Filed 2/18/22 United Farm Workers of America v. Agricultural Labor etc. CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

UNITED FARM WORKERS OF 

AMERICA,

Petitioner,

v.

AGRICULTURAL LABOR RELATIONS 

BOARD,

Respondent;

AGUSTIN GARCIA et al.,

Real Parties in Interest;

GERAWAN FARMING, INC.,

Intervenor.

F080469

(ALRB Case Nos. 45 ALRB No. 8,

45 ALRB No. 4 & 44 ALRB No. 10)

OPINION

ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for review.

Martinez Aguilasocho & Lynch, Mario Martinez and Edgar Ivan Aguilasocho for 

Petitioner.

Santiago Avila-Gomez and Todd M. Ratshin for Respondent.

No appearance for Real Parties in Interest.
2.

Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, David A. Schwarz, Valerie E. Alter; 

Barsamian & Moody and Ronald H. Barsamian for Intervenor.

-ooOooIn 2013, the Agricultural Labor Relations Board (Board) ordered an election to 

decide whether to decertify an incumbent union (the United Farm Workers of America or 

UFW) based on an employee petition. Following the election, the Board impounded the 

ballots without tallying them pending resolution of whether misconduct by the employer, 

Gerawan Farming, Inc. (Gerawan), tainted the employees’ decertification effort. 

Administrative proceedings were held and the Board nullified the election as a remedy 

for Gerawan’s purported unfair labor practices. By petition for review under Labor Code 

section 1160.8,1 Gerawan challenged both the Board’s unfair labor practice findings and 

the remedy imposed of setting aside the election. In Gerawan Farming, Inc. v. 

Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1129 (Gerawan), we concluded 

the Board erred in several of its unfair labor practice findings as well as in the legal 

standard applied in reaching its remedial conclusions. Accordingly, we partially set aside 

the Board’s decision, including its remedy, and remanded the matter for the Board to tally 

the votes and reconsider its election decision consistent with our opinion. (Id. at 

pp. 1141, 1240‒1241.)2 

On remand, the Board tallied the votes, which were overwhelming against the 

UFW, and ordered the UFW decertified in Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2018) 44 ALRB 

No. 10 (the decertification order). To obtain review of the decertification order, the UFW 

threatened to picket Gerawan, a Gerawan employee filed an unfair labor practice charge 

1 Labor Code section 1160.8 is part of the Alatorre-Zenovich-Dunlap-Berman 

Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 (Lab. Code, §§ 1140-1166.3) (the ALRA or the 

Act). Undesignated statutory references are to the Labor Code.

2 The petitions of the Board and UFW for review by the California Supreme Court 

were denied September 12, 2018, S249865. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 1241.)
3.

against the UFW, and the Board’s General Counsel instituted unfair labor practice 

proceedings against the UFW. Ultimately, the Board found the UFW committed an 

unfair labor practice.

The UFW filed a petition for review in this court under section 1160.8. The UFW, 

who contends it used the proper procedure to obtain review of the Board’s decertification 

order, seeks to go back to the Board’s initial decision to order the election arguing the 

Board did not have the statutory authority to do so and instead should have blocked the 

election based on the then unresolved unfair labor practice charges against Gerawan. The 

UFW also argues the Board erred when it decertified the union because it failed to 

properly analyze the record and consider the UFW’s prior election challenges. We 

conclude the UFW forfeited its attempt to invalidate the election order and there is no 

merit to the UFW’s challenges to the decertification order. Accordingly, we affirm the 

Board’s decision.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Board Orders the Election

On October 25, 2013, Gerawan farmworker Silvia Lopez filed a petition for 

decertification with the Board, signed by herself and a considerable number of her 

coworkers, seeking to allow Gerawan’s agricultural workers to decide for themselves 

whether the UFW would continue to be their certified bargaining representative. 

(Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1141‒1142.)3 

On October 31, 2013, the Board’s regional director issued a letter finding that 

while the petition made an adequate showing of interest pursuant to California Code of 

Regulations, title 8, section 20390, subdivision (b), the election should be blocked based 

3 This was not the first petition for decertification Lopez filed. She filed her first 

petition on September 18, 2013, which the regional director dismissed on September 25, 

2013. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1154‒1155.)
4.

on three pending unfair labor practice complaints against Gerawan.4 The regional 

director stated those complaints would prevent him from finding a bona fide question of 

representation existed.5 

The next day, the Board vacated the regional director’s decision blocking the 

election and ordered an election be held on November 5, 2013, with the ballots 

impounded pending resolution of election objections and the unfair labor practice 

complaints. (Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2013) ALRB Admin. Order No. 2013-46, pp. 4‒5 

(the election order).) The Board explained the unfair labor practice complaints were 

either insufficient to block the election, had been remedied by remedial efforts Gerawan 

agreed to, or had been issued during the investigation of the election petition. (Id. at 

pp. 2‒4.) The Board concluded “under the unique circumstances presented in this case, 

there are enough questions regarding the degree to which any taint has been remedied, as 

well as questions as to the appropriateness of relying on the late-filed complaint to block 

the election, to justify holding the election, impounding the ballots, and resolving these 

issues through election objections and litigation of the complaints.” (Id. at p. 4.)

