Guam Strategic Energy Plan 

Misty Dawn Conrad and Sean Esterly 

Sponsored by the Department of the Interior Office 

of Insular Affairs and the Guam Energy Task Force 

July 2013 

Produced under direction of the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of 

Insular Affairs by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) under 

Interagency Agreement IAG-10-1773and Task No. WFF41010 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prepared and facilitated by Misty Dawn Conrad 

of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

under the guidance of the Guam Energy Task Force 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) thanks the U.S. Department of the Interior's Office of 

Insular Affairs (OIA) and the Guam Energy Office (GEO) for providing funding for this effort. In particular, 

NREL would like to thank OIA Assistant Secretary Eileen Sobeck and GEO Administrator Peter Calvo for 

their vision and leadership in moving this strategic energy document and planning process forward in the 

Pacific Territories. 

NREL would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance of OIA staff: Director Nikolao Pula, Angela 

Williams, and Mark Brown. 

NREL would also like to thank Governor Eddie Calvo for his support in the creation of this strategic 

energy planning document and the ongoing energy transformation efforts in Guam. 

In addition, the following individuals should be acknowledged for their roles in helping develop, review, 

and finalize this strategic energy plan: 

•	 Guam Energy Task Force: Tom Ada, Heidi Ballendorf (GWA), Anthony Barcinas (USDA), Rudy 

Bautista, Laura Biggs, Peter Calvo (Guam EPA), Dan Cook (US Navy), John J Cruz, Jr. (GPA/GWA), 

Peggy Denney, Joseph M. Diego (USDA), Joaquin C. Flores (GPA), Bruce Fredrick (Utility Services 

Specialist, Inc.), William H. Hagen, John Heckmann (US Navy), Lucy Kono (TeleGuam), Cyrus Luhr 

(Senator Ada's office), Michael Makio (Traguam), Desiree Masterson (US Navy), Unaisi NaboboBaba (UOG), Artemio S Perez (GPA), John Peterson (UOG), Edwin Reyes (UOG), Allison Rutter 

(Guam Sustainability Solutions), Joseph Santos (Guam Department of Land Management), Gabriel 

Simon, Carl Swanson (UOG), James R. Thomas (Pacific Wind and Solar), Elvie Tyler (UOG), Robert 

A. Underwood (UOG), Aline Yamashita, and Brent Wiese (RIM Architects) 

•	 Battelle: Stephen Ricci 

•	 Meister Consultants Group: Wilson Rickerson 

•	 NREL: Kari Burman, Caley Johnson, J. Erik Ness, Judy Powers, and Stephanie Savage. 

NOTICE 

This manuscript has been authored by employees of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (“Alliance”) 

under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”). 

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States 

government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, 

makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, 

completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial 

product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily 

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any 

agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect 

those of the United States government or any agency thereof. 
 

 

 

 

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

This document presents various energy strategies that are available to Guam in the pursuit of 

diversifying fuel sources and reducing fossil energy consumption 20% by 2020 (20x20). The information 

in this document is based upon input from the Guam Energy Task Force (GETF), the National Renewable 

Energy Laboratory’s (NREL's) Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report, and additional stakeholders. The 

information presented in this strategic energy plan is intended to be used by the GETF in developing an 

energy action plan. The next step in reaching the 20x20 goal involves selecting the most appropriate 

strategies from the options outlined in this strategic plan and creating a roadmap for implementation in 

the Guam Energy Action Plan. 

The strategies are categorized based on the time required to implement them. Near-term strategies can 

be accomplished in 1-2 years, mid-term strategies require 3-5 years, long-term strategies require 6-8 

years, and some strategies require 8 or more years before they can be fully implemented. The 

prioritization of the strategies will help facilitate the development of an action plan and the selection of 

appropriate strategies for meeting Guam’s 20x20 goal. The strategies that will be used in reaching the 

20x20 goal are broken down into five energy categories. The energy categories are shown in figure 1. 

Figure 1. Areas to be addressed in order to reach Guam’s 20x20 goal 

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Energy education and outreach is addressed in detail in the report due to its impact on fossil fuel 

consumption in all of the energy categories. Effective energy education and outreach strategies can 

significantly reduce fossil fuel consumption and do not require large capital investments. Education and 

outreach strategies listed include building and energy code education and enforcement, providing 

energy efficiency courses for industry stakeholders, ensuring that energy projects remain transparent 

and accessible to the public, and using websites, events, and other outlets for renewable energy and 

energy efficiency education to the public. Strategies for implementing energy efficiency, renewable 

energy, transportation, and energy supply diversification are addressed and summarized in tables. 

Energy efficiency, renewable energy, and transportation strategy recommendations for Guam include: 

• Use of energy conservation measures for buildings 

• Implementation of a cool roof and cool pavement program 

• Use of efficient outdoor lighting 

• Increased efficiency in the utility's generation and distribution of electricity 

• Use of waste-to-energy technologies 

• Use of biofuels 

• Use of wind energy 

• Use of solar water heaters 

• Use of solar photovoltaics 

• Use of seawater air-conditioning 

• Use of geothermal technologies 

• Reductions in vehicle miles traveled 

• Vehicle fuel-economy improvements 

• Reductions in vehicle idle time 

• Use of electric vehicles 

• Use of biodiesel 

• Improvements in traffic flow 

Additionally, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is presented as a strategy for increasing Guam’s energy supply 

diversification. The technology approach, technology details, strategy barriers, and time frame for each 

strategy are shown in the tables in the section titled Technology Options. Guidance for creating effective 

energy-related policies is provided, along with clean energy policy considerations for Guam. Additional 

information can be found in the Appendices and is intended to supplement the information found in the 

body of the document. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................ i 

Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................... iii 

Figures.......................................................................................................................................................... iv 

Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... iv 

Introduction: The Urgent Need for Energy Transformation......................................................................... 1 

The Energy Planning Process .................................................................................................................... 1 

The Guam Energy Goal ................................................................................................................................. 3 

