**UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460**  **OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES**  **AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES PC Code No.:**  080302 **DP Barcode s**  **:** 353319, 363812, 3638 20, 363821, 363822, 363824, 369773 , and 391835 **Date:** July

8, 2011 **MEMORANDUM SUBJECT:**  Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations of the new chemical Fluopy ram from Apples, Beans (dry

) , Cherries, Cucurbits , Grapes (wine), Peanut, Potato , Stone Fruits, Strawberry, Sugar beet, and Tree Nuts for the Use in Human Health Risk Assessment. **TO:** Shaja Joy ner, Risk Manager, RM20 Cy nthia Giles -Parker, Branch Chief , Fungicide Branch, Registration Division (7505 P ) **AND** Paula Deschamp , Branch Chief, RAB 3

Health Effects Division (7509P ) **FROM:** Mohammed A. Ruhman, Ph.D ., Agronomist.

Environmental Risk Branch V, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P ) **THRU:** Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Chief

Environmental Risk Branch V, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P ) 

### I. Summary This memo presents the Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs) for parent fluopy ram for use in an FQPA human health risk assessment.**2**

Iti s noted that the registrant is seeking registration of **fluopyram and**  **its mixtures**  with other pesticides 1 for use as a fungicide to prevent and/or control fungus diseases on the crops listed on the subject of this Memo. Fluopy ram belongs to the “py

ramide” chemical class. The proposed highest single rate of application is 0.22 2 lb a.i/A with a maximum of 0.444 lb a.i./A/crop cycle (0.249 to 0. 498 Kg/Ha) . Single and seasonal application rates may vary with the application procedure noting that the minimum application intervals range from 5 to 14 days. Fluopyram is characterized by its high persistence in soil (90 th percentile t1⁄2 = 4 64 days) , practical stab ility in water/sediment systems , and low affinity to soil/sediment (Average Koc value of 439 L/Kg) . The chemical is not expected to partition in significant amounts into the air from water in wet and dry s oil (vapor pressure= 2.33 x 10 - 8 torr and calculated Henry ’s Law C onstant= 7.59 x10 - 10 atm m3 mol - 1 at 25 °C). The degradation profile for fluopy ram show very

limited biotic/abiotic degradation occurring in laboratory soil systems and in laboratory aqueous systems affected by sunlight (represents shallow clear water systems). Although four environmental degradates were identified for fluopy ram, the Global Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (Global ROCKS) decided that only p arent is the residue of concern in drinking water exposure. The decision was based on the degradation profile of the parent which shows a very low level of degradation in important environmental compartments . The screening level EDWCs from surface water sources were calculated using Tier II PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model) and EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System). The Tier I SCIGROW ( S creening C oncentration in Ground Water) model was used for calculating the EDWCs from ground water sources. The estimates are presented in **Table 1**  for **surface water** (acute “peak” and non- cancer/cancer chronic values) and for **groundwater** . P arent was modeled using many s cenarios with the maximum application rate , maximum number of applications and minimum intervals stated in the labels for fluopy

ram and its mixtures (input parameters are shown in **Tables 3**  and **4** , below) . Results in **Table 1**  are for the highest modeled concentrations. **A ppendix**  **1** contains all EDWCs from other standard scenarios representing all of the crop use patterns/application methods . Two modeling runs were executed for each scenario: one for aerial application and the other for ground or airblast applications. Ground application for all tree crops was assumed to be airblast. **Table 1 A** list of the surface/ground water EDWC values for fluopy ram (ppb) . **Chemical Surface Water EDWCs (ppb); 1**  **- in**  **- -** **10 Years Ground water**  **Acute/Chronic (ppb)**  **Acute Peak 1**  **Non -** **cancer/Chronic (Annual Mean) 2**  **Cancer/Chronic (Overall**  **Annual Mean)**  **2 Fluopyram**  **12.97 4.90**  **3.487 0.3**  **19** 1 Florida cucumber scenario results; 2 ME potato scenario results

1 **MIX -**  **1=** Fluopyram/Tebuconazole 400 SC **MIX -** **2=** Fluopyram/Trifloxystrobin 500 SC **MIX -** **3=** Fluopyram/Pyrimethanil 500 SC **MIX -** **4=** Fluopyram/Prothioconazo le 400 500 SC**3**

Based on the results above, the **surface water**  **acute** 1 - in- 10 years peak EDWC is **12.97 ppb**  for parent fluopy

ram while the **surface water**  **non -** **cancer/chronic** 1 - in- 10 years annual mean EDWC is **4.90 ppb**  and the 1 - in- 10 -years overall mean **cancer/chronic is**  **3.487 ppb**  . F or **ground water**  **acute/chronic,** EDWCs is **0 .** **3 19**  **ppb .**  The above stated values repres ent upper-bound estimates of total concentrations that might be found in surface water and ground water due to the use of fluopy ram as a fungicide in uses stated in the subject above. EDWCs stated in **Table 1** may be considered as refined due to the fact that foliar decay rate was used in all PRZM/EXAMS modeling runs. This refinement resulted in only s light reduction in the acute values and much significant reduction in the non- cancer and cancer EDWCs. Foliar decay

rate was calculated from two studies in which the residue was determined on and in foliage with no rain or irrigation occurring during the study period. 

