others, 1987; 

Fishman and Friedman, 1989; Fishman, 1993) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene 

(Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 1993). Analyses for dissolved constituents were 

performed on samples that were filtered in the field through a 0.45-μm (micrometer) pore-size 

filter. Total or total recoverable constituents were determined by analyzing unfiltered water 

samples. Preservation and shipment of samples followed standard protocols established by the 
11

laboratories. Water-quality data were archived in the Water Quality Data Base (QWDATA) of 

the National Water Information System (NWIS). Additional descriptive information about waterquality data is available in the data report: "Water Resources Data – Wisconsin, 2011". NWIS 

parameter codes and minimum laboratory reporting levels for chemical constituents are given in 

table 2. The parameter code for turbidity has changed from 00076 to 63675 or 63676 because 

the method of testing has changed.

Records of lake stage are considered complete when one or more manual or automatic 

measurements were obtained per day. Partial records of lake stage result when measurements 

were less frequent than daily. A complete description of manual or automatic measurements of 

lake stage is described by Rantz and others (1982). 
12

 

Table 2. Parameter identification numbers and laboratory reporting levels (LRL) for chemical parameters commonly 

measured in lakes, and analyzed at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) or the Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene (WSLH). 

(NWQL) (WSLH) 

Standard 

Analysis

Low-Level 

Analysis

Parameter Name Units

CAS 

Number1 

Parameter 

Code2 LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Lab 

Code

LRL

Test 

Code

Calcium, diss. (Ca) mg/L 7440-70-2 00915 0.020 659 0.002 1895 0.02 I230IUD

Magnesium, diss. (Mg) mg/L 7439-95-4 00925 0.004 663 0.001 1897 0.02 I390IUD

Sodium, diss. (Na) mg/L 7440-23-5 00930 0.09 675 0.025 1898 0.09 I80IUD

Potassium, diss. (K) mg/L 7440-09-7 00935 0.24 54 0.01 833 0.3 I540IUD

Sulfate, diss. (SO4) mg/L 14808-79-8 00945 0.31 1572 0.01 1263 1.0 I600DLD

Chloride, diss. (Cl) mg/L 16887-00-6 00940 0.29 1571 0.01 1259 0.1 I240ELD

Fluoride, diss. (F) mg/L 16984-48-8 00950 0.100 31 0.01 1260 0.03 I330FLD

Iron, diss. (Fe) (μg/L) 7439-89-6 01046 10 645 3 1896 10 I370IUD

Manganese, diss. (Mn) (μg/L) 7439-96-5 01056 2.2 648 1 1793 0.4 I400IUD

Silica, diss. (SiO2) mg/L 7631-86-9 00955 0.1 56 0.02 1899 0.008 I560LLD

Nitrogen, NO2+NO3, 

diss. mg/L -- 00631 0.05 1975 0.005 1979 0.01 I460MLD

Nitrogen, ammonia, 

diss. mg/L 7664-41-7 00608 0.02 1976 0.002 1980 0.013 I440NLD

Nitrogen, amm.+org., 

total4 mg/L 17778-88-0 00625 0.100 1985 -- -- 0.2 I470BLT

Nitrogen, 

amm.+org.,diss. mg/L -- 00623 -- -- -- -- -- I470DLD

Nitrogen, total5 mg/L -- 00600 -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen, dissolved mg/L -- 00602 -- -- -- -- -- --

Phosphorus, total mg/L 7723-14-0 00665 0.05 1984 0.004 2333 0.005 I520PLT

Phosphorus, ortho, diss. mg/L 14265-44-2 00671 0.01 1262 0.002 1978 0.002 I530CLD

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 70953 0.1 586 -- -- -- --

Chlorophyll a, 

phytoplankton (μg/L) 479-61-8 32210 -- -- -- -- 0.26 I250UNF

 

1: CAS (Chemical Abstracting Services) number = unique identification for each constituent 

2: Parameter Code - unique number for storage of data in database

3: Calculated as difference between total ammonia + organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen

4: Also known as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 

5: Calculated as sum of TKN + Nitrogen as (NO2+NO3) 

 
13

EXPLANATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES

Following are brief, generalized explanations of some of the common measurements of 

water quality and some of the physical processes occurring in lakes that influence these 

measures of water quality. More detailed explanations of water-quality data and lake processes 

are given by Wetzel (1983), Hem (1985), and Shaw and others (1993).

Water Temperature and Thermal Stratification

Water temperature in lakes is important because of its role in stratification and because 

of the temperature dependence of many chemical reactions and life processes of aquatic 

organisms. The extent of thermal stratification in lakes depends on the interaction between the 

lake’s shape, water clarity, solar heating, and wind-driven mixing. Complete mixing of the lake is 

usually inhibited by thermal stratification in summer and by ice cover in winter. Thermal 

stratification affects water quality and the distribution of organisms in the lake. Summer thermal 

stratification can occur in any lake, but in Wisconsin it commonly occurs in lakes deeper than 

about 6 m (Shaw and others, 1993).

 

 

The density of water increases with decreasing temperature down to a temperature of 

4°C, then decreases with decreasing temperature between 4°C and the freezing point of water 

(0°C). For a brief period in the spring after the ice is out, water temperature is usually uniform 

through the entire water column and wind action causes the lake to mix completely. This 

process is known as “spring turnover.” As the lake absorbs the sun’s energy, the surface water 

becomes warmer and its density decreases, making it more resistant to complete mixing. The 

difference in density caused by different water temperatures can prevent warm and cold water 

from mixing. In most lakes, therefore, a density “barrier” forms between the warmer surface 

water (epilimnion) and the underlying colder water (hypolimnion). This barrier is often marked by 

a sharp temperature gradient known as the “thermocline (metalimnion).” During the stratified 

summer period, these three distinct layers of lake water are often present. As the temperature 

difference between surface and deep water increases, this “stratified” condition stabilizes and 

can persist until surface temperatures decrease in the fall, which decreases the stability of the 

stratification. The mixing of the lake water in the fall is known as “fall turnover.” 
14

Thermal stratification may also occur under ice cover in the winter. In the winter, the 

coldest water (near 0°C) under the ice at the surface of the lake is less dense than water deeper 

in the lake with warmer temperatures.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current 

and is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved solids in the water. Because conductance is 

temperature related, reported values are normalized at 25°C and are termed specific 

conductance. As the concentration of dissolved minerals increases, specific conductance 

increases. During winter and summer thermal stratification, concentrations of dissolved 

constituents near the lake bottom increase due to the decomposition of materials settling from 

the epilimnion, or release of dissolved materials (such as iron, manganese, and phosphorus) 

from the bottom sediments during anoxic periods. Therefore, differences in specific 

conductance with depth indicate differences in concentrations of dissolved solids.

Water Clarity

Water clarity, or transparency, is commonly measured using a Secchi disc. The range of 

depths within which photosynthetic activity occurs depends largely on depth of light penetration, 

which is influenced by water clarity. A Secchi disc, most commonly a 20-cm.-diameter disc with 

alternating black-and-white quadrants, is lowered to a depth at which it is no longer visible. This 

depth is referred to as the Secchi depth. Clarity can be reduced by algae, zooplankton, water 

color, and suspended sediment. Algae are often the most dominant influence on clarity in lakes 

and, therefore, Secchi depth is usually correlated with the algal abundance. Secchi depths are 

generally the least during summer when algal populations are largest.

pH

The pH is a measure of the acidity of the water. It is defined as the negative logarithm of 

hydrogen-ion concentration and varies over a 14-unit log scale, with a pH of 7 being neutral. 

Values less than 7 indicate acidic conditions; the lower the value, the stronger the acidity. 

Values greater than 7 indicate alkaline conditions. The pH of water is influenced in part by 

photosynthesis and respiration of planktonic algae and aquatic plants. It is important because it 

affects the solubility of many chemical constituents, and because aquatic organisms have 
15

limited pH tolerances. Planktonic algae and aquatic plants produce oxygen and consume 

carbon dioxide as they photosynthesize during daytime; they consume oxygen and produce 

carbon dioxide when they respire at night. Carbon dioxide combines with the water molecule to 

form carbonic acid; therefore respiration causes a decrease in pH at night and photosynthesis 

during the day causes an increase in pH. The result is a daily cycle in pH. Because 

phytoplankton are usually concentrated in the near-surface water, changes in pH in the 

epilimnion are more extreme than in the hypolimnion, where less photosynthesis usually occurs.

Lakes having good fish populations and productivity generally have a pH between 6.7 

and 8.2. Values of pH greater than 8.5 have been shown to cause the release of phosphorus 

from lake sediments (James and Barko, 1991). 

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most critical factors affecting a lake ecosystem because 

it is essential to most aquatic organisms, and it is involved in many chemical reactions. Very 

low dissolved oxygen concentrations can control some types of chemical reactions. The 

solubility of oxygen in water is inversely related to temperature–that is, oxygen solubility 

decreases as water temperature increases. This relation is important because at warmer 

temperatures the metabolic rate of organisms increases but less oxygen is available for 

respiration. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen are from the air and from photosynthesis. 

The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration specified in national water-quality criteria for early 

life stages of warmwater aquatic life is 5.0 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986).

In early summer, if thermal stratification develops, the metalimnion restricts the surface 

supply of dissolved oxygen to the hypolimnion. The hypolimnion can become isolated from the 

atmosphere. Thus, as summer progresses, the dissolved oxygen concentration can decrease in 

response to decomposition of dead algae that settle from the epilimnion and in response to the 

biological and chemical oxygen demand of the sediments. The oxygen demand from these 

processes may completely deplete the oxygen (anoxia) in the water near the lake bottom. The 

oxygen depletion then progresses upward but usually is confined to the hypolimnion. 

Anoxia in the hypolimnion is common in stratified eutrophic (nutrient-rich) lakes in 

Wisconsin. Complete anoxia, however, is often not detected because of meter constraints. 

During anoxic conditions, many aquatic organisms cannot survive, but many other species 
16

(primarily bacteria) actually function only in such conditions. Therefore, a shift from oxic to 

anoxic conditions produces a rapid and dramatic change in the biological community and 

chemical environment. Anoxia also can cause release of phosphorus from the bottom 

sediments. This phosphorus then mixes throughout the water column during spring and fall 

turnover.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. High phosphorus 

concentrations can cause dense algal populations (blooms) and can therefore be a major cause 

of eutrophication in lakes. When phosphorus concentrations exceed 0.025 mg/L at the time of 

spring overturn in lakes and reservoirs, these water bodies may occasionally experience excess 

or nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1986). In many regions of the country, including the upper Midwest, other nutrients, particularly 

nitrogen, tend to be in abundant supply. Phosphorus is often the nutrient in shortest supply, 

therefore limiting or controlling plant growth. About 90 percent of the lakes in Wisconsin are 

limited by phosphorus (Shaw and others, 1993). In water, dissolved orthophosphate is that part 

of total phosphorus that is most readily available for use by algae.

Internal phosphorus recycling occurs in many lakes. Phosphorus used by algae, aquatic 

plants, fish, and zooplankton is stored within these organisms. As these organisms die and 

decompose, this phosphorus is returned to the lake water and sediments. Anoxia in the 

hypolimnion makes phosphorus more soluble, adding further to the release of phosphorus from 

the falling particles and the lake sediments. During spring and fall turnover the phosphorus, 

which was released from the bottom sediments into the hypolimnion during anoxia, is mixed 

throughout the lake. The phosphorus is then available for algal growth. These phenomena are 

part of the internal-recycling processes of lakes.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen, like phosphorus, is an essential nutrient for plant and algal growth. Usually in 

Wisconsin lakes, nitrogen is in abundant supply from the atmosphere and other sources. If 

phosphorus is abundant relative to algal needs, nitrogen can become the limiting nutrient. In 

that case, algal blooms are more likely to be triggered by increases in nitrogen than by 

increases in phosphorus. Some bluegreen algal species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere 
17

(Wetzel, 1983). Therefore, in situations where other types of algae are excluded because of a 

shortage of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bluegreen algae have a competitive advantage and may 

be present in abundance.

Lakes with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio larger than 15 to 1 near the surface may 

generally be considered phosphorus limited; a ratio from 10 to 1 to 15 to 1 indicates a transition 

situation; and a ratio smaller than 10 to 1 generally indicates nitrogen limitation. Total nitrogen is 

the sum of ammonia, organic nitrogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen. The near-surface 

concentration is commonly used to compute the total nitrogen to phosphorus ratio because 

most algal species grow near the lake surface.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment found in algae (Wetzel, 1983) and other green 

plants. Its concentration, therefore, is commonly used as a measure of the density of the algal 

population in a lake. Chlorophyll a concentrations are generally highest during summer when 

algal populations are highest. Moderate populations of desirable algae are important in the food 

chain; however, excessive populations or algal blooms are undesirable. Algal blooms can cause 

taste and odor problems, and limit light penetration needed to support growth of submerged 

aquatic plants. Certain species of bluegreen algae can produce toxins (Rapavich and others, 

1987).

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES

Two methods are commonly used to classify and evaluate Wisconsin lakes according to 

their water quality or trophic state: Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water-quality index and Carlson’s 

(1977) trophic state index (TSI). In previous USGS data reports, a modification of Carlson’s 

trophic state index for Wisconsin lakes by Lillie and others (1993) had been used; however, this 

approach did not properly classify oligotrophic and highly euthrophic lakes and, therefore, was 

discontinued. 
18

Lillie and Mason’s (1983) water quality indices for Wisconsin lakes were developed 

based on summer measurements of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, and 

Secchi depth from a random set of lakes in Wisconsin. These data were used to classify the 

lakes’s water quality as shown below:

Water-quality index Total phosphorus 

range (mg/L)

Chlorophyll a range 

(μg/L)

Water clarity range 

(Secchi depth, in 

meters)

“Excellent” <0.001 <1.0 >6.0

“Very good” .001-.009 1.0-4.9 3.0-6.0

“Good” .010-.029 5.0-9.9 2.0-2.9

“Fair” .030-.049 10.0-14.9 1.5-1.9

“Poor” .050-.149 15.0-30.0 1.0-1.4

“Very poor” >.150 >30.0 <1.0

Carlson’s (1977) TSI approach to lake classification assigns numerical ranges to the 

three trophic conditions generally used to describe the wide range of lake water-quality 

conditions. Oligotrophic lakes are typically clear, algal populations and phosphorus 

concentrations are low, and the deepest water is likely to contain oxygen throughout the year. 

Mesotrophic lakes typically have a moderate supply of nutrients, experience moderate algal 

blooms, and have occasional oxygen depletions at depth. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient rich with 

relatively severe water-quality problems, such as frequent seasonal algal blooms, oxygen 

depletion in lower parts of the lakes, and poor clarity. When eutrophic conditions are very 

severe, the lake is considered hypereutrophic. 

Carlson’s (1977) TSI values are also based on near-surface total phosphorus and 

chlorophyll a concentrations, and Secchi depths. The indices were developed to place these 

three characteristics on similar scales to allow comparison of different lakes. TSI values based 

on phosphorus concentrations (TSIP), Secchi depths (TSISD), and chlorophyll a concentrations 

(TSIC) typically are computed only for measurements collected during the open-water period.

TSI values for a lake can be calculated using the following equations (Carlson, 1977):
19

TSIP = 4.15 + 14.42 x (ln [total phosphorus concentration x 1,000])

TSISD = 60.0 – 14.41 x (ln Secchi depth)

TSIC = 30.6 + 9.81 x (ln chlorophyll a concentration)

where: total phosphorus is in milligrams per liter, 

Secchi depth is in meters, and

chlorophyll a is in micrograms per liter.

The three main trophic conditions are defined with the following boundaries for total 

phosphorus, Secchi disc, and chlorophyll a: 

Trophic level Trophic State 

Index

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L)

Secchi depth (m) Chlorophyll a

(μg/L)

Eutrophic

----------------------- ---------50---------- -------0.024-------- ---------2.0--------- ---------7.2---------

Mesotrophic

----------------------- ---------40---------- -------0.012-------- ---------4.0--------- ---------2.6---------

Oligotrophic
20

REFERENCES CITED

Carlson, R.E., 1977, A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, March, v.

22, no. 2, p. 361-369.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water

Quality Laboratory–Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and

fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-125, 217 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic

substances in water and fluvial sediments (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques

of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A1, 545 p.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd

ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

James, W.F., and Barko, J.W., 1991, Littoral-pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime

convective circulation: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 5, p. 946-960.

Lillie, R.A., Graham, S., and Rasmussen, P., 1993, Trophic-State Index equations and regional

predictive equations for Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Research Management Findings No. 35, 4 p.

Lillie, R.A., and Mason, J.W., 1983, Limnological characteristics of Wisconsin lakes: Wisconsin

Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin No. 138, 116 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow: U.S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 631 p.

Rapavich, W.M., Sonzogni, W.C., Standridge, J.H., Vennie J.G., and Wedepohl, R.E., 1987,

Incidence of algal toxins in Wisconsin water experiencing blue-green algae blooms: 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene and Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources, Informational Paper, 8 p.
21

Shaw, B., Mechenich, C., and Klessig, L., 1993, Understanding Lake Data: University of

Wisconsin Extension, G3582: Madison, Wis., 19 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Quality Criteria for Water 1986: U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency publication, EPA 440/5-86-001 [variously paged].