Strategies for Achieving the Goal.............................................................................................................. 3 

Metric for Evaluation ................................................................................................................................ 3 

Guam Energy Task Force (GETF) ................................................................................................................... 4 

Vision......................................................................................................................................................... 4 

Mission...................................................................................................................................................... 4 

GETF Organizational Structure and Subcommittee Objectives ................................................................ 5 

Policy and Finance................................................................................................................................. 5 

Education and Outreach ....................................................................................................................... 5 

Federal Facilities ................................................................................................................................... 5 

Energy Technologies ............................................................................................................................. 5 

Policy Framework and Project Development ............................................................................................... 6 

Policy Recommendations.......................................................................................................................... 8 

Develop Financial Mechanisms and Opportunities .............................................................................. 8 

Standardize the Development Process ................................................................................................. 8 

Education and Outreach Recommendations................................................................................................ 9 

Education and Training ............................................................................................................................. 9 

Outreach Campaigns................................................................................................................................. 9 

Federal Facilities ......................................................................................................................................... 10 

Energy Technology Options ........................................................................................................................ 11 

Conclusion: Shifting Paradigms................................................................................................................... 18 

Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 19 

A.1. A Model for Energy Planning ........................................................................................................... 19 

A.2. Framework for Project Standardization .......................................................................................... 20 

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A.3. Reduction Scenarios – Wedge Analysis ........................................................................................... 21 

Methodologies and Assumptions ....................................................................................................... 21 

Base Case ............................................................................................................................................ 21 

20% Reduction Scenario ..................................................................................................................... 22 

53% Reduction Scenario ..................................................................................................................... 24 

A.4. Proposed Transportation Projects................................................................................................... 26 

FIGURES 

Figure 1. Areas to be addressed in order to reach Guam’s 20x20 goal........................................................ i 

Figure 2. Areas to be addressed in order to reach Guam’s 20x20 goal....................................................... 3 

Figure 3. GETF organizational structure....................................................................................................... 5 

Figure 4. Advantages of a strong policy framework .................................................................................... 6 

Figure 5. Timeline for achieving the energy goal....................................................................................... 17 

Figure 6. NREL’s process for energy transformation ................................................................................. 19 

Figure 7. Base case ..................................................................................................................................... 21 

Figure 8. 20% reduction: energy mix ......................................................................................................... 22 

Figure 9. 20% reduction: specific energy mix ............................................................................................ 23 

Figure 10. 53% reduction: energy mix ....................................................................................................... 24 

Figure 11. 53% reduction: specific energy mix .......................................................................................... 25 

TABLES 

Table 1. Technology Strategy: Energy Efficiency ....................................................................................... 11 

Table 2. Technology Strategy: Renewable Energy ..................................................................................... 13 

Table 3. Technology Strategy: Transportation........................................................................................... 15 

Table 4. Technology Strategy: Energy Supply Diversification .................................................................... 16 

Table 5. Transportation Projects by Rank .................................................................................................. 26 

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INTRODUCTION: THE URGENT NEED FOR ENERGY TRANSFORMATION 

Due to fluctuating energy prices, including the record high price for oil in 2008, and the anticipated 

military build-up, Guam has focused attention on the need to develop alternatives to its near 100% 

reliance on fossil fuels. Guam is in a unique position to undertake a concerted effort to address current 

energy and environmental challenges. Due to its geographic isolation, non-renewable resources are 

extremely limited and subject to large volatility in pricing and availability. Energy security is fundamental 

to Guam’s economic future and sustainability. Creating a stable investment atmosphere remains 

challenging, while the quality of life for residents and visitors continues to be affected. However, the 

unique position of Guam also offers many natural advantages. The island is endowed with sources of 

alternative energy. 

Guam’s energy goal of reducing fossil fuel consumption 20% by the year 2020 encourages Guam to rise 

to the challenges created by volatile energy prices, increasingly scarce resources, vigorous world 

competition and technological innovation. Based on the principle of sustainability; Guam must meet the 

needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Variability on 

Guam, such as fuel pricing and the cost of energy, natural disasters, uncertainty about the extent of the 

military build-up, and fluctuations in income from tourism, make it difficult to achieve economic 

security. Sustainability is more than an environmental policy; it is an economic one as well. Energy 

touches every sector of a community, with far-reaching consequences when prices soar, stability is 

threatened or environmental impacts realized. Saving energy saves money and indigenous energy 

creates economic self-reliance. This new green economy approach is being implemented around the 

world. It is utilizing mature technologies, sparking innovation of new technologies, opportunities, jobs 

and economies. 

By investing in green technology, energy conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, efficient 

transportation, green building design and smart grid technologies, Guam is building a new energy 

infrastructure that reduces its reliance on fossil-fueled centralized power and increases its use of green 

distributed power. Creating efficient systems that are integrated leads to security, resource efficiency, 

and sustainability. By investing in green business and technology Guam can be sustainable in the way it 

grows. A green infrastructure, powered by green technology, creates jobs. 

By embracing the energy transformation process, Guam participates in this new economic framework by 

positioning itself at the forefront of change and innovation. Oftentimes, the most detrimental option is 

to continue to follow the status quo. While this is an easy route to take, the future energy security of 

Guam is dependent upon changes to its current approach. 

The Energy Planning Process 

In March of 2010, the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) sponsored a 

regional energy meeting in Golden, Colorado, that included Guam, the CNMI, and American Samoa. 

Guam delegates met with representatives from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and senior 

principals from DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to discuss ways to improve energy 

efficiency and increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies in the Pacific. As a result of 

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this meeting, the Governor of Guam established the Guam Energy Task Force to help coordinate energy 

policy and promote long-term planning. 

In the summer of 2010, OIA funded NREL to conduct an initial technical energy assessment for Guam1 

that detailed energy consumption and production data to establish an energy baseline. This assessment 

was used to conduct an energy analysis that estimated the energy efficiency and renewable energy 

potential for Guam. 

The Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report was published in April 2011, and was used by the GETF as 

the starting point for developing this Guam Strategic Energy Plan. 