### II. Environmental fate of **Fluopyram 1.**  **Fluopyram Parent**  Based on abiotic laboratory studies, fluopy

ram is stable to photolysis on soil and to hydrolysis in acidic, neutral and alkaline systems (MRIDs 473723 - 06 and 473723 - 03 /07 , respectively ). Aqueous photolysis is relatively

s low and is not considered to be an important transformation route in the natural environment (t1⁄2= 57 days; MRID 473723 - 04). Laboratory metabolism data suggest that fluopy ram is expected to be relatively p ersistent in major compartments of the environment including the aerobic/anaerobic soil systems (t1⁄2 ranged from 162 to 754 days, MRIDs 473723 - 07 - 09/stable; MRID 473723 - 10), aerobic/anaerobic water/sediment systems (t1⁄2= 648 to 1,470 days for aerobic and t1⁄2= 4,680 to 5,240 days “both considered stable” ; MRIDs 473723 - 11/12 & 1 3 ), and air (estimated t1⁄2= 1.7 to 2.6 days; AOPWI N v 1.91). Although the chemical is highly p ersistent, the major route of fluopy ram degradation in the environment is expected to be aerobic soil bio -transformation which is dominated by

mineralization into CO 2 (range of maximum formed from 5 to 27%). Other residues forming as a result of aerobic soil bio -transformation, include very limited amounts of four minor transformation products (1 to 4%) and un- identified bound residue (range of maximum formed: from 8 to 15% within 1⁄3 to 1 year). The quantity formed of potential trifluorinated products is unknown because the ring containing one of the trifluorinated carbons was only uniformly

radio - labeled in the submitted environmental fate studies. **Appendix 2**  contains discussion concerning trifluorinated products. As stated previously, the chemical showed no significant degradation in aerobic or anaerobic water/sediment systems. Adsorption/desorption data suggest that fluopy ram is moderately

mobile (Koc : range= 31 6 to 591 mL g- 1 ; average= 439 mLg- 1 ; MRID 473723 - 01) . However, its relative high persistence increases the possibility

f or the chemical to be leached and to contaminate ground water and/or be carried by r unoff to contaminate surface water. Field studies c onfirmed laboratory data on relative persistence in aerobic soil in at least four out of five field sites in the USA. F ield dissipation half - lives in bare ground plots were 24 days in GA and ranged from 83 to 589 days in ND, WA and NY (MRIDs 475670 - 01/5) . If plant uptake can be considered minimal (plant uptake was not measured in these studies), it could be stated that the major dissipation routes were degradation plus leaching at CA site;**4** C F 3 O N

H N C F 3 Cl

C F 3 O **N H**  **2 O**  **H** N C F 3 Cl
**O** C F 3 O N

H N C F 3 Cl
**O H** 

O H N C F 3 **S**
**O O**  **C H**  **3** degradation (biotic transformation) at GA site; leaching at WA site. No major routes could be identified for NY and ND sites. Inc onclusion, f

luopy ram is a relatively

p ersistent chemical with moderate mobility and high solubility. Therefore , the chemical may c ontaminate ground water by leaching and surface water through run- off events. **1. Fluopyram**  **Degradat**

**ion Profile Figure 1**  summarizes degradation pathways/products for fluopy ram. **Figure 1**  Environmental degradation pathways for fluopy ram
**Fluopyram Parent**

N C F 3 N H O F 3 C **7 -** **Hydroxy**

**Lactame Molecular Cleavage** 

**Benzamide PCA** 

**Methyl Sulfoxide Chem** **ical Nam es (Molecular Form** **ula**
**– Weight; No CAS num** **ber reported)** Limited aerobic soil degradation Very limited aqueous**5**

**Lactam e:**  2,9 -bis(trifluoromethyl) - 6,7 -dihydropyrido[2,3 -e][2]benza-zocin- 8(5H) -one [C 16H 10F 6N2O - 360.26 g mol- 1 ] **7 -** **Hydroxy:** N- {2 - [3 - chloro - 5 - (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2 -yl] -2 -hydroxyethyl} -2 - (trifluoromethyl)benzamide [ C 16H 11 Cl F 6N2O 2 - 412.72 g mol - 1 ] **Benzam ide:**  2 - (trifluoromethyl)benzamide [C 8H 6F 3NO - 189.14 g mol - 1 ] **PCA:** 3 - chloro - 5 - (trifluoromethyl)pyridine -2 - carboxylic acid [C 7H 3 Cl F 3NO 2 - 225.26 g mol - 1 ] **Methyl Sulfoxide:** 3 - (methylsulfinyl) - 5 - (trifluoromethyl)pyridine -2 - carboxylic acid [C 8H 6F 3NO 3 S - 253.20 g mol - 1 ] Only f our minor metabolites were identified in aerobic soil studies. Data suggest that parent fluopy ram degrades into a transient transformation product, AE C656948 - 7 -hydroxy in which the structure of the parent is preserved. The level of this transformation product appeared to remain low (reached maximum of 4.2% at 62 day with no clear decline) probably d ue to its transient nature. Transient transformation product appears to degrade by cleavage into two minor degradates the AE C656948 -py

