IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

November 18, 2008 Session

CAROL ANN VICK WATSON

 v.

FRANK LEE WATSON, JR.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County

No. CH-01-2398-1 Walter L. Evans, Chancellor

No. W2007-02735-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 27, 2009

This is the second appeal in this divorce case. The husband is a lawyer and the wife was a

homemaker during most of the marriage. After the divorce trial, the trial court divided the marital

estate, awarded the wife transitional alimony, and ordered each party to pay his or her own attorney’s

fees. The wife appealed and the husband cross-appealed. In the first appeal, the appellate court

reversed the trial court’s valuation of two marital assets, stock and a corporation, and remanded for

the trial court to re-value those assets. In addition, the trial court’s decision regarding the husband’s

alleged dissipation of marital assets was reversed, and that issue was remanded to the trial court for

reconsideration as well. The issues raised on alimony and attorney’s fees were not addressed in the

first appeal. On remand, the trial court found a debt owed by the corporation to the husband was

uncollectible and determined that the value of the corporation was zero. The trial court adjusted the

valuation of the wife’s interest in the stock and engaged in a detailed analysis of the husband’s

alleged dissipation of marital assets, finding no dissipation. On remand, the wife sought an award

of alimony in futuro. The trial court declined to award alimony in futuro but awarded the wife an

additional year of transitional alimony. Finally, the trial court declined the wife’s request for her

attorney’s fees. Both parties now appeal. We affirm the trial court’s finding that the husband did

not engage in dissipation, affirm the trial court’s increased property award to the wife, reflecting her

interest in the stock, reverse the trial court’s finding that the value of the corporation is zero, and

remand to the trial court for valuation of the corporation and division of that asset, modify the trial

court’s award of alimony by awarding the wife alimony in futuro when the transitional alimony ends,

affirm the trial court’s refusal to award the wife her attorney’s fees, and order the award of postjudgment interest on the wife’s increased property award from the stock, dating from the date of the

judgment on remand.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in Part,

Reversed in Part, Modified, and Remanded

HOLLY M. KIRBY,J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S, and

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., joined.
Randell Corporation is a commodities trading and cattle ranch operating entity located on substantial acreage

1

in Mississippi.

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David E. Caywood and Holly Jackson Renken, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Plaintiff/Appellant

Carol Ann Vick Watson

Sam Berry Blair and Betty Campbell, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Defendant/Appellee Frank Lee

Watson, Jr.

OPINION

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This is the second appeal in the divorce of Plaintiff/Appellant Carol Ann Vick Watson

(“Wife”) and Defendant/Appellee Frank Lee Watson, Jr. (“Husband”). The facts in this case are

more fully set forth in our first opinion. See Watson v. Watson, No. W2004-01014-COA-R3-CV,

2005 WL 1882413 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 9, 2005).

Wife filed the initial complaint for divorce and Husband counterclaimed. At the time of the

divorce trial below, Husband was sixty-three years old and Wife was fifty-six years old. Husband

is a shareholder with the law firm of Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, earning in

the range of $300,000 per year. Wife had been employed as a securities and commodities trader

some twenty years earlier, but upon the parties’ agreement quit to stay home and care for the parties’

learning-disabled son. The parties’ marital assets included the marital home, ten units of Vining

Sparks IBG stock, and a corporation owned by Husband, Randell Corporation. During the marriage,

Husband became romantically involved with a paralegal in his law firm; Wife asserted that

Husband’s expenditures related to this relationship were a dissipation of marital assets.

After the trial, the trial court filed its findings of fact and conclusions of law on February 17,

2004, and entered the final decree of divorce on March 17, 2004. The trial court, inter alia, divided

the marital estate and awarded Wife transitional alimony in the amount of $6,000 per month for the

first three years and $3,000 per month for the next three years. Each party was ordered to pay his

or her own attorney’s fees. Wife appealed the trial court’s decision and Husband cross-appealed.

 In the first appeal, the trial court’s valuation of a marital asset, Randell Corporation, was 1

reversed, and the issue was remanded. Id. at *14. Specifically, the trial court was asked to consider

on remand the value of a receivable asset of Husband in the form of a debt owed by Randell

Corporation to Husband. Id. In the first appeal, it was noted that the report of the special master

appointed by the trial court to make a recommendation on Randell Corporation showed a negative

asset value for Randell Corporation of approximately negative $119,000. Id. at *9. The negative

value was predicated on Randell Corporation’s indebtedness to Husband in the amount of

approximately $419,000; however, the trial court did not include the receivable as an asset of

Husband. Id. This was found erroneous and reconsideration was directed on remand.
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The trial court’s valuation of another marital asset, Vining Sparks IBG stock was also

reversed. Id. at *14. In determining the net value of the stock, the trial court deducted the tax

consequences of a sale of the stock, despite Husband’s testimony that he did not intend to sell the

stock but would instead borrow the money to pay Wife for her interest in it. Id. at *10. 

The trial court’s decision relating to Husband’s alleged dissipation of marital property was

reversed on appeal as well. Id. at *14. After the divorce trial, the trial court determined that any

dissipation of marital assets by Husband would not be considered in the distribution of the marital

estate, noting that during the time period in which Husband allegedly dissipated marital funds, he

provided monies to Wife that exceeded the amount allegedly dissipated. Id. at *12. The appellate

court interpreted this as indicating that the dissipated marital funds would not be considered because

of the monies Husband provided to Wife during the separation. This reasoning was found to be

erroneous, and the issue was remanded for the trial court to analyze Husband’s alleged dissipation

in accordance with this Court’s opinion in Ward v. Ward, No. W2001-01078-COA-R3-CV, 2002

WL 31845229 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2002). Watson, 2005 WL 1882413, at *14. Finally,

because the case had been remanded for reconsideration of issues affecting the distribution of marital

property, the appellate court declined to address issues relating to the alimony award to Wife or the

trial court’s refusal to award her attorney’s fees. Id.

