Affirmed as Modified and Opinion filed February 7, 2019.

In The 

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-17-00271-CV

ASR 2620-2630 FOUNTAINVIEW, LP, FOUNTAINVIEW PARK PLAZA, 

LLC, AND ASRP INVESTMENTS, LLC, Appellants 

V.

ASR 2620-2630 FOUNTAINVIEW GP, LLC, AMERICAN SPECTRUM 

REALTY OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, LP, AMERICAN SPECTRUM 

REALTY, INC., AND AMERICAN SPECTRUM REALTY 

MANAGEMENT, LLC, Appellees 

On Appeal from the 270th District Court 

Harris County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 2013-25806 

O P I N I O N

 This appeal arises out of a partnership dispute. The limited partnership and 

the two class A limited partners complain that the trial court erred in rendering 

judgment in favor of the class B limited partner on its claim against the limited 

partnership for breach of the limited partnership agreement. They say the 
2

general partner, not the limited partnership, had the duty to make the 

distributions at issue in this claim. The limited partnership and the two class A 

limited partners also assert that the trial court erred in assessing an offset against 

their recovery against a former general partner. We modify the judgment and 

affirm as modified. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 2010, the general partner and three limited partners executed a Limited 

Partnership Agreement (the “Agreement”) in which they formed a Delaware 

limited partnership named ASR 2620-2630 Fountainview, LP (the “Limited 

Partnership”). Under the Agreement, ASR 2620-2630 Fountainview GP, LLC

(the “First General Partner”) was the general partner of the Limited Partnership. 

Fountain View Park Plaza, LLC and ASRP Investments, LLC (collectively the 

“Class A Partners”) were the two Class A Limited Partners, and American 

Spectrum Realty Operating Partnership, LP (the “Class B Partner”) was the sole 

Class B Limited Partner. 

The Class A Partners became dissatisfied with the First General Partner’s 

performance of its duties as general partner. In April 2013, the Class A Partners 

removed the First General Partner and selected Fountainview New GP, LLC (the 

“Second General Partner”) to be the general partner of the Limited Partnership 

following the removal of the First General Partner. 

The Limited Partnership and the Class A Partners (collectively the “Park 

Plaza Parties”) filed this lawsuit, asserting claims for breach of the Agreement 

and breach of fiduciary duty against (1) the First General Partner, (2) the Class 

B Partner, (3) American Spectrum Realty, Inc., a company that is the general 

partner of the Class B Partner as well as the general partner of the First General 
3

Partner’s sole member, and (4) American Spectrum Realty Management, LLC, a 

property-management company retained by the First General Partner 

(collectively the “American Spectrum Parties”). 

Agreed Temporary Injuction 

The trial court signed an agreed temporary injunction providing that any 

money received from the sale of two office buildings owned by the Limited 

Partnership was to be placed in a segregated bank account. The two buildings 

owned by the Limited Partnership were sold, and the proceeds were placed in 

the segregated bank account. 

A dispute arose over entitlement to the sales proceeds. The Class B 

Partner filed counterclaims against the Park Plaza Parties alleging, among other 

things, that the Limited Partnership had breached the Agreement by failing to 

disburse the sales proceeds. No party, including the Class B Partner, asserted 

any claim against the Second General Partner, which is not a party in this 

litigation. 

The American Spectrum Parties took issue with a payment made from the 

segregated bank account by Pamela Castleman, a representative of the Second 

General Partner. The American Spectrum Parties asserted that Castleman 

violated the temporary injunction by paying an improper real estate commission 

in the amount of $266,400 from this account to Victory Realty Solutions, Inc. 

Neither Castleman nor Victory Realty Solutions, Inc. is a party in this litigation. 

The Contempt Order 

The American Spectrum Parties filed a motion asking the trial court to 

hold Castleman in contempt. After a pre-trial evidentiary hearing, the trial court 

signed an order in which it granted the motion for contempt and found that 

Castleman caused the payment from the segregated account in violation of the 
4

temporary injunction (the “Contempt Order”). The trial court found and ordered 

“that the appropriate remedy for Ms. Castleman’s conduct is an adjustment to 

the jury’s verdict in the amount of the funds paid out in violation of the Court 

orders.” 