ridyl - carboxylic acid “PCA” (reached maximum of 0.7% at 15 days with no clear decline) and AE C656948 -benzamide “benzamide” (reached maximum of 1.1 % at 128 days with no clear decline). The minor degradate PCA appears to further degrade into the minor degradate methy lsulfoxide (reached maximum of 1.0% at the end of the study with no clear decline). No definite conclusions are possible concerning persistence of these four “soil degradates” due to their low level of formation even in one year studies As a result of photolysis, a fifth degradate, AE C656948 - lactame “lactame” was formed as a major degradate in aqueous systems (maximum formed @ 23 days = 13%) and as a minor one on the soil system (maximum formed @ 23 days= 1.2%). Lactam is not expected to be a major degradate in most environmental compartments, except shallow and clear water bodies. This is due to the fact that fluopy ram is practically

stable to photolysis on soil and that aqueous photolysis is not considered to be an important degradation pathway (mean t1⁄2= 57 days). Inthe field, only

three of the four soil degradates were tracked (methyl - sulfoxide was not tracked). The first is the transient transformation product 7 -hydroxy which was observed at low concentrations ranging from a maximum of 0.7 to 3.0% (at day 6) which were similar to low concentrations observed in the laboratory. Although decline was observed in most sites, 7 -hydroxy remained to be detected at the 1% level even at 665 days. Therefore, no clear decline can be ascertained for this compound. In contrast, the other two degradates PCA and benzamide reached higher concentrations than the laboratory

as they reached maximums of 1.2 to 18.6% and 0.8 to 16.2%, respectively, after 6 - days of application in five different field sites. These two maximums were followed by rapid decline suggesting non-persistence of both under field conditions; especially t hat they were not leached. Nonpersistence is difficult to ascertain in field studies because of possible movement instead or along with degradation. Only

b iotransformation laboratory studies , with degradates as the test substance , may b e used to infer persistence. No studies were submitted to clarify this uncertainty. Mobility was not determined for fluopy ram degradates with the exception of the transient product; the 7 -hydroxy. B ased on an adsorption/desorption study f or the 7 -hydroxy, the compound can be considered as mobile (Koc : range= 86 to 159 mLg- 1 ; average= 108 mLg- 1 ; MRIDs 473723 - 02). However, the transient nature of the compound and the observed low concentrations in both**6**

laboratory

and field studies preclude it from being important contaminant of either surface or ground waters. In contrast, PCA and benzamide degradates may form in substantial amounts in some field soils and may

c ontaminate surface or ground waters in certain situations. This possibility remains uncertain because field studies may not be used to indicate persistence unless all possible dissipation routes are tracked. **Ta ble**  **2** contains a summary o f environmental degradates formed in various laboratory

and field studies. **Table 2**  Summary

o f maximum amounts of degradates formed in environmental fate studies of fluopy ram* **Degradate 1**  **Max. Degradate % of Applied (Time of Peak ,**  **day )**  **2 Aqueous & On soil Photolysis**  **Aerobic Soil 3**  **Terrestrial Field Dissipation** 7 -Hydroxy **4.2%** (62 d) **3.0%** (62 d) Py ridyl- carboxylic acid (PCA) **0.7%** (15 d) **16%** (6 d; declined) Methyl- sulfoxide **1.0%** (30 - 121 d) **1.0%** (> year) Benzamide **1.1%** (128 d) **19%** (6 d; declined) Lactame **4 13%**  (23 d) & **1.2%** (23 d) **1** Refer to **Figure 1**  for chemical structures; No degradates were produced or identified in hydrolysis, anaerobic soil metabolism, aerobic and anaerobic aquatic studies. No ground water study was executed. **2** Blank cell indicates that degradate was not identified in the corresponding study **3** Low concentration levels, for ALL soil degradates, prevented conclusions on their persistence. However, it may

be stated that all soil degradates shoe no clear decline. **4** High concentration is for aqueous photolysis and low concentration for photolysis on soil. The degradation profile s for fluopy ram in most important environmental compartments (soil and water/sediment systems) reveals that potential contaminant degradates to surface/ground water are those produced from aerobic soil degradation including pyridyl - carboxylic acid (PCA), methyl sulfoxide , and b enzamide . However, production of these degradates are limited because of the relative stability of the parent. In this respect, it should be stated that relatively high degradation occured at two sites in the field producing the degradates PCA and benzamide at relatively high levels in the first week after application (16 - 19% of the applied). However, data suggest a clear decline following these observed maximums. 