On November 6, 2007, the trial court entered its findings and order on remand. The trial

court recognized the $419,000 loan to Randell as a receivable of Husband, but determined that

Randell was unable to pay Husband the $419,000 it owed him. It found that selling Randell’s assets

to satisfy its indebtedness to Husband would cost more than $300,000 in taxes, closing costs, and

real estate brokerage fees. This meant that, upon liquidation, Randell would have a negative value,

and there would be no money to pay Husband. In light of this finding, the trial court reaffirmed its

prior determination that the value of Randell was zero and that Randell was unable to pay Husband

the $419,000 debt. As to the Vining Sparks IBG stock, the trial court adjusted its valuation of onehalf of the stock from a net value of $38,500 to $51,500. This new value included the $13,000 that

the trial court had previously deducted as a tax consequence of selling one-half of the units of stock.

On remand, the trial court also engaged in a careful Ward analysis of Husband’s alleged

dissipation of marital assets. In light of its detailed analysis, the trial court determined that Wife

failed to establish a prima facie case of dissipation, so the burden never shifted to Husband to show

that the expenditures at issue were appropriate. The trial court noted that even if Wife had

established a prima facie case, the expenditures would not constitute dissipation under the Ward

analysis. In the alternative, the trial court found that, even if the expenditures constituted dissipation,

this would not change its distribution of the marital estate.

In the proceedings on remand, Wife sought an award of alimony in futuro instead of

transitional alimony, noting Husband’s substantial earnings and the fact that she had largely been

out of the workforce for twenty years. The trial court did not award alimony in futuro, but awarded

Wife an additional year of transitional alimony in the amount of $3,000 per month. The trial court

declined to revise its previous order denying Wife an award of attorney’s fees. Wife then filed a

timely notice of appeal to this Court. 
Wife also asks that this case be reassigned to another jurist on remand. However, she cites no authority for

2

this proposition. We respectfully decline this request.

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ISSUES ON APPEAL AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

On appeal, Wife raises the following issues:2

1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that Husband did not engage in

dissipation of the parties’ assets.

2. Whether the trial court erred in confirming its prior determination that the

value of Randell is zero and that Randell is unable to pay the debt owed to

Husband.

3. Whether the trial court erred in its distribution of the marital property.

4. Whether the trial court erred in the amount and duration of alimony

awarded to Wife.

5. Whether the trial court erred in failing to award attorney’s fees and

expenses to Wife.

6. Whether the trial court erred in failing to award post-judgment interest on

the modification of the value of the Vining Sparks IBG stock awarded to

Wife.

Husband also raises two issues for our review. He asks us to consider whether the trial court erred

in awarding Wife an additional $13,000 for her interest in the Vining Sparks IBG stock and whether

the trial court erred in awarding Wife seven years of transitional alimony.

Because this case was tried by the trial court sitting without a jury, we review the trial court’s

findings of fact de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness, unless the evidence

preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn.

2001). Some of the trial court’s factual findings are based on its determinations of the credibility

of the witnesses. This Court affords “great deference” to the trial court’s credibility determinations.

Keaton v. Hancock County Bd. of Educ., 119 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citation

omitted). Questions of law, however, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. S.

Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001) (citations

omitted).
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ANALYSIS

Dissipation

We first address Wife’s argument that the trial court erred in concluding that Husband did

not engage in dissipation of marital assets. The factors for a court to consider when equitably

dividing the marital estate include “[t]he contribution of each party to the acquisition, preservation,

appreciation, depreciation or dissipation of the marital or separate property.” T.C.A. § 36-4-

121(c)(5) (2005) (emphasis added). The term “dissipation” is not defined in the statute. Black’s

Law Dictionary defines it as “[t]he use of an asset for an illegal or inequitable purpose, such as a

spouse’s use of community property for personal benefit when a divorce is imminent.” BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 486 (7th ed. 1999). The Ward case outlined the appropriate analysis for

allegations of dissipation:

Trial courts must distinguish between what marital expenditures are wasteful and

self-serving and those which may be ill-advised but not so far removed from

“normal” expenditures occurring previously within the marital relationship to render

them destructive.

In determining whether dissipation occurred, we find trial courts should

consider the following: (1) whether the evidence presented at trial supports the

alleged purpose of the various expenditures, and if so, (2) whether the alleged

purpose equates to dissipation under the circumstances. The first prong is an

objective test. To satisfy this test, the dissipating spouse can bring forward evidence,

such as receipts, vouchers, claims, or other similar evidence that independently

support the purpose as alleged. The second prong requires the court to make an

equitable determination based upon a number of factors. Those factors include: (1)

the typicality of the expenditure to this marriage; (2) the benefactor of the

expenditure, namely, whether it primarily benefitted the marriage or primarily

benefitted the sole dissipating spouse; (3) the proximity of the expenditure to the

breakdown of the marital relationship; (4) the amount of the expenditure.

Ward, 2002 WL 31845229, at *3 (internal citations omitted). A spouse who seeks to prove

dissipation must do so by a preponderance of the evidence. See Robinson v. Robinson, No. W2003-

01836-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1105188, at *16 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 9, 2005). Earlier decisions

by this Court discuss the allocation of the burden of proof where dissipation is alleged: 

The burden of persuasion and the initial burden of production in showing dissipation

is on the party making the allegation, and that party retains throughout the burden of

persuading the court that funds have been dissipated, but after that party establishes

a prima facie case that moneys have been dissipated, the burden shifts to the party

who spent the money to produce evidence sufficient to show that the expenditures

were appropriate.

Wiltse v. Wiltse, No. W2002-03132-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1908803, at *4–5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug.

