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increasing quality, labor productivity and attaining the best results,
In the last years of the five-year plan, a final result was obtained that
was smaller than the potentialities of the branch sconomy permit.

- The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
on perfecting the economic mechanism, and the decisions of the November
(1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee are oriented on improving the
entire system of management and branch control,

The increased scales of production, complication in the economic ties, and
the need for accelerating scientific and technical progress and intensi-
fying production required a qualitatively new approach to the system of
planning, in the.first place, long-tern,

Shortcomings in the branch work determined the formulation of a broad
circle of measures directed towards increasing the production efficiency,
They bear both a long-term and a current nature, In this respect it was
required that the general trends and proportions of development of the
electrical equipment industry be defined for _ a long term, The branch
has developed a plan for development and arrangenent of the electrical
equipment industry for the period up to 2000. It starts from the maximum
satisfaction of the needs of the national economy for electrical equipment
products and the optimal arrangement of branch enterprises over the
country's territory, It defines the main trends in scientific and techni-
cal progress, based on ths outlook for development of science and tech-
nology. A lot of attention is focused on questions of a social plan.

The experience of planning the branch’."s economic and social development
demonstrates, that the final results depend a lot on the close correlation
of the planned development of the enterprises with the development of the
corresponding rayon, city or region, the presence of labor resources, the
facilities of the construction industry, etc, Therefore, the question on
the need for closer combination of branch and territorial planning is
taised with all acuteness, The branch is conducting systematic work in
this direction jointly with the planning and economic organs of the union
republics and the large industrial centers of concentration of the
electrical equipment industry enterprises,

The trends in the development of the electrical equipment industry for the
long range serve as a landmark in the formulation of Plans for the average
period. On their basis the branch has formulated several variants of
economic development of the electrical equipment industry in the llth and
lth Five-Year Plans, In the first place, they focus attention on pro-
viding for the needs of the fuel and energy complex, transportation,
machine construction, agriculture, metallurgy and other ‘branches,

It is known that the use of electricity in industry is one-third, and for

transportation two-thirds more efficient than the use of mineral fuel,
Therefore, measures have been worked out to significantly increase the

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The department also prepares "Itogi nauki i tekhniki" collections for pub-
lication, These are information publications of the review type in which
information about those achievements, basic trends and tendencies in the
development of various fields of science and technology that had appeared
in REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL in the last one to three years is summarized and
systematized. Since 1964, 85 volumes of INT have been published, including
16 volumes on thermal power engineering. in 1969 the volume entitled
“Energeticheskiye gazoturbinnyye ustanovki" [Gas-Turbine Power Installe-
tions] was published.

The present and the future of the Scientific-Industrial Department of Elec-
trical and Power Engineering of VINITI is linked to further work in improv-
ing the arrangement of the headings and raising the quality of the issues
through the use of computers in the preparation and publishing of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. Work is being conducted at VINITI on the creation of
an automated information-search system called ASSISTENT [expansion not pro-
vided]. It has been proposed that, starting in 1981, information be pub-
lished on machine-read carriers, for example, on magnetic tape, in addition
to the traditional publication of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL on paper.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo “Energiya," "Teploenergetika," 1980

9512
CSO: 1822

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4, Filatov, A. I. "The Effect of Technical Progress in Power Engineering
upon the Rates of Obsolescence of Thermal Electric Power Stations,"
TRUDY ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA IMENT G. M. KRZHIZHANOVSKOGO, No 17a,
1974,

5. Inventor's Certificate No 311022 (USSR) "Multiflow Steam Condensing
Tutbine," authors: Yu. A. Averbakh, I. L. Kam, V. I. Leaman, et al.
Published in B. I., No 24, 1971.

6. Volynskiy, M. M.; Karliner, V. M.; Lezman, V. I.; et al. "Moderniza~
tion of the K-160-130 Turbine's Regulating System when Creating a
Regulated Steam Bleed," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 10, 1977.

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Teploenergetika," 1980

9512
csé: 1822

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The fixed capital possessed by petroleum refining industry increased signi-
ficantly during the period under examination. ‘The Lisichansk and Pavlodar
petroleum refineries were put into operation. High-output and combined
petroleum refining facilities were erected at the Mozyr', Kremenchug,
Novobakinsk imeni V. I. Lenin, Moscow, and Nizhnekamsk petroleum refineries,
and in the "Groznefteorgsintez" Production Association. The output capa—
cities of secondary petroleum refining processes grew. A total of 28 new
Production facilities were put into operation during the fourth year of

the 10th Five-Year Plen.

The increases in the sector's economic potential became possible owing to
the selfless labor of all oil refiners, and their active and creative
participation in the all-union socialist competition for completing and

- surpassing the assignments set by the annual plans.

The work of petroleum refining industry also suffered complexities that
Prevented us from fully reaching the goals of the five-year plan. ‘They
include undersupply of petroleum, interruptions in deliveries of finished
products, delays in construction and commissioning of new output capacities,
and some others. Not all enterprises are making use of advanced skills
or working persistently to raise labor productivity, to economize on

. material resources, and to achieve the best possible end results of pro-
duction, Other shortcomings in the work have included delays in commission-
ing and assimilating newly built output capacities and in preparing good

- quality raw material, especially for secondary petroleum refining processes,
and failure to complete the plans for introducing new equipment and for
re-equipping the production operations.

The 1980 plan for petroleum refining industry, which was written by planning
agencies, enterprises, and collectivesof the USSR Ministry of Petroleum Re-
fining and Petrochemical Industry, is an important component of the five-
year plan for 1976-1980. It was compiled with < consideration for the
national economy's higher demand for petroleum products, and the petroleum

. processing volumes foreseen. Although the planned targets for 1980 are
high in terms of the petroleum refining volumes and the technical-economic
indicators, they are realistic, and it is the honor of every collective to
insure that we reach and surpass them.

Guiding themselves by decisions of the November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU
Central Committee and statements made at the plenum by CPSU Central Committee
General Secretary, Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet,
Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, this year all of the ministry's production collec~
tives and administrative machinery will devote a great amount of attention
to the following issues:

Revealing and utilizing all production reserves, and raising the output-
capital ratio by making more-intensive use of the equipment, preparing raw
material to be processed better, and reducing the materials-intensiveness
and cost of production;

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annual economic effect from their introduction surpassed 5 million rubles,
Passenger seats of the new IL-86 airliner are equipped with individual
small-sized electric fans with low noise level, which created noticeable
conveniences for the passengers,

In evaluating as a whole the results of working to create unified series
of low power electrical machines, one can note, that the adopted direction
in planning provides a noticeable reduction in the necessary number of
machine type-sizes, by preserving at the same time the possibility of
creating on their basis the necessary nomenclature of the type designs,
Analysis demonstrates that the introduction of new series of low power
electrical machines makes it possible to almost reduce 2,5-fold the re-
- quired number of their type sizes, and halve their net cost, Here, the
developed electrical machines in their Parameters and characteristics are
on the level of the best foreign models.

It is necessary, however, to take into consideration that the work that has
been done mainly permits a regulation of the nomenclature of the traditional
types of electrical machines of low Power, i.e., those that are currently
nanufactured in series by the branch enterprises, In addition to this, in
order to solve the main task of satisfying the needs of the national economy
for electrical machines of the given class it is necessary to pay attention
also to the inevitable nomenglaturs shifts, that should be expected based
~ on the results of analyzing the scientific and technical achievements both
in the tranch of small electrical machine construction itself, and in the
related branches of industry,

One can indicate in this respect that in the near future technical solutions
should becons widely developed that are based on the principles of synthe-
sizing electrical machines and semiconductor transformers, These solutions
in the first place guarantee perfection of designs of the contactless
direct current electric motors that can use modern achievements in the area
of devising integrated hybrid designs of commutators on semiconductor
instruments and microcircuits, As a result, potentialities are created

for a significant reduction in the weight and overall dimensions of the
contactless direct current electric motors, and their bringing to the level
of collector machines, The indices of reliability and durability here

rise significantly,

Achievements in the field of producing permanent magnets with high values
of specific magnetic power also Promote an expansion in the areas of appli-
cation of the direct current contactless electric machines,

It is necessary to focus a lot of attention on the technical solutions that
make it possible to guarantee simplification of the kinematic schemes of
mechanisms and instruments that use low power electrical machines, Here
design solutions to create slow-moving electric motors have already been
realized in wactice: with electromagnetic reduction, multipolar syn-
chronous with rolling rotor, wave, step-type, ete, One can expect

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All of this will permit a strengthening of the link between the results of
technical progress and the cost accounting indicators of work of the
industrial enterprises, and guarantee of the combination of collective
interests with national,

An important component in perfecting the system of planning provided for
by the decree is the introduction into practice of long-term economic
standards, They make it possible to intensify centralized control of
- Production, and to increase the initiative and independence of the pro-
duction collectives,

Among the economic norms and standards an important Place is occupied by the
standards for the fund of wages, They are established in the branch for
each enterprise, based on the correlations between the growth in labor
Productivity and the average wages, increase in the volume of Production
dus to a growth in labor productivity so that a drop in the specific con-
sumption of wages for the volume of product production is guaranteed,

The definition of the planned fund of wages in the annual Plan takes into
consideration the conversion of the volume of commodity output from the pre-
vious year based on the coefficient of efficiency, If there is a deviation
in the actual output of new products from the planned, the planned fund of
wages is pinpointed by the cumulative sum since the beginning of the year,
Consequently, both the planned and the actual sum of the wages fund are
placed in dependence on the number of new items and the size of the economic
effect obtained from the use of these items by the consumer,

Deduction standards from the profit at the disposal of the branch and the
state budget were also set for 1980: to the unified fund of development of
science and technology--in percentages of the planned volume of commodity
output with regard for the effect; to the funds of economic stimulation,

Calculations with the state budget for deduction from the profit are made
vy the ministry in a centralized manner, Here the payments to the budget
are guaranteed in a full amount, regardless of the results of the work of
individual enterprises and the branch as a whole, This increases respon-
sibility and interest of all the links of the branch in the growth of pro-
duction efficiency and the adoption of more intensive plans, At the same
time, the interests of the budget are completely guaranteed.

The branch has been equipped with other economic levers and stimuli that
follow from the decree to perfect the economic mechanism. The use of long-
term credit has been expanded as a source of financing of capital invest-
ments when there is a shortage of in-house resources of the ‘branch, The
role. of incentive bonuses for the wholesale prices has been increased to
stimulate the output of highly efficient items, Now they are set for the
entire period of action of the state sign of quality, In the first 3 years
of output of new items, 70% of the total incentive bonuses is sent to the
incentive funds, and with repeated certification--up to 35%, Deductions
from the wholesale prices of 10% are set for items of the second category
of quality that are subject to removal from production,

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7 ELECTRIC POWER

HEATING SUPPLY , VARIOUS MODES OF HEAT UTILIZATION

Moscow TEPLOSNABZHENIYE (Heating Supply) in Russian 1979 pp 2,
254-255

[Annotation and table of contents from the book by Z. Siraks, Energiya
Press, 256 pages, translated from the Latvian to Russian]

[Text] The book describes heat users and the various modes of heat
utilization. Technical-economic calculations of comparable variants of
heating supply are presented along with procedures for selecting optimal
heating systems (closed or open, associated or autonomous). Problems
of the design, analysis, and operating adjustments of heating centers
are considered, along with the siting of heating lines in horizontal and
vertical urban plans.