### III. Estimating Drink

**ing Water Exposure from Surface Water Sources** Fluopy ram is a new insecticide and no surface water monitoring data is available . The Agency b ased this report on simulated screening values using Tier II PRZM/EXAMS. The screening assessment for fluopy ram was completed using Tier II PRZM/EXAMS program for drinking water. The approach was to perform a model run for most of the crop use patterns . Input values for the run is summarized in **Table 3**  **. 7** 

**Table 3** Summary of PRZM/EXAMS input parameters for modeling fluopy ram Input Parameter **1** (Unit) Value* Reference (MRID No.) Molecular Weight g/mole **396.72** Product chemistry Henry’s constant (atm-m3 mo l - 1 @ 20 o C) **2.94E -**  **10** Product chemistry Solubility in Water(mg/L) **16** Product chemistry Photolysis in Water (t1⁄2 in days @ pH 7) **57** 473723 - 04 Aerobic Soil Metabolism (90 th % t1⁄2 in days) **464** 473723 - 07 to 09 Hydrolysis (90 th % t1⁄2 in days) **Stable** 473723 - 03/07 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism (Whole system t1⁄2 in days) **1,360** 473723 - 11 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism (Whole system t1⁄2 in days) **1 ,**  **757** 473723 - 12/13 Koc (Average in L/Kg) **439** 473723 - 01 Application rate and frequency Depends on the crop label Application intervals Chemical Application Method (CAM) **2**

Parameter Guidance 2 Application Efficiency **95% for aerial 99% for ground** 
Spray Drift Fraction **Aerial (0.16) Ground: Airblast**  **(0.063) and others (0.064)**  **, Drip 0%**  Background information on the linked PRZM/EXAM is included in **A ppendix**  **3** and the chosen highest model run in **A ppendix**  **4** . 

### IV. Estimating Drink

**ing Water Exposure from Ground Water Sources** Fluopy ram is a new insecticide and no ground water monitoring data is available. The Agency used Tier I SCI- GROW model, a high exposure tier one model, for arriving at the Estimated Drinking Water Concentration (EDWC) for this chemical in ground water sources. B ackground information on **SCI -**  **GROW** model is included in **A ppendix**  **3** and input/output values are summarized in **Tables 4**  **and 5**  , respectively

2 **Guidance for Selecting Input Param** **eters in Modeling the Environm** **ental Fate and Transport of Pesticides. URL**  **http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/m odels/water/input_param** **eter_guidance.htm 8** 

**Table 4**  Summary

of SCI- GROW input parameters for fluopy ram **Parameter Value** * **Reference (MRID Number)**

Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) Number of Applications/Year **0.22 2**  **x 2 And**  **0.112 x 4** Maximum label rate= 0.0754 lbs a.i/A first application and

three applications at 0.1247 lbs a.i/A a total of 0.4495 lbs a.i/A/Crop cycle. Input has to be equal amounts therefore two entries were used: 2 applications at 0.22475 lbs a.i/A each (total 0.4495 lbs) and 4 applications at 0.11 2375 each (total 0.4495 lbs). Value chosen is that giving the highest EDWC Aerobic Soil Metabolism t1⁄2 (days) **294.5** Median of 12 values (MRID 473723 - 07 to 09 ) Koc (L Kg- 1) **397 .0**  Median of 5 values (MRID 473723 - 01 ) * As per Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides. Referenced above **Table 5** Summary

of output from SCI- GROW for fluopy ram **Parameter Value** * **Reference** EDWC with two applications **3. 19**  **x 10 -**  **1** Output form model run EDWC with two applications **3. 19**  **x 10 -**  **1** Output form model run**9**



### APPENDIX 1: Summary **Table of EDWCs for**  **Labeled Use Patterns**  **Ground Application (PCA adjustment was applied for all = 0.87)** 
**Crop Scenario**  **Single Application Rate Number of**  **Applications Date of 1**  **st**