24, 2004) (citing 24 AM. JUR. 2D Divorce and Separation § 560 (1998)). 
Tenn. R. Evid. 1006. 3

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In this case, Wife argues that Husband dissipated approximately $218,000 in marital assets

by spending money on himself and his paramour Houston Anderson (“Ms. Anderson”). The record

includes evidence that Husband paid for the couple’s meals at restaurants, paid for vacations with

Ms. Anderson, and bought gifts for her. Husband admitted that he spent some monies on Ms.

Anderson, but denied that he dissipated the $218,000 that Wife alleges. Husband testified at trial

that he spend approximately $25,000 on Ms. Anderson.

In the first appeal, the issue of dissipation was remanded to the trial court for reconsideration

because it appeared from the final order of divorce that the trial court had refused to consider the

issue of dissipation. In its original order, the trial court concluded that

[a]ny marital funds which [Husband] may have expended for or on behalf of his

paramour, Ms. Houston Anderson, will not be considered by this court as having any

bearing on the property distribution, because during the same period, [Wife] received

from [Husband] funds, greatly in excess of said expenditure, which she used for her

own benefit without accounting to [Husband] for same. 

On remand, the trial court clarified its earlier conclusion on the alleged dissipation, and

engaged in a detailed Ward analysis of Husband’s expenditures. Little weight was given to evidence

submitted by Wife in the form of the Rule 1006 summaries of Husband’s expenditures. Indeed, 3

Wife acknowledged that her summaries included inaccuracies and that some seventy-five percent

of the alleged dissipation expenditures were listed as “miscellaneous” because Wife did not know

what was purchased or paid for by the expenditures. Therefore, the trial court concluded that Wife

had failed to satisfy the first prong of the Ward analysis, that is, failed to present evidence to support

the alleged purpose of the expenditures, and consequently that the burden nevershifted to Husband

to show the appropriateness of the expenditures. See Ward, 2002 WL 31845229, at *3.

After reaching this conclusion, the trial court went on to conclude that, even if Wife had

satisfied the first prong of the Ward analysis, the expenditures at issue did not constitute dissipation

under the second prong of the Ward analysis. The trial court considered all four of the factors

enumerated in the second prong of the Ward analysis. See id. The trial court first addressed the

“typicality” factor, that is, whether the expenditure was typical to the parties’ marriage. See id.

After noting that Husband had admitted to spending approximately $25,000 on Ms. Anderson, the

trial court observed that Husband had spent money on similar travel and meals prior to the separation

and that many of the expenditures were for a combination of personal and business purposes. In

light of this, the trial court concluded that the expenditures were discretionary spending that was

typical of the parties’ marriage.

The trial court then addressed the “benefactor” factor, looking at whether the expenditure

primarily benefitted the marriage or the alleged dissipating spouse. See id. The trial court

determined that Wife indirectly benefitted from Husband’s expenditures because much of them were

for a combination of personal and business purposes, thus enabling Husband to provide Wife

temporary support while the parties were separated. 
-7-

The trial court next looked at the proximity of the expenditure to the breakdown of the

marital relationship. See id. The trial court found that the majority of the expenditures occurred

after the marriage was irretrievably broken, concluding that this Ward factor also weighed against

finding dissipation. 

Finally, the trial court discussed the “amount” of the expenditures at issue. See id. The trial

court reiterated that it gave little weight to Wife’s evidence of dissipation and observed that the

$25,000 that Husband testified he spent on Ms. Anderson was small in relation to the pattern of

spending in this marriage. After reviewing all of the Ward factors, the trial court concluded that

Husband’s expenditures did not constitute dissipation. 

Wife challenges the trial court’s findings on remand relative to the dissipation issue. She

argues that Husband’s expenditures were not typical, that she did not benefit from the expenditures,

that the expenditures occurred at times when the couple was having marital trouble, and that the

dissipation was substantial, amounting to approximately $218,000. 

 In finding that Husband did not engage in dissipation of marital assets, the trial court

applied the standard set forth in Ward in accordance with our previous decision. See Watson, 2005

WL 1882413, at *13. The trial court apparently credited Husband’s testimony on this issue and gave

little weight to Wife’s Rule 1006 summaries. Explicitly applying the Ward factors, the trial court

determined that Husband’s expenditures were discretionary spending, not dissipation. After

carefully reviewing the record on appeal, and giving appropriate deference to the trial court’s

determinations on the parties’ credibility, we find that the evidence supports “the trial court’s fact

and credibility driven decision on the dissipation issue.” Lane v. Lane, No. M2000-01135-COAR3-CV, 2001 WL 1523365, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2001) (citation omitted). This

conclusion is based on the trial court’s application of the Ward factors, not the fact that Husband

provided support to Wife in excess of the amounts allegedly dissipated. See Watson, 2005 WL

1882413, at *13. On this basis, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Husband’s expenditures did

not constitute dissipation.

Stock

Husband argues on appeal that the trial court erred in awarding Wife an additional $13,000

for her interest in the Vining Sparks IBG stock. Husband notes that if Wife were to receive any

shares of the Vining Sparks IBG stock, she would be required to sell them back to Mr. Vining and

Mr. Sparks under the terms of the partnership agreement; in this case, tax liabilities would result,

making the trial court’s original award of $38,500 to Wife, reflecting the tax consequences, proper.

In this case, however, the trial court did not order that the stock be transferred to Wife. Rather, the

trial court awarded Husband the ten units of stock and awarded Wife half of the net value of the

stock. Because Husband testified that he did not intend to sell the stock and the trial court did not

order that it be sold, we affirm the trial court’s decision on this issue. See id. at *9–10. 

 

Randell Corporation
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We next address whether the trial court erred in confirming its prior determination that

Randell Corporation is unable to pay the debt it owes to Husband, and that the value of the Randell

Corporation is zero. The trial court’s valuation of a marital asset is a question of fact and is entitled

to a presumption of correctness. Watters v. Watters, 959 S.W.2d 585, 589 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)

(citation omitted). 