4 The UFW asks us to take judicial notice of copies of the regional director’s 

September 2, 2013 letter dismissing the first petition and the regional’s director’s 

October 31, 2013 letter blocking the election. Although Gerawan opposes the request on 

relevancy grounds, we grant judicial notice of the letters as a record of a public agency 

since they provide relevant background with the understanding we do not judicially 

notice the truth of any findings or assertions set forth in the letters. (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1155, fn. 35.) 

5 Under the ALRA, “an election will be ordered if an adequate threshold showing 

has been made such that the Board has reasonable cause to believe that a bona fide 

question of representation exists. (See §§ 1156.3, 1156.7.)” (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1142.) As we further explain in Gerawan, “[t]he case law describes 

this as a ‘showing of interest,’ ” which “generally refers to the threshold number of 

worker signatures needed to obtain a representation election under the relevant 

statutes,” and “serves the administrative function of confirming that the time and expense 

of conducting an election are warranted.” (Id. at p. 1142, fn. 6.)
5.

The UFW challenged the election order by filing a motion to vacate the decision 

or, in the alternative, for reconsideration. (Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2013) ALRB Admin. 

Order No. 2013-49, p. 1.) While the Board found neither motion was procedurally 

proper, it considered the UFW’s arguments and found them unavailing. As pertinent 

here, the UFW argued (1) the Board did not have authority to vacate the regional 

director’s blocking decision because a request for review had not been filed, and (2) the 

Board was compelled to block the election because there was an outstanding unfair labor 

practice complaint that alleged a refusal to bargain. (Id. at pp. 2‒3.) In rejecting the 

arguments, the Board concluded it had sua sponte authority to review the blocking 

decision and could exercise its judgment to determine whether a pending unfair labor 

practice case would reasonably tend to affect employee choice and warrant blocking an 

election. (Id. at pp. 2‒3.) The Board explained its order represented its judgment the 

ALRA’s policies were best served by holding the election, impounding the ballots, and 

allowing the issues to be resolved through election objections and litigation of the 

complaints. (Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, ALRB Admin. Order No. 2013-49 

at pp. 3-4.)

On November 5, 2013, the farmworkers at Gerawan cast their votes in a secret 

ballot election conducted by Board staff and the Board impounded the ballots without 

tallying them. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1142.)

The Consolidated ULP and Election Objection Administrative Proceedings 

The UFW, Gerawan and Lopez each filed election objections. Of the UFW’s 

32 objections, the Board set one for a hearing, held others in abeyance pending resolution 

of the unfair labor practice charges and the counting of the ballots, and dismissed the rest. 

(Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2013) 39 ALRB No. 20 at pp. 1‒3.)

As relevant here, the Board again rejected the UFW’s allegation “that the Board 

ordered the election without following the proper statutory procedure for seeking review 

of a Regional Director’s decision to block the election.” In response to the UFW’s 
6.

attempt to “resurrect[] the same argument” it previously raised, the Board reiterated its 

response from the order denying reconsideration: “ ‘Contrary to the UFW’s argument, 

Labor Code section 1142, subdivision (b) does not preclude the Board from acting sua 

sponte to review a regional director’s decision blocking an election.” Since the Board 

already addressed and rejected the argument, it dismissed the objection. (Gerawan 

Farming, Inc., supra, 39 ALRB No. 20 at p. 27.) 

The Board also dismissed the UFW’s objection alleging Gerawan “engaged in bad 

faith bargaining through a proposal to exclude farm labor contractor employees from 

collective bargaining agreement” which “had a serious detrimental effect on employee 

free choice” for failure to provide sufficient declaratory support. (Gerawan Farming, 

Inc, supra, 39 ALRB No. 20 at pp. 16‒17.) The Board explained the complained of 

conduct occurred months before the election and “[t]he UFW did not include any 

declaratory information to support its allegation that the conduct tended to interfere with 

the employees’ free choice to an extent that the outcome of the election could have been 

affected.” (Ibid.)

Finally, the Board rejected as meritless the UFW’s objection alleging the Board 

“exceeded its authority in ordering that the election take place because there was no 

finding that a bona fide question of representation existed.” (Gerawan Farming, Inc., 

supra, 39 ALRB No. 20 at p. 26.) The Board explained when it “clearly stated” in the 

election order there were enough questions concerning the degree to which any taint had 

been remedied and the appropriateness of relying on a late-filed complaint to block the 

election to justify holding the election, it implicitly “found it reasonable to believe that a 

bona fide question concerning representation existed that justified holding the election.” 

(Ibid.)

A consolidated evidentiary hearing commenced in September 2014 before an 

administrative law judge (ALJ) assigned by the Board to hear both the UFW’s election 
7.

objections and the general counsel of the Board’s (the General Counsel’s)6related claims 

that Gerawan committed unfair labor practices which allegedly impacted the validity of 

the decertification petition and required the election to be set aside.7 (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1142‒1143.) After the conclusion of the evidentiary proceedings, 

the ALJ issued a written decision finding Gerawan committed pre-election unfair labor 

practices that, in the ALJ’s view, tainted the decertification petition. (Id. at p. 1143.) As 

a remedy for Gerawan’s misconduct, the ALJ concluded the decertification petition 

would have to be dismissed and the election set aside. (Ibid.)

Exceptions to the ALJ’s decision were made to the Board by all parties, including 

the UFW. With minor changes, the Board affirmed the ALJ’s decision and rationale in 

its entirety. In Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2016) 42 ALRB No. 1 (the nullification order), 

the Board upheld the dismissal of the decertification petition and the nullification of the 

election based on the findings that Gerawan committed pre-election unfair labor practices 

that tainted the decertification effort. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1143.)