Jury Findings

In the jury trial that followed, the jury did not find that either the First 

General Partner or the Class B Partner breached the Agreement. The jury found 

in favor of the Park Plaza Parties as to liability and damages on their breach-offiduciary-duty claims against the First General Partner. The jury found that the 

Limited Partnership failed to comply with the Agreement by not paying 

distributions under section 6.2 of the Agreement and that $1,197,866 fairly and 

reasonably would compensate the Class B Partner for its damages that resulted 

from the Partnership’s failure to comply.1

Trial Court’s Judgment 

After trial, the First General Partner asked the trial court to enforce the 

remedy announced in the Contempt Order by deducting $266,400 from 

$371,147 — the total amount of damages found by the jury as to the Park Plaza 

Parties’ breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims against the First General Partner. The 

Park Plaza Parties objected and argued that the trial court would err in doing so 

for various reasons. The trial court rendered a final judgment in which it 

ordered that the Park Plaza Parties recover $104,747 — the damages found by 

the jury “less an offset of $266,400 as set forth in the [Contempt Order]” — plus 

prejudgment interest and court costs. The trial court also rendered judgment that 

the Class B Partner recover from the Limited Partnership $1,197,866 plus 

 

1 The jury made other findings not relevant to this appeal.
5

prejudgment interest and court costs, in accordance with the jury’s verdict. 

II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

On appeal from the trial court’s judgment, the Park Plaza Parties assert 

two appellate issues: 

1. Who owes the contractual duty to make distributions under 

Section 6.2 of the [Agreement]? That is, does the duty fall on 

the [Limited Partnership], or does it fall on the general partner 

instead? 

2. Did the trial court err when it reduced the [Park Plaza Parties’] 

recovery on the verdict by $266,400 because of the acts of a 

non-party? 

A. Did the trial court err in rendering judgment against the Limited 

Partnership because the general partner, not the Limited 

Partnership, has the duty to make distributions under section 6.2? 

Under their first appellate issue, the Park Plaza Parties assert that the 

general partner, not the Limited Partnership, has the duty to make distributions 

under section 6.2 of the Agreement. The Park Plaza Parties assert that the trial 

court erred in asking the jury in Question 7 whether the Limited Partnership 

failed to comply with the Agreement by failing to pay distributions under 

section 6.2, over the Park Plaza Parties’ objection that the trial court wrongly 

pinned on the Limited Partnership the general partner’s contractual duty to make 

any necessary distributions under section 6.2. According to the Park Plaza 

Parties, only the Second General Partner had any duty to make the distribution 

that was the basis of the Class B Partner’s breach-of-contract claim, yet the 

Class B Partner did not assert any claim against the Second General Partner, an 

entity that is not a party to this litigation. The Park Plaza Parties preserved error 

in the trial court on their first issue. 

The First General Partner, the Class A Partners, and the Class B Partner 
6

(collectively the “Partners”) formed the Limited Partnership under the Delaware 

Revised Limited Partnership Act (the “Act”). See 6 Del. C. § 17–101, et seq. 

The Partners agreed that the “Agreement and the rights of the parties hereunder 

shall be governed by, [and] interpreted and enforced in accordance with, the 

internal laws (exclusive of the choice of law provisions thereof) of the State of 

Delaware as to all matters, including, but not limited to, matters of validity, 

construction, effect, performance[,] and remedies.” Under the Act, a partnership 

agreement that provides for the application of Delaware law shall be governed 

by and construed under Delaware law in accordance with its terms. 6 Del. C. § 

17–1101(i). The trial court ruled that Delaware law applies to the Class B 

Partner’s claim against the Limited Partnership for breach of the Agreement. 

We conclude that the Act and Delaware law apply to the interpretation of the 

Agreement and to our analysis of the first appellate issue. See id. 

The Act’s stated policy is “to give maximum effect to the principle of 

freedom of contract and to the enforceability of partnership agreements.” 6 Del. 