The purpose of Guam’s strategic energy plan is to provide project options to be further investigated and 

detailed in an implementation plan, or energy action plan. Developing an action plan is the next step in 

the energy transformation process. The Guam Energy Action Plan will select a handful of specific 

strategies that are achievable in the short-term (1-3 years), break down those strategies into feasible 

incremental steps, identify the stakeholders and desired outcomes, identify the organizations and 

individuals responsible for implementing the actions, and set a timeline for each step. The Guam 

Strategic Energy Plan will contribute to the development of the energy action plan by providing vital 

strategy options and information on those options. 

Establishing the parameters of the strategic energy plan provides focus for the strategic planning team. 

Certain topic areas, such as water, are considered important to overall energy strategies, however were 

not considered within the Guam assessment due to budget constraints and the priority of targeting 

energy efficiency and renewable energy. 

There are many energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies on the market today. Included 

within the Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report's parameters were mature technologies that are 

commercially available and feasible. There are other technologies that Guam may want to investigate 

for future study, but for the basis of this report, technologies included have the following criteria: 

• Commercially available 

o Tested and demonstrated 

o Carry warranty 

• Service and parts available 

• Ready for immediate deployment 

• Economically viable 

• Financing available from private sector organizations. 

Technologies are constantly changing; therefore it is important to understand that assessments need to 

be updated to reflect these changes. Strategies for renewable energy and energy efficiency technology, 

modular nuclear, and LNG require further investigation to quantify the impact of specific technologies, 

1 Ian Baring-Gould et al., Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 

NREL/TP-7A40-50580, April 2011. 

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programs, and/or projects. Environmental, regulatory, legislative, technical, and financial considerations 

will also need to be addressed during the energy planning and project development process. 

THE GUAM ENERGY GOAL 

Guam’s goal is to secure its energy future and increase autonomy by diversifying fuel sources and 

reducing fossil fuel energy consumption 20% by 2020 (20x20 goal). This includes all energy consumed 

through power generation (utilities) and ground based transportation (vehicles), but does not include air 

and sea transportation. The GETF is responsible for facilitating Guam’s efforts to reach the 20x20 goal. 

Strategies for Achieving the Goal 

The GETF has a multitude of approaches it can implement to achieve its 20x20 goal. These approaches, 

as shown in figure 2, are broken down into five categories: energy awareness and advocacy, energy 

efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, 

and energy supply diversification. Each approach 

contains strategies that can be utilized to 

successfully reduce fossil fuel consumption. To 

facilitate the success of these strategies they are 

broken down by the amount of time required to 

plan, assess, and implement them. On the path 

to achieving the 20x20 goal, the strategies will 

be implemented in three phases: near-term (1-2 

years), mid-term (3-5 years), and long-term (6-8 

years). Additional projects that will not be 

completed by 2020 can be placed in a longer 

time frame. The time structure will allow the 

GETF to focus on a select group of strategies and 

set project completion milestones. 

Metric for Evaluation 

Progress towards the Energy Task Force’s goal will 

need to be measured to determine if it has been met. All fossil fuel consumption will be compared to 

2010 levels. Jet fuel reduction strategies are not being investigated and pursued as part of the reduction 

goal, and so jet fuel will not be included in the measurement calculation. The total number of gallons of 

fossil fuel consumed on Guam for any given year will be calculated by adding the total fuel sales by 

petroleum companies, minus jet fuel, to the amount of fossil fuels consumed by the Guam Power 

Authority (GPA). The number of gallons sold by petroleum companies is tracked by the Guam Energy 

Office2

, and GPA can provide the data on the annual amount of fossil fuel consumed for power 

2 http://www.guamenergy.com/?s=petroleum 

Figure 2. Areas to be addressed in order to 

reach Guam’s 20x20 goal 

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generation. The total number of gallons of fossil fuels consumed will then be divided by the current 

population to provide per capita consumption. This measurement will account for growth. Census data 

is available for 2010, the baseline year, and will be available for 2020, the target year for achieving a 

20% fossil fuel consumption reduction. For all other years during which census data is unavailable, 

population growth will be estimated based on GPA customer growth. The resulting measurement will 

then be compared to the identical measurement in 2010 to determine the reduction in fossil fuel 

consumption. Total fossil fuel use for Guam, not including jet fuel, in 2010 was 185,192,596 gallons and 

the population was 159,358, yielding an annual per capita fossil fuel consumption of 1,162 gallons. 

GUAM ENERGY TASK FORCE (GETF) 

The GETF was established by Executive Order 2010-15 on May 10, 2010. The GETF is a nonregulatory 

advisory group sponsored by the Government of Guam. The GETF is comprised of local volunteers from 

multi-sector stakeholder communities and supported by federal agencies. Convened in September 2010, 

the GETF recruited appropriate leaders for membership to ensure diverse and equitable representation. 

The GETF was established to facilitate a transition towards a more sustainable energy future that will 

utilize the island’s natural resources. The GETF is a forum for considering options and offering guidance 

related to the achievement of the island’s energy goals. The task force’s vision, mission, and goal are 

described below. 

Vision 

The GETF’s vision is a secure, sustainable, and economically prosperous future for Guam. 

Mission 

As stated in Executive Order No. 2010-15, GETF’s mission includes the following objectives: 

•	 Reduction of reliance and expenditures on fossil fuels 

•	 Development of indigenous and renewable energy sources 

•	 Improvement of energy generation infrastructure 

•	 Resource preservation, restoration and enhancement 

•	 Training and education regarding energy efficiency and conservation 

•	 Development of funding and financial strategies for sustainability and economic development 

•	 Engagement in national and regional efforts to address island energy concerns 

•	 Support energy literacy curriculum in all educational institutions 

•	 Develop a vision, mission and goals for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, improving energy 

efficiency, and developing renewable energy resources 

•	 Establish an organizational structure to appropriately develop a comprehensive, long-term 

strategic energy plan for Guam. 