Wershaw, R.L., Fishman, M.J., Grabbe, R.R., and Lowe, L.E., eds., 1987, Methods for the

determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 5, chap. A3, 80 p.

Wetzel, R.G., 1983, Limnology (2nd ed.): New York, W.B. Saunders, 767 p.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1992, Wisconsin water quality assessment– 

Report to Congress, 1992: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publ-WR254- 

92-REV, 220 p.

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Environmental Sciences Section, 1993, Manual of

analytical methods, inorganic chemistry unit: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene,

revised November 1993 [variously paged].
22

LAKE DATA

Remarks codes and symbols used in the following tables:

[<, less than; >, greater than; --, not available; E, estimated]
23

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48'40", long 88°24'16", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.17, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to August 2011. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deep hole at a depth of 19 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Nitrate

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, nitrite

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, unfltrd fltrd,

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00625) (00631)

 

JUN 2011 

 21... -- .50 23.7 507 8.4 9.8 3.50 <.005 <.002 1.1 .022 .52 .541 

 21... 2.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 10... 2.65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- 2.0 26.7 497 8.4 8.0 4.45 .014 <.002 .63 .032 .56 .067 

 10... -- 8.0 15.3 574 7.8 1.4 -- .022 <.002 1.3 .180 .58 .686 

 10... -- 14.0 8.9 589 7.6 .1 -- .018 <.002 1.4 .046 .33 1.08 

 10... -- 17.0 8.0 599 7.6 .0 -- .023 <.002 .98 .551 .91 .069 

 10... -- 18.0 7.8 600 7.5 .0 -- .034 .004 1.8 1.17 1.7 .023 
24

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011 

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Turbdty ANC, Dis- 

 white wat unf solved

 light, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, Mangan- solids

 det ang ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, ese, dried @

 90+/-30 water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water, water, 180degC

 Date degrees mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, wat flt

 NTU CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L ug/L mg/L 

 (63675) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046) (01056) (70300)

 

JUN 2011 

 21... <1.0 258 45.6 34.9 10.1 1.30 209 24.1 31.0 6.89 <100 <1.0 298 

 21... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 10... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... <1.0 245 37.4 36.7 10.4 1.50 194 24.7 29.3 12.7 <100 3 270 

 10... <1.0 303 59.9 37.2 10.5 1.70 235 23.6 30.0 11.8 <100 3 320 

 10... <1.0 311 64.3 36.5 10.5 1.80 248 23.8 30.0 16.8 <100 50 344 

 10... <1.0 310 64.0 36.5 10.2 1.70 255 23.7 29.8 19.8 <100 330 342 

 10... <1.0 308 64.4 35.8 10.2 1.80 262 24.5 23.2 23.3 <100 680 346 
25

424840088241600 LAKE BEULAH AT DEEP HOLE NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-21-11

DEPTH, IN METERS

400 500 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

DEPTH, IN METERS

400 500 600

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

08-10-11

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
26

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

August surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Lake Beulah, Deep Hole, near East Troy, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
27

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'29", long 88°23'13", in SE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.8, T.4 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, near East Troy.

SURFACE AREA.--1.30 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--August 2007 to August 2011. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at a depth of 15 m. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Nitrate

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, nitrite

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, unfltrd fltrd,

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00625) (00631)

 

JUN 2011 

 21... 3.40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- .50 24.1 454 8.7 10.1 5.81 .017 <.002 .65 .020 .61 .035 

AUG 

 10... 2.55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- 2.0 27.1 442 8.7 8.4 5.13 .016 <.002 <.69 <.015 .67 <.019 

 10... -- 8.0 14.2 515 7.8 1.5 -- .015 -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- 12.0 8.3 536 7.7 .1 -- .024 -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- 14.0 7.6 546 7.6 .0 -- .038 -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- 15.0 7.0 557 7.5 .0 -- -- <.002 <2.4 1.14 2.4 <.019 
28

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Turbdty ANC, Dis- 

 white wat unf solved

 light, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, Mangan- solids

 det ang ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, ese, dried @

 90+/-30 water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water, water, 180degC

 Date degrees mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, wat flt

 NTU CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L ug/L mg/L 

 (63675) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046) (01056) (70300)

 

JUN 2011 

 21... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... <1.0 214 33.1 32.0 10.9 1.30 181 26.2 28.1 8.57 <100 <1.0 260 

AUG 

 10... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... <1.0 217 27.7 36.0 11.7 1.50 164 26.4 26.9 14.1 <100 3 242 

 10... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 10... <1.0 261 49.4 33.5 11.1 1.70 233 28.9 21.1 19.1 <100 290 318 

 
29

424929088231300 LAKE BEULAH STATION 2 NEAR EAST TROY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JUNE 11 TO AUGUST 10, 2011

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-11-11

DEPTH, IN METERS

400 500 600

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

DEPTH, IN METERS

400 500 600

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

08-10-11

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER
30

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

August surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Lake Beulah, Station 2, near East Troy, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
31

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°24'09", long 88°15'16", in NE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec. 20, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on north side at a depth of 12 m. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 9 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

 

 Specif- Chloro- 

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665)

 

MAR 2011 

 09... -- .50 1.9 561 6.7 10.5 -- .014 

 09... -- 10.5 3.7 779 6.5 .8 -- .031 

APR 

 29... 4.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .50 8.5 539 7.6 10.8 1.47 .010 

JUN 

 30... 2.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- .50 23.3 545 8.8 10.4 5.44 .015 

 30... -- 11.0 13.6 568 7.7 .2 -- .031 

JUL 

 29... -- .50 27.3 507 8.6 8.4 8.31 .019 

 29... -- 11.0 15.0 561 7.6 .1 -- .034 

 29... 2.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- .50 24.3 519 8.6 9.0 6.12 .020 

 26... -- 11.0 14.7 603 7.4 .1 -- .047 

 26... 1.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 
32

432409088151600 BIG CEDAR LAKE, NORTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 9 TO AUGUST 26, 2011 

 

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-09-11 04-29-11

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-30-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-29-11 08-26-11

500 600 700 800 900

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800 900

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800 900

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
33

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, North Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
34

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°22'24", long 88°15'49", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.31, T.11 N., R.19 E., Washington County, Hydrologic Unit 04040003, near West Bend.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 2000 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled on south side at deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses by Wisconsin State Laboratory of 

Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 9 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

 

MAR 2011 

 09... -- .50 .9 544 6.8 11.2 -- .011 -- -- -- -- -- 

 09... -- 30.0 3.8 644 6.5 .7 -- .127 -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 29... 9.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .50 6.5 546 6.9 11.4 .680 .011 .002 .70 .024 -- .29 

JUN 

 30... 4.05 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- .50 22.5 542 8.8 10.1 2.72 .013 -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- 30.0 6.0 566 7.8 2.1 -- .042 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 29... -- .50 27.1 498 8.7 9.6 5.11 .011 <.002 .59 -- .54 .56 

 29... -- 30.0 6.1 565 7.5 .1 -- .018 -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... 2.50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- .50 24.2 512 8.5 9.3 4.85 .013 -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- 30.0 6.1 593 7.3 .2 -- .021 -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... 2.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
35

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MARCH 9 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Nitrate Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 + white ent wat unf 

 nitrite light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, 

 water, det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, 

 fltrd, 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water,

 Date mg/L degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd,

 as N NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L 

 (00631) (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046)

 

MAR 2011 

 09... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 09... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 29... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... .414 <1.0 10 240 38.0 35.2 23.5 1.40 191 51.0 22.9 5.19 <100 

JUN 

 30... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 29... .025 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 Dis- 

 solved

 Mangan- solids

 ese, dried @

 water, 180degC

 Date fltrd, wat flt

 ug/L mg/L 

 (01056) (70300)

 

MAR 2011 

 09... -- -- 

 09... -- -- 

APR 

 29... -- -- 

 29... <1.0 304 

JUN 

 30... -- -- 

JUL 

 29... -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- -- 
36

432224088154900 BIG CEDAR LAKE, SOUTH SITE, NEAR WEST BEND, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MARCH 9 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

03-09-11 04-29-11

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-30-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-29-11 08-26-11

400 500 600 700

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 500 600 700

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 500 600 700

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 500 600 700

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
37

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12

10

8

6

4

2

0

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

5

10

15

20

25

 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths, 

and TSI data for Big Cedar Lake, South Site, near West Bend, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
38

05404500 DEVILS LAKE NEAR BARABOO, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°25′35′′, long 89°43′40′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.11 N., R.6 E., Sauk 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07070004, in Devils Lake State Park, 3.5 mi south of Baraboo. 

SURFACE AREA.--0.56 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--4.79 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--June 1922 to August 1930, June to August 1932, June 1934 to September 1981 (fragmentary). October 1981 

to September 1984, data unpublished in district files. October 1984 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-78-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder installed July 17, 1991. Datum of gage is 954.88 ft, above NAVD of 1988. 

REMARKS.--Lake has no surface outlet. Water removed from lake by bottom withdrawal pipe, October 1 to November 15, April 4 to 

June 28 and September 6-30. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed, 14.83 ft, June 12, 2008; minimum observed, 1.49 ft, Feb. 8, 1965. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed, 10.02 ft, May 1; minimum observed, 7.17 ft, Dec. 7-11. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 8.57 7.60 7.21 7.30 7.46 7.75 9.15 9.90 9.68 8.87 8.43 7.95

2 8.52 7.57 7.20 7.31 7.50 7.76 9.16 9.88 9.64 8.85 8.42 7.94

3 8.47 7.54 7.19 7.31 7.51 7.76 9.19 9.87 9.60 8.82 8.39 8.01

4 8.43 7.51 7.21 7.31 7.50 7.78 9.33 9.85 9.56 8.80 8.37 8.01

5 8.39 7.47 7.21 7.32 7.50 7.80 9.36 9.84 9.52 8.79 8.35 7.98

6 8.35 7.45 7.20 7.32 7.50 7.80 9.38 9.81 9.52 8.82 8.33 7.95

7 8.31 7.42 7.19 7.32 7.51 7.81 9.40 9.79 9.51 8.79 8.30 7.90

8 8.27 7.39 7.18 7.33 7.51 7.81 9.40 9.77 9.46 8.76 8.28 7.87

9 8.23 7.37 7.18 7.33 7.51 7.85 9.41 9.79 9.42 8.74 8.25 7.84

10 8.20 7.35 7.18 7.33 7.51 7.86 9.42 9.82 9.38 8.71 8.21 7.81

11 8.17 7.33 7.21 7.34 7.50 7.87 9.43 9.81 9.40 8.77 8.18 7.79

12 8.13 7.31 7.30 7.35 7.50 7.87 9.43 9.81 9.36 8.76 8.17 7.77

13 8.09 7.33 7.30 7.35 7.50 7.87 9.42 9.80 9.32 8.72 8.23 7.73

14 8.05 7.32 7.29 7.35 7.50 7.88 9.41 9.79 9.28 8.70 8.25 7.69

15 8.00 7.30 7.28 7.37 7.51 7.88 9.41 9.76 9.28 8.67 8.23 7.64

16 7.96 7.29 7.28 7.37 7.50 7.89 9.43 9.72 9.28 8.67 8.21 7.60

17 7.92 7.28 7.27 7.39 7.52 7.94 9.43 9.69 9.25 8.66 8.19 7.57

18 7.88 7.27 7.27 7.41 7.55 8.03 9.42 9.66 9.21 8.66 8.18 7.55

19 7.84 7.27 7.26 7.41 7.57 8.10 9.45 9.64 9.22 8.65 8.16 7.57

20 7.80 7.25 7.26 7.41 7.62 8.31 9.51 9.62 9.20 8.63 8.14 7.55

21 7.75 7.24 7.28 7.41 7.68 8.56 9.52 9.60 9.17 8.60 8.12 7.52

22 7.71 7.24 7.28 7.41 7.70 8.73 9.56 9.59 9.15 8.58 8.10 7.49

23 7.68 7.23 7.28 7.41 7.71 8.98 9.61 9.60 9.13 8.56 8.10 7.46

24 7.75 7.23 7.28 7.41 7.72 9.06 9.63 9.57 9.09 8.54 8.08 7.45

25 7.73 7.25 7.28 7.41 7.73 9.10 9.64 9.65 9.05 8.52 8.06 7.46

26 7.79 7.23 7.28 7.41 7.74 9.12 9.76 9.79 9.01 8.49 8.04 7.55

27 7.77 7.22 7.28 7.42 7.75 9.13 9.86 9.79 8.97 8.51 8.01 7.57

28 7.72 7.22 7.28 7.42 7.75 9.13 9.88 9.77 8.92 8.51 7.99 7.56

29 7.69 7.21 7.27 7.42 --- 9.14 9.90 9.76 8.90 8.49 7.97 7.55

30 7.66 7.22 7.28 7.42 --- 9.14 9.90 9.75 8.88 8.47 7.95 7.53

31 7.62 --- 7.29 7.43 --- 9.14 --- 9.73 --- 8.45 7.96 ---

Mean 8.01 7.33 7.25 7.37 7.57 8.29 9.49 9.75 9.28 8.66 8.18 7.70

Max 8.57 7.60 7.30 7.43 7.75 9.14 9.90 9.90 9.68 8.87 8.43 8.01

Min 7.62 7.21 7.18 7.30 7.46 7.75 9.15 9.57 8.88 8.45 7.95 7.45
39

 

Annual minimum and maximum water levels for Devils Lake, 1936-2011.

1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015

0

5

10

15

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

MIN

MAX
40

423525088260400 GENEVA LAKE AT LAKE GENEVA, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°35′25′′, long 88°26′04′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.36, T.2 N., R.17 E., 

Walworth County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Geneva Lake dam at Center Street at Lake Geneva. 

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1997 to August 2002, December 2002 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 861.86 ft above NAVD of 1988 or 862.08 ft above NGVD of 1929. Intermittent staffgage readings during winter months. 

REMARKS.—Records good except for estimated days, which are poor. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 3.35 ft, Aug. 20, 2007; minimum gage height, 1.44 ft, Nov. 5, 2005 

(affected by wind). 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 2.94 ft (affected by wind), Mar. 23; minimum gage height, 2.07

ft (affected by wind), Oct. 24. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 2.35 2.23 2.32 2.46 2.44 2.62 2.65 2.74 2.65 2.52 2.74 2.42

2 2.32 2.23 2.29 2.42 2.45 2.62 2.65 2.72 2.61 2.51 2.74 2.43

3 2.30 2.23 2.26 2.42 2.45 2.60 2.63 2.70 2.60 2.49 2.76 2.44

4 2.29 2.22 2.26 2.42 2.45 2.63 2.64 2.69 2.61 2.48 2.73 2.47

5 2.29 2.22 2.26 e2.42 2.45 2.69 2.63 2.68 2.59 2.48 2.70 2.42

6 2.29 2.21 2.26 e2.42 2.46 2.68 2.61 2.67 2.59 2.46 2.68 2.39

7 2.28 2.21 2.26 2.42 2.46 2.67 2.60 2.65 2.60 2.44 2.72 2.37

8 2.29 2.20 2.26 2.42 2.46 2.66 2.63 2.64 2.61 2.43 2.71 2.34

9 2.27 2.20 2.26 2.42 2.46 2.69 2.63 2.61 2.65 2.43 2.72 2.33

10 2.28 2.21 2.26 2.42 2.46 2.69 2.64 2.62 2.63 2.42 2.67 2.33

11 2.28 2.22 2.26 2.42 2.46 2.68 2.65 2.62 2.64 2.44 2.64 2.33

12 2.28 2.21 2.26 2.42 2.45 2.68 2.63 2.63 2.62 2.43 2.61 2.34

13 2.28 2.24 2.26 2.42 2.42 2.67 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.40 2.58 2.31

14 2.27 2.26 2.26 2.42 2.42 2.65 2.60 2.62 2.58 2.38 2.56 2.29

15 2.25 2.22 2.26 2.42 2.42 2.64 2.58 2.61 2.59 2.37 2.54 2.26

16 2.25 2.22 2.26 2.42 2.44 2.64 2.67 2.60 2.61 2.37 2.53 2.24

17 2.23 2.23 2.26 2.42 2.51 2.63 2.67 2.58 2.59 2.37 2.52 2.23

18 2.22 2.22 2.26 2.44 2.55 2.63 2.66 2.58 2.58 2.39 2.50 2.23

19 2.22 2.23 2.26 2.44 2.55 2.63 2.66 2.58 2.58 2.37 2.49 2.28

20 2.22 2.20 2.26 2.44 2.58 2.66 2.71 2.57 2.58 2.38 2.52 2.27

21 2.19 2.21 2.26 2.44 2.65 2.73 2.70 2.57 2.59 2.37 2.53 2.28

22 2.18 2.28 2.26 2.44 2.66 2.72 2.69 2.59 2.63 2.49 2.51 2.24

23 2.19 2.32 2.26 2.44 2.66 2.76 2.74 2.64 2.62 2.68 2.52 2.23

24 2.25 2.28 2.26 2.44 2.65 2.76 2.72 2.61 2.60 2.67 2.53 2.22

25 2.27 2.32 2.26 2.44 2.64 2.74 2.70 2.62 2.58 2.65 2.49 2.23

26 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.44 2.63 2.72 2.76 2.62 2.56 2.62 2.48 2.33

27 2.37 2.28 2.26 2.44 2.63 2.71 2.78 2.61 2.56 2.73 2.46 2.40

28 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.44 2.64 2.69 2.78 2.62 2.55 2.83 2.45 2.43

29 2.26 2.27 2.26 2.44 --- 2.68 2.76 2.62 2.52 2.82 2.44 2.44

30 2.25 2.34 2.26 2.44 --- 2.66 2.74 2.65 2.52 2.79 2.42 2.42

31 2.23 --- 2.29 2.44 --- 2.65 --- 2.66 --- 2.77 2.42 --- 

Mean 2.27 2.24 2.26 2.43 2.52 2.67 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.52 2.58 2.33

Max 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.46 2.66 2.76 2.78 2.74 2.65 2.83 2.76 2.47

Min 2.18 2.20 2.26 2.42 2.42 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.52 2.37 2.42 2.22
41

Stage hydrograph for Geneva Lake, 1997-2011.

