U.S. Department of Justice 

United States Parole Commission 

________________________________________________ 

HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL 

PAROLE SYSTEM

Edward F. Reilly, Jr., Chairman

May 2003
UNITED STATES PAROLE COMMISSION

Commissioners

Edward F. Reilly, Jr., Chairman 

Cranston J. Mitchell 

John R. Simpson

This report was prepared by Peter B. Hoffman, Ph.D., 

a consultant to the Parole Commission. It updates an 

earlier history of the Parole Commission prepared by 

Dr. Hoffman in 1997 when he was Staff Director of 

the Parole Commission.
HISTORY OF THE 

FEDERAL PAROLE 

SYSTEM

May 2003
Page intentionally blank
INTRODUCTION

Parole of federal prisoners began after enactment of legislation on June 25, 1910. There were 

three federal penitentiaries and parole was granted by a parole board at each institution. The 

membership of each parole board consisted of the warden of the institution, the physician of the 

institution, and the Superintendent of Prisons of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. 

By legislation of May 13, 1930, a single Board of Parole in Washington, D.C. was 

established. This Board consisted of three members, serving full time, appointed by the Attorney

General. The Bureau of Prisons performed the administrative functions of the Board. In August 

1945, the Attorney General ordered that the Board report directly to him for administrative purposes.

In August 1948, due to a postwar increase in prison population, the Attorney General appointed two 

additional members, increasing the Board of Parole to five members. 

By legislation of September 30, 1950, the Board was increased to eight members appointed 

by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for six-year,staggered terms. TheBoard

was placed in the Department of Justice for administrative purposes. Three of the eight members 

were designated by the Attorney General to serve as a Youth Corrections Division pursuant to the 

Youth Corrections Act. 

In October 1972, the Board of Parole began a pilot reorganization project that eventually

included the establishment of five regions, creation of explicit guidelines for parole release

decision-making, provision of written reasons for parole decisions, and an administrative appeal

process. By October 1974, five regions were operational with one member and five hearing

examiners assigned to each region. The chairman and two members remained in Washington, D.C., 

at the headquarters office. 

In May 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act took effect. This Act re-titled

the Board of Parole as the United States Parole Commission and established it as an independent 

agency within the Department of Justice. The Act provided for nine commissioners appointed by the 

President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for six year terms. These included a chairman, 

five regional commissioners, and a three-member National Appeals Board. In addition, the Act 

incorporated the major features of the Board of Parole's pilot reorganization project: a requirement 

for explicit guidelines for parole decision-making and written reasons for parole denial; a regional 

structure; and an administrative appeal process. The Youth Corrections Division of the Board of 

Parole was eliminated and its duties absorbed by the Commission. 

Eight years later, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created a United States 

Sentencing Commission to establish sentencing guidelines for the federal courts and established a

regime of determinate sentences. The Chairman of the Parole Commission is an ex-officio, nonvoting, member of the Sentencing Commission. The decision to establish sentencing guidelines was

based in substantial part on the success of the U.S. Parole Commission in developing and 

implementing its parole guidelines. On April 13, 1987, the U.S. Sentencing Commission submitted

1 
to Congress its initial set of sentencing guidelines, which took effect on November 1, 1987. 

Defendants sentenced for offenses committed on or after November 1, 1987 serve determinate terms 

under the sentencing guidelines and are not eligible for parole consideration. Post-release 

supervision, termed Asupervised release,@ is provided as a separate part of the sentence under the 

jurisdiction of the court. 

Under the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, the United States ParoleCommission

retained jurisdiction over defendants who committed their offenses prior to November 1, 1987. At 

the same time, the Act provided for the abolition of the Parole Commission on November 1, 1992 

(five years after the sentencing guidelines took effect). This phase-out provision did not adequately

provide for persons sentenced under the law in effect prior to November 1, 1987 who had not yet 

completed their sentences. Elimination of, or reduction in, parole eligibility for such cases would 

raise a serious ex post facto issue. To address this problem, the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990

extended the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 1997. 

The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 again extended the life of the Parole

Commission for the same reason. This Act authorized the continuation of the Parole Commission 

until November 1, 2002. In addition, it provided for a reduction in the number of Parole 

Commissioners B to two Commissioners by December 31, 1999, and one Commissioner by

December 31, 2001 B and required the Attorney General, beginning in 1998, to report to Congress 

annually on whether it was more cost effective for the Parole Commission to continue as a separate 

agency or for its remaining functions to be transferred elsewhere. The AttorneyGeneral hasreported

each year that it is more cost effective for the Parole Commission to continue as a separate agency. 

The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 gave the

Parole Commission significant additional responsibilities. First, the Act provided for the abolition of 

the District of Columbia Board of Parole by August 5, 2000 and the transfer of its responsibilities to 

the U.S. Parole Commission. On August 5, 1998, the Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over

all parole release decisions for prisoners confined under D.C. Code felony sentences. On August 5, 

2000, the Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over parole and mandatory release supervision 

and revocation decisions for all persons serving D.C. Code felony sentences. Second, the Act 

required the District of Columbia to move to a determinate sentencing system (at least for certain 

offenses), provided for terms of supervised release to follow the determinate sentences to be 

imposed, and gave the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility for supervision and revocation 

decisions for D.C. Code offenders subject to terms of supervised release under the new determinate 

sentencing system. In August 2000, the District of Columbia enacted a determinate sentencing

system for all offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000.*

 At the end of 2001, the first D.C. 

Code determinate sentence cases were released from prison on supervised release under the 

jurisdiction of the Parole Commission. Third, the Act repealed the portion of the 1996 Act that 

reduced the number of Parole Commissioners authorized and instead provided for five Parole 

Commissioners. 

 *

As the statute was signed on August 11, 2000 at 5:00 p.m., offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000 

but before August 11, 2000 at 5:00 p.m. may be subject to the provisions of the ex post facto clause. 

2 
Since the decision to abolish the Parole Commission in the Comprehensive Crime Control 

Act of 1984, Congress has twice extended the life of the Parole Commission, most recently until 

November 1, 2002. Congress also has given the Parole Commission additional ongoing

responsibilities, including the responsibility for making prison-term decisions in foreign transfer 

treaty cases for offenses committed on or after November 1, 1987 (Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988); 

jurisdiction over all state defendants who are accepted into the U.S. Marshals Service Witness 

Protection Program (Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988); the responsibility for the release and supervision 

of all remaining indeterminate sentence D.C. Code felony offenders(National Capital Revitalization 

and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997); and responsibility for the supervision of all newlaw D.C. Code determinate sentence felony offenders released on supervised release (National 

Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997). In addition to the above 

responsibilities, the Parole Commission continues to have responsibility for the remaining Aold-law@

indeterminate sentence federal offenders in prison or under supervision, as well as ongoing

responsibility for military code offenders serving sentences in Bureau of Prisons institutions. 

In the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996, Congress recognized that some form of 

parole function would have to remain beyond 2002, but this Act did not envision the substantial, 

ongoing responsibilities for D.C. Code felony offenders given the Parole Commission by the

National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997. 

The 21St Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act of 2002 extended 

the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2005. The Act also requests a study be 

completed prior to that date examining whether responsibility for supervised release for offenders 

sentenced out of the District of Columbia Superior Court should remain with the Parole Commission 

or be transferred to another agency. As of the preparation of this document (May 2003), the status 

of the Parole Commission beyond November 1, 2005 remains unresolved. 

Part 1 presents a chronological history of the federal parole system from its origin to the 

present day.

Part 2 provides a list of the sixty-three men and women who have served as 

Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission and a brief 

biographical sketch for each. 

Part 3 illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole Commission from 

1931 to the present. 

Part 4 contains a list of books, articles, and other materials relevant to the history of the 

federal parole system. 

3 
PART 1 B A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL 

PAROLE SYSTEM

The precursors of parole in the federal system were (1) the exercise of the Presidential power

to commute sentences, and (2) the reduction in the term of imprisonment by institutional officials for

good conduct. In each case, the prisoner was released from imprisonment prior to the expiration of 

the sentence set by the court. 

Set forth below is a chronological history of the federal parole system. Significant events are

shown corresponding to the date listed. At the end of each entry, the source material is shown in 

brackets. Entries without a bracketed citation are based either on the source described in the entry

itself or on the personal knowledge of the author. The following are the primary source materials 

used: 

AGSRP Attorney General's Survey of Release Practices, Volumes I (Digest of Federal and 

State Laws on Release Procedures) and IV (Parole). (1939). U.S. Department of 

Justice. 

ARUSBP Annual Report of the United States Board of Parole. The year covered by the report 

is shown in parentheses. 

ARUSPC Annual Report of the United States Parole Commission. The year covered by the 

report is shown in parentheses. 

EUSBPR An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole Reorganization. (1975). Management 

Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management and Finance, U.S. Department of

Justice. 

FPJ Federal Probation Journal. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. The volume

and number are shown in parentheses (e.g., 4/2 is Volume 4, Number 2). 

 

HUSBP History of the United States Board of Parole. (undated, circa 1976). A 

mimeographed document prepared by James C. Neagles, Staff Director of the U.S. 

Board of Parole. 

PDMR Parole Decision-Making Reports. (1973). Research Center of the National Council on 

Crime and Delinquency. A set of fourteen reports describing the Parole DecisionMaking Project. 

PDMSR Parole Decision Making: Selected Reprints. U.S. Parole Commission. The volume 

number is shown in parentheses. Six volumes containing reprints of articles 

concerning parole decision making. Many of the articles were prepared by staff of 

the U.S. Parole Commission. 

4 
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY

Date Event

1867 The first statute providing for the reduction of sentences of federal prisoners because

of good conduct was enacted. This statute authorized a deduction of one month in 

each year from the term of sentence of federal prisoners confined in state jails or 

penitentiaries, upon the certificate of the warden or keeper with the approval of the 

Secretary of the Interior. [AGSRP] 

1870 The Department of Justice was created. [AGSRP]

The good time statute was amended to provide that the good time specified in the act

of 1867 applied only to institutions in which no other good time credits were 

allowed. In all other cases, the deductions applicable to state prisoners were to apply.

 [AGSRP]

1872 The duties of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the imprisonment and discharge

of federal prisoners were transferred to the Department of Justice. [AGSRP] 

1875 The schedule of credits was changed so that federal prisoners in any state or 

territorial institution in which no system of good time credits existed might earn a 

credit of five days for each month in which no charge of misconduct was sustained. 

[AGSRP]

1891 As part of legislation providing for the establishment of federal prisons, the Attorney

General was given authority for the reduction of sentences for good behavior, but not 

to exceed two months for the first or any succeeding year of imprisonment.

[AGSRP]

1902 A general revision of the good-time credit statute was made, placing all federal 

prisoners, wherever confined, on an equal basis. The schedule of good-time credits 

was made more liberal and graduated so as to increase with the length of sentence. 

The credits allowed per month follow: Five days upon a sentence of not less than 6 

months nor more than 1 year; six days upon a sentence of more than one year and less

than 3 years; seven days on sentence of at least 3 years but less than 5 years; eight

days on a sentence of at least 5 years but less than 10 years; and ten days on a 

sentence of 10 years or more. In addition, a prisoner in a camp or employed in prison

industry could earn an additional three days per month in the first year and five days

per month in each succeeding year. [AGSRP]

Good-time credits are primarily under the control of the officials of the institution at 

which the prisoner is confined. Forfeitures for breach of institutional rules are 

determined by the warden after the prisoner has been given a hearing before a 

5 
disciplinary board composed of three members of the prison staff with the deputy

warden or disciplinary officer acting as chairman. The prisoner has the privilege of 

replying and may choose some member of the staff to represent him as counsel. This 

board thoroughly investigates the alleged misconduct, hears the prisoner and any

witnesses he may wish to present, and the members individually recommend to the

warden the extent of discipline. The Bureau of Prisons issues general policies 

concerning the administration of good-time deductions. [AGSRP]

The Attorney General is granted authority to restore credits lost because of 

misconduct of prisoners in any United States penitentiary upon recommendation and

evidence submitted to him by the warden in charge. As to prisoners in state or

territorial institutions, restorations are governed by the rules of the particular

institution. [AGSRP]

There was no post-release supervision for persons released by good time. [HUSBP]

1910 The federal parole system was created with the passage of an act authorizing the 

parole of prisoners sentenced to terms of one year or more. Any such prisoner was 

made eligible for parole upon the expiration of one-third of his or her sentence. The 

power to grant and revoke parole was placed in the hands of the respective boards of 

parole established at the several penitentiaries and prisons. The board of parole at 

each penitentiary was composed of the superintendent of prisons in the Department

of Justice and the warden and physician of the particular penitentiary. The board of 

parole at any federal prison other than a penitentiary was composed of the 

superintendent of prisons and such officers of the particular prison as the Attorney

General designated. [AGSRP]

The first person to hold the position of Superintendent of Prisons was Robert V. 

Ladow. [HUSBP]

A parole officer was provided for each penitentiary to supervise parolees and to

perform such other duties as the board of parole might direct. It was provided that 

supervision of parolees might also be devolved upon the United States Marshals. 

[AGSRP]

The parole officer at each penitentiary served mainly as a clearing house for the 

volunteers and United States Marshals who had personal contact with the parolees. 

[ARUSBP (1970-72)]

The Act of 1910 also provided that whenever any person has been convicted of any

offense against the United States and sentenced and confined in any state reformatory

or institution, he becomes subject to the parole laws applicable to the inmates of such

institution. [AGSRP]

6 
The Act of 1910 further provided that no parole from either a state or federal 

institution became effective until approved by the Attorney General. [AGSRP]

Upon violation of parole, the Warden or any member of the institutional board of 

parole was empowered to issue a warrant for his retaking. A revocation hearing was 

conducted by the board of parole at the institution soon after his return. Each 

institution employed a parole officer (at a salary not to exceed $1,500) to assist parole 

applicants in obtaining employment and supervise parolees after release. U.S.

Marshals were used as parole supervisors when needed. A system of monthly reports 

by parolees and their "first friends" was initiated. [HUSBP] 

1911 The first Rules of the Board of Parole were promulgated. [HUSBP] 

1913 The federal parole statute was amended so as to make prisoners serving a life term 

eligible for parole after the service of 15 years. [AGSRP] 

No further amendments were made to the parole law until 1930. [AGSRP]

1930 The federal parole system was materially altered by legislation in 1930: 

In lieu of the several institutional parole boards, there was created a single

parole board in the Department of Justice to be composed of three members 

appointed by the Attorney General. This board (the United States Board of 

Parole) was given power to grant parole without any requirement of approval

by the Attorney General. Salaries for the three parole board members in 1930 

were $7,500 per year each. 

Eligibility for parole of persons sentenced to federal institutions with 

sentences of more than one year was set at one third of the maximum 

sentence or 15 years in the case of a life sentence:

"Every prisoner who has been or may hereafter be convicted of any offense 

against the United States and is confined in any United States penitentiary or

prison, for a definite term or terms of over 1 year, or for the term of his 

natural life, whose record of conduct shows that he has observed the rules of 

the rules of such institution, and who, if sentenced for a definite term, has 

served one-third of the total of the term or terms for which he was sentenced, 

or, if sentenced for the term of his natural life has served not less than 15 

years, may be released on parole" if it appears to the Board of Parole "that 

such applicant will live and remain at liberty without violating the laws, and 

if in the opinion of the Board such release is not incompatible with the

welfare of society." 

A federal offender serving his sentence in a state institution was eligible for

7 
parole under the same terms and conditions and by the same authority as a 

prisoner committed to that institution by a state court, but all such paroles 

were subject to approval by the United States Board of Parole. Supervision 

within the state was provided by state authorities. If the parolee was 

permitted to return to his home outside that state, his supervision was 

devolved upon the United States Marshal in the district in which the parolee 

resided. 

The legislation also provided for the transfer of the supervision of federal 

parolees to the probation officers that supervised probationers for the federal 

courts by providing that federal probation officers shall perform such duties 

with respect to persons on parole as the Attorney General shall request. The

position of federal probation officer had been established by legislation in 

1925 that for the first time authorized courts to impose probation in federal 

cases. As originally enacted, the probation statute required appointments for

probation officers to be made by the judge of the particular district from the

civil service register, but in 1930 the requirement for use of the civil service 

register was removed. The Bureau of Prisons (which had general oversight 

responsibility for the probation system) promulgated general qualifications 

which appointees should possess. In brief, these provided that persons 

selected should have physical vigor and mental adaptability, at least a high

school education plus one year in college or a year's experience in organized 

probation work, and thorough training in the technique of social 

investigation. General oversight of supervision activities with respect to 

persons on parole was provided by the parole executive whose office was 

attached to the Board of Parole in Washington, D.C. [AGSRP]

Appointments to the parole board by the Attorney General were for an indefinite 

period. [HUSBP]

Although the Federal Probation Act was passed in 1925, the first Congressional 

appropriation to implement that act was in 1927, and five officers were appointed 

that year. Two more were appointed in 1928, including Richard A. Chappell who 

was later to serve on the Board of Parole. [HUSBP] 

Preparation for parole was the responsibility of institutional parole officers, who, as 

staff members in the several institutions, participated in classification procedures, 

developed social histories, prepared and assembled official reports, and were 

responsible for social case work involving the prisoner and his or her family in the 

community. Under the original parole act, an institutional parole officer was 

appointed by the parole board at each institution. In 1930, this authority was 

transferred to the United States Board of Parole, but was actually exercised by the 

Bureau of Prisons, subject to the satisfaction of the Board of Parole. In 1930, the 

salary of an institutional parole officer was set at $2,000 to $2,600 per year. 

8 
[AGSRP]

The first offices of the Board of Parole were located in Room 201 of the Tower 

Building in Washington, D.C. The first three parole board members entered on duty

on June 13, 1930. An executive secretary was employed to act as the administrative 

officer of the board. [HUSBP]

1931 In the Board's first year of operation, the Board's three members traveled as a group 

to hold hearings in institutions. After a short experimental period in which they

discovered that two-thirds of their time was spent in travel status, they began 

traveling singly to conduct hearings with the vote taken later at headquarters in 

Washington, D.C. When traveling as a group, the Board heard an average of 40 

cases per day and made on-the-spot decisions relative to parole. The Board also 

made decisions on federal prisoners serving sentences in state institutions. In these

cases, a local board made recommendations to the Board of Parole. [HUSBP]

During the first year of operation, the Board heard a large number of offenders who 

had violated the National Prohibition Act. In the year or two after the Board was 

created, it paroled a large percentage of this type of law violator. [HUSBP] 

Due to the volume of work, three secretaries were assigned to the parole board in

addition to the administrative clerk. Two reporters were also employed to transcribe

the Board's hearings. [HUSBP]

Legislation was enacted providing for parole for the purposes of deportation. During

this year, 133 such paroles were granted. [HUSBP]

1932 Two significant amendments were made to the parole law. First, it was provided that

a parolee shall continue on parole until the expiration of the maximum terms 

specified in his sentence without deduction for such allowance for good conduct. 