**Application** EDWC (ppb) **lb a.i./A Kg a.i./ha**  **Peak Yearly**  **All Years** Ap ples, Ground NC apple 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 05 **12.52 4.042**  **2.127** Apples, Ground OR apple 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 05 **2.27 1.595**  **1.264** Apples, Ground PA apple 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 05 **8.35 3.931**  **2.491** Apples, Ground CA fruits 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 04 **4.06 3.192**  **2.643** Beans (dry), Ground MI beans 0.134 0.15 2 01 - 08 **10.35 3.805**  **2.351** Cherries Only, Ground MI cherries 0.092 0.103 2 10 - 07 **3.79 2.764**  **1.756** Cherries Only, Ground CA fruits 0.092 0.103 2 30 - 04 **1.52 1.247**  **1.000** Cucurbits, Ground FL cucumber 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 11 **12.97 2.635**  **1.297** Cucurbits, Ground MI melon 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 07 **5.60 4.219**  **2.392** Cucurbits, Ground MO melon 0.222 0.249 2 25 - 06 **10.38 2.685**  **1.184** Cucurbits, Ground NJ melon 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 07 **5.86 2.956**  **1.840** Cucurbits, Drip FL cucumber 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 11 **12.97 2.635**  **1.297** Cucurbits, Drip MI melon 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 07 **4.73 3.291**  **1.505** Cucurbits, Drip MO melon 0.222 0.249 2 25 - 06 **9.36 2.426**  **0.927** Cucurbits, Drip NJ melon 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 07 **4.83 2.457**  **1.351** Grapes (Wine), Ground CA wine grapes 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 04 **4.32 3.274**  **2.685** Grapes (Wine), Ground NY grapes 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 04 **7.99 4.606**  **3.311** Peanuts, Ground NC peanut 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 07 **7.90 3.017**  **2.339** Potatoes, Ground IDN potato 0.178 0.199 2 20 - 06 **4.17 2.809**  **2.565** Potatoes, Ground ME potato 0.178 0.199 2 01 - 07 **7.92 4.900**  **3.487** Stone Fruits, Ground CA fruits 3 0.092 0.103 4 25 - 04 **2.95 2.435**  **1.991** Stone Fruits, Ground GA peaches 0.092 0.103 4 20 - 04 **3.33 1.595**  **1.114** Straw berry Drip FL strawberry 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 12 **8.14 1.543**  **0.963** Sugerbeet, Ground MN sugerbeet 0.112 0.125 2 01 - 05 **4.80 3.633**  **2.784** Tree Nuts, Ground CA almond 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 02 **3.48 1.876**  **1.405** Tree Nuts, Ground GA pecans 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 08 **10.19 2.421**  **1.497** Tree Nuts, Ground OR Filberts 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 03 **4.56 2.384**  **1.666 10** 



### Aerial **Application (PCA adjustment was applied for all = 0.87)**  **Crop Scenario**  **Single Application Rate Number of**  **Applications Date of 1**  **st**

**Application Peak**  **EDWC (ppb) lb a.i./A**  **Kg a.i./ha Yearly**  **All Years**  **60 -** **day** Beans (dry) MI beans 0.134 0.15 2 01 - 08 **10.94 4.13**  **2.72** Cherries Only MI cherries 0.092 0.103 2 10 - 07 **4.58 3.39**  **2.38** Cherries Only CA fruits 2 0.092 0.103 2 30 - 04 **3.56 2.88**  **2.47** Peanuts NC peanut 0.222 0.249 2 15 - 07 **8.98 3.56**  **2.89** Potatoes IDN potato 0.092 0.103 3 20 - 06 **4.82 3.26**  **3.06** Potatoes ME potato 0.092 0.103 3 01 - 07 **6.84 4.25**  **3.08** Tree Nuts CA almond 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 02 **5.42 2.95**  **2.46** Tree Nuts GA pecans 0.222 0.249 2 01 - 08 **11.17 2.67**  **1.78** Tree Nuts OR Filberts 0.222 0.249 2 20 - 03 **6.36 3.32**  **2.62 11**  

### A**PPENDIX 2**  **: T**  **rifluorinated P**  **roducts In**  **submitted fate/transport**  **studies, Fluoropyram**  **was uniformly**  **labeled in**  **only one**  **of the**  **rings containing**  **the trifluorinated**  **carbon** "; therefore, the formation and decline of potential trifluorinated degradation products is unknown. Trifluoroacetic acid (CAS 76 - 05 - 1) is a potential degradation product that is shared by other pesticides (e.g. , benfluralin, trifloxystrobin, fluometuron, and thiafluamide/flufenacet), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and hydrofluoroc arbons (HFC). According to the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, with a vapor pressure of 110 torr at 25°C, trifluoroacetic acid will volatilize if released to the air or dry s oil (USNIH, 2009). It’s half - life in air is estimated at 31 days due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals. However, if released to water bodies or wet soil, trifluoroacetic acid will form a persistent anion (pKa of 0.52) that will not degrade by a biotic or microbial means. The compound has been detected in surface water, seawater, and precipitation (USNIH, 2009). Therefore, there is an exposure concern of water bodies persistently contaminated with trifluoroacetic acid from sources including degrading fluopy ram residues in water bodies. Fluoroform (trifluoromethane; CAS 75 -46 - 7) is also a possible terminal product of the trifluorinated degradates of fluopy

ram. According to the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, fluoroform will volatilize from water and soil based on a Henry's Law constant of 0.095 atm-m3/mol and a vapor pressure of 3.5 x 10 4 torr at 25°C (USNIH, 2009). However, the compound has been detected in surface water and ground water. Itwill persist in air with a half - life of 180 years and gradually diffuse into the stratosphere with a half - life of 20 years (USNIH, 2009). As an HFC, fluoroform is included with the greenhouse gases subject to the Kyoto Protocol (United Nations, 1998 , EPA 2009 ). United Nations. 1998. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Online at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf United States National Institutes of Health (USNIH). 2009. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. United States National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services, Environmental Health and Toxicology, Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET®), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (H SDB®). Last updated: Jun. 12, 2008. Online at: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ US EPA 2009. “Adoption Proposed Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act”, in Federal Register, Vol. 74, No. 78, 2009, pp. 18886 - 18910. US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation. Washington, DC.**12**