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GETF Organizational Structure and Subcommittee Objectives 

The GETF is led by an Executive Committee with four subcommittees: energy technologies, policy and 

finance, education and outreach, and federal facilities (figure 3). The four subcommittees and their 

focuses are described below. 

Figure 3. GETF organizational structure 

Policy and Finance 

Governmental policy is foundational to reshaping the regulatory landscape to clear the way for a new 

energy future. The Policy and Finance subcommittee assists lawmakers and other clean energy 

advocates in analysis and development of policy opportunities to promote implementation of energy 

efficiency and renewable energy. 

Education and Outreach 

The Education and Outreach subcommittee is focused on identifying and developing educational tools 

and programs needed to develop and advance a clean energy economy. This included community 

outreach and education, technical and vocational training, and certification and degree programs. 

Federal Facilities 

In an effort to share information and facilitate dialogue, representation from the DOD has been 

essential. This subcommittee has been responding to federal mandates. They concentrate on energy 

conservation, building efficiency, outreach, renewable energy, and alternative vehicles. 

Energy Technologies 

The Energy Technologies subcommittee is focused on assessment and deployment of cost-effective 

energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities. This includes energy conservation strategies, 

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efficient building design, facility- and utility-scale renewable energy technologies, grid integration, and 

transportation. 

POLICY FRAMEWORK AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT 

Policy is an effective tool in addressing clean energy adoption and subsequent development (figure 4), 

and the process of policy development addresses social concern through public participation. A policy is 

typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s). The term is 

not normally used to denote what is actually done; this is normally referred to as either procedure or 

protocol. 

Whereas a policy will describe the "what" and the "why," procedures and protocols address the "what," 

the "how," the "where," and the "when." Policies are generally adopted by the Board of, or senior 

governance body within, an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and 

adopted by senior executive officers. 

Figure 4. Advantages of a strong policy framework 

A precursor in directing Guam’s energy transformation is to establish energy-related policies. The key 

principles that will guide Guam toward a prudent and sustainable energy future are listed below. The 

challenge in developing principles and policies is that at some level, inconsistencies, gaps and overlaps 

are inevitable — for example, when balancing sound economics with ecological integrity. 

• Enhance the general quality of life through energy strategies that will benefit Guam 

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•	 Promote ecologically friendly propositions that create a healthy environment 

•	 Promote environmental stewardship through energy conservation and energy efficient practice 

•	 Support opportunities for local economic vitality 

•	 Emphasize alternative power sources 

• Support options that will reduce market volatility, stabilize rates, and increase reliability. 

It is important to have a robust set of policies that are: 

•	 Comprehensive — Barriers to renewable energy and energy efficiency are diverse, growth may 

be halted from any number of wholly unrelated barriers 

•	 Broad-based — Applies across all types of entities and sectors 

•	 Multifaceted — Attacks problems and barriers from various angles 

•	 Multitiered — Includes mandates or quotas but also addresses siting and permitting 

•	 Practical — Focus on small victories 

•	 Long-term — Create the market conditions to build a real and sustainable industry. 

CLEAN ENERGY POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR GUAM 

•	 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD 

•	 ENERGY EFFICIENCY PORTFOLIO STANDARD 

•	 LEAD BY EXAMPLE 

•	 LATEST BUILDING CODES 

•	 ENERGY CODES 

•	 PERMITTING AND SITING STANDARDS 

 NET METERING 

 INTERCONNECTION 

•	 APPLIANCE EXCHANGES AND REBATES 

•	 SMART METERING 

•	 TAX INCENTIVES 

•	 INDUSTRY RECRUITMENT INCENTIVES 

•	 REBATES AND GRANT PROGRAMS 

•	 LOAN AND LOAN GUARANTEES 

•	 PUBLIC BENEFIT FUND 

•	 PUBLIC FINANCING PROGRAMS 

 Denotes policy Guam has already implemented 

No single policy exists in isolation. Policy success is often determined by the ability to address 

multifaceted barriers with the appropriate mix of tools. One of the key benefits of policy development is 

that through this process, a specific set of challenges can be identified and strategies developed to 

address them; it does not necessarily attempt to be everything to everyone all at the same time. This 

process is incremental and topic-specific. A deliberate and methodical approach can help to minimize 

policy gaps and failures. Consider alternatives — think creatively. 

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Policy Recommendations 

The following are some policies that could attract greater investment in renewable energy and energy 

efficiency technologies and facilitate project development. 

Develop Financial Mechanisms and Opportunities 

1.	 Explore public-private partnerships with local businesses, developers, and banks with the idea of 

creating local markets for renewable power generation, energy efficiency, and energy conservation 

products and services. 

2.	 Investigate third party financing 

3.	 Pursue subsidies for renewable projects 

4.	 Consider opportunities such as peak pricing, grants and subsidies to reduce the overall cost of 

electricity 

Investigate alternative financing models such as power purchase agreements and performance savings’ 

contracting. 

Standardize the Development Process 

In order to entice investment, communities are trying to reduce the level of project uncertainty as much 

as they can. Several strategies can be implemented, such as determining and offering quality 

information to potential investors through the request for proposal mechanism. This supplies potential 

investors with accurate information and the level of detail necessary to reduce their risk and increase 

their level of interest. This also casts a wider net, bringing in high quality companies. Providing 

information on a community's legal requirements for building a project — including site access, 

permitting and environmental processes, and what types of project ownership structures are recognized 

— can also be highly beneficial to potential investors. Communities are surveying their processes, 

eliminating unnecessary steps, and streamlining processes as an incentive to bring in investors. This 

strategy has multiple benefits — it organizes a community, encouraging people to survey what exists 

and develop what is needed; it provides consensus; and offers investors high quality information and 

reduces their uncertainty. A project development framework is provided in the Appendices. 

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EDUCATION AND OUTREACH RECOMMENDATIONS 

Education and Training 

1.	 Code Enforcement 

Once building and energy codes are updated, it will be necessary to educate the agencies and 

departments responsible for executing them and train enforcement officers for both inspection and 

enforcement capabilities. 