The Appellate Proceedings

Gerawan petitioned this court for review under section 1160.8, challenging the 

nullification order. Gerawan’s petition attacked both the findings that it committed unfair 

6 The General Counsel of the Board, or General Counsel, is an appointed position 

distinct from the Board members; among other responsibilities, the General Counsel, who 

is appointed by the Governor, conducts the prosecution of unfair labor practices. 

(§ 1149.)

7 As we explained in Gerawan: “Election objection procedures are set forth in 

section 1156.3, and proceedings under that section are commonly referred to as 

certification proceedings; whereas, unfair labor practice proceedings are addressed in 

section 1160.3, and final orders in unfair labor practice proceedings are reviewable in the 

courts of appeal under section 1160.8. Here, as noted, the two types of proceedings were 

consolidated, which becomes one of the significant factors in our analysis of whether we 

may address the election remedies.” (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1143, 

fn. 10.)
8.

labor practices and the remedy the Board imposed of setting aside the employees’ secret 

ballot election. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1143.) 

The UFW did not file a cross-petition asking this court to review the Board’s order 

dismissing its objections. Instead, both the Board and the UFW objected to our review of 

the Board’s election-related decision, insisting Gerawan must first follow the technical 

refusal to bargain procedure before any judicial review of that determination could be 

made. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1143‒1144.) In taking this position, the 

UFW asserted the Board did not commit “any plain violation of statute” when it reversed 

the regional director’s blocking decision, ordered the election to go forward with the 

ballots impounded until the unfair labor practice complaints and any election objections 

could be resolved, and later determined the election should be set aside. The UFW 

further asserted the Board has “sole discretion to determine if a representational election 

petition filed by a party meets the statutory requirements that it must fulfill in order for an 

election to be held and to determine if that election is valid,” and it had the power to 

order the election held and impound the ballots pending the misconduct investigations.8 

In Gerawan, we determined that given the case’s unique procedural posture, our 

review could “include both the unfair labor practice findings and the legal soundness of 

the conclusions and the election-related relief premised on those findings.” (Gerawan, 

supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1144.) We concluded the record did not support several 

unfair labor practice findings the Board relied on and “the Board applied an incomplete 

or inadequate legal standard” in deciding to set aside the election, as it “applied a narrow 

‘taint’ (or taint on the petition) standard under which it failed to meaningfully consider 

8 The Board asks us to take judicial notice of the records filed in this court in 

Gerawan, supra, F073720, asserting they are relevant to the issues on review. While 

Gerawan opposes the request on relevancy grounds, we grant the request, as the record 

provides relevant background information. 
9.

whether a reasonable basis existed to conclude that Gerawan’s misconduct interfered 

with the employees’ ability to exercise free choice in the election.” (Ibid.) 

Accordingly, we vacated the portion of the Board’s nullification order dismissing 

the petition and setting aside the election and remanded the matter to the Board to

reconsider its decision based on the corrected findings and using the appropriate legal 

standard. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1144‒1145.) We instructed the Board 

to carefully evaluate “whether Gerawan’s misconduct reasonably had a coercive impact 

on workers to an extent that the outcome of the election was materially affected,” which 

included tallying the votes and weighing “the tally and size of the margin of victory ... as 

a significant factor in its reconsideration of the election question on remand.” (Id. at 

pp. 1240‒1241.)

Remand Proceedings Before the Board

On September 14, 2018, the day after we issued the remittitur in Gerawan, the 

Board ordered the regional director to open and count the ballots cast in the 

decertification election and prepare a tally. (Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2018) Admin. 

Order No. 2018-12.) The ballot count resulted in the following tally: (1) Votes cast for 

UFW—197; (2) Votes cast for No Union—1,098; (3) Number of unresolved challenged 

ballots—660; (4) Total number of all ballots cast—1,955. 

On September 27, 2018, the Board issued the decertification order in which it

certified the results of the election and determined the UFW lost its prior status as the 

employees’ exclusive representative for purpose of collective bargaining. The Board 

concluded the few remaining violations upheld on appeal would not have changed the 

outcome of the election: “On the record before us on remand, we find that Gerawan’s 

unlawful conduct did not interfere with the employees’ free choice to such an extent that 

it affected the outcome of the election.” (Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, 44 ALRB 

No. 10 at p. 11.) 
10.

On October 5, 2018, the UFW moved the Board to address unresolved objections 

and unfair labor practices, reopen the record, reconsider its decertification order, and 

vacate the certification of election results pending reconsideration. As relevant here, the 

UFW argued the Board improperly dismissed the following objections: (1) Gerawan 

engaged in bad faith bargaining regarding farm labor contractors; (2) the Board failed to 

find there was a bona fide question of representation before ordering the election; and 

(3) the Board’s decision to vacate the regional director’s blocking decision is void 

because a request for review was not filed. 

The Board denied the motion on October 11, 2018, noting the UFW relied on 

arguments the Board previously addressed in Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, 39 ALRB 

No. 20, and compelling circumstances did not exist to merit reconsidering them. 