Previously, in the case of a person who was released on parole, good conduct 

deductions earned in prison operated to shorten the period of parole. Second, it was 

provided that any person to whom parole is not granted, but who is released prior to 

the expiration of the maximum term because of good-conduct deductions shall upon 

release be treated as if released on parole and shall be subject to all provisions of law 

relating to the parole of United States prisoners until the maximum term or terms 

specified in his sentence. [AGSRP]

Legislation creating a separate parole board for the District of Columbia removed 

from the federal parole board jurisdiction over prisoners confined in institutions of

the District of Columbia. [HUSBP] 

The National Prohibition Act was repealed and there was a dramatic reduction in the

number of this type of law violator in federal prisons. The proportion of parole 

9 
grants to denial also declined. [HUSBP]

1933 The title of the administrative officer of the board was changed from executive 

secretary to parole executive. [HUSBP]

1936 James V. Bennett was promoted from Assistant Director to Director of theBureau of

Prisons, replacing Sanford Bates. The Parole Board and the Federal Probation 

System were still assigned to the Bureau of Prisons and thus under Mr. Bennett'

supervision. [HUSBP]

Reports written during this year show that there was an emphasis by the Board to 

ensure that parolees were returned to their bona fide residences at the time of their 

release. The Board attempted to "diminish the assaults and larcenies committed 

against prisoners en route to their homes" by mailing most of the prisoners' money to

them at their city of residence. [HUSBP]

1937 Myrl Alexander became the parole executive. Two years later he left the board and 

returned to his administrative duties at the Bureau of Prisons. Mr. Alexander later

became the third director of the Bureau of Prisons. [HUSBP] 

1938 The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act was approved June 16, 1938. This Act 

provided that juveniles could be paroled by the Board of Parole at any time after

commitment (i.e., that there was no minimum term of imprisonment required before

the juvenile was eligible for parole consideration). [HUSBP] 

1939 The Board appointed its first hearing examiner on May 21, 1939. Three were 

eventually appointed. Initially, they held hearings in cases of prisonersserving terms

of one year and one day. [HUSBP]

Attorney General Murphy called a National Parole Conference, which was held in 

Washington, D.C. The conference followed a long term fact-finding project financed

largely by Works Project Administration (WPA) funds. The project was directed by

Wayne L. Morse, who later became a Senator of the United States, and resulted in the

five-volume Attorney General's Survey of Release Procedures. As a result of this 

conference, AA Declaration of the Principles of Parole@ was adopted. The conference 

proceedings were published as Proceedings - National Parole Conference, 

Washington, D.C., April 17-18, 1939. [HUSBP] 

In contrast to the liberal trend of granting reparole, which was extended by theBoard

five or six years before, the Board in 1939 granted no reparoles at all and rereleased 

only five conditional releasees. [HUSBP]

The following were the basic parole board procedures (circa 1939): 

10 
Application for Parole. A short while before a federal prisoner became 

eligible for parole, he is furnished with an application form. This is a very

brief form on which the applicant was to enter certain information about 

himself, his plans, the nature of his crime, his prospective employer, and the 

person he desires as his parole advisor. If a prisoner does not desire to apply

for parole, he is directed to sign a waiver of his right to apply for parole on a 

form that will be furnished to him. 

Information About the Prisoner. When a federal offender is committed to a 

penitentiary or other institution, the judge and district attorney of the 

committing court file reports and recommendations concerning him. In some

instances, a presentence report is made by a probation officer, and in such 

cases the probation officer's report is also forwarded to the institution to 

which the offender is committed. Each prisoner is studied closely in 

connection with the institutional classification procedure. Reports will be

filed concerning his progress by the various institutional officers from time to 

time. Immediately after his admission to the institution, the parole officers 

begin to study the family, and the social and economic conditions with which

he will be faced when he is released on parole. An attempt is made to effect 

desirable community and home adjustments, and to prepare the community to 

which the offender will go for his reception. 

Hearings. Parole hearings are held at each of the federal penal and 

reformatory institutions four times each year, or once every three months. 

The hearings are usually conducted by one member of the board. They are 

ordinarily attended only by the member, the institutional parole officer, the

applicant, and a stenographic assistant. The warden and other institutional 

officers ordinarily do not attend the hearings. No attorney, relative or other

person may appear for or against the applicant. However, such persons may

write to or interview members of the Board. 

Disposition. After the return to Washington of the board member who held 

the hearing, a final determination is made by the whole Board. 

Conditions of Parole. Before an offender is released on parole, he must agree 

to the conditions of his parole and an adviser is secured for him. An effort is

made to arrange suitable employment for him. Also upon release he is given 

the usual gratuities which are allowed to federal offenders upon their 

discharge from an institution. 

Supervision. Each person released on parole is required to file with the 

parole executive an arrival report and subsequent written reports at intervals 

of not more than one month. In some cases the parolee is required to report

every few days while in other cases he is required to report monthly. Each 

11 
report must be countersigned by the parolee's advisor. Each parolee is under 

the supervision of a probation officer. In some cases, the officer makes 

frequent visits to the parolee. In other cases, where the parolee has a strong

adviser and his case is not a hazardous one, the probation officers may visit 

him infrequently. 

Each parolee has an adviser. In many cases, the person chosen is the person 

suggested by the parolee himself. In other cases, the parole executive findsit 

necessary to select some other person. In every case, an attempt is made to 

secure as adviser the person in the community in which the parolee will live

who will be most able to direct him toward rehabilitation through the normal 

community agencies of social control. 

Violations of Parole. Sole authority to issue a warrant for the arrest of a

parole violator rests with the Board of Parole or any member thereof. Such a

warrant may be issued at any time prior to the expiration of the sentence if the

Board or any member thereof has reliable information that the offender has 

violated his parole. The violation of parole interrupts the running of the 

sentence in the manner of an escape. The warrant may be executed by any

officer of the prison from which the parolee was released or by any federal

officer authorized to serve criminal process within the United States. Upon 

return to a federal institution, the violator is given an opportunity to appear 

before the Board at its next meeting. The Board may then or at any time in its 

discretion revoke the order and terminate such parole or modify the terms and

conditions thereof. When parole is revoked, the parolee shall serve the 

remainder of the sentence originally imposed; and the time that the prisoner

was out on parole shall not be taken into account to diminish the time for 

which he was sentenced. 

A federal parole violator may be reparoled at any time by theBoard of Parole. 

Final Discharge. Upon the expiration of the parolee's sentence, the parole 

executive sends him a letter stating that he has apparently completed his 

parole period satisfactorily. No formal certificate of discharge is issued to

him. [AGSRP] 

1940 On July 1, 1940, the Federal Probation Service was transferred from the Bureau of 

Prisons to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Responsibilities of

probation officers with respect to parolees continued as before. [HUSBP] 

During the ten years the Probation System was under the supervision of the Bureau of 

Prisons, it expanded from one with eight officers in eight judicial districts to a 

nationwide program employing 238 officers in eighty-three United States District 

Courts. [FPJ: 4/2, statement by James V. Bennett, Director, U.S. Bureau of Prisons]

 

12 
1941 In The Pardoning Power of the President, W.H. Humbert reported Aparole authorities 

have handled a considerable number of federal offenders since 1910. Though release 

on parole does not banish prospects for a pardon, the conclusion is inescapable that 

such release tends to keep down the number of requests.@

1942 World War II radically changed the character of the federal prison population. 

Substantial numbers of selective service violators and conscientious objectors were 

incarcerated. In 1942, the President issued Executive Order 8641 making it possible

for the Attorney General to grant special paroles to prisoners who might be useful in 

the war effort. Extensive use was made of this authority with the parole board

playing an unofficial role for the Attorney General. [HUSBP]

1943 Congress conducted hearings relative to legislation providing for a broader form of 

federal indeterminate sentence. The proposed legislation, entitled the "Federal 

Corrections Act" would have established a ten-member parole board with an adult 

division, a youth division, and a policy division. No legislation was enacted. 

[HUSBP]

1945 On August 28, 1945, the Attorney General ordered the parole board to report directly

to him for administrative purposes. Staff formerly employed by the Bureau of

Prisons and assigned to the Board were transferred officially to the Board on 

February 15, 1946. [HUSBP] 

During the year, the character of the federal prison population changed in that the 

number of persons who had been court-martialed by military authorities and 

transferred to federal prisons increased. These offenders generally had longer 

sentences than those imposed by civilian courts. [HUSBP] 

1946 With the end of gas rationing, there was a dramatic use of automobiles over the 

nation. Military prisoners decreased and the number of violators of the National 

Motor Vehicle Theft Act rose sharply. [HUSBP]

1948 The Board of Parole was increased from three to five members by legislation enacted

June 25, 1948. This increase was needed primarily because of an increase in prison 

population. Prior to the increase in the size of the Board, the two examiners on staff 

conducted approximately one third of the hearings. [HUSBP]

1950 On September 30, 1950, the Youth Corrections Act was passed by Congress. Under 

this legislation, federal offenders less than 22 years of age at the time of conviction 

could be sentenced to indeterminate sentences with no minimum period of parole 

ineligibility. The maximum period of imprisonment wasfixed by statute atsix years,

but longer maximum terms were permitted in the case of very serious offenses. This 

Act contained three other significant features. First, all youth offenders must be 

initially released on supervision at least two years prior to the expiration of the

13 
maximum sentence. Thus, each offender would be initially released with a period of

supervision of at least two years. Second, it authorized a court to commit an offender

for a period of observation and study prior to sentencing. Third, it provided that the 

parole board could grant an early discharge from parole supervision, an action that 

"set the conviction aside" and granted relief from various legal disabilities imposed 

by the conviction. The Youth Corrections Act was to become effective only upon the

certification of the Attorney General that facilities to house such offenders were 

available. [HUSBP]

The Youth Corrections Act also changed the structure of the parole board. First, it

created a three-member Youth Division within the parole board. Second, it increased 

the number of parole board members from five to eight. Third, it provided that all 

parole board members would be appointed by the President, with the advice and 

consent of the Senate, for six-year, staggered terms. [HUSBP]

The Youth Corrections Act also provided for an Advisory Corrections Council to be 

composed of federal judges and federal correctional officials to study and advise on 

correctional practices. [HUSBP]

1950 Until this year, secretaries traveled with the Board members to report institutional 

hearings. After six months of experimentation with recording devices, the Board 

adopted a system of hiring local shorthand reporters on a contract basis. [HUSBP]

1951 Until 1951, prisoners released by expiration of sentence less good time were under 

supervision until the expiration of their maximum sentence. Legislation approved 

June 29, 1951, provided that such prisoners were to be released from supervision 180 

days prior to the expiration of the maximum sentence. With the implementation of

this Act, the number of mandatory releasees under supervision dropped sharply. In

general, prisoners with sentences of 18 months or less who were released by

expiration of sentence less good time would no longer be released to supervision. 

[HUSBP]

Legislation approved July 31, 1951, made two changes in parole eligibility. Up to 

this time, adult prisoners serving sentences of more than one year were eligible for

parole after service of one-third of their sentences, except for prisoners serving life 

sentences who were eligible after the service of 15 years. Under the revised 

legislation, adult prisoners serving sentences of 180 days to one year were also 

eligible for parole after service of one-third of their sentences. In addition, prisoners 

serving terms of more than forty-five years were eligible for parole after fifteen years

in the same manner as prisoners serving life sentences. [HUSBP]

1953 The first presidential appointments were made to the parole board in 1953. [HUSBP] 

Mr. Scovel Richardson became the first African American appointed to the parole 

14 
board. [HUSBP]

By order of the Attorney General dated October 15, 1953, juveniles committed by the 

District of Columbia Juvenile Court to the National Training School for Boys came 

under the parole jurisdiction of the federal parole board. Prior to this time, the 

District of Columbia Visiting Committee had acted as the paroling authority forsuch

juveniles. [HUSBP]

The Board hired its first staff director (Dr. Conway Esselstyn). [HUSBP]

1954 On January 15, 1954, the Youth Corrections Act was made available to the federal 

courts east of the Mississippi River. [HUSBP]

1955 During 1955, the parole board began paroling prisonersto outstanding local detainers

if they were otherwise considered to be suitable for parole. Previously, an 

outstanding detainer had acted as a bar to parole. [HUSBP]

Dr. Conway Esselstyn, the Board's first staff director, resigned and was replaced by

James Neagles, who served as staff director until 1976. [HUSBP]

1956 The Attorney General called the second National Conference on Parole, which was 

held in Washington, D.C., on April 9-11, 1956. The Conference was sponsored by

the federal parole board and the National Probation and Parole Association. 

Approximately 500 delegates attended. Out of this conference came Parole in 

Principle and Practice: A Manual and Report. One of the recommendations of this 

conference was that release from prison by expiration of sentence less good time be 

termed "mandatory release" rather than "conditional release." The U.S. Board of 

Parole implemented this recommendation. [HUSBP]

Congress enacted the Uniform Narcotic Control Act. This Act provided for 

mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment for certain drug offenders. In addition, 

such offenders were made ineligible for parole consideration. [HUSBP]

On October 4, 1956, the Youth Corrections Act was made available to the federal 

courts west of the Mississippi River. [HUSBP] 

1958 On August 25, 1958, Congress approved legislation that allowed courtsto impose an

adult sentence on which the prisoner would be eligible for parole consideration after

serving less than one-third of the maximum sentence. That is, in addition to the

traditional sentencing procedure under which the prisoner had to serve one-third of 

the maximum sentence before being eligible for parole, the court could now impose

(1) a sentence with a period of parole ineligibility that was less than one-third of the

maximum sentence, or (2) a sentence with no period of parole ineligibility. In

addition, this legislation authorized a court to commit an adult offender for a period 

of observation and study prior to sentencing, a provision that earlier had been 

15 
available only for youthful offenders. Furthermore, this legislation provided for the 

judicial sentencing institutes for federal judges. Finally, this legislation authorized

the parole board to terminate releasees from active supervision prior to the expiration

of their maximum sentences. [HUSBP] 

In addition, legislation passed in 1958 authorized the courts to use the provisions of 

the Youth Corrections Act in certain cases for persons who were less than 26 years of

age at the time of conviction. [HUSBP] 

1959 This first federal judicial sentencing institute was held at Boulder, Colorado. A 

primary topic was the issue of unwarranted sentencing disparity. [HUSBP]

Congress passed the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. This 

legislation barred certain individuals with criminal records from serving in certain 

labor or labor-management positions. The federal parole board was given the 

authority to conduct a hearing for any person who applied for relief from the 

disabilities imposed by this legislation, and to grant exemptions from these 

disabilities in deserving cases. [HUSBP] 

The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole describes the second phase of a 

research study on offenders sentenced under the Youth Corrections Act (pertaining to 

prison programming). [ARUSBP (1959)]

The Annual Report of the U.S. Board of Parole also notes the parole board's

evaluation of recidivism statistics indicates that (1) maturation appears to be a

significant factor in rehabilitation in that adult offenders have lower recidivism rates

than youth offenders, and (2) most parole violations occur within the first or second 

year after parole and the number of warrants issued in the fifth year after parole is 

"practically non-existent." [ARUSBP (1959)] 

1961 In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of Appeals for the District 

of Columbia, the parole board adopted procedures allowing alleged parole/mandatory

release violators to have an attorney and/or voluntary witnesses present at a 

revocation hearing conducted upon return to a federal institution. [HUSBP]

1962 The parole board began making use of a new program initiated by the Bureau of 

Prisons, involving the establishment of pre-release guidance centers in the 

community to which the prisoner was to be released. Centers were first opened in 

New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The parole board could parole an 

individual with the understanding that the individual would reside in a pre-release 

center from two to four months prior to parole. Subsequently, additional pre-release 

centers were opened in other cities. Eventually, state and privately-operated centers

were used on a contract basis. [HUSBP]

16 
1963 In accordance with an opinion handed down by the Court of Appeals for the District 

of Columbia, the parole board adopted procedures providing for preliminary

interviews for alleged parole/mandatory violators in the community in which the

alleged violation occurred. In addition, "local" revocation hearings, revocation 

hearings in the community in which the alleged violation occurred, were authorized

to facilitate the appearance of voluntary witnesses. [HUSBP] 

1966 The Board cooperated with the Bureau of Prisons in the Bureau's development of 

work-release programs. Selected prisoners were permitted to leave the institution or

a pre-release center to work in private industry or, in some cases, to attend a trade 

school or college. Such placements generally were made within six months of a 

projected release date. [HUSBP]

1967 Congress passed the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act, which had provisions for 

civil commitment of narcotic addicts as well asspecial provisionsfor those convicted 

of criminal offenses. Under this Act, the maximum period of imprisonment on a

criminal commitment was fixed by the court with parole eligibility after six months 

in treatment. A certificate of release readiness from the Surgeon General was a 

prerequisite for parole. [HUSBP]

Congress also passed legislation transferring responsibility for D.C. youth offenders 

confined in the D.C. Youth Center from the federal parole board to the District of 

Columbia government. Supervision of such cases also was transferred from U.S.

Probation Officers to the District of Columbia government. [HUSBP]

1968 The parole board adopted a procedure for a "dispositional review" where a parolee or

mandatory releasee was serving a subsequent sentence and a violator warrant was 

lodged as a detainer. Such a review could include a hearing at the place of 

confinement if the parole board determined such a hearing was indicated. [HUSBP] 

The National Training School for Boys was closed, and juveniles committed by the 

District of Columbia Juvenile Court were placed in D.C. institutions. Accordingly,

the federal parole board had no further jurisdiction over D.C. juvenile offenders. 

[HUSBP]

1969 The parole board requested and received a grant from the Law Enforcement 

Assistance Administration for a large scale, three-year study of parole decisionmaking. This study, under the co-directorship of Don M. Gottfredson, Director of the

National Council on Crime and Delinquency Research Center, and Leslie T. Wilkins,

a professor at the School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at 

Albany, led to a major revision in parole board practice. [HUSBP]

1970 The parole board hired its first legal counsel (Joseph Barry). [HUSBP]

17 
1971 The parole board increased its complement of hearing examiners to eight. A 

schedule was adopted under which parole board members conducted about one-third

of the hearings and hearing examiners conducted about two-thirds of the hearings. 