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

STAFF GAGE READING

 
42

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°33'29", long 88°32'33", in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.1 N., R.16 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, 1.3 mi south of Williams Bay.

SURFACE AREA.--8.22 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--28.7 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1997 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at deep hole at a depth of about 43 m. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State

 Laboratory of Hygiene. Samples for determination of chlorophyll a concentration are collected from the top 0.5 m of the lake.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 13 TO SEPTEMBER 7, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

 

APR 2011 

 13... 7.20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- .50 4.7 534 6.9 12.9 2.90 .012 <.002 .45 .019 -- .31 

JUN 

 21... 4.50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- .50 21.6 525 8.6 9.5 2.82 .009 -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- 41.0 7.0 532 8.2 8.9 -- .011 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 19... 5.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- .50 26.2 536 8.6 8.7 2.77 .007 .002 -- .032 .36 -- 

 19... -- 8.0 24.2 536 8.6 8.3 -- .014 -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- 17.0 10.9 533 8.2 8.0 -- .009 -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- 32.0 7.5 535 8.1 7.6 -- .008 -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- 37.0 7.2 537 8.0 6.3 -- .010 -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- 42.0 7.0 539 7.9 4.6 -- .015 -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 17... 3.80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- .50 25.3 525 8.6 8.9 3.19 .010 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 42.0 7.1 549 7.8 1.7 -- .037 -- .60 .067 -- .34 

SEP 

 07... 4.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... -- .50 22.6 516 8.5 8.4 2.96 .014 <.002 -- <.015 .42 -- 

 07... -- 11.0 22.6 516 8.6 8.2 -- .014 <.002 -- <.015 .44 -- 

 07... -- 15.0 13.0 532 7.9 3.9 -- .011 <.002 -- <.015 .45 -- 

 07... -- 33.0 7.8 534 7.9 5.0 -- .010 .002 -- <.015 .43 -- 

 07... -- 38.0 7.3 537 7.7 2.7 -- .033 .020 -- .027 .44 -- 

 07... -- 42.0 7.1 540 7.7 .2 -- .053 .036 -- .069 .55 -- 
43

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 13 TO SEPTEMBER 7, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Nitrate Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 + white ent wat unf 

 nitrite light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, 

 water, det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, 

 fltrd, 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water,

 Date mg/L degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd,

 as N NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L 

 (00631) (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046)

 

APR 2011 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... .137 <1.0 10 222 34.3 33.1 20.5 1.50 189 43.9 29.2 3.02 <100 

JUN 

 21... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 17... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... .262 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

SEP 

 07... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... .102 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... .242 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... .270 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 07... .258 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 Dis- 

 solved

 Mangan- solids

 ese, dried @

 water, 180degC

 Date fltrd, wat flt

 ug/L mg/L 

 (01056) (70300)

APR 2011 

 13... -- -- 

 13... <1.0 284 
44

423329088323300 GENEVA LAKE AT WEST END NEAR WILLIAMS BAY, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 13 TO SEPTEMBER 7, 2011

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-13-11 06-21-11

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-19-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-17-11 09-07-11

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 475 500 525 550

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
45

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10

20

30

40

50

60

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

5

10

15

 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Geneva Lake, West End, near Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
46

434928088553601 GREEN LAKE AT COUNTY TRUNK HIGHWAY A NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49′28′′, long 88°55′36′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 

sec.27, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, on left bank at downstream side of 

County Trunk Highway A, 2.3 mi southeast of Green Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--103 mi2; Area of Green Lake, 7,346 acres.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1993 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 789.91 ft above NAVD of 1988. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at outlet at Green Lake. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 8.67 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum 

recorded, 5.27 ft, Nov. 5, 2005. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.76 ft, June 23; minimum recorded gage 

height, 5.90 ft, occurred many days. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.46 6.27 6.05 6.03 6.05 6.20 6.60 6.61 6.57 5.02 6.55 6.61

2 6.44 6.26 6.05 5.99 6.08 6.19 6.59 6.62 6.59 4.86 --- 6.62

3 6.44 6.24 6.06 5.98 6.07 6.19 6.60 6.61 6.58 4.84 6.49 6.67

4 6.42 6.22 6.06 5.99 6.07 6.21 6.60 6.58 6.59 4.83 6.46 ---

5 6.42 6.20 6.04 5.98 6.07 6.21 6.60 6.56 6.58 4.80 6.56 ---

6 6.40 6.18 6.03 5.98 6.08 6.20 6.59 6.53 6.60 4.78 6.94 --- 

7 6.39 6.17 6.02 5.98 6.08 6.19 6.59 6.53 6.62 5.55 6.74 ---

8 6.39 6.16 6.02 5.97 6.07 6.19 6.59 6.53 6.64 6.44 6.72 ---

9 6.37 6.15 6.02 5.96 6.07 6.23 6.58 6.53 6.64 6.45 6.77 6.29

10 6.37 6.15 6.01 5.96 6.07 6.24 6.54 6.52 6.65 6.46 6.76 6.33

11 6.37 6.15 6.01 5.98 6.07 6.23 6.54 6.50 --- --- 6.76 6.34

12 6.36 6.14 6.08 5.99 6.07 6.22 6.57 6.50 --- --- --- 6.35

13 6.35 6.14 6.09 5.99 6.07 6.21 6.55 6.52 --- --- --- 6.33

14 6.34 6.14 6.08 5.99 6.06 6.21 6.53 6.51 6.41 --- --- 6.33

15 6.33 6.16 6.06 6.02 6.05 6.20 6.50 6.51 6.40 --- --- 6.23

16 6.32 6.16 6.06 6.01 6.05 6.21 6.54 6.50 --- --- --- 6.19

17 6.30 6.15 6.06 6.03 6.05 6.23 6.51 6.50 --- --- --- 6.21

18 6.29 6.14 6.04 6.03 6.07 6.27 6.53 6.49 5.11 --- --- --- 

19 6.28 6.12 6.03 6.04 6.08 6.31 6.53 6.49 5.13 --- 6.75 ---

20 6.25 6.12 6.02 6.03 6.11 6.39 --- 6.49 5.14 --- 6.75 ---

21 6.24 6.12 6.03 6.03 6.17 6.47 --- 6.49 5.12 6.50 6.74 --- 

22 6.24 6.11 6.03 6.03 6.19 6.52 6.59 6.50 5.33 6.47 6.73 4.91

23 6.25 6.09 6.03 6.03 6.19 6.65 6.59 6.52 --- 6.50 6.74 4.88

24 6.32 6.10 6.03 6.03 6.20 6.67 6.59 6.52 --- 6.54 6.75 4.86

25 6.33 6.10 6.03 6.03 6.20 6.67 6.58 6.53 5.45 6.50 6.71 4.86

26 6.36 6.07 6.03 6.02 6.20 6.67 --- 6.60 5.44 6.45 6.64 ---

27 6.32 6.08 6.02 6.03 6.20 6.66 6.69 6.59 5.42 6.54 6.63 --- 

28 6.31 6.09 6.02 6.03 6.20 6.65 6.67 6.58 5.35 6.64 6.62 ---

29 6.32 6.09 5.99 6.03 --- 6.64 6.69 6.57 5.34 --- 6.61 6.33

30 6.31 6.07 5.98 6.03 --- 6.62 6.68 6.58 5.27 --- 6.60 6.33

31 6.29 --- 5.99 6.03 --- 6.61 --- 6.60 --- 6.75 6.61 ---

Mean 6.34 6.14 6.03 6.01 6.11 6.37 --- 6.54 --- --- --- ---

Max 6.46 6.27 6.09 6.04 6.20 6.67 --- 6.62 --- --- --- --- 

Min 6.24 6.07 5.98 5.96 6.05 6.19 --- 6.49 --- --- --- ---
47

Stage hydrograph for Green Lake, 1993-2011.

 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
48

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°47'56", long 89°02'05", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.15 N., R.12 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about 5 miles southwest of the 

City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 to current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

 

APR 2011 

 12... 6.30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- .50 2.8 516 6.8 11.7 4.19 .043 .032 .74 <.015 -- .43 

 12... -- 30.0 2.7 517 6.7 11.4 -- .047 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUN 

 *03... 1.20 .10 14.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *17... 1.40 .10 18.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *25... 3.80 .10 20.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... 6.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .50 19.9 483 8.9 9.1 4.98 .030 -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- 67.0 5.0 519 8.0 .8 -- .067 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 *03... 7.60 .10 23.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *14... 5.50 .10 25.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *24... 5.00 .10 26.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... 5.70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... -- .50 27.1 493 8.9 8.9 2.28 .015 -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... -- 67.5 4.5 557 7.5 .4 -- .175 -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 *01... 4.60 .10 27.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *15... 4.90 .10 25.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... 4.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- .50 24.4 487 8.8 8.7 2.30 .012 <.002 -- <.015 .54 -- 

 18... -- 13.0 10.2 519 8.0 4.5 -- .011 -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- 67.0 4.9 540 7.5 .1 -- .263 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *20... 5.50 .10 25.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
49

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

SEP 

 *01... 6.20 .10 23.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *10... 5.90 .10 22.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *24... 4.90 .10 17.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... 5.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 16.8 488 8.6 9.1 4.96 .015 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- 14.0 9.9 516 8.0 4.1 -- .013 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- 67.0 5.1 532 7.6 .2 -- .272 -- -- -- -- -- 

 Nitrate Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 + white ent wat unf 

 nitrite light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, 

 water, det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, 

 fltrd, 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water,

 Date mg/L degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd,

 as N NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L 

 (00631) (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046)

 

APR 2011 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... .307 <1.0 10 220 32.3 33.8 18.5 2.70 182 38.8 29.7 .968 <100 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 

AUG 

 *01... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *15... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 *20... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Dis- 

 solved

 Mangan- solids

 ese, dried @

 water, 180degC

 Date fltrd, wat flt

 ug/L mg/L 

 (01056) (70300)

 

APR 2011 

 12... -- -- 

 12... <1.0 276 

 12... -- -- 
51

434756089020500 GREEN LAKE AT DEEP HOLE NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-12-11 06-29-11

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

07-25-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20

08-18-11 09-28-11

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
52

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Green Lake, Deep Hole, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
53

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'28", long 88°57'00", in SE 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.28, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of 

the City of Green Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--11.48 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2004 current year. Lake sampled by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources prior to 2004.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. A “*” indicates data that were collected by Mary Jane Bumby, Citizen Lake 

Monitoring Volunteer.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- 

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665)

 

APR 2011 

 12... 3.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- .50 3.6 509 7.2 13.1 11.8 .044 

 12... -- 30.0 3.4 511 6.9 12.8 -- .045 

JUN 

 *03... 1.20 .10 13.3 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *17... 1.20 .10 18.9 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *25... 2.40 .10 20.0 -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... 5.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .50 21.5 489 9.0 9.4 2.54 .024 

 29... -- 34.0 7.0 512 7.9 .3 -- .060 

JUL 

 *03... 6.10 .10 24.4 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *14... 3.70 .10 24.4 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *24... 5.80 .10 27.8 -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... 5.40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... -- .50 27.6 493 8.9 8.6 3.52 .015 

 25... -- 31.5 6.2 520 8.0 8.0 -- .058 

AUG 

 *01... 4.60 .10 28.9 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *15... 4.90 .10 25.0 -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... 4.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- .50 25.2 488 8.8 9.0 3.14 .012 

 18... -- 15.0 12.0 518 7.9 2.3 -- .013 

 18... -- 31.0 6.1 523 7.9 7.0 -- .082 

 *20... 4.30 .10 26.7 -- -- -- -- -- 
54

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

SEP 

 *01... 5.00 .10 24.4 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *10... 4.10 .10 22.8 -- -- -- -- -- 

 *24... 4.30 .10 17.8 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... 4.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 16.6 492 8.6 9.0 7.14 .015 

 28... -- 23.0 8.5 516 7.9 4.5 -- .022 

 28... -- 31.5 6.1 518 7.9 3.4 -- .073 
55

434928088570000 GREEN LAKE AT EAST END NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

04-12-11 06-29-11

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

07-25-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20

08-18-11 09-28-11

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

400 450 500 550 600

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
56

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

USGS

CITIZEN MONITORING

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Green Lake, East End, near Green Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
57

435009088550100 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 1, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°50'09", long 88°55'01", in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year. 

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- 

 ic pH, Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, phorus,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (00665)

 

APR 2011 

 12... >1.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- .50 12.1 656 8.0 12.1 .082 

JUN 

 29... .50 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .10 25.5 698 8.4 10.6 .113 

JUL 

 25... .80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... -- .10 29.1 702 8.5 12.8 .196 

AUG 

 18... >.80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- .10 24.4 813 7.9 4.3 .112 

SEP 

 28... >.80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .10 15.6 646 8.1 10.9 .093 
58

434948088552200 GREEN LAKE INLET, SITE 2, NEAR GREEN LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°49'48", long 88°55'22", in SW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.26, T.16 N., R.13 E., Green Lake County, Hydrologic Unit 04030201, about one mile southeast of the City 

of Green Lake.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2006 to current year.

REMARKS.--Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA APRIL 12 TO SEPTEMBER 28, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- 

 ic pH, Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, phorus,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (00665)

 

APR 2011 

 12... .80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- .50 14.1 629 7.6 10.1 .077 

JUN 

 29... .50 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .10 25.8 698 8.4 9.6 .121 

JUL 

 25... 1.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 25... -- .10 28.6 636 8.5 11.9 .225 

AUG 

 18... >.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- .10 24.1 805 7.9 4.2 .115 

SEP 

 28... >.80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .10 15.6 652 8.1 10.5 .088 
59

425715089164700 LAKE KEGONSA AT BARBER DRIVE NEAR STOUGHTON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°57′15′′, long 89°16′47′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.26, T.6 N., R.10 E., 

Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on downstream side of bridge on Barber Drive, 3.5 mi northwest of Stoughton. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.05 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--386 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above sea level (levels from Wisconsin Department of Transportation 

benchmark). 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 5.73 ft, June 16, 2008; minimum observed, 2.07 ft, Jan.27, 

2006. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum gage height observed, 3.63 ft, Sept. 30; minimum observed, 2.30 ft, Feb. 13. 

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 2.91 3.39 2.84 2.92 2.36 2.72 3.21 3.33 3.30 3.22 3.15 3.21

2 2.91 3.35 2.89 2.89 2.49 2.71 3.19 3.30 3.30 3.24 3.15 3.22

3 2.89 3.30 2.92 2.91 2.42 2.70 3.17 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.15 3.31

4 2.88 3.27 2.92 2.90 2.41 2.70 3.16 3.26 3.28 3.25 3.13 3.36

5 2.89 3.22 2.91 2.89 2.40 2.72 3.14 3.22 3.27 3.26 3.12 3.37

6 2.89 3.18 2.88 2.86 2.40 2.72 3.13 3.21 3.26 3.27 3.11 3.36

7 2.90 3.13 2.85 2.84 2.39 2.72 3.10 3.20 3.26 3.26 3.11 3.36

8 2.90 3.10 2.84 2.78 2.39 2.71 3.09 3.18 3.25 3.25 3.11 e3.38

9 2.92 3.07 2.85 2.76 2.38 2.74 3.06 3.17 3.29 3.24 3.09 3.39

10 2.94 3.04 2.86 2.74 2.39 2.75 3.04 3.14 3.31 3.22 3.07 3.39

11 2.97 3.02 2.88 2.73 2.37 2.75 3.03 3.14 3.32 3.28 3.05 3.41

12 2.99 3.02 2.94 2.71 2.36 2.76 3.03 3.17 3.32 3.30 3.03 3.41

13 3.01 3.01 2.94 2.69 2.35 2.77 3.02 3.19 3.30 3.27 3.03 3.40

14 3.02 2.98 2.96 2.66 2.35 2.78 3.04 3.24 3.29 3.24 3.03 3.38

15 3.04 2.97 2.97 2.65 2.35 2.78 3.07 3.26 3.28 3.21 3.01 3.36

16 3.06 2.96 2.98 2.62 2.35 2.79 3.00 3.22 3.28 3.19 3.01 3.35

17 3.08 2.97 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.80 2.99 3.21 3.28 3.17 3.01 3.35

18 3.10 2.96 2.99 2.61 2.45 2.84 3.01 3.20 3.27 3.15 3.01 3.34

19 3.11 2.94 2.98 2.58 2.52 2.84 3.04 3.22 3.26 3.15 3.02 3.38

20 3.11 2.94 2.97 2.56 2.62 2.92 3.07 3.24 3.26 3.12 3.05 3.38

21 3.12 2.91 2.98 2.52 2.73 3.04 3.10 3.26 3.24 3.08 3.06 3.37

22 3.12 2.91 2.97 2.51 2.75 3.13 3.14 3.26 3.22 3.06 3.06 3.37

23 3.14 2.89 2.96 2.50 2.76 3.27 3.18 3.27 3.22 3.05 3.12 3.37

24 3.27 2.90 2.95 2.47 2.76 3.34 3.22 3.28 3.22 3.03 3.15 3.37

25 3.31 2.89 2.95 2.44 2.75 3.38 3.24 3.32 3.23 3.01 3.16 3.38

26 3.40 2.88 2.93 2.42 2.75 3.39 3.28 3.33 3.23 2.99 3.17 3.48

27 3.42 2.87 2.92 2.41 2.74 3.38 3.33 3.31 3.22 3.02 3.18 3.53

28 3.44 2.87 2.90 2.40 2.73 3.35 3.35 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.19 3.55

29 3.45 2.86 2.89 2.39 --- 3.31 3.37 3.31 3.22 3.16 3.18 3.55

30 3.44 2.85 2.88 2.38 --- 3.28 3.36 3.32 3.23 3.16 3.18 3.58

31 3.43 --- 2.89 2.37 --- 3.24 --- 3.31 --- 3.16 3.20 ---

Mean 3.10 3.02 2.92 2.64 2.50 2.95 3.14 3.25 3.26 3.17 3.10 3.39

Max 3.45 3.39 2.99 2.92 2.76 3.39 3.37 3.33 3.32 3.30 3.20 3.58

Min 2.88 2.85 2.84 2.37 2.35 2.70 2.99 3.14 3.21 2.99 3.01 3.21
60

Stage hydrograph for Lake Kegonsa, 1993-2011.