### APPENDIX **3 : Back** **ground Information on the Models** a. PRZM and EXAMS models and the Index Reservoir Scenario The linked PRZM and EXAMS models are used in this case as a second tier screen designed to estimate the pesticide concentrations found in water for use in drinking water assessments. They provide high- end values on the concentrations that might be found in a small drinking wa ter reservoir due to the use of pesticide. The Drinking Water Index Reservoir scenario includes a 427 acres field immediately

adjacent to a 13 acres reservoir, 9 feet deep, with continuous site - specific flow. This amount can be reduced due to degradation in field and the effect of binding to soil. Spray drift is equal to 6.4% of the applied concentration from the ground spray a pplication and 16% for aerial applications. The PRZM/EXAMS modeling system with the Index Reservoir scenario also makes adjustments for the percent cropped area. While it is assumed that the entire watershed would not be treated, the use of a PCA is still a screen because it represents the highest percentage of crop cover of any large watershed in the US, and it assumes that the entire crop is being treated. Various other conservative assumptions of this scenario include the use of a small drinking water reservoir surrounded by a runoff -prone watershed, the use of the maximum use rate and no buffer zone. b. SCI
- GROW SCI- GROW is a screening model which the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) in EPA frequently uses to estimate pesticide concentrations in vulnerable ground water. The model provides an exposure value which is used to determine the potential risk to the environment and to human health from drinking water contaminated with the pesticide. The SCI- GROW estimate is based on environmental fate properties of the pesticide (aerobic soil degradation half - life and linear adsorption coefficient normalized for soil organic carbon c ontent), the maximum application rate, and existing data from small - scale prospective ground-water monitoring studies at sites with sandy soils and shallow ground water. Pesticide concentrations estimated by S CI- GROW represent conservative or high- end exposure values because the model is based on ground-water monitoring studies which were conducted by applying pesticides at maximum allowed rates and frequency to vulnerable sites (i.e., shallow aquifers, sandy, permeable soils, and substantial rainfall and/or irrigation to maximize leaching). In most cases, a large majority o f the use areas will have ground water that is less vulnerable to contamination than the areas used to derive the SCI- GROW estimate. SCI- GROW provide a groundwater screening exposure value to be used in determining the potential risk to human health from drinking water contaminated with the pesticide. SCI- GROW estimates likely groundwater concentrations if the pesticide is used at the maximum allowable rate in areas where groundwater is exceptionally v ulnerable to contamination. I n most cases, a large majority o f the use area will have groundwater that is less vulnerable to contamination than the areas used to derive the SCI- GROW estimate.**13** 