In the first appeal, we noted that 

[t]he amount of this loan at the time of trial was $419,481.23, and the special

master’s testimony and report states that, if the court should adopt the -$119,111.00

[valuation] for the Randell Corporation, it must also recognize a corresponding

receivable asset to Husband in this amount. If the trial court did not recognize the

loan as a receivable asset for Husband, the special master stated that the loan should

not be recognized as a corporate liability in calculating the value of the Randell

Corporation.

Watson, 2005 WL 1882413, at *9. On remand, the trial court found:

4. The evidence established that Receivable [the corporation’s debt to

Husband] could not be paid by Randell to [H]usband even with the

liquidation of all of Randell’s assets including the land that is

Randell’s main asset.

5. [Husband] and the Special Master testified that the cost of liquidation

. . . would exceed $300,000. . . . Thus upon liquidation, Randell

would have a negative value in excess of $419,000 and thus could not

pay the Receivable.

* * *

7. Based upon the evidence before the Court, it was determined that,

taking into account the negative $119,111.00 value of Randell, no

funds would remain to pay theReceivable after deduction of the costs

of selling Randell’s assets and, thus, the value to the marital estate of

the Receivable was zero.

8. Based on this Court’s review of the undisputed testimony, this Court

. . . reconfirms its prior determination that the value of Randell is zero

and Randell is unable to pay any money to [Husband].

Thus, the trial court found that, in order to pay its debt to Husband, Randell would have to liquidate

its assets. However, if Randell liquidated its assets, the costs would consume the proceeds of

liquidation. This left Randell unable to pay the debt to Husband by liquidation or otherwise. From

this, the trial court determined that (a) Husband’s receivable from Randell was worthless, and (b)

the value of Randell Corporation was zero.

Based on the undisputed testimony from both Husband and the Special Master regarding the

cost of liquidating Randell’s assets, the preponderance of the evidence supports the trial court’s
The appellate record does not include evidence of the tax consequences to Randell Corporation of having its

4

$419,000 debt to Husband in effect “forgiven.”

 Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(a)(1) reads in pertinent part as follows:

5

In all actions for divorce or legal separation, the court having jurisdiction thereof may, upon request

of either party, and prior to any determination as to whether it is appropriate to order the support and

maintenance of one (1) party by the other, equitably divide, distribute or assign the marital property

between the parties without regard to marital fault in proportions as the court deems just.

T.C.A. § 36-4-121(a)(1) (2005).

-9-

finding that Randell is unable to pay its debt to Husband. Thus, the trial court’s conclusion that “the

value to the marital estate of the Receivable was zero” is well-founded.

However, the trial court found at the same time that “the value of Randell is zero.” Therein

lies the problem. At trial, Special Master Lynn Evans testified that Randell’s debt to Husband had

to be treated the same way on Husband’s personal balance sheet and Randell Corporation’s balance

sheet:

The appropriate manner to handle [Randell Corporation’s debt to Husband] would

be to treat it the same way for both sets of books. If it’s set up as a liability in the

corporation, then it would be appropriate for it to be on the personal. If it’s left off

the personal, it should also be left off the corporation.

Here, the trial court properly found that Randell was simply unable to pay its debt to Husband. This

in effect removed the receivable from Husband’s list of assets. To be consistent, if Randell is not

expected to pay its debt to Husband, then, as we stated in the prior appeal in this case, “the loan

should not be recognized as a corporate liability in calculating the value of the Randell Corporation.”

See id.

Had Randell corporation been required to pay Husband the $419,000 debt it owed to him,

the Special Master found that Randell’s value would be a negative $119,000. If Randell will not be

required to pay the debt, the $419,000 amount of the liability must be added back into the value of

the corporation, giving Randell a positive asset valuation of some $300,000. Thus, while Husband’s

4

receivable from Randell Corporation may be worthless, Randell Corporation itself is not, and would

be considered an asset, awarded to Husband in the property division, with a value of approximately

$300,000.

In light of these findings, we now consider Wife’s argument on appeal that the trial court

erred in its distribution of the marital property. The division of marital property in divorce cases is

governed by Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121, which generally provides that the trial court

is to divide the property equitably without regard to fault. The trial court has substantial discretion 5
In equitably dividing the marital estate, the trial court is to consider “all relevant factors,” including the 6

following:

(1) The duration of the marriage;

(2) The age, physical and mental health, vocational skills, employability, earning capacity, estate,

financial liabilities and financial needs of each of the parties;

(3) The tangible or intangible contribution by one (1) party to the education, training or increased

earning power of the other party;

(4) The relative ability of each party for future acquisitions of capital assets and income;

(5) The contribution of each party to the acquisition, preservation, appreciation, depreciation or

dissipation of the marital or separate property, including the contribution of a party to the marriage

as homemaker, wage earner or parent, with the contribution of a party as homemaker or wage earner

to be given the same weight if each party has fulfilled its role;

(6) The value of the separate property of each party;

(7) The estate of each party at the time of the marriage;

(8) The economic circumstances of each party at the time the division of property is to become

effective;

(9) The tax consequences to each party, costs associated with the reasonably foreseeable sale of the

asset, and other reasonably foreseeable expenses associated with the asset;

(10) The amount of social security benefits available to each spouse; and

(11) Such other factors as are necessary to consider the equities between the parties.

T.C.A. § 36-4-121(c) (2005).

Husband received an original Farnsworth painting valued at approximately $10,000. 7

This is the net value of the vehicle, considering the remaining debt on the automobile loan.

8

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when dividing the marital property, and its distribution will be given “great weight” on appeal. See 6

Sullivan v. Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d 507, 512 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Goodman v. Goodman,

8 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)). An appellate court is “disinclined to disturb the trial

court’s decision unless the distribution lacks proper evidentiary support or results from some error

of law or misapplication of statutory requirements and procedures.” Martin v. Martin, 155 S.W.3d

126, 129 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 389 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1996)). The division of the marital estate is not required to be equal in order to be equitable. See

Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 230 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citations omitted).