The book is intended for heating engineers, technicians, designers, and
repairmen dealing with the installation of central heating systems in
cities and settlements. It will also be useful to students majoring in

3 power engineering at higher schools.

Table of Contents Page

Foreword 3
Introduction 4
I.1. Importance of Heat and Heating Supply 4

1,2. Development of Central Heating 7
Chapter 1. Local Heating-User Systems 10
1.1. Types of Heat Consumption and Heat Transfer Agents 10

1.2, Heating 12

1.3. Ventilation 22

1.4, Air Conditioning 27
1.5. Hot Water Supply 32

1.6. Technological Processes 36
1.7. Heat of Secondary Energy Resources 37

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ELECTRIC POWER

ECONOMICS OF USSR POWER INDUSTRY EXAMINED

Moscow EKONOMIKA ENERGETIKI SSSR: UCHEBNIK DLYA VUZOV (Economics of the
USSR Power Industry: Textbook for Higher Schools) in Russian 1980
pp 2, 340-343

[Annotation and table of contents from book by A. A. Chernukhin and
Yu. N. Flakserman, Energiya Press, 344 pages]

{Text] The book deals with ways of streamlining power output and problems
of the economics of the construction and operation of electric power
stations and networks. The second edition had been published in 1975.
In this third edition new trends of scientific and technical progress
in the industry and developmental prospects of coal, gas, and petroleum
supplies are described.

x.
This textbook is intended for students majoring in power engineering at ~
higher schools. It may be used by engineers and technicians at power-
system enterprises.

Contents Page
Foreword 3

Chapter 1, Power Industry and Electrification Within the USSR
Economic System 7

1.1. Importance of Power Industry and Electrification to

Building the Material-Technical Base of Communism 7

- 1.2. Stages in the Development of Soviet Power Industry ll
1.3. Outline of the Fuel and Power Complex and Its

Developmental Prospects 18

Chapter 2. Management, Planning, Personnel, and Labor

Productivity in Power Industry 25
2.1. Basic Principles and Methods of Economic Management 25
2.2. Structure of Industrial Management and Organization
of the Management of Power Industry 32
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Thus, it is theoretically possible to use exhaust steam from the turbine
drive of 300 MW power units for heat supply. However, taking into ac-
count the recommendations of [3], it is expedient to limit the extraction
to 70 kg/s (150 MJ/s). Thus, where it is possible, it is desirable not to
complicate the layout of a heat supply installation that is limited to the
steam extracted from the turbine alone, It should be noted that during
operation at some electric power stations consumers are found to be using
the steam for production purposes and for their ow needs in connection
with the changeover of KES's [condensing thermal electric power stations]
over to a semipeak mode of operation (supplying deaerators, fuel oil con-
servation, peak boilers, etc,). For example, the feasibility of extracting
steam at 14 to 16,5 kg/s at a pressure of 2,5 MPa from K-150-130 KhTGZ tur-
bines has been examined, as well as design variants of K-200-130 LMZ tur-
bines with a limited extraction of steam at a rate of 55 kg/s and a pres-
sure of 1.5 MPa, Except for power stations with turbine units of 150-300
MW, more powerful fossil-fuel fired power units and turbine units for AES's
with outputs of 220 to 1000 MW may be used in the future, depending upon
the local conditions for meeting the considerable heat loads,

It is already possible’at the present time to summarize the performance of
the three K~150-130 KhTGZ turbine units at the Nazarovekaya GRES where the
first modification of the renovation was carried out, A stepped preheat of
the network water with steam from an unregulated bleed at a pressure of

. 0.06-0.12 MPa and with steam from a regulated bleed at a pressure of 0.54

MPa was created. Over the course of 5-6 years of turbine operation no fun-

damental difficulties were manifested in the start-up, condensation and

heat-supply cycles.

While the renovated turbines were being set up, changes were introduced in
the design of the turbine manifold and the low-pressure steam—distribution
equipment. Free vibration in the baffle and some other small defects were
eliminated,

Thermal tests of the turbine installation in power unit # 5 carried out by
the Siberian branch of Soyuztekhenergo determined their physical indicators
after the renovation,

In addition, it became necessary to expand considerably the pressure limits
in the regulated bleed as a result of the pressure reduction to 0.25 MPa
(see table 1). In view of this, a second modification was developed for
all subsequent renovations of these turbines. This modification provides
for the basic renovation of the stage cell between the hot intermediate-
superheating and the regulated bleed, as well as for the replacement of the
turbine manifold and the removal of the first stage of the low-pressure
cylinder.

It is necessary to emphasize that the renovation of the equipment must co-

incdde as much as possible with the modernization of all thermal engineering
equipment (on the basis of developing manufacturing plants), with the re-

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output of electrical equipment for nuclear power, superhigh voltage
transmission lines (1500 kv of direct current and 1150 kv of alternating
current), and hydropower, It is planned to increase the production
facilities for manufacture of main and industrial electric locomotives,
electric equipment for heavy-freight dump trucks, suburban trains, subways
and trolleys, A considerable growth is envisaged in the production of sub-
mersible electric motors to extract oil at the fields with low Pressure beds,
unique electrical machines for gas and oil pipelines, and electrical equip-
ment in an explosion-safe design for the needs of the coal industry,

The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
on accelerated rates of electrification of agriculture requires that the
branch implementa corresponding increase in the output of electric motors,
power transformers, high-voltage and low-voltage electrical apparatus,
resources of relay protection of the networks, electric heaters, special
electrical lamps, illumination engineering equipment and many other elec-
trical items, The total volume of deliveries of electrical equipment for
agriculture in the llth Five-Year Plan should be considerably increased,

These and other tasks are being solved on the basis of a further accelera-
tion of the nates of scientific and technical Wrogress, First, a consider-
able increase is planned for the quality and technical parameters of the
manufactured products, and creation and mastery of Production of electrical
items with increased specific technical and economic indices and level of
mechanization and automation, Second, a broad program is planned of saving
material and labor resources, The branch has worked out and is implementing
18 major scientific and technical programs, They encompass the entire

cycle "science-technology-production-consumption," are closely interrelated
not only within the electrical equipment industry, but- also with the related
branches, and CEMA member countries, The complex plan for saving material
and labor resources provides for the creation of new, more efficient items
with reduced materials consumption, labor-intensity and enargy consumption, |
light-weight structural parts with the optimal technical and operational
characteristics, Measures are being planned that guarantee the replacement
of deficit and expensive materials. Broad introduction of advanced tech-
nological processes, mechanization and automation of the production processes
is planned,

Thus, the plan of economic development of the electrical equipment industry
is oriented on high final results--more complete satisfaction of the social
needs and all-possible saving not only of in-house resources, but also a
considerable reduction in the national economic expenditures, An increase
in the volumes of production at the active enterprises will be guaranteed
by means of a growth in labor Productivity, The measures worked out for
saving of material resources make it Possible to increase the output of
products without a significant rise in the ferrous and nonferrous netals,
chemical products and other types of raw materials and materials, From the
Broduction and use in the national economy of new types of electrical equip-
ment and cable items it is planned to guarantee in the 11th Five-Year Plan

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ELECTRIC POWER

UDC 621.165:697.34
UTILIZATION OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS IN CENTRAL HEATING

Moscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 80 pp 37-41

[Article by Engineers Yu. A, Averbakh, V. A. Bonesko and M. L.
Sheshelovskiy and Candidate of Technical Sciences Yu. P. Kosinov of the
Kharkov affiliate of the Glavenergoremont Central Design Bureau]

[Text] At the present time, thermal loads are primarily being met with -
heat released from heat and electric power stations, regional boiler plants

and from cross-coupled GRES's. At such GRES's the steam turbine units have

been renovated in connection with the organization of regulated and un-

regulated central heating and industrial steam extraction and the conver-

sion of the extracted steam into work energy by means of back pressure and

reduced vacuum [1].

It will be expedient to examine the feasibility and future prospects of in-
cluding steam turbine power units as practically unlimited sources of heat.
The utilization of these units for a heat supply makes it possible to meet
loads of several hundred megajoules per second for consumers located in the
immediate vicinity of the GRES as well as loads of several thousand mega~
joules per second for the central heating needs of large cities.

The feasibility of meeting central heating loads by renovating the turbine
. units has been shown previously in [1,2].

The characteristics of renovated 160, 200 and 300 MW turbine units are

cited in table 1, These characteristics testify to the units’ considerable .
potential as possible powerful sources of heat. When investigating the -
problems associated with employing equipment having a total output of 25 to
30 million kW for heat supply, it is necessary to analyze thoroughly the
effect such renovation has on changing the controllability characteristics
of the power units as well as on the power balance of consolidated power
systems. These questions have been examined previously [3]. Moreover,
taking into consideration the fact that power units of 160 to 300 MW capa~
city began being installed at electric power stations in the 1960's and al-
ready have run over 100,000 hours or else are approaching that many hours
of operation, it is necessary to evaluate the practical prospects of oper

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of the base year, According to the technique developed in the branch,
the percentage of economic effect excluded from the base is called upon to
compensate for those losses in the growth of production, labor Productivity
and wages that the enterprise bears in transferring to the output of the
new, highly efficient items,

The growth rate for the volume of commodity output with regard for effi-
ciency is set for each enterprise and the branch as a whole for the planned
period in quarters by the cumulative sum, The planned assignment for the
growth in labor productivity and standards of wages are also determined on
its basis, Indices for the growth rate in commodity output with regard

for the effect, labor productivity and specific weight of the products of
the highest category of quality are directive and fund-forming,

Economic conditions have been created that guarantee the interest of the
enterprises in producing new products with lower materials consumption and
labor-intensity. The wholesale prices for such Products have been set with
regard for preservation of the size of profit obtained from realizing

the previously manufactured products, In order to determine the volumes of
Production and labor productivity, wholesale prices are used that were
adopted in the plan for the replaced products,

The directive indicators include the economic effect from conducting
scientific and technical measures, It combines into one the technical and
economic planning with planning of scientific and technical Progress and
its stimulation, The economic effect obrained as a result of increasing
the organizational and technical level of Woduction serves: as the real

- base for guaranteeing a reduction in tha net cost of the products, rise in
Profit and fulfillment of all the cost accounting indicators, The given
indicator makes it possible to introduce into the sphere of cost accounting
relationships of material interest of the.enterprises and associations in
reducing the labor-intensity and materials-consumption of products, and
raising labor productivity. It serves as the basis for planning and the
actual deductions for the incentive fund to create and introduce new equip-
ment,

Thus, the new economic indicators are directed towards guaranteeing high
final results, saving not only of in-house, but also national economic
expenditures, The advantage of the commodity output indicator with regard
for the effect consists of the fact that on the one hand, it creates con-
ditions for intensifying the economic interest of the enterprises in mas -
tering new items, and on the other hand, nonfulfillment of the plan for
output of the new product, or decrease in its efficiency results in nonful-
fillment of all the indicators, and drop in the incentive funds, The use
of the new indicators will promote the preservation of the growth rates in
the volumes of production with a certain decrease in the first year in the
quantity of manufactured Products, but in favor of their quality, This is
very important for the transition to the comprehensive increase in the
quality of products from raw materials and materials to the finished items,

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placement of parts that have outlived their calculated safe lif, as well
as with the elimination of individual design defects that have arisen
during operation.