### A**PPENDIX 4**  **: Example of a Model Run PRZM EXAMS**  **MODEL RUNS : Highest Peak (FL Cucumber Ground)**  stored as FluoprymDW.out Chemical: Fluopyram PRZM environment: FLcucumberSTD.txt modified Wedday, 13 June 2007 at 12:19:24 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:08 Metfile: w12844.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:22 Water segment concentrations (ppb) Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 1.121 1.07 0.961 0.5564 0.3709 0.09146 1962 3.421 3.269 2.807 2.127 1.751 0.8643 1963 8.385 4.354 2.483 1.274 1.128 0.7284 1964 12.07 11.84 10.89 6.521 4.419 2.568 1965 6.88 6.629 5.667 4.34 3.633 1.463 1966 8.742 8.351 7.517 5.94 5.104 1.881 1967 3.949 3.78 3.17 2.849 2.579 1.108 1968 1.807 1.73 1.451 1.103 0.9258 0.5269 1969 6.812 6.561 5.725 4.394 4.006 1.987 1970 9.627 9.207 7.831 6.079 5.28 2.054 1971 2.624 2.513 2.073 1.561 1.283 0.715 1972 3.419 3.269 2.761 2.217 1.908 0.8736 1973 2.773 2.652 2.462 2.076 1.813 0.7877 1974 9.695 9.256 8.122 5.805 4.763 1.854 1975 2.703 2.59 2.18 1.559 1.271 0.602 1976 4.087 3.908 3.551 2.586 2.112 0.9204 1977 11.47 10.96 9.86 6.104 4.129 1.916 1978 8.207 7.862 6.745 5.168 4.229 1.737 1979 6.009 5.739 4.772 3.297 2.662 1.358 1980 7.733 7.395 6.19 4.892 4.167 1.966 1981 6.02 3.459 2.921 2.304 2.281 1.053 1982 5.925 5.661 4.963 3.653 3.424 1.438 1983 7.144 6.893 6.053 4.608 3.866 1.645 1984 31.31 30.23 25.61 14.25 9.559 3.422 1985 13.29 12.76 10.82 7.822 6.78 3.08 1986 20.65 19.71 16.63 7.974 5.515 3.161 1987 15.09 14.45 12.14 8.607 6.983 2.498 1988 2.873 2.751 2.339 1.903 1.705 0.7532 1989 4.91 4.69 2.455 1.208 1.032 0.7068**14** 1990 4.036 3.859 3.445 2.572 2.296 0.9783 Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258 31.31 30.23 25.61 14.25 9.559 3.422 0.064516 20.65 19.71 16.63 8.607 6.983 3.161 0.096774 15.09 14.45 12.14 7.974 6.78 3.08 0.129032 13.29 12.76 10.89 7.822 5.515 2.568 0.16129 12.07 11.84 10.82 6.521 5.28 2.498 0.193548 11.47 10.96 9.86 6.104 5.104 2.054 0.225806 9.695 9.256 8.122 6.079 4.763 1.987 0.258065 9.627 9.207 7.831 5.94 4.419 1.966 0.290323 8.742 8.351 7.517 5.805 4.229 1.916 0.322581 8.385 7.862 6.745 5.168 4.167 1.881 0.354839 8.207 7.395 6.19 4.892 4.129 1.854 0.387097 7.733 6.893 6.053 4.608 4.006 1.737 0.419355 7.144 6.629 5.725 4.394 3.866 1.645 0.451613 6.88 6.561 5.667 4.34 3.633 1.463 0.483871 6.812 5.739 4.963 3.653 3.424 1.438 0.516129 6.02 5.661 4.772 3.297 2.662 1.358 0.548387 6.009 4.69 3.551 2.849 2.579 1.108 0.580645 5.925 4.354 3.445 2.586 2.296 1.053 0.612903 4.91 3.908 3.17 2.572 2.281 0.9783 0.645161 4.087 3.859 2.921 2.304 2.112 0.9204 0.677419 4.036 3.78 2.807 2.217 1.908 0.8736 0.709677 3.949 3.459 2.761 2.127 1.813 0.8643 0.741935 3.421 3.269 2.483 2.076 1.751 0.7877 0.774194 3.419 3.269 2.462 1.903 1.705 0.7532 0.806452 2.873 2.751 2.455 1.561 1.283 0.7284 0.83871 2.773 2.652 2.339 1.559 1.271 0.715 0.870968 2.703 2.59 2.18 1.274 1.128 0.7068 0.903226 2.624 2.513 2.073 1.208 1.032 0.602 0.935484 1.807 1.73 1.451 1.103 0.9258 0.5269 0.967742 1.121 1.07 0.961 0.5564 0.3709 0.09146 0.1 **14.91** 14.281 12.015 7.9588 6.6535 3.0288 **PCA= 0.87; PEAK= 0.87 x 14.91= 12.97**  **nputs generated by pe5.pl**  **- Novemeber 2006**  Average of yearly averages: 1.491235**15**

**PRZM EXAMS**  **MODEL RUNS** **: Highest**  **Yearly &**  **All Years**  **(ME Potatoes)**  Data used for this run: Output File: FluoprymDW Metfile: w12844.dvf PRZM scenario: FLcucumberSTD.txt EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv Chemical Name: Fluopyram Description Variable Name Value Units Comments Molecular weight mwt 396.72 g/mol Henry's Law Const. henry 2.94E - 10 atm - m^3/mol Vapor Pressure vapr torr Solubility sol 16 mg/L Kd Kd mg/L Koc Koc 439 mg/L Photolysis half- life kdp 57 days Halflife Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 1360 days Halfife Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 1757 days Halfife Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 464 days Halfife Hydrolysis: pH 5 0 days Halflife Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Halflife Hydrolysis: pH 9 0 days Halflife Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm Application Rate: TAPP 0.25 kg/ha Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction Spray Drift DRFT 0.064 fraction of application rate applied to pond Application Date Date 20 - 11 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd
- mm or dd - mmm Interval 1 interval 5 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app. app. rate 1 apprate kg/ha Record 17: FILTRA IPSCND 1 UPTKF Record 18: PLVKRT PLDKRT 0.131 FEXTRC 0.5**16**