This allowed parole board members more time for voting on cases. In general, 

decisions were made by a concurrence of two parole board members. If the hearing

was conducted by a parole board member, the parole board member hearing the case 

cast the first vote. The case file was then circulated among other parole board 

members at the parole board's office in Washington, D.C., until a concurrence of two

votes was obtained. If the hearing was conducted by a hearing examiner, the 

examiner made a recommendation but did not vote. The case file wasthen circulated

among the parole board members at the parole board's office in Washington, D.C., 

until a concurrence of two votes was obtained. [HUSBP] 

Congress passed legislation authorizing the parole board to impose a special

condition that a parolee or mandatory releasee reside in and/or participate in a 

program of a community treatment center (formerly called a pre-release guidance

center) as a special condition of parole. This special condition could be used, in 

some cases, as an alternative to parole revocation. [HUSBP]

Congress amended the Criminal Justice Act to provide for court-appointed counsel 

for alleged parole and mandatory release violators who could not afford to hire their 

own attorney. [HUSBP]

Congress also passed legislation authorizing hearing examiners to conduct initial and 

revocation hearings for youth offenders. [HUSBP] 

1972 The parole board began a pilot project that included the following goals: (1) the 

development of explicit paroling policy guidelines to provide greater consistency and 

equity in parole decision-making; (2) the provision of well-reasoned, written 

decisions; (3) more timely decisions; (4) the development of procedures to provide

the opportunity for representatives to appear at parole hearings; (5) the development 

of a two-level appellate process to provide greater due process; and (6) increased 

liaison between the Board and related agencies. Key features of this project were the

decentralization of the parole board into five regions (each headed by a board 

member) with the Chairman and two other members forming a National Appeals 

Board in Washington, D.C.; the use of explicit guidelines for parole decision-making;

hearings conducted by panels of two hearing examiners with review by the regional 

parole board member on the record; and the provision of written reasons for parole

decisions. [EUSBPR] 

The first hearings under this reorganization project were conducted at the Kennedy

Youth Center in Morgantown, West Virginia in October 1972. [EUSBPR]

The pilot project comprised five Federal institutions in the northeast region of the

18 
country. They were the Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; the Kennedy Youth 

Center, Morgantown, West Virginia; the Reformatory for Women, Alderson, West 

Virginia; the Reformatory, Petersburg, Virginia, and the Correctional Institution, 

Danbury, Connecticut. [ARUSBP (1972-73)].

The parole board established a Research Unit and hired its first Research Director 

(Peter Hoffman). [ARUSBP (1970-72)] 

The explicit paroling policy guidelines adopted by the parole board were developed 

in cooperation with a project funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance 

Administration and conducted by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

The guidelines were in the form of a two-dimensional grid. The seriousness of the 

prisoner's current offense (offense severity) was considered on the vertical axis with

six categories (later increased to seven and then eight categories). The prisoner's 

likelihood of recidivism (parole prognosis) was considered on the horizontal axis 

with four categories. The dimension of parole prognosis was determined by use of a 

"salient factor score," an empirically derived parole prediction instrument. The 

intersections of the vertical and horizontal axes formed a grid containing time ranges

(such as 12-18 months). The time range set forth the parole board's policy on the

customary time to be served before release for a prisoner having that offense

seriousness and parole prognosis, assuming good institutional conduct. Decisions 

outside the guidelines may be made for good cause and upon the provision of casespecific written reasons. For example, misconduct in the institution might warrant a 

decision above the applicable guideline range, and exceptionally good participation 

in institutional programs might warrant a decision below the applicable guideline

range. [PDMR]

 

The parole board implemented the procedures for due process in the revocation of 

parole set forth in Morrissey vs. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593. [ARUSBP 

(1972-73)] 

1973 In May 1973, Maurice Sigler, Chairman of the U.S. Board of Parole, submitted the 

Board's reorganization proposal to the Department of Justice. In July 1973, this 

proposal was approved by Attorney General Elliot Richardson. [EUSBPR]

The Research Center of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency published a

fourteen-volume set of reports on the Federal Parole Decision-Making Project. 

[PDMR] 

1974 Regional offices were established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Atlanta Georgia, 

Dallas, Texas, Kansas City, Missouri, and Burlingame, California. Each regional

office included a parole board member, five hearing examiners, two case analysts, 

and clerical staff. [EUSBPR]

19 
The parole board's budget for Fiscal Year 74 was $2,025,000, up from 1,391,000 in 

Fiscal Year 73 and from approximately $500,000 in 1965. The increase from Fiscal 

Year 73 to Fiscal Year 74 included the cost of implementing the reorganization. 

Personnel increased from 48 positions in Fiscal Year 65 to 125 positions in Fiscal 

Year 74. [EUSBPR]

1975 Each regional office has approximately 20 employees. A typical regional office is 

staffed with a Board member acting as the Regional Director, an administrative

hearing examiner and four hearing examiners, a pre-release analyst, a post-release 

analyst, and administrative and clerical support personnel. [EUSBPR]

Hearing examiner panels, each consisting of two persons, conduct parole interviews 

at each institution within the region. At the conclusion of each interview, the 

examiners inform the prisoner of the recommended (tentative) parole decision. If the 

recommendations of the examiners differ, the prisoner is informed of both 

recommendations. All panel decisions are reviewed in the regional office by an 

administrative hearing examiner and the regional board member. It is the regional 

board member who makes the final decision, subject to certain limitations (if the 

regional board member wishes to alter a panel recommendation by more than six

months, the case must be sent to the national board members for review). After a 

decision is made, a Notice of Action is mailed to the prisoner within 15 working days

of the hearing. If the prisoner is not granted parole at that time, the reasons are given 

as part of the Notice of Action. If the prisoner is dissatisfied with the decision, he or 

she has available a two-step administrative appeal process. [EUSBPR]

According to a report of field visits by Department of Justice Management Programs

and Budget staff -- 

The average hearing lasted 30 minutes. Revocation hearings took anywhere 

from 45 to 90 minutes. The hearing began with a review of the inmate's file

by one hearing examiner while the other examiner dictated the results of the 

last hearing. The review usually took 10 to 15 minutes. The offender's prior 

criminal history was closely examined during the file review. After the file

was reviewed by one examiner, he provided a brief summary of the file to the

other examiner, who had completed dictating the results of the previous 

hearing.

Prior to the interview with the inmate, the hearing panel discussed the

inmate's progress with the institutional case manager. At the beginning of the

interview with the inmate, the hearing examiner carefully explained the

Board's procedures to the inmate and his right to appeal the decision. The 

principal discussion points initiated by the hearing examiners were: the

validation of the salient factor score, the inmate's offense and the surrounding

circumstances of the crime, and his institutional behavior and program 

participation. 

20 
The inmate's remarks usually began with a description of the mitigating

circumstances of his offense and past criminal behavior. This was most often

followed by the inmate'sstatements regarding his participation in institutional 

programs and his motivation to become a better citizen. The inmate usually

made some reference to his parole release plan. The period of time for the

discussion with the inmate ranged from five to 15 minutes. When an inmate's

representative was present, the discussion period required as much as onehalf hour. 

Following the inmate's discussion, he was asked if he had any questions he 

would like to ask the panel. If not, he left the room and the hearing

examiners discussed the case. In most instances, the decision-making

process, which takes from two to five minutes, was a straightforward 

application of the guidelines and salient factors to the individual case. 

The inmate returned to the hearing room and was advised of the panel's 

tentative decision. When parole was approved, the discussion continued on 

the completion and validation of the release plan. When parole was denied, 

the examiners advised the inmate of the reasons and the right to appeal the

decision. The process of advising the inmate of the decision required 

approximately five minutes. 

Most representatives who were observed by the evaluation teams were 

institutional staff; however, relatives, prospective employers, and educators 

have appeared at a number of hearings. Generally, hearing examiners and 

Bureau of Prisons institutional staff agree that the inmate representative does

not have a major effect on parole decisions; however, the representatives can

have a positive effect on the inmate's attitude. Cases have occurred where

Bureau of Prisons institutional staff members serving as inmates'

representatives have directly contradicted the observations and 

recommendations of the inmate's caseworker. In these instances, the 

examiner stated that the representative can have a major impact on their 

decision. [EUSBPR]

1976 The Parole Commission and Reorganization Act (Public Law 94-233) became 

effective on May 14, 1976. A major revision of the statutes pertaining to parole, this 

Act retitled the agency as the United States Parole Commission. The primary

provisions of this Act are listed below. 

The U.S. Parole Commission is created with a membership of nine

Commissioners. The Youth Correction Division was eliminated and its 

duties absorbed within the new Commission. 

21 
No fewer than five regions are mandated; a Regional Commissioner is placed 

in charge of each. Three Commissioners are assigned to a National Appeals 

Board. Authority and responsibilities of the Commission, theChairman, and

the Regional Commissioners are set forth. 

Eligibility for parole for prisoners with long sentences, including life terms, is

reduced to ten years, from the previous fifteen years. 

Explicit Guidelines for Decision-Making are mandated. 

Reasons for denial of parole must be provided to the prisoner in writing.

Decisions outside the guidelines must be for "good cause" and must contain 

specific written reasons for such departure.

Parole applicants have a right to examine their own case file (with limited 

exceptions) prior to the hearing.

Parole applicants may be accompanied at their hearings by a representative of

their choice, who may make a statement on the applicant's behalf. 

If a prisoner's sentence is less than seven years, he must be reviewed no later 

than at 18 month intervals after the initial hearing. If this sentence is seven 

years or more, he must be reviewed no later than at 24 month intervals 

following the initial hearing.

Prisoners with terms of five years or more and satisfactory institutional 

conduct must be paroled after service of two-thirds of the term, unless the 

Commission finds that there is a "reasonable probability" of further crime. 

A two-level appeal system is mandated. 

Regular and special conditions of release set by the Commission may be

modified only after an opportunity has been offered to the releasee to 

comment on the proposed modifications. Such modifications are also 

appealable. 

The Commission must review a parolee's progress under supervision after 

two years and at least annually thereafter, and may terminate supervision 

prior to completion of the sentenced term. Termination of supervision ends 

the jurisdiction of the Commission over the releasee.

After five years of supervision in the community, the Commission must 

terminate jurisdiction unless it finds, after a hearing, that there is a likelihood 

of further crime. Such decision is appealable. 

22 
At the discretion of the Commission, alleged violators may be summoned to a 

hearing in lieu of being arrested on a warrant, and may be released under 

supervision pending a revocation hearing.

Reviews of parole violation warrants placed as a detainer, while a prisoner is

serving a subsequent sentence, must be reviewed within 180 days and a 

decision made with regard to disposition of the warrant. 

Alleged parole violators have the right to confront "adverse" witnesses at a 

preliminary interview and any revocation hearing held in the local 

community. At such interview or at any revocation hearing, the prisoner may

be represented by an attorney (either retained or appointed). Voluntary

witnesses may also be present. 

A preliminary interview is not necessary if the releasee has been convicted of 

a crime while under supervision. 

The Commission may subpoena witnesses in revocation proceedings. 

Following revocation, the parolee receives credit for time under supervision 

in the community unless he has been convicted of a crime committed while 

under supervision. If he absconded from supervision, he is credited with the 

time from the date of release to supervision to the date of such absconding. 

Attorney representation, privately retained or court appointed, is permitted in 

any revocation proceeding and at any termination hearing scheduled after five

years on parole. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]

1977 The Parole Commission modified the permissible grounds for a prisoner's appeal to 

make them more specific. The modified grounds for appeal are: 

That the guidelines were incorrectly applied. 

That a decision outside the guidelines was not supported by the reasons of 

facts as stated. 

That especially mitigating circumstances justify a different decision. 

That a decision was based on erroneous information and the actual facts 

justify a different decision. 

That the Commission did not follow correct procedure in deciding the case, 

23 
and a different decision would have resulted if the error had not occurred. 

There wassignificant information in existence but not know at the time of the 

hearing.

There are compelling reasons why a more lenient decision should be rendered 

on grounds of compassion. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]

Mexico and the United States signed a treaty for the mutual exchange of prisoners 

incarcerated for crimes while transient aliens within each nation's jurisdiction. The 

Commission's legal staff participated with the State Department and other units of the 

Department of Justice in the development of prisoner transfer treaties and 

implementing legislation. In December 1977, 154 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes 

in Mexico were transferred to the United States. A special docket was set up to 

provide prompt parole hearings to these cases. Shortly thereafter, Canada and 

Bolivia followed this precedent by establishing similar treaties with the United 

States. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]

After a pilot test of the concept in the Parole Commission's Western Region, the 

Commission implemented a new procedure that has come to be called "presumptive

parole." The purpose of the presumptive parole procedure is to provide the prisoner 

at the beginning of his sentence a date on which it is presumed that release will take

place, provided the prisoner maintains a good institutional adjustment and has 

developed adequate release plans. This procedure is designed to remove much of the

dysfunctional uncertainty and anxiety surrounding the parole process, while retaining

the flexibility to deal with substantial changes in circumstances. Presumptive parole

procedures went into effect in September 1977. All prisoners with seven years or 

less (regardless of sentence procedure) and all prisoners with no minimum sentences

are heard within 120 days of commitment or as soon thereafter as practicable. A 

presumptive release date may be set up to four years from the date of the initial 

hearing (previously, parole dates were set up to six months from the date of the

hearing). If a presumptive release date is not set within four years from the date of

the initial hearing, the prisoner will be continued to a reconsideration hearing four

years from the date of the initial hearing (a "four-year reconsideration hearing"). In

addition, interim hearings are conducted as required by statute to consider whether 

there are any substantial positive or negative changes in circumstances (e.g., 

outstanding institutional program achievement, disciplinary infractions) that may

warrant modifying the presumptive release date originally set. In addition, a 

prerelease record review is conducted to ensure that the conditions of the 

presumptive release date (good institutional conduct and a suitable release plan) have 

been satisfied. Failure to satisfy these conditions may result in retardation of the

release date or the scheduling of a rescission hearing. [ARUSPC (1976-78)]

1978 The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

24 
Reprints, Volume I. [PDMSR (1)]

In October 1978, the Commission began a periodic review of its paroling policy

guidelines at 28 C.F.R. 2.20 and 2.21. In addition to its usual publishing and posting

of the proposal, copies were sent to over 1,000 interested persons. Public hearings

were held in Atlanta, Denver, and Washington, D.C., and at the Atlanta and 

Englewood facilities of the Bureau of Prisons. Testimony was received from 69 

witnesses, generating over 3,000 pages of transcript. Those giving their views 

included representatives from the Judiciary, defense and prosecution attorneys, 

federal prisoners, enforcement agencies, the Bureau of Prisons, the Probation Service, 

state correctional systems, and scholars. As a result of this effort, certain listed 

offense behaviors were defined more specifically, certain previously unlisted offense 

behaviors were added to the guidelines, and certain offense behaviors were moved 

from one category to another or subdivided. The revised paroling policy guidelines 

became effective June 4, 1979. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]

1979 Decision guidelines were established for decisions to retard or rescind a parole on 

account of institutional misconduct. These guidelines are set forth at 28 C.F.R. 2.36. 

 [ARUSPC (1978-80)] 

Decision guidelines were established to reward sustained superior program 

achievement by a reduction from a previously established presumptive release date. 

The advancement for superior program achievement under these guidelines was 

deliberately kept modest. It is the intent of the Commission to encourage voluntary

program participation, not superficial attendance in programs merely in an attempt to

impress the parole decision-makers. These guidelines are set forth at 28 C.F.R. 2.60. 

 [ARUSPC (1978-80)]

1980 The Parole Commission's presumptive release date procedures were expanded. 

Under the revised procedures, presumptive release dates are set up to ten years from 

the date of the initial hearing. A defendant who does not receive a presumptive

release date will be scheduled for a ten-year reconsideration hearing. Procedures for

interim hearings, as required by statute, to review the case for any significant changes 

in circumstances are unchanged. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]

From April 9-11, 1980, the Parole Commission, in joint sponsorship with the 

National Institute of Corrections, conducted the Third National Parole Symposium. 

The conference was held at the University of Maryland at College Park. United 

States District Judge Frank A. Kaufman, Governor Brendan T. Byrne of New Jersey,

and Charles Silberman, author of Criminal Violence, CriminalJustice, were featured

speakers. Approximately 250 persons attended. The proceedings of the conference 

were published as Parole in the 1980's: Proceedings of the National Parole 

Symposium. [ARUSPC (1978-80)]

25 
The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

Reprints, Volume II. [PDMSR (2)]

1981 The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

Reprints, Volume III. [PDMSR (3)]

Effective August 31, 1981, the Parole Commission, as a result of a research study, 

revised its Salient factor Score, an actuarial device used in determining risk of 

recidivism. The new Salient Factor Score (SFS 81) includes six items, which, when 

added together, produce a score with a range from zero to ten points. The higher the 

score, the higher is the likelihood of favorable outcome. SFS 81 demonstrates 

predictive validity and stability equivalent to that of the seven-item predictive device

previously used by the Commission. Of prime importance, the revised device holds 

promise for greater scoring reliability and ease of scoring. [ARUSPC (1980-83)]

1982 The Parole Commission published the first Rules and Procedures Manual, which 

consolidated the Parole Commission's rules (28 C.F.R. 2.1 et seq.) with the

accompanying procedures. Previously, these had been published separately. 

The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

Reprints, Volume IV. [PDMSR (4)]

1983 Effective January 31, 1983, the Parole Commission revised its offense severity scale.

The revision, which used the format of the proposed revision of the federal criminal 

code, was designed to make the severity scale more comprehensive, to improve its 

clarity and organization, and to reflect changes in Commission policy for particular 

offenses. [ARUSPC (1980-83)]

1984 The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-473, October 12, 

1984) was passed. This legislation provided for the creation of a United States 

Sentencing Commission to promulgate explicit decision guidelines (byMay 1, 1986) 

to be used by Federal judges in making sentencing decisions. The Chairman of the 

Parole Commission serves as an ex officio, non voting member of the Sentencing

Commission. The Parole Commission was to be abolished five years from the date 

the sentencing guidelines took effect. During the five-year transition period, the 

Parole Commission was to continue in existence to handle cases of parole eligible

defendants convicted of offenses committed before November 1, 1987. Cases 

sentenced under the new law would serve determinate sentences with limited 

reduction for good time (about 15%). For such cases, post-release supervision would

be called supervised release rather than parole, and decisions regarding the conditions 

of supervised release and revocation would be made by the courts rather than by the

Parole Commission. This legislation also repealed Youth Corrections Act. The 

legislation did not, however, affect parole eligibility for military code or D.C. Code

offenders or the Parole Commission=s responsibility for making parole release 

decisions for military code and D.C. Code offenders confined in Bureau of Prisons 

26 
institutions. 

 

The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 also eliminated the Parole

Commission's intermediate administrative appeal (regional appeal), providing a onestep rather than a two-step administrative appeal. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]

The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

Reprints, Volume V. [PDMSR (5)]

1985 Due to a delay in the appointment of the first members of the Sentencing

Commission, legislation was enacted that extended the date for the first sentencing

guidelines by one year (until May 1, 1987). 