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1

2

3

4

5

6

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
61

05427235 LAKE KOSHKONONG NEAR NEWVILLE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°51′27′′, long 88°56′27′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.34, T.5 N., R.13 E., 

Jefferson County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, 80 ft east of Pottawatomi Trail Bridge at Bingham Point Estates, and 4.5 mi 

northeast of Newville. 

SURFACE AREA.—16.34 mi2.

DRAINAGE AREA.--2,560 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--July 1987 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 769.77 ft above NAVD of 1988 (Wisconsin Department of Transportation bench mark). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam at Indianford. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum recorded gage height, 15.13 ft, June 21, 22, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.06 ft, 

Feb. 22, 2007.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 10.09 ft, Mar. 30; minimum recorded gage height, 5.93 ft, Sept. 

18. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.43 7.04 6.69 6.39 6.30 7.77 10.04 9.49 7.62 6.70 6.26 6.13

2 6.40 7.08 6.69 6.53 6.34 7.75 10.01 9.48 7.49 6.70 6.23 6.12

3 6.32 7.11 6.68 6.63 6.35 7.73 9.95 9.45 7.38 6.65 6.21 6.14

4 6.28 7.14 6.68 6.71 6.32 7.70 9.94 9.41 7.27 6.58 6.16 6.17

5 6.25 7.12 6.67 6.77 6.30 7.71 9.88 9.34 7.16 6.53 6.17 6.13

6 6.23 7.09 6.65 6.81 6.28 7.71 9.84 9.32 7.03 6.46 6.19 6.10

7 6.21 7.06 6.62 6.83 6.27 7.72 9.81 9.25 6.89 6.39 6.20 6.10

8 6.19 7.04 6.60 6.82 6.27 7.72 9.79 9.18 e6.80 6.33 6.21 6.08

9 6.16 7.01 6.58 6.80 6.27 7.76 9.76 9.08 e6.85 6.27 6.28 6.06

10 6.15 6.97 6.57 6.77 6.27 7.79 9.74 9.01 e6.82 6.22 6.27 6.06

11 6.12 6.94 6.57 6.73 6.27 7.84 9.75 8.93 e6.78 6.26 6.25 6.07

12 6.10 6.89 6.61 6.70 6.28 7.91 9.71 8.89 e6.73 6.25 6.24 6.06

13 6.10 6.81 6.58 6.66 6.29 7.98 9.67 8.85 e6.68 6.19 6.28 6.07

14 6.06 6.79 6.54 6.62 6.31 8.04 9.61 8.82 e6.64 6.13 6.30 6.05

15 6.13 6.75 6.51 6.59 6.32 8.11 9.51 8.74 e6.59 6.12 6.29 6.01

16 6.20 6.73 6.49 6.54 6.34 8.19 9.47 8.63 e6.55 6.16 6.29 5.98

17 6.28 6.71 6.47 6.52 6.39 8.25 9.43 8.54 6.52 6.18 6.29 5.96

18 6.33 6.68 6.45 6.49 6.53 8.32 9.37 8.45 6.48 6.21 6.30 5.96

19 6.36 6.64 6.43 6.45 6.72 8.41 9.33 8.38 6.44 6.21 6.29 6.00

20 6.37 6.62 6.41 6.42 6.95 8.55 9.32 8.30 6.42 6.21 6.30 5.99

21 6.36 6.59 6.40 6.40 7.22 8.75 9.29 8.22 6.41 6.20 6.29 6.04

22 6.33 6.62 6.37 6.38 7.41 8.96 9.28 8.13 6.43 6.21 6.26 6.07

23 6.33 6.64 6.35 6.36 7.55 9.24 9.32 8.12 6.50 6.21 6.27 6.09

24 6.42 6.58 6.34 6.34 7.65 9.49 9.33 8.03 6.53 6.21 6.32 6.11

25 6.43 6.65 6.33 6.32 7.71 9.70 9.34 7.97 6.57 6.20 6.29 6.14

26 6.49 6.63 6.31 6.31 7.75 9.88 9.36 7.92 6.62 6.18 6.26 6.23

27 6.61 6.62 6.29 6.30 7.77 9.98 9.41 7.83 6.67 6.24 6.24 6.29

28 6.70 6.60 6.27 6.30 7.77 10.04 9.44 7.78 6.72 6.37 6.21 6.31

29 6.77 6.59 6.24 6.29 --- 10.07 9.46 7.75 6.72 6.36 6.18 6.40

30 6.90 6.64 6.23 6.29 --- 10.07 9.45 7.70 6.71 6.31 6.15 6.43

31 6.99 --- 6.27 6.29 --- 10.06 --- 7.65 --- 6.28 6.15 ---

Mean 6.35 6.81 6.48 6.53 6.72 8.55 9.59 8.60 6.77 6.31 6.25 6.11

Max 6.99 7.14 6.69 6.83 7.77 10.07 10.04 9.49 7.62 6.70 6.32 6.43

Min 6.06 6.58 6.23 6.29 6.27 7.70 9.28 7.65 6.41 6.12 6.15 5.96
62

Stage hydrograph for Lake Koshkonong, 1987-2011.

 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
63

05428000 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05′42′′, long 89°22′12′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.12, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in county boat house at dam at outlet, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.—15.2 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--233 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--January 1916 to January 1985 (incomplete), February 1985 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, gage datum was 847.82 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with two 12-foot gates and 20-foot lock at outlet. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 12.75 ft, June 5, 2000; minimum observed, 8.02 ft, Feb. 24 

to Mar. 10, 1920, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 10.71 ft, Oct. 1; minimum recorded, 8.39 ft, Dec. 30. 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 10.68 9.72 8.94 8.49 8.57 8.90 9.77 10.13 9.79 9.91 9.88 9.85

2 10.63 9.70 8.88 8.51 8.62 8.90 9.78 e10.10 9.74 9.93 9.87 9.86

3 10.56 9.68 8.83 8.52 8.60 8.89 e9.79 e10.07 9.72 9.92 9.87 e9.92

4 10.51 9.66 8.82 8.53 8.60 8.89 e9.91 e10.04 9.73 9.91 9.85 e9.92

5 10.46 9.62 8.80 8.53 8.60 8.92 e9.94 e10.00 9.72 9.90 9.84 e9.88

6 10.42 9.57 8.75 8.53 8.61 8.92 e9.91 9.99 9.71 9.89 9.83 e9.87

7 10.38 9.53 8.69 8.53 8.61 8.92 e9.93 9.96 9.72 9.87 9.87 e9.86

8 10.33 9.50 8.63 8.53 8.60 8.93 e9.91 9.95 9.72 9.86 9.88 e9.84

9 10.29 9.48 8.61 8.52 8.60 8.96 e9.91 e9.92 9.78 9.84 9.88 e9.84

10 10.25 9.45 8.59 8.52 8.60 8.97 e9.93 e9.94 9.79 9.83 9.85 e9.84

11 10.20 9.43 8.58 8.53 8.59 8.97 e9.94 e9.94 9.79 9.83 9.83 e9.85

12 10.16 9.41 e8.58 8.53 8.59 8.98 e9.89 e9.99 9.78 9.83 9.81 e9.87

13 10.12 9.39 e8.59 8.52 8.59 8.99 e9.88 e9.97 9.76 9.80 9.86 e9.80

14 10.06 9.38 e8.60 8.52 8.58 9.00 e9.83 e9.94 9.74 9.77 9.89 e9.75

15 10.0 9.35 e8.60 8.53 8.58 9.00 e9.85 9.91 9.74 9.76 9.89 e9.72

16 9.94 9.32 8.61 8.53 8.58 9.02 9.89 9.87 9.75 9.76 9.88 e9.72

17 9.90 9.31 8.59 8.54 8.59 9.04 9.87 9.84 9.75 9.77 9.88 e9.71

18 9.84 9.28 8.57 8.56 8.66 9.08 9.84 9.82 9.74 9.80 9.87 e9.71

19 9.79 9.23 8.55 8.56 8.75 9.11 9.87 9.81 9.80 9.80 9.86 e9.73

20 9.74 9.21 8.53 8.55 8.83 9.21 9.94 9.79 9.86 9.79 9.88 e9.77

21 9.69 9.17 8.53 8.55 8.92 9.38 9.94 9.77 9.88 9.79 9.88 9.77

22 9.65 9.17 8.52 8.55 8.94 9.50 9.96 9.76 9.92 9.78 9.86 9.75

23 9.64 9.15 8.50 8.54 8.94 9.66 10.01 9.76 9.96 9.79 9.88 9.74

24 9.72 9.09 8.50 8.53 8.94 9.73 10.02 9.74 9.97 9.78 9.91 9.74

25 9.74 9.13 8.49 8.53 8.93 9.76 10.01 9.80 9.96 9.77 9.89 9.74

26 9.83 9.08 8.48 8.53 8.93 9.77 10.08 9.85 9.95 9.76 9.88 9.83

27 9.87 9.04 8.46 8.53 8.93 9.77 10.15 9.84 9.95 9.81 9.88 9.90

28 9.83 8.99 8.45 8.54 8.92 9.77 10.17 9.82 9.94 9.87 9.87 9.91

29 9.78 8.97 8.43 8.53 --- 9.77 10.16 9.81 9.93 9.88 9.85 9.95

30 9.76 8.97 8.43 8.54 --- 9.77 10.12 9.81 9.91 9.88 9.84 9.94

31 9.74 --- 8.45 8.54 --- 9.77 --- 9.80 --- 9.88 9.85 ---

Mean 10.05 9.33 8.60 8.53 8.71 9.23 9.94 9.89 9.82 9.83 9.87 9.82

Max 10.68 9.72 8.94 8.56 8.94 9.77 10.17 10.13 9.97 9.93 9.91 9.95

Min 9.64 8.97 8.43 8.49 8.57 8.89 9.77 9.74 9.71 9.76 9.81 9.71
64

Stage hydrograph for Lake Mendota, 1916-2011.

1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

DATUM CHANGE
65

430251088284700 MIDDLE GENESEE LAKE, AT GENESEE LAKE ROAD, NEAR OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°02'51", long 88°28'47", in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.22, T. 7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 

07090001, at the southwest side of the lake about 2 miles south of Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--0.17 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--Unknown.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--April 1996 to current year.

GAGE.--Staff gage. Local observer, Tom Schubring provided most readings of gage. Datum of gage is about 0.0 ft above NGVD of 

1929.

EXTREMES FOR THE PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum observed gage height, 869.65 ft, July 12, 2008; minimum observed, 863.88 

ft, Oct. 31, 2005.

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum observed gage height, 867.48 ft, Oct. 3; minimum observed, 865.75 ft, Sept. 23. 

Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft Date Gage Height, ft

October 3 867.48 May 18 867.07 July 24 866.57

10 867.40 23 867.11 31 866.59

15 867.28 28 867.09 August 1 866.59

18 867.20 31 867.05 4 866.55

21 867.14 June 4 866.99 12 866.41

24 867.22 7 866.97 18 866.35

29 867.18 16 866.93 29 866.17

31 867.12 19 866.89 31 866.15

November 2 867.10 21 866.87 September 1 866.13

7 867.02 25 866.93 10 865.97

8 867.07 28 866.85 14 865.87

April 29 867.08 July 5 866.75 21 865.79

30 867.05 7 866.71 23 865.75

May 1 867.05 9 866.65 29 865.85

5 867.03 11 866.71

10 867.11 15 866.63

GAGE HEIGHT, FT

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011
66

05429000 LAKE MONONA AT MADISON, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°03′48′′, long 89°23′49′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SE 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.23, T.7 N., R.9 E., Dane 

County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, in Brittingham Park, in Madison. 

SURFACE AREA.--5.3 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--279 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--September 1915 to current year (fragmentary) in reports of the Geological Survey. For 1856 to March 1917 in 

reports of Wisconsin Railroad Commission, volume 19. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 1338: Lake area. WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929, or 5.60 ft below City of Madison datum. Prior to Oct. 1, 

1979, datum 843.61 ft; prior to Nov. 15, 1971, nonrecording gage at same site. 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by concrete dam with four 12-foot stop-log sections and 12-foot lock at outlet of Lake Waubesa. 

Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.92 ft, June 15, 2008; minimum observed, 3.22 ft, Jan.

20, 1965, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 6.19 ft, Oct. 1, 2; minimum recorded, 4.31 ft, Feb. 1. 
67

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 6.16 5.37 4.91 4.73 e4.35 4.68 5.05 5.19 5.12 5.19 5.01 5.12

2 6.15 5.32 4.92 4.72 4.39 4.66 5.03 5.16 5.14 5.17 5.01 5.12

3 6.13 5.26 4.92 4.69 4.39 4.67 5.02 5.14 5.11 5.15 5.00 5.22

4 6.12 5.20 4.94 4.66 4.38 4.67 5.01 5.12 5.08 5.14 5.00 5.25

5 6.12 5.15 4.94 4.63 4.38 4.69 4.98 5.11 5.05 5.12 5.00 5.23

6 6.11 5.12 4.96 4.60 4.38 4.68 4.98 5.12 5.03 5.13 5.00 5.21

7 6.10 5.11 4.98 4.57 4.37 4.68 4.97 5.11 5.01 5.11 5.03 5.18

8 6.09 5.10 4.99 4.54 4.36 4.68 4.97 5.10 5.00 5.08 5.06 5.16

9 6.09 5.08 5.00 4.52 4.36 4.71 4.97 5.10 5.12 5.07 5.04 5.15

10 6.08 5.07 5.00 4.50 4.36 4.71 4.96 5.09 5.12 5.06 5.02 5.13

11 6.07 5.05 4.99 4.50 4.36 4.71 4.95 5.13 5.10 5.07 5.01 5.12

12 6.05 5.05 5.03 4.48 4.35 4.72 4.94 5.24 5.08 5.06 5.01 5.10

13 6.02 5.05 4.98 4.46 4.35 4.70 4.92 5.24 5.07 5.04 5.04 5.08

14 5.98 5.03 4.96 4.45 4.34 4.71 4.92 5.23 5.06 5.02 5.06 5.04

15 5.95 5.03 4.95 4.44 4.36 4.72 4.93 5.21 5.08 4.99 5.05 5.00

16 5.92 5.01 4.94 e4.40 4.38 4.72 4.91 5.16 5.07 4.98 5.04 4.98

17 5.88 5.00 4.91 e4.41 4.43 4.74 4.88 5.13 5.09 4.97 5.04 4.97

18 5.85 4.98 4.89 e4.40 4.51 4.76 4.89 5.11 5.09 4.96 5.04 4.97

19 5.81 4.97 4.87 e4.39 4.56 4.76 4.95 5.08 5.11 4.96 5.04 5.00

20 5.77 4.96 4.85 e4.38 4.63 4.89 5.01 5.06 5.12 4.94 5.07 4.98

21 5.72 4.95 4.85 e4.37 4.72 5.07 5.05 5.05 5.13 4.92 5.07 4.95

22 5.63 4.95 4.82 e4.36 4.74 5.17 5.08 5.03 5.21 4.92 5.07 4.93

23 5.58 4.92 4.80 e4.35 4.74 5.32 5.11 5.00 5.22 4.92 5.11 4.91

24 5.67 4.94 4.79 e4.35 4.73 5.32 5.11 4.99 5.20 4.91 5.14 4.90

25 5.67 4.94 4.78 e4.35 4.71 5.31 5.11 5.17 5.20 4.89 5.13 4.90

26 5.73 4.91 4.76 e4.35 4.70 5.28 5.18 5.20 5.21 4.89 5.13 5.03

27 5.68 4.90 4.74 e4.35 4.70 5.23 5.24 5.17 5.20 4.95 5.13 5.07

28 5.63 4.90 4.73 e4.35 4.68 5.18 5.23 5.17 5.16 5.00 5.12 5.05

29 5.56 4.91 4.72 e4.35 --- 5.14 5.22 5.17 5.16 5.01 5.11 5.02

30 5.50 4.93 4.72 e4.35 --- 5.11 5.23 5.16 5.17 5.01 5.11 4.98

31 5.43 --- 4.72 e4.35 --- 5.07 --- 5.16 --- 5.00 5.12 ---

Mean 5.88 5.04 4.88 4.46 4.49 4.89 5.03 5.13 5.12 5.02 5.06 5.06

Max 6.16 5.37 5.03 4.73 4.74 5.32 5.24 5.24 5.22 5.19 5.14 5.25

Min 5.43 4.90 4.72 4.35 4.34 4.66 4.88 4.99 5.00 4.89 5.00 4.90
68

Stage hydrograph for Lake Monona, 1915-2011.