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total(average of entire run) stored as FluoprymDW.out Chemical: Fluopyram PRZM environment: MEpotatoSTD.txt modified Tueday, 29 May 2007 at 12:56:18 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:08 Metfile: w14607.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:52 Water segment concentrations (ppb) Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 4.651 4.574 4.292 3.839 3.671 1.429 1962 8.779 8.658 8.306 7.661 7.328 4.308 1963 6.32 6.242 6.106 5.869 5.848 4.691 1964 5.956 5.885 5.689 5.354 5.068 4.271 1965 5.042 4.991 4.785 4.382 4.125 3.456 1966 4.36 4.296 4.048 3.745 3.349 2.429 1967 6.512 6.426 6.183 5.782 5.556 3.647 1968 6.095 6.022 5.828 5.454 5.17 4.109 1969 8.311 8.191 7.734 6.947 6.64 4.778 1970 9.294 9.152 8.645 7.692 7.119 4.721 1971 5.487 5.433 5.217 4.812 4.559 3.711 1972 6.68 6.58 6.193 5.729 5.522 3.453 1973 6.808 6.726 6.399 5.897 5.599 4.086 1974 5.09 5.036 4.82 4.418 4.248 3.547 1975 3.873 3.824 3.634 3.368 3.252 2.57 1976 9.139 9.012 8.543 7.849 7.695 4.648 1977 7.569 7.463 7.357 6.961 6.862 5.049 1978 8.522 8.442 8.19 7.579 7.262 4.995 1979 6.895 6.802 6.635 6.013 5.692 4.652 1980 5.234 5.171 4.946 4.563 4.422 3.679 1981 16.05 15.77 14.76 12.92 12.04 5.926 1982 8.819 8.718 8.4 8.239 8.04 6.343 1983 8.553 8.448 8.035 7.706 7.445 5.697 1984 6.035 5.98 5.734 5.214 4.934 4.29 1985 4.61 4.552 4.412 4.058 3.816 3.058 1986 5.827 5.744 5.447 5.122 4.905 3.538 1987 3.732 3.687 3.539 3.306 3.268 2.927 1988 3.879 3.827 3.675 3.458 3.319 2.811**17** 1989 7.022 6.943 6.541 5.886 5.455 3.34 1990 7.646 7.541 7.144 6.575 6.241 4.099 Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258 16.05 15.77 14.76 12.92 12.04 6.343 0.064516 9.294 9.152 8.645 8.239 8.04 5.926 0.096774 9.139 9.012 8.543 7.849 7.695 5.697 0.129032 8.819 8.718 8.4 7.706 7.445 5.049 0.16129 8.779 8.658 8.306 7.692 7.328 4.995 0.193548 8.553 8.448 8.19 7.661 7.262 4.778 0.225806 8.522 8.442 8.035 7.579 7.119 4.721 0.258065 8.311 8.191 7.734 6.961 6.862 4.691 0.290323 7.646 7.541 7.357 6.947 6.64 4.652 0.322581 7.569 7.463 7.144 6.575 6.241 4.648 0.354839 7.022 6.943 6.635 6.013 5.848 4.308 0.387097 6.895 6.802 6.541 5.897 5.692 4.29 0.419355 6.808 6.726 6.399 5.886 5.599 4.271 0.451613 6.68 6.58 6.193 5.869 5.556 4.109 0.483871 6.512 6.426 6.183 5.782 5.522 4.099 0.516129 6.32 6.242 6.106 5.729 5.455 4.086 0.548387 6.095 6.022 5.828 5.454 5.17 3.711 0.580645 6.035 5.98 5.734 5.354 5.068 3.679 0.612903 5.956 5.885 5.689 5.214 4.934 3.647 0.645161 5.827 5.744 5.447 5.122 4.905 3.547 0.677419 5.487 5.433 5.217 4.812 4.559 3.538 0.709677 5.234 5.171 4.946 4.563 4.422 3.456 0.741935 5.09 5.036 4.82 4.418 4.248 3.453 0.774194 5.042 4.991 4.785 4.382 4.125 3.34 0.806452 4.651 4.574 4.412 4.058 3.816 3.058 0.83871 4.61 4.552 4.292 3.839 3.671 2.927 0.870968 4.36 4.296 4.048 3.745 3.349 2.811 0.903226 3.879 3.827 3.675 3.458 3.319 2.57 0.935484 3.873 3.824 3.634 3.368 3.268 2.429 0.967742 3.732 3.687 3.539 3.306 3.252 1.429 0.1 9.107 8.9826 8.5287 7.8347 7.67 5.6322 Average of yearly averages: 4.0086 Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006**18**

Data used for this run: Output File: FluoprymDW Metfile: w14607.dvf PRZM scenario: MEpotatoSTD.txt EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv Chemical Name: Fluopyram Description Variable Name Value Units Comments Molecular weight mwt 396.72 g/mol Henry's Law Const. henry 2.94E - 10 atm - m^3/mol Vapor Pressure vapr torr Solubility sol 16 mg/L Kd Kd mg/L Koc Koc 439 mg/L Photolysis half- life kdp 57 days Halflife Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 1360 days Halfife Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 1757 days Halfife Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 464 days Halfife Hydrolysis: pH 5 0 days Halflife Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Halflife Hydrolysis: pH 9 0 days Halflife Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm Application Rate: TAPP 0.199 kg/ha Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction Spray Drift DRFT 0.064 fraction of application rate applied to pond Application Date Date 7 -Jan dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd
- mm or dd - mmm Interval 1 interval 5 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app. app. rate 1 apprate kg/ha Record 17: FILTRA IPSCND 1 UPTKF Record 18: PLVKRT PLDKRT 0.131 FEXTRC 0.5 Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir**19**

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
**SciGrow MODEL RUN**  SciGrow version 2.3 Chemical : Fluopy

ram Time is 6/23/2010 11:58:35

----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------- Application Number of Total Use Koc Soil Aerobic Rate (lb/acre) Applications (lb/acre/y r) (ml/g) **1** metab olism (days) **2**

--------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------- 0.223 2.0 0.446 3.97E+02 294.5

---------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------------ ------------------ - -------------- Groundwater screening concentration (ppb) = 3.19E - 01 = **0.319 ppb** ************************************************************************