1986 The Parole Commission sought various legislative initiatives to facilitate the 

transition between the current and new systems. Legislation was enacted (Public 

Law 99-646, November 10, 1986) containing two provisions that afforded the Parole

Commission flexibility to facilitate its phase out. First, the legislation eliminated the

requirement of Ano less than five regions.@ Second, it authorized hearings conducted

by one examiner (with the requirement of a panel of two hearing examiners met by a

review on the record by the second examiner). [ARUSPC (1985-86)] 

The Parole Commission also provided assistance to the newly created Sentencing

Commission. As the move toward the establishment of federalsentencing guidelines

was based, in large part, on the successful development and use of federal parole 

guidelines, much of the research conducted and experience gained in the parole 

context was directly relevant to the sentencing guidelines= effort. The Parole

Commission provided a number of data bases for the Sentencing Commission's use, 

and staffs of both agencies met regularly to examine the data, review the 

documentation, and discuss the empirical findings. [ARUSPC (1985-86)] 

The Parole Commission published Federal Parole Decision Making: Selected 

Reprints, Volume VI. [PDMSR (6)]

In March 1986, the Parole Commission implemented an experimental program, 

called Special Curfew Parole, to provide a substitute for Community Treatment 

Center residence for the 60-day period preceding the otherwise scheduled parole

release date. This program, a joint effort of the Parole Commission, the U.S. Bureau

of Prisons, and the U.S. Probation System, was designed for prisoners who were 

transferred to Community Treatment Centers for a 30-120 day period prior to parole,

but who no longer required the support services provided there. Under this program,

a qualified prisoner could have his release date advanced by up to 60 days on the 

condition that he remain at his place of residence between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and

6:00 a.m. each night unless given permission in advance by his probation officer. 

The Probation Service provided high-activity supervision of the parolee during this 

period (at least weekly in person contact as well as monitoring compliance with the

27 
curfew by random telephone calls). Failure to comply with this special condition 

could result in imposition of Community Treatment Center residence as a condition 

of parole or revocation of parole and return to prison. Implemented as a costreduction procedure through which the Bureau of Prisons could reduce the number 

and expense of inmates confined in Community Treatment Centers, this project saved 

over one million dollars in its first eighteen months of operation. [ARUSPC (1985-

86)]

 

In collaboration with the Bureau of Prisons and the National Institute of Justice, the

Parole Commission initiated an experimental program in which selected prisoners

would have their parole dates advanced if they volunteered to complete 400 hours of 

"reparative work." Reparative work is defined as unpaid volunteer work for public or 

nonprofit private agencies (such as the Volunteers of America, the Salvation Army, 

or Goodwill Industries). The purpose of the project was to develop an alternative 

form of punishment that returned something of value to the community and, at the 

same time, saved prison bed space. During the first phase of the project, 100 

prisoners in selected cities each completed the 400 hours of reparative work while 

residing in halfway houses. These prisoners logged 38,481 hours of unpaid service, 

work which would have cost the participating agencies over $168,000 for paid 

employees to perform. In return, release dates were advanced by 5,538 days, 

providing a substantial savings in prison bed space. Upon release, some parolees 

were offered full-time paid positions with the agencies they had worked for in the

program. A second phase of the program was begun at the Federal Correctional 

Institution at Forth Worth. In this phase, a limited number of prisoners performed

reparative work in the community while still residing at the institution. [ARUSPC 

(1985-86)]

1987 On April 14, 1987, the U.S. SentencingCommission transmitted its initial sentencing

guidelines to Congress. These guidelines took effect, as scheduled, on November 1, 

1987, and applied to all defendants whose offenses were committed on or after that 

date. 

The Bureau of Prisons reported that the cumulative savings from the Special Curfew

Parole Project exceeded two million dollars and requested that the program be 

extended indefinitely. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]

The Parole Commission was accredited by the American Correctional Association=s 

Commission on Accreditation. 

The Parole Commission initiated a "Community Control Project," a joint effort with 

the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Probation System, using electronic monitoring to 

ensure compliance with a curfew. Because of population pressures, the Bureau of 

Prisons was placing offenders in halfway houses up to six months prior to release 

even if there was no treatment need for such placement. Under this experimental

28 
program, selected low-treatment-need offenders were released to the community up 

to 180 days prior to their normally scheduled parole date with a curfew, electronic 

monitoring, and intensive supervision substituted for Community Treatment Center

placement. Two districts (Southern District of Florida and Central District of 

California) were selected for this project. [ARUSPC (1986-87)]

The Reparative Work Project was terminated. During the two phases, 132 offenders

each performed 400 hours of reparative work and had their parole dates advanced by

up to 60 days. A total of 51,281 hours of unpaid community service work was 

completed and participants had their parole dates advanced by a total of 7,458 days. 

The value of the work done was estimated to be over $225,000 (for paid employees 

to have done the same work) and the project was well received by the non-profit 

agencies involved. Despite these positive findings, the project was terminated 

because the Bureau of Prisons did not believe that the staff time needed to monitor 

the project could be spared given the current level of overcrowding. [ARUSPC 

(1986-87)] 

1988 The Special Curfew Parole Project continued. The cumulative number of offenders 

participating reached 3,000. Very few problems were reported and the revocation 

rate for violations occurring while on curfew parole was less than three percent. 

[ARUSPC (1987-88)]

The Community Control Project continued. To date, 120 offenders have participated

in this project. During the year, the project was expanded to four additional districts.

 [ARUSPC (1987-88)]

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 gave the Parole Commission jurisdiction over newlaw transfer treaty cases (transfer treaty cases in which the offense was committed on 

or after November 1, 1987). In such cases, the Parole Commission is to determine 

the release date by applying the sentencing guidelines promulgated by the U.S. 

Sentencing Commission. [ARUSPC (1987-88)]

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 also gave the Parole Commission continuing

responsibility over all state defendants who are accepted into the U.S. Marshals 

Service Witness Protection Program. Once a state defendant is accepted into this

program, the Parole Commission assumes jurisdiction over the case. 

Fifty percent of the initial hearings conducted in Fiscal Year 1988 involved offenders 

with drug-related convictions, 26% involved property crimes, and another 11% 

involved crimes of violence (murder, kidnapping, arson, robbery, and assault). 

[ARUSPC (1987-88)]

The Commission=s had 179 authorized positions (Commissioners and staff) and a 

budget of $11,665,000. 

29 
1989 The Parole Commission began an Intensive Supervision Project with the U.S. 

Probation Office for the District of Maryland for high risk cases. [ARUSPC (1988-

89)]

The number of hearings conducted by the Parole Commission began to decline as the

sentencing guidelines took effect for defendants who committed offenses on or after 

November 1, 1987. In Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988, the Commission conducted 

19,796 and 20,465 hearings, respectively. In Fiscal Year 1989, the number of 

hearings declined to 16,619. [ARUSPC (1988-89)]

1990 The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the life of the Parole Commission 

by an additional five years until November 1, 1997, because the Comprehensive 

Crime Control Act of 1984 had failed to make adequate provision for the handling of

old-law cases. Retrospective abolition of parole release consideration (for defendants 

who had already committed their offenses) would raise a serious constitutional issue

under the ex post facto clause. [ARUSPC (1989-90)]

The Parole Commission has jurisdiction over the following cases: (1) AOld Law@

Cases (persons sentenced to prison terms of more than one year for offenses 

committed prior to November 1, 1987, unless sentenced under a statute expressly

prohibiting parole eligibility); (2) Transfer Treaty Cases (persons transferred to the

United States from foreign countries to complete service of a foreign sentence, 

regardless of the date of the offense); (3) State Witness Protection Cases 

(probationers and parolees serving state sentences who are transferred to federal

jurisdiction because of participation in the Federal Witness Protection Program,

regardless of the date of the offense); (4) D.C. Code Offenders in Federal Institutions 

(persons sentenced under the District of Columbia Code who are confined in 

correctional facilities of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, regardless of the date of the

offense); and (5) Military Offenders in Federal Institutions (persons convicted of 

military offenses who are confined in correctional facilities of the U.S. Bureau of

Prisons, regardless of the date of the offense). 

The number of Parole Commission hearings continued to decline as the sentencing

guidelines were applied to new-law cases by the courts. There were 13,568 hearings

conducted in Fiscal Year 1990. This included 903 hearings for D.C. Code offenders 

housed in federal institutions. [ARUSPC (1989-90)]

The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional

Association=s Commission on Accreditation. 

1991 The Parole Commission's workload continued to decline. In Fiscal Year 1991, 

10,720 hearings were conducted. [ARUSPC (1990-91)] 

30 
In August 1991, as part of its phase down effort, the Parole Commission closed its 

Philadelphia and Atlanta Regional Offices and consolidated these operations in a new 

Eastern Regional Office, co-housed with the Headquarters Office in Chevy Chase, 

Maryland. [ARUSPC (1990-91)] 

The Special Curfew Parole Project, which had started in 1986, reached a cumulative 

total of 3,500 cases. As electronic monitoring (started under the Community Control 

Project) became available in each judicial district, it replaced the curfew parole

project. [ARUSPC (1990-91)] 

Due to the Parole Commission's phase down, its research unit was eliminated. 

[ARUSPC (1990-91)] 

 

1992 The Parole Commission, in cooperation with the U.S. Probation Service, developed 

an experimental project to place technical parole violators in Asanction centers,@

rather than return them to prison. In 1992, two sanction centers were opened, one in 

the Baltimore, Maryland, area and one in the Washington, D.C. area. [ARUSPC 

(1991-92)] 

The Parole Commission'sIntensive Supervision Project in Hyattsville and Baltimore, 

Maryland, which had started in 1988, was terminated due to the downsizing of the 

Commission. An evaluation of the Hyattsville project, prepared by the National 

Center on Institutions and Alternatives, concluded that the early intervention and 

increased surveillance of the project provided a tool for preventing escalating

criminal behavior. [ARUSPC (1991-92)]

1993 The number of hearing conducted in Fiscal Year 1993 was 6,769, down from 9,307 

hearings in Fiscal Year 1992, and slightly less than one half of the 13,568 hearings

conducted in Fiscal Year 1990. [ARUSPC (1992-93)]

1994 As part of its phase-down effort, the Commission closed its Dallas Regional Offices 

and consolidated that operation in its Eastern Regional Office co-housed with the 

Headquarters Office in Chevy Chase, Maryland. This closing resulted in a savings of

more than one million dollars in operating funds and reduced the number of 

Commission personnel by 22 positions. The Commission also eliminated a number 

of mid-management positions. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]

Given the requirement for the downsizing of the Commission, the Commission began 

using single hearing examiners to conduct parole hearings. From 1974 to 1994, 

hearings had been conducted by two-person panels of hearing examiners. Under the 

revised procedure, a second examiner would review the case record and hearing

summary at the Commission's office. [ARUSPC (1993-94)]

The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional

31 
Association=s Commission on Accreditation. 

 

1995 The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score by adding an additional item 

for older offenders. The revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS 95. 

The Parole Commission published a Desk Book on Training and Reference Materials

as part of a program of staff training. 

1996 The Parole Commission closed its Kansas City Regional Office and consolidated that

operation in its Eastern Regional Office co-housed with the Headquarters Office in 

Chevy Chase, Maryland. As with the closing of the Dallas Regional Office in 1993, 

this closing resulted in a savings of more than one million dollars in operating funds 

and reduced the number of Commission personnel by 22 positions. With the closing

of this office, all Commission functions are conducted from its Chevy Chase, 

Maryland, office. 

Congress passed the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996. This Act extended 

the life of the Parole Commission by an additional five years (until November 1, 

2002). In addition, it reinstated the twelve-year limitation on total service as a Parole

Commissioner, and provided for the reduction in the number of Parole 

Commissioners to two Commissioners on December 31, 1999, and to one 

Commissioner on December 31, 2001. Furthermore, it required the Attorney General 

to report to the Congress annually, beginning in May 1998, as to whether it is more 

cost effective for the Parole Commission to remain a separate agency or whether its 

functions should be transferred elsewhere. If the Attorney General recommends 

incorporating the Commission=s functions in another component of the Department 

of Justice, the Attorney General=s plan shall take effect in November of the year in

which it is submitted unless Congress, by law, provides otherwise. If the

Commission=s functions are transferred to another component within the Department 

of Justice, all laws pertaining to these functions remain in effect notwithstanding the

November 1, 2002, termination date for the Commission set forth elsewhere in the 

legislation. 

The Parole Commission, with the assistance of a grant from the Office For Victims 

of Crime, established two Victim/Witness Coordinator positions, and developed a

program to enhance the Commission's responsiveness to victims and witnesses at 

revocation hearings. 

Due to the phasing down of the Parole Commission, the Commission had 48 

positions (Commissioners and staff) at the end of 1996, a substantial reduction from 

145 positions in 1992. At the beginning of 1996, there were six Parole 

Commissioners. By the end of 1996, this number was reduced to three due to 

resignations and the provisions of the Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996. The 

Commission=s budget was $5,446,000. 

32 
1997 The Parole Commission began an experimental project in which parole hearings are 

conducted using video-conferencing equipment. In February 1997, the first hearings

in this project were conducted for prisoners at the Federal Correctional Institution in 

Oakdale, Louisiana. 

The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997

gave the Parole Commission several additional responsibilities. First, it provided for

the abolition of the District of Columbia Board of Parole by August 5, 2000 and the 

transfer of its responsibilities to the U.S. Parole Commission. The Act required the 

Parole Commission to assume jurisdiction by August 5, 1998 over all parole release 

decisions for felony prisoners confined under D.C. Code felony sentences, and to 

assume jurisdiction by August 5, 2000 over parole and mandatory release supervision 

and revocation decisions for all persons serving D.C. Code felony sentences. Second, 

the Act required the District of Columbia to move to a determinate sentencing system

(at least for certain offenses), provided for terms of supervised release to follow these

determinate sentences, and gave the Parole Commission ongoing responsibility for 

supervision and revocation decisions for D.C. Code offenders subject to terms of 

supervised release under the new determinate sentencing system. Third, it increased

the authorized size of the Commission to five Commissioners. 

The Parole Commission was re-accredited by the American Correctional

Association=s Commission on Accreditation. 

1998 The Parole Commission revised the Salient Factor Score by increasing the weight 

given to prior commitments and age at offense, and deleting the drug-abuse item. 

The revised Salient Factor Score was designated as SFS 98. 

The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over parole grant hearings for D.C. 

Code felony offenders confined in District of Columbia Institutions (effective August 

5, 1998). The District of Columbia Board of Parole continued to make post-release 

supervision and revocation decisions for D.C. Code cases. 

2000 The Parole Commission assumed jurisdiction over supervision and revocation 

decisions for D.C. Code parolees and mandatory releasees (effective August 5, 2000). 

 The District of Columbia Board of Parole was abolished. 

The District of Columbia moved to a determinate sentencing system for all D.C.

Code offenses committed on or after August 5, 2000 (The Sentencing Reform 

Amendment Act of 2000). (As the law was signed at 5:00 p.m. on August 11, 2001, 

offenses committed on or after August 5, 2001 but before 5:00 p.m. on August 11, 

2001 may be subject to the provisions of the ex post facto clause.). Court-imposed 

terms of supervised release are mandatory for felony offenders sentenced to

imprisonment. For felony offenders sentenced to imprisonment for more than one

year, the length of the term of supervised release is fixed by statute at five years (if 

33 
the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for the offense is twenty-five years 

or more) or three years (if the maximum term of imprisonment authorized for the

offense is more than one year but less than twenty-five years), except in the case of 

certain sexual offenses for which longer terms of supervised release are authorized. 

By statute, the Parole Commission is responsible for supervision and revocation 

decisions for these offenders. 

 

2001 The first D.C. Code determinate-sentence offenders were released on supervised 

release under the jurisdiction of the Parole Commission. 

The Parole Commission began using its hearing examiners to conduct probable cause 

hearingsin D.C. Code parole violation cases. Previously, probable cause hearings for 

alleged D.C. Code parole violators had been conducted by personnel of the Court 

Services and Offender Supervision Agency. 

The Commission re-established the position of research director. 

In FY 2001, the Commission had an authorized total of 81 positions (Commissioners

and staff) and a budget of $8,836,000. 

2002 Due to the additional responsibilities given the Parole Commission by The National 

Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997, the

Commission was authorized a total of 100 positions (Commissioners and staff) for 

FY 2002 and a budget of $9,876,000. 

The Parole Commission published a revised Desk Book on Training and Reference 

Materials for hearing examiners and analysts as part of a program of staff training. 

The 21St Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act of 2002 

extended the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2005. 

34 
PART 2 B BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS 

AND COMMISSIONERS OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE 

AND U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION 

A. OVERVIEW

Sixty-three men and women have served as Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of 

Parole/U.S. Parole Commission. There have been fifty-one men and eleven women appointed. 

Their backgrounds have included law, medicine, law enforcement, institutional corrections, 

probation and parole, education, social work, and business. 

From 1930-1950, federal parole board members were appointed by the Attorney General. 

Originally, the Board of Parole had three members. In 1945, two additional members were 

appointed. 

Beginning in 1950, federal parole board members were appointed by the President with the 

advice and consent of the Senate for six-year, staggered terms, and their number was increased to

eight. At the end of his or her term, a member who had not been reappointed would continue to 

serve until his successor had been appointed and qualified. In the case of a vacancy, an appointment

filling the vacancy would be for the unexpired portion of the term. 

In 1976, the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act increased the number of federal

parole board members (now called Parole Commissioners) to nine, and changed the provisions 

governing their terms in two respects. First, it provided that future appointments would be for full, 

six-year terms, effective on the date the appointee took office. Second, it provided that no person 

could serve a total of more than twelve years as a Parole Commissioner. 

The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 extended the terms of Parole Commissioners

holding office on the date of the taking effect of the sentencing guidelines (November 1, 1987) for an 

additional five years (until November 1, 1992) and removed the twelve-year limitation on total 

service as a Parole Commissioner. The Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 extended the terms of the

Parole Commissioners holding office on November 1, 1987, by an additional five years (until 

November 1, 1997). 

The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 reinstated the twelve-year limitation on total 

service as a Parole Commissioner. It also provided for the reduction in the number of Parole 

Commissioners to two Commissioners on December 31, 2000, and to one Commissioner on 

December 31, 2001. 

The National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 

increased the authorized size of the Parole Commission to five Commissioners. 

35 
Subpart B lists the Members/Commissioners of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole 

Commission by dates of service. 

Subpart C provides a brief biographical sketch of each Member/Commissioner. 