C. § 17–1101(c). Under the Act “[a] partnership agreement may provide for the 

limitation or elimination of any and all liabilities for breach of contract and 

breach of duties (including fiduciary duties) of a partner or other person to a 

limited partnership or to another partner or to an other [sic] person that is a party 

to or is otherwise bound by a partnership agreement; provided, that a partnership 

agreement may not limit or eliminate liability for any act or omission that 

constitutes a bad faith violation of the implied contractual covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing.” 6 Del. C. § 17–1101(f).

Under Delaware law, the proper interpretation of language in a contract is 

a question of law. Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Holdings, L.P., 910 A.2d 

1020, 1030 (Del. Ch. 2006). When the language of a contract is plain and 
7

unambiguous, courts give binding effect to the contract’s evident meaning. Id. 

Only when the contract’s language is susceptible of more than one reasonable

interpretation may a court look to parol evidence; otherwise, the court must 

consider only the language of the contract itself in determining the intentions of 

the parties. Id. Courts construe unambiguous terms according to their ordinary 

and usual meaning. Id. Absent some ambiguity, Delaware courts will not distort 

or twist contract language under the guise of construing it. Id. When the 

contract language is clear and unequivocal, a party will be bound by the plain 

meaning of the words. Id. 

Under section 6.2, entitled “Distribution of Partnership Capital Event 

Receipts,” the Partners agreed that “[n]o later than fifteen (15) days after the 

closing of any Capital Transaction, all Partnership Capital Event Receipts 

(subject to requirements of applicable law with respect to the priority of other 

creditors of the Partnership, if any) shall be paid or distributed” according to a 

formula for calculating the amount of the distribution to the Class A Partners 

and possibly to the Class B Partner. The Park Plaza Parties do not dispute that 

the sale of the buildings generated Partnership Capital Event Receipts that were 

required to be distributed under section 6.2. The Park Plaza Parties do not assert 

that the evidence is insufficient to prove that under section 6.2 the Class B 

Partner was entitled to receive a distribution of $1,197,866 fifteen days after the 

closing of this sale (the “Distribution”), nor do they claim that the Class B 

Partner has received any part of this distribution from any entity. Instead, the 

Park Plaza Parties argue that the Class B Partner should have sued the Second 

General Partner rather than the Limited Partnership to recover the distribution 

owed to the Class B Partner under section 6.2. 

The Park Plaza Parties assert that the Limited Partnership is not liable for 
8

the failure to pay the Distribution to the Class B Partner because section 6.2 

does not require the Limited Partnership to make any distribution. According to 

the Park Plaza Parties, only the general partner of the Limited Partnership has a 

duty to make a distribution under section 6.2, and therefore only the Second 

General Partner may be liable for the failure to pay the Distribution. 

In section 6.2, the Partners used the passive voice in the critical sentence. 

They stated “shall be paid or distributed” without identifying which entity or 

entities must pay or distribute the Partnership Capital Event Receipts. The Park 

Plaza Parties acknowledge this use of the passive voice, and they rely on other 

provisions of the Agreement in support of their argument that only the general 

partner of the Limited Partnership has a duty to make a distribution under 

section 6.2. They note that under section 7.1 of the Agreement, “[t]he General 

Partner shall be responsible for, and shall have the exclusive right and power, at 

Partnership expense, to manage Partnership affairs and control all decisions 

relating to the business and operations of the Partnership.”2

The American Spectrum Parties assert that under the Agreement, the 

Limited Partnership, rather than the general partner, is obligated to make any 

distributions under section 6.2. They claim the general partner is not liable for 

the failure to make these distributions. The American Spectrum Parties rely on 

section 7.5, which relieves the general partner from liability in certain 

circumstances: 

The General Partner shall endeavor to perform its duties under this 

Agreement with ordinary prudence and in a manner reasonable under 

the circumstances. The General Partner shall not be liable to the 

Partnership or the Limited Partners for any loss or liability caused by 

any act, or by the failure to do any act, unless such loss or liability 

 

2

In addition to section 7.1, the Park Plaza Parties also cite sections 4.1, 4.4, 4.6, and 7.8(e).
9

arises from the General Partner’s fraud, intentional misconduct, 

known violation of the law[,] or gross negligence. In no event shall 

the General Partner be liable by reason of a mistake in judgment made 

in good faith, or action or lack of action based on the advice of legal 

counsel. Further, the General Partner shall in no event be liable for its 

failure to take any action unless it is specifically directed to take such 

action under the terms of this Agreement.