1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

DATUM CHANGE
69

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°05'51", long 88°27'35", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.2, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.--1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Nitrate

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, nitrite

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, unfltrd fltrd,

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00625) (00631)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- .50 1.9 613 7.5 11.9 -- .012 -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- 18.0 4.0 607 7.1 5.6 -- .038 -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 29... 5.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... -- .50 8.6 577 7.5 11.4 1.56 .012 <.002 .69 .021 .34 .353 

JUN 

 28... 4.30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 21.9 564 8.4 11.1 2.03 .013 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- 17.5 8.6 587 7.6 2.7 -- .030 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... 3.35 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- .50 28.7 531 8.6 9.2 2.42 .012 -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- 18.0 8.6 595 7.6 .1 -- .030 -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... 2.85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- .50 25.1 530 8.5 9.3 -- .012 -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- 18.0 8.6 620 7.4 .1 2.24 .025 -- -- -- -- -- 
70

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 

 Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 white ent wat unf 

 light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, Mangan- 

 det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, ese, 

 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water, water,

 Date degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd,

 NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L ug/L 

 (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046) (01056)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 29... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 29... <1.0 15 265 51.8 33.0 21.3 1.90 216 47.7 23.8 9.21 <100 <1.0 

JUN 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 Dis- 

 solved

 solids

 dried @

 180degC

 Date wat flt

 mg/L 

 (70300)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- 

 16... -- 

APR 

 29... -- 

 29... 332 
71

 

430551088273500 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 1 (CENTER) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-16-11 04-29-11

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-28-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

20

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-26-11 08-26-11

200 400 600 800

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

200 400 600 800

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

200 400 600 800

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

200 400 600 800

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

200 400 600 800

20

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
72

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Center Site, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
73

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°06'09", long 88°26'22", in NW 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.1, T.7 N., R.17 E., Waukesha County, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, at Oconomowoc.

SURFACE AREA.—1.20 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled at the deepest point in northeast bay near Hewitt Point. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by 

Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- 

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- .50 2.8 650 7.2 11.4 -- .011 

 16... -- 14.0 4.4 737 7.1 4.0 -- .014 

APR 

 29... -- .50 9.7 629 7.8 11.1 2.17 .010 

 29... 8.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUN 

 28... 5.30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 22.1 601 8.4 11.3 1.49 .009 

 28... -- 15.5 8.6 641 7.5 2.4 -- .025 

JUL 

 26... -- .50 29.1 576 8.4 9.4 2.09 .011 

 26... -- 13.0 9.1 638 7.6 .3 -- .019 

 26... 3.45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 26... -- .50 25.0 578 8.4 9.9 2.08 .010 

 26... -- 13.0 9.1 670 7.4 .1 -- .038 

 26... 3.40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
74

430609088262200 OCONOMOWOC LAKE NO. 2 (OFF HEWITT POINT) AT OCONOMOWOC, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 26, 2011

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-26-11 08-26-11

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-16-11 04-29-11

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-28-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

550 600 650 700 750

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

550 600 650 700 750

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

550 600 650 700 750

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

550 600 650 700 750

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
75

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

and TSI data for Oconomowoc Lake, Hewitt Point, at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
76 

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°32'46", long 88°17'58", in NW 1⁄4 SE 1⁄4 sec.13, T.1 N., R.18 E., Walworth County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Powers Lake.

SURFACE AREA.—0.72 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--3.42 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1986 to August 1996, and April 1998 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

 

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- .50 1.6 566 7.2 12.7 -- .018 -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- 6.5 3.9 574 7.3 9.5 -- .014 -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 13... 6.60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- .50 10.4 524 7.5 11.4 1.71 .015 <.002 .57 .045 -- .46 

JUN 

 28... 3.25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 22.4 504 8.4 10.6 3.73 .021 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- 9.5 16.9 522 7.4 .5 -- .025 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... 1.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- .50 28.3 477 8.6 8.5 4.50 .020 <.002 <.59 -- .66 .57 

 26... -- 10.0 16.6 529 7.6 .1 -- .028 -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 17... 2.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- .50 25.9 484 8.8 9.0 4.43 .013 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 10.0 16.6 569 7.5 .2 -- .035 -- -- -- -- -- 
77

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated) 

 Nitrate Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 + white ent wat unf 

 nitrite light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, 

 water, det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, 

 fltrd, 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water,

 Date mg/L degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd,

 as N NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L 

 (00631) (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... .106 <1.0 10 223 37.1 31.6 20.4 1.90 183 43.4 29.3 11.6 <100 

JUN 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 17... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 Dis- 

 solved

 Mangan- solids

 ese, dried @

 water, 180degC

 Date fltrd, wat flt

 ug/L mg/L 

 (01056) (70300)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- -- 

 16... -- -- 

APR 

 13... -- -- 

 13... <1.0 296 
78

423246088175800 POWERS LAKE AT POWERS LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

06-28-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-16-11 04-13-11

0 10 20 30

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 10 20

07-26-11 08-17-11

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

450 500 550 600

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
79

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20

30

40

50

60

70

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0

5

10

15

 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Powers Lake, at Powers Lake, Wisconsin.

(Open circles on the first two plots indicate laboratory detection limit for selected analyses.

 Actual concentrations for these particular analyses are less than the plotted circles.)

Eutrophic

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
80

05429485 LAKE WAUBESA AT MCFARLAND, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 43°00′32′′, long 89°18′19′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in SW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.3, T.6 

N., R.10 E., Dane County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07090001, on left bank just upstream from bridge on U.S. Highway 

51, downstream of dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa and 1.0 mi southwest of McFarland. 

SURFACE AREA.--3.25 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--327 mi2 of which 36.6 mi2 probably is noncontributing. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 2003 to current year. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WSP 805, WDR WI-73-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 840.00 ft above NGVD of 1929 (levels by Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dams at outlets of Lake Mendota and Lake Waubesa. Gage-height telemeter at 

station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 7.22 ft, June 15-17, 2008; minimum 

observed, 3.50 ft, Feb.14, 2006, current datum. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum recorded gage height, 5.62 ft, Oct. 1-2; minimum recorded, 4.14 ft, 

Feb. 12-13. 
81

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

1 5.62 5.01 4.62 4.50 4.17 4.44 4.74 4.89 4.82 4.92 4.88 4.94

2 5.61 4.96 4.63 4.48 4.23 4.43 4.73 4.88 4.79 4.94 4.88 4.95

3 5.59 4.92 4.61 4.46 4.22 4.42 4.71 4.87 4.74 4.95 4.89 5.05

4 5.58 4.89 4.63 4.44 4.20 4.42 4.72 4.85 4.72 4.94 4.88 5.10

5 5.58 4.84 4.58 4.41 4.20 4.44 4.72 4.82 4.71 4.95 4.88 5.08

6 5.58 4.80 4.58 4.39 4.20 4.44 4.69 4.84 4.69 4.95 4.88 5.06

7 5.57 4.76 4.64 4.37 4.19 4.43 4.67 4.83 4.66 4.91 4.91 5.03

8 5.56 4.74 4.63 4.36 4.18 4.43 4.65 4.82 4.66 4.89 4.93 4.99

9 5.54 4.73 4.63 4.33 4.18 4.46 4.64 4.80 4.74 4.87 4.95 4.97

10 5.54 4.71 4.65 4.30 4.16 4.47 4.64 4.79 4.79 4.85 4.93 4.95

11 5.52 4.70 4.67 4.29 4.16 4.47 4.65 4.82 4.80 4.89 4.91 4.94

12 5.50 4.70 4.75 4.28 4.15 4.48 4.64 4.89 4.80 4.90 4.88 4.92

13 5.48 4.71 4.84 4.26 4.15 4.47 4.63 4.93 4.79 4.87 4.89 4.90

14 5.44 4.71 4.76 4.25 4.16 4.46 4.62 4.96 4.78 4.83 4.92 4.88

15 5.39 4.69 4.70 4.24 4.16 4.46 4.59 4.94 4.78 4.81 4.92 4.84

16 5.35 4.68 4.67 4.23 4.16 4.46 4.63 4.91 4.82 4.80 4.92 4.81

17 5.32 4.68 4.64 4.23 4.21 4.47 4.64 4.88 4.82 4.79 4.91 4.79

18 5.29 4.67 4.62 4.24 4.33 4.50 4.62 4.86 4.83 4.80 4.91 4.77

19 5.26 4.64 4.60 4.23 4.36 4.50 4.64 4.85 4.85 4.80 4.90 4.80

20 5.24 4.63 4.58 4.22 4.40 4.58 4.73 4.83 4.88 4.79 4.92 4.78

21 5.21 4.62 4.58 4.22 4.47 4.74 4.75 4.80 4.88 4.78 4.93 4.76

22 5.16 4.63 4.57 4.20 4.49 4.83 4.75 4.79 4.93 4.77 4.92 4.74

23 5.12 4.63 4.55 4.19 4.49 4.97 4.82 4.79 4.99 4.76 4.96 4.73

24 5.21 4.61 4.54 4.18 4.48 5.00 4.82 4.78 5.01 4.76 4.99 4.71

25 5.22 4.64 4.52 4.17 4.48 4.99 4.82 4.82 5.00 4.76 4.99 4.70

26 5.27 4.63 4.51 4.16 4.47 4.95 4.87 4.86 4.98 4.75 4.98 4.79

27 5.29 4.62 4.50 4.16 4.46 4.91 4.94 4.84 4.96 4.77 4.97 4.83

28 5.24 4.59 4.48 4.16 4.46 4.87 4.96 4.82 4.97 4.85 4.96 4.84

29 5.17 4.57 4.47 4.16 --- 4.83 4.93 4.82 4.96 4.87 4.96 4.85

30 5.11 4.60 4.46 4.15 --- 4.80 4.89 4.83 4.93 4.88 4.94 4.84

31 5.06 --- 4.48 4.14 --- 4.76 --- 4.82 --- 4.88 4.94 ---

Mean 5.37 4.71 4.60 4.27 4.28 4.61 4.73 4.85 4.84 4.85 4.92 4.88

Max 5.62 5.01 4.84 4.50 4.49 5.00 4.96 4.96 5.01 4.95 4.99 5.10

Min 5.06 4.57 4.46 4.14 4.15 4.42 4.59 4.78 4.66 4.75 4.88 4.70
82

Stage hydrograph for Lake Waubesa, 2003-2011.

 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 3

4

5

6

7

8

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
83

424848088083100 WIND LAKE, HEADWATER, AT OUTLET AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°48′48′′, long 88°08′31′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4 sec.16, T.4 N., R.20 E., 

Racine County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake. 

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--39.6 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--March 1985 to current year. Prior to October 2000, published as "Wind Lake Outlet". 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-91-1: 1988(m). 

REMARKS.--Lake level regulated by dam with two 10-foot gates at outlet. Lake ice-covered Dec. 3 to Mar. 14. Prior to October 1987, 

published as Wind Lake at Wind Lake, Wis. Gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height, 9.88 ft, June 14, 15, 2008; minimum recorded, 5.95 ft, Jan. 2, 1996. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.—Headwater: Maximum recorded gage height, 8.50 ft, Oct. 25; minimum recorded, 7.37 ft, Sept. 

18. Tailwater (Feb. 15, 2011 to Sept. 30, 2011): Maximum recorded gage height, 7.71 ft, Mar. 23; minimum recorded, 4.09 ft, May 10.

 

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

[e, estimated]

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 8.31 8.44 8.28 e8.27 8.36 8.18 8.30 8.22 8.19 8.19 7.99 7.61 

2 8.31 8.38 8.27 e8.27 8.45 8.20 8.23 8.23 8.18 8.19 7.98 7.60 

3 8.29 8.27 e8.26 8.28 8.43 8.22 8.19 8.25 8.16 8.18 7.97 7.61 

4 8.27 8.24 e8.26 8.29 8.42 8.25 8.18 8.26 8.16 8.16 7.95 7.64 

5 8.26 e8.24 e8.26 8.32 8.42 8.34 8.12 8.24 8.15 8.15 7.93 7.61 

6 8.25 e8.26 e8.25 8.33 8.42 8.32 8.06 8.22 8.13 8.14 7.92 7.57 

7 8.24 e8.28 8.24 8.34 8.39 8.25 8.02 8.14 8.13 8.11 7.96 7.55 

8 8.23 e8.30 8.23 8.32 8.20 8.21 8.00 8.20 8.11 8.09 7.96 7.53 

9 8.23 8.29 8.23 8.30 8.20 8.26 7.98 8.27 8.15 8.07 7.95 7.50 

10 8.23 8.29 8.23 8.27 8.15 8.28 7.99 8.35 8.12 8.06 7.93 7.49 

11 8.22 8.28 8.25 8.26 e8.19 8.23 8.08 8.32 8.12 8.07 7.90 7.48 

12 8.22 8.28 8.32 8.25 e8.23 8.19 8.18 8.31 8.11 8.06 7.87 7.47 

13 8.22 8.27 8.31 8.23 8.24 8.18 8.24 8.38 8.09 8.04 7.87 7.46 

14 8.20 8.25 8.29 8.24 e8.24 8.22 8.23 8.36 8.08 8.02 7.86 7.44 

15 8.19 8.24 8.28 8.27 e8.24 8.36 8.21 8.30 8.08 8.00 7.84 7.42 

16 8.17 8.24 8.29 8.28 8.22 8.46 8.29 8.28 8.09 7.99 7.82 7.40 

17 8.17 8.25 e8.30 8.30 8.21 8.43 8.27 8.30 8.08 7.98 7.81 7.39 

18 8.17 8.23 e8.31 8.31 8.22 8.36 8.25 8.30 8.07 7.97 7.80 7.39 

19 8.22 e8.22 e8.31 8.29 8.20 8.26 8.28 8.29 8.07 7.96 7.78 7.44 

20 8.26 e8.23 e8.32 8.28 8.20 8.23 8.34 8.30 8.06 7.95 7.77 7.43 

21 8.31 e8.24 8.34 8.27 8.29 8.38 8.27 8.31 8.07 7.94 7.76 7.41 

22 8.34 e8.26 8.35 8.26 8.27 8.42 8.26 8.30 8.16 7.95 7.73 7.40 

23 8.37 8.29 8.35 8.24 8.24 8.42 8.32 8.32 8.19 8.01 7.72 7.40 

24 8.47 8.28 8.35 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.30 8.27 8.29 8.01 7.73 7.39 

25 8.42 8.29 8.36 8.25 8.22 8.13 8.25 8.28 8.31 7.99 7.71 e7.45 

26 8.21 8.28 8.36 8.27 8.22 8.20 8.32 8.24 8.30 7.97 7.69 7.52 

27 8.21 8.27 8.33 8.30 8.21 8.33 e8.41 8.20 8.28 8.00 7.68 7.57 

28 8.30 8.27 8.31 8.32 8.19 8.25 8.38 8.19 8.27 8.04 7.66 7.59 

29 8.37 8.27 8.27 8.34 --- 8.22 8.30 8.20 8.24 8.04 7.64 7.60 

30 8.41 8.28 e8.26 8.34 --- 8.26 8.26 8.21 8.22 8.02 7.62 7.62 

31 8.44 --- e8.26 8.34 --- 8.36 --- 8.20 --- 8.01 7.62 ---

Mean 8.27 8.27 8.29 8.29 8.27 8.28 8.22 8.27 8.16 8.04 7.82 7.50 

Max 8.47 8.44 8.36 8.34 8.45 8.46 8.41 8.38 8.31 8.19 7.99 7.64 

Min 8.17 8.22 8.23 8.23 8.15 8.13 7.98 8.14 8.06 7.94 7.62 7.39 
84

 Stage hydrograph for Wind Lake, headwater, 1985-2011.

 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5

6

7

8

9

10

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET

CREST OF DAM

DAILY AVERAGE STAGES

MANUAL STAGE READING
85

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 42°49'15", long 88°08'39", in NW 1⁄4 SW 1⁄4 sec.9, T.4 N., R.20 E., Racine County, Hydrologic Unit 07120006, at Wind Lake.

SURFACE AREA.--1.46 mi2

. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--February 1985 to current year.