2.	 Courses and Materials 

Develop training courses and materials for both architects and workers in the construction sector to 

improve energy awareness. Energy efficiency in retrofit, renovation, and new construction can be 

included in design, materials, and equipment. 

3.	 Guidebooks 

Create guidebooks and self-assessment checklists. These guidebooks could be designed as standalone products for specific sectors or integrated into training courses described above. 

Outreach Campaigns 

1.	 ETF Visibility 

It is important for the Energy Task Force to have visibility and credibility with all stakeholders, 

especially the citizens of Guam, so that its recommendations will have maximum impact. This can be 

accomplished by establishing a strong identity or brand for the ETF. One option is to embark on a 

contest within the school system for materials such as a logo, song, tag line, etc. Another option is to 

establish a website where all materials and calendars can be viewed and a blog or feedback loop 

implemented for people to comment on said materials and their concerns. 

2.	 Energy Literacy 

Create citizen buy-in in for new technologies, programs and policies by holding educational fairs, 

creating fact sheets, radio announcements/shows, electronic newsletters and a variety of activities 

that promote energy literacy from cradle to grave: understanding where energy comes from, how it 

is moved and used, how to make use more efficient, and how to conserve it and its life cycles. 

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FEDERAL FACILITIES 

It is essential to look at the energy picture of Guam holistically. The Department of Defense (DoD) has 

considerable representation on-island, accounting for between 21% and 22% of Guam’s energy 

consumption. An extensive understanding of the relationship between Guam’s DoD installations and the 

rest of the island is necessary to establish energy efficiency and renewable energy baselines and 

potential. NREL’s assessment team concentrated on baseline factors taking into account DoD presence. 

This report focuses on island-wide utility generation and consumption patterns, not specific DoD energy 

efficiency and renewable energy activities. DoD has its own internal goals for renewable energy and 

energy efficiency. As DoD seeks to meet these goals, there may be impacts on the operations and 

economics of Guam Power Authority (GPA); it is important for DoD and GPA to continue to work 

together to understand these impacts and seek to develop win-win solutions. 

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• • •

• • •

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

The GETF has numerous technology approaches it can implement to achieve its 20x20 goal. These 

technology approaches are broken down into four sectors: renewable energy, energy efficiency, 

transportation, and energy supply diversification. Each technology approach contains strategies that can 

be implemented to successfully reduce fossil fuel consumption. To facilitate the success of the strategies 

they are broken down by the amount of time required to plan, assess, and implement them. On the path 

to achieving the 20x20 goal (figure 5), the strategies can be implemented in three phases: near-term (1-

2 years), mid-term (3-5 years), and long-term (6-8 years). Additional projects that will not be completed 

by 2020 can be placed in a longer time frame. The time structure will allow the GETF to focus on a select 

group of strategies and set project completion milestones. Tables 1 through 4 present the technology 

options, technology details, barriers for implementing the technologies, strategies for overcoming the 

barriers, and the achievable time frames for implementation. 

Table 1. Technology Strategy: Energy Efficiency 

N = NEAR-TERM M = MID-TERM L = LONG-TERM B = BEYOND 

BUILDINGS -

PUBLIC 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE/SECTOR 

(EXISTING) 

• Measures identified 

in energy audits 

• Measures installed in 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

EE retrofits 

• Additional energy 

conservation 

• Funding 

• Costs 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

BARRIERS 

• Lack of on-site expertise and 

capacity to conduct energy 

audits 

• Energy Audit Training 

Programs for on-site facility 

managers and staff 

STRATEGIES 

• Energy assessments and 

modeling trainings 

N 

TIME 

FRAME 

M 

BUILDINGS -

RESIDENTIAL 

(EXISTING) 

• Low income subsidies 

• Accelerate 

weatherization 

programs 

• Efficient lighting, 

measures (ECM) 

• Lack of “how to” knowledge 

• Lack of will to change behavior 

• Lack of knowledge of what is 

available to the consumer 

• Perception of high initial costs 

• Awareness and education 

campaigns 

• Revolving loan fund 

N 

L 

• Pilot a real-time feedback 

program utilizing smart 

measuring devices 

• Revolving loan fund 

L 

M 

BUILDINGS -

COMMERCIAL 

(EXISTING) 

• Energy audits 

• EE retrofits 

control settings, etc. 

• Utilize ECMs 

• Costs 

• Lack of on-site expertise and 

capacity to conduct energy 

audits 

• Energy Audit Training 

Programs for on-site facility 

managers and staff 

• Energy assessment and 

modeling trainings 

• Revolving loan fund 

N 

M 

M 

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• •

• • •

• • •

• • •

 

BUILDINGS -

INDUSTRIAL 

(EXISTING) 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE/SECTOR 

• Energy audits 

• EE retrofits 

• Utilize ECMs 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

• Costs 

• Lack of on-site expertise and 

capacity to conduct energy 

audits 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

BARRIERS 

• Energy Audit Training 

Programs for on-site facility 

managers and staff 

STRATEGIES 

N 

TIME 

FRAME 

• Energy assessment and 

modeling trainings 

• Revolving loan fund 

M 

M 

BUILDINGS -

NEW 

CONSTRUCTION 

& MAJOR 

RENOVATIONS 

• Adopt and enforce 

2012 building codes 

• Integrated design 

and systems 

integration – HVAC, 

plumbing, electrical, 

lighting, etc. 

• Integrating 

renewables to 

achieve efficiency 

(e.g., building 

orientation) 

Lack of: 

• Expertise and knowledge in 

employing integrated system 

design approach and whole 

building design practices 

• Expertise and capacity to 

operate and maintain such 

systems 

• How to measure bldg. 

performance 

• Identify and publicize 

funding sources (ESPCs, etc.) M 

• Provide informative 

resources describing whole 

building design practices and 

systems integration 

N 

• Training programs for O&M 

and M&V managers and 

technicians 

N 

COOL ROOFS 

& PAVEMENTS 

• Light colored surfaces 

(white or reflective) 

• Potential increased short wave 

irradiation through large scale 

installation of reflective 

surfaces could increase cooling 

loads (unintended 

consequence). 