(Gerawan Farming, Inc. (2018) Admin. Order No. 2018-13, pp. 1‒3.) The Board found 

it was jurisdictionally bound by our instruction in Gerawan to reconsider the election 

decision consistent with the views set forth in our opinion, and it did so when it 

reconsidered the election order. (Id. at p. 4.) 

The UFW’s Technical Unfair Labor Practice Proceeding

On November 13, 2018, the UFW sent Gerawan a letter demanding to bargain, as 

it believed the Board’s decertification of the UFW was made in error, was invalid as a 

matter of law, and had no legal force or effect. The UFW threatened to file charges and 

picket if Gerawan refused to bargain. 

On December 10, 2018, Agustin Garcia, a Gerawan agricultural employee, filed 

an unfair labor practice charge against the UFW alleging its demand and threat violated 

the ALRA. Upon receiving the charge, the UFW admitted violating the ALRA “as a 

means to seek review” of the Board’s decertification order, which it believed was made 

in error, and it had no other means to seek review “other than by engaging in this 

technical violation of the Act.” 
11.

On December 28, 2018, the General Counsel issued an unfair labor practice 

complaint against the UFW based on Garcia’s charges. Gerawan successfully moved for 

leave to intervene in the proceeding as an interested party. The UFW admitted all 

material allegations in its answer and alleged as affirmative defenses that it violated the 

ALRA to seek review of the Board’s decertification order and the Board lacked statutory 

authority to order the decertification election in 2013. 

The General Counsel moved for judgment on the pleadings. While the UFW did 

not oppose the motion, Gerawan did, arguing that before granting the motion, the ALJ 

was required to consider whether the proceeding was a sham litigation and the product of 

collusion between the UFW and one of its agents. Gerawan, noting the General Counsel 

conceded the UFW engineered the unfair labor practice charge to collaterally attack the 

Board’s decertification decision, argued Garcia was not aggrieved by the UFW’s conduct 

since his only interest in the outcome of the proceeding was that of a “union shill,” and 

requested a hearing on its allegations of collusion between Garcia and the UFW. 

The ALJ denied Gerawan’s request for a hearing and granted judgment against the 

UFW, finding, among other things, that evidence of collusion between Garcia and the 

UFW was irrelevant to whether the UFW violated the ALRA by threatening to picket 

Gerawan. The ALJ found the UFW’s picketing threat violated section 1154, 

subdivisions (a)(1) and (2), and (h), and recommended a cease-and-desist order and a 

notice-posting remedy. The ALJ agreed with the UFW that notice mailing and reading 

remedies were not appropriate as they would be punitive given the threat to picket was 

made solely to obtain judicial review. Gerawan filed exceptions to the ALJ’s decision to 

which the General Counsel replied. 

In United Farm Workers of America (Garcia) (2019) 45 ALRB No. 4, the Board 

concluded the UFW’s picketing threat violated section 1154, subdivision (h). (United 

Farm Workers of America (Garcia), at p. 516.) In reaching this conclusion, the Board 

found Garcia had standing to file an unfair labor practice charge and rejected Gerawan’s 
12.

claim it was entitled to a hearing on its collusion allegations. The Board found a hearing 

was “unnecessary” and “not warranted” regardless of Garcia’s motive in filing the charge 

or whether he sympathized with the UFW, as the General Counsel still had jurisdiction to 

investigate and prosecute the charge’s allegations. (Id. at pp. 8, 11‒15.) The Board 

declined to reach the issue of whether “a union may obtain indirect review of a prior 

representation election it has lost via a subsequent ‘technical’ unfair labor practice 

proceeding,” as “the issue of the availability of ‘judicial review is, of course, for the 

judiciary and not for the Board’ to decide.” (Id. at p. 5, fn. 4.) 

The Board agreed with Gerawan that the record did not support the section 1154, 

subdivision (a)(1) and (2) violations the ALJ found and reversed the ALJ’s order granting 

judgment on those claims. (United Farm Workers of America (Garcia), supra, 45 ALRB 

No. 4 at pp. 16‒19.) Although no party excepted to the ALJ’s recommended remedial 

order, the Board reversed the ALJ’s determination that notice mailing and reading 

remedies were not appropriate and ordered the full range of available notice remedies for 

the UFW’s picketing threat, i.e., notice posting, mailing and reading, and providing notice to 

new employees. (Id. at pp. 19‒20.) The Board remanded the unsupported claims to the 

ALJ for further proceedings and stated it would issue its final order on completion of the 

remanded proceedings and consideration of any exceptions filed. (Id. at pp. 20‒21.) 

Following the Board’s remand order, the ALJ issued a decision dismissing the 

section 1154, subdivision (a)(1) and (2) allegations of the unfair labor practice complaint. 

The ALJ’s decision also incorporated the notice remedies the Board ordered in its prior 

decision. The UFW filed a single exception to the ALJ’s decision on remand arguing the 

notice remedies were punitive because the union’s unlawful picketing threat was directed 

at Gerawan, not its employees. On November 26, 2019, the Board denied the exception 

in United Farm Workers of America (Garcia) (2019) 45 ALRB No. 8, finding it was 

barred because the UFW failed to seek reconsideration of the Board’s prior order and, in 

any event, it lacked merit. 
13.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

“When reviewing questions of fact, we uphold the Board’s findings if supported 

by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.” (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1162.) We give “special deference” to “findings and conclusions 

that are within the Board’s realm of expertise.” (Ibid.) We review “questions of law de 

novo.” (Id. at p. 1163.) Finally, when reviewing the Board’s remedial decisions, we 

“will interfere only where the remedy is patently unreasonable under the [ALRA] 

[citation], or where the remedy seeks to achieve ends other than those which can fairly be 

said to effectuate the policies of the ALRA.” (Id. at pp. 1163‒1164.) 