3

 The American Spectrum Parties also cite (1) the phrase “distributions 

from the Partnership (pursuant to Section 6.1 and 6.2 of this Agreement)”4in 

section 1.1’s definition of “Internal Rate of Return”; (2) the phrase “the amount 

of money distributed to such Partner by the Partnership”

5

 in section 1.1’s 

definition of “Capital Account”; (3) section 7.4’s indemnification provision 

covering the general partner; and (4) section 10.12, which contains another 

limitation of the general partner’s liability.

 Section 17-606 of the Act, entitled “Right to distribution,” provides as 

follows: 

(a) Subject to §§ 17-607 and 17-804 of this title, and unless otherwise 

provided in the partnership agreement, at the time a partner becomes 

entitled to receive a distribution, he or she has the status of, and is 

entitled to all remedies available to, a creditor of the limited 

partnership with respect to the distribution.

6 Del. C. § 17–606. No party pleaded or proved the applicability of the 

limitation on distributions contained in section 17-607 of the Act or the 

limitation contained in section 17-804 of the Act. See 6 Del. C. §§ 17–607, 17-

804. The Agreement does not provide that when a partner becomes entitled to a

distribution, the partner does not have the status of a creditor of the Limited 

 

3

(emphasis added). 

4

(emphasis added).

5

(emphasis added).
10

Partnership with respect to the distribution or that such a partner is not entitled 

to the remedies available to a creditor of the Limited Partnership with respect to 

the distribution. Therefore, even presuming that no language in the Agreement 

imposes on the Limited Partnership a duty to make the Distribution under 

section 6.2 of the Agreement, under section 17-606 of the Act, because the 

Agreement does not provide otherwise,6

 when the Class B Partner became 

entitled to receive the Distribution, the Class B Partner became a creditor of the 

Limited Partnership with respect to the Distribution, and was entitled to assert a 

claim against the Limited Partnership for breach of the Agreement by failing to 

pay the Distribution owed under section 6.2. See 6 Del. C. § 17–606; Schuss v. 

Penfield Partners, L.P., No. 3132-VCP, 2008 WL 2433842, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jun. 

13, 2008) (not designated for publication).7

 In the Schuss case, limited partners withdrew from a limited partnership 

and were entitled to receive a distribution under section 10.01 of the limited 

partnership agreement, a provision that used the passive voice “shall be paid or 

distributed,” without stating which entity or entities must do the paying or 

distributing. See Schuss, 2008 WL 2433842, at *2, 6. The limited partnership 

agreement contained a provision limiting the liability of the general partner of 

the limited partnership. See id. at *2. The limited partners received a 

distribution, but they alleged a breach of the partnership agreement based on the 

failure to make “a full and timely final distribution” and on the failure to make 

“ratable, in kind distributions.” See id. at *4. 

 

6 Neither the sections of the Agreement cited by the Park Plaza Parties nor the remaining 

provisions of the Agreement provide otherwise.

7

 Under Delaware law, unpublished opinions from the Court of Chancery are precedential.

See Case Fin., Inc. v. Alden, No. 1184–VCP, 2009 WL 2581873, at *6, n. 39 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 

2009) (not designated for publication); Connolly v. Gasmire, 257 S.W.3d 831, 841 n.6 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).
11

 The limited partners asserted a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim against the 

general partner in a way that did not conflict with the limitation of the general 

partner’s liability. See id. at *2–3. But, the limited partners did not assert a 

claim against the general partner for breach of the partnership agreement; 

instead, the general partners claimed that the limited partnership breached the 

partnership agreement. See id. at *3–4. The limited partnership moved to 

dismiss for failure to state a claim, asserting that the limited partnership could 

not be liable for breach of the partnership agreement because the partnership 

was not a party to the limited partnership agreement and because the limited 

partners had not alleged that the partnership did anything to cause a breach of 

the agreement. See id. at *4. The Delaware chancery court concluded that 

under section 17-606 of the Act, the limited partners had the status of creditors 

of the limited partnership with respect to the distributions, and the limited 

partnership had to pay the distributions to the limited partners and thus could be 

sued for breach of the partnership agreement. See id. The chancery court did 

not base its ruling on any language in the limited partnership agreement 

purportedly imposing on the limited partnership a duty to make the distribution. 