Conclusions

1, One of the directions in improving the economic indicators of power en~
gineering in the near future is the utilization of power units with tur-
bines of 160-300 MW capacity both for heat supply and for satisfying the

- steam load of industry and the in-house needs of power stations operating
in semipeak modes.

2. The conversion of 160-300 MW condensing power units into units of the
central heating class substantially reduces the obsolescence of renovated
equipment and should be matched by a considerable improvement in their
physical condition.

3, Since GRES power units of 150-300 MW capacity take part in covering the
variable portion of the electric load schedule, it would:be worthwhile to
consider as a preferred direction in turbine unit renovation the organiza-
tion of regulated bleeds in conjunction with unregulated steam bleeds (when
it is technically justified).

4, The utilization of condensers of turbine units of 150 MW capacity and
greater for the first preheating stage of the network water reduces con-
siderably the controllability characteristics of renovated power units and
may find limited application, primarily with open water~supply systems.

5. The use of exhaust steam from the turbine drive of K-300-240 turbines
for heat supply complicates considerably the operation of turbine units,
imposes some limitations on the turbine's operational nature and is an un-
sound practice when the optimum amount of steam is bled from the turbine
Proper.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kosdnov, Yu. P.j Averbakh, Yu. A.; Lyakin, A. V.3 Sheshelovekiy, M. Le;
et al. “Experience in Modernizing Steam Turbines for the Purpose of
Heat Output," ELEXTRICHESKIYE STANTSII, No 11, 1976.

2. Averbakh, Yu. A.; Rosin, D. S.; and Sheshelovskiy, M. L. "The Feasi-
bility of Covering Significant Heat Loads with Modern Steam Turbine
Units," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 10, 1971.

3. Averbakh, Yu. A; Brazovskiy, V. P.; Gitman, M. I.; Goncharov, G. 1.3

et al. “Prospects and Optimization of Operating Conditions of 160-300 MW
KES Units for Heat Supply," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 2, 1980.

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- ELECTRIC POWER

NEW SYSTEM INTRODUCED INTO ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY

Moscow ELEKTROTEKHNIKA in Russian No 2, 1980 pp 2-4

[article by V. Ye, Astaf"yev, head of planning and economic administration:
"Electrical Equipment Industry under New Conditions of Planning and
Economic Stimulation" ]

{rext] In the set of tasks to be solved, the electrical equipnent industry
occupies a special place in the system of interrelationships with the
branches of the national economy, The final results of economic and social
development of the country's economy depend to a considerable degree on its
balanced development, Being the technical and production base for electri-
fication of the national economy, the electrical equipment industry pro-
vides all spheres of social production with the equipment to generate,
tansmit, transform and consume electricity. From here follows the special
role of the electrical equipment industry in increasing the efficiency

of social production,

This determines the orientation of all the links in the branch economy
towards improving the final results of its operation with the least
expenditures, The adopted decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR
Council of Ministers on perfecting the economic mechanism is a BPpecific
Program for realizing this most important task,

Analysis of the work of the electrical equipment industry demonstrates that
the tranch has attained significant advances, In 1%6-1979 the volume of
industrial production rose more than 2,8-fold (on the average 7.9% per
year), The output of electrical equipment consumer goods increased 5,4-
fold (average annual growth rate was 12.9%), During this period the same
scientific and production potential was created in the branch that was
accumulated during all the previous years of development of electrical
equipment. The level of satisfying the national economic needs for elec-
trical equipment rose considerably,

Here the completeness: of satisfying the needs was oriented on specific
consumers. Whereas in 1977 the branch undersupplied about 10% of the
Products to the consumers, in 1979 the commitments for deliveries based on
concluded contracts and orders were fulfilled by %%.

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Page

11.6. Methodological Principles for the Selection of Capacity
and Type-Sizes of the Basic Facilities of Heat

and Power Stations in a Power System 309
11.7. Economics of Hydroelectric Power Stations as an

Element of Power Systems 311
11.8. Methodological Principles for the Selection of

Optimal KES Capacity in a Power System 314

11.9. Developmental Prospects of the Mir Power Association 319

Chapter 12. Trends and Economic Problems of Scientific and
Technical Progress in Power Industry 321

. 12.1. Economic Nature and Role of Scientific and
Technical Progress in the Development of

Social Production 321
12.2. Technical Progress in Power Industry at the Present
Stage of Its Development 323

12.3. Trends and Economic Principles of Scientific and
Technical Progress in Power Industry From the

Standpoint of Its Overall Development 325
12.4, Trends in the Use of Computers in the Management
of the National Economy and Power Industry 329
. Bibliography 332
Subject Index 335

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," 1980

1386
cso: 1822

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In studies previously published [1,2], the design features of renovated

160 and 200 MW turbines are examined, In the K-300-240 turbines of the

LMZ [Leningrad Metals Plant imeni 22nd CPSU Congress] and the KhTGZ

{Kharkov Turbogenerator Plant imeni S, M. Kirov] there are essential de-
sign differences associated with the presence of three low-pressure steam
flows. The first is in the intermediate-pressure cylinder, the other two
in the low-pressure cylinder, When a regulated steam bleed is created, a
hinged baffle is installed ahead of the first flow as a low-pressure
steam-distribution element, while butterfly valves are incorporated ahead
of the remaining two flows in two reserve tubes ahead of the steam input in
the low-pressure cylinder [5], The extraction of steam is carried out
ahead of the first flow. In LMZ turbines the turbine exhaust is directed
into the first low-pressure flow, that is, into the intermediate-pressure
cylinder. During the renovation, three methods of feeding the exhaust steam
to the main turbine were examined. In the first version, steam is fed into
the first low-pressure flow. As a result of this, the pressure after the
turbine drive and the pressure in the regulated bleed are equal, Steam at
the rate of 111 to 125 kg/s arrives at the network preheaters from both the
turbine and the turbine drive. This simplifies considerably the problem of
extracting steam from the turbine, However, because of the constancy of the
pressure after the turbine drive, it is possible to use the exhaust steam if
the flow rate of live steam is not less than 166 kg/s. At greater rates of
boiler discharge the output of the turbine drive is not sufficient to drive
the feed pumps.

In the second version, the turbine drive's exhaust is fed into the low-

pressure cylinder after the butterfly valves and, therefore, is not used for

heat supply. In this case the controllability of the turbine unit is in-

creased, but the maximum steam extraction is limited to 94.5 to 100 kg/s due
- to restrictions on the possible arrangement of steam-extraction pipes.

In the third version, the turbine drive's exhaust is completely isolated
during the heat supply cycles from the turbine and all the steam is directed
into separate network preheaters, the pressure in which for a given flow
rate of network water depends upon the temperature of the water and the
flow rate of steam through the turbine drive. In practice, the realization
of such an arrangement is impossible because of the considerable overdriving
of the final stages of the turbine drive when the temperature of the network
water is low, as well as the unacceptable reduction in the drive's output at
network-water temperatures above 55°C,

In the turbines manufactured by KhIGZ the turbine drive's exhaust is direct-
ed into the low-pressure cylinder, Two methods of discharging steam from
the turbine drive were examined. In the first version the steam is dis-
charged into the regulated bleed chamber, In this case the diameter of the
pipe for the steam bleed from the turbine is reduced from 1.4 to 1.2 m, but
the turbine drive's exhaust steam may be utilized if the flow rate of the
live steam is not less than 195 kg/s, In the second version, the steam
feed to the turbine drive is carried out past the butterfly valves, In
both versions the maximum rate of steam extraction is 125 kg/s.

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5.3.

FOR OFFICIAL USE SGLY

Page

Classification and Structure of Power Generating
Expenditures uu

5.4. Economic Nature and Procedure for the Determination of
the Principal Elements of the Cost of Power Generation
at Heat and Power Plants and Steam Power Plants 114
5.5. Economic Nature and Forms of Calculating Generating
Costs 122
5.6. Procedure for Calculating Overall Power Generating
Cost at Heat and Power Stations 123
5.7. Production Expenditures and Power Generating Cost
in Atomic Power Stations 130
- 5.8. Power Generating Cost at Hydroelectric Power Stations
and Gas-Turbine Power Stations 133
5.9. Power Transmission Cost and Total Power Generation
Cost in Power Systems 135
5.10. Principal Ways of Reducing Power Generating Costs 139
Chapter 6, Rates, Income, Cost Accounting, and Economic
Incentives in Power Industry 143
6.1. Principles of Theory and the Practice of
Price-Formation Under Socialism 143
6.2, Principles for Drafting and Ways of Improving Rates
for Electricity and Heat 145
6.3. Finances, Income, and Profitability in Power Industry 153
6.4. Cost Accounting and Economic Incentives at Power
Enterprises 158
Chapter 7. Methods for Estimating the Economic Effectiveness of
Production, Capital Outlays, and New Equipment in
- Power Industry 164
7.1. Economic Importance and Ways of Increasing the
Effectiveness of Social Production, Capital
Outlays and New Equipment 164
7.2. Starting Premises for the Procedure for Determining the
Effectiveness of Production, Capital Outlays, and
- New Equipment 167
7.3. Indicators of Overall Effectiveness of Power
Generation 171
7.4, Indicators of and Procedure for Determining the
Comparative Economic Effectiveness of Capital
Outlays and New Equipment 173
7.5. Features of the Procedure Used for Technical and
Economic Calculations in Power Industry 180
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Page
2.3. Principles, Nature, and Ways of Improving Planning
in Power Industry 37
2.4. Tasks and Principles of Power Industry Forecasting 43
2.5. Personnel and Wages in Power Industry 47
2.6. Techniques of Measuring and Ways of Increasing
Labor Productivity in Power Industry 53
Chapter 3. Assets and Production Capacities of Power Industry 58
3.1. Economic Nature of Fixed and Liquid Capital 58
3.2. Classification and Structure of Fixed Capital,
Methods of Its Estimation 61
3.3. Ways of Improving the Utilization of Fixed Capital
in Power Industry 68
3.4. Depreciation and Obsolescence, Modernization and
Repair of Fixed Capital 70
3.5. The Concept of Quality, Reliability, and Longevity
and Power Machinery Building 78
: 3.6. Production Capacities of Power Enterprises, Ways
and Means of Streamlining Their Utilization 80
3.7. Liquid Capital and Circulating Assets of Power
Enterprises 87
3.8. Indicators of the Efficiency of Utilization of Fixed
Assets in Power Industry 90
3.9. Tasks and Principles of the Organization of Material-
Technical Supply in Power Industry 93
Chapter 4. Capital Construction and Project Design in Power
Industry 95
4,1. Economic Nature, Purpose, and Scale of Capital Outlays
Z on Power Industry 95
4.2. Basic Ways of Increasing the Effectiveness of the
Utilization of Capital Outlays on Power Industry 96
4.3. Planning Principles and Financing Sources for
Capital Construction 99
4.4. Organization and Stages of Project Design in Power
Industry 101
4.5. Project-Estimate Cost of Construction and Ways of
Reducing It 102
4.6. Procedure for Overall Determination of Capital
Outlays on Power Construction 104
Chapter 5. Power Generating and Transmission Costs 106