• Develop a detailed land use 

database 

• Revolving loan fund 

M 

M 

• Perform detailed analysis 

(Energy impacts) M 

• Develop implementation 

programs (roofs, pavements, 

trees) 

L 

• Develop energy codes, 

standards, guidelines 

• Develop a feedback system 

N 

M 

• Develop demonstration 

projects M 

EFFICIENT 

OUTDOOR 

LIGHTING 

• Fixture selection 

• Lighting standards 

• Energy consumption 

• Initial costs and tight budgets 

• Concerns over lighting color 

• Proper design capacity 

• Training on photometric 

analysis combined with life 

cycle cost and energy 

analysis 

M 

UTILITY 

EFFICIENCY 

• Transmission 

• Distribution 

• Generation 

• Funding 

• Load balancing challenges 

• Voltage optimization 

• Ensure that all consumption 

is metered 

• Loss assessment study 

• Waste heat recovery 

• System upgrades 

M 

N 

L 

M 

12 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

• • •

• • •

• • •

Table 2. Technology Strategy: Renewable Energy 

N = NEAR-TERM M = MID-TERM L = LONG-TERM B = BEYOND 

ENERGY (WTE) 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE 

BIOMASS/ 

WASTE-TO-

• Anaerobic digestion 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

• Landfill gas (LFG) 

• Biomass 

required to make WTE projects 

economically viable 

RENEWABLE ENERGY 

BARRIERS 

• Public Law PL 25-1753 

• Characteristics of the waste 

feed stock 

• Tipping fees are usually 

• WTE feasibility studies: 

Waste characterization, 

economic and technical 

analyses 

STRATEGIES 

• Form a working group to 

address WTE and PL 25-175 

• Repeal PL 25-175 

• Biomass resource 

assessment 

M 

TIME 

FRAME 

N 

M 

M 

BIOFUEL • Ethanol 

• Coconut oil 

• Limited land area 

• Limited feedstock supply • Biofuel feasibility study 

• Erect MET towers for 

correlation to other data 

• Social acceptance and 

outreach program 

• Environmental and radar 

impact study 

N 

N 

N 

M 

WIND 

• Typhoon rated 

turbines 

• Turbines that can be 

lowered 

• Cost 

• Integration 

• Social acceptance 

• Local capacity 

• Extreme weather events 

• Environmental reviews, 

economic modeling, and 

interconnection studies 

• Investigate typhoon-rated 

turbines 

• Permitting for available sites 

M 

M 

M 

• Wind farm project 

implementation L 

SOLAR WATER 

HEATERS 

(SWH) 

• Integral collectorstorage systems 

• Evacuated-tube solar 

• Flat-plate collector 

collectors 

• Cost 

• Social acceptance of the 

technology 

• Outreach program to 

encourage home energy and 

water conservation 

• Rebate program 

• Mandatory SWHs on 

government buildings 

N 

M 

M 

3 http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_25th/P.L.%2025-175.pdf, accessed 6.27.2013 

13 | Page 
 

 

 

• • •

• • •

 

SOLAR PV 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE 

• Large-scale 

distributed systems 

• Off-grid systems 

• Must consider 

optimal panel tilt for 

efficiency and 

protection from 

extreme weather 

events 

• Must incorporate 

corrosion- and windresistant components 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

• Cost 

• Integration 

• Variability 

RENEWABLE ENERGY 

BARRIERS 

• Proceed with Layon Landfill 

Solar Facility 

STRATEGIES 

N 

TIME 

FRAME 

• Rebate for residences M 

• Microclimate studies specific 

to planned PV sites M 

AIR 

CONDITIONING 

(SWAC) 

SEA WATER 

• District cooling 

system 

• Few commercial examples 

• High initial cost 

• Develop a business plan for 

implementation (permitting, 

financing, etc.) 

• Feasibility study 

• Contract procurement 

L 

M 

B 

GEOTHERMAL • Electricity production 

• Heat pumps 

geothermal 

• Direct use 

• Uncertainty over resource 

availability 

• May not be cost-effective 

• Environmental, economic, 

and interconnection studies 

• Assess geothermal potential 

B 

M 

14 | Page 
 

 

 

• • •

• • •

• • •

Table 3. Technology Strategy: Transportation 

N = NEAR-TERM M = MID-TERM L = LONG-TERM B = BEYOND 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE/GOAL 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

• Public transportation 

system 

• Bicycle and 

pedestrian travel 

• Work from home and 

carpool programs 

• Funding 

• Coordination between multiple 

sectors 

• Reliance on personal 

automobiles 

• Behavior change 

TRANSPORTATION 

BARRIERS STRATEGIES 

TIME 

FRAME 

• Rideshare website N 

• Bike route designation N 

• Education for alternative 

transportation N 

• Coordination plan for taxis 

and GRTA N 

• Bus tracking and 

coordination N 

• Coordinate ADA compliance 

with biker and pedestrian 

friendly facilities 

• Telecommute 

• Bike share system 

N 

N 

N 

MILES TRAVELED 

REDUCTIONS 

• High miles per gallon 

vehicles 

• Efficient road system 

(reduce stopping 

events) 

• Hybrid vehicles 

• Lack of knowledge of fuel saving 

practices 

• Inefficient vehicle fleet 

• Cost of fuel efficient vehicles 

• Registration fee/rebate to 

encourage purchasing 

efficient vehicles 

• New buses and routes 

• Education campaign for fuel 

economy 

• Motorcycle and bicycle 

M 

N 

N 

IDLE TIME 

REDUCTIONS 

FUEL ECONOMY 

IMPROVEMENTS 

• Auxiliary power 

(Shorepower) 