Under the terms of the trial court’s order, Wife was awarded all of the equity in the marital

residence up to $120,000. She received almost all of the household goods and furnishings in the

marital residence, valued at approximately $100,000. Wife received half of the net cash surrender

7

value of the insurance policies on Husband’s life (approximately $20,850), half of the value of

Husband’s 401(k) retirement account with the Baker Donelson law firm (approximately $49,000)

and $51,500 for her net interest in the Vining Sparks IBG stock. She also received all bank and

investment accounts in her name (approximately $2,075) and all insurance policies on her life

(approximately $10,000). She also received her vehicle, valued at $500. In all, the value of Wife’s 8
 The $20,850 award of half of the net cash surrender values of the insurance policies on Husband’s life was

9

alimony in solido.

Again, this represents the net value, considering any outstanding automobile loans.

10

The distribution of the marital debt included other loans not listed separately because they were considered

11

in arriving at a net value of other assets. They include a $307,000 loan from First Tennessee Bank secured by the

Vining Sparks IBG stock, a $710,000 loan to Randell that Husband guaranteed, and various other smaller loans,

including automobile loans.

As with the tax consequences of selling the Vining Sparks stock, the trial court should consider on remand 12

whether Randell Corporation’s debt to Husband will in fact not be paid (forgiven from the standpoint of Randell, written

off from Husband’s standpoint), and any resulting tax consequences or other ramifications for Randell and Husband.

-11-

share of the marital property totaled approximately $343,925. As to liabilities, Wife was ordered 9

to pay all outstanding debt in her own name, which totaled approximately $21,130 and the parties’

approximately $15,000 debt to Wife’s mother, Margaret Vick. After considering the debt allocated

to Wife, her net share of the marital estate totaled approximately $307,795. 

The trial court awarded Husband the household goods and furnishings in his apartment,

valued at approximately $40,000, plus a painting valued at approximately $10,000. He also received

all rights, title, and interest in the Randell Corporation deemed to have zero value. Husband received

all of the Vining Sparks IBG stock, subject to Wife’s $51,500 lien, representing half of the net value

of the stock. Husband received all of his stock in Baker Donelson, valued at approximately $22,000,

his entire 401(k) retirement account with Baker Donelson, subject to Wife’s $49,000 lien

(representing half of the value of the 401(k) account), and all of the insurance policies on his life,

subject to Wife’s $20,850 lien, representing half of the net cash surrender value. Husband received

the vehicles driven by him and by his son, valued at a total of approximately $2,000, and all of his 10

guns and sporting equipment, valued at approximately $11,165. Husband also received all bank and

investment accounts in his name, valued at approximately $2,272. In all, Husband’s share of the

marital property totaled approximately $208,787. Husband was ordered to pay all outstanding debts

in his name, including credit card debt, which totaled approximately $62,589, as well as two

business-related loans totaling $286,000. Husband was also ordered to pay the special master’s fee

of $7,185. Husband’s affidavit indicates that he was responsible for 2003 income taxes in the

amount of $40,000. This amounted to a total debt of approximately $395,774. Using the trial 11

court’s valuation of Randell Corporation, Husband’s net allocation of marital property would be a

negative $186,987. 

However, as noted above, we have determined that, in light of the fact that Randell’s

$419,000 indebtedness to Husband must be considered, in essence, forgiven, Randell Corporation

would have a positive valuation. In light of the trial court’s division of the remainder of the marital

property, we find that the net value of Randell Corporation should be divided between the parties,

half to Wife and half to Husband. However, the record does not include evidence on the tax

consequences or other ramifications, to both Husband and Randell, of deeming Randell’s

indebtedness to Husband uncollectible. So we must remand this issue to the trial court. With this

12

modification, the trial court’s distribution of the marital property is affirmed as modified.
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Alimony

We now address Wife’s assertion that the trial court erred in not awarding her alimony in

futuro. In her complaint for divorce, Wife sought “alimony,” without specifying a type or amount.

At trial, Wife asked for transitional alimony for twelve years. The trial court awarded Wife

transitional alimony for a total of six years, $6,000 a month for three years and $3,000 a month for

the next three years. In the first appeal, Wife sought transitional alimony for ten years. The issue

of alimony was not addressed in this Court’s opinion in the first appeal because issues affecting the

property distribution were remanded to the trial court, with issues surrounding alimony to be

reconsidered in the context of the altered division of marital property.

On remand to the trial court, Wife sought alimony in futuro. The trial court did not award

Wife alimony in futuro, but instead awarded an additional year of transitional alimony. Wife now

asks this Court to award her alimony in futuro in the amount of $6,000 per month. 

Husband argues that Wife is judicially estopped from seeking alimony in futuro, because at

trial she asked for transitional alimony. “Pursuant to the doctrine of judicial estoppel, a party will

not be permitted to take a position that is directly contrary to or inconsistent with a position

previously taken by the party where the party had or was chargeable with full knowledge of the facts

and where the conduct would prejudice another.” Guzman v. Alvares, 205 S.W.3d 375, 382 (Tenn.

2006) (citing Marcus v. Marcus, 993 S.W.2d 596, 602 (Tenn. 1999)). 

Husband also argues that Wife has waived the issue of alimony in futuro because she failed

to raise this issue at trial or in the first appeal. The appellate court may treat issues that are not raised

on appeal as being waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b); Bing v. Baptist Mem’l Hosp.-Union City,

937 S.W.2d 922, 924 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Issues that are not raised in the trial court may also be

deemed waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a); Alexander v. Armentrout, 24 S.W.3d 267, 272 (Tenn.

2000).