5.1. Economic Nature and Significance of Reducing
Industrial Generating Costs 106
5.2. Features of the Formation of Power Generating Costs 108

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The indicator for the final results of the branch .'s work is not only the

level of satisfaction of needs according to the quantity of products, but
- also according to the technical and economic level and the quality of the
manufactured product. It is important to guarantee an increase in the
consumer properties of the items, increase their durability, service life,
operating life, etc, Analysis of the work of the branch under the new
conditions of planning, financing and material incentive for new equipment
showed the high final results. This is indicated by the results of testing
the system for 10 years, Tha specific weight of items of the highest quality
quality category in the volume of production of products subject to certi-
fication increased from 12.2% in 1%8 to 55.9% in 1978, According to the
results of work for 1979, the indicator of specific weight of products of
the highest category of quality in the total volume of production was 45%,

The system of planning, financing and material stimulation of scientific
and technical progress was oriented on saving not only of branch expendi-
tures, but also a reduction in the national economic costs, Tha national
economic effect from conducting scientific and technical measures in 1978
rose as compared to 1968 5,2~fold, and in 1969-1978 was about R 8 billion,
There was a significant increase in the specific efficiency’ of new items,
Thus, the economic effect for one new item increased from R 294,000 in 1968
to R 637,000 in 1978, and for 1 ruble of the unified fund for the develop-
ment of science and technology--from 1 ruble 42 kopecks to 3 rubles 6 ko-
pecks, and for 1 ruble of the volume of scientific research and experi-
mental design work--from 1 ruble 15 kopecks to 2 rubles 77 kopecks,

In the Bighth Five-Year Plan, the increase in the volume of production due
to a rise in labor productivity was 73%, in the Ninth--83%, and in the

10th Five-Year Plan the task was set of reaching 95-97%. In 1971-1978 the
average annual rate of increase in the volumes of production of electrical
equipment products was 7.8%, the consumption of rolled products of

ferrous metals increased by %, of copper by 2.7%, lead by 1.6%, while the
specific standards of these types of materials dropped respectively by 24.8,
30 and 35%. In the next 2 years, the increase in the volume of output of
items of electrical equipment practically occurred without an increase in
the rolled products of ferrous metals, copper and silver,

These are positive results of the work of the electrical equipment industry,
At the same tine, the conducted analysis also showed the negative aspects
of the branch 's development, ‘

Inefficient use of labor resources is still occurring, The needs of the
national economy for electrical equipnent are not satisfied completely,
There are cases of censure of the consumers on the quality of the manu-
factured products, The efficiency of capital investments and the yield
of newly introduced production facilities are insufficient,

The force of inertia has not been overcome at all the enterprises and
associations, and a decisive turn has not been made to all work towards

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9.6, Directions and Prospects for the Electrification
of Industry

9.7. Power Supply Systems and Principles of the Economics
of Power Consumption in the Housing and Communal
Economy

9.8. Economic Principles of Power Generation and
Consumption in Railroad Transport

9.9, The Concept of the Economics of Power
Consumption in Agriculture

Chapter.10. Concentration, Centralization, Combination, and
Principles of the Economics of Power Supply

10.1. Characteristics of Regional Power Supply Sources and
Principles of Their Geographical Distribution
10.2. Nature and Economic Significance of Concentration,
Centralization, and Combining
10.3, Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of KES
and Heat and Power Plants
10.4, Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of
Hydroelectric Power Stations
10.5. Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of
Atomic Power Stations
10.6, Effectiveness of Increasing the Transmission Capacity
of Power Transmission Lines and the Economic
Principles of the Centralization of Power Supply
10.7. The Concept of the Economics of Heat and Gas Supply
10.8. Effectiveness of Combining [Mergers] in Power
Industry
10.9. Comparative Effectiveness of Power Transmission and
A Fuel Transport to Regions Remote from Fuel
Deposits

Chapter 11, Principles of the Economics of the Formation and
Development of Power Systems

11.1. Basic Concepts, Classification, and Economic
Advantages of Power Systems

11.2. Stages and Prospects of the Development of
Power Systems and Their Unification

11.3. Power and Economic Characteristics of the Principal
Types of Power Stations as Power-System Components

11.4. Stand-By Capacity of Power Systems and the Concept:
of the Reliability of Power Supply

11.5, Methodological Principles for the Determination of
the Longrange Development of Power Systems and
the Substantiation of Their Capacity Structure

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243

249
252

254

254
258
263
270

272
274
281
283
288

290

290
294
295
298

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In order to intensify the stimulating role of wages in increasing pro-
duction efficiency, the use of wages conservation is expanded, The
associations and enterprises of the branch have obtained the right to pay
bonuses for the tariff rates of the workers for plurality of professions
and fulfillment of the set volume of work with a lower. number of workers
from the saving for the wages fund obtained compared to the set standard,
Fifty percent of the unused saving of the wages fund in the given year
will be sent to the fund of material incentive, while permitted overcon-
sumption is subject to compensation from the fund of material incentive,

The funds of economic stimulation will be formed according to stable
standards, The branch has been given the right to set different fund-
forming indicators with regard for the features and imminent tasks for
individual associations and enterprises, The formation of the production
development fund is based on the deduction standards from profit and amorti-
zation deductions, The role of this fund considerably rises in implemen-
ting measures for mechanization and automation, replacement and moderni-
zation of equipment, improvement in the organization of production and
labor, as well as in conducting other measures for the technical re-
equipping of the industry, These measures that were formulated by the
associations and enterprises themselves, are included in the plan of capi-
tal construction in the full volume of outlays, and are guaranteed in
primary order by the material resources and facilities of the construction-
contract organizations,

Interrelated measures have been worked out for further improvement in the
economic mechanism in construction, which will be introduced into the branch
in the 1lth Five-Year Plan, These measures are directed towards increasing
the efficiency of capital investments, and accelerating the putting into
Production of production facilities and objects, The main factor for impro~
ving the construction business will be the transition to stable five-year
plans of capital construction (with distribution of the assignments over

the years), Intensification is envisaged of the balance with material,
labor and financial resources, as well as the outputs of the construction-
installation organizations, The allocation of capital investments will be
made for the planned increase in Products, The active production and the
new construction now will be planned as a unit, with regard for the possi-
bilities of increasing the output of products for the available Production
facilities,

It is planned to allocate resources for the reconstruction and technical
re-equipping of the active enterprises in the primary order, Such order

for formulating plans of capital investment is directed so that the con-
struction of new enterprises begins only in that case where the needs of

the national. economy for specific types of products cannot be Provided for
by the active enterprises with regard for their reconstruction and tech-
nical re-equipping, An important stage will be the completion in 1981 of the
transition to calculations between the customers and the contractors for

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prise, a concrete plan of measures aimed at increasing the output capacities
of existing production operations and facilities through their intensifi-
cation and reconstruction. Fulfillment of these measures by the enterprise
collectives should insure that we not only complete the 1980 plan but also
surpass it.

The creative initiative of efficiency experts and inventors, and the
attention of business managers and of local party, trade union, and Komsomol
organizations must be directed at implementing these measures. Sensible
organization of the production of petroleum products and distribution of
their production among the plants with the goal of reducing unsensible
shipments of petroleum products is a very important task that must be
completed by the administration of the ministry and the all-union pro-
duction associations within its composition.

Augmentation of the output capacities of existing production facilities

and operations, and introduction of new output capacities in 1980 should
insure an increase in the gross output of enterprises of the "Soyuznefteorg-
sintez" All-Union Production Association by 5.3 percent in comparison with
the actual volume for 1979. Automobile gasoline production volume should
increase by 3 percent, and diesel fuel production should increase by 6 per-
cent. The proportion of high-octane gasolines in the total volume of auto-
mobile gasoline produced must be increased to 65 percent.

Production of aromatic hydrocarbons, liquid paraffins, electrode coke, and
raw materials for petrochemists is to be developed at a preferential rate in
1980. In comparison with 1979, production of liquid paraffins is to be
increased by 52 percent, production of raw materials for petrochemistry is
to be increased by 42 percent, electrode coke output is to be increased by
13 percent, and production of aromatic hydrocarbons is to be increased by

8 percent. We must also increase production of lubricating oils, bitumen,
furnace and gas turbine fuel, naval boiler fuel oil, and other products.

The plan calls for achieving, through implementation of organizational and

- technical measures and intensification of production, a significant in-
crease in the capacities for primary petroleum refining, coking, catalytic
cracking, hydrorefining, and production of lubricating oils and their
additives. ‘The plan accounts for products that must be obtained with new
output capacities to be introduced in the first quarters of the present
year. Therefore it is especially important to insure completion of their
construction by the deadlines set by the plan, and to prepare them well
for assimilation of their planned output capacities.

The plan for capital construction in the current year will necessitate much
hard work on the part of both the contracting ministries and the clients.
The appropriate subdivisions of the USSR Ministry of Petroleum and Petro~

chemical Industry and the boards of the enterprises under construction must
insure that the facilities under construction are promptly supplied with
the technical documents and equipment they need.