See id. 

 Citing various Delaware cases, the Park Plaza Parties assert that a limited 

partner can seek to resolve a dispute over a distribution by seeking declaratory 

relief, an injunction, or money damages against the general partner. The cited 

cases do not conflict with our analysis of the first issue, and a limited partner’s 

ability to seek various forms of relief against the general partner does not 

mandate the conclusion that the limited partner may not sue the limited 

partnership for breach of the partnership agreement based on its failure to pay a 

distribution owed to the limited partner. 
12

 We conclude that under section 17-606 of the Act, when the Class B 

Partner became entitled to receive the Distribution, the Class B Partner became a 

creditor of the Limited Partnership with respect to the Distribution, and was 

entitled to assert a claim against the Limited Partnership for breach of the 

Agreement by failing to pay the Distribution owed under section 6.2. See 6 Del. 

C. § 17–606; Schuss, 2008 WL 2433842, at *2–4. Accordingly, we overrule the 

Park Plaza Parties’ first issue.

B. Did the trial court err by reducing the Park Plaza Parties’ recovery of 

damages against the First General Partner by $266,400 to punish a 

non-party for her contempt of court in violating the temporary 

injunction? 

 Under their second issue, the Park Plaza Parties assert that the trial court 

erred in reducing the amount of their recovery against the First General Partner 

by $266,400 based on Castleman’s contempt of court in violating the trial 

court’s temporary injunction. The American Spectrum Parties took issue with 

the payment Castleman made from the segregated bank account. They asserted 

that Castleman violated the temporary injunction by paying an improper real 

estate commission to Victory Realty Solutions, Inc., a corporation Castleman 

owns. 

 The American Spectrum Parties filed a motion asking the trial court to hold 

Castleman in contempt. After a pre-trial evidentiary hearing on the motion, the 

trial court signed the Contempt Order, finding that Castleman caused the 

payment from the segregated account in violation of the temporary injunction. 

In the Contempt Order, the trial court found “that a fine or incarceration would 

not be appropriate punishment for such contempt.” The court found and ordered 

“that the appropriate remedy for Ms. Castleman’s conduct is an adjustment to 

the jury’s verdict in the amount of the funds paid out in violation of the Court 
13

orders.” The jury found that a total of $371,147 would fairly and reasonably 

compensate the Park Plaza Parties for their damages that were proximately 

caused by the First General Partner’s breach of fiduciary duty. In its final 

judgment, the trial court ordered that the Park Plaza Parties recover $104,747 — 

$371,147 (the damages found by the jury) “less an offset of $266,400 as set 

forth in the [Contempt Order]” — plus prejudgment interest and court costs. 

 No party has proved or obtained a jury finding as to any alter-ego theory or 

basis for piercing any entity’s corporate veil. Thus, even presuming that 

Castleman controlled the Second General Partner and the Class A Partners, each 

of which are limited liability companies, we still must treat each actor involved 

in this case as a separate legal entity. See Sherman v. Boston, 486 S.W.3d 88, 94 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (concluding that limited 

liability company was a legal entity separate from its sole member); Peterson 

Group, Inc. v. PLTQ Lotus Group, L.P., 417 S.W.3d 46, 58–59 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet denied) (concluding that, though alter-ego and 

corporate-veil-piercing theories generally do not apply in the context of limited 

partnerships, if these theories were to apply and were proved, they would make 

a limited partner or a person in control of the limited partnership’s business 

responsible for the liabilities of the limited partnership); Daniels v. Empty Eye, 

Inc., 368 S.W.3d 743, 752 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) 