Husband points to no place in the record in which he argued to the trial court that Wife was

judicially estopped from seeking alimony in futuro or that Wife had waived the issue of alimony

in futuro, and we have found none. Under these circumstances, we must find that Husband has

waived the issues of judicial estoppel and waiver as to Wife’s request for alimony in futuro. See

Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).

Having determined that the issue is properly before this Court, we now address Wife’s

argument that the trial court erred in declining to award her alimony in futuro. “Trial courts have

broad discretion to determine whether spousal support is needed and, if so, the appropriate type of

alimony, amount, and duration.” Neamtu v. Neamtu, No. M2008-00160-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL

152540, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2009) (citing Wynns v. Wynns, No.

M2007-00740-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4415786, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 26, 2008)). Appellate

courts are, therefore, reluctant to second guess a trial court’s decision regarding alimony “unless it

is not supported by the evidence or is contrary to the public policy embodied in the applicable

statutes.” Brown v. Brown, 913 S.W.2d 163, 169 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (citations omitted). 
Those factors include:

13

(1) The relative earning capacity, obligations, needs, and financial resources of each party, including

income from pension, profit sharing or retirement plans and all other sources;

(2) The relative education and training of each party, the ability and opportunity of each party to

secure such education and training, and the necessity of a party to secure further education and

training to improve such party’s earnings capacity to a reasonable level;

(3) The duration of the marriage;

(4) The age and mental condition of each party;

(5) The physical condition of each party, including, but not limited to, physical disability or incapacity

due to a chronic debilitating disease;

(6) The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party to seek employment outside the home,

because such party will be custodian of a minor child of the marriage;

(7) The separate assets of each party, both real and personal, tangible and intangible;

(8) The provisions made with regard to the marital property, as defined in § 36-4-121;

(9) The standard of living of the parties established during the marriage;

(10) The extent to which each party has made such tangible and intangible contributions to the

marriage as monetary and homemaker contributions, and tangible and intangible contributions by a

party to the education, training or increased earning power of the other party;

(11) The relative fault of the parties, in cases where the court, in its discretion, deems it appropriate

to do so; and

(12) Such other factors, including the tax consequences to each party, as are necessary to consider the

equities between the parties.

T.C.A. § 36-5-121(i) (2005).

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Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-121(i) outlines the factors to be considered in determining

whether to award alimony and, if so, the type and amount. The two most important factors are the 13

need of the disadvantaged spouse and the obligor spouse’s ability to pay. Avaritt v. Avaritt, No.

M2007-01804-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4072087, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 28, 2008) (citing Oakes

v. Oakes, 235 S.W.3d 152, 160 (Tenn. Ct. App.2007)). Although fault is an appropriate factor to

consider, alimony is not meant to be punitive. See T.C.A. § 36-5-121(i)(11) (2005); Tait v. Tait, 207

S.W.3d 270, 278 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citations omitted). 

Here, Husband, age sixty-three at the time of trial, is a shareholder with the Baker Donelson

law firm, with earnings from the firm for the years 2001-2003 of approximately $296,000, $287,000,

and $303,000, respectively. At trial, Husband’s February 2004 affidavit stated that his most recent

draw from Baker Donelson at that time was approximately $13,000 per month, with a potential year

end distribution of up to $54,000. The average monthly distribution from the Vining Sparks IBG

stock awarded to Husband varied from zero to $4,750. The trial court found that Husband was in

good health and that his total overall income “averages between $350,000-$400,000 in yearly gross

income from his law firm, commodities trading company and the Vining Sparks IBG Securities

Company.”

In contrast, Wife last worked full time over twenty years ago as a securities and commodities

trader earning over seventy-five percent of her commissions from trades that she made on behalf of

Husband or Randell. Hersecurities and commodities trading licenses have long since lapsed. Wife

quit her job as a securities and commodities broker to stay home and care for the parties’ learning
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disabled son. This permitted Husband to focus on furthering his career. This family choice is

explicitly supported by the legislature. The alimony statute provides as follows:

Spouses have traditionally strengthened the family unit through private arrangements

whereby one (1) spouse focuses on nurturing the personal side of the marriage,

including the care and nurturing of the children, while the other spouse focuses

primarily on building the economic strength of the family unit. This arrangement

often results in economic detriment to the spouse who subordinated such spouse’s

own personal career for the benefit of the marriage. It is the public policy of this

state to encourage and support marriage, and to encourage family arrangements that

provide for the rearing of healthy and productive children who will become healthy

and productive citizens of our state.

T.C.A. § 36-5-121(c)(1) (2005).

Here, the trial court ordered an award of transitional alimony. Codified in 2003, transitional

alimony is a sum certain paid “for a determinate period of time.” T.C.A. § 36-5-121(g)(1) (2005).

It is “awarded when the court finds that rehabilitation is not necessary, but the economically

disadvantaged spouse needs assistance to adjust to the economic consequences of a divorce.” Id.;

see also T.C.A. § 36-5-121(d)(4) (2005). An award of transitional alimony is generally nonmodifiable. See T.C.A. § 36-5-121(g)(2) (2005).

In contrast, alimony in futuro is paid on a long term basis, generally “until death or

remarriage of the recipient.” T.C.A. § 36-5-121(f)(1) (2005). It is also paid to an economically

disadvantaged spouse when rehabilitation “is not feasible,” defined in the statute as “meaning that

the disadvantaged spouse is unable to achieve, with reasonable effort, an earning capacity that will

permit the spouse’s standard of living after the divorce to be reasonably comparable to the standard

of living enjoyed during the marriage, or to the post-divorce standard of living expected to be

available to the other spouse.” Id. An award of alimony in futuro is subject to modification “upon

a showing of substantial and material change in circumstances.” T.C.A. § 36-5-121(f)(2)(A) (2005).