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creates serious difficulties in organizing series production, Under these
conditions, the haphazard approach to planning and producing low power
electrical machines that occurred at the onsst of the development of this
branch is now quite inapplicable, It is necessary to coiduct extensive
scientific studies, and to have the correct technical policy in questions
linked to a determination of the paths for the branch development,

The stated problem bears a complex nature, since it is linked to perfection
of both the methods of planning, and the technology and organization of
Broduction, Organization of precise coordination of scientific research
and developments done by the scientific research institutes and design
offices of the branch acquires great importance, It is impossible not to
consider the need for a close link with other branches of industry that
guarantee supply of materials and parts that are necessary to ensure the
assigned technical level of low power electrical machines,

Reduction in the nomenclature of the developed low power electrical machines
with a simultaneous striving to satisfy to the maximum the requirements of
the consumers is currently being attained by the introduction into produc-
tion of single series of machines, With such an approach, the design and
technological similarity of different types of machines is revealed and
employed, and an extensive unification of both the electrical machines
themselves and their assembly units and parts is carried out, A high level
of item unification is guaranteed also by using preconstructed size and
parameter series (grid tables) and tranch standards for the type of
standardization created on their basis during the development of unified
series,

In recent years, in the branch a lot of work has been done in this direction
and its result is the development of size-parameter grid tables for the
overwhelming majority of the types of low Power electrical machines, The
grid tables that set an efficient correlation of output parameters of
electrical machines with their overall and ad justing-connecting dimensions
simultaneously determine the long-term nomenclature of the items to be
developed, This nomenclature is the original for consumers in planning
devices, objects or systems that use low power electrical machines,

By restricting the combinations of output Parameters and dimensions, the
standardizations promote an increase in the batch nature of the output of
individual type-designs of electrical machines, which has a favorable
effect on the organization of production, and promotes the introduction of
the leading production processes,

The development of size-parameter series and standardizations of low power
electrical machines is dona on the basis of a thorough consideration of
the trends of their development, detection of the long-term need for indi-
vidual types of machines with regard for the required range of output para-
meters, as well as a set of long-term technical and operational require-
ments, In this respect, studies have become widespread in the branch

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ELECTRIC POWER

UDC 621, 313-181.4,001,1
TRENDS IN LOW POWER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OUTPUT
Moscow ELEXTROTEKHNIKA in Russian No 3, 1980 pp 2-4

[Article by V. I, Nellin, deputy minister of the electrical equipment
industry: "Development of Production of Low Power Electrical Machines Is
the Most Important Task of the Electrical Equipment Industry"

[Text] Low power electrical machines have become very widespread in the
country's national economy, Household electrical appliances, medical
equipment, communications devices, calculation equipment, systems of
automatic control and regulation, aviation and space equipment--this is
far from a complete list of the areas of application of electrical
machines of the given class,

The consumption volumes of the low power electrical machines by different
branches of the national economy are continually rising, In the area of
- household appliances, for example, comparatively recently, the number of
these machines in one family was still counted in units, Today, it is
increasing to several dozens, The number of machines of the given class
among the electrical equipment of modern airplanes has almost tripled,

The decisions ofthe 25th CPSU Congress set before the electrical equipment
industry an important national economic task of developing the production
of low power electrical machines at fast rates, Their annual output must
rise several times by the year 2000, Here an improvement in the technical
Parameters and characteristics of the machines, increase in the level of
their reliability and durability must be guaranteed,

The complexity of the set task consists of the fact that the Production of
low power electrical machines is characterized by a considerable nomen-
clature due to the diversity of the areas of application of the items, The
extreme nonuniformity in the volumes of production of individual type- .

: designs of machines (from hundreds to millions of items per year) is linked
to this same circumstance,

As the circle of tasks to be solved with the help of low power electrical
machines expands, the demand for their expanded nomenclature rises, which

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ELECTRIC POWER

BRIEFS

NUCLEAR POWER USE--In the West this would be considered a revolution.
In the USSR it is a major project. In order to save on petroleum, the
Soviets are studying the installation of nuclear power plants in the
very heart of their metallurgical or chemical complexes. Here are their
calculations: A 1,000 megawatt reactor would be sufficient for two
chemical combines producing one million tons of ammonia per year. The
same reactor would be able to power a unit producing two million tons of
steel. It would be very clean! The only condition is to use "high
temperature" (1,000 degrees Celsius) reactors. A demonstration power
plant is already under construction but Moscow is refusing to identify
its location. [Text] [Paris L'EXPRESS in French 28 Jun 80 p 69] 5157

CsO: 3100

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28
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Economization, reduction of the materials-intensiveness of products, and re-
duction of the los$es of petroleum and petroleum products and of fuel con-
sumption for the in-house needs of the petroleum refineries acquire special
significance to attainment of the targets foreseen by the 1980 plan. in
his speech at the November Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, L. I.
Brezhnev devoted a great deal of attention to economization of all forms

of energy and fuel, and to reduction of their losses. He called conserva-
tion of heat and energy the most important national task. Petroleum re-
fining and petrochemical industry is a high energy consumption sector of
the national economy, requiring significant quantities of petroleum for its
own needs. During the first 4 years of the five-year plan the oil refiners
attained significant successes in reducing losses and economizing on fuel.
In comparison with 1975, the losses of petroleum and petroleum products per
ton of refined petroleum were decreased by 14 percent, while fuel con-
sumption was kept at the 1975 level, even though the volume of secondary
processes grew significantly.

Such a decrease in losses and such economization of fuel resulted in a
- savings on the order of 1 million tons of comparison fuel per year.

However, an inspection showed that the petroleum refineries still have
significant reserves and possibilities for further economization of energy
resources, Not all enterprises are implementing the recommendations
approved by the ministry for reducing losses and economizing on fuel,
wasteful expenditure of energy is continuing, large quantities of gas

are still being burned away as waste products, and reservoir centers
storing petroleum and petroleum products are being outfitted too slowly
with devices that reduce losses of light petroleum products. Water heat
exchangers and condensers are being replaced in air cooling units and
barometric condensers are being replaced by surface condensers too slowly.
The advanced skills of some enterprises are not always brought to the
attention of others.

One important issue for the sector is to raise the effectiveness of

- petroleum utilization by improving preparation of crude oil and raising
the potential of end product removal. This pertains especially to pre-
paration of crude oil for catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming,
and for acquisition of aromatic hydrocarbons, electrode coke, lubricating
oils, and some other products. Because raw material for the production
processes of these facilities is not being prepared well enough, the
quantities of end products recovered are low, energy expenditures are
excessive, and the capital-output ratio and effectiveness of the use of
crude oil in refining processes are low. Due to imprecise fractionation,
the petroleum products and semifinished products recovered by some enter-
pris?s do not meet the plant standards, and in order to raise their
quality to the required level, the enterprises must expand additional
energy and chemicals, and sometimes even condone shipment of products
failing to satisfy the necessary quality indicators.

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129 kW+h/GJ and for the K-300-240 it is 126 kWeh/GJ, Naturally, these
figures are inferior to the analogous indicators for the best domestic
central-heating turbines.

In order to increase the efficiency of the renovation, it is expedient to
examine the feasibility of using the turbine condenser as the first pre-
heating stage. This eliminates the loss of heat with the circulating wa-
ter. However, the practical realization of this potential is more compli-
cated than for low-output turbine units and, to a considerable degree, is
determined by the type of water~supply system (closed or open). In the
closed water-supply system the temperature of the return network water may
- go to 70°C and the corresponding steam pressure in the condenser will
amount to 0.06 to 0.08 MPa. This is not permissible from the point of view
of reliable operation of both the rotor blades and the turbine itself,
Moreover, because of the relatively small values for the preheating of net-
work water in the condenser, an unusually high flow rate of water is re-
quired. Data are cited in table 2 which characterize the indicated opera~
ting conditions in the condenser (at a temperature head of 6t=4°C and with
the rotor blades retained in the final stages). It follows from the table
that, in order to recover all the heat usually lost with the circulating
water, it is necessary to remove the rotor blades in one or two of the fi-
nal stages (to reduce the temperature of the exhaust nozzles to 60°C) in
view of the sharply increased pressure in the condenser. In this case the
nominal condensing capacity of the turbine is not retained. It is theoret-
ically possible to renovate the condenser in order to separate the specially
built-in tube bundles which would have utilized only a portion of the heat
released, while still keeping to the noted operational limitations,

It is more efficient to utilize the condenser to preheat the make-up water
with an open water-supply system. Since the temperature of the water at
the condenser input is only about 5°C, provisions are made to heat it coa-
siderably. The pressure of the steam in the condenser, the flow rate of the
water and, consequently, the velocity of the water in the condenser tubes
decrease noticeably (table 3).

From table 3 it can be seen that, when the water is heated to 35°C, the
rotor blades in the final stages do not have to be removed. In this case,
however, the flow rate of the make-up water fluctuates from 1.4 to 2.5 m/s,
When it is heated to 70°C, the flow of water is reduced by half but the
rotor blades in the final stage must be removed.

Separating the special make-up water tube bundles sharply reduces the ef~
fect of utilizing the heat released,

Thus, an analysis of the possible methods of utilizing the heat released
reveals that the use of condensers in 160-300 MW turbine units for the
first preheating stage of network or make-up water may probably be realized
on a limited scale.

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7.6.

_ 7.7.
7.8.
7.9.
7.10.

7.11.

Chapter 8.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Methods for Determining the Effectiveness of New
Equipment and of the Modernization and Automation
of Power Generating Facilities

Sample Technical and Economic Power Industry
Calculations

The Concept of Systems Approach in Economic
Calculations in Power Industry

Economic Nature of Final Expenditures in Technical-
Economic Calculations

Trends and Sample of Utilization of Final
Expenditures in Power Industry

Trends in the Utilization of Econcmic-Mathematical
Techniques and Electronic Computers in the Solution
of Economic-Planning Problems

Power Resources and Trends and the Economics

of Their Utilization in Power Industry

8.1.

Chapter 9.

Characteristics and Classification of Power Resources,
Power Fuels and Technological Fuels

Methodological Principles for Power Resource
Statistics and Measurements

World Reserves and Consumption of Power Resources

Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Power
Resources as Well as Principles of Fuel Policy
in the USSR

Economics of the Extraction and Utilization of Fuel

Characteristics of Fuel Bases--Principal Regions of
Location of High-Capacity KES

Economics of the Selection and Use of Fuel for
Power Generation

Power Balance and Principles of Power Consumption

in the Nation's Economy

9.1.