“ ‘ “[T]he results of a Board-supervised and certified election are presumptively

valid” ’ and that our review of the Board’s decision to certify a union election is 

extremely limited.” (Uniroyal Technology Corp. v. NLRB (1996) 98 F.3d 993, 997‒998.) 

As the party objecting to the conduct of the election, the UFW bears the “heavy burden” 

of producing “specific evidence” that unlawful acts occurred which interfered with the 

employees’ exercise of free choice to such an extent that they materially affected the 

results of the election. (NLRB v. Golden Age Beverage Co. (1969) 415 F.2d 26, 30.) The 

deferential standard of review derives from the “wide discretion” vested in the Board in 

conducting and supervising elections, therefore the Board’s findings are entitled to 

“considerable weight ... with judicial review narrowly limited to ascertaining only their 

reasonableness.” (Id. at p. 29.) Where the Board has certified the results of an election 

“the only question presented to the Courts in an election review is whether the Board has 

reasonably exercised its discretion.” (Ibid.)

Review of the Board’s Decertification Order

At the outset, we recognize the parties disagree on whether the UFW may obtain 

review of the decertification order by committing a technical unfair labor practice. The 
14.

ALRA, like the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA),

9 does not allow for direct judicial 

review of Board orders in election proceedings. (§ 1158; 29 U.S.C. § 159(d); J.R. Norton 

Co. v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (1979) 26 Cal.3d 1, 10, 27 (J.R. Norton Co.) [“an 

ALRB ruling concerning the validity of a representation election is not subject to direct 

judicial review”]; Raley’s, Inc. v. NLRB (9th Cir. 1984) 725 F.2d 1204, 1206 [NLRA bars 

appellate courts “from undertaking direct review of certification proceedings”].) Instead, 

the statutory scheme provides for judicial review of Board certification orders only 

indirectly where a petition for writ of review is filed following a Board order in an unfair 

labor practice proceeding “based in whole or in part upon the facts certified” in a 

representation proceeding. (Compare §§ 1158, 1160.8 with 29 U.S.C. §§ 159(d), 160(f); 

Nishikawa Farms, Inc. v. Mahony (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 781, 788.) In such cases, the 

record of the representation proceeding “shall be included” in the record of the unfair 

labor practice proceeding on review. (§ 1158; 29 U.S.C. § 159(d).)

An employer typically accomplishes this indirect method of obtaining judicial 

review of a Board certification order through what case law commonly refers to as a 

“ ‘technical refusal to bargain.’ ” (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1218; J.R. 

Norton Co., supra, 26 Cal.3d at pp. 27‒28.) Using this tactic, an employer obtains 

judicial review of a Board order in an election certification proceeding by (1) refusing to 

bargain with the representative whose election it challenges, (2) being found guilty by the 

Board of an unfair labor practice due to the refusal to bargain, and (3) obtaining review of 

9 The NLRA is codified at 29 United States Code section 151 et seq. The ALRA is 

modeled after the NLRA and the Legislature has specifically directed the Board to 

“follow applicable precedents” of the NLRA. (§ 1148; Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. 

v. Superior Court (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 688, 694 [“[b]y legislative mandate,” the ALRA 

“must be construed by referring to judicial interpretations of the analogous provisions of 

the [NLRA]”].) The Legislature intended the term “ ‘applicable’ precedents” to be 

limited to “ ‘those federal precedents which are relevant to the particular problems of the 

California agricultural scene.’ ” (F & P Growers Assn. v. Agricultural Labor Relations 

Bd. (1985) 168 Cal.App.3d 667, 673 (F & P Growers).)
15.

the election and certification during judicial review of the unfair labor practice decision. 

(Gerawan, at pp. 1217‒1218; F & P Growers, supra, 168 Cal.App.3d at p. 680, fn. 10.)

The statutory scheme is silent on whether indirect review of Board certification 

orders is reserved exclusively to employers. (See § 1158; 29 U.S.C. § 159(d).) The 

UFW contends indirect judicial review through an unfair labor practice proceeding is 

available to a union seeking to challenge an election it lost, citing Union de la 

Construccion de Concreto y Equipo Pesado v. NLRB (1st Cir. 1993) 10 F.3d 14, 16 

[surmising in dicta that a losing union may obtain judicial review of a representation 

decision by engaging in an activity that amounts to an unfair labor practice, such as 

picketing].10 The Board agrees with the UFW that the statutory scheme permits a union 

to obtain indirect judicial review of an adverse Board certification order via commission 

of a “technical” violation of the Act, such as the threat of unlawful representational 

picketing.11

Gerawan, however, contendsthe process of obtaining indirect review of Board 

orders in representation proceedings is reserved exclusively to employers and therefore is 

10 Other federal courts have noted the possibility of using such a method to seek 

judicial review of election decisions in cases involving the NLRA, but apparently none 

has held a losing union may engage in a collateral attack after the union has been 

decertified. (See, e.g., United Federation of College Teachers v. Miller (2nd Cir. 1973) 

479 F.2d 1074, 1078‒1079; Lawrence Typographical Union v. McCulloch (D.C. Cir. 

1965) 349 F.2d 704, 708 (conc. opn. of Bazelon, Ch. J.), citing NLRB v. International 

Brotherhood of Teamsters, etc. (2nd. Cir. 1963) 314 F.2d 53, 59‒61; Distillery Workers 

v. Miller (W.D. Ky. 1972) 1972 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12965, *7‒8; see also Goldberg, 

District Court Review of NLRB Representation Proceedings (1967) 4 Ind. L.J. 455, 503 

[NLRB provides an available statutory review procedure to a union seeking to challenge 

the validity of an election it has lost].)