• Lack of knowledge of idling 

impacts 

• Difficulty in enforcing idling 

policies 

• Idle reduction limitations for 

trucks and school buses 

safety plan 

• Mobile emissions testing 

M 

N 

M 

• Auxiliary power 

(Shorepower) for passenger 

buses 

M 

ELECTRIC 

VEHICLES 

• Electric vehicles 

• Electric/solar-electric 

charging stations 

• Cost 

• Fleet turnover rate • EV trial fleets L 

15 | Page 
 

 

 

• • •

 

TRANSPORTATION 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE/GOAL 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

BARRIERS STRATEGIES 

TIME 

FRAME 

BIODIESEL 

• Waste grease and 

coconut oil 

esterification 

• Collection and farming systems 

• Processing infrastructure 

• Improved enforcement of 

grease disposal laws N 

• Waste grease to biodiesel M 

• Coconut oil to biodiesel M 

• Construct a new biodiesel 

refinery for coconut oil 

processing 

L 

TRAFFIC FLOW 

IMPROVEMENTS 

• Traffic signal 

coordination • Funding • Central coordination center N 

Table 4. Technology Strategy: Energy Supply Diversification 

N = NEAR-TERM M = MID-TERM L = LONG-TERM B = BEYOND 

ENERGY SUPPLY DIVERSIFICATION 

TECHNOLOGY 

TYPE 

TECHNOLOGY 

EXAMPLES 

BARRIERS STRATEGIES 

TIME 

FRAME 

LNG 

(WILL NOT 

CONTRIBUTE TO 

FOSSIL FUEL 

REDUCTION 

GOAL) 

• Import terminal 

• LNG open rack 

vaporizers or 

submerged 

combustion 

vaporizers 

• Dual fuel 

generators 

• Capital cost 

• Investment risks 

• Conversion of existing system 

• RFP to acquire a bidder for 

land, permitting, 

engineering, 

commissioning, 

warranties, and O&M 

M 

• Reduce risk: design build 

or design build operate 

approach; fixed price 

contract; contract with one 

lead contractor; convert 

existing units early to dual 

fuel ability 

L 

16 | Page 
 

Figure 5.Timeline for achieving the energy g oal 

17 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCLUSION: SHIFTING PARADIGMS 

Guam is taking a bold step to increase energy security and strengthen its economy. In doing so, Guam 

seizes an opportunity to lead, charting a course for other islands to follow as they journey toward 

energy transformation. 

Guam is envisioning ways to change how consumers make their purchasing decisions based on habit, 

cultural norms, and old ways of thinking. Creating new realities in which utilities make decisions based 

on a new green economy and “three generation thinking;” setting out on implementing policy strategies 

for legislators which will transcend policies originally based on political “experience” and party-line 

thinking and asking financiers to embrace the “Triple Bottom Line,” instead of making investments 

based on traditional methods of risk assessment and analysis. 

In order to evolve beyond the status quo: 

•	 Consumers need to expand their knowledge of green energy technologies and make informed, 

sustainable choices 

•	 Utilities will need to open the door to new ways of doing business, such as increasing efficiency, 

encouraging energy conservation, and interconnecting with distributed generators 

•	 Governments will need to shift their focus from politics to the public interest by striving to 

reduce energy costs, developing sustainable energy policies, and embracing new, commercially 

proven technologies 

•	 Investors will need to take advantage of incentives, such as RE subsidies, and take a long-term 

view when weighing the risks and returns of energy projects. 

Most importantly, Guam is beginning to understand the criticality of energy security and embrace 

sustainability by actively supporting clean energy goals. Energy transformation involves a revolutionary 

shift in how entire communities think about and use energy. 

18 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDICES 

A.1. A Model for Energy Planning 

The ETF subcommittees are participating in the 

community energy planning process described 

below and shown in figure 6. 

PLAN 

The planning phase includes these steps: 

•	 Identify and bring together stakeholders 

•	 Develop a vision for the community’s energy 

transformation. 

ASSESS 

The assessment phase includes these steps: 

•	 Determine an energy baseline 

•	 Evaluate options 

•	 Develop goals 

•	 Prepare an energy plan 

•	 Solicit feedback on the plan from a broad set of 

stakeholders. Figure 6. NREL’s process for energy 

The goals of this phase are to: transformation 

1.	 Determine the community’s energy baseline 

2.	 Establish specific, measureable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound goals for energy 

transformation 

3.	 Put the goals into a plan for action. 

IMPLEMENT 

The implementation phase includes these steps: 

•	 Develop, finance, and implement projects 

•	 Create early successes 

• Evaluate effectiveness and revise as needed. 

The goals of this phase are to: 

1.	 Implement projects that can build community support for ongoing and future energy projects 

2.	 Measure the progress and effectiveness of the plan and its projects. 

19 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

A.2. Framework for Project Standardization 

Reduce investor uncertainty by adopting a project development framework such as NREL’s SROPTTCTM4 

to examine the key issues and identify next steps towards resolving them. The following methodology 

outlines SROPTTCTM: 

•	 Site — Identify the physical location for the physical assets of a project, including property rights, 

length of tenure, terms and conditions, etc. 

•	 Resource —Characterize and understand the renewable resource being considered. 

•	 Off-take —Establish and secure by contract the buyer of both the energy and any other 

characteristics of output (e.g. renewable energy credits. 

•	 Permits —Identify and obtain all permits necessary for project construction and operation. 

•	 Technology —Invest in engineering design, equipment selection, and procurement activities of the 

chosen technology. 

•	 Team —Assemble a fully qualified team that addresses all business, technical, financial, legal, and 

operational aspects. 

•	 Capital —Attract financial resources necessary for final development, construction, commissioning, 

and initial operations. 

4 http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/project_development_model.html 

20 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A.3. Reduction Scenarios – Wedge Analysis 

Methodologies and Assumptions 

The wedge analysis was done using information provided from the Guam Power Authority and various 

stakeholders to establish a business as usual (BAU) case or base case. From this, and information 

gathered for the Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report, low- and high-impact scenarios were 

created reflecting 20% and 53% fossil fuel reduction and then compared to the base case. The wedge 

assumes a linear 0.119% growth in electricity consumption in the future, a rate that was calculated from 

utility data from the last ten years of consumption. The wedge analysis, while including some small 

specific renewable energy projects, is designed for high level analysis to depict potential fuel reductions 

from various commercially available and ready-to-deploy technologies. It assumes no major fluctuations 

in fuel prices by estimating the average fuel cost for the past ten years. 