B. LIST OF MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS BY DATES OF SERVICE

Dates of Service

from to

1. Amy N. Stannard 06/30 07/35 

2. Irvin B. Tucker 06/30 01/35 

3. Arthur D. Wood 06/30 03/46 

4. Charles Whelan 02/35 01/39 

5. T. Webber Wilson 07/35 09/47 

6. Edward P. Reidy 06/39 02/47 

7. Douglas P. Lucas 03/46 01/47 

8. Fred S. Rogers 01/47 07/53 

9. B. J. Monkiewicz 06/47 08/53 

10. Daniel M. Lyons 09/47 05/48 

11. George G. Killinger 05/48 07/58 

12. Joseph H. DeWitt 10/48 08/53 

13. James A. Johnston 10/48 09/54 

14. Richard A. Chappell 08/53 09/54 

10/59 12/65 

15. Dorothy McCullough Lee 08/53 08/56 

16. George J. Reed 08/53 11/64 

05/69 01/78 

17. Scovel Richardson 08/53 04/57 

18. Paul W. Tappan 08/53 09/54 

19. Lewis J. Grout 09/54 12/65 

20. John E. Henry 09/54 09/62 

36 
21. William F. Howland, Jr. 07/55 04/72 

22. Gerald E. Murch 07/55 12/73 

23. Eva Bowring 11/56 09/64 

24. Harvey G. Straub 09/57 01/58 

25. Edward J. Donovan 09/58 04/63 

26. Homer L. Benson 11/62 07/69 

27. James A. Carr, Jr. 04/63 01/67 

28. Zeigel W. Neff 10/64 09/70 

29. Charlotte Paul Reese 12/64 10/70 

30. William T. Woodard, Jr. 09/66 12/74 

31. Walter Dunbar06/67 02/71 

32. William E. Amos 07/69 11/80 

33. Paula A. Tennant 11/70 11/77 

12/83 06/86 

34. Curtis C. Crawford 11/70 11/77 

35. Maurice H. Sigler 08/71 10/76 

36. Thomas R. Holsclaw 10/72 09/75 

37. Lawrence A. Carpenter 05/74 12/76 

38. Philip H. Modlin 02/75 03/75 

49. Joseph A. Nardoza 11/75 01/82 

40. J. Robert Cooper 05/76 09/78 

41. Dorothy Parker 10/76 10/82 

42. Cecil C. McCall 11/77 12/83 

43. Benjamin J. Malcolm 11/77 07/84 

44. Robert Vincent 11/77 09/83 

45. Audrey A. R. Kaslow 11/77 11/83 

46. O.J. Keller 19/78 10/84 

47. Richard T. Mulcrone 10/78 01/82 

48. Cameron M. Batjer 11/81 10/90 

37 
49. Benjamin F. Baer 01/82 04/91 

50. Victor M.F. Reyes 12/82 12/92 

51. Carol Pavilack Getty 03/83 04/96 

52. Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr. 11/83 04/96 

53 Helen G. Corrothers 12/83 10/85 

54. Daniel Raul Lopez 07/84 11/90 

55. Jasper R. Clay, Jr. 10/84 10/96 

56. Saundra Brown Armstrong 07/86 01/89 

57. George MacKenzie Rast 10/86 06/90 

58. John R. Simpson 04/92 present 

59. Edward F. Reilly, Jr. 08/92 present 

60. Michael J. Gaines 09/94 05/03 

61. Marie F. Ragghianti 12/99 12/00 

62. Janie L. Jeffers 12/99 12/00 

63. Timothy E. Jones, Sr. 01/01 08/01 

64. Cranston J. Mitchell 03/03 present 

C. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MEMBERS/COMMISSIONERS 

1. Amy N. Stannard

Birth Date: April 17, 1894 (Appelton, Wisconsin). 

Education: B. A. and M.D., University of California. 

Employment: Medical Officer, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 

Washington, D.C. (1923-1930). 

Civic Works: Psychiatric Consultant, Life Adjustment Clinic 

and Juvenile Protective Association; Lecturer in 

Mental Hygiene, San Francisco Teacher's College. 

Appointment: June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight 

Mitchell. Term expired on July 24, 1935. 

Continued in post-graduate psychiatric work. 

2. Irvin B. Tucker

38 
Birth Date: September 17, 1878 (Whiteville, North 

Carolina). 

Education: North Carolina State College (1897-1900); 

University of North Carolina (1900). Admitted to 

the Bar (1901). 

Employment: Attorney (Private Practice) Whiteville, 

N.C.(1901-1921); U.S. Attorney (1921-1923); 

Attorney (private practice) (1923-1925); U.S. 

Attorney (1925-1930). 

Appointment: June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Charles B. 

Sisson. Resigned on January 31, 1935. 

3. Arthur D. Wood

Birth Date: October 3, 1876 (Little Falls, Minnesota). 

Education: High School Graduate. 

Employment: Judge, Probate and Juvenile Court, Alger 

County, Michigan (1908-1926); Commissioner of 

Pardons and Paroles, Michigan (1926-1930). 

Appointment: June 13, 1930, by Attorney General Dwight 

Mitchell. Served as Chairman during entire term. 

Resigned on March 20, 1946, to accept position as 

Expert Consultant in Justice Department. Retired 

from government service on October 31, 1946. 

4. Charles Whelan

Birth Date: July 9, 1873 (Gallion, Alabama). 

Education: Bellevue Academy, Birmingham, Alabama; 

Georgetown College, Washington, D.C.; University of 

Virginia; M.D., University of Alabama (1896). 

Employment: Physician, private practice, Birmingham, 

Alabama (1896-19O8); City Physician in Charge of 

Prisons, Birmingham, Alabama (1908-1918); Welfare 

Director (Physician), American Radiator Co. 

(1918-1929). 

Civic Works: President, Medical Association of the State of 

Alabama. 

Appointment: February 1, 1935, by Attorney General Homer 

Cummings. Died on January 27, 1939. 

39 
5. T. Webber Wilson

Birth Date: January 19, 1893 (Coldwater, Mississippi). 

Education: B.A. and LL.B., University of Mississippi. 

Admitted to the Bar (1913). 

Employment: Prosecuting Attorney, Jones County, 

Mississippi (1915-1919); U.S. District Attorney, 

Mississippi (1919-1923); Member of Congress 

(1923-1929); Attorney, Laurel, Mississippi 

(1929-1933); U.S. District Judge, Virgin Islands 

(1933-1935). 

Appointment: July 25, 1935, by Attorney General Homer 

Cummings. Served as Chairman from April 11, 1946, 

to September 9, 1947. Resigned on September 1, 

1947, to return to private law practice in Laurel, 

Mississippi. 

6. Edward P. Reidy

Birth Date: January 9, 1898 (Worcester, Massachusetts). 

Education: B.B.A., Boston University (1922); B.Ed., Clark 

University (1925). 

Employment: High School Teacher/Assistant Principal, 

Williamsburg, Massachusetts (1922-1925); High 

School Teacher, Ansonia, Connecticut (1925); High 

School Teacher, Providence, Rhode Island 

(1926-1936); Director of Public Welfare, 

Providence, R.I. (1929-1936); Director of Public 

Welfare, State of Rhode Island (1936-1938). 

Civic Works: Chairman, Providence Council of Social 

Agencies. 

Appointment: June 12, 1939, by Attorney General Frank 

Murphy. Resigned on February 5, 1947, to accept 

position of Director of Social Welfare for Rhode 

Island. 

7. Douglas P. Lucas

Birth Date: April 11, 1881. 

Appointment: March 20, 1946, by Attorney General Tom Clark. 

 Resigned on January 10, 1947. 

(no other information available) 

40 
8. Fred S. Rogers

Birth Date: April 19. 1897 (Beeville, Texas). 

Education: High School; studied in law office in Texas. 

Admitted to the Bar (1909). 

Employment: Major, U.S. Army (1917-1918); Attorney, Texas 

(1919-1931); County Attorney, Fannin County Texas 

(1927-1931); Member, State Board of Pardons & 

Paroles, Texas (1934-1935); Attorney, Austin, Texas 

(1935-1941); Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice 

(1941-1947). 

Appointment: January 12, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Retired on July 31, 1953. 

9. Boleslaus J. Monkiewicz

Birth Date: August 8, 1898 (Syracuse, New York). 

Education: LL.B., Fordham University (1921). Admitted to 

the Bar (1923). 

Employment: Apprentice Seaman, U.S. Navy (1918-1921); 

Attorney, New Britain, Connecticut (1923-1937); 

Police Court Clerk, New Britain, Connecticut 

(1937-1939); Member of Congress (1939-1945); 

Unemployment Commissioner, Connecticut (1946-1947). 

Appointment: June 5, 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Resigned on August 5, 1953, to return to 

private law practice. 

10. Daniel M. Lyons

Birth Date: February 7, 1886 (Boston, Massachusetts). 

Education: B.A., Boston Law College (1907); Harvard Law 

School (1908-1910). Admitted to the Bar (1910). 

Employment: Attorney, private practice, Suffolk County, 

Mass. (1910-1917); Assistant District Attorney, 

Suffolk County, Massachusetts (1917-1922); 

Attorney, private practice, Boston, Massachusetts 

(1922-1935); Litigation Attorney, National Recovery 

Act, Washington, D.C. (1935); Trial Examiner, 

National Labor Relations Board, Washington, D.C. 

(1935); U.S. Pardon Attorney, Washington, D.C. 

41 
(1936-1947). 

Civic Works: Counsel, Carney Hospital, Boston, 

Massachusetts; President, Boston College Alumnus 

Association. 

Appointment: September 15. 1947, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Served as Chairman during entire 

appointment. Transferred to former position of 

Pardon Attorney on May 17, 1948, in accordance with 

agreement at time of appointment to the Board. 

11. George C. Killinger

Birth Date: March 13, 1908 (Marion, Virginia). 

Education: B.A., Wittenberg College, (1930); Ph.D., 

University of North Carolina (1933). 

Employment: Assistant Psychologist, TVA, Knoxville, 

Tennessee (1934-1936); Director, Outpatient & 

Social Service Departments, S.W. State Hospital, 

Marion, Virginia (1936-1937); Psychologist and 

Director of Education, U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 

Chillicothe, Ohio, Atlanta, Georgia, and 

Washington, D.C. (1937-1943); Lt. Commander & 

Chief, Psychological Activities, War Shipping 

Administration, U.S. Navy, Washington, D.C. 

(1943-1946). 

Civic Works: Chairman, Army Parole Board, Washington, D.C.; 

Fellow, American Psychologist Association; 

Diplomat, Board of Professional Examiners in 

Psychology. 

Appointment: May 17, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Served as Chairman from May 17, 1948, 

to August 7, 1953. Retired on July 31, 1958. 

12. Joseph H. DeWitt

Birth Date: March 15, 1888 (Duluth, Minnesota). 

Education: B.S., University of Minnesota. 

Employment: U.S. Army, Chemical Warfare Service 

(1918-1919); Parole Officer and Parole Director, 

Minnesota (1919-1944); Agent, U.S. Secret Service, 

Washington, D.C. (1944); Chief of Internal Security 

Officers, U.S. War Relocation Authority, Tule Lake, 

California (1944-1945); Chairman, U.S. Army 

42 
Clemency & Parole Board (1945-1948). 

Appointment: October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Term expired on August 7, 1953, upon 

creation of a reorganized Board. Continued in 

Government service later with the War Claims 

Commission. 

13. James A. Johnston

Birth Date: September 15, 1874 (Brooklyn, New York). 

Education: Two years of college, Sacred Heart, San 

Francisco, California; Healds Business College; 

American Institute of Banking; LaSalle Law School. 

 Admitted to the Bar (1919). 

Employment: Department Manager, Weinstock & Lublin Co. 

(1899-1909); Self-employed, Men's Furnishings Store 

(1910); Chairman, Board of Control, California 

(1911-1912); Warden, Folsom Prison, California 

(1912-1913); Warden, San Quentin & Folsom Prisons, 

California (1913-1925); Vice-President, American 

Trust Co. (1925-1932); Appraiser, H.O.L.C, (1933); 

Warden, Alcatraz Prison, U.S, Bureau of Prisons 

(1934-1948). 

Civic Works: Director, California Crime Commission 

(1927-1930); Director, California Department of 

Penology (1929-1930); Member, Advisory and Pardon 

Board (1915-1925 and 1929-1930). 

Appointment: October 13, 1948, by Attorney General Tom C. 

Clark. Died on September 6, 1954. 

14. Richard A. Chappell

Birth Date: December 23, 1901 (Jeffersonville, Georgia). 

Education: B.A., Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 

(1926); LL.B., Washington University; Fellow at New 

York School of Social Work (1926). Admitted to the 

Bar (1928). 

Employment: U.S. Probation Officer, Macon, Georgia 

(1928-1930); U.S. Probation Officer, Atlanta, 

Georgia (1930-1937); Regional Director, Attorney 

General's Survey of Release Procedures (1936); 

Assistant Supervisor of Probation, Bureau of 

Prisons (1938-1940); Chief of Probation, 

Administrative Office of the Courts, Washington, 

43 
D.C. (1940-1944, 1946-1953); U.S. Navy, Prison 

Administration (1944-1946). 

Civic Works: Consultant on Probation to the U.S. High 

Commissioner's Office, Germany (1950); Chairman, 

Professional Council of National Crime and 

Delinquency (1951); Consultant on Probation to the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (1953); Delegate to the 

United Nations World Conference on Crime and 

Delinquency, Stockholm, Sweden (1965). 

Appointment: August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. 

Retired September 30, 1954, to engage in private 

law practice. Reappointed October 5, 1959, by 

President Eisenhower. Retired on December 30, 

1965. 

15. Dorothy M. Lee

Birth Date: April 11, 1901 (Oakland, California). 

Education: B.A., University of California (1921); J.C.D., 

University of California (1923). Admitted to the 

Bar (1923). 

Employment: Attorney, self-employed (1923-1943); Member, 

Oregon House of Representatives (1929-1933); 

Member, Oregon Senate (1933-1943); Commissioner, 

Public Utilities, Portland, Oregon (1943-1949); 

Mayor, Portland, Oregon (1949-1953). 

Civic Works: President, Women's Advertising Club, Portland, 

Oregon; State Department Specialist, Western 

Germany; Chairman, Oregon Crime Commission; 

Municipal Judge, Portland, Oregon. 

Appointment: August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. 

Resigned on August 31, 1956, to accept appointment 

as Chairman U.S. Subversive Activities Control 

Board. 

16. George J. Reed

Birth Date: May 31, 1914 (Haigler, Nebraska) 

Education: B.A., Pasadena College (1938); Graduate Work 

at University of Southern California in Sociology 

and Social Work 

Employment: Deputy Probation Officer, Los Angeles County 

Probation Department (1938-1946); U.S. Navy 

44 
(1942-1946); Field Representative, California Youth 

Authority (1946-1948); Chief, Division of 

Prevention and Parole Services, Minnesota Youth 

Conservation Commission (1949-1953). 

Civic Works: Executive Secretary of the Minnesota 

Governor's Second and Third State Conference on 

Youth; Chairman, Minnesota State Interagency 

Recreational Council; Chairman, Committee on 

Community Organization of the Minnesota State 

Welfare Conference; Delegate, Mid-Century White 

House Conference on Children and Youth; Chairman, 

Parole Council, Member of Board of Trustees, 

National Conference Committee, National Conference 

on Parole. 

Appointment: August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. 

Served as Chairman of the Youth Correction Division 

from October 2, 1953, to May 22, 1957. Reappointed 

in 1958. Served as Chairman of the Board from May 

23, 1957 to February 26, 1961. Term expired on 

September 30, 1964, but remained on duty until 

successor was appointed on November 30, 1964. 

Reappointed by President Nixon on May 9, 1969, and 

served as Chairman until July 1, 1972. 

Subsequently served as Vice-Chairman. Retired on 

January 30, 1978. 

17. Scovel Richardson

Birth Date: February 4, 1912 (Nashville, Tennessee). 

Education: B.A., University of Illinois (1934); M.B.A. 

University of Illinois (1936); LL.B., Howard 

University School of Law (1937). 

Employment: Attorney, Chicago, Ill. (1938-1939); Associate 

Professor of Law, Lincoln University, Missouri 

(1939-1943); Senior Attorney, Office of Price 

Administration, Washington, D.C. (1943-1944); Dean 

and Professor of Law, Lincoln University, Missouri 

(1944-1953). 

Appointment: August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. 

Served as Chairman from September 28, 1954, to 

April 24, 1957. Resigned to accept appointment by 

President Eisenhower as Judge, U.S. Customs Court, 

on April 23, 1957. 

18. Paul W. Tappan

45 
Birth Date: December 25, 1911 (Danbury, Connecticut). 

Education: B.A. cum laude, Clark University, Worchester, 

Massachusetts (1935); M.A. and Ph.D., University of 

Wisconsin (1940); LL.B., New York University 

(1943); J.C.D., Columbia University (1945). 

Admitted to the Bar (1943). 

Employment: Assistant Instructor, University of Wisconsin 

(1936-1937); Instructor, Miami University, Ohio 

(1937-1941); Assistant Professor, Queens College, 

New York (1940-1946); Professor, New York 

University (1946-1953); Associate Reporter, 

American Law Institute (1952-1953). 

Civic Works: Delegate, International Penal & Penitentiary 

Congress, The Hague; Delegate, Second International 

Congress of Criminology, Paris; Consultant, 

Economics & Social Council of the U.N.; Consultant, 

American Law Institute, Committee on Model Penal 

Code; Permanent Delegate, Society of Criminology, 

to the United Nations Organization. 

Appointment: August 8, 1953, by President Eisenhower. 

Served as Chairman during entire period of service. 

Resigned on September 10, 1954, to return to 

former position as Professor at New York University 

and Reporter for the American Law Institute. 

19. Lewis J. Grout

Birth Date: July 19, 1903 (Bosworth, Missouri). 

Education: LL.B., University of Missouri (1928). 

Admitted to the Bar (1927). 

Employment: Special Agent, F.B.I. (1928-1933); U.S. 

Probation Officer, Kansas City, Missouri 

(1933-1934); Chief U.S. Probation Officer, Kansas 

City, Missouri (1934-1943); Chief of Probation 

Division, Administrative Office of the Courts, 

Washington, D.C. (1944-1946); Chief U.S. Probation 

Officer, Kansas City, Missouri (1946-1954). 

Appointment: September 8, 1954, by President Eisenhower. 

Retired on December 30, 1965. 

20. John E. Henry

Birth Date: October 13, 1894 (Waverly, Illinois). 

46 
Education: Public Schools, Jacksonville, Ill; Finance and 

Business Administration, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Employment: Food Brokerage Business (1919-1922); Salesman, 

Montana Representative, Folger Coffee Co. 

(1922-1941); Purchasing Agent, Montana (1941-1942); 

Warden, Montana State Prison (1943-1949); 

Treasurer, State of Montana (1950-1952); Chairman, 

Montana Railroad and Public Service Commission 

(1953-1954). 

Civic Works: Member, Executive Committee, American Prison 

Association (1946-1949). 

Appointment: September 28, 1954, by President Eisenhower. 

Retired on September 28, 1962. 

21. William F. Howland, Jr.

Birth Date: November 21, 1909 (Townsville, North 

Carolina). 

Education: B.A., Duke University (1930); LL.B., Duke 

University (1933). 

Employment: Attorney, private practice, Henderson, North 

Carolina (1933-1936); U.S. Probation Officer, 

Eastern District of North Carolina (1936-1943); 

Chief, U.S. Probation Officer, Western District of 

Virginia (1943-1955); Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval 

Reserve, (Prison Administrative Officer) 

(1944-1946). 

Appointment: July 15, 1955, by President Eisenhower. 

Served as Chairman of the Youth Correction Division 

from July 15, 1970, to April 30, 1972. Retired on 

April 30, 1972. 

22. Gerald E. Murch

Birth Date: July 2, 1909 (North Jay, Maine). 

Education: Wilton Academy, Wilton, Maine (1928); B.S., 

University of Illinois, Urbana (1932). 

Employment: Parole Officer, State School for Boys, Maine 

(1933-1941); Parole Officer, Maine State Prison 

(1941-1942); Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve, 

Active Duty (1942-1946), Active Reserve 

47 
(1946-1960); Private Industry (1946-1949); Chief 

Parole Officer, Maine (1949-1955); Executive 

Secretary, Maine State Parole Board (1952-1955). 

Civic Works: Lt. Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve (1946-1960), 

Appointment: June 29, 1955, by President Eisenhower. 

Reappointed by Presidents Johnson and Nixon. 

Retired on December 31, 1973. 

 

23. Eva Bowring

Birth Date: January 9, 1892 (Nevada, Missouri). 

Education: Public Schools, Pleasant Hill, Missouri. 

Employment: Operated self-owned Bar-99 Ranch, Merriman, 

Nebraska (since 1944). U.S. Senator, appointed to 

fill unexpired term of Senator Dwight Griswold of 

Nebraska (1954). 

Civic Works: Advisor, National Institute of Mental Health; 

Director and Member, Northwest Hereford Breeders 

Association and Nebraska Stock Growers Association. 

Appointment: November 2, 1956, by President Eisenhower. 

Retired on September 30, 1964. 

24. Harvey G. Straub

Birth Date: September 9. 1902 (Toledo, Ohio). 

Education: B.A., University of Michigan (1930); LL.B., 

University of Michigan (1932); Admitted to the Bar 

(1932). 

Employment: Attorney, Brady and Associates (1932-1936); 

Assistant Director of Law, Toledo, Ohio 

(1936-1939); Municipal Court Judge, Toledo, Ohio 

(1939-1944); Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Lucas 

County, Ohio (1944-1956); Attorney, Marshall, 

Melhorn, Block, and Beet (1956-1957). 

Appointment: September 5, 1957, by President Eisenhower. 

Resigned on January 14, 1958, to accept appointment 

as Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Lucas County, 

Ohio. 

25. Edward J, Donovan

Birth Date: July 24, 1897. 

48 
Education: B.A., Catholic University; Graduate Work at 

the New York School of Law and New York School of 

Social Work. 

Employment: Deputy Director, Westchester County, New York, 

Department of Probation (1929-1942); Director of 

Personnel, Westchester County, New York 

(1945-1947); Member, New York Board of Parole 

(1947-1951); Executive Director, Legislation 

Committee on Government Operation, New York 

(1957-1958). 

Appointment: September 2, 1958, by President Eisenhower. 

Resigned on April 25, 1963. Accepted post as 

Special Consultant, Bureau of Prisons until 

retirement on September 2, 1963. 

26. Homer L. Benson

Birth Date: November 19, 1918 (Elmore County, Alabama). 

Education: B.S., Tuskegee Institute, Alabama (1941); 

M.S.W., Atlanta University School of Social Work 

(1948). 

Employment: Caseworker, Department of Public Welfare, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1948-1949); Caseworker, 

U.S. Bureau of Prisons, Terre Haute, Indiana 

(1949-1961); Analyst, U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 

Washington, D.C. (1961-1962). 

Appointed: November 9, 1962, by President Kennedy. Term 

expired and remained on duty until July 10, 1969, 

when his successor was appointed and qualified. 

27. James A. Carr

Birth Date: June 12, 1913. 

Education: Boston Public Latin School (1931); B.A., 

Harvard University (1935); Masters in Social 

Sciences, Boston University (1941). 

Employment: Massachusetts Department of Public Welfare 

(1936-1939); U.S. Probation Officer, Massachusetts 

(1946-1947); Chief Probation Officer, Suffolk 

County, Massachusetts (1947-1963). 

Civic Works: Lieutenant, Naval Reserve, Corrective Services 

Division (1943-1946); President, Board of 

Directors, Jamaica Plain Neighborhood House 

(1947-1963); Vice-President, Massachusetts 

49 
Committee on Probation (1939-1943); Director, 

Greater Boston Community Drive Fund (1939-1943). 

Appointment: April 26, 1963, by President Kennedy. Served 

as Chairman of Youth Correction Division from May 

13, 1963, to January 6, 1967. Resigned on January 

6, 1967, and returned to his former position in 

Suffolk County. 

28. Zeigel W. Neff

Birth Date: April 17, 1916 (Salisbury, Missouri). 

Education: B.A., Southwest Missouri State (1939); J.D., 

University of Missouri (1948); LL.M., Georgetown 

University (1958). 

Employment: Attorney, private practice (1948-1951); 

Commissioner, U.S. Court of Military Appeals 

(1955-1957); Special Assistant, Navy JAG 

(1957-1958); Member, Navy Board of Review 

(1958-1963); Special Assistant to Deputy Assistant 

Secretary of Defense (1963-1964). 

Civic Works: Captain, U.S.N.R. (Retired) 1940-1945; 

Assistant Attorney General, Missouri (1953-1954); 

Judge Advocates Association (National Secretary). 

Appointment: October 1, 1964, by President Johnson. Served 

as Acting Chairman and Chairman of the Youth 

Division from 1965 to 1970. Term expired on 

September 30, 1970. 

29. Charlotte Paul Reese

Birth Date: May 22, 1916 (Seattle, Washington). 

Education: B.A., Wellesley College (1938). 

Employment: Assistant Foreign News Editor, Chicago 

Sun-Times (1940-1943); Editorial Staff, 

Esquire-Coronet Publications (1943-1946); Free 

lance researcher and writer (1941-1961); 

Co-publisher, Snoqualmie Valley Record and North 

Bend Record (weekly newspapers) (1949-1961); 

Panelist, KING-TV (1956-1959); Member, Washington 

State Board of Prison Terms & Paroles (1962-1964). 

Civic Works: Member, Governor's Council for Children and 

Youth, State of Washington (1957-1961. 

50 
Appointment: September 24, 1964, by President Johnson. 

Term delayed until December 1, 1964, by agreement 

with predecessor. Term expired on September 30, 

1970. 

30. William T. Woodard, Jr.

Education: B.A., University of North Carolina 

Employment: Teacher, North Carolina Public Schools; 

Caseworker, North Carolina Department of Public 

Welfare; Superintendent, County Division, North 

Carolina Department of Public Welfare; Chief U.S. 

Probation Officer, Eastern District of North 

Carolina (1951-1966). 

Appointment: June 12, 1966, by President Johnson. Retired 

on December 12, 1974. 

31. Walter Dunbar

Birth Date: September 15, 1918 (Bakersfield, California). 

Education: B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; 

Graduate Work in Public Administration and Law. 

Employment: Supervisory Officer, California Institute for 

Men, Chino (1941-1942, 1946-1948); Staff, Special 

Crime Study Commission, California (1948-1949); 

Personnel Training Officer, California Department 

of Corrections (1949-1951); Associate Warden, San 

Quentin (1951-1955); Deputy Director, California 

Department of Corrections (1955-1961); Director, 

California Department of Corrections (1961-1967). 

Civic Works: Editor, Manual of Correctional Standards; 

President, American Correctional Association; 

Chairman, Self Evaluation and Accreditation 

Committee, American Correctional Association. 

Appointment: June 20, 1967, by President Johnson. Served 

as Chairman from June 20, 1967 to May 11, 1969. 

Resigned on February 26, 1971, to take position as 

Deputy Commissioner, Department of Correctional 

Services, State of New York. 

32. William E. Amos

Birth Date: July 26, 1926 (Charleston, Arkansas) 

Education: B.S.E., State College of Arkansas (1949); 

M.A., University of Tulsa (1950); M.Ed. University 

51 
of Maryland (1959); E.Ed, University of Maryland 

(1960). 

Employment: Superintendent of Public Schools, Cabot, 

Arkansas (1950-1951); Army Officer (assigned to 

various correctional institutions and Military 

Police Schools) (1951-1956); Special Agent, U.S. 

Secret Service (1956-1958); Superintendent, Cedar 

Knoll School, Washington, D.C. (1960-1962); Chief, 

Division of Youth Employment and Guidance Services, 

U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 

(1962-1965); Assistant Director, President's 

Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia, 

Washington, D.C. (1965-1967); Chief, Division of 

Counseling and Test Development, U.S. Department of 

Labor, Washington, D.C. (1967-1969). 

Civic Works: Fellow, American Psychological Association; 

President, Western Society of Criminology 

(1975-1976); President, American Society of 

Criminology (1976-1977). 

Appointment: July 17, 1969, by President Nixon. Designated 

as Chairman of the Youth Correction Division on May 

1, 1972. Reappointed by President Ford in November 

1974. Served as first Regional Commissioner of the 

South Central Region. Retired in November 1980, 

and accepted a teaching position at North Texas 

State University, Denton, Texas. 

33. Paula Tennant

Birth Date: May 23, 1913 (Indiana) 

Education: LL.B., Lincoln University Law School 

Employment: Military Service, Active Duty (1942-1945); 

Assistant U.S. Attorney, Territory of Alaska 

(1956-1957); Attorney, private practice 

(1958-1959); Deputy District Attorney, Lassen 

County, Calif. (1959-1961) District Attorney and 

Public Administrator, Lassen County, California 

(1961-1963); Attorney, private practice, 

Susanville, California (1963-1968); Member, 

California Youth Authority Board (1968-1970). 

Civic Works: Board of Directors for Camp Fire Girls 

(1957-1968); Chairman Lassen County Republican 

Central Committee; Founding Member of Executive 

Women in Government; Faculty, Federal Judicial 

Center, Seminar for Newly Appointed U.S. Judges. 

52 
Appointment: November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. 

Designated as the first Regional Commissioner of 

the Western Region in May 1976. Term expired on 

November 10, 1977, when her successor was appointed 

and qualified. Appointed Assistant District 

Attorney, County of Sam Mateo, Calif. after leaving 

the Commission. Reappointed in November 1983 by 

President Reagan. Designated as Regional 

Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Retired in 

June 1986. 

34. Curtis C. Crawford

Birth Date: April 18, 1921 (Paris, Tennessee). 

Education: B.A., West Virginia State College (1947); St. 

Louis University (1947-1949); LL.B., Lincoln 

University School of Law, Jefferson City, Missouri 

(1951). 

Employment: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Air Force (1943-1946); 

Clerk, Army Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri 

(1949-1952); Investigator, Civil Transit and 

Casualty Co., St. Louis, Missouri (1951-1953); 

Associate Attorney, Lynch & McMillian Law Office, 

St. Louis, Missouri (1952-1956); Assistant Circuit 

Attorney, St. Louis, Missouri (1956-1961); Circuit 

Attorney, Chief Trial Assistant, St. Louis, 

Missouri (1962-1965); Director, Legal Aid Society, 

St. Louis, Missouri (1965-1967); Regional Director, 

U.S. Small Business Administration, St. Louis, 

Missouri (1970). 

Appointment: November 9, 1970, by President Nixon. Served 

as first Regional Commissioner of the Northeast 

Region. Designated as Vice-Chairman in 1975. 

Designated as Acting Chairman on October 9, 1976. 

Term expired on November 10, 1977, when his 

successor was appointed and qualified. Resumed 

private law practice in Missouri. 

35. Maurice H. Sigler

Birth Date: July 3, 1909 (Missouri City, Iowa) 

Education: South Dakota State College 

Employment: Correctional Officer, Leavenworth, Kansas 

(1939-1946); Correctional Lieutenant and Staff 

Training Supervisor, Seagoville, Texas (1946-1952); 

53 
Warden, Louisiana State Prison (1952-1958); Florida 

Division of Corrections (1958-1959); Warden, 

Nebraska State Penitentiary (1959-1963); Warden, 

Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex 

(1963-1967); Director of Corrections, State of 

Nebraska (1967-1972). 

Civic Works: President, American Correctional Association. 

Appointment: August 2, 1971, by President Nixon. 

Designated as Chairman July 1, 1972. Retired on 

October 9, 1976. Accepted a position as a Senior 

Design Consultant in private industry. 

36. Thomas R. Holsclaw

Education: B.S., University of Louisville; J.D., 

University of Louisville. 

Employment: U.S. Army (1954-1956); Member, Jefferson 

County Police Department, Kentucky (1959-1961); 

Chief, Jefferson County Police Department 

(1961-1971). 

Appointment: October 4, 1972, by President Nixon. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the 

Southeast Region on August 1, 1974. Died in office 

on September 16, 1975. 

37. Lawrence A. Carpenter

Education: B.A., Southern Methodist University 

Employment: Warden, Texarkana Prison; Warden, Seagoville 

Prison; Executive Assistant to the Director, 

Federal Bureau of Prisons; Chief of Corrections 

Division of Law Enforcement Assistance 

Administration. 

Civic Works: Co-director, National Conference on 

Corrections; Executive Director of the Corrections 

Task Force of the National Advisory Commission on 

Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. 

Appointment: May 23, 1974, by President Nixon. Designated 

as the first Regional Commissioner of the North 

Central Region. Retired on December 23, 1976. 

38. Philip H. Modlin

Education: B.S., High Point College; LL.B., University of 

North Carolina 

54 
Employment: Attorney, Department of Labor; Labor Relations 

in private industry; Assistant to the Deputy 

Attorney General for Lawyer Careers; Deputy 

Director/Director, Executive Office for U.S. 

Attorneys. 

Appointment: February 13, 1975, by President Ford. 

Designated as a member of the National Appeals 

Board. Resigned on March 28, 1975, to accept a 

position with the Department of Justice. 

39. Joseph A. Nardoza

Birth Date: September 16, 1919 (New York City). 

Education: B.B.A., Baruch School, City University of New 

York (1965); M.P.A., City University of New York 

(1968). 

Employment: New York City Police Department (1948-1968); 

Intelligence Analyst, New York Intelligence System, 

Albany, New York (1968-1969); Organized Crime 

Program Specialist, Law Enforcement Assistance 

Administration, Washington, D.C. (1969-1971); 

Regional Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance 

Administration, New York Office (1971-1973); 

Assistant Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance 

Administration (1973-1975). 

Appointment: November 24, 1975, by President Ford. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the 

Northeast Region. Term expired, but remained in 

office until January 9, 1982, when his successor 

was appointed and qualified. 

40. J. Robert Cooper

Education: Junior College of Augusta; B.A., Emory 

University; LL.B., University of Georgia. 

Employment: Aviator, U.S. Navy; Private practice of law, 

Gainsville, Georgia; Juvenile Court Judge, Hall 

County, Georgia; Member, Georgia House of 

Representatives (1967-1970); Assistant U.S. 

Attorney. 

Appointment: May 18, 1976 by President Ford. Designated as 

Regional Commissioner of the Southeast Region. 

Term expired on September 30, 1978. Resumed 

private law practice in Georgia. 

55 
41. Dorothy Parker

Birth Date: January 30, 1916 (New York, N.Y.). 

Education: B.A., Barnard College; LL.B., Columbia Law 

School (changed to J.D.). 

Employment: Private practice of law, New York, N.Y. 

(1938-1940); Technical Advisor, Court Press, Inc. 

(1940-1942); Executive Director, Independent 

Citizens' Committee to Re-elect Mayor LaGuardia 

(1942); Consultant, U.S. Office of Censorship 

(1942-1945); Executive Assistant to Director, UNRRA 

Clothing Collection (1945); Attorney, private 

practice, New York City (1945-1964); Branch Chief 

and Special Assistant, Office of General Counsel, 

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 

(1965-1970); Counsel to Senator Hiram Fong 

(1970-1976); Minority Counsel, U.S. Senate 

Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on 

Constitutional Amendments (1970-1974); Minority 

Counsel, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 

Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees (1974-1976). 

Civic Works: Vice-Chairman, Exchange Visitors' Waiver 

Review Board; Faculty Member, Federal Judicial 

Center Seminar for Newly Appointed District Court 

Judges; Member, Executive Women in Government. 

Appointment: October 19, 1976, by President Ford. 

Designated as a member of the National Appeals 

Board. Retired in October 1982. 

42. Cecil C. McCall

Birth Date: June 22, 1936 (Pickens, South Carolina). 

Education: B.A., University of South Carolina (1961); 

Georgia State University. 

Employment: U.S. Air Force (1954-1958); Southeastern 

Regional Director of the National Foundation 

(1961-1970); Director, Georgia Department of 

Probation (1970-1971); Deputy Commissioner, Georgia 

Department of Offender Rehabilitation (1971-1972); 

Chairman, Georgia State Board of Pardons & Paroles 

(1972-1976); Member, Georgia State Board of Pardons 

& Paroles (1976-1977). 

Civic Works: Visiting Fellow, Guggenheim Program in 

56 
Criminal Justice, Yale University Law School (1979) 

Appointment: November 11, 1977, by President Carter. 

Served as Chairman from November 11. 1977 until 

June 26, 1981. Then designated as Regional 

Commissioner of the Southeast Region. Term expired 

in November 1983; continued to serve until December 

1983 when his successor was appointed and 

qualified. 

 

43. Benjamin J. Malcolm

Birth Date: August 24, 1919 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). 

Education: B.A., Morehouse College; M.P.A., New York 

University 

Employment: First Lt., U.S. Army; Parole Officer/Deputy 

Chief Parole Officer, New York City (1948-1967); 

Assistant Director of Labor Relations, New York 

City (1967-1970); Deputy Commissioner, New York 

City Department of Corrections (1970-1972); 

Commissioner, New York City Department of 

Corrections (1972-1977); Associate Professor, John 

Jay College; Associate Professor, C.W. Post 

College. 

Civic Works: Member, Criminal Justice Advisory Council, 

National Urban League; Member, New York City 

Criminal Justice Coordinating Council (1972-1977); 

Member, New York State Crime Control Planning 

Board; Consultant, Commission on Accreditation. 

 

 Appointment: November 11, 1977, by President Carter. 

Served as Vice-Chairman from November 11, 1977, to 

June 27, 1981. Served as Acting Chairman from June 

27, 1981, to November 3, 1981. Designated as 

Regional Commissioner of the Northeast Region on 

February 19, 1982. Retired on July 3, 1984. 

44. Robert D. Vincent

Birth Date: November 15, 1942 

Education: Oklahoma State University (1960-1963); B.A., 

University of Oklahoma (1964); M.S., University of 

Oklahoma (1968); Ph.D., University of Oklahoma 

Institute of Group Relations (1970). 

Employment: Group Leader, Batelle Memorial Institute, 

Columbus, Ohio (1968-1969); President, Action 

57 
Analysis, Washington, D.C. (1969-1970); President, 

Antec, Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (1970-1972); 

Vice-Chancellor for Governmental Affairs, Oklahoma 

State Regents for Higher Education (1972-1977). 

Civic Works: Chairman, Federal United Way Campaign, Dallas, 

Texas; Member and Director, Federal Executive 

Board, Dallas; Adjunct Professor, University of 

Texas, Arlington; Guggenheim Fellow, Yale 

University, College of Law (1980). 

Appointment: November 11, 1977, by President Carter. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the North 

Central Region. Designated as a member of the 

National Appeals Board on August 1, 1978. Served 

as a member of the National Appeals until January 

11, 1981, when designated as Regional Commissioner 

of the South Central Region. Resigned in September 

1983. 

45. Audrey Anita Rojas Kaslow

Education: B.A., University of California, Los Angeles; 

M.A., University of California, Los Angeles; M.S., 

University of Southern California. 

Employment: Probation Officer/Administrator and Probation 

Director, Los Angeles County Probation Department; 

Consultant to international government bodies in 

Europe and Latin America; Consultant to U.S. 

Department of Labor Consultant/Advisor, U.S. 

Department of State, U.S. Agency for International 

Development; Fulbright Lecturer. 

Civic Works: Member, California State Judicial Council; 

Committee Member, California State Social Welfare 

Board; Member, California State Committee on Public 

Education. 

Appointment: November 22, 1977, by President Carter. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Western 

Region. Designated as a member of the National 

Appeals Board on March 16, 1983. Term expired in 

November 1983. 

46. O.J. Keller

Birth Date: April 21, 1923 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania). 

Education: Phillips Exter Academy (1941); B.A., Williams 

College (1945); M.A., Northern Illinois University 

58 
(1965). 

Employment: Vice President and Sales Manager, WTAX Radio, 

Springfield, Illinois (1951-1960); 

Chairman/Commissioner Illinois Youth Commission, 

Springfield, Illinois; Special Fellow, Committee on 

Human Development, University of Chicago 

(1963-1967); Research Fellow, Center Studies in 

Criminal Justice, University of Chicago 

(1965-1967); Director, Florida Division of Youth 

Services, Tallahassee, Florida (1967-1973); 

Secretary, Florida Department of Health and 

Rehabilitative Services, (1973-1975); Visiting 

Professor, Criminal Justice Studies, University of 

Florida, Gainesville, Florida (1975-1978). 

Civic Works: President, American Correctional Association; 

President, National Association of State Juvenile 

Delinquency Administrators; Vice Chairman, Forum on 

Delinquency, White House Conference on Children and 

Youth Faculty; Member, National College of Juvenile 

Justice. 

Appointment: September 1, 1978, by President Carter. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the 

Southeast Region. Designated as a member of the 

National Appeals Board on January 11, 1981. Term 

expired in September 1984; continued to serve until 

October 1984 when his successor was appointed and 

qualified. 

47. Richard T. Mulcrone

Birth Date: May 23, 1934 (St. Paul, Minnesota). 

Education: Central High School, St. Paul Minnesota 

(1952); St. Thomas College (1952-1953) and 

(1955-1956). 

Employment: Police Patrolman, St. Paul Parks Department 

(1953-1954); U.S. Army, Special Services 

(1954-1955); Roving Gang Worker, St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1956); Probation Officer, St. Paul, 

Minnesota (1957-1959); Probation Officer, Carver 

and Scott Counties, Minnesota (1959-1963); Director 

of Court Services, Carver and Scott Counties, 

Minnesota (1963-1967); Family Court Referee, Carver 

and Scott Counties, Minnesota (1973); Chairman, 

Minnesota Corrections Board (1973-1978). 

Civic Works: President, Minnesota Association of County 

59 
Probation Officers; President, Minnesota 

Corrections Association; Member, Governors 

Commission on Crime Prevention and Control; Member, 

Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission. 

Appointment: October 18, 1978, by President Carter. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the North 

Central Region. Resigned on January 4, 1982, to 

accept a position as General Manager of City 

Venture Corporation to head their Criminal Justice 

Program. 

48. Cameron M. Batjer

Birth Date: August 8, 1924 (Smith, Nevada). 

Education: B.A., University of Nevada (1941); J.D., 

University of Utah (1950). 

Employment: General ranch and farm experience (prior to 

1941); Teacher, Nevada Elementary Schools and Legal 

Assistant, Utah State Senate (1941-1951); Legal 

Assistant to Senator George W. Malone, Washington, 

D.C. (1952-1953); District Attorney, Carson City, 

Nevada (1954-1959); Attorney, private practice, 

Carson City, Nevada (1959-1967); Justice, Nevada 

Supreme Court (1967-1981); Chief Justice, Nevada 

Supreme Court (1977-1978). 

Civic Works: President Carson City Rotary Club; Member 

American Bar Association Committee on 

Implementation of Standards of Judicial 

Administration; Member Board of Governors, State of 

Nevada. 

Appointment: November 4, 1981, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Chairman. Designated as 

Vice-Chairman on February 18, 1982. Term extended 

under the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act 

of 1984. Retired on October 3, 1990. 

49. Benjamin F. Baer

Birth Date: January 2, 1918 (Peoria, Illinois) 

Education: University of Illinois; B.A., San Diego State 

College (1941); M.A., University of Southern 

California (1947); Completed course work for 

doctorate degree, University of Southern 

California. 

60 
Employment: Deputy Probation Officer, L.A. County 

Probation Department (1942-1947); Senior 

Sociologist, Reception Center, State of California 

(1947-1951); Departmental Supervisor of 

Classification, State of California (1951-1954); 

Associate Warden, San Quentin (1954-1960); Director 

of Corrections, Iowa (1960-1964); Co-Director, 

Correctional Decisions Information Project, 

Sacramento, California (1965-1967); Chairman, Youth 

Conservation Commission, Department of Corrections, 

St. Paul, Minnesota (1967-1972); Hearing Examiner, 

U.S. Parole Commission (1972-1974, 1979-1982), 

Administrative Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole 

Commission (1974-1979). 

Civic Works: Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing 

Commission; Advisory Board Member (ex-officio), 

National Institute of Corrections; Member, 

President Kennedy's Juvenile Delinquency Committee; 

Member Board of Directors of American Correctional 

Association; Member of the Professional Counsel, 

National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency. 

Appointment: January 8, 1982, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Vice-Chairman. Designated as Acting 

Chairman on February 18, 1982. Designated as 

Chairman on March 24, 1982. Term extended under 

the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 

1984. Died in office on April 9, 1991. 

50. Victor M.F. Reyes

Education: B.S. and M.P.A., University of Arizona; Ph.D 

course work at the University of Texas. 

Employment: Recreational Director and Supervisor for the 

Pima County Juvenile Detention Center; Arizona 

State Juvenile Parole Officer; Arizona State Adult 

Parole Officer; Administrator, (Warden) CHAPS 

Project at the Arizona State Industrial School and 

Member of the Arizona Juvenile Administrative 

(Parole) Board; Coordinator, Mutual Agreement 

Programming Project; Hearing Examiner, U.S. Parole 

Commission (1974-1979), Administrative Hearing 

Examiner, U.S. Parole Commission (1979-1982). 

 

Civic Works: Member of the Hispanic Task Force, and the 

Women/Minority Task Force, Presidential Personnel 

Office of The White House. Publications include 

History and Development of Parole Service in 

Arizona (1970), CHAPS Behavior Modification 

61 
Programs (1970), CHAPS First Annual Report (1971), 

The Mutual Agreement Program (1972). 

 

Appointment: December 14, 1982, by President Reagan. 

Designated as a Member of the National Appeals 

Board. Designated as Regional Commissioner of the 

Western Region on March 3, 1983. Designated as 

Regional Commissioner of the South Central Region 

on December 1, 1983. Term extended under the 

provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. 

Died in office on December 25, 1992. 

51. Carol Pavilack Getty

Education: B.A. (Mathematics), Wellesley College; M.S. 

(Criminal Justice), Arizona State University. 

Courses completed at the University of Oregon, 

Phoenix College, University of Southern California, 

and Washington Public Affairs Center; Ph.D. course 

work completed at university of Missouri - Kansas 

City. 

Employment: Member and Vice Chairman of the Arizona Board 

of Pardons and Parolees; mathematics teacher for 

grades 7-11; engineering aide for the Garrett 

Corporation; computer analyst for Motorola. 

Civic Works: Member, Arizona Crime Commission; Technical 

Advisor, Maricopa County Alternatives to 

Incarceration Committee; Vice Chairman, Criminal 

Justice Advisory Committee, City of Phoenix; 

Volunteer Institutional Probation Officer, Maricopa 

County; Member, Maricopa County Foster Care Review 

Board; Treasurer and Chairman of Finance Committee 

and Community Study and Action Committees, Junior 

League of Phoenix; Co-Chair, Phoenix Junior League 

IMPACT Program; President, Phoenix Wellesley Club; 

Treasurer, Secretary, Docent, Touring Docent Chair, 

Fund Raising Chair, and By-Laws Chair, Phoenix Art 

Museum League; Advisor, Kansas City Junior League: 

Focus on Crime Committee; Member, Kansas City 

Victim Net Board; Third Vice-President, Chair of 

Substance Abuse Program and Public Relations 

Committees, Kansas City Federal Executive Board; 

Board Member, Kansas City Women's Chamber of 

Commerce; Chair, Women's Leadership Institute, 

University of Missouri - Kansas City; Chair-Elect 

of Chancellor's Advisory Board to the Women's 

Center, University of Missouri - Kansas City; 

Treasurer and Regional Vice-President, Association 

of Paroling Authorities, International; 

Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing 

62 
Commission (1991-1992); Advisory Board Member (exofficio), National Institute of Corrections (1991-

1992). 

Appointment: March 1, 1983, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the North 

Central Region. Served as Acting Chairman from 

March 1, 1991 to April 29, 1991. Designated as 

Chairman on April 29, 1991. Designated as Regional 

Commissioner of the North Central Region on August 

13, 1992. Term extended under the provisions of 

the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Resigned on 

April 1, 1996. 

52. Vincent J. Fechtel, Jr.

Education: B.A., University of Florida College of 

Business Administration. 

Employment: Owned and operated various business 

enterprises in Florida, including a retail store 

chain and a real estate and construction company 

(since 1959). Elected as a legislator in the 

Florida Senate and Florida House of 

Representatives. Served in the Naval Reserve and 

the National Guard. 

Appointment: November 22, 1983, by President Reagan. 

Designated as a Member of the National Appeals 

Board. Term extended under the provisions of the 

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired on April 1, 

1996. 

53. Helen G. Corrothers

Education: A.A., Arkansas Baptist College (Liberal Arts) 

(Magna Cum Laude); B.S., Roosevelt University 

(Business Administration) (Honors Graduate); U.S. 

Army Officer Training and Leadership School 

(Distinguished Military Graduate); Graduate, 

Summer Institute for Criminal Justice Executives, 

University of Chicago; Completed course 

requirements for M.B.A./Ph.D., California Coast 

University (Business Administration). 

Employment: United States Army (1955-1969), entered as a 

Private and rose to the rank of Captain (Good 

Conduct Medal, National Defense Service Medal and 

the Army Commendation Medal); Chief, Military 

Personnel, Fort Meyers, Virginia (1965-1967); 

Director for Housing, U.S. Army Support Center, 

Giessen, Germany (1967-1969); State Prison 

63 
Warden/Superintendent, Arkansas Department of 

Correction (1971-1983). 

Civic Works: Arkansas State Commission on Crime and Law 

Enforcement; Arkansas State Commission on Status of 

Women; National Board of Directors, Volunteers of 

America; Treasurer, Pine Bluff Alumnae Chapter of 

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority; Treasurer, VicePresident, and President, American Correctional 

Association. 

Appointment: December 1, 1983, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Western 

Region. Resigned on October 25, 1985 to accept 

appointment as a Commissioner, United States 

Sentencing Commission, by President Reagan. 

54. Daniel R. Lopez

Education: Army Air Corps Instructors Course, University 

of Southern California. Courses at the U.S. Navy 

Quartermaster School, Phipps Flying Service, State 

Personnel Board Training Officer School, Vallejo 

Junior College, University of Southern California, 

University of California at Los Angeles, University 

of California School Criminology, and McGeorge 

School of Law. 

Employment: U.S. Navy, Quartermaster and Senior Petty 

Officer (during World War II). Correctional 

Officer, California Department of Corrections 

(attained the rank of Captain and was appointed a 

Special Agent, working as a liaison with the 

courts, district attorneys, probation departments, 

and law enforcement agencies). Consultant to the 

Director of the California Director of Corrections. 

Manager of the East Los Angeles State Service 

Center; Deputy Director of the Division of Job 

Training and Placement of the Department of 

California Human Resources Development. Member of 

the California Parole Board (1980-1983). 

Appointment: July 6, 1984, by President Reagan. Designated 

as Regional Commissioner of the Northeast Region. 

Term extended under the provisions of the 

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Died in office on 

November 24, 1990. 

55. Jasper R. Clay, Jr.

Birth Date: November 26, 1933 (Fairmont, West Virginia) 

64 
Education: B.S., Morgan State University (Psychology) 

(1954); graduate courses at Loyola College in 

Baltimore. 

Employment: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army (Infantry); 

Correctional Officer, State of Maryland; Parole & 

Probation Agent, State of Maryland (1958-1966); 

Staff Training and Development Specialist, State of 

Maryland (1966-1969); Member of the Maryland State 

Parole Board (1969-1984). 

Civic Works: Executive Vice President, Regional Vice 

President, and Treasurer, Association of Paroling 

Authorities International; Awards Committee, 

American Correctional Association; Board of 

Directors of Threshold Halfway House; Co-founder of 

Zeta Alpha Sigma Chapter of Phi Beta Sigma 

Fraternity. 

Appointment: October 12, 1984, by President Reagan. 

Designated as a Member of the National Appeals 

Board. Designated as Vice Chairman on May 31, 

1991. Term extended under the provisions of the 

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Retired on October 

16, 1996. 

56. Saundra Brown Armstrong

Education: B.A., California State University at Fresno; 

J.D., University of San Francisco School of Law. 

Employment: Policewomen, Oakland Police Department; Deputy 

District Attorney, Alameda County, California; 

District Attorney's Office; Senior Consultant, 

California Assembly Committee on Criminal Justice; 

Trial Attorney, Public Integrity Section, U.S. 

Department of Justice; Commissioner, U.S. Consumer 

Product Safety Commission, served as Vice Chairman 

(1984-1985). 

Appointment: July 24, 1986, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the Western 

Region. Resigned on January 27, 1989, to accept 

appointment as a judge of the Alameda County 

Superior Court (California). On June 21, 1991, she 

was appointed as a judge of the U.S. District Court 

(Northern District of California). 

 

57. G. MacKenzie Rast

65 
Birth Date: October 20, 1935 (Leesburg, Florida) 

Education: B.A., University of South Florida; J.D., 

University of Florida. Graduate of the U.S. Air 

Force Language School at Indiana University; 

received additional litigation and advocacy 

training at Northwestern University, University of 

Houston, and Georgetown University. 

Employment: Assistant State Attorney for the Fourth and 

Fifth Judicial Circuits of Florida (1970-1981); 

Special Counsel to the President of Hillsdale 

College, Hillsdale, Michigan (1981-1982); 

Shareholder with the Jacksonville, Florida law firm 

of Mahoney, Adams, Milam, Surface and Grimsley 

(1982-1986). 

Appointment: October 14, 1986, by President Reagan. 

Designated as Regional Commissioner of the 

Southeast Region. Resigned to accept appointment 

as a U.S. Immigration Judge on June 30, 1990. 

58. John R. Simpson

Birth Date: February 13, 1932. 

Education: B.C., Loyola College in Montreal (1954); 

J.D., New England School of Law (1964). 

Employment: U.S. Secret Service (1962-1992) (served as 

Director from 1981-1992). 

Civic Works: President of Interpol (1984-1988); Life 

Member, International Association of Chiefs of 

Police; Member, American Society of Industrial 

Security; Member, National Sheriffs' Association; 

Member, National Association of Public 

Administrators; Member, Former Agents' Association 

of Secret Service; Member, National War College 

Alumni Association; Member, Board of Trustees, New 

England School of Law; Member, Board of 

Corporators, New England School of Law; Member, 

Maryland Governor's Commission on Violent Crime 

(1993-1995). 

Appointment: April 20, 1992, by President Bush. Designated 

as Regional Commissioner of the Eastern Region. 

59. Edward F. Reilly, Jr.

Birth Date: March 24, 1937 (Leavenworth, Kansas). 

66 
Education: B.A., University of Kansas (Political Science) 

(1961). 

Employment: Vice-President, Reilly & Sons, Inc., InsurorsRealtors, Leavenworth, Kansas (1956-1992). 

Director/Vice President, First State Bank of 

Lansing, Kansas (1977-1983). Kansas State Senator, 

District 3 (1964-1992) (Assistant Senate Majority 

Leader; Chairman, Senate Committee on Federal and 

State Affairs; Vice-Chairman, Senate Elections 

Committee; Chairman, Senate Insurance 

Subcommittee). Kansas State House of 

Representatives, District 3 (1963-1964). 

Civic Works: Commissioner (ex-officio), U.S. Sentencing 

Commission (1992-1997); Advisory Board Member (exofficio) (1992-1997), National Institute of 

Corrections; Commissioner, National Commission on 

Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (1982-

1986); Member, National Highway Safety Advisory 

Committee (1985); Advisory Member, American Justice 

Institute (1983-1984); Member, Community Advisory 

Committee, Leavenworth Penitentiary; Member, Board 

of Directors, St. John Hospital Leavenworth, Kansas 

(1974 - 1981); Vice-President and Director, 

Leavenworth Historical Society (1968-1973); Member, 

Kansas City Chamber of Commerce; Director and 

Charter Member, Leavenworth People To People; 

Director, Kaw Valley Heart Association (1971-1977); 

Director, Leavenworth Association for the 

Handicapped (1968-1969); Director, Leavenworth 

County Chapter, American Red Cross; Member, 

Frontier Army Museum Association Board of Directors 

(1986-1993); Member, Kansas Attorney General's Task 

Force on Drug Education (1986); Member, Buffalo 

Soldier Monument Committee; Commissioner, Kansas 

Governor's Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday 

Celebration Commission (1991); Member, Kansas State 

Penitentiary Citizens Advisory Committee; Civilian 

Co-sponsor, Irish International Officers attending 

the Command and General Staff College, Fort 

Leavenworth, Kansas; Instructor/lecturer in Local, 

State, and National Government, Command and General 

Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, for 

International Officers and Students (1975-1992); 

Director, Kansas Blue Cross/Blue Shield (1969-

1972). 

Appointment: August 12, 1992, by President Bush. 

Designated as Chairman on August 13, 1992. Served 

67 
as Chairman until February 4, 1997, when designated 

as a Member of the National Appeals Board. Again 

designated as Chairman on May 31, 2001. 

60. Michael J. Gaines

Birth Date: September 13, 1951 (Russellville, Arkansas). 

Education: B.A. (1973) and J.D. (1977), University of 

Arkansas at Little Rock. Admitted to the Bar 

(1977). Member of the Bar of Arkansas, the United 

States District Court, and the Supreme Court of the 

United States. 

Employment: Arkansas Governor's Security (1973-1977); 

Attorney, private practice (1977-1978); Parole 

Hearing Examiner, Arkansas Department of Correction 

(1978-1983); Criminal Justice Liaison and Pardon 

and Extradition Counsel to Governor of Arkansas 

(1983-1986); Executive Director of the Arkansas 

State Supreme Court Committee on Professional 

Conduct (1986-1989); Chairman of the Arkansas State 

Board of Parole and Community Rehabilitation (1986-

1994); Member of Arkansas Board of Correction 

(1989-1994). 

Civic Works: Arkansas Governor's Corrections Resources 

Commission; Arkansas Governor's Task Force on 

Crime; Arkansas Commission on Probation and Parole 

Guidelines; Adjunct Professor, University of 

Arkansas (1979-1982). 

Appointment: September 28, 1994, by President Clinton. 

Designated as a Member of the National Appeals 

Board. Designated as Chairman on February 4, 1997. 

Served as Chairman until May 31, 2001 when 

designated as a member of the National Appeals 

Board. Resigned on May 15, 2003. 

61. Marie Fajardo Ragghianti 

Birth Date: June 13, 1942. 

Education: B.S. (English Literature and Psychology) 

(1975) and M.S. (management of Human Services) 

(1978), Vanderbilt University; M.P.A., Harvard 

University (Kennedy School of Government) (1992). 

Employment: Extradition Officer, Tennessee Department of 

Corrections (1975-1976); Chair, Tennessee Board of 

Pardons and Paroles (1976-1977); Consultant to the 

68 
Tennessee Legislature (1979); Criminal Justice 

Consultant (1979-1997); Chief of Staff, U.S. Parole 

Commission (1997-1999). 

Civic Works: Ms. Ragghianti was responsible for a federal 

investigation of corruption in the Tennessee parole 

and pardon process that led to the conviction of 

the governor and two aides, and was the subject of 

the movie, Marie. She received the Goldsmith award 

for journalism while attending the Kennedy School 

of Government and was a National Institute on Drug 

Abuse fellow while attending the graduate program 

in criminal justice at the State University of New 

York at Albany. 

Appointment: December 9, 1999, by President Clinton 

(recess 

appointment). 

Designated as 

Member of the 

National 

Appeals Board. 

 Designated as 

Vice Chairman 

on January 6, 

2000. 

Appointment 

expired 

December 15, 

2000 as no 

action on her 

nomination had 

been taken by 

the Senate. 

62. Janie L. Jeffers

Birth Date: June 4, 1947.

Education: B.A. and M.S.W., Howard University. 

Employment: New York City (including various positions 

with the Department of Corrections) (1972-1985); 

Deputy Commissioner, New York City Department of 

Corrections (1985-1991); Special Assistant, United 

States Bureau of Prisons (1991-1992); Chief, 

National Office of Citizen Participation, U.S. 

Bureau of Prisons (1992-1996); Policy Advisor for 

the President=s Crime Prevention Council (1996-

1997); Executive Deputy Director, Federal-District 

of Columbia Interagency Task Force, White House 

69 
(1997-1999). 

Civic Works: Ms. Jeffers has served as a consultant to the 

World Health Organization on AIDS management in 

penal institutions in Europe and Africa, as an 

adjunct professor at the Baruch College, as a field 

instructor at the Columbia University School of 

Social Work, as a field instructor at the Howard 

University School of Social Work, and as an 

instructor at the National Academy of Corrections. 

 

Appointment: December 10, 1999, by President Clinton 

(rece

ss 

appoi

ntmen

t). 

Desig

nated 

as a 

Regio

nal 

Commi

ssion

er. 

Appoi

ntmen

t 

expir

ed 

Decem

ber 

15, 

2000 

 as 

no 

actio

n on 

her 

nomin

ation 

had 

been 

taken 

by 

the 

Senat

e. 

63. Timothy E. Jones, Sr.

70 
Birth Date: September 21, 1948. 

Education: B.A. (Sociology/Psychology) and M.Ed. (Correctional 

Counseling), Georgia State University. 

Employment: Probation/Parole Officer (1974-1977), Parole Review

Officer (1977-1980), Director, Parole Decision Guidelines

Unit (1980-1982), Assistant Director, Field Operations (1982-

1990), Director, Field Operations (1989-1990), Member (1990-

1997), Georgia Board of Parole; Director, Governor=s Office 

of Highway Safety (Georgia) (1997-1999), Chief of Staff, U.S.

Parole Commission (1999-2001).

Civic Works: Board of Directors for the Greater Lithonia Chamber of Commerce; Member

of the DeKalb County (Georgia) Olympic Authority; Member of the DeKalb 

County Civic Center Commission; Vice Chairman of the Georgia LawRelated Education Consortium; Alumnus of Leadership Georgia and 

Leadership Atlanta Foundations; Vietnam Veteran B received the Bronze 

Star (for heroism in ground combat), Purple Heart, and Vietnam Cross of 

Gallantry; served as District Commander and State Judge Advocate for the 

Military Order of the Purple Heart.

Appointment: January 2, 2001, by President Clinton (recess appointment). Designated as a 

Member of the National Appeals Board. Designated as Vice Chairman on 

January 19, 2001. Resigned August 31, 2001 to accept an appointment as 

Chief of Staff to the Dekalb County (Georgia) Executive Officer. 

64. Cranston J. Mitchell 

Birth Date: August 25, 1946 

Education: B.S. (Political Science), University of Missouri-St. Louis. 

Employment: Police Officer, City of St. Louis (1968-1974); Marketing Representative for 

Mitchum-Thayer (1974-1975); Counselor and Administrator, Department of

Elementary and Secondary Education, Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, 

State of Missouri (1975-1984); Chairman and Director of the Board of 

Probation and Parole, Missouri Department of Corrections (1984-2002); 

Program Specialist, National Institute of Corrections, United States

Department of Justice (2002-2003). 

71 
Civic Works: Member of the Association of Paroling Authorities, International and honored 

with the Vincent O=Leary Award for contributions to the field of parole; 

member of the National Association of Blacks in Justice and honored with 

the Jonathon Jasper Wright Community Leadership Award. Served on the 

Public Housing Authority of Jefferson City, MO as Commissioner and as 

Vice Chairman. Served on the Board of Directors of the Missouri Victim 

Assistance Network. 

Appointment: March 6, 2003, by President Bush. 

72 
PART 3 B WORKLOAD OF THE U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE AND 

U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION 

The following table illustrates the workload of the U.S. Board of Parole/U.S. Parole

Commission for the fiscal years 1931-2001. Included are decisions made on the basis of initial and 

review hearings relative to the grant or denial of parole, and revocation hearings for persons on 

parole or mandatory release supervision. The decisions shown are those that generally follow a 

personal hearing with the prisoner or releasee (although in some circumstances, the decision may

have been made on the basis of a record review). Other decisions that are made on the basis of a 

review of the case record (e.g., decisions relative to warrant issuance, modification of conditions of 

supervision, and termination of supervision) are not included. 

The decisions shown enable comparison of the workload for the years before Fiscal Year 

1974 with the workload for Fiscal Year 1975 and thereafter. In Fiscal Year 1975, the Board of 

Parole completed its regionalization and shifted to a more automated data collection system. Data

from Fiscal Year 1974, the transition year, is not available. Despite its limitations, it is believed that

this table can provide a useful approximation of the workload of the Board/Commission over the

years. 

Parole and Revocation Decisions

Fiscal Year Number of Decisions

1931 8,459 

1932 10,087 

1933 8,333 

1934 6,345 

1935 6,521 

1936 7,242 

1937 8,317 

1938 7,720 

1939 8,103 

1940 8,553 

1941 8,434 

1942 8,234 

1943 7,944 

1944 6,963 

1945 7,847 

73 
Parole and Revocation Decisions (continued)

Fiscal Year Number of Decisions

1946 9,218 

1947 10,628 

1948 8,289 

1949 9,374 

1950 8,630 

1951 8,938 

1952 10,080 

1953 11,329 

1954 10,306 

1955 11,973 

1956 13,161 

1957 12,665 

1958 12,648 

1959 12,307 

1960 13,622 

1961 14,981 

1962 15,195 

1963 15,872 

1964 14,620 

1965 13,325 

1966 13,844 

1977 12,730 

1978 12,720 

1969 15,886 

1970 14,950 

1971 13,495 

1972 16,640 

1973 19,174 

1974 not available 

1975 19,465 

1976 19,419 

1977 17,403 

1978 18,731 

Parole and Revocation Decisions (continued)

74 
Fiscal Year Number of Decisions

1979 17,617 

1980 16,042 

1981 14,060 

1982 14,326 

1983 16,665 

1984 15,865 

1985 16,957 

1986 19,207 

1987 19,796 

1988 20,465 

1989 16,619 

1990 13,568 

1991 10,720 

1992 9,307 

1993 6,776 

1994 4,922 

1995 4,303 

1996 3,572 

1997 3,044 

1998 3,293 

1999 4,503 

2000 4,683 

2001 5,140 

2002 4,217 

75 
PART 4 B SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1. BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS 

Amos, W.E. and Newman, C.L., ed. (1975) Parole. New York: Federal 

Legal Publications. 

Bell, M., ed. (1957). Parole in Principle and Practice: A Manual 

and Report (The National Conference on Parole). New York, NY: 

National Probation and Parole Association. 

Davis, K.C. (1969). Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry. 

Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. 

Frankel, M.E. (1973). Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order. New 

York, NY: Hill and Wang. 

Glaser, D. (1964). The Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System. 

 Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. 

Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Hoffman, P.B. (1978). 

Guidelines For Parole and Sentencing: A Policy Control Method. 

Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 

Humbert, W.H. (1941). The Pardoning Power of the President. 

Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs. 

Management Programs and Budget Staff, Office of Management and 

Finance. (1975). An Evaluation of the U.S. Board of Parole 

Reorganization. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency Research Center. (1973). 

The Utilization of Experience in Parole Decision-Making (Fourteen 

Volumes). Davis, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. 

Reed, George (with Hunt, Dave) (1987). Fear No Man. Eugene, OR: 

Harvest House Publishers. 

U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey of 

Release Procedures, Volume 1: Digest of Federal and State Laws on 

Release Procedures. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 

Office. 

U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Attorney General's Survey of 

Release Procedures, Volume 4: Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Department of Justice. (1939). Proceedings - National Parole 

Conference. Washington, DC. 

76 
U.S. Parole Commission/National Institute of Corrections. (1981). 

Parole in the 1980's: Proceedings of the National Parole Symposium. 

Washington, DC. 

2. ARTICLES 

Beck, J.L. (1975). The Effect of Representatives at Parole 

Hearings. Criminology 13:114-117. 

Beck, J.L. (1984). Development of Explicit Decision Guidelines By 

the United States Parole Commission. In Proceedings of the One 

Hundred and Fourteenth Annual Congress of Correction of the 

American Correctional Association: 173-178. 

 

Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1976). Time Served and Release 

Outcome. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 13: 107-112. 

Beck, J.L., and Hoffman, P.B. (1985). Reliability in Guideline 

Application: Initial Hearings - 1982. Federal Probation 49: 33-36. 

DeGostin, L.K., and Hoffman, P.B. (1974). Administrative Review of 

Parole Decisions. Federal Probation 38: 24-28. 

Gottfredson, D.M., Hoffman, P.B., Sigler, M.H., and Wilkins, L.T. 

(1975). Making Paroling Policy Explicit. Crime and Delinquency 21: 

34-44. 

Gottfredson, M.R. Parole Guidelines and the Reduction of Sentencing 

Disparity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1: 218-231. 

Gottfredson, M.R., and Adams, K. (1982). Prison Behavior and 

Release Performance. Law and Policy Quarterly 4: 373-391. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1972). Paroling Policy Feedback. Journal of Research 

in Crime and Delinquency 9: 117-133. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1975). A Paroling Policy Feedback Method. In Parole, 

ed. W. E. Amos and C. L. Newman: 343-362. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Females, Recidivism, and Salient Factor 

Score: A Research Note. Criminal Justice and Behavior 9: 121-125. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Screening For Risk: A Revised Salient Factor 

Score (SFS 81). Journal of Criminal Justice 11: 539-547. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1983). Parole Guidelines. In Encyclopedia of Crime 

and Justice, ed. S. Kadish, 3: 1234-1240. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1994). Twenty Years of Operational Use of a 

Prediction Instrument: The United States Parole Commission's 

Salient Factor Score. Journal of Criminal Justice 22: 477-494. 

Hoffman, P.B. (1997). History of the Federal Parole System, Parts I & II. Federal 

77 
Probation 61: 23-31, 49-57.

Hoffman, P.B., and Adelberg, S. (1980). The Salient Factor Score: A Nontechnical Overview. 

Federal Probation 44: 44-53. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1974). Parole Decision-Making: A Salient Factor Score. Journal of 

Criminal Justice 2: 195-206. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1976). Salient Factor Score Validation--A 1972 Release Cohort. 

Journal of Criminal Justice 4: 69-76. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1980). Revalidating the Salient Factor Score: A Research Note. 

Journal of Criminal Justice 8: 185-188. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1984). Burnout - Age at Release from Prison and Recidivism. 

Journal of Criminal Justice 12: 617-623. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Beck, J.L. (1985). Recidivism Among Released Federal Prisoners: Salient Factor 

Score and Five Year Followup. Criminal Justice and Behavior 12: 501-507. 

Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). The Practical Application of a Severity Scale.

In Parole, ed. W.E. Amos and C.L. Newman: 169-187. 

Hoffman, P.B., Beck, J.L., Hardyman, P.L., and Scotkin, R.M. (1986). Sentencing Reform: 

Sentencing Guidelines and Related Issues - A Partial Bibliography. Journal of Criminal Justice 14: 

545-569. 

Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1974). Parole Decision-Making: Structuring Discretion. 

Federal Probation 38: 7-15. 

Hoffman, P.B., and DeGostin, L.K. (1975). An Argument for Self Imposed Explicit Judicial 

Sentencing Standards. Journal of Criminal Justice 5: 195-206. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Gottfredson, D.M. (1975). Paroling Policy Guidelines: A Matter of Equity. In

Parole, ed. W.E. Amos and C.L. Newman: 188-210. 

Hoffman, P.B., Gottfredson, D.M., Wilkins, L.T., and Pasela, G.E. (1974). The Operational Use of 

an Experience Table. Criminology 12: 214-228. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Hardyman, P. L. (1986). Crime Seriousness Scales: Public Perception and 

Feedback to Criminal Justice Policymakers. Journal of Criminal Justice 14: 413-431. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1977). Application of Guidelines to Sentencing. Law and 

Psychology Review 3: 53-70. 

78 
Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1979). Post Release Arrest Experiences of Federal 

Prisoners. Journal of Criminal Justice 7: 193-216. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Stone-Meierhoefer, B. (1980). Reporting Recidivism Rates. Journal of Criminal 

Justice 8: 53-60. 

Hoffman, P.B., Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Beck, J.L. (1978). Salient Factor Score and Release 

Behavior: Three Validation Samples. Law and Human Behavior 2: 47-63. 

Hoffman, P.B., and Stover, M.A. (1979). Reform in the Determination of Prison Terms: Equity, 

Determinacy, and the Parole Release Function. Hofstra Law Review 7: 89-121. 

Janus, M. (1985). Selective Incapacitation: Have We Tried It? Does It Work. Journal of Criminal 

Justice 13: 117-129. 

McCall, C.C. (1978). The Future of Parole - In Rebuttal of S.1437. Federal Probation 42: 3-10. 

Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). Presumptive Parole Dates: The Federal Approach. 

Federal Probation 46: 41-57. 

Stone-Meierhoefer, B., and Hoffman, P.B. (1982). The Effects of Presumptive Parole Dates on 

Institutional Behavior: A Preliminary Assessment. Journal of Criminal Justice 10: 283-297. 

 

3. U.S. BOARD OF PAROLE/U. S. PAROLE COMMISSION PUBLICATIONS 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1957). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1956. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1958). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1956 to June 30, 1957. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1959). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1957 to June 30, 1958. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1960). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1961). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1960. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1963). Annual Report - The United States 

79 
Board of Parole: July 1, 1961 to June 30, 1962. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1964). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1965). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1964. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1967). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1966. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1974). Annual Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U.S. Board of Parole. (1969). Annual Reports - United States Board 

of Parole: July 1, 1966 to June 30, 1968. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Biennial Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1968 to June 30, 1970. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1973). Biennial Report - The United States 

Board of Parole: July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1972. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1966). Functions of the United States Board 

of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (undated, circa 1976). History of the United 

States Board of Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Board of Parole 

(mimeo). 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). Rules of the United States Board of 

Parole. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1971). You and the Parole Board. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Board of Parole. (1975). You and the Parole Board. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

80 
U. S. Parole Commission. (1988). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1986 to September 30, 1987. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1987 to September 30, 1988. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1990). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1988 to September 30, 1989. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1989 to September 30, 1990. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1992). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1990 to September 30, 1991. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1992 to September 30, 1993. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Annual Report of the United States 

Parole Commission: October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1994. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Deskbook of Training and Reference 

Materials. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (2002). Deskbook of Training and Reference 

Materials. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Frequently Asked Questions by 

Federal Prisoners About the Parole Procedure. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. 

Parole Commission. 

U.S. Parole Commission. (1998). History of the Federal Parole 

System. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1993). An Overview of the United States 

Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United States 

Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

81 
U. S. Parole Commission. (1994). An Overview of the United States 

Parole Commission. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1981). Report of the United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1978 - September 30, 1980. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Report of the United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1980 - September 30, 1983. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Report of the United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1983 - September 30, 1984. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1986). Report of the United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1984 - September 30, 1985. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). Report - The United States Parole 

Commission: July 1, 1973 - September 30, 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1979). Report - The United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1976 - September 30, 1978. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Report - The United States Parole 

Commission: October 1, 1985 to September 30, 1986. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1982). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (March 1983). Rules and Procedures Manual. 

Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (October 1983). Rules and Procedures 

Manual. Chevy Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1984). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1985). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1987). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1989). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

82 
Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1991). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1995). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1997). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (2000). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (2001). Rules and Procedures Manual. Chevy 

Chase, MD: U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission. (1977). You and the Parole Commission. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1978). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume I. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1980). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume II. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1981). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume III. Chevy Chase, MD: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1982). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume IV. Chevy Chase, MD: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1984). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume V. Chevy Chase, MD: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

U. S. Parole Commission Research Unit. (1986). Federal Parole 

Decision-Making: Selected Reprints, Volume VI. Chevy Chase, MD: 

U.S. Parole Commission. 

4. U.S. PAROLE COMMISSION WEBSITE 

www.USDOJ.GOV/USPC 

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