General Characteristics and Classification of the
Power Balances Used in the Nation's Fuel and Power
Economy

Power Balance in the USSR: Tasks and Trends of Its
Optimization

The Concept of Power and Fuel Balances of Heat
and Power Stations and Power Grids

Methods for Computing the Expenditures Part of the
Power Balance of a Region

Tasks and Basic Trends of Electrification of the
National Economy

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189
195
197
203
206

208

211
213
214
216
218
220

224

226

226
231
237

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an economic effect of several billions of rubles, It will be obtained

by our product consumers due to the increase in labor productivity and the
servicé life of the electrical equipment, and saving of current operational
expenditures and capital investments,

The formulation of long-range plans made it possible to plan the optimal
paths of economic, scientific and technical, and social development of the

- ranch, systematic implementation of the planned measures for saving labor,
material and financial resources, and increase in the efficiency of the new
equipment and capital investments, An important tool in the realization of
the planned measures to improve production efficiency in the branch and at
each enterprise is the five-year plan, It has been called upon to be the
main economic activity of all links in the branch administration, and the
‘branch institutes, associations and enterprises have been enlisted in its
formulation, Their main task is a further search for reserves of pro-
duction that can be discovered by counterplanning,

Perfection of the entire planning system rests in the branch on the more
efficient use of economic levers and stimuli, and expansion of the sphere
of application of cost accounting, In accordance with the decree of the
CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers on perfection of
the economic mechanism, the electrical equipment industry starting 1 Janu-
ary 1980 switched to new conditions of planning and economic stimulation,

New economic indicators, norms and standards were put into operation,
Planning and evaluation of the activity of each enterprise, association and
the branch as a whole for all technical and economic indicators are carried
out by a cumulative sum from the beginning of the year, The branch has been
transferred to full cost accounting, The indicator of realizable Products
serves to evaluate the fulfillment of the assignments for product deliveries
in accordance with the concluded contracts and orders, The system of
planning, financing and material stimulation of scientific and technical
Progress was further developed, The amount of resources allocated to the
associations, enterprises and the branch as a whole was Placed in direct
dependence on the improved final results of cost accounting activity,

Among the measures that are directed towards improving the level of planning
an important place is occupied by the economic indicators and standards,

On the order of an experiment the tranch is verifying the new economic
indicator for the growth in the volume of commodity output in comparable
prices with regard for the quality and efficiency of the new equipment,

This means that with the manufacture of highly efficient products with the
state sign of quality, the rates of growth in commodity output are determined
by conversion of the commodity output volume of the base year into a coef-

- ficient that takes into consideration tha efficiency of the new products as
compared to the replaced, For each new item, according to the formulated
standards, a percentage is set for the economic effect from the use of this
Broduct by the consumer, This effect Percentage is totalled for all the new
items, and the obtained sum is excluded from the volume of commodity output

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the original. The topical orientation of the individual sections of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL and its divieions make it possible for the special-
ist to become familiar with practically all publications in a certain
field in the least amount of time. To facilitate the search for material,
various types of indexes are published (author, patent, subject, geogra-
phical, ete.) yearly or monthly.

There are 17 scientific-industrial departments and several scientific sec-
tions comprising VINITI. The scientific-industrial department of electri-
cal and power engineering was formed in 1955, In its 25 years of existence
the department has undergone much development in carrying out the complex
tasks associated with creating a scientific and technical information ser-
vice in the USSR in the field of electrical and power engineering. Scien-
tific work and the preparation of the publications is carried out under the
supervision of an editorial board, The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section
"Teploenergetika" [Thermal Power Engineering] has been in existence since
1955. At first it was published as a section of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL in

a joint volume entitled "Elektrotekhnika."” Later, starting in 1961, it was
published in a joint volume entitled "Elektrotekhnika i energetika." Since
1963 the REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL "Teploenergetika" has been a joint volume,
consisting of 5 sections of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL which are also published
in separate books. This is particularly convenient for specialists with
specific interests.

REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is published annually in 12 numbers. An annual Sub-
ject Index (with a volume of about 40 typographical units) and an Authors
Index (approximately 15 typographical units annually) are published for the
joint volume of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL entitled "Teploenergetika."

Each section of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL and its divisions are printed in ac~
cordance with an accepted arrangement published in the first number of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL. On the whole, the order of headings in REFERATIVNYY
ZHURNAL is a part of "Order of Headings for USSR Abstract Publications."
The majority of sections begin with the heading "General Section." All
headings are arranged according to the principle of linear classification
from the general to the particular, The number of subheadings 1s deter-
mined by the structure of the section and the amount of information dealt
with. The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL order of headings is constantly being im-
proved and made more accurate. It is supplemented with new headings as new
directions in science and technology arise, We will cite a brief descrip-
tion of the five books in the REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL "Teploenergetika."

The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Obshchiye i teoreticheskiye voprosy
teploenergetiki. Gelioenergetika" [General and Theoretical Problems in
Thermal Power Engineering. Solar Power Engineering] deals with the current
state and future prospects for development of thermal power engineering,
general and theoretical problems, terminology, as well as relevant papers
on hydrogen power engineering, solar engineering and solar power engineering
(about 300 publications monthly).

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The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Toplivnyy balans., Ispol'zovaniye gaza
i mazuta" [The Fuel Balance. Utilization of Gas and Fuel Oil] cites rele-
vant papers on the fuel balance in various countries of the world, the
thermal engineering characteristics of fuel, combustion processes, gas
burners and fuel nozzles, data on automating their operation, on monitor~
ing the combustion processes, on the utilization of gas and fuel oil in
industry and agriculture and on protecting the atmosphere from pollution
with the products of incomplete combustion (about 200 publications month-
ly).

The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Kotel'nyye ustanovki 1 vodopodgotovka"
[Boiler Installations and Water Treatment] examines the configuration and
arrangement of boiler installations, the design, operation, installation
and repair of steam, water-heating and waste-heat boilers, their compo-
nents and auxiliary equipment, problems of fuel preparation, dust prepa-
ration and fuel feed, furnace chambers and pulverized-coal combustion, in-
stallations for burning industrial and domestic wastes, water treatment,
the water cycle and chemical control at TES's, AES's and in boiler rooms
(about 200 publications).

The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Teplovyye elektrostantsii,
Teplosnabzheniye" [Thermal Power Stations. Heat Supply] cites configura-
tions and arrangements for steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel and geother-
mal electric power stations (ES's), the design, construction, operation
and repair of ES equipment, district-heating and hot-water supplies, heat-
exchangers, thermal insulation and the control and automation of thermal
processes at ES's (up to 350 publications monthly).

The section "Atomnaya energetika" examines general problems in atomic power
engineering in the world and in various countries, the design, construction
and operation of AES's and their equipment, the types and designs of reac-
tors, questions of AES safety, automation and control at AES's, fuel, mod-
erators, coolant and construction materials for AES equipment (up to 400
publications monthly).

In a separate REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Teplo- 1 massoobmen” [ileat and
Mass Transfer] published since 1976, up to 300 relevant papers are publish-
ed monthly on the current state and future prospects of the science of heat
and mass transfer, on thermal conductivity, heat-exchange, two-phase cur-
rents, boiling, evaporation, condensation, etc. The section is furnished
with a monthly authors index and an annual subject index.

In order to facilitate the search for materials, REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL has
reference and search aids (indexes, references, etc.). The volume of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is constantly increasing, the scope of the primary
sources is growing wider and the topics are expanding. The time needed
to prepare the information, counting from the time the information arrives
at VINITI to the time the abstract appears in REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, at
Present amounts to about three and a half months.

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ating these units over the next 15 to 20 years from the point of view of
both physical wear and obsolescence,

The experience in operating equipment having high parameters (9MPa and
500°C), some of which has logged about 200,000 hours, and 35 years of oper-
ating four power units of 150 MW capacity with parameters of 17 MPa and
540/540°C as well as the results of an inspection of the nonmoving parts
and the rotors of several turbines have made it possible to predict with a
known degree of. approximation the sufficiently reliable operation of the
types of equipment in question up to the year 2000. In addition, it is
necessary to take into account the fact that several turbines may require
a replacement of the stop valve housings, steam bypass tubes, cylinder
housings and, in exceptional cases, the rotors. It is possible that some
turbines from the first production runs will have to be disnantled.

With the constant improvement of power engineering, previously manufactured
equipment becomes obeolete much sooner than it wears out physically. Ques-
tions regarding the effect of technical progress in power engineering upon
the rate of obsolescence of thermal power stations are examined in [4]. A
facility that is in operation is obsolete if the following condition is
met: Z,sU,. In this case, Z, are the quoted unit expenditures for a new
facility and U, are the unit operating expenditures (not taking into ac-
count renovation) of the existing facility. Both fossil-fuel and atomic
electric power stations are examined as new facilities. For example, on

the basis of comparison with a modern fossil-fueled electric power station
with six 800 MW power units, one may say that units of 150 MW capacity and
greater would not be obsolete (with the cost of fuel at 15 rubles per ton

of conventional fuel, E=0.15 and the number of hours of operation from 5,500
to 7,000) if their design indicators are used as a basis. When the actual
indicators of 150 MW power units are compared to the design indicators, they
prove to be obsolete. The considerable increase in the number of AES's
planned for introduction in the coming years and the trend toward increases
in the prices for fossil fuels in the European portion of the USSR will lead
to an accelerated obsolescence of even those electric power stations with
300 MW power units. In light of this, it is expedient to utilize the pro-
posed renovation in order to reduce substantially or even eliminate temporar-
ily the consequences of obsolescence of electric power station equipment
which today puts out the major portion of the electric power produced.

The detailed development of the means to utilize power units for heat sup-
ply brought about the need to solve specific problems which had never be-
fore been encountered in the modernization of high-pressure equipment in
connection with the following design features:

The presence of intermediate steam superheating;

A modular principle of operation (boiler-turbine) instead of a cross-
coupled arrangement ;

The crowded configuration;

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JPRS 1/9252

13 August 1980

USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 14/80)
: ConTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Economics of USSR Power Industry Examined

(EKONOMIKA ENERGETIKI SSSI UCHEBNIK DLYA VUZOV,

1980). -seeeeceecesccrecereesetencteeeseceecceseneeeeeee 1

Trends in Low Power Electrical Equipment Output
(V.I. Nellin; ELEKTROTEKHNIKA, No 3, 1980)........ss00, 7

New System Introduced Into Electrical Equipment Industry

: (V.Ye. Astaf'yev; ELEKTROTEKHNIKA, No 2, 1980).. seen 16

Utilization of Steam Turbine Units in Central Heating
(Yu.A. Averbakh, et al; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 80)....... 23

Thermal Power Engineering Information in 'REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL'
= (S.G. Dupleva; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 80).....sssseceeeee 34

Heating Supply, Various Modes of Heat Utilization
(TEPLOSNABZHENIYE, 1979)..sseeeeecseeseeeesssesceeseees 38

Briefs
Nuclear Power Use 40

FUELS
Development of Petroleum Refining Industry in 1980

- (Ya.G. Sorkin; KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL,
TUN 80) eee ee ee eececcneeeeeeeeeeeecescretcsccecssesecees AL

-a- {III - USSR - 37 FOUO]

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insuxing unconditional fulfillment of the plan for introducing new pro-
duction capacities, accelerating their assimilation, and minimizing the
tine construction is left uncompleted;

raising the effectiveness of production, intensifying it, accelerating
introduction of new equipment, and improving the quality of products;

increasing the growth rate of labor productivity by introducing new equip-
ment, improved forms of production organization, and labor automation and
mechanization;

reinforcing labor and plan discipline, and increasing the scope of
. socialist competition at the enterprises;

supporting arid disseminating advanced skills and progressive forms and
methods of work promoting higher labor productivity;

consistently promoting an effort to economize on and make sensible use of
materials and money.

During the writing of the 1980 plan, because of a lack of by-product output
capacities a somewhat critical situation arose in the production of certain
light petroleum products. It was necessary in this connection to find ways
to intensify the work of existing secondary petroleum refining facilities
(catalytic cracking, coking, catalytic reforming, alkylation, production of
aronatic hydrocarbons and liquid paraffins, and so on).

Acritical situation is also evolving this year in relation to primary
petroleum refining processes.

This is associated both with delays in putting new plants into operation

. and with the fact that the output capacities of a number of plants cannot

. be fully utilized because the quantity of petroleum they need cannot be
supplied to them. We must write up a very clear plan and schedule for
supplying petroleum to the plants, ones insuring the most sensible use of
petroleum for production of the planned volume and assortment of petroleum
products. This plan must be meticulously coordinated with the USSR Ministry
of Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry,
the Ministry of Railways, the RFSFR Ministry of the River Fleet, and the
Ministry of Maritime Fleet. Efficient operation of rail, water, marine,
and pipeline transportation to deliver petroleum and ship finished
petroleum products is a mandatory prerequisite of this plan. We do not
have such a coordinated plan today, and this is seriously hindering the
rhythmic operation of petroleum refineries.

These tasks and the practical measures of their completion were thoroughly
exanined at a meeting of the governing board of the USSR Ministry of Petro-
leun and Petrochemical Industry and the presidium of the central committee
of the trade union of workers in chemical industry, held at the beginning
of this year. The governing board suggested writing up, for each enter-

43
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FUELS

DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY IN 1980

Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Russian No 6, Jun 80
pp 3-6

larticle by Ya. G. Sorkin]

(Text] Speeches by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev and the proceedings of the
November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee spelled out the

work results of the party and people following the 25th CPSU Congress,

they deeply and thoroughly revealed the ways for further implementing the
decisions of the congress, and they spelled out concrete tasks associated
with fulfillment of the 1980 plan, which concludes the 10th Five-Year Plan
for development of our country's national economy. In his speech at the
plenum, L. I. Brezhnev said: “We can note with satisfaction that since the
beginning of the five-year plan, implementing the decisions of the 25th
CPSU Congress, we have made significant advances in developing the national
economy, raising the material and cultural standard of living, and
strengthening the defense capabilities of our motherland."

Implementing decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the laborers of petroleum
refining and petrochemical industry are working successfully in the current
five-year plan. In comparison with 1975, in 4 years of the 10th Five-Year
Plan the country's petroleum refining volume grew by 15 percent, and motor
oil production increased by 14 percent; production of raw materials for

: petrochemical and microbiological industry increased significantly; pro-
duction of benzene for chemical industry more than doubled, and production
of liquid paraffins, used to produce nutrient yeast, increased by 1.8 times.
The output of other products made from petroleum grew as well.

The assortment of petroleum products widened, and the quality of the products
climbed. Production of high-octane gasolines (72 and above) increased
within the structure of total gasoline production’ from 79.5 percent in

1975 to 91 percent in 1979, while production of AI-93 gasoline grew by more
than 65 percent. Almost all diesel fuel is now being produced with a low
sulfur content. Electrode coke production grew to 45 percent (in relation

to total production of common coke). The effectiveness with which petroleum
is used was increased due to a decrease in losses of petroleum and petroleum
products, and in fuel consumption.

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considerable simplification in the kinematic schemes with the use of
electric motor designs with open magnetic drive, for example, linear,
Their use permits a reduction in the relative masses of movement, decrease

. in the overall dimensions of the system as a whole, and increase in its
fast-response and reliability,

In evaluating ths new design solutions, one can indicate the promising
nature of using electrical machines of various types in a planar design,
that in particular, are planned on the basis of using module designs and
integrated technology, With regard for the rising requirements for reli-
ability and durability, the designs of electrical motors of low Power
using gas, liquid and magnetic supports should become widespread,

Among the new technical solutions one can note the use of Properties of
piezo components to alter their linear dimensions under the influence of
electrical voltage, Vibration drives have been developed on this basis for
electric game devices of the first and highest classes, The developments
use 11 domestic inventions, more than half of which have been patented
abroad.

The great growth noted in the branch in the volumes of output of low

Power electrical machines determines the need to increase the level of
their production technology in order to drastically reduce the labor inten-
sity of making the machines, as well as to significantly cut the consump-
tion of materials,

The main trend in perfecting the production processes should be the
broad introduction into production of low power electrical machines of

- line methods, With the appropriate organization they can be used both in
the production of mass products, and in the manufacture of electrical
machines in comparatively small batches, The Principles of design-tech-
nological similarity set up during the planning of the machine series
Womote . this,

In the process of developing long-term production ‘Processes, and resources

of automation and mechanization the experience of working on the techno-

- logical support for the production of the new general-industrial series of
asynchronous motors 4A can be extensively employed. A number of results
of this work, in particular, on the creation of Production processes and
equipment for the winding-insulation work have already been realized in
the process of introducing the new series of electric motors for
household appliances into production,

A number of other promising production Processes and equipment have been
introduced into production of low Power electrical machines: Processing
of paris on machines with programmed control, highly productive stamping
equipment, automatic machines for assembly of packages of magnetic wires,
automatic lines for producing a number of assembly units, and parts of

asynchronous motors, etc, A number of enterprises are efficiently using

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of metal due to the maximum convergence of the blank shape to the shape
of the finished part, and the labor intensity is reduced as a consequence
of the drop in the number of operations of machining, An advantage of
using powder metallurgy is the possibility of obtaining materials with
the properties required for the given component,

The listed problems and technical solutions do not exhaust the entire
diversity of paths for perfecting the technology of producing low power
electrical machines, On should, however, indicate, that this perfection
can only be attained with a comprehensive approach to designing the machines
with the use of the systems of automated planning,where the assigned

levels of quality and téchnological effectiveness are guaranteed by the
joint solutions of the designer and the production engineer, The total
effect attained both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of
operation of the low power electrical machines must becoma a criterion for
quality,

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektrotekhnika", 1980,

- 9035
cso: 1822

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NOTE

JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other charactecistics retained.

: Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[] are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.

Unfamiliar names ren ‘ered phonetically or transliterated are

- enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.

The contents of this publication in no way repcesent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.

Yor further information on report content
call (703) 351-2938 (economic); 3468

(political, sociological, military); 2726
(life sciences); 2725 (physical sciences).

COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

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ELECTRIC POWER

THERMAL POWER ENGINEERING INFORMATION IN 'REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL'
Moscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 80 pp 74-75

[Article by Engineer S. G. Dupleva: "Scientific and Technical Information
in the Field of Thermal Power Engineering. In Commemoration of the 25th
Anniversary of the Department of Electrical and Power Engineering of
VINITI"]

[Text] In 1952 the Institute of Scientific Information was organized within
the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the initiative of Academician
A. N. Nesmeyanov. In 1955 it was reorganized into the All-Union Institute
of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), the chief agency for
scientific and technical information in the USSR, This agency publishes in
Russian systematized information in particular specialties in the form of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL for the natural and applied sciences, as well as quick
information (expanded abstracts), the review series "Itogi nauki i
tekhniki" (INT) [Reviews of Science and Technology], various indexes, etc.

The VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is the main information publication of
VINITI, and among similar publications is the largest in the world with re-
gard to volume and the number of primary sources dealt with. In contrast
to similar foreign publications, the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is an il-
lustrated journal. The names of over 22,000 journals, about 10,000 books
and approximately 150,000 patents are used annually in its preparation.
More than one million publications with an overall volume of 25,000 typo-
graphical units find a place in the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL yearly.
This journal has received broad recognition not only in the USSR but also
abroad. According to data for 1980, about 40,000 issues will go into cir-
culation, Abstracts are published in the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL
(about 85 percent) as well as annotations and bibliographical descriptions
of articles, collections, proceedings of conferences and symposiums, text-
books, monographs, patents and standards published in 130 countries in 70
languages, including 20 languages of the peoples of the USSR. The material
is published in an amount that is sufficient to obtain the necessary infor-
mation about the contents of the publication, an evaluation of the primary
source's importance and a determination of the expediency of referring to

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completely finished construction of and putting into operation of enter-
prises and facilities at the estimated cost of the construction commodity
output, With the transition to a new order of calculations, the customers
will no longer be given advances for the contracting organizations for
expenditures for incomplete production of construction and installation
work, These expenditures, all the way to putting the facilities into
operation will be covered by bank credits.

Thus, the entire new system of indicators, standards and limits have the
following inherent features: first, stablility, second, orientatinn on
final results, and third, unity for all levels of control, The indicators,
standards and limits are set for the five-year plan with breakdown into
years, The plan fulfillment will be evaluated by the cumulative total
from the beginning of the five-year plan, Depending on the fulfillment of
the five-year plan, the economic stimulation will also be dependent. The
specific putting into operation of the main funds, facilities, and objects
will act as the final result of the association or enterprise activity,
Economic stimulation of both the contractor and the customer will depend

. on it, The final result is also the growth in the total efficiency of
Production, the growth in profit, labor productivity, quality of products,
and economic effect from conducting scientific and technical neasures,

The branch has formulated and is realizing a complex system for organiza-
tional and economic measures, It has been called upon to implement re-
construction of the economic nechanism for the purpose of attaining the
best final results, In all links of branch cantrol extensive and tedious
work remains, It must be directedtowards overcoming inertia, a compre-
hensive. search for production reserves, a successful battle against poor
management in using material and labor resources, with losses of working
time, and all-possible fulfillnent of the contract commitments,

Orientation of all the links of branch control to the final results is the
guarantee of increased production efficiency and deepening of planned
development and dynamism of its development,

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektrotekhnika", 1980,

9035
CSO: 1822

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JPRS L/9252
13 August 1980

USSR Report

ENERGY
(FOUO 14/80)

ace

FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

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We can noticeably improve the quality of some productSiand raise the
effectiveness of crude oil processing by initiating the use of new
catalysts in a number of production facilities. However, such conversion
is proceeding too slowly at a number of petroleum refineries. The pro-
Portion of products bearing the state Seal of Quality within the total
volume of commercial production must be raised this year. This pertains
to improving the quality of both motor fuels and lubricating materials on
one hand, and petrochemical raw material and other products on the other.

1980 is not only the concluding year of the 10th Five-Year Plan, but it is
also the sector's “launching pad" for the llth Five-Year Plan. Because the
growth rate of petroleum refining is to decrease in the llth Five-Year Plan
in comparison with the 10th, the direction in which petroleum refining
industry is to develop will change significantly. In the 10th Five-Year
Plan, it developed mainly owing to preferential increase in the volume of
primary petroleum refining, while in the llth the basic attention must be
devoted to deepening its refining, meaning that fuel oils will have to
undergo further refining as well. In order to do this, the scientific
research and planning-design organizations of the USSR Ministry of
Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry and associated sectors must hasten
development of the new processes, and prepare the required planning and
technical documents for manufacture of new petroleum refining apparatus
and equipment that is to increase the output of light petroleum products.

The industry's results for the first quarter of the current year show that
the oil refiners will do everything dependent upon them to insure the
sector's successful work in the concluding year of the five-year plan.

The plan for the first quarter for the sales and production of the most
important types of products was completed by all of the main administrations
and all-union associations of the USSR Ministry of Petroleum and Petro-
chemical Industry. The production plan was exceeded by 26.5 million rubles.
The rate of growth of product sales volume is 6 percent in comparison with
the first quarter of last year. The labor productivity growth plan has
been met. Despite significant difficulties and interruptions in the de-
liveries of petroleum to the refineries and in shipment of finished products,
the plan for delivery of the basic types of products has been completed.

The oil refiners have managed to produce enough of the basic types of motor
fuels, thus insuring the continued operation of the industry, and to create
the necessary reserves of fuel for spring agricultural operations.

1980 is the year of preparations for the 26th Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union. In honor of this noteworthy event, all of the
sector's enterprises have initiated a major socialist competition; enter-
prise collectives are adopting counterplans and stiffer socialist pledges,
and they are organizing shock labor watches. The task is to make the
achievements of the best collectives the property of all workers in the
sector.
29

COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiy topliv i masel",

1980
END
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Table 4

Flow rate of | Specific heat flow q,

live steam 5/(kW* 8) Deviation Average, | Conditions
Gy, kg/s %

According According
to thermal to data of I/(kWes)) %
test data KhF TsKB*

139 2534 2534 0 t) Po=12.7 MPa
t°=540°C
lll 2573.7 2531 43 1.67] 1.81 | py=3.4 kPa
83.4 2658.6 2559 100 |3.76 t"? 540°C
- Gypqm0

* Kharkov affiliate of the Central Design Bureau

Table 5
Indicators According to KhF TsKB* According to thermal]
data test data
Flow rate of live steam
- Go, kg/s 139 139
Flow rate into unregulat-| 9.45 | 27.8 0 19.4 | 27.8 0
ed bleed, Gtha, kg/s
Flow rate into regulated | 29.2 0 38.9 | 19.5 0 38.9
- bleed, Ghic, kg/s
7 Heat flow Q, MJ/s 100 69.8 100 100 | 69.8 100
Electric output of tur- | 137 148 134 140 150 | 137.5
bine N,, MW
* see table 4 above
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Page
Chapter 2. Calculations of Heat Expenditures 39
~ 2.1. Modes of Heat Expenditure 39
2.2. Temperature Charts 46
2.3. Calculations of Heat Expenditure 57
2.4. Composite Table of Maximum Hourly Heat Expenditures 81
2.5. Annual Heat Consumption Graphs 83
Chapter 3. Heat Source 86
- 3.1. Selection of Heat Source 86
3.2. Technical~Economic Calculations 90
3.3. Selection of Heat Transfer Agent and Its Parameters 94
Chapter 4. Heating Centers and Heat Supply Systems 104
- 4.1. Designation of Heating Centers 104
4.2. Heating Centers Using Hot Water as the Heat Transfer
Agent 106
4.3. Heating Centers Using Steam as the Heat Transfer
Agent 128
4.4. Closed and Open Heat Supply Systems
4.5. Associated and Autonomous Heat Supply Systems 143
Chapter 5. Heating Networks 147
5.1. Heating Chart 147
5.2. Location of District Heat Source 149
5.3. Installation of Heating Lines 153
= 5.4. Combined Installation of Utilities 162
- 5.5. Hydraulic Analysis of Heating Networks 174
5.6. Pressure Curves 187
5.7. Technical Task for a Heat Source Design 198
5.8. Flushing of Heat Supply Systems 211
Conc lusion 221
Appendix 1, Thermodynamic Parameters of Dry Saturated Steam
and Hot Water on Saturation Line 223
Appendix 2. Table for Hydraulic Analysis of Hot-Water Heating
Lines 224
. Appendix 3. Table for Hydraulic Analysis of Steam Lines 239
Appendix 4. Density of Superheated Steam 250
Bibliography 252

COPYRIGHT: "Liesma” 1973
Avtorizovannyy perevod s latyshkogo, "Energiya", 1979
. 1386 a
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The more complex design of high-pressure cylinders;

The use of noncombustible liquids and water in the K~-300-240 turbine's
regulating system;

The greater effort required in fitting the turbine blades;

The presence of rotor blades of great length in the low-pressure cylinder
which are sensitive to decreases in the volumetric flow rate of steam;

. The installation in 300 MW turbines of a backpressure turbine drive for
the feed pump, connected to the main turbine in series, etc.

In view of the installation’ in 160-300 MW turbines of 0.76 to 1.05 m rotor
blades in the final stages, designed for operation in the basic condensa-
tion cycle, it is necessary to insure their reliable operation during the
heating cycle with a reduced volumetric flow of steam, In connection with
this, until sufficient operational experience is accumulated, the maximum
values for the heat extracted depend upon the condition that, when the
electric load is carried for an extended period of time, the expenditure
of steam into the condenser he held to the minimum allowable level needed
to satisfy the requirements of manufacturing plants. This condition re~
quires that a considerable portion of the attached steam output be retain~
ed. Therefore, after the redesign the turbines may be referred to as the
thermocontrolled type.

- Since after renovation the power units should share in meeting the variable

_ schedule of electric loads, the extracted heat must, as a rule, be de-
rived from the regulated steam bleed or be combined with an unregulated
bleed. The orientation toward the unregulated bleed, although it does sim-
plify the reconstruction in the design sense, at the same time limits con-
siderably the absolute values of the steam extraction and sharply reduces
the controllability characteristics of the power units, except for the
means of discharge. For this reason as well as for technical considera-
tions, the adoption of certain proposals that provide for organizing multi-
stage preheating of network water by steam from the unregulated bleeds in
such a way that the entire volumetric flow of steam (aside from that which
goes toward regeneration needs) is expended in this preheating is hardly
practicable on the operating turbine installations of power units. In this
case a condenser is used for the first preheating stage.

The organization of the regulated steam bleed requires the installation of
special low-pressure steam-distributing units. Unfortunately, because of
design considerations, it is not possible to make this steam-distribution
sufficiently economical, since it is accomplished with hinged baffles or
butterfly valves. In both versions a single throttle valve is used for
steam distribution. The steam bleed is not always in a thermodynamically
optimum location, since its position is determined by the turbine's design
peculiarities, In connection with this, the unit output of the K~160-130
KhTGZ turbine unit is 105kW-h/GJ, for the K-200-130 LMZ the figure is

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on scientific and technical forecasting, that at the same time provide
calculation for the outlook for development of the technical foundation
for creation of electrical machines with the assigned level of paraneters
and characteristics: electrical aquipment steel and magnetic materials,
winding wires, insulation materials, bearings and lubricants, design
naterials, etc,

A characteristic example of the efficient construction of a series of low
power electrical machines is the series of one-phase asynchronous electric
motors with power from 0.6 to 180 w that was developed to drive house-
hold appliances, medical equipment, and calculators and movie equipment.
The series provides for sections that include capacitor electric motors
with distributed and concentrated winding of the stator, as well as elec-
tric motors with asymmetrical magnetic circuit of the stator, Thorough
Preliminary study of the initial data for planning made it Possible to
create electric motors that are characterized by a high level of the para-
meters and characteristics, The development of the series made use of
over 20 domestic inventions, a number of which have been patented in the
leading foreign countries.

The results, obtained in the development of the series, are widely used in
the process of conducting the corresponding research and development done
in the framework of Interelektro.

The developmant of the series made extensive use of the system programming
approach, The complex program for development and introduction of the
series into industrial production provides for the broad participation of
the related organizations and enterprises, in the first place, of tech-
nological profile, As a result, in parallel to the development of

. electrical machines that are included in the series, standard production
Brocesses are worked out, and advanced production equipment is devised,
New materials and parts are formulated,

The introduction into production of the new series of asynchronous one-
phase electric motors makes it possible to provide a saving of 8,200 T of
electrical equipment steel, 1,300 T of winding copper, The total national
economic effect is over 140 million rubles,

The series of low power electrical machines that have been developed in
recent years for the automation systems are characterized by a high tech-
nical level, Here, in particular, a new, advanced sclution was the
creation of a system of series small-sized axial electric fans designed to
cool the electronic and radio equipment, These items realize an efficient
combination of parameters of the drive electric motor and the fan, that are
united into a single design with regard for the conveniences of building
into the object to be cooled,

Electric fans are successfully used in the cooling systems of electronic
units of digital computers, For the unified computer system alone the

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Brogressive technology of laser welding employed in different types of
structural part connections of over 30 types of low power electrical

machines,

On the whole, however, the modern level of production technology of low
Power electrical machines still lags behind the technical level of the

developed machines, which predetermines the relatively high values for

labor intensity for individual types of machines, In this respect, the
tasks of perfecting technology remain among the primary ones.

Primary attention must be paid to questions of mechanizing and automating

- the most labor intensive operations, Here the principle of concentrating
the operations of manufacturing parts and assembly units that makes it
Possible to reduce the interoperational transportation transfers and the
number of parts that are in the flow must be placed at the foundation of
equipment planning, It is also necessary to use the microcomputer and
general-purpose computer in automating the tests,

Despite the progress made in the area of creating stator-winding equipment,
the set task cannot be considered solved, It is necessary to conduct
series scientific research on perfecting the plans of machines, both those
designed for direct placement of the coils in the magnetic wire grooves,
and those that use the principle of separate formation and laying of the
turns in the grooves, The modern technical solutions do: not yet guarantee
the necessary values for the coefficients of filling of the grooves, Tho
output of the machines designed for winding the two-layer loop coils. is
still low, The creation of winding machines with programmed control re-
mains a serious task,

Dus to the expanded introduction into the design of the electrical machines
of permanent magnets with high values of the magnatic energy, the creation
of equipment for winding grooveless designs acquires great importance, For
a number of machines here it is necessary to satisfy additional high
requirements for uniformity of the winding layer,

Of great importance is the broad introduction of long-term methods of
metal-working, such as three-dimensional stamping, deep reduction, rolling,
and electrical-erosion methods, Nontraditional designs and technology for
Producing magnetic wires (twisted, made of a ribbon of electrical equipment.
steel that is continually coiled on the edge, and others) deserve
attention,

Among the long-term production trends one should classify the use of Powder
metallurgy, By the method of pressing from powder compositions one can make
sliding bearings, design components, magnetic wires of low Power electrical
machines, In particular, the manufacture of bearing housings and housings
made of sintered titanium permits a reduction in the weight of the parts
2-fold as compared to the parts made of stainless steel with higher anti-
corrosion properties, At the same time there is a cut in the consumption.

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