11 The Board notes the availability of judicial review to a losing union has been 

presented to it twice, but each time it declined to rule on the issue on the ground it must 

be decided by a court rather than the Board. (United Farm Workers of America (Garcia),

supra, 45 ALRB No. 4 at p. 5, fn. 4 and United Farm Workers of America (Corralitos 

Farms, LLC) (2014) 40 ALRB No. 6, p. 3.)
16.

not available to unions, citing NLRB v. Interstate Dress Carriers, Inc. (3d Cir. 1979) 

610 F.2d 99 [finding ability of union to secure post-election judicial review of 

irregularities in representation proceedings by picketing the employer as “entirely too 

speculative to be considered realistically available”].

12

 Gerawan adds that even if a 

union may obtain collateral review of a decertification order, it may not do so by 

collusive means, which it asserts occurred here when Garcia, who Gerawan claims is a 

vocal UFW supporter, filed an unfair labor practice charge against the UFW at the 

UFW’s behest.

13

 

We need not decide whether the UFW may obtain indirect review of the 

decertification order by committing a technical unfair labor practice because even if the 

UFW and Board are correct that it may do so, the UFW’s underlying arguments 

12 Gerawan also contends the UFW was required to petition for review directly from 

the decertification order under this court’s decision in Pandol & Sons v. Agricultural 

Labor Relations Bd. (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d 580, and its failure to do so prevents it from 

attacking that order here. In Pandol, on review of an employer’s unfair labor practice, we 

remanded a question concerning union access to the employer’s property to the Board

and specifically retained jurisdiction to allow the parties aggrieved by the Board’s order 

on remand to file points and authorities in this court opposing the order. (Id. at pp. 593‒

594.) In contrast here, in our opinion in Gerawan, we did not retain jurisdiction or grant 

any party aggrieved by the Board’s order on remand the right to file briefs opposing that 

order.

13 We granted the Board’s motion for leave to file a supplemental brief responding to 

Gerawan’s arguments concerning collusion. In the motion, the Board asserted Gerawan 

lacked standing to seek any relief in these proceedings because it is not aggrieved by the 

Board’s decision. The Board does not repeat this argument in its supplemental brief, 

asserting only, without argument or citation to authority, the collusion issues were an 

“improper collateral attack” because they were not presented in the UFW’s petition for 

review. Since the Board does not make any reasoned argument on this issue or provide 

citation to authority in its supplemental brief, we treat it as forfeited. (Tellez v. Rich Voss 

Trucking, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1066; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 

8.204(a)(1)(B).) For this reason, we deny Gerawan’s motion for leave to file a response 

to ALRB’s supplemental brief to address the Board’s arguments that Gerawan lacks 

standing to address collusion and participate in this appeal, which we previously deferred 

ruling on pending consideration of the merits of the petition for review.
17.

concerning the validity of the 2013 election order and the decertification order, which we 

address below, are meritless.

The Board’s Decision to Order the November 2013 Election

In challenging the Board’s 2013 election order, the UFW resurrects the arguments 

it made several times to the Board before our decision in Gerawan that the Board: 

(1) did not have the statutory authority to vacate the regional director’s 2013 decision to 

block the decertification election because it did not wait for a party to file a request for 

review of that decision; (2) exceeded its statutory authority when it ordered the 

decertification election without first determining whether there was a bona fide question 

of representation; and (3) should have blocked the election under the rule stated in Cattle 

Valley Farms (1982) 8 ALRB No. 24 that a regional director is required to dismiss an 

election petition if there is an outstanding complaint that relates to bad faith bargaining or 

unlawful assistance in decertification efforts. The UFW asserts that under the ALRA, it 

had to wait until this petition to obtain judicial review of these issues. Gerawan contends 

these arguments are forfeited or waived because the UFW failed to petition for review of 

the nullification order. We agree with Gerawan.

Section 1160.8 of the ALRA provides that “[a]ny person aggrieved by the final 

order of the board” in an unfair labor practice proceeding may petition for review “within 

30 days from the date of the issuance of the board’s order.”14 The deadline is 

jurisdictional and is not tolled by the filing of a motion for reconsideration. (Jackson & 

Perkins Co. v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 830, 832‒833; 

14 Section 1160.8 of the ALRA provides, in relevant part: “Any person aggrieved by 

the final order of the board granting or denying in whole or in part the relief sought may 

obtain a review of such order in the court of appeal having jurisdiction over the county 

wherein the unfair labor practice in question was alleged to have been engaged in ... by 

filing in such court a written petition requesting that the order of the board be modified or 

set aside. Such petition shall be filed with the court within 30 days from the date of the 

issuance of the board’s order.”
18.