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near center at the deep hole. Lake ice-covered during February sampling. Water-quality analyses done by Wisconsin State Laboratory 

of Hygiene.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- Ortho- Ammonia Ammonia

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- phos- Total + + 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, phate, nitro- Ammonia org-N, org-N,

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, water, gen, water, water, water,

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd fltrd, water, fltrd, fltrd, unfltrd

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L mg/L unfltrd mg/L mg/L mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P as P mg/L as N as N as N 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) (00671) (00600) (00608) (00623) (00625)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- .50 2.4 604 7.2 10.6 -- .056 -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- 9.5 3.6 784 7.1 4.4 -- .090 -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 13... 2.15 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- .50 12.5 615 7.7 12.1 12.2 .045 <.002 1.2 .023 -- 1.1 

JUN 

 28... 3.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- .50 22.1 615 8.4 9.9 2.32 .018 -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- 10.5 14.4 645 7.2 .0 -- .022 -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... -- .50 28.2 600 8.7 8.3 6.88 .021 <.002 <.92 -- .92 .90 

 26... -- 14.0 14.0 645 7.3 .0 -- .037 -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... 1.90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

AUG 

 17... 2.25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- .50 25.1 597 8.8 8.8 6.97 .018 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 5.0 24.3 594 8.9 8.1 -- .023 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 10.0 14.7 663 7.5 .1 -- .029 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 11.5 14.4 666 7.5 .1 -- .029 -- -- -- -- -- 

 17... -- 13.0 14.1 668 7.4 .0 -- .032 -- -- -- -- -- 
86

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Nitrate Turbdty Appar- ANC, 

 + white ent wat unf 

 nitrite light, color, Hard- Magnes- Potas- fixed Chlor- Silica, 

 water, det ang water, ness, Calcium ium, Sodium, sium, end pt, ide, Sulfate water, Iron, 

 fltrd, 90+/-30 unfltrd water, water, water, water, water, lab, water, water, fltrd, water,

 Date mg/L degrees Pt-Co mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd, fltrd, mg/L as fltrd,

 as N NTU units CaCO3 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L SiO2 ug/L 

 (00631) (63675) (00081) (00900) (00915) (00925) (00930) (00935) (00417) (00940) (00945) (00955) (01046)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 16... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

APR 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... .171 <1.0 50 203 42.9 23.2 45.3 2.70 157 85.3 28.6 .178 <100 

JUN 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 28... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

JUL 

 26... <.019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 26... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 

 Dis- 

 solved

 Mangan- solids

 ese, dried @

 water, 180degC

 Date fltrd, wat flt

 ug/L mg/L 

 (01056) (70300)

 

FEB 2011 

 16... -- -- 

 16... -- -- 

APR 

 13... -- -- 

 13... 1 348 

 
87

424915088083900 WIND LAKE AT WIND LAKE, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, FEBRUARY 16 TO AUGUST 17, 2011

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

02-16-11 04-13-11

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

06-28-11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

0 10 20 30

16

12

8

4

0

0 10 20

07-26-11 08-17-11

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

16

12

8

4

0

6 7 8 9 10

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
88

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 30

40

50

60

70

80

Total Phosphorus

Chlorophyll a

Secchi depth

Eutrophic

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 4

3

2

1

0

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 0

50

100

150

 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 0.00

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

CHLOROPHYLL a CONCENTRATION, IN MICROGRAMS PER LITER SECCHI DEPTH, IN METERS TROPHIC STATE INDEX

 Surface total phosphorus, chlorophyll a concentrations, Secchi depths,

 and TSI data for Wind Lake, Deep Hole, at Wind Lake, Wisconsin.

Mesotrophic

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

Oligotrophic
89

04082500 LAKE WINNEBAGO AT OSHKOSH, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°00′35′′, long 88°31′38′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1927, in NE 1⁄4 NE 1⁄4 sec.25, T.18 

 N., R.16 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203, 800 ft east of mouth of the upper Fox River.

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2.

PERIOD OF RECORD.--October 1938 to current year in reports of Geological Survey. Records from July 1882 to 

 September 1938 in files of Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report on Fox River by U.S.

 Army Corps of Engineers, published as House Document No. 146, 67th Congress, 2nd session, contains semi- 

 monthly records of inflow of Lake Winnebago for the period 1896-1917. 

REVISED RECORDS.--WDR WI-83-1: Drainage area. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Nonrecording gage read once daily October 1938 to October 1978. Datum of gage is 

 745.05 ft above mean tide at New York City (levels by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

 navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the

 crest of Menasha to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Data-collection 

platform and gage-height telemeter at station.

 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum gage height observed, 4.32 ft, Mar. 9, 1982; Minimum 

 observed, 0.33 ft, May 17, 1960. 

 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.43 ft, Apr. 30; Minimum recorded, 1.70 ft, 

Feb. 15, 16, 17. 
90

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.81 2.51 2.09 2.10 1.86 1.78 2.25 3.23 2.94 3.04 3.02 2.92 

2 2.83 2.50 2.14 2.09 1.86 1.78 2.25 3.31 3.04 3.05 3.04 2.92 

3 2.81 2.47 2.15 2.08 1.86 1.77 2.30 3.35 2.99 3.08 3.04 2.99 

4 2.80 2.49 2.14 2.08 1.84 1.78 2.30 3.33 2.99 3.08 3.07 3.03 

5 2.80 2.50 2.12 2.08 1.83 1.79 2.36 3.31 3.04 3.07 3.06 3.03 

6 2.80 2.46 2.10 2.08 1.81 1.79 2.38 3.25 3.04 3.11 3.06 3.03 

7 2.80 2.43 2.09 2.07 1.81 1.78 2.39 3.26 3.06 3.09 3.12 3.01 

8 2.80 2.43 2.09 2.06 1.80 1.78 2.40 3.21 3.06 3.08 3.14 3.00 

9 2.81 2.42 2.10 2.05 1.79 1.80 2.41 3.20 3.14 3.09 3.10 2.99 

10 2.79 2.41 2.11 2.03 1.77 1.82 2.44 3.14 3.12 3.08 3.10 2.98 

11 2.79 2.38 2.12 2.03 1.75 1.82 2.48 3.11 3.13 3.13 3.09 2.97 

12 2.76 2.41 2.21 2.03 1.73 1.83 2.56 3.06 3.14 3.14 3.09 2.94 

13 2.72 2.38 2.16 2.02 1.73 1.84 2.58 3.08 3.14 3.16 3.14 2.92 

14 2.70 2.26 2.14 2.01 1.72 1.83 2.67 3.11 3.14 3.14 3.13 2.89 

15 2.69 2.33 2.12 2.02 1.71 1.84 2.74 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.11 2.87 

16 2.63 2.32 2.10 2.01 1.70 1.85 2.67 3.03 3.09 3.12 3.11 2.84 

17 2.62 2.30 2.09 2.00 1.70 1.89 2.73 3.00 3.14 3.14 3.07 2.83 

18 2.59 2.29 2.09 2.00 1.71 1.94 2.93 2.98 3.15 3.16 3.07 2.80 

19 2.56 2.23 2.08 2.00 1.72 1.97 3.02 2.98 3.16 3.18 3.04 2.81 

20 2.54 2.28 2.08 1.98 1.73 2.00 3.02 2.98 3.18 3.19 3.03 2.83 

21 2.55 2.25 2.09 1.97 1.79 2.04 3.06 2.99 3.19 3.17 2.99 2.76 

22 2.55 2.21 2.09 1.95 1.81 2.11 3.14 3.00 3.19 3.16 2.97 2.81 

23 2.56 2.18 2.10 1.94 1.81 2.22 3.12 2.98 3.17 3.19 2.93 2.80 

24 2.62 2.30 2.09 1.92 1.80 2.24 3.17 3.04 3.18 3.20 2.91 2.80 

25 2.63 2.12 2.09 1.91 1.80 2.24 3.19 3.08 3.19 3.18 2.94 2.82 

26 2.50 2.12 2.10 1.89 1.80 2.24 3.30 3.09 3.18 3.16 2.91 2.91 

27 2.40 2.19 2.10 1.89 1.80 2.25 3.31 3.05 3.13 3.12 2.94 2.87 

28 2.57 2.19 2.10 1.88 1.79 2.25 3.34 3.01 3.07 3.10 2.93 2.86 

29 2.59 2.19 2.10 1.87 --- 2.25 3.38 3.02 3.14 3.09 2.91 2.79 

30 2.55 2.13 2.10 1.86 --- 2.25 3.43 3.02 3.10 3.07 2.91 2.87 

31 2.53 --- 2.10 1.86 --- 2.25 --- 2.96 --- 3.02 2.92 ---

Mean 2.67 2.32 2.11 1.99 1.78 1.97 2.78 3.11 3.11 3.12 3.03 2.90 

Max 2.83 2.51 2.21 2.10 1.86 2.25 3.43 3.35 3.19 3.20 3.14 3.03 

Min 2.40 2.12 2.08 1.86 1.70 1.77 2.25 2.96 2.94 3.02 2.91 2.76 
91

Stage hydrograph for Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh, WI, 1882-2011.

 1882 1887 1892 1897 1902 1907 1912 1917 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 -2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

GAGE HEIGHT, IN FEET
92

440128088271201 LAKE WINNEBAGO BUOY SITE NEAR OSHKOSH, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°01′28′′, long 88°27′12′′, in NE 1⁄4 NW 1⁄4, sec. 22, T 18 N., R 17 E., Winnebago County, WI, Hydrologic Unit 04030203.

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--May 2011 to September 2011. 

REMARKS.--Lake sampled near buoy near the center of the lake.

WATER-QUALITY DATA, MAY 19 TO JULY 29, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- 

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, 

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, 

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd 

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) 

 

 MAY 2011 

 19... 1.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- .50 12.5 353 8.0 11.2 36.1 .052 

 19... -- 5.5 12.1 352 7.6 10.6 -- .046 

 27... -- .50 14.6 350 7.6 11.9 35.5 .054 

 27... -- 5.5 13.1 352 7.6 10.0 -- .050 

 JUN 

 17... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .051 

 24... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .047 

 29... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .056 

 JUL 

 08... 1.50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 08... -- .50 25.2 368 8.7 9.8 44.1 .063 

 08... -- 5.0 23.6 370 8.5 8.0 -- .038 

 08... -- 5.8 22.6 383 7.8 .8 -- .053 

 15... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .069 

 15... .55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 21... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .072 

 29... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .072 
93

440128088271201 LAKE WINNEBAGO BUOY SITE NEAR OSHKOSH, WI

WATER-QUALITY DATA, AUGUST 4 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2011

(Milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated)

 Specif- Chloro- 

 ic pH, phyll a Phos- 

 Trans- conduc- water, trichro phorus, 

 parency Sam- Temper- tance, unfltrd Dis- -matic water, 

 Secchi pling ature, wat unf field, solved method, unfltrd 

 Date disc, depth, water, uS/cm @ std oxygen, uncorr, mg/L 

 meters meters deg C 25 degC units mg/L ug/L as P 

 (00078) (00098) (00010) (00095) (00400) (00300) (32210) (00665) 

 

 AUG 2011 

 04... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .094 

 18... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .137 

 26... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .127 

 30... .85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 30... -- .50 22.8 359 8.9 9.6 -- -- 

 30... -- 5.5 22.7 360 8.9 8.7 -- -- 

 SEP 

 09... -- .50 -- -- -- -- -- .150 

 22... .85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 22... -- .50 16.6 360 8.8 9.2 74.0 .151 

 22... -- 5.0 16.6 360 8.8 9.1 74.2 .155 
94

 

440128088271201 LAKE WINNEBAGO BUOY SITE NEAR OSHKOSH, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, MAY 19 TO JULY 8, 2011 

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

05-19-11

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

07-08-11

W.T.

D.O.

S.C. pH

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

05-27-11

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
95

440128088271201 LAKE WINNEBAGO BUOY SITE NEAR OSHKOSH, WI

LAKE-DEPTH PROFILES, JULY 15 TO SEPTEMBER 22, 2011

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (S.C.), IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS

07-15-11

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

100 200 300 400

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6 7 8 9 10

WATER TEMPERATURE (W.T.), IN DEGREES CELSIUS

PH, IN STANDARD UNITS

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

09-22-11

W.T.

D.O.

S.C.

pH

0 10 20 30

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 10 20

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.), IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

08-30-11

DEPTH, IN METERS DEPTH, IN METERS
96

04084255 LAKE WINNEBAGO NEAR STOCKBRIDGE, WI

LOCATION.--Lat 44°04′14′′, long 88°19′44′′ referenced to North American Datum of 1983, Calumet County, WI, 

Hydrologic Unit 04030203, Stockbridge Indian Reservation, on east shore of Lake Winnebago, 300 ft south of 

County Highway E and 1.6 mi west of Stockbridge. 

SURFACE AREA.--215 mi2

. 

DRAINAGE AREA.--5,880 mi2. 

PERIOD OF RECORD.--November 1982 to current year. 

GAGE.--Water-stage recorder. Datum of gage is 745.05 ft above mean tide of New York City (levels by U. S. Army 

Corps of Engineers). 

REMARKS.--Lake elevations controlled by dams at Menasha and Neenah, which are operated in the interest of 

navigation. Crests of both dams are at elevation 746.73 ft. Present limits of regulation are from 21 1⁄4 in. above the 

crest of Menasha dam to crest during navigation season, plus additional 18 in. below crest during winter. Datacollection platform and gage-height telemeter at station. 

EXTREMES FOR PERIOD OF RECORD.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.85 ft, July 9, 11, 1993, June 14, 

2008; minimum observed, 0.30 ft, Mar. 1, 1986. 

EXTREMES FOR CURRENT YEAR.--Maximum daily mean gage height, 3.33 ft, Apr. 29; minimum recorded, 1.49 ft, 

Feb. 17. 
97

GAGE HEIGHT, FEET

WATER YEAR OCTOBER 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

DAILY MEAN VALUES

Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

1 2.67 2.39 2.16 1.99 1.76 1.68 2.17 3.32 3.05 2.99 2.94 2.82 

2 2.60 2.39 2.09 1.99 1.77 1.68 2.18 3.30 2.88 3.00 2.94 2.87 

3 2.66 2.41 2.04 1.98 1.74 1.67 2.19 3.26 2.87 3.01 2.95 2.93 

4 2.69 2.35 2.03 1.99 1.72 1.69 2.25 3.25 2.92 3.01 2.97 2.96 

5 2.69 2.33 2.03 1.98 1.71 1.69 2.28 3.23 2.94 3.03 2.97 2.90 

6 2.70 2.38 2.02 1.98 1.70 1.69 2.30 3.20 2.95 3.02 2.99 2.90 

7 2.70 2.34 2.01 1.98 1.70 1.68 2.30 3.16 3.00 3.00 3.03 2.88 

8 2.70 2.31 2.00 1.96 1.69 1.68 2.31 3.12 3.05 2.99 3.04 2.87 

9 2.67 2.29 1.99 1.94 1.68 1.71 2.32 3.05 2.95 2.99 3.11 2.87 

10 2.67 2.28 2.01 1.93 1.66 1.72 2.35 3.02 2.94 3.02 3.06 2.88 

11 2.65 2.27 2.00 1.93 1.65 1.72 2.46 2.97 3.03 3.08 3.04 2.88 

12 2.64 2.24 2.13 1.93 1.63 1.73 2.48 2.97 3.04 3.08 3.01 2.90 

13 2.62 2.20 2.06 1.92 1.62 1.73 2.50 2.95 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.86 

14 2.61 2.32 2.03 1.90 1.62 1.73 2.46 2.87 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.83 

15 2.55 2.25 2.01 1.92 1.60 1.73 2.42 2.78 2.95 3.00 3.02 2.77 

16 2.57 2.20 2.00 1.90 1.59 1.75 2.65 2.83 3.02 3.04 3.02 2.74 

17 2.53 2.20 2.00 1.89 1.58 1.79 2.84 2.84 3.04 3.06 3.01 2.68 

18 2.50 2.21 1.99 1.90 1.62 1.86 2.81 2.84 3.04 3.11 2.98 2.65 

19 2.50 2.21 1.98 1.89 1.62 1.87 2.78 2.88 3.05 3.10 2.96 2.74 

20 2.49 2.13 1.98 1.87 1.64 1.90 2.94 2.89 3.06 3.16 2.93 2.73 

21 2.50 2.11 1.98 1.86 1.69 1.97 2.99 2.88 3.03 3.14 2.91 2.79 

22 2.44 2.16 2.00 1.85 1.70 2.02 3.00 2.90 3.11 3.09 2.87 2.74 

23 2.44 2.26 2.00 1.84 1.70 2.13 3.08 2.96 3.12 3.10 2.89 2.69 

24 2.50 2.08 2.00 1.82 1.70 2.15 3.12 2.90 3.14 3.11 2.89 2.66 

25 2.50 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.70 2.15 3.11 2.81 3.10 3.11 2.86 2.65 

26 2.70 2.25 2.00 1.80 1.70 2.16 3.11 2.84 3.08 3.06 2.84 2.67 

27 2.84 2.12 2.00 1.78 1.70 2.17 3.26 2.92 3.02 3.01 2.81 2.73 

28 2.63 2.08 2.00 1.78 1.69 2.17 3.31 2.95 3.08 3.00 2.80 2.74 

29 2.53 2.06 1.99 1.77 --- 2.17 3.33 2.93 3.03 3.00 2.84 2.78 

30 2.44 2.12 1.99 1.76 --- 2.17 3.28 2.92 2.99 2.98 2.83 2.70 

31 2.39 --- 1.99 1.75 --- 2.16 --- 2.98 --- 2.96 2.79 ---

Mean 2.59 2.24 2.02 1.89 1.67 1.87 2.69 2.99 3.02 3.04 2.95 2.79 

Max 2.84 2.41 2.16 1.99 1.77 2.17 3.33 3.32 3.14 3.16 3.11 2.96 

Min 2.39 2.06 1.98 1.75 1.58 1.67 2.17 2.78 2.87 2.96 2.79 2.65 
98

WISCONSIN DISTRICT PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING TO LAKES

The reports published in a U.S. Geological Survey series are for sale by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. Prepayment is 

required. Remittance should be sent by check or money order payable to the U.S. 