(holding that Mr. Daniels, a limited partner who also was president of the 

corporation serving as general partner of the limited partnership, was an entity 

distinct from the corporate general partner); In re BPZ Resources, Inc., 359 

S.W.3d 866, 876 n.6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012 [mand. denied], 

orig. proceeding) (treating two affiliated corporations as distinct legal entities 

even though the real parties in interest alleged an alter ego theory and sought to 
14

pierce the corporate veil, because the real parties in interest did not prove these 

allegations); Watkins v. Basurto, No. 14-10-00299-CV, 2011 WL 1414135, at 

*7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 14, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) 

(concluding that alter-ego and corporate-veil-piercing theories apply in the 

context of limited liability companies); WesternGeco, L.L.C. v. Input/Output, 

Inc., 246 S.W.3d 776, 785 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.)

(treating two corporations as separate entities because no party pleaded or 

proved a theory for piercing the corporate veil). 

 We presume for the purposes of our analysis that (1) Castleman violated 

the temporary injunction by paying an improper real estate commission in the 

amount of $266,400 from the segregated account to Victory Realty Solutions, 

Inc.; (2) without addressing the punishment for the criminal contempt, the trial 

court properly held Castleman in criminal contempt based on her violation of the 

temporary injunction;8

 and (3) this court should review the trial court’s offset of 

the $266,400 against the Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the First General 

Partner under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Even under these presumptions, 

the trial court still abused its discretion by offsetting an amount that Castleman 

withdrew from the segregated account (which did not contain funds owned by 

the First General Partner) and paid to Victory Realty Solutions, Inc. against the 

First General Partner’s liability to the Park Plaza Parties (none of whom is 

Castleman or Victory Realty Solutions, Inc.). See Western Shoe Co. v. Amarillo 

Nat. Bank, 94 S.W.2d 125, 128 (Tex. 1936) (holding that for one obligation to 

 

8 Courts use civil contempt to coerce parties to comply with a court order, usually through a 

conditional penalty. See Khan v. Valliani, 439 S.W.3d 528, 536 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2014, no pet.). There is no express statutory limit to the fine or confinement that a court 

can impose by a civil-contempt order. See id. If a fine is assessed in a civil-contempt order, the 

court cannot order that the fine be paid to a private litigant. See id. In today’s case, the trial 

court did not use its civil-contempt power. See id. 
15

be offset against another there must be mutuality; in other words, the obligor of 

the first obligation must be the obligee of the second obligation and the obligee 

of first obligation must be the obligor of the second obligation); FDIC v. 

Projects American Corp., 828 S.W.2d 771, 772–73 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

1992, writ denied) (same as Western Shoe Co). 

 The American Spectrum Parties assert that Castleman was in contempt of 

court based on her violation of the temporary injunction by her improper 

withdrawal of $266,400 from the Limited Partnership’s segregated bank account 

and her payment of this amount to Victory Realty Solutions, Inc., a company she 

owned. The American Spectrum Parties argue that the offset ordered by the trial 

court was a penalty for contempt of court that the trial court had discretion to 

order, so the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the 

appropriate equitable remedy for this contempt of court is a reduction of the 

Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the First General Partner. According to the 

American Spectrum Parties, it would not be equitable to allow the Class A 

Partners to avoid any consequences for Castleman’s violation of the temporary 

injunction. They also assert that Castleman controls the Class A Partners and is 

their agent. But even presuming that Castleman controlled the Class A Partners 

and sometimes acted as their agent, no witness testified at the contempt hearing 

that Castleman was acting on behalf of the Class A Partners when she withdrew 

the $266,400 from the segregated bank account and had that amount paid to 

Victory Realty Solutions, Inc. Nor did the trial court find that Castleman was 

acting on behalf of either of the Class A Partners when she engaged in this 

contemptuous conduct. 

The American Spectrum Parties cite Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, 

Inc., a case in which the Supreme Court of Texas affirmed the trial court’s 
16

death-penalty discovery sanction under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 215. See

701 S.W.2d 238, 240–43 (Tex. 1985). The Downer court held that the trial 

court had authority to issue the sanction based on the failure of the defendant’s 

president to appear for a deposition, relying on a procedural rule that covered the 

failure to appear for deposition of “a party or an officer or managing agent of a 

party.” Id. at 241. Today’s case does not involve such a rule, nor does it 

involve death-penalty discovery sanctions. The Downer case is not on point. 

See id. at 240–43.

The American Spectrum Parties also cite State v. Texas Pet Foods, Inc., a 

case in which the Supreme Court of Texas concluded that when a jury finds 

statutory violations occurring and continuing up to or near the trial date, in 

making the equitable determination as to whether to issue a permanent 

injunction, the trial court may determine that the defendant has engaged in a 

settled course of conduct and may assume that this conduct will continue, absent 

clear proof to the contrary. See 591 S.W.2d 800, 804 (Tex. 1979). The 

American Spectrum Parties assert that the trial court’s equitable determination in 

Texas Pet Foods as to whether the defendant was likely to engage in that 

conduct in the future is analogous to the trial court’s decision in today’s case to 

remedy Castleman’s contemptuous conduct by offsetting $266,400 against the 

Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the First General Partner. See id. Though 

Texas Pet Foods involved equitable issues as to whether the trial court erred in 

issuing a permanent injunction, that case did not involve contempt of court, the 

proper punishment for contemptuous conduct, or the propriety of an offset 

against a party’s recovery. See id. at 803–05. The Texas Pet Foods case is not 

on point. See id. at 240–43.

Even presuming the trial court had the authority to punish Castleman’s 
17

criminal contempt by a means other than a fine or confinement in jail, the trial 

court still abused its discretion in punishing Castleman’s contemptuous conduct 

by assessing an offset against the recovery of three distinct legal entities, none of 

whom is Castleman or Victory Realty Solutions, Inc. See Western Shoe Co., 94 

S.W.2d at 128; Sherman, 486 S.W.3d at 94; Daniels, 368 S.W.3d at 752; 

WesternGeco, L.L.C., 246 S.W.3d at 785; Projects American Corp., 828 S.W.2d 

at 772–73. In addition, under Texas Government Code section 21.002, the only 

punishments the trial court could properly assess for Castleman’s criminal 

contempt were a fine of not more than $500, confinement in the county jail for 

not more than six months, or both. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 21.002(b)

(West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). Longstanding, binding precedent 

construing this statute or one of its predecessors holds that the only punishments 

available for criminal contempt are a fine, confinement in jail, or both, and that 

civil damages may not be awarded to a private party as punishment for contempt 

because such damages are not a fine. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 21.002(b);

Cannan v. Green Oak Apts., 758 S.W.2d 753, 754 (Tex. 1988); Edrington v. 

Pridham, 65 Tex. 612, 617–18 (1886); Khan v. Valliani, 439 S.W.3d 528, 536–

37 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.); In re Hereweareagian, Inc., 

383 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding).

 We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by reducing the 

amount of the Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the First General Partner by 

$266,400 based on Castleman’s contempt of court in violating the trial court’s 

temporary injunction. Accordingly, we sustain the Park Plaza Parties’ second 

issue.

III. CONCLUSION

 Under section 17-606 of the Act, when the Class B Partner became entitled 
18

to receive the Distribution, the Class B Partner became a creditor of the Limited 

Partnership with respect to the Distribution and was entitled to assert a claim 

against the Limited Partnership for breach of the Agreement by failing to pay 

the Distribution owed under section 6.2 of the Agreement. Thus, the trial court 

did not err in rejecting the complaint asserted under the Limited Partnership’s 

first issue. The trial court abused its discretion by reducing the amount of the 

Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the First General Partner by $266,400 based 

on Castleman’s contempt of court in violating the trial court’s temporary 

injunction. We therefore modify the trial court’s judgment by deleting this 

offset so that the principal amount of the Park Plaza Parties’ recovery against the 

First General Partner is $371,147, and we affirm the judgment as modified.

 

 

/s/ Kem Thompson Frost

 Chief Justice 

Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Bourliot and Poissant.9

 

 

9 Originally, this case was submitted with oral argument to a panel consisting of Chief Justice 

Frost and Justices Jamison and Donovan. Before the court decided this case, Justices Jamison 

and Donovan ceased serving as justices on this court, and this case was resubmitted without oral 

argument to the current panel of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Bourliot and Poissant.