United Farm Workers v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. (1977) 74 Cal.App.3d 347, 

350.)

We concluded in Gerawan that the nullification order was a final order for 

purposes of section 1160.8, including the election-related remedies, and review of the 

entire order was available. (Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1219.) Our conclusion 

was based on the following considerations: (1) the Board foreclosed any adequate 

remedy via the technical refusal to bargain process by failing to count the ballots; (2) we 

could reasonably construe the nullification order as one indivisible final order under 

section 1160.8 because the election-related remedies the Board ordered “were predicated 

upon and inextricably intertwined with the unfair labor practice holdings in the 

consolidated proceedings below”; and (3) the ultimate remedy the Board granted, 

namely, setting aside the decertification election, did not implicate the policy rationale for 

precluding direct review. (Gerawan, at p. 1219.) 

Thus, if the UFW was an aggrieved party, it was required to petition for review 

and raise its arguments concerning the legitimacy of the decertification election in 

Gerawan. The UFW argues it was not aggrieved by the nullification order since the 

Board did not find it committed an unfair labor practice and the Board’s order granted the 

remedy it was seeking, i.e., it dismissed the decertification petition and set aside the 

election. But a charging party is aggrieved if he gets less than he requested. (Oil, 

Chemical & Atomic Workers v. NLRB (D.C. Cir. 1982) 694 F.2d 1289, 1294‒1295.) 

Here, there were additional unfair labor practice charges the ALJ and Board rejected 

when issuing the decertification order. Specifically, the Board rejected the UFW’s 

contention the evidence established Gerawan instigated the decertification effort by 

hiring Lopez to lead that effort. (Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, 42 ALRB No. 1 at 

pp. 8, 9-19.) Being aggrieved, if the UFW had complaints about the nullification order, it 

was obligated to seek review within 30 days and its failure to do so means the issues 

concerning that order are time barred.
19.

Finally, we note that instead of filing its own petition for review or otherwise 

raising the arguments it now wishes to assert in the Gerawan proceeding, the UFW 

represented to this court in that proceeding that the Board did not violate any statute 

when it reversed the regional director’s decision to block the election and ordered the 

election to go forward and for the ballots to be impounded. Contrary to that position, the 

UFW now argues the Board committed statutory violations when it made these decisions. 

Had the UFW believed the election was invalid, it was incumbent on it to at least assert 

that premise in Gerawan. We agree with Gerawan that the UFW has forfeited its ability 

to resuscitate arguments it could have, but did not, raise earlier.

The Decertification Order

This leaves us with UFW’s assertions of error with respect to the decertification 

order. The UFW asserts the Board failed to properly analyze the record on remand. We 

disagree.

In Gerawan, we instructed the Board to “consider all the relevant facts and 

circumstances and fairly determine, based on the record, whether the misconduct 

committed by Gerawan (under the corrected findings) tended to interfere with the 

employees’ free choice to such an extent that it affected the results in the election.” 

(Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1239‒1240.) We further instructed the Board to 

tally the votes and to weigh the size of the margin of victory as a “significant factor” in 

reconsidering the election question. (Id. at p. 1241.) While we rejected a per se rule 

presuming that knowledge of significant employer assistance would be disseminated

throughout a workforce, we concluded that “where dissemination is necessary for making 

a prima facie case that an election should be set aside, a reasonable factual basis for 

inferring dissemination must be shown by the record.” (Id. at p. 1232.) We advised the 

Board that if “the question of dissemination becomes relevant on remand, the Board 

should consider other relevant factors besides the violations themselves, including the 
20.

geographic scope and configuration of the Gerawan workplace, the size of the workforce, 

and the varying and spreadout worksites.” (Id. at p. 1232, fn. 118.)15 

On remand, the Board tallied the ballots, weighed whether Gerawan’s misconduct 

affected the election results, and found Gerawan’s unlawful conduct did not interfere 

with the employees’ free choice to such an extent that it affected the election’s outcome. 

(Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, 44 ALRB No. 10 at p. 11.) First, with respect to 

Gerawan’s direct dealing based on its distribution of flyers to employees advising them 

Gerawan decided to grant the wage increases on its own, the Board stated it could not 

conclude this misconduct interfered with the employees’ free choice to such an extent 

that it affected the election results given the passage of time and the large margin of the 

no union victory. (Id. at pp. 6‒7.) 

Next, with respect to unlawful assistance by Gerawan, the Board found a crew 

boss’ facilitation of signature gathering for the decertification petition in a crew of 30 to 

38 people several weeks before the election did not affect the election’s outcome given 

the approximately 900 vote margin of victory for the no union choice. The Board was 

unable to find Gerawan’s preferential treatment of Lopez and another employee in 

allowing them to skip work in extreme amounts so they could solicit signatures for the 

decertification petition impacted the election to the extent it affected the outcome, as the 

record did not support a finding of instigation against Gerawan or that the employees 

were acting as Gerawan’s agents, and there was no evidence of threats, reprisals, or 

intimidation, or promises of benefit, during the signature gathering that could have 

influenced workers when they cast their votes. (Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra,

44 ALRB No. 10 at pp. 8‒10.)

15 The UFW extensively argues Gerawan was wrongly decided, stating it is merely 

preserving its argument that the California Supreme Court should reject our reasoning. 