Geological Survey. Prices can be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling 

(303) 236-7476. Reprints of journal articles may be obtained by writing directly to the 

author at U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562.

2011

Feinstein, D.T., Dunning, C.P., Juckem, P.F., and Hunt, R.J., 2010, Application of the 

Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interactions of 

lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5214, 30 p.

Robertson, D.M. and Rose, W.J., 2011, Response in the trophic state of stratified lakes 

to changes in hydrology and water level: potential effects of climate change: Journal 

of Water and Climate Change, vol. 2. No. 1, p. 1-18.

2010

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2010, Hydrology, water 

quality, and response to simulated changes in phosphorus loading of Minocqua and 

Kawaguesaga Lakes, Oneida County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on effects of 

urbanization: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2010-5196.

2009

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of 

Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses of a 

terminal lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5077, 38 p. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Juckem, P.F., 2009, Water quality and hydrology of

 Whitefish Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the responses

 of an oligotrophic seepage lake to changes in phosphorus loading and water level: 

 U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2009–5089, 41 p.

2008

Chung, E., Schladow, S.G., Perez-Losada, J., and Robertson, D.M., 2008, A linked 

hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

57–75.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2008, Water quality, hydrology, and simulated 

response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland 

Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus 

loading in a polymictic lake: U.S. Geol. Survey Scientific Invest. Report 2008–5053, 

46 p. 
99

Robertson, D.M., and Schladow, S.G., 2008, Response in the water quality in the Salton 

Sea to changes in phosphorus loading: An empirical modeling approach: 

Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 5–19.

Robertson, D.M., Schladow, S.G., and Holdren, G.C., 2008, Long-term changes in the 

phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, p. 

21–36.

2007

Robertson, D.M., Garn, H.S., and Rose, W.J., 2007, Response of calcareous Nagawicka 

Lake, Wisconsin, to changes in phosphorus loading. Lake and Reservoir 

Management, Vol. 23, p. 298-312.

Walker, J.F., Saad, D.A., and Hunt, R.J., 2007, Dynamics of CFCs in northern temperate 

lakes and adjacent groundwater. Water Resources. Research 43(4) W04423, 

http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005WR004647.shtml

2006

Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, 

Water quality, hydrology, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of 

Nagawicka Lake, a calcareous lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report: 2006–5273.

Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R,, Graczyk, D.J., 2006, Evaluating the effects of nearshore 

development on Wisconsin lakes. USGS Fact Sheet FS-2006-3033, 4 p.

Magnuson, J.J., Benson, B.J., Lenters, J.D, and Robertson, D.M., 2006, Climate driven 

variability and change, Chapter 7, In Magnuson, J.J., Kratz, T.K, and Benson, B.J 

eds. Long-term dynamics of lakes in the landscape, Oxford University Press, p 123–

150.

Saad, D.A., 2005, Pesticides in surface water, bed sediment, and ground water adjacent 

to commercial cranberry bogs, Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Vilas County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5262, 29 p.

2005

Hunt, R.J., Feinstein, D.T., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2005, The importance of 

diverse data types to calibrate a watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern 

Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.005.

Marzolf, G.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2005, Reservoir, In Encyclopedia of Hydrological 

Sciences: Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., v. 4, part 9, John Wiley & 

Sons, p. 1675-1680. 

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2005, Water quality, hydrology, and 

phosphorus loading to Little St. Germain Lake, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on 

the effects of winter aeration and ground-water inputs: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5071, 36 p.

2004

Dupre, D.H., and Robertson, D.M., 2004, Water quality of Nippersink Creek and Wonder 

Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, 1994–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2004–5085.
100

Rose, W.J., Robertson, D.M., and Mergener, E.A., 2004, Water quality, hydrology, and 

the effects of changes in phosphorus loading to Pike Lake, Washington County, 

Wisconsin, with special emphasis on inlet-to-outlet short-circuiting: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5141, 32 p.

2003

Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y.F., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in 

the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4204, 29 p.

Fitzpatrick, F.A., Garrison, P.J., Fitzgerald, S.A., and Elder, J.F., 2003, Nutrient, traceelement, and ecological history of Musky Bay, Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, as 

inferred from sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4225, 141 p.

Fitzpatrick, F.A., and Peppler, M.C., 2003, Sedimentation and sediment chemistry, 

Neopit Mill Pond, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 2001: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 03–23, 58 p.

Garn, H.S., Elder, J.F., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Why study lakes? An overview of 

U.S. Geological Survey lake studies in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet FS–063–03, 8 p.

Graczyk, D.G., Hunt, R.J., Greb, S.R., Buchwald, C.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 2003, 

Hydrology, water quality, and yields, from near-shore flows to four lakes in northern 

Wisconsin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 03–4144. 64 p.

Hunt, R.J., 2003, Ground water-lake interaction modeling using the LAK3 Package for 

MODFLOW2000: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 114–118.

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2003, Simulating ground 

water-lake interactions: approaches and insights: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 22, p. 

227–237.

Hunt, R.J., Pint, C.D., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Using diverse data types to calibrate a 

watershed model of the Trout Lake Basin, northern Wisconsin, In MODFLOW and 

More 2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 600–604.

Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground water 

flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4154. 36 p.

John, R., Pint, C.D., Anderson, M.P., and Hunt, R.J., 2003, The effects of potential 

climate change on lake levels and lake capture zones, In MODFLOW and More 

2003—Understanding through modeling: Proceedings of the 5th International 

Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. Golden, CO: 

Colorado School of Mines, p. 212–216.
101

Magnuson, J.J., Krohelski, J.T., Kunkel, K.E., and Robertson, D.M., 2003, Wisconsin's 

waters and climate—historical changes and possible futures, In Wisconsin's waters: 

a confluence of perspectives: Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy, p. 23–36.

Pint, C.D., Hunt, R.J., and Anderson, M.P., 2003, Flow path delineation and ground 

water age, Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, vol. 41, no. 7, p. 895–902.

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Garn, H.S., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading, Red Cedar Lakes, Barron and Washburn Counties, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–

4238, 42 p.

Robertson, D.M., Rose, W.J., and Saad, D.A., 2003, Water quality and the effects of 

changes in phosphorus loading to Muskellunge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4011, 18 p.

2002

Anderson, M.P., Hunt, R.J., Krohelski, J.T., and Chung, K., 2002, Using high hydraulic 

conductivity nodes to simulate seepage lakes: Ground Water 40(2), p. 119–124.

Garn, H. S., 2002, Effects of lawn fertilizer on nutrient concentration in runoff from 

lakeshore lawns, Lauderdale Lakes, Wisconsin: USGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 02–4130, 6 p.

Kelson, V.A., Hunt, R.J., and Haitjema, H.M., 2002, Improving a regional model using 

reduced complexity and parameter estimation: Ground Water, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 138–

149.

Krohelski, J.T., Lin, Y., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Simulation of Fish, Mud and 

Crystal Lakes and the shallow ground-water system, Dane County, Wisconsin: 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–20. 

Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2002, Hydrologic investigation of Powell 

Marsh and its relationship to Dead Pike Lake Vilas County, Wisconsin: USGS WaterResources Investigations Report 02–4034.

Madenjian, C.P., Fahenstiel, G.L., Johengen, T.H., Nalepa, T.F., Venderploeg, H.A., 

Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., 

Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and Ebener, M.P., 2002, 

Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970–2000: Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 59, p. 736–753.

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L, Mergerer, E.A., Rose, W.J., and Garrison, P.J., 2002, 

Hydrology and water quality of Geneva Lake, Walworth County, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02–4039, 73 p.

Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River Pools, 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4181, 36 p.

2001
102

Hunt, R.J., Bradbury, K.R., and Krohelski, J.T., 2001, The effects of large-scale pumping 

and diversion on the water resources in Dane County, Wisconsin: USGS Fact Sheet 

FS–127–01, 4 p. 

Hunt, R.J., Haitjema, H.M., Krohelski, J.T., and Feinstein, D.T., 2001, Simulating 

groundwater-lake interactions with models: MODFLOW and analytic element 

approaches, In MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 

4th International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 328–334.

Lin, Y., Krohelski, J.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Simulation of lake stage in two seepage 

lakes in southcentral Wisconsin using the LAK3 package for MODFLOW, In

MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys: Proceedings of the 4th 

International Conference of the International Ground Water Modeling Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p. 411–417.

2000

Elder, J.F., Robertson, D.M., and Garrison, P.J., 2000, Chemical composition of surficial 

deposits in Geneva Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–121–

00.

Elder J.F., Rybicki, N.B., Carter, V.P., and Weintraub, V., 2000, Sources and yields of 

dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of 

peatland: Wetlands, vol. 20, no. 1, p.113–125.

Hunt, R.J., Graczyk, D.J., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Water flows in the Necedah National 

Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–068–00, 4 p.

Hunt, R.J., Lin, J., Krohelski, J.T., and Juckem, P.F., 2000, Simulation of the shallow 

hydrologic system in the vicinity of Middle Genesee Lake, Wisconsin, using analytic 

elements and parameter estimation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4136, 16 p.

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Interacting factors causing 

exceptional water clarity in Lakes Mendota and Monona, Wisconsin: Proc. of the 

International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Magnuson, J.J., Robertson, D.M. Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., Livigstone, D.M., Arai, T., 

Assel, R.A., Barry, R.G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N.G., Prowse, T.D., Stewart, 

K.M., and Vuglinski, V.S., 2000, Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the 

northern hemisphere: Science, Vol. 289, No. 5485, p. 1743–1746.

Magnuson, J.J., Wynne, R.H., Benson, B.J., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Lake and river 

ice as a powerful indicator of past and present climates: Proc. of the International 

Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 1998.

Robertson, D.M., 2000, One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved 

oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4258, 17 p.
103

Robertson, D.M., Goddard, G.L., Helsel, D.R., and MacKinnon, K.L., 2000, 

Rehabilitation of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and Reservoir Management, vol. 

20, vo. 3, p. 155–176.

Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W.J., 2000, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4209, 8 p.

Robertson, D.M., Wynne, R.H., and Chang, W.Y.B., 2000, Variability in ice cover across 

the northern hemisphere during the 1900's associated with El Nino events: 

Proceedings of the International Limnological Society, SIL, Dublin, Ireland, August, 

1998.

Saad, D.A., and Robertson, D.M., 2000, Water-resources-related information for the St. 

Croix Reservation and vicinity, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources 

Investigations Report 00–4133, 65 p.

Johnson, G.P., Hornewer, N.J., Robertson, D.M., and Olson, D.T., 2000, Methodology, 

data collection, and data analysis for determination of water-mixing patterns induced 

by aerators and mixers: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 

Report 00–4101, 72 p.

Grannemann, N.G., Hunt, R.J., Nicholas, J.R. Reilly, T.E., and Winter, T.C., 2000, The 

importance of ground water to the Great Lakes Region: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Resources Investigations Report 00–4008, 12 p.

 1999

Lathrop, R.C., Carpenter, S.R., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Summer water clarity 

responses to phosphorus, Daphnia grazing, and internal mixing in Lake Mendota: 

Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 137–146.

Krohelski, J.T., Feinstein, D.T., and Lenz, B.N., 1999, Simulation of stage and hydrologic 

budget for Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 99–4209, 23 p.

Panuska, J.C., and Robertson, D.M., 1999, Estimating phosphorus concentrations 

following alum treatment using apparent settling velocities: Lakes and Reservoir 

Management, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 28–38.

 1998

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Improving a complex finitedifference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening 

model: Ground Water, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 1011–1017.

Hunt, R.J, Anderson, M.P., and Kelson, V.A., 1998, Linking an analytic element flow 

code to MODFLOW— Implementation and benefits, In MODFLOW’98: Proceedings 

of the 3rd International Conference of the International Ground Water Center. 

Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, p 477–504.
104

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C.C., Benoit, J.M., Babiarz, C.L., Andren, A.W., and Hurley, 

J.P., 1998, Methyl mercury dynamics in littoral sediments of a temperate lake: 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 55, p. 835–844.

Robertson, D.M., Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1998, Dynamics in 

phosphorus retention in wetlands upstream of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin: Lakes and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 466–477.

Rose, W.J., and Robertson, D.M., 1998, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus 

loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

FS–066–98, 4 p.

Walker, J.F. and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1998, Groundwater and surface-water interactions 

in riparian and lake-dominated systems, In Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J. eds., 

Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, Elsevier Publishing, New York, 839 p.

1997

Elder, J.F., Manion, B.J., and Goddard, G.L., 1997, Mesocosm experiments to assess 

factors affecting phosphorus retention and release in an extended Wisconsin 

wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4272, 

14 p.

Goddard, G.L., and Elder, J.F., 1997, Retention of sediments and nutrients in Jackson 

Creek Wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–95: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4014, 22 p.

Hornewer, N.J., Johnson, G.P., Robertson, D.M. and Hondzo, M., 1997, Field-scale 

tests for determining mixing patterns associated with coarse-bubble air diffuser 

configurations, Egan Quarry, Illinois, In Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: 

Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Proceedings of the International Association of 

Hydraulic Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, p. 57–63.

Robertson, D.M., 1997, Regionalized loads of sediment and phosphorus to Lakes 

Michigan and Superior—High flow and long-term average: Journal of Great Lakes 

Research, vol. 23, p. 416–439.

1996

Anderson, W.L., Robertson, D.M., and Magnuson, J.J., 1996, Evidence of recent 

warming and El Nino-related variation in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes: Limnology 

and Oceanography, vol. 41, p. 815–821.

Elder, J.F. and Goddard, G.L., 1996, Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a 

constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993–1995: U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet FS–232–96.

Garn, H.S., Olson, D.L., Seidel, T.L., and Rose, W.J., 1996, Hydrology and water quality 

of Lauderdale Lakes, Walworth County, Wisconsin, 1993–94: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4235, 29 p.
105

Hunt, R.J. and Krohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytical element model to 

investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and 

Reservoir Management, vol. 12, p. 487–495.

Imberger, J., Robertson, D.M., and Boland, K., 1996, Lake Number—A quantitative 

indicator of mixing to be used in water quality management: Scientific Impeller, 

Solna, Sweden, no. 4, p. 9–15.

Kammerer, P.A., Jr., 1996, Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, South-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS–197–96.

Robertson, D.M., Field, S.J, Elder, J.F., Goddard, G.L., and James, W.F., 1996, 

Phosphorus dynamics of Delavan Lake Inlet in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4160, 18 p.

1995

Assel, R.A. and Robertson, D.M. 1995, Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake 

Michigan during 1851–1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p 165–176.

Assel, R.A., Robertson, D.M., Hoff, M.H., and Selgeby, J.H., 1995, Climatic-change 

implications from long-term (1823–1994) ice records near the Laurentian Great 

Lakes: Annals of Glaciology, vol. 21, p. 383–386.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the 

chemistry of a seepage lake: Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 2295–

2305.

Krohelski, J.T. and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the hydrologic budget of 

Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94–

348, 22 p.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hydrologic and 

biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: 

Water Resources Research, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 199–212.

1994

Elder, J.F., 1994, Distribution and grain-size partitioning of metals in bottom sediments 

of an experimentally acidified lake: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 251–

259.

Goddard, G.L., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and 

Rice Lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990–91: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 94–4101, 36 p.

Greb, S.R., and Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemical budgets, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., RILWAS 

1983–86: Wisconsin Regional Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification Study, 

Volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, Chapter 7, 20 p.
106

Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Babiarz, C.L., and Andren, A.W., 1994, Cycling 

processes of mercury across sediment/water interfaces in seepage lakes, In Baker, 

L.A. ed., Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry 

Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 426–449.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Kendall, C., and Gat, J.R., 1994, Use of oxygen-19 and 

deuterium to assess the hydrology of ground-water/lake systems, In Baker, L.A. ed., 

Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs: Advances in Chemistry Series, 

American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 67–90.

Robertson, D.M., Anderson, W., and Magnuson, J.J., 1994, Relations between El 

Nino/Southern Oscillation events and the climate and ice cover of lakes in 

Wisconsin, In Greenland, D. ed., El Nino and Long-Term Ecological Research 

(LTER) Sites: Publication No. 18. LTER Network Office: University of Washington, 

Seattle, WA, USA., p. 48–57.

Robertson, D.M. and Imberger, J. 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing 

used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen, Internationale Revue der gesamten 

Hydrobiologie, v. 79, p. 159–176.

Watras, C.J., Bloom, N.S., Hurley, J.P., Fitzgerald, W.F., Andren, A.W., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., and Porcella, D.B., 1994, Sources and fates of mercury and methylmercury in 

Wisconsin lakes, In Watras and Huckabee eds., Mercury as a Global Pollutant: 

Intergration and Synthesis, Lewis Pub., Chelsea, MI., p 153–177.

Wentz, D.A., 1994, Chemistry of snowpack and ground water, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 6, 45 p.

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., and Rose, W.J., 1994, Hydrology, In Klepinger, K.E., ed., 

RILWAS 1983–86: Wisconsin regional integrated lake watershed acidification study, 

volume 1: Madison, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBL–RS–909–

94, chapter 7, 74 p.

1993

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90–4126, 36 p.

Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91–4107, 61 p.

House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on 

water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 92–4029, 10 p.

House, L.B., Waschbusch, R.J., and Hughes, P.E., 1993, Water quality of an urban wet 

detention pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987–88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 93–172, 57 p.
107

Hughes, P.E., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of 

Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 91–4076, 44 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, Hydrology of Little Rock Lake in Vilas County, north-central 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93–4139, 

22 p.

Rose, W.J., 1993, Water and phosphorus budgets and trophic state, Balsam Lake, 

northwestern Wisconsin, 1987–1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 91–4125, 28 p.

1992

Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P, and Walker, J.F., 1992, Water, energy, and 

biogeochemical budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the 

northern temperate lakes site, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

92–48, 15 p.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Babiarz, C.L., 1992, Role of groundwater transport in aquatic 

mercury cycling: Water Resources Research, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 3119–3128.

Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Krohelski, J.T., 1992, Data on water quality, lake sediment, and 

lake-level fluctuation, St. Croix Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981–87: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–26, 53 p.

Robertson, D.M., Ragotzkie, R.A., and Magnuson, J.J. 1992, Lake ice records used to 

detect historical and future climatic changes: Climatic Change, v. 21, p. 407–427.

1991

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1991, Hydrology of Lakes Clara and Vandercook in northcentral Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

89–4204, 24 p.

Watras, C.J., Andre, A.W., Bloom, N.S., Fitzgerald, W.F., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, 

D.P., Rada, R.G., Wiener, J.G., 1991, Mercury in temperate lakes: a mechanistic 

field study: Verhandlungen Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 24, p. 2199–2202.

Pre-1990

Walker, J.F., Pickard, S.A., and Sonzogni, W.C., 1989 Spreadsheet watershed modeling 

for nonpoint-source pollution management in a Wisconsin basin: Water Resources 

Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 139–147.

Wentz, D.A., Garrison, P.J., and Bockheim, J.G., 1989, Section 7—Chemical inputoutput budgets, In Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional 

integrated lake watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, 

California, Electric Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 7–1 to 7–30.
108

Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W.J., 1989, Interrelationships among hydrologic-budget 

components of a northern Wisconsin seepage lake and implications for aciddeposition modeling: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 

18, p. 147–155.

Wentz, D.A., Rose, W.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1989, Section 5—Hydrologic component, 

in Knauer, D., and Brouwer, S.A., eds., The Wisconsin regional integrated lake 

watershed acidification study (RILWAS)—1981–1983: Palo Alto, California, Electric 

Power Research Institute Report EA–6214, p. 5–1 to 5–77.

Field, S.J., and Duerk, M.D., 1988, Hydrology and water quality of Delavan Lake in 

southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 87–4168, 61 p.

Krug, W.R., Ostenso, N.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 1988, Prediction of the effects of mine 

dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–471, 63 p.

Wentz, D.A., Krohelski, J.T., Rose, W.J., Bockheim, J.G., Garrison, P.J., Knauer, D.R., 

and Goldstein, R.A., 1987, Hydrologic and chemical budgets of Wisconsin lakes, In

Perry, R., Harrison, R.M., Bel, J.N.B., and Lester, J.N., eds., Acid Rain: Scientific and 

Technical Advances, Selper Ltd., London, p. 309–316.

House, L.B., 1986, Stage fluctuations of Wisconsin Lakes: Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey Information Circular No. 49, 84 p.

House, L.B., 1984, Effects of urbanization on three ponds in Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84–4051, 17 p.

Krug, W.R., and House, L.B., 1984, Evaluation of alternative reservoir-management 

practices in the Rock River basin, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 83–4186, 21 p.

House, L.B., 1981, An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of 

construction on impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 81–1192, 25 p.

Krug, W.R., 1981, Hydrologic effects of proposed changes in management practices, 

Winnebago Pool, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 80–107, 19 p.

Batten, W.G., and Hindall, S.M., 1980, Sediment deposition in the White River 

Reservoir, northwestern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 

2069, 30 p.

Novitzki, R.P., and Holmstrom, B.K., 1979, Monthly and annual water budgets of Lake 

Wingra, Madison, Wisconsin, 1971–77: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 79–100, 31 p.

Rose, W.J., 1977, Hydrologic considerations associated with dredging spring ponds in 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 77–18, 35 p.

Oakes, E.L., Hendrickson, G.E., and Zuehls, E.E., 1975, Hydrology of the Lake Wingra 

basin, Dane County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations 17–75, 31 p.
109

Novitzki, R.P., 1971, Hydrologic investigations of Heart Lake, Green Lake County, 

Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 9 p.
110

APPENDIX

Wisconsin Lakes Team

Quality-Assurance Plan

Most lake studies and monitoring programs that are conducted by the USGS Wisconsin

Water Science Center entail water sampling and analysis to determine water quality and

biological productivity. Because all sampling and analysis is subject to error and random

variablility, a certain proportion of the sampling effort should include quality-assurance

samples. Sampling by the USGS was done by the Lake Studies Team of the USGS 

Wisconsin Water Science Center. This team implements a quality-assurance plan each 

year that involves collecting three types of samples from a subset of the lakes studied 

each year, which include blanks, replicates, and spikes (U.S. Geological Survey, 

Wisconsin Water Science Center Lake Studies Team). These samples are collected 

and/or prepared solely for the purpose of assessing the magnitude of error and random 

variability so that the accuracy and precision of all data can be evaluated. The plan for 

this quality-assurance sampling is described below.

Three types of QA/QC samples are collected:

blanks

Provide information about accuracy and errors due to treatment or reagents

replicates

provide information about precision (variability)

standard additions (spikes)

provide information about accuracy and matrix interferences

Blank Sampling

B1. A preservation blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water, to which 

is added any reagents or preservatives that are normally added to natural water 

samples. The blank is not taken to the field, but is shipped to the laboratory for analysis 

along with the natural water samples.

This blank sample is analyzed for the Nutrient Group1 and chlorophyll-a.

B2. A field blank consists of deionized water or inorganic blank water treated exactly 

the same as regular samples. During winter, the field blank is analyzed for total 

phosphorus (TP) only; during summer, it is analyzed for TP and chlorophyll-a, and in the 

spring it is analyzed for the Nutrient Group and chlorophyll-a.

-------------------------------------------------------------

1

Nutrient Group = all phosphorus and nitrogen species that are commonly determined in

lakes (total phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen)
111

Replicate Sampling

Triplicate samples are taken near water surface in summer for analysis of total 

phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. For a portion of the sites where surface triplicates 

are collected, a set of triplicate samples is also taken from near-bottom water, for 

analysis of total phosphorus.

Triplicate samples collected in the spring are taken near the water surface for 

analysis of the Nutrient Group.

Standard Addition Testing

Replicate samples are collected for a standard addition (spike) test, which

consists of an addition of a prepared phosphorus solution (standard) of known 

volume and concentration, such that the expected result of analysis is the natural 

water TP concentration plus the known addition. One sample from each set will

receive no spike (the mean of these gives the natural water TP concentration). 

Data and results of replicate sampling and field blank testing for the past five 

years are shown in Table A1.
112

Table A1. Analyses of replicate samples from Wisconsin lakes in water years 2007-2011. See text for procedures used. Phosphorus

data in milligrams per liter; chlorophyll data in micrograms per liter. Symbol "<" indicates less than given detection limit (DL); mean and

standard deviation not calculated for datasets containing values less than DL. 

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.001 8.8

Delavan 4/16/07 0.040 0.038 0.039 0.001 3.6

Spring 9/6/07 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.001 9.4

Beulah 3/4/08 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.001 6.7

Beulah 8/26/08 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.001 6.1

Beulah 2/23/09 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.0

Delavan 9/15/09 0.035 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.002 7.1

Beulah 8/19/10 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.001 4.6

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.001 4.9

Powers 8/30/10 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.001 3.3

Beulah 8/10/11 0.140 0.170 0.155 0.021 13.7

Oconomowoc 7/25/11 0.013 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.002 13.1

Powers 7/25/11 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.002 8.3

Wind 7/25/11 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.002 7.9

Wind 7/10/06 0.380 0.378 0.394 0.384 0.009 2.3

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 0.081 0.067 0.074 0.010 13.4

Powers 8/30/10 0.036 0.038 0.037 0.001 3.8

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 3/4/08 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 70.7

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 2/23/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/24/09 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/19/10 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/10/11 <0.002 <0.002

Beulah 8/30/07 0.170 0.190 0.180 0.014 7.9

Beulah 3/4/08 0.083 0.046 0.065 0.026 40.6

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.015 <0.015

Beulah 2/23/09 0.211 0.204 0.208 0.005 2.4

Beulah 8/24/09 0.032 0.035 0.034 0.002 6.3

Beulah 8/19/10 <0.015 0.030

Beulah 8/10/11 0.032 0.029 0.031 0.002 7.0

Beulah 8/30/07 0.510 0.420 0.465 0.064 13.7

Beulah 3/4/08 0.570 0.450 0.510 0.085 16.6

Beulah 8/26/08 0.530 0.580 0.555 0.035 6.4

Beulah 2/23/09 0.660 0.690 0.675 0.021 3.1

Beulah 8/24/09 0.160 0.530 0.345 0.262 75.8

Beulah 8/19/10 0.580 0.680 0.63 0.071 11.2

Beulah 8/10/11 0.560 0.460 0.510 0.071 13.9

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 3/4/08 0.675 0.670 0.673 0.004 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.019 <0.019

Beulah 2/23/09 0.673 0.721 0.697 0.034 4.9

Beulah 8/24/09 0.074 0.073 0.074 0.001 1.0

Beulah 8/19/10 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/10/11 0.067 0.066 0.067 0.001 1.1

Replicate Data

 Total Phosphorus

Total Phosphorus, 

near bottom

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Dissolved Nitrate plus 

Nitrite

 Dissolved 

Phosphorus

Dissolved Ammonia
113

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 4.05 3.78 3.92 0.19 4.88

Spring 9/6/07 2.47 2.79 2.63 0.23 8.60

Beulah 8/26/08 6.97 7.45 7.21 0.34 4.71

Beulah 2/23/09 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 2.66 2.90 2.78 0.17 6.1

Delavan 9/15/09 10.80 10.10 9.8 10.23 0.51 5.0

Beulah 8/19/10 5.35 5.56 5.46 0.15 2.72

Big Cedar, South 8/24/10 3.93 3.9 3.92 0.02 0.54

Beulah 8/10/11 4.45 5.24 4.85 0.56 11.53

Beulah 8/30/07 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 3/4/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/19/10 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/10/11 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/30/07 42.8 41 41.9 1.273 3.0

Beulah 3/4/08 62.8 62.5 62.65 0.212 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 47.9 47.6 47.75 0.212 0.4

Beulah 2/23/09 63 63.8 63.4 0.566 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 41.7 41.9 41.8 0.141 0.3

Beulah 8/19/10 47 47.3 47.15 0.212 0.4

Beulah 8/10/11 37.4 38 37.7 0.424 1.1

Beulah 8/30/07 32.7 31.2 31.95 1.061 3.3

Beulah 3/4/08 35.6 35.5 35.55 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/26/08 32.8 32.5 32.65 0.212 0.6

Beulah 2/23/09 34.7 35.1 34.9 0.283 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 31.2 31.3 31.25 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/19/10 34.1 33.8 33.95 0.212 0.6

Beulah 8/10/11 36.7 37.1 36.90 0.283 0.8

Beulah 8/30/07 1.5 1.4 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 3/4/08 1.8 1.9 1.85 0.071 3.8

Beulah 8/26/08 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/24/09 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 1.4 1.5 1.45 0.071 4.9

Beulah 8/10/11 1.5 1.6 1.55 0.071 4.6

Beulah 8/30/07 8.8 8.5 8.65 0.212 2.5

Beulah 3/4/08 9.9 10 9.95 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/26/08 9 8.9 8.95 0.071 0.8

Beulah 2/23/09 9.7 9.8 9.75 0.071 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 8.6 8.7 8.65 0.071 0.8

Beulah 8/19/10 10.4 11.4 10.9 0.707 6.5

Beulah 8/10/11 10.4 10.7 10.55 0.212 2.0

Beulah 8/30/07 192 193 192.5 0.707 0.4

Spring 9/6/07 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.141 2.2

Beulah 3/4/08 245 244 244.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/26/08 219 218 218.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 258 256 257 1.414 0.6

Beulah 8/24/09 209 209 209 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 208 207 207.5 0.707 0.3

Beulah 8/10/11 194 194 194 0.000 0.0

ANC as CaCO3

Turbidity, NTU

Chlorophyll-a 

(micrograms per liter)

Dissolved Calcium

Replicate Data

Diss. Potassium

Diss. Magnesium

Dissolved Sodium
114

Table A1. -- continued

Parameter Lake Date Mean

Standard 

Deviation

Percent 

Standard 

Deviation

Beulah 8/30/07 20.3 20.4 20.35 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 23.5 23.7 23.6 0.141 0.6

Beulah 8/26/08 21 20.9 20.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 2/23/09 23 22.9 22.95 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/24/09 21.6 21.4 21.5 0.141 0.7

Beulah 8/19/10 21.6 21.5 21.55 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/10/11 24.7 24.5 24.6 0.141 0.6

Beulah 8/30/07 15.2 15.3 15.25 0.071 0.5

Spring 9/6/07 0.105 0.111 0.108 0.004 3.9

Beulah 3/4/08 15.3 15.2 15.25 0.071 0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 10.3 10.3 10.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 14.8 15 14.9 0.141 0.9

Beulah 8/24/09 11.3 11.3 11.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 18.1 18.1 18.1 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/10/11 12.7 12.7 12.7 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/30/07 26.1 26.2 26.15 0.071 0.3

Beulah 3/4/08 29.5 29.5 29.5 0.000 0.0

Beulah 8/26/08 26.3 26.3 26.3 0.000 0.0

Beulah 2/23/09 30.5 30.8 30.65 0.212 0.7

Beulah 8/24/09 27.7 27.8 27.75 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/19/10 25.9 25.8 25.85 0.071 0.3

Beulah 8/10/11 29.3 29.2 29.25 0.071 0.2

Beulah 8/30/07 <100 <100

Beulah 3/4/08 <100 <100

Beulah 8/26/08 <100 <100

Beulah 2/23/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/24/09 <100 <100

Beulah 8/19/10 <100 <100

Beulah 8/10/11 <100 <100

Beulah 8/30/07 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 8/26/08 <0.5 <0.5

Beulah 2/23/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/24/09 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/10/11 <1.0 <1.0

Beulah 8/26/08 302 298 300 2.83 0.9

Beulah 2/23/09 350 346 348 2.83 0.8

Beulah 8/24/09 312 312 312 0.00 0.0

Beulah 8/19/10 284 286 285 1.41 0.5

Beulah 8/10/11 270 272 271 1.41 0.5

Diss. Manganese

Diss. Chloride

Dissolved Silica

Dissolved Sulfate

Dissolved Solids

Dissolved Iron

Replicate Data
115

Table A2. Data from tests of blanks, 2007-2011. All data in milligrams per liter, unless otherwise indicated.

< = less than given detection limit; E = estimated value.

Delavan Lake. Analyses at USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Lakewood, CO. 

Parameter 4/7/06 6/13/06 8/14/06 4/16/07 9/14/09

Total P < 0.004 E 0.002 < 0.004 <0.004 <0.008

Dissolved orthophosphate <0.006 <0.006 E0.003 <0.006 <0.008

Chlorophyll a < 0.0260 < 0.0260 <0.260

Lake Beulah at Deep Hole near East Troy, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07 2/27/08 8/26/08 2/22/09 8/20/09 8/19/10 8/10/11

Total P <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

Dissolved orthophosphate 0.005 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002

Total Kjeldahl <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14 <0.14

Dissolved Ammonia <0.15 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.015 <0.015

Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260 --- <0.260 <0.260 <0.260 <0.260 <0.260

Dissolved Calcium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Magnesium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Potassium <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Dissolved Sodium 0.200 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

ANC as CaCO3 <2 3 <2 <2 <2 <2 3

Dissolved Chloride <1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Silica <0.22 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022 <0.022

Dissolved Sulfate <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5 <4.5

Dissolved Iron <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100

Dissolved Manganese <0.5 <0.5 <100 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Dissolved Solids --- --- <50 <50 <50 <50 <50

Turbidity, NTU --- <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Mercer Lake at Main Deep Hole at Mercer, WI, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/27/10

Total P < 0.005

Rolling Stone Lake near Pickerel, WI. Analysis at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/29/07

Total P <0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

ANC as CaCO3 2

Dissolved Silica <0.022

Wind Lake at Wind Lake, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 6/13/06 8/30/10

Total P < 0.005 < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260

Silver Lake near West Bend, WI. Analyses at Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI

Parameter 8/31/09

Total P < 0.005

Chlorophyll a (ug/L) <0.260
For more information concerning this report, contact: 

Director, Wisconsin Water Science Center 

U.S. Geological Survey 

8505 Research Way 

Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 

(608) 828-9901

Or visit the Wisconsin Water Science Center Web site at: 

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wisconsin-water-science-center

Manteufel and others—Water-Quality and Lake-Stage Data for Wisconsin Lakes, Water Years 2008–2011—Open-File Report 2012–1238

ISSN 2328-1258 (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121238