Base Case 

Under the base case (figure 7), it is assumed that no significant steps are taken to curb fossil fuel use. It 

depicts the energy use in a business as usual scenario, and is used to compare the potential impacts of 

deploying energy efficiency measures and alternative technologies. The base case reflects the fact that 

Guam’s electricity is generated mainly from fossil fuels. 

Figure 7. Base case 

21 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7 illustrates the consumption of electricity in barrels oil equivalent (BOE) through 2026. This chart 

assumes 5,800,000 British thermal units (Btu's) for every barrel of oil. The unit of measure, barrels of oil 

equivalent, indicates how many barrels of oil would need to be consumed to meet the demand for 

electrical energy. 

20% Reduction Scenario 

Figure 8 illustrates one potential path to reducing fossil fuel consumption by 20%. The top of the graph 

represents the same linear increase as the base case. The red wedge shows the direct reduction of 

energy not needing to be produced due to potential efficiency improvements in generation and/or enduse consumption. The green wedge represents the potential contribution of various renewable energy 

technologies to the 20% reduction in fossil fuel consumption. 

Figure 8. 20% reduction: energy mix 

22 | Page 
 

 

 

 

Figure 9 represents the same information shown in figure 8 but in more detail. It shows how several 

renewable energy technologies, and energy efficiency actions in specific end-use sectors, could 

contribute to the overall reduction of fossil fuel consumption in Guam. Note that the legend is in the 

same order as each wedge is stacked. Similarly, the area cut out by energy efficiency improvements 

matches that of the red wedge in figure 8; additionally, the renewable energy wedge matches the same 

area in both charts. 

Figure 9. 20% reduction: specific energy mix 

23 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

53% Reduction Scenario 

The high-impact scenario (figure 10) was determined by considering strategies that could meet a 53% 

fossil fuel reduction goal. The top of the graph again assumes the linear increase as the base case. The 

red wedge shows the direct reduction of energy not needing to be produced due to efficiency 

improvements in generation or end-use consumption while the green wedge represents the 

contribution of various renewable energy technologies to the reduction in fossil fuel consumption. 

Figure 10. 53% reduction: energy mix 

24 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

Figure 11 represents the same information shown in figure 10 but in more detail. It shows how several 

renewable energy technologies, and energy efficiency actions in specific end-use sectors, would 

contribute to the overall reduction of the fossil fuel consumption in the energy portfolio for Guam. Note 

that the legend is in the same order as each wedge is stacked. Similarly, the area cut out by energy 

efficiency improvements matches that of the red wedge in the low impact energy mix chart above; 

additionally, the renewable energy wedge matches the same area in both charts. 

Figure 11. 53% reduction: specific energy mix 

Comparing all scenarios, one can see how implementing a wide range of energy efficiency and 

renewable energy technologies over time can reduce fossil fuel consumption and begin to paint a 

picture of sustainability. Strategy implementation takes time and so does project development. Change 

does not happen overnight, but with decisive goals and clear action steps, change will be incremental. 

25 | Page 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A.4. Proposed Transportation Projects 

Proposed transportation projects5 are listed in table 5, ranked first by cost (low to high), then by 

anticipated impact on petroleum reduction (high to low), then by popularity (high to low), then by speed 

of implementation (fast to slow). 

Table 5. Transportation Projects by Rank 

RANK STRATEGY PROJECT 

1 Vehicle Miles 

Traveled (VMT) Rideshare website 

2 Biodiesel Waste grease to biodiesel 

3 Idle 

Reductions 

Idle reduction initiatives for delivery 

trucks and school buses 

4 Fuel Economy “Feebate” for improved fuel economy 

5 VMT Bike Route 

6 Fuel Economy Education campaign for fuel economy 

7 VMT Education campaign for alternative 

transportation 

8 VMT Coordination plan for taxicabs and 

GRTA 

9 Fuel Economy Guam motorcycle and bicycle safety 

strategic plan 

10 VMT Bus tracking and coordination system 

11 VMT Telework 

12 Fuel Economy Mobile emissions testing facility 

13 VMT Bike share system 

14 Idle 

Reductions ShorePower for buses 

15 VMT Coordinate ADA compliance with bikeand pedestrian-friendly facilities 

16 Biodiesel Coconut oil into B5 

17 VMT New buses and routes 

18 VMT Port pipeline project 

19 Flow Traffic signal coordination 

20 Electric Vehicles EV trial fleets 

COST 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

High 

High 

High 

High 

PETROLEUM 

REDUCTION 

High 

High 

High 

High 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Med. 

Low 

High 

High 

Med. 

Low 

Low 

Low 

Low 

High 

High 

Med. 

Med. 

POPULARITY TIME FRAME 

High Fast 

Med. Fast 

Med. Med. 

Low Slow 

High Med. 

Med. Med. 

Med. Med. 

Med. Med. 

Med. Slow 

High Fast 

High Med. 

Low Med. 

High Fast 

High Med. 

Med. Fast 

Med. Slow 

High Fast 

Low Med. 

High Med. 

Med. Med. 

5 Johnson, C. (2013). Guam Transportation Petroleum-Use Reduction Plan. NREL Report No. TP-7A30-57191. 

26 | Page 
 

 

PHOTO CREDITS 

Front cover: top-left image is by Peter McNutt, the other images are by Eliza Hotchkiss. 

Back cover (left to right): PIX 17613, PIX 16694, PIX 10891, PIX 08022, Judy Powers. 
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY -LEADING CLEAN ENERGY INNOVATION 

Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a national laboratory of the U.S. Department 

of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, 

LLC. NREL is the U.S. Department of Energy's primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency 

research and development. 

15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401+ 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov 

NREL/TP-7A40-59192 +July 2013