We note that our decision in Gerawan is law of the case and must be adhered to 

throughout the progress of this case. (Kowis v. Howard (1992) 3 Cal.4th 888, 892‒893.) 
21.

Finally, the Board concluded with respect to a piece-rate increase given to field 

grape packers on October 25, 2013, the record did not support a finding the violation 

impacted free choice to such an extent it affected the election results based on the unique 

circumstances, the fact the increase was temporary and affected only a small portion of 

the workforce, and the large margin of the no union victory. (Gerawan Farming, Inc., 

supra, 44 ALRB No. 10 at pp. 10‒11.)

The UFW contends the Board did not properly evaluate Gerawan’s misconduct 

because it failed to: (1) determine whether Gerawan’s unlawful assistance was 

disseminated throughout its workforce; (2) consider instances of direct dealing that we 

did not address in Gerawan; (3) address its objection to the ALJ’s finding that a 

June 2013 unilateral wage increase for all farm labor contractor employees had no effect 

on the election; and (4) consider its objection, which the Board held in abeyance until the 

ballots were counted, that Gerawan provided unlawful assistance by paying for, 

supporting or coercing worker participation in anti-UFW protests.

On the first assertion, while we did state in Gerawan that the Board could consider 

whether knowledge of Gerawan’s unlawful assistance was widely disseminated 

throughout its workforce, it need only have done so if the question of dissemination 

became relevant to whether the election should be set aside. (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1232 & fn. 118.) Here, the Board reasonably could conclude that 

given the margin of victory for the no union choice and its findings that the crew boss’ 

conduct was limited to a small crew several weeks before the election, Gerawan did not 

instigate the decertification petition, and the lack of evidence of threats, reprisals, 

intimidation or promise of benefit during Lopez’s signature gathering, it was not 

necessary to reach the issue of dissemination.

With respect to direct dealing, the UFW’s argument is premised on a misreading 

of our decision in Gerawan. While in the nullification order the Board found Gerawan’s 

direct contact of employees through “flyers/mailers/DVD” with a consistent message that 
22.

the union was unnecessary or would ignore or delay the resolution of the worker’s issues 

constituted direct dealing, we reversed that finding as “far too broad.” (Gerawan, supra,

23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1211.) Instead, we concluded these communications were not direct 

dealing regarding the terms and conditions of employment because they were Gerawan’s 

attempts to explain and provide information concerning the union’s return after a long 

absence. (Ibid.) As the Board correctly points out, the only instance of direct dealing we 

affirmed was concerning the March 2013 flyers or mailers. (Ibid.) The Board correctly 

considered that instance on remand and concluded it did not interfere with employee free 

choice as to affect the election’s results.

The UFW’s two remaining claims misstate the record. With respect to whether 

the Board ruled on the UFW’s objection to the ALJ’s finding that a June 2013 wage 

increase for farm labor contractor employees did not affect the election, the Board 

affirmed this finding in the nullification order when it affirmed the ALJ’s factual findings 

and legal conclusions except as modified. Moreover, as the Board points out, the UFW 

did not seek review of the Board’s decision and therefore is precluded from relitigating it 

here. On whether the Board considered the UFW’s objection that employees were 

coerced into participating in anti-UFW protected activities, the issue was fully litigated at 

the hearing before the ALJ and addressed in both his recommended decision and the 

Board’s nullification order. (Gerawan Farming, Inc., supra, 42 ALRB No. 1 at pp. 32‒

54.) While the Board found Gerawan’s support for these activities unlawful, we rejected 

those findings in Gerawan, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pages 1183-1203. Therefore, the 

Board correctly declined to consider this issue on remand.

Finally, for the first time in its reply brief, the UFW contends the Board erred by 

reversing the ALJ’s determination that notice mailing and reading remedies were 

inappropriate. The argument is forfeited because the UFW did not assert it in its opening 

brief. (Golden Door Properties, LLC v. County of San Diego (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 467, 

559 [“ ‘[w]e will not ordinarily consider issues raised for the first time in a reply brief’ ”; 
23.

“ ‘[a]n issue is new if it does more than elaborate on issues raised in the opening brief or 

rebut arguments made by the respondent in respondent’s brief’ ”].) 

The UFW contends the argument is not new because it is merely responding to a 

footnote in the Board’s brief, in which the Board noted neither the UFW’s petition for 

review nor its opening brief raised any issue regarding the Board-ordered notice remedies 

and submitted it appropriately denied the UFW’s exception to the notice remedies. The 

UFW’s argument in its reply brief does more than rebut the Board’s argument—it goes 

into depth about the appropriateness of imposing notice remedies in a case such as this, 

and therefore it is a new argument. The UFW also asserts we should consider the issue 

because it poses a pure question of law based on undisputed facts. (Taye v. Coye (1994) 

29 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1344 [a reviewing court has discretion “to consider new theories 

when the issue posed is purely a question of law based on undisputed facts”].) Given that 

the UFW had every opportunity to raise this issue in its petition and opening brief, and 

our consideration of the issue would deprive the Board of the opportunity to counter it, 

we decline to exercise our discretion to consider the issue. 

DISPOSITION

The petition for review is denied. The Board’s orders are affirmed. The Board 

and Gerawan are awarded their costs in this original proceeding. (Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 8.493(a)(1)(B).)

 DE SANTOS, J.

WE CONCUR:

HILL, P. J.

LEVY, J.