In the divorce decree, the trial court found that Wife, fifty-six years old at the time of trial,

was in good health, was a high school graduate “with previous training in marketing and/or securities

trading activities.” It noted that she had been a homemaker since 1985, when she ceased working

outside the home to care for the parties’ son. The trial court made no findings regarding Wife’s

potential for rehabilitation or her earning capacity.

In her testimony, Wife indicated that she believed that she could pass the required tests to

renew her licenses in securities and commodities trading, but was hampered because an employer

sponsor was necessary for her to take the tests, and she had had no success in finding one. From the

testimony it appears that Wife is able to work in some capacity, though it is unclear whether the

work would be in securities and/or commodities trading. It is clear that whatever work Wife is able

to secure, she will never approach a level of earnings remotely comparable to Husband.
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The alimony statutes define rehabilitation as attaining an earning capacity that permits the

economically disadvantaged spouse a standard of living that is “reasonably comparable to the

standard of living enjoyed during the marriage.” T.C.A. § 36-5-121(f)(1) (2005). It is clear that the

standard is not attainable by Wife, and indeed is probably not attainable by Husband. While

Husband is a respected lawyer and businessman with impressive earnings, the parties’ lifestyle

during the marriage simply did not reflect the truth of their financial circumstances. The proof

indicates that the assets owned by Husband were supported by cash flow, but were leveraged by a

crippling amount of debt, creating a facade of affluence. It appears from the record that neither party

will be able to maintain a standard of living after the divorce that is “reasonably comparable to the

standard of living enjoyed during the marriage.”

The alternate statutory definition of rehabilitation means that the economically disadvantaged

spouse attains an earning capacity that permits a standard of living that is “reasonably comparable

. . . to the post-divorce standard of living expected to be available to the other spouse.” Id. From

the record, it is unclear what Husband’s post-divorce standard of living will be. Much of the proof

on Husband’s alleged dissipation focused on Husband’s expenditures that involved his extra-martial

relationship, such as travel, housing and clothing expenses, restaurants and entertainment. While

such expenditures would appear extravagant in the face of the enormous debt load that Husband was

carrying during this time, the trial court found that this spending pattern was simply a continuation

of the spending in which Husband had engaged throughout the marriage, i.e., was “typical” to the

parties’ marriage. The record bears out this finding.

In the context of considering alimony, we then consider Husband’s “post-divorce” standard

of living and whether Wife will be able to attain a standard of living that is reasonably comparable,

given the allocation of the marital estate to her and her expected level of earnings. In reviewing

Husband’s expenditures during the parties’ separation, the trial court commented that “Husband

could not have maintained his professional lifestyle at the same level without these expenditures,”

even going so far as to find that the expenditures benefitted Wife. It is unclear whether the trial court

was indicating that Husband should be expected to continue to maintain such an expensive lifestyle,

even in the face of mountainous debt which, at the end of the day, must be paid.

This issue also impacts our evaluation of Husband’s ability to pay alimony in futuro to Wife,

one of the two most important factors. Counsel for Husband rightly emphasizes the amount of

indebtedness that was allocated to Husband in the trial court’s division of marital property. The debt

is daunting indeed, but the trial court could only have allocated it to Husband; he chose to incur it

and is the only party with any hope of repaying it. On top of paying off the debt, is Husband

expected to retain the facade of affluence in the name of maintaining a “professional” lifestyle?

Meanwhile Wife, having been out of the workforce for over twenty years to raise the parties’ son,

finds herself ill-equipped for any work other than an entry-level job.

The trial court specifically found that Wife needs support and that Husband is able to pay,

and the record supports those findings. We note that Wife received the lion’s share of the marital

property. However, after purchasing necessities such as a new home, her remaining marital property

will be insufficient to sustain her once the transitional alimony runs out, and, like Husband, Wife
In his brief, Husband argues persuasively that transitional alimony under Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-5- 14

121(d)(4) and 36-5-121(g)(1) was intended to be of a duration of two years or less, citing the legislative history on H.B.

1480 and S.B. 622 in 2003. As noted by Husband, the fact that transitional alimony is generally non-modifiable

supports the premise that it was intended to be short-term. However, in light of our award of alimony in futuro at the

end of the trial court’s award of transitional alimony in this case, we need not address Husband’s argument.

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must make provisions for her eventual retirement. Therefore, from the record, we find that Wife will

have a continued need of support beyond the transitional alimony awarded by the trial court. 

Based on the application of the factors enumerated in Section 36-5-121(i) to the facts of this

case, we must conclude that Wife is entitled to an award of alimony in futuro upon termination of

the transitional alimony. Therefore, we modify the trial court’s alimony award to include an award

of alimony in futuro in the amount of $1,500 per month upon termination of the transitional alimony

award.14

Attorney’s Fees

We next address whether the trial court erred in refusing to award Wife her attorney’s fees.

A trial court’s decision regarding an award of attorney’s fees is reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard, and will only be reversed if the trial court abused its discretion. Owens v.

Owens, 241 S.W.3d 478, 496 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Aaron v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408, 411

(Tenn. 1995); Eldridge v. Eldridge, 137 S.W.3d 1, 25 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)). A trial court abuses

its discretion when “its decision is not supported by the evidence, when it applies an incorrect legal

standard, [or] when it reaches a decision which is against logic or reasoning that causes an injustice

to the party complaining.” Id. (citing Biscan v. Brown, 160 S.W.3d 462, 468 (Tenn. 2005)).

An award of attorney’s fees usually takes the form of an award of alimony in solido. Yount

v. Yount, 91 S.W.3d 777, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Storey v. Storey, 835 S.W.2d 593 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1992)). “Accordingly, a trial court considering a request for attorney’s fees must consider

the factors contained in [Tennessee Code Annotated] § 36-5-121(i), with the most important factors

being the need of the economically disadvantaged spouse and the ability of the obligor spouse to

pay.” Owens, 241 S.W.3d at 495–96 (citing Eldridge, 137 S.W.3d at 24–25; Miller v. Miller, 81

S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). “It is considered most appropriate where the final decree

of divorce does not provide the obligee spouse with a source of funds, such as from property division

or alimony in solido, with which to pay his or her attorney.” Yount, 91 S.W.3d at 783 (citing

Houghland v. Houghland, 844 S.W.2d 619 (Tenn. Ct. App.1992)). 

Wife argues that Husband should be ordered to pay her attorney’s fees because he paid some

of his own attorney’s fees from the assets of Randell Corporation, a marital asset. For this

proposition, Wife cites Aaron v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408 (Tenn. 1995) and Hanover v. Hanover,

775 S.W.2d 612 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). Indeed, this is a factor for the trial court to consider in

determining whether to award a party attorney’s fees. See T.C.A. § 36-5-121(i)(12) (2005).

However, we also consider the share of marital property awarded to each party. In this case,

Wife received a generous share of the marital property. Her net allocation prior to any division of

the value of Randell Corporation totals over $300,000. Moreover, upon termination of Wife’s
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transitional alimony, she will receive alimony in futuro in the amount of $1,500 per month. Based

on a consideration of the statutory factors, we find no error in the trial court’s refusal to order

Husband to pay Wife’s attorney’s fees.

Post-Judgment Interest

Finally, we address whether the trial court erred in failing to award post-judgment interest

on the additional $13,000 awarded to Wife as a result of the modified valuation of the Vining Sparks

IBG stock. The statute provides that “[i]nterest shall be computed on every judgment from the day

on which the jury or the court, sitting without a jury, returned the verdict without regard to a motion

for a new trial.” T.C.A. § 47-14-122 (2001). The award of post-judgment interest is mandatory and

the trial court may not refuse to make such an award. Vooys v. Turner, 49 S.W.3d 318, 322 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 2001) (citations omitted). 

Wife argues that interest begins to accrue from the date that the party is entitled to the money,

see Williams v. Williams, No. E1999-02750-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 816821 (Tenn. Ct. App. June

23, 2000), and that Wife was entitled to the additional $13,000 at the time of the entry of the final

divorce decree on March 17, 2004. Husband, however, cites the case of Bunch v. Bunch, No.

03A01-9805-GS-00156, 1999 WL 172674 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 1999), and argues that the

interest did not begin to accrue until the entry of the judgment on remand, which occurred on

November 6, 2007. 

 

In Bunch, this Court addressed a situation similar to that presented in this case. As in the

present case, Bunch was on appeal for the second time. Id. at *1. In the first appeal, this Court

determined that the trial court had undervalued one of the marital assets, and remanded the case to

the trial court for a redetermination of “the apportionment of marital assets.” Id. at *4. On remand,

the trial court determined that the wife was entitled to an additional award of $12,500. Id. at *1. In

the second appeal, the wife argued that she was entitled to an award of post-judgment interest from

the date of the original divorce decree. Id. at *4. In support of her position, she relied on Wade v.

Wade, 897 S.W.2d 702 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994); Inman v. Alexander, 871 S.W.2d 153 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1993); and Inman v. Inman, 840 S.W.2d 927 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). In those cases, postjudgment interest was awarded from the date of the original judgment, not the date of the judgment

on remand. See Wade, 897 S.W.2d at 720; Inman v. Alexander, 871 S.W.2d at 153–54; Inman v.

Inman, 840 S.W.2d at 931. 

The Bunch Court, however, distinguished the cases on which the wife relied. It noted that,

in those cases, “the appellate court modified the lower court’s judgment, i.e., changed specific

monetary awards therein.” Bunch, 1999 WL 172674, at *4. In Bunch, however, after determining

that one of the marital assets was undervalued, the appellate court had remanded the case to allow

the trial court to determine the proper distribution. Id. Therefore, the Bunch Court held that “the

date on which the trial court entered judgment after reapportioning the parties’ marital assets upon

remand . . . is the date upon which it ‘returned the verdict’ for purposes of [Tennessee Code

Annotated] § 47-14-122.” Id. at *5. Accordingly, the appellate court held that the wife was entitled

to interest from the date of the judgment on remand, not the date of the original judgment. Id.
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In the present case, as in Bunch, this Court did not modify the judgment of the trial court.

Rather, it remanded the case to the trial court for a reconsideration of the distribution of the marital

estate after determining that one of the marital assets was undervalued. See Watson, 2005 WL

1882413, at *10. Because this Court remanded the case to allow the trial court to make its own

decision regarding the distribution, the date of the judgment on remand, not the date of the original

divorce decree, is the date on which the trial court “returned the verdict” for the purposes of Section

47-14-122. See Bunch, 1999 WL 172674, at *5. Therefore, post-judgment interest on the additional

$13,000 awarded to Wife as her share of the marital estate began to accrue from November 6, 2007,

which was the date of the judgment on remand. On remand, the trial court is directed to award postjudgment interest on the additional $13,000 from November 6, 2007, the date of the judgment on

the previous remand.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Husband did not

dissipate marital assets, affirm the trial court’s award of an additional $13,000 to Wife for her

interest in the Vining Sparks IBG stock, reverse the trial court’s finding that the value of Randell

Corporation is zero and remand the cause for allocation between the parties of the net value of

Randell, modify the trial court’s alimony award to include, upon expiration of the transitional

alimony, an award of alimony in futuro in the amount of $1,500 per month, affirm the trial court’s

refusal to award Wife her attorney’s fees, and order the award of post-judgment interest on Wife’s

award on the modified valuation of the Vining Sparks IBG stock from the date of the judgment on

remand on November 6, 2007.

The decision of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, modified, and remanded

as set forth above. The costs of this appeal are taxed equally to Carol Ann Vick Watson, and her

surety, and Frank Lee Watson, Jr., for which execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________________ 

HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE