[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 242 (Wednesday, December 16, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 81698-81751]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-27210]



[[Page 81697]]

Vol. 85

Wednesday,

No. 242

December 16, 2020

Part V





 Department of Justice





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





Executive Office for Immigration Review





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





8 CFR Parts 1003, 1103, 1208, et al.





Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 85 , No. 242 / Wednesday, December 16, 2020 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 81698]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Executive Office for Immigration Review

8 CFR Parts 1003, 1103, 1208 and 1240

[Docket No. EOIR 19-0010; Dir. Order No. 04-2021]
RIN 1125-AA93


Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal

AGENCY: Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of Justice.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: On September 23, 2020, the Department of Justice (``DOJ'' or 
``the Department'') published a notice of proposed rulemaking (``NPRM'' 
or ``proposed rule'') that proposed to amend the regulations governing 
the adjudication of applications for asylum and withholding of removal 
before the Executive Office for Immigration Review (``EOIR''), 
including outlining requirements for filing a complete application for 
relief and the consequences of filing an incomplete application, and 
establishing a 15-day filing deadline for aliens applying for asylum in 
asylum-and-withholding-only-proceedings, and clarifying evidentiary 
standards in adjudicating such applications. Further, the Department 
proposed changes related to the 180-day asylum adjudication clock. This 
final rule responds to comments received in response to the NPRM and 
adopts the NPRM with few changes.

DATES: This rule is effective on January 15, 2021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lauren Alder Reid, Assistant Director, 
Office of Policy, Executive Office for Immigration Review, 5107 
Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, telephone (703) 305-0289 (not a 
toll free call).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

A. Proposed Rule

    On September 23, 2020, the Department published an NPRM that would 
amend EOIR's regulations regarding the procedures for the submission 
and consideration of applications for asylum, statutory withholding of 
removal, and protection under the regulations issued pursuant to the 
legislation implementing the Convention Against Torture and Other 
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (``CAT''). 
Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal, 85 FR 59692 (Sept. 
23, 2020). Through the NPRM, the Department proposed changes to 8 CFR 
parts 1003, 1208, and 1240 regarding completeness requirements for such 
an application, and the consequences of filing an incomplete 
application. Further, it proposed to establish a 15-day filing deadline 
for aliens applying for asylum \1\ in asylum-and-withholding only 
proceedings and proposed changes to improve adherence to the statutory 
requirement that asylum applications be adjudicated within 180 days 
absent exceptional circumstances. The rule also proposed to clarify 
evidentiary standards in adjudicating such applications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ An application for asylum is also an application for 
statutory withholding of removal, 8 CFR 1208.3(b), and this rule 
clarifies that it is also an application for protection under the 
CAT. Moreover, as discussed, infra, the final rule contains 
provisions related to aliens seeking withholding of removal or CAT 
protection--but not asylum--in proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2). 
Thus, unless the context indicates otherwise, references to an 
asylum application in this final rule encompass references to 
statutory withholding of removal and protection under the CAT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Authority

    The Attorney General is issuing this final rule pursuant to the 
authority at sections 103(g) and 208(d)(5)(B) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (``INA'' or ``the Act''), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g) and 
1158(d)(5)(B).

C. Final Rule

    Following consideration of the public comments received, discussed 
below in section II, the Department has determined to publish the 
provisions of the proposed rule as final except for the changes noted 
in I.C.1 below and certain technical amendments. The rationale for 
those provisions that are unchanged from the proposed rule remains 
valid. 85 FR at 59693-97.
1. Filing Deadline for Aliens in Asylum-and-Withholding-Only 
Proceedings
    The NPRM added a new paragraph (d) to 8 CFR 1208.4, but the final 
rule splits that paragraph into three parts, including adding a 
clarification regarding fee receipts in response to commenters' 
concerns. Paragraph (d)(1) of the final rule mirrors paragraph (d) in 
the proposed rule; it establishes an initial 15-day filing deadline for 
the submission of Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for 
Withholding of Removal, including applications for protection under the 
CAT, by aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1) and 1208.4(b)(3)(iii). The 15-day period is calculated 
from the date of the alien's first hearing before an immigration judge 
and is subject to possible extension for good cause by the immigration 
judge. For aliens who do not file the application by the deadline set 
by the immigration judge, the immigration judge will deem the alien's 
opportunity to submit the application waived in the proceedings pending 
before EOIR, and the case will be returned to the Department of 
Homeland Security (``DHS'').
    If the Form I-589 requires payment of a fee, this final rule at 
paragraph (d)(2) maintains the general requirement for applications and 
motions before EOIR: The alien must submit a fee receipt together with 
the application by the deadline set by the immigration judge. In 
response to commenters' concerns, however, this final rule adds a 
provision at paragraph (d)(3) to allow flexibility for aliens to meet 
the filing deadline when the aliens cannot meet all requirements due to 
no fault of their own. Accordingly, if the alien has not yet received a 
copy of the fee receipt from DHS in time to meet the Form I-589 filing 
deadline, the alien may instead provide the immigration court with a 
copy of the payment submitted to DHS when the alien submits his or her 
application to EOIR. Aliens who provide this alternative proof of 
payment must still provide a copy of the fee receipt. In such an 
instance, the fee receipt will be due by the deadline the immigration 
judge sets. If the immigration judge does not set a separate deadline 
for the submission of the fee receipt, the alien must submit the fee 
receipt within 45 days \2\ of the date of filing the associated 
application.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The INA states both that a fee may be charged for an asylum 
application, INA 208(d)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(3), and that the 
initial hearing on an asylum application occur within 45 days of 
filing the application absent exceptional circumstances, INA 
208(d)(5)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(ii). Thus--for an asylum 
application that requires a fee--because the application cannot be 
filed until the fee is paid and because a hearing cannot occur on 
the application until it is filed, the Department finds that the 
statutory scheme in INA 208, 8 U.S.C. 1158, contemplates that it is 
reasonable to expect an alien to have received a fee receipt within 
45 days of filing the asylum application.
    \3\ In addition, this final rule adds corresponding cross-
references to 8 CFR 1003.8, 1003.24, 1003.31, and 1103.7 to account 
for this exception to the general requirement that any form or 
application that requires a fee must be submitted together with the 
fee receipt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to a recommendation by a commenter, the Department is 
also amending 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1) in the final rule to apply the 15-day 
deadline to applications for statutory withholding of removal and 
protection under the CAT for aliens in proceedings under 8

[[Page 81699]]

CFR 1208.2(c)(2). The Department sees no reason to distinguish between 
aliens subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) and those 
subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2), as both groups are 
generally detained. Moreover, the reasons underpinning the application 
deadline for 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) apply with equal force to proceedings 
under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2). Accordingly, in response to the 
recommendation of at least one commenter, the final rule adopts the 
commenter's suggestion and edits the language in 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1) to 
make the 15-day deadline, with the possibility of an extension for good 
cause, applicable to aliens in proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2) 
seeking statutory withholding of removal or protection under the CAT 
regulations.
    Finally, the final rule makes a syntax change to the language in 8 
CFR 1208.4(d)(1) to clarify that if an alien does not file an 
appropriate application by the deadline set by the immigration judge, 
the immigration judge shall deem the opportunity to file such an 
application waived, and the case shall be returned to DHS. The proposed 
rule included the phrase ``for execution of an order of removal'' after 
``DHS,'' but that phrasing risks confusion because not every alien in 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) is subject to an order of removal. 
See, e.g., 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(iii) (VWP applicant for admission who is 
denied admission). Accordingly, the final rule deletes that phrase to 
make clear that in the circumstances of 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1), the case 
will simply be returned to DHS, and DHS will take whatever subsequent 
action it deems appropriate.
2. Requirements for the Filing of an Application
    The rule amends 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3) regarding the requirements for 
filing a Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of 
Removal, and the procedures for correcting errors in filed 
applications. These amendments apply to the submission of any Form I-
589 before EOIR, including aliens in removal proceedings under section 
240 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1229a, aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) and 1208.4(b)(3)(iii), and aliens 
in withholding-only proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2).
    First, the rule specifies that the application must be filed in 
accordance with the form instructions and the general requirements for 
filings before the immigration court at 8 CFR 1003.24, 1003.31(b), and 
1103.7(a)(3), including the payment of any required fee. The rule 
provides that an application is incomplete if, in addition to existing 
grounds, it is not completed and submitted in accordance with the form 
instructions or is unaccompanied by any required fee receipt (or 
alternate proof, as necessary).
    Second, the rule further revises 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3) by removing the 
current provision that deems an alien's incomplete asylum application 
to be complete if the immigration court fails to return the application 
within 30 days of receipt. Instead, the rule provides that immigration 
courts will reject all incomplete applications. Moreover, the rule adds 
a maximum of 30 days from the date of rejection for the alien to 
correct any deficiencies in his or her application. Under the rule, an 
asylum applicant's failure to re-file a corrected application within 
the 30-day time period, absent exceptional circumstances, shall result 
in a finding that the alien has abandoned that application and waived 
the opportunity to file such an application in the proceedings pending 
before EOIR.
    Lastly, the rule updates language in 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3) regarding 
incomplete asylum applications and potential work authorization, 
changing a reference to the ``150-day period after which the applicant 
may file an application for employment authorization'' to remove the 
specific time period to ensure that EOIR regulations do not contradict 
DHS regulations regarding employment authorization eligibility.
3. Clarification Regarding Immigration Judge Evidentiary Considerations
    The rule clarifies what type of external materials an immigration 
judge may rely on under 8 CFR 1208.12 when deciding an asylum 
application, which includes an application for withholding of removal 
and protection under the CAT, or deciding whether an alien has a 
credible fear of persecution or torture pursuant to 8 CFR 1208.30, or a 
reasonable fear of persecution or torture pursuant to 8 CFR 1208.31. 
The rule allows immigration judges to rely on resources provided by the 
Department of State, other DOJ offices, DHS, or other U.S. government 
agencies. The rule also provides that immigration judges may rely on 
foreign government and non-governmental sources when the judge 
determines those sources are credible and the material is probative.
    Additionally, the rule expands 8 CFR 1208.12 to allow an 
immigration judge, on his or her own authority, to submit probative 
evidence from credible sources into the record. The immigration judge 
may consider such evidence in ruling on an asylum application, 
including an application for withholding of removal and protection 
under the CAT, so long as the judge has provided a copy to both parties 
and both parties have had an opportunity to comment on or object to the 
evidence prior to the issuance of the immigration judge's decision.
4. Asylum Adjudication
    The rule removes and reserves 8 CFR 1208.7, relating to obtaining 
work authorization from DHS, and 1208.9, relating to procedures for 
interviews before DHS asylum officers. The rule also amends 8 CFR 
1003.10(b) to make clear that, in the absence of exceptional 
circumstances, an immigration judge shall complete adjudication of an 
asylum application within 180 days after the application's filing date.
    The rule amends 8 CFR 1003.10(b) to provide a definition of 
``exceptional circumstances'' for purposes of 1003.10(b), 1003.29, and 
1240.6, and to clarify that the section's use of the phrase 
``exceptional circumstances'' refers to those scenarios that are beyond 
the control of the parties or the immigration court.
    Furthermore, the rule amends 8 CFR 1003.29 to specify that nothing 
in that section authorizes a continuance that causes the adjudication 
of an asylum application to exceed 180 days. Similarly, the rule 
revises 8 CFR 1003.31 to provide that the section shall not authorize 
setting or extending time limits for the filing of documents after an 
asylum application has been filed that would cause the adjudication of 
an asylum application to exceed 180 days. Consistent with INA 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), both of these changes 
provide for an exception if exceptional circumstances as defined in 8 
CFR 1003.10(b) apply. The rule also revises 8 CFR 1240.6 to include 
that the section does not authorize an adjournment that causes the 
adjudication of an asylum application to exceed 180 days in the absence 
of exceptional circumstances as defined in 8 CFR 1003.10(b).
5. Technical Amendments
    The file rule adopts the proposal that any required fee be 
submitted by the time of filing, but further provides for cross-
references to both 8 CFR 103.7 and 8 CFR part 106 to prevent confusion 
and ensure consistency regardless of how the litigation over the DHS 
rule \4\ is resolved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ The final rule related to fees charged by USCIS for filing 
of an I-589 was preliminarily enjoined by two federal district 
courts prior to its effective date. Immigrant Legal Resource Ctr. v. 
Wolf, No. 20-cv-05883-JSW, 2020 WL 5798269 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 
2020); Nw. Immigrant Rights Project v. U.S. Citizenship & 
Immigration Servs., No. 19-3283 (RDM), 2020 WL 5995206 (Oct. 8, 
2020). Although this final rule updates cross-references in EOIR's 
regulations to DHS's regulations to account for the USCIS rule's 
amendments of DHS's regulations, the USCIS fees remain governed by 
DHS's previous regulations while the aforementioned injunctions 
remain in effect. Because the ultimate resolution of the litigation 
challenging the DHS fee rule is unknown, this final rule amends 
EOIR's regulations to include cross-references to both the previous 
DHS regulations and the new regulations to ensure that the cross-
references do not become inaccurate regardless of how the litigation 
is resolved.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 81700]]

    In addition, this rule provides for technical amendments not 
addressed in the proposed rule. It corrects outdated references to 
``Service'' to properly reference ``DHS'' in 8 CFR 1001.31(b). 
Similarly, it clarifies references to ``withholding of removal'' by 
referencing section 241(b)(3) of the INA in order to distinguish that 
form of protection from protection under the CAT. Additionally, for 
precision, it replaces references to the CAT with reference to 8 CFR 
1208.16 through 1208.18. No substantive changes are intended by these 
amendments.

D. Effective Date

    As noted above, this rule is effective on January 15, 2021.
    Further, the Department clarifies herein the rule's mostly 
prospective temporal application. The provisions of the rule regarding 
the 15-day filing deadline for the submission of asylum applications 
apply only to asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings initiated after 
the effective date of the final rule. The provisions of the rule 
related to the I-589 completeness and filing requirements apply only to 
asylum applications submitted after the rule's effective date. Except 
as noted below, the provisions of the rule related to immigration judge 
evidentiary considerations apply to proceedings of any type initiated 
after the rule's effective date.
    The rule incorporates the statutory requirement that ``in the 
absence of exceptional circumstances, final administrative adjudication 
of the asylum application, not including administrative appeal, shall 
be completed within 180 days after the date an application is filed.'' 
INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). That provision was 
enacted nearly 25 years ago and is currently in force. Moreover, EOIR 
reiterated its policy to comply with that statutory provision, 
including the legal conclusion that ``good cause'' is not synonymous 
with ``exceptional circumstances,'' over two years ago. EOIR Policy 
Memorandum 19-05, Guidance Regarding the Adjudication of Asylum 
Applications Consistent with INA Sec.  208(d)(5)(A)(iii) (Nov. 19, 
2018), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1112581/download. Thus, 
the provisions of the rule relating to INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii) and continuances based on exceptional circumstances, 
which are already in effect by both statute and policy, apply to 
pending cases. These provisions are simply adoptions of existing law 
or, at most, clarifications of existing law. Accordingly, they do not 
have an impermissible retroactive effect if applied to pending cases. 
See Levy v. Sterling Holding Co., LLC, 544 F.3d 493, 506 (3d Cir. 2008) 
(``Thus, where a new rule constitutes a clarification--rather than a 
substantive change--of the law as it existed beforehand, the 
application of that new rule to pre-promulgation conduct necessarily 
does not have an impermissible retroactive effect, regardless of 
whether Congress has delegated retroactive rulemaking power to the 
agency.'' (emphasis in original)).
    Similarly, the rule incorporates principles established by binding 
precedent allowing--if not also requiring, in some instances--an 
immigration judge to submit evidence in an asylum adjudication. See 85 
FR at 59695 (collecting authorities, including Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I&N 
Dec. 722, 729 (BIA 1997) (en banc)). Thus, the provisions of the rule 
relating to an immigration judge's submission of evidence, which are 
already in effect through binding precedent, apply to pending cases. 
These provisions are simply adoptions of existing law or, at most, 
clarifications of existing law and, thus, do not have an impermissible 
retroactive effect if applied to pending cases. See Sterling Holding 
Co., LLC, 544 F.3d at 506.
    Additionally, EOIR does not adjudicate--and has never adjudicated--
applications for employment authorization documents (EADs) for aliens 
with pending asylum applications; rather, DHS does. 8 CFR 274a.13(a) 
(2020). Further, the settlement agreement applicable to the processing 
of asylum applications and EAD applications in A.B.T. v. U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Servs., No. CV11-2108-RAJ (W.D. Wash.) 
(``ABT Settlement Agreement'') expired in 2019, and EOIR has already 
announced that it will no longer provide aliens or their 
representatives with a copy of a 180-Day Asylum EAD Clock Notice. See 
EOIR Policy Memorandum 21-02, Withdrawal of Operating Policies and 
Procedures Memoranda 13-03 and 16-01 (Nov. 6, 2020). Accordingly, the 
provisions of the rule deleting a regulation regarding EAD applications 
that is inapplicable to EOIR, 8 CFR 1208.7, will be effective on the 
effective date. Finally, and for similar reasons, the provisions of the 
rule deleting a regulation regarding asylum officers, 8 CFR 1208.9, 
that is inapplicable to EOIR--because asylum officers are employees of 
DHS, not EOIR--will be effective on the effective date.

II. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule

A. Summary of Public Comments

    The comment period for the proposed rule ended on October 23, 2020. 
Of the 2,031 comments received, the majority were from individual and 
anonymous commenters. The minority of comments came from non-profit 
organizations, law firms, and members of Congress. While some 
commenters supported the NPRM, the majority of commenters expressed 
opposition to the rule, either in whole or in part.
    In general, comments opposing the rule misapprehended its impact; 
misstated its contents; failed to recognize that significant portions 
of it merely incorporate longstanding law--from either statute or 
binding precedent--into the regulations, provided no evidence--other 
than isolated and often distinguishable anecdotes--to support broad 
claims of particular impacts; made unverified, speculative, and 
hypothetical generalizations that do not account for the case-by-case 
and individualized decision-making associated with adjudicating asylum 
applications; were inconsistent with applicable law, contrary to the 
Department's considerable experience in adjudicating asylum 
applications, or otherwise untethered to a reasoned basis; lacked an 
understanding of relevant law and procedures regarding asylum 
application adjudications or the overall immigration system; failed to 
engage with the specific reasons and language put forth by the 
Department in lieu of broad generalizations or hyperbolic, unsupported 
presumptions; or, reflected assertions rooted in the rule's failure to 
agree with the commenters' policy preferences rather than the 
identification of specific legal deficiencies or other factors the 
Department should consider. As the vast majority of comments in 
opposition fall within one of these categories, the Department offers 
the following general responses to them, supplemented by

[[Page 81701]]

more detailed, comment-specific responses below.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Many comments were also inconsistent, both internally and 
with other comments. For example, some comments posited that the 
rule focused too much on efficiency whereas others argued that the 
rule did not promote efficiency at all. Some comments asserted that 
immigration judges are ``biased,'' while others suggested that the 
Department should allow immigration judges to continue to set 
deadlines rather than providing deadlines through rulemaking or 
should even promote immigration judges to become judges under 
Article I of the Constitution. The Department has addressed all of 
these comments individually herein and acknowledges that 
inconsistencies make many of the comments even less persuasive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In particular, the Department notes that many, if not most, 
commenters failed to engage with or acknowledge the existing law that 
informed the NPRM, much of which has been in existence for years with 
no noted challenges or expressions of concerns. For example, the 
provisions incorporating the statutory requirement that ``in the 
absence of exceptional circumstances, final administrative adjudication 
of the asylum application, not including administrative appeal, shall 
be completed within 180 days after the date an application is filed,'' 
INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), do not reflect any 
novel or recent legal development. That statutory provision was enacted 
nearly 25 years ago and is currently in force with no noted challenges 
since it was enacted. Moreover, EOIR reiterated its policy to comply 
with that statutory provision over two years ago, including the legal 
conclusion that ``good cause'' is not synonymous with ``exceptional 
circumstances,'' over two years ago. EOIR Policy Memorandum 19-05, 
Guidance Regarding the Adjudication of Asylum Applications Consistent 
with INA Sec.  208(d)(5)(A)(iii) (Nov. 19, 2018), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1112581/download.
    Similarly, the rule incorporates principles established by binding 
precedent allowing--if not also requiring, in some instances--an 
immigration judge to submit evidence in an asylum adjudication. See 85 
FR at 59695. In particular, Matter of S-M-J- has been binding for over 
20 years, again with no noted challenge to it. Further, the rule, in 
multiple ways, reflects influence from longstanding existing 
regulations that have also not been the subject of challenge or 
concern. See, e.g., 8 CFR 1208.5(a) (``Where possible, expedited 
consideration shall be given to [adjudicating asylum] applications of 
detained aliens.''); 8 CFR 1208.5(b) (``An alien crewmember shall be 
provided the appropriate application forms and information required by 
section 208(d)(4) of the Act and may then have 10 days within which to 
submit an asylum application to the district director having 
jurisdiction over the port-of-entry. The district director may extend 
the 10-day filing period for good cause.''); 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3) (``An 
asylum application that does not include a response to each of the 
questions contained in the Form I-589, is unsigned, or is unaccompanied 
by the required materials specified in paragraph (a) of this section is 
incomplete.''). Commenters did not persuasively explain--if they 
attempted to explain at all--why these well-established legal 
principles are inappropriate bases for the rule.
    Most commenters failed to acknowledge the benefits of the rule, 
such as expeditious consideration of meritorious asylum claims by 
detained aliens. Indeed, commenters did not explain why it would be 
preferable for the Department not to expedite consideration of asylum 
claims, particularly those made by detained aliens, given the risks of 
faded memories and evidence degradation that adjudicatory delays 
invite. Relatedly, few, if any, commenters acknowledged or addressed 
the issue of how a delay in adjudication also makes it more difficult 
for aliens to obtain pro bono representation. See, e.g., Human Rights 
First, The U.S. Immigration Court, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/HRF-Court-Backlog-Brief.pdf (last visited Dec. 4, 
2020) (hereinafter ``HRF Report'') (``In a February 2016 survey 
conducted by Human Rights First of 24 pro bono coordinators at many of 
the nation's major law firms, nearly 75 percent of pro bono 
professionals indicated that delays at the immigration court are a 
significant or very significant negative factor in their ability to 
take on a pro bono case for legal representation before the court.''). 
In short, commenters failed to put forth a persuasive argument for why 
the Department should not expeditiously consider asylum applications, 
especially for detained aliens with meritorious claims,\6\ and the 
Department is unaware of any such argument that would outweigh the 
benefits in that regard in the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ To the extent that commenters tacitly acknowledged that most 
asylum claims are not meritorious and, thus, that such claims should 
not be expedited in order to allow aliens additional time in the 
United States, the Department finds such an argument hardly 
compelling. The Department recognizes and agrees with the Supreme 
Court's observation that ``as a general matter, every delay works to 
the advantage of the deportable alien who wishes merely to remain in 
the United States.'' INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992). Any 
rationale for encouraging or supporting the dilatory adjudication of 
cases both is both inherently unpersuasive and wholly outweighed by 
the importance of timeliness and fairness--especially to detained 
aliens with meritorious claims--in adjudicating asylum applications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most, if not all, commenters opposed to the rule appeared to view 
its procedural changes wholly through a results-oriented lens such that 
a proposal that commenters speculatively believed would cause aliens to 
``win'' fewer cases was deemed objectionable, even without evidence 
that such a result would follow. Such a view appeared to have been 
based on a tacit belief that aliens were entitled to specific outcomes 
in specific cases, notwithstanding the relevant evidence or law 
applicable to a case, and that the rule inappropriately required 
adjudicators to maintain impartiality in adjudicating cases rather than 
continuing to provide what commenters viewed as favorable treatment 
toward aliens. To the extent that commenters simply disagree as a 
policy matter that asylum cases should be adjudicated in a timely 
manner, Doherty, 502 U.S. at 323 (``As a general matter, every delay 
works to the advantage of the deportable alien who wishes merely to 
remain in the United States.''), or that the Department should take 
measures, consistent with due process, to ensure the timely completion 
of such cases, the Department finds such policy disagreements utterly 
unpersuasive.
    Many, if not all, commenters failed to acknowledge the reality that 
no one rulemaking can cover every conceivable adjudicatory scenario. 
EOIR currently has over 570,000 asylum applications pending 
adjudication, and each one is subject to adjudication based on its own 
individual facts. Consequently, the Department cannot rule out the 
possibility that at least one claim will present an issue not 
contemplated by the rule, including a unique scenario posited by a 
commenter. Nevertheless, the rule is expected to cover most 
applications and contains appropriate safeguards--e.g., extension of a 
filing deadline for good cause--that should adequately address any 
unique or unexpected situations.
    Relatedly, many commenters criticized the Department for not 
providing more quantitative data in the NPRM, yet did not explain what 
type of data that is actually tracked would be appropriate, 
particularly to address unique or hypothetical scenarios put forth by 
commenters. The level of granularity presumed by commenters for 
hundreds of thousands of asylum applications does not exist, and even 
if it did, the Department could not be

[[Page 81702]]

expected to consider every speculative possibility presented by 
commenters. Moreover, the portions of the rule incorporating existing 
law--e.g., the 180-day adjudication deadline, the authority of an 
immigration judge to submit evidence--are not dependent on data because 
the stem from already-binding authority.
    Many commenters raised questions about the possibility of the 
Department issuing multiple final rules related to asylum in 2020. The 
Department acknowledges that it has proposed and finalized multiple 
rules in 2019 and 2020 but categorically rejects any assertions that it 
has done so for any sort of nefarious purpose. Each of the Department's 
rules stands on its own, however, and each includes explanations of its 
basis and purpose, while allowing for public comment. Further, the 
interplay and impact of all of the rules is speculative at the present 
time, particularly due to ongoing and expected future litigation, which 
may allow all, some, or none of the rules to ultimately take effect. 
Nevertheless, to the extent commenters noted some potential overlap or 
joint impacts, the Department regularly considers the existing and 
potential legal framework when a specific rule is proposed or 
implemented.
    Regarding the interplay of this rule and other recent proposed and 
finalized rules, the Department notes that commenters generally focused 
on the Department's proposed joint rule with DHS from June 2020, 
Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and 
Reasonable Fear Review, 85 FR 36264 (June 15, 2020). According to 
commenters, that proposed rule, if implemented, would result in a 
significant number of aliens being subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c) and, thus, subject to the new 15-day filing deadline under 
this rule.\7\ Although the Department does not dispute that by 
finalizing that proposed rule, there will be an additional category of 
aliens subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c) and, thus, subject 
to the new filing deadline under this rule, it does note that 
commenters' suggestion of the size of that category is both grossly 
speculative--because the number would depend on variables that cannot 
be accurately predicted such as new inflows of illegal immigration, the 
validity of any claims made by aliens in those inflows subject to the 
credible fear screening process, and DHS's exercise of prosecutorial 
discretion--and wholly outside the Department's control.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Commenters also posited that DHS's expansion of expedited 
removal authority would further increase the number of affected 
aliens subject to this rule. See Designating Aliens for Expedited 
Removal, 84 FR 35409 (July 23, 2019); see also Make the Rd. New York 
v. Wolf, 962 F.3d 612, 618 (D.C. Cir. 2020). As discussed, infra, 
the size of the population affected has little relationship to the 
import of the rule, and even if the size were material to some 
degree of operational impact, the benefits of the rule far outweigh 
any such impacts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, commenters did not explain why the size of the population 
subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c) matters for purposes of 
the rule. Regardless of the size of the population subject to a 15-day 
filing deadline, the Department, DHS, and the asylum applicant all have 
a strong interest in the expedited consideration of an asylum claim, 
particularly where that claim is a meritorious one put forth by a 
detained alien. Further, even if the size of the population of aliens 
subject to 8 CFR 1208.2(c) mattered to the degree alleged by 
commenters, the Department has determined, as a matter of policy, that 
the benefits of the rule as a whole--e.g., better effectuation of 
statutory directives, the expedited consideration of meritorious asylum 
claims, and the elimination of provisions that are immaterial to EOIR--
far outweigh any negative impacts that it would, including in tandem 
with other rules.
    Additionally, commenters who raised the issue of the interplay 
between this rule and the June 2020 proposed rule failed to acknowledge 
that this rule would actually provide an additional safeguard to that 
rule to ensure that an alien's asylum claims is not inadvertently 
pretermitted. See 85 FR at 36277; see also note 47, infra. For all of 
these reasons--and as discussed in more detail below--the Department 
simply finds commenters' concerns about this rule in connection with 
other proposed and finalized rules to be unavailing.
    Relatedly, regarding the 15-day filing deadline in particular, 
many, if not most commenters, failed to acknowledge that the 15-day 
deadline in the rule for filing an asylum application applies 
principally to detained aliens. That provision applies to aliens in 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), and those categories are usually 
subject to detention unless paroled from custody by DHS. The categories 
of aliens described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c) encompass aliens subject to 
inspection and detention as applicants for admission, INA 232(a), 
235(a)(3) and (d)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1222(a), 1225(a)(3) and (d)(2); 8 CFR 
235.3(a), including those who are later denied admission, and aliens 
who have entered the United States and subsequently become subject to 
removal through an administratively final removal order issued by DHS 
outside of immigration proceedings conducted by the Department, INA 
241(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2). In either case, however, the Department 
lacks authority to either parole the aliens into the United States--
and, thus, order them as applicants for admission released from DHS 
custody--or to order the release of aliens subject to a final order of 
removal. Consequently, unless released by DHS, such aliens would be 
subject to custody during the adjudication of their asylum 
applications.
    More specifically, alien crewmembers described in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1)(i)(A) who are applicants for a landing permit are subject 
to detention during inspection. INA 232(a), 235(a)(3) and (d)(2), 
254(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1222(a), 1225(a)(3) and (d)(2), 1284(a)(1); 8 CFR 
235.3(a), 252.1(a). Alien crewmembers described in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1)(i)(B) who have been refused permission to land are also 
subject to detention. INA 254(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1284(a)(2). Alien 
crewmembers described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(i)(C) who have been granted 
permission to land are subject to detention and removal if their 
landing permits are subsequently revoked.\8\ INA 252(b), 8 U.S.C. 
1282(b); 8 CFR 252.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Landing permits are typically valid for 29 days. 8 CFR 
252.1(d). An alien crewman who applies for asylum during that 29-day 
period expresses an intent not to depart on the vessel or aircraft 
on which the crewman arrived and, thus, triggers the possibility of 
revocation of the crewman's landing permit. INA 252(b), 8 U.S.C. 
1282(b); cf. 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1) (``If the alien [crewman] makes such 
fear known to an official while off such conveyance, the alien shall 
not be returned to the conveyance but shall be retained in or 
transferred to the custody of the [DHS].'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Alien stowaways described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(ii) found to have a 
credible fear of persecution or torture are subject to detention 
pursuant to INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii). Alien 
applicants for admission under the Visa Waiver Program (``VWP'') 
described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(iii) are subject to detention during 
inspection, like all arriving aliens. INA 232(a), 235(a)(3) and (d)(2), 
8 U.S.C. 1222(a), 1225(a)(3) and (d)(2); 8 CFR 235.3(a). An alien 
admitted under the VWP who is found to be deportable is ordered 
removed. 8 CFR 217.4(b).\9\ Accordingly, an alien admitted under the 
VWP described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(iv) is subject to detention as an 
alien with an order of removal. INA 241(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2).\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ As a condition of participation in the VWP, an alien agrees 
to waive any right to contest any removal action against the alien, 
other than through an application for asylum, which would 
necessarily include detention. INA 217(b)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1187(b)(2).
    \10\ Aliens subject to the Guam-Commonwealth of the Northern 
Mariana Islands VWP are subject to similar procedures regarding 
refusal of admission and removal as aliens subject to the regular 
VWP. 8 CFR 212.1(q)(8). Consequently, aliens described in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1)(vii) and (viii) are subject to detention on the same 
bases as aliens described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(iii) and (iv).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 81703]]

    Alien applicants for admission with an S visa described in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1)(vi) are subject to detention during inspection, like all 
arriving aliens. INA 232(a), 235(a)(3) and (d)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1222(a), 
1225(a)(3) and (d)(2); 8 CFR 235.3(a). An alien admitted as an S 
nonimmigrant described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(vi) who is subsequently 
ordered removed, 8 CFR 236.4(b), is also subject to detention. INA 
241(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2).\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ As a condition of being granted S nonimmigrant status, an 
alien waives any right to contest, other than an application for 
withholding of removal, any removal action against the alien, 
including detention, before the alien obtains lawful permanent 
resident status. INA 214(k)(3)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1184(k)(3)(C); 8 CFR 
236.4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Aliens described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(v) are those ordered removed 
under INA 235(c), 8 U.S.C. 1225(c). Such aliens are subject to 
detention as aliens with final orders of removal. INA 241(a)(2), 8 
U.S.C. 1231(a)(2). Similarly, aliens described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2) 
are those subject to removal orders, either through reinstating a prior 
order, INA 241(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(5), or through the issuance of 
an administrative order of removal as an alien convicted of an 
aggravated felony, INA 238(b), 8 U.S.C. 1228(b). Such aliens are 
subject to detention as aliens with orders of removal. INA 241(a), 8 
U.S.C. 1231(a).
    The June 2020 proposed joint rule on asylum procedures was recently 
finalized without change to the provision cited by commenters. See 
Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and 
Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney General and the Acting 
Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 2020. The Department 
expects that there will be a litigation challenge to that rule, just as 
there has been to most of its recent immigration-related 
rulemakings.\12\ Thus, the Department cannot predict definitively 
whether that rule will go into effect as finalized.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ The Department recognizes that litigation, including the 
potential for an initial nationwide injunction, has become almost 
inevitable regarding any immigration policy or regulation that does 
not provide a perceived benefit to aliens, and it is aware that 
litigation will likely follow this rule, just as it has others of a 
similar nature. Cf. DHS v. New York, 140 S. Ct. 599, 599 (2020) 
(Gorsuch, J. concurring in the grant of a stay) (``On October 10, 
2018, the Department of Homeland Security began a rulemaking process 
to define the term `public charge,' as it is used in the Nation's 
immigration laws. Approximately 10 months and 266,000 comments 
later, the agency issued a final rule. Litigation swiftly followed, 
with a number of States, organizations, and individual plaintiffs 
variously alleging that the new definition violates the 
Constitution, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the immigration 
laws themselves. These plaintiffs have urged courts to enjoin the 
rule's enforcement not only as it applies to them, or even to some 
definable group having something to do with their claimed injury, 
but as it applies to anyone.''). The Department is also aware of the 
pernicious effects of nationwide injunctions. See, e.g., Trump v. 
Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392, 2424-25 (2018) (Thomas, J. concurring) 
(``Injunctions that prohibit the Executive Branch from applying a 
law or policy against anyone--often called `universal' or 
`nationwide' injunctions--have become increasingly common. District 
courts, including the one here, have begun imposing universal 
injunctions without considering their authority to grant such 
sweeping relief. These injunctions are beginning to take a toll on 
the federal court system--preventing legal questions from 
percolating through the federal courts, encouraging forum shopping, 
and making every case a national emergency for the courts and for 
the Executive Branch.'' (footnote omitted)). Nevertheless, the 
Department does not believe that the inevitability of litigation 
over contested issues is a sufficient basis to preclude the exercise 
of statutory and regulatory authority in furtherance of the law and 
the policies of the Executive Branch.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nevertheless, even if that joint rule goes into effect and aliens 
who receive a positive credible fear determination are placed in 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), 85 FR at 36267, such aliens would 
still be subject to detention unless paroled by DHS. See Jennings v. 
Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830, 842 (2018) (``Read most naturally, [8 
U.S.C.] Sec. Sec.  1225(b)(1) and (b)(2) thus mandate detention of 
applicants for admission until certain proceedings have concluded. 
Section 1225(b)(1) aliens are detained for ``further consideration of 
the application for asylum,'' and Sec.  1225(b)(2) aliens are in turn 
detained for ``[removal] proceeding[s].'' Once those proceedings end, 
detention under Sec.  1225(b) must end as well. Until that point, 
however, nothing in the statutory text imposes any limit on the length 
of detention. And neither Sec.  1225(b)(1) nor Sec.  1225(b)(2) says 
anything whatsoever about bond hearings.''); see also Matter of M-S-, 
27 I&N Dec. 476 (A.G. 2018) (``The [INA] provides that, if an alien in 
expedited proceedings establishes a credible fear, he `shall be 
detained for further consideration of the application for asylum.' . . 
. There is no way to apply those provisions except as they are 
written--unless paroled, an alien must be detained until his asylum 
claim is adjudicated. The Supreme Court recently held exactly that, 
concluding that section 235(b)(1) `mandate[s] detention throughout the 
completion of [removal] proceedings' unless the alien is paroled.'' 
(emphasis added) (citations omitted) (quoting Jennings, 138 S. Ct. at 
844-45)).\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ The Ninth Circuit has affirmed a preliminary injunction 
restoring the availability of bond hearings for aliens who have 
received positive credible fear determinations, though that decision 
was premised on a putative constitutional due process right to a 
bond hearing rather than the statutory interpretation of INA 
235(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), advanced by the Supreme Court in 
Jennings and the Attorney General in Matter of M-S-. See Padilla v. 
Immig. And Cust. Enforc., 953 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2020), petition 
for cert. filed, Dkt. 20-234 (Aug. 27, 2020). As noted, supra, the 
Department also expects the rulemaking referenced by commenters, 
which places aliens who receive a positive credible fear 
determination in proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), to be challenged 
through litigation. The Department cannot predict the outcomes of 
either litigation, but the possible outcomes would not affect this 
final rule or the Department's consideration of comments regarding 
it. If the provisions of the joint rulemaking referenced by 
commenters are finalized as proposed but then permanently enjoined, 
then that rule would, of course, have no effect on this final rule. 
If the provisions of the joint rulemaking referenced by commenters 
are finalized as proposed and go into effect and if the Government's 
position in Padilla is ultimately determined to be correct, then 
this final rule addresses that situation as discussed herein. In 
that situation, all aliens subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c) would remain ineligible for bond hearings, and their cases 
would warrant expeditious treatment accordingly, consistent with 
longstanding regulatory language, 8 CFR 1208.5(a) (``Where possible, 
expedited consideration shall be given to [asylum] applications of 
detained aliens''). Finally, if the provisions of the joint 
rulemaking referenced by commenters are finalized as proposed and go 
into effect but the Government's position in Padilla is ultimately 
determined not to be correct, then aliens who receive a positive 
credible fear determination would still be subject to both detention 
and proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), but would be eligible for 
bond hearings before an immigration judge. In that situation, any 
impacts of this rule have also been accounted for, contrary to 
commenters' suggestions. Aliens seeking bond in that situation would 
have a strong incentive--consistent with this final rule--to file an 
asylum application expeditiously to bolster their arguments in 
support of release from custody. See, e.g., Matter of Andrade, 19 
I&N Dec. 488, 491 (BIA 1997) (alien's potential eligibility for 
relief reflects on the likelihood of the alien's appearance at 
future hearings which addresses whether an alien is a likely flight 
risk). To be sure, the filing of an asylum application does not 
automatically entitle an alien to bond. See Matter of R-A-V-P-, 27 
I&N Dec. 803 (BIA 2020) (alien with a pending asylum application but 
no family, employment, community ties, or probable path to obtain 
lawful status is a flight risk who does not warrant release on 
bond). But, consistent with 8 CFR 1208.5(a), an alien who is not 
granted bond still warrants expeditious consideration of his or her 
asylum application which is facilitated by this final rule. In 
short, regardless of the possible permutations of litigation 
outcomes related to relevant other rulemakings referenced by 
commenters, this final rule has fully considered the possible 
variations and commenters' attendant concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In short, aliens described in 8 CFR 1208.2(c) are generally subject 
to detention by DHS under various statutes and regulations with no 
authorization for the Department to reconsider DHS's detention 
determination and, thus, unless paroled by DHS, will be detained while 
their asylum applications are adjudicated by immigration judges. A pre-
existing regulation unaltered by this rule already directs the 
Department to adjudicate such applications

[[Page 81704]]

expeditiously. 8 CFR 1208.5(a) (``Where possible, expedited 
consideration shall be given to [asylum] applications of detained 
aliens.''). Commenters did not challenge this longstanding directive or 
provide persuasive reasons why detained aliens--e.g., those subject to 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), including those are subject to such 
proceedings if the recent joint rule goes into effect--should not be 
given expedited consideration, particularly if such aliens have 
meritorious claims and the approval of the claim will lead to release 
from detention. The Department believes strongly that asylum claims of 
detained aliens should receive expeditious considerations, and 
commenters' suggestions to the contrary overall were not sufficiently 
compelling to warrant changing this rule.
    Finally, many comments appeared rooted in a belief that EOIR's 
adjudicators are incompetent or unethical and are either incapable or 
unwilling to adhere to applicable law. Some commenters explicitly 
traduced immigration judges; for example, one commenter asserted that 
immigration judges have a ``routine bias'' against aliens and that 
immigration judges routinely ``engage in a host of other unethical 
behavior toward respondents.'' Such generalized, ad hominem allegations 
of bias or impropriety are insufficient to ``overcome a presumption of 
honesty and integrity in those serving as adjudicators.'' Withrow v. 
Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 (1975); see also United States v. Chem. Found., 
Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15 (1926) (``The presumption of regularity 
supports the official acts of public officers, and, in the absence of 
clear evidence to the contrary, courts presume that they have properly 
discharged their official duties.''). Moreover, they provide no 
principled basis for the Department to consider changes to the NPRM.
    In sum, the Department issued the NPRM for the reasons given in 
order to ensure asylum claims are expeditiously considered, especially 
claims of detained aliens, to better effectuate statutory directives in 
the INA, to ensure authority is appropriately exercised, to ensure 
immigration judges consider only complete asylum applications and a 
developed record containing probative evidence from credible sources, 
and to promote impartial and timely adjudications consistent with the 
law. It did not do so for any nefarious purpose, nor did it intend for 
its procedural changes to have any substantive bearing on the outcomes 
of additional cases, which flow from the evidence and the law, not the 
Department's process. As discussed herein, nothing in the NPRM singles 
out specific populations of aliens, including unrepresented aliens,\14\ 
nor do any of its changes fall disproportionately upon such groups in 
unacceptable manner. To the extent that commenters did not engage with 
the NPRM itself, provided unsupported assertions of fact or law, 
attacked, tacitly or explicitly, the motivations of the Department's 
adjudicators, or otherwise put forward suggestions based on their 
preferred results rather than an impartial and timely process, the 
Department declines to adopt those comments. Further, to the extent 
that commenters provided substantive analysis and raised important 
issues, the Department has considered all of them; however, on balance, 
except for changes noted above, it has determined that the policy and 
operational benefits of the rule expressed above outweigh all of the 
issues raised by commenters. Accordingly, although the Department has 
reviewed all comments received, the vast majority of them fall into the 
groupings outlined above, and few of them are persuasive for reasons 
explained in more detail below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ The Department has fully considered the possible impacts of 
this rule on the relatively small pro se population of aliens with 
asylum applications. As discussed below, however, the rule neither 
singles such aliens out for particular treatment, nor does it 
restrict or alter any of the many procedural avenues such aliens 
already have available to them in advancing their cases. Further, 
nothing in the rule inhibits the availability of pro bono counsel to 
assist such aliens as appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Comments Expressing Support

    Comment: Several commenters expressed general support for the rule 
and immigration reform. Commenters noted the need for regulatory reform 
given the delays in asylum adjudications. These commenters supported 
all aspects of the rule, which they stated would allow the Department 
to resolve cases in an expeditious manner. One commenter stated that 
the rule will increase efficiency and bring asylum and withholding 
regulations within the plain meaning and intent of the INA.
    Response: The Department agrees with the commenters that these 
regulatory changes will better support congressional intent and 
increase operational efficiencies.

C. Comments Expressing Opposition

1. Administrative Procedure Act: Concerns Regarding the Ability To 
Comment
    Comment: Many commenters objected to the Department's allowance of 
a 30-day comment period instead of a 60-day or longer period and 
requested an extension of the 30-day comment period. Commenters cited 
Executive Order 12866 and stated that a 60-day comment period is the 
standard period of time that should be provided for a complex rule like 
the NPRM.
    Commenters stated that the 30-day comment period is an insufficient 
period of time for them to adequately consider and respond to the 
significance of the rule's proposed changes. Many commenters emphasized 
that the comment period is particularly inadequate given the broader 
context that DOJ independent and DHS and DOJ jointly have recently 
published a number of complex proposed rules on a wide range of 
immigration-related topics.\15\ Commenters noted that the closeness of 
the comment periods for these rules and that, because the Departments 
have not yet issued final rules, commenters cannot accurately know the 
broader regulatory context for providing comment on the instant rule in 
a short period of time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ For example, commenters noted, inter alia, the following 
recent rulemaking actions: Appellate Procedures and Decisional 
Finality in Immigration Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 
52491 (Aug. 26, 2020); Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of 
Removal; Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, 85 FR 36264 (June 
15, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also stated that the 30-day comment period is 
insufficient in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which, commenters 
explained, has strained commenters' ability to prepare comments due to 
unique childcare, work-life, and academic difficulties. Commenters 
noted examples of other Federal agencies that have extended comment 
periods due to the impact of COVID-19.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See, e.g., Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, Debt 
Collection Practices (Regulation F); Extension of Comment Period, 85 
FR 30890 (May 21, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other commenters further noted that there was a Federal holiday 
(Labor Day) during the comment period or that natural disasters and 
wildfires have caused other personal difficulties that make the 30-day 
comment period particularly short for meaningful comment.
    Some commenters stated that there is no need for urgency given the 
lengthiness of the immigration court process, delays due to COVID-19, 
and the effective closure of the border by the Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention under Title 42 authority.\17\ Other commenters 
explained that the

[[Page 81705]]

30-day comment period was particularly short as they were also working 
extra hours during the comment period to take action for clients in 
advance of the October 2, 2020 effective date for U.S. Citizenship and 
Immigration Services' (``USCIS'') new fees. U.S. Citizenship and 
Immigration Services Fee Schedule and Changes to Certain Other 
Immigration Benefit Request Requirements, 85 FR 46788 (Aug. 3, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See Order Suspending the Right to Introduce Certain Persons 
From Countries Where a Quarantinable Communicable Disease Exists, 85 
FR 65806 (Oct. 16, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters noted that DHS has provided 60-day comment periods 
for much less complex or significant items related to forms. See, e.g., 
Agency Information Collection Activities; Extension, Without Change, of 
a Currently Approved Collection: Petition for U Nonimmigrant Status, 85 
FR 58381 (Sept. 18, 2020).
    Response: The Department believes the 30-day comment period was 
sufficient to allow for meaningful public input, as evidenced by the 
2,031 public comments received, including numerous detailed comments 
from interested organizations. The NPRM was comparatively short (seven 
full pages in the Federal Register plus parts of two other pages), it 
proposed to amend only nine paragraphs in all of chapter V of 8 CFR, 
and the issues it addressed were either already set by statute (e.g., 
the 180-day adjudication deadline in INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii)), well-known to aliens and practitioners (e.g., 
completing and filing an application), well-established as immigration 
court practices (e.g., the setting of filing deadlines and the 
development of the record by an immigration judge), or the deletion of 
provisions that were practically inapplicable to EOIR (e.g., former 8 
CFR 1208.7 and 1208.9). Moreover, commenters generally did not explain 
what additional issues they would raise during a longer comment period, 
and the volume of comments--as well as their breadth--reflects an ample 
consideration of issues during the comment period. In short, there is 
no indication that the comment period was insufficient.
    Additionally, to the extent that commenters referred to other 
proposed rulemakings as a basis for asserting the comment period should 
have been longer, their comparisons are inapposite. No other proposed 
rulemaking cited by commenters addressed small, discrete changes which 
relate to well-established provisions and with which aliens and 
practitioners have been quite familiar with for decades. In short, the 
Department acknowledges and has reviewed commenters' concerns about the 
30-day comment period, but those comments are unavailing for all of the 
reasons given herein.
    Similarly, contrary to commenters' assertions, there is no evidence 
that either the COVID-19 pandemic or the Labor Day holiday had any 
effect on the sufficiency of the 30-day comment period. To the 
contrary, the number of comments received, as well as their breadth, 
are strong evidence that the comment period was sufficient, 
particularly for a short NPRM that made few substantive changes. 
Employers around the country have adopted telework flexibilities to the 
greatest extent possible, and the Department believes that interested 
parties can use the available technological tools to prepare their 
comments and submit them electronically. Indeed, nearly every comment 
was received in this manner. Further, crediting the assertions of 
commenters would effectively preclude rulemaking by the Department for 
the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak, regardless of the length of the 
comment period. The Department finds no basis to suspend all rulemaking 
while the COVID-19 outbreak is ongoing. Similarly, commenters' 
assertions regarding Labor Day reflect an intent to impose a blanket 
rule that any comment period encompassing a Federal holiday should 
always be extended, but that position is not supported by law, policy, 
or practice. The Department acknowledges that particular commenters may 
have faced individual personal circumstances which created challenges 
to commenting, but that assertion is true of every rulemaking. Further, 
there is no evidence of a systemic inability of commenters to provide 
comments based on personal circumstances, and commenters' assertions 
appear to reflect a desire to slow the rulemaking due to policy 
disagreements rather than an actual inability to comment on the rule. 
Overall, the Department finds that neither the COVID-19 pandemic nor 
any other particular circumstances alleged by commenters limited the 
public's ability to meaningfully engage in the notice and comment 
period.
    The Administrative Procedure Act (``APA'') does not require a 
specific comment period length, see generally 5 U.S.C. 553(b)-(c). 
While it is true that Executive Order 12866 recommends a comment period 
of at least 60 days, no specific length is required. Rather, Federal 
courts have presumed 30 days to be a reasonable comment period length. 
For example, the D.C. Circuit has stated that ``[w]hen substantial rule 
changes are proposed, a 30-day comment period is generally the shortest 
time period sufficient for interested persons to meaningfully review a 
proposed rule and provide informed comment.'' Nat'l Lifeline Ass'n v. 
Fed. Commc'ns Comm'n, 921 F.3d 1102, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (citing 
Petry v. Block, 737 F.2d 1193, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 1984)).
    Further, litigation has mainly focused on the reasonableness of 
comment periods shorter than 30 days, often in the face of exigent 
circumstances. See, e.g., North Carolina Growers' Ass'n. v. United Farm 
Workers, 702 F.3d 755, 770 (4th Cir. 2012) (analyzing the sufficiency 
of a 10-day comment period); Omnipoint Corp. v. FCC, 78 F.3d 620, 629-
30 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (15-day comment period); Northwest Airlines, Inc. 
v. Goldschmidt, 645 F.2d 1309, 1321 (8th Cir. 1981) (7-day comment 
period). Here, the significant number of detailed public comments is 
evidence that the 30-day period was sufficient for the public to 
meaningfully review and provide informed comment. See, e.g., Little 
Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania, 140 S. 
Ct. 2367, 2385 (2020) (``The object [of notice and comment], in short, 
is one of fair notice.'' (citation omitted)).
    Finally, commenters' comparisons to the time allowed for comment on 
changes related to forms are inapposite. By statute, the Paperwork 
Reduction Act (``PRA'') requires a 60-day comment period for proposed 
information collections like those referenced by the commenters. 44 
U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). In contrast, as explained above, there is no 
similar statutory requirement for the proposed rule itself. Overall, 
the Department disagrees that the comment period was too short or that 
commenters did not receive fair notice and an opportunity to respond.
    Comment: Some commenters accused the Department of engaging in 
``staggered rulemaking,'' which, according to commenters, has made it 
impossible for them to adequately comment on the potential effect of 
this rule. According to commenters, several pending rulemakings could 
``radically alter'' procedures before the EOIR. As such, commenters 
asserted that, without knowing which proposed rules will ultimately be 
published and how they might be altered in their final form, they are 
being forced to comment without being able to consider the full 
aggregate effect of all of the Department's proposed rules.
    Response: The Department did not purposefully separate its policy 
goals into separate regulations in order to prevent the public from 
being able to meaningfully review and provide comment and rejects any 
assertions to

[[Page 81706]]

the contrary. The Department acknowledges that it has proposed multiple 
rules in 2019 and 2020 but categorically rejects any assertions that it 
has done so for any sort of nefarious purpose. Each of the Department's 
rules stands on its own, includes explanations of their basis and 
purpose, and allows for public comment, as required by the APA. See 
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter & Paul Home, 140 S. Ct. at 2386 
(explaining that the APA provides the ``maximum procedural 
requirements'' that an agency must follow in order to promulgate a 
rule). Further, the interplay and impact of all of the rules is 
speculative at the present time, both because many of them are not yet 
finalized and because of ongoing and expected future litigation, which 
may allow all, some, or none of the rules to ultimately take effect. 
Nevertheless, to the extent commenters noted some potential overlap or 
joint impacts, the Department regularly considers the existing and 
potential legal framework when a specific rule is proposed or 
implemented. Further, nothing in any rule proposed by the Department, 
including the one underlying this final rule, precludes the public from 
meaningfully reviewing and commenting on that rule. Moreover, even if 
all rules were in effect, the Department has concluded that the 
benefits of the instant rule discussed in the NPRM, e.g., 85 FR at 
59693-98 and herein--as well as the benefits discussed in the other 
rules ultimately outweigh any combined impact the rules may have.
2. General Opposition
    The majority of commenters opposed the rule, and many commenters 
expressed generalized statements of opposition, sometimes in 
overwrought and tendentious terms, that were not specifically related 
to the rule's substantive changes.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the rule conflicts with 
American values and its deeply rooted policy of welcoming immigrants 
and refugees, which, commenters asserted, would damage the Nation's 
standing in the world. Moreover, a number of commenters stated that the 
rule is immoral, cruel, or the product of racist or other ill-intent. 
Other commenters expressed statements of admiration for immigrants or 
asylum seekers, such as commenters' belief that asylum seekers as a 
group contribute positively to the United States.
    Response: The rule is not immoral, cruel, motivated by racial 
animus, or promulgated with discriminatory intent. Instead, the rule is 
intended to help the Department better allocate limited resources in 
order to more expeditiously adjudicate meritorious asylum and statutory 
withholding of removal claims. For example, setting a 15-day deadline 
for asylum applications in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings will 
help streamline the process by ensuring that immigration judges can 
adjudicate such claims expeditiously. Similarly, establishing a 
deadline by which an incomplete application must be returned will allow 
cases to be adjudicated in a timely and predictable manner. Likewise, 
the clarifications regarding what materials an immigration judge may 
consider will prevent time being wasted on from non-credible sources or 
material that is not probative.
    Further, this rule is not representative of a particular value 
judgment regarding the contributions or relative merits of immigrants 
or asylum seekers in the United States. Instead, the rule is intended 
to increase overall efficiencies for the processing and adjudication of 
asylum applications before EOIR, which in turn would benefit asylum 
seekers by enabling individuals with meritorious claims to more quickly 
receive relief and gain stability in the United States.
    Comment: Similarly, many commenters expressed a belief that the 
rule was designed to make the asylum process more difficult and an 
attempt to severely limit immigration through asylum. Commenters stated 
that the rule erects needless barriers for those fleeing violence and 
persecution. Numerous commenters also asserted that the rule would 
virtually negate the United States' asylum system and turn immigration 
courts into deportation-focused entities, which would prioritize the 
deportation of asylum seekers rather than the fair adjudication of 
their claims. Several of the commenters suggested that the underlying 
motive behind the rule is a desire by the administration to end the 
ability of people to seek asylum in the United States. Likewise, many 
commenters stated that the rule would essentially lead to the denial of 
all asylum claims.
    In addition, commenters also asserted that the rule would result in 
more backlogs in the immigration court system because more appeals 
would be filed.
    Response: This rule does not in any way ``negate'' the United 
States' asylum system, prevent aliens from applying for asylum, or 
prevent the granting of meritorious claims, contrary to commenters' 
claims. To the contrary, the changes make the asylum system more 
efficient and uniform, and will ultimately benefit those with 
meritorious claims. The Department agrees with commenters that asylum 
remains an important form of possible relief for individuals seeking 
protection, and notes that these changes are needed to better address 
the backlog of pending asylum cases and address current inefficiencies 
in the asylum system. See, e.g., EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Total 
Asylum Applications (July 14, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download. In addition, this rule will help ensure that the 
system is more effective for those who truly have ``nowhere else to 
turn.'' Matter of B-R-, 26 I&N Dec. 119, 122 (BIA 2013) (internal 
citations omitted).
    Additionally, the Department rejects the assertion that this rule 
will lead to further backlogs. The Department has made or proposed 
numerous regulatory changes recently to address inefficiencies where 
appropriate, and this rule is another tool to do so. See, e.g., 
Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in Immigration 
Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 52491 (Aug. 26, 2020) 
(proposed) (addressing inefficiencies in case adjudications at the 
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)); Expanding the Size of the Board of 
Immigration Appeals, 85 FR 18105 (Apr. 1, 2020) (interim rule) (adding 
two member positions to the BIA so that the BIA may more efficiently 
and timely adjudicate appeals); Organization of the Executive Office 
for Immigration Review, 84 FR 44537 (Aug. 26, 2019) (interim rule) 
(providing, in part, for more efficient disposition of cases through a 
delegation of authority); EOIR Electronic Filing Pilot Program, 83 FR 
29575 (June 25, 2018) (public notice) (creating a pilot program to test 
an electronic filing system that would greatly improve immigration 
adjudication processing in the immigration courts and eventually the 
BIA). Overall, the Department believes that the rule will not 
exacerbate inefficiencies considering all changes in the aggregate. 
Moreover, commenters' prediction that more appeals will be filed 
because of the rule is purely speculative and ignores the case-by-case 
way in which asylum applications are adjudicated.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concerns with the Department's 
exercise of authority and jurisdiction related to the rule. For 
example, commenters stated that Congress, not the Department, must be 
the entity to make the sorts of changes to the asylum procedures set 
out in the proposed rule. Commenters cited a variety of reasons why 
these changes are most appropriately the province of

[[Page 81707]]

Congress, including commenters' belief, as mentioned above, that the 
rule would effectively end or eliminate asylum availability and limit 
how many asylum seekers would get relief annually, the breadth of the 
changes in the proposed rule, and alleged inconsistencies between the 
Act and the rule. Commenters expressed a belief that changes as 
significant as those proposed should only be undertaken by Congress. 
Other commenters asserted that the Department should not amend its 
regulations in such close proximity to a presidential election.
    Response: To the extent that commenters intimated that the 
Department should adhere to laws passed by Congress regarding asylum 
adjudications such as INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), which is incorporated into the rule, the Department 
agrees that it should effectuate the laws passed by Congress. 
Commenters are incorrect, however, that Congress, not the Department, 
must make the sorts of changes to the asylum procedures set out in the 
proposed rule. Both the proposed rule and this final rule are issued 
pursuant to the Attorney General's statutory authority provided by 
Congress. See INA 103(g) and 208(d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g) and 
1158(d)(5)(B). Despite commenters' statements, the provisions of the 
rule are consistent with the Act. Should Congress enact legislation 
that amends the provisions of the Act that are interpreted and affected 
by this rule, the Department will engage in future rulemaking as 
needed.
    The Department also rejects commenters' argument that the 
Department's authority to engage in rulemaking is related to the 
relative timing of a presidential election. The APA already allows for 
democratic input in agency decision-making through the required notice 
and comment procedures. See 5 U.S.C. 553(c). Moreover, the Supreme 
Court has stated that ``an agency to which Congress has delegated 
policy-making responsibilities may, within the limits of that 
delegation, properly rely on the incumbent administration's views of 
wise policy to inform its judgments.'' Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural 
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 865 (1984). As such, it is 
irrelevant that the presidential election was set to occur in close 
proximity to the rule's publication and comment period. Further, there 
is no law suspending rulemaking within a certain period before a 
presidential election, and the American system of government does not 
generally countenance the cessation of work on important policies for 
an extended period of time, such as a presidential election cycle.
    Comment: Many commenters also expressed broad concern that the rule 
would erode aliens' due process rights in immigration court 
proceedings. Specifically, commenters asserted that the rule would 
diminish aliens' due process rights by rushing the asylum process and 
by making it more difficult for them to have enough time to obtain 
representation, pay fees, or gather records.
    Response: Commenters are incorrect that the rule will impede 
aliens' due process rights in the manner speculated by commenters. It 
should be noted that EOIR's mission remains ``to adjudicate immigration 
cases by fairly, expeditiously, and uniformly interpreting and 
administering the Nation's immigration laws.'' EOIR, About the Office 
(Aug. 14, 2018), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/about-office. In other 
words, the Department must balance fairness concerns with the 
countervailing need for efficiency and expeditiousness in EOIR 
proceedings. Although the rule changes timing and other procedural 
requirements, the rule does not deny due process to any alien. Due 
process in an immigration proceeding requires notice and a meaningful 
opportunity to be heard, neither of which are affected by this rule. 
See LaChance v. Erickson, 522 U.S. 262, 266 (1998) (``The core of due 
process is the right to notice and a meaningful opportunity to be 
heard.''). None of the changes in the rule limit aliens in immigration 
proceedings before EOIR from obtaining representation, presenting 
evidence, or applying for immigration relief such that it violates 
their due process rights.
3. Violates International Law
    Comment: Several commenters were concerned that the rule violates 
the United States' ostensible obligations under international law, 
citing the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (``UDHR''), the 
1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (``1951 Refugee 
Convention''), the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 
(``1967 Protocol''), and the CAT. Specifically, commenters asserted 
that the rule violates the international right to seek asylum, the 
principle of non-refoulement, and the international obligation to 
provide fair and efficient asylum procedures.
    Commenters stated that the rule's provisions implementing a 15-day 
filing deadline, requiring an asylum application fee, and mandatorily 
rejecting incomplete applications violates the applicant's right to 
seek asylum and the United States' non-refoulement obligations. 
Commenters explained that the 15-day deadline was too short and would 
prevent asylum seekers from applying for asylum or accessing legal 
representation, thereby subjecting them to the possibility of return to 
a country where their life or freedom may be threatened. Commenters 
also stated that the 15-day filing deadline, when read in conjunction 
with the Department's other recently proposed asylum rules, would 
create a categorical bar to asylum for many asylum seekers in violation 
of the applicant's right to seek asylum.
    Similarly, commenters stated that requiring an asylum application 
fee would prevent asylum seekers from applying for asylum and that the 
Department should include an income-based or other exception. 
Commenters noted that only three other countries impose an asylum fee 
but that even those countries allowed for exceptions. Commenters stated 
that requiring such a fee without an exception raises the risk of 
refoulement.
    Commenters likewise argued that mandatorily rejecting incomplete 
applications would subject applicants to potential refoulement for even 
minor omissions, such as failing to complete a field on the Form I-589 
that is not applicable to the applicant. One commenter noted that the 
1951 Refugee Convention obligates countries to give applicants the 
benefit of the doubt, which should apply to minor errors or omissions 
on the form.
    Lastly, commenters stated that the rule does not provide for fair 
and efficient procedures, which commenters explain are an essential 
element in applying the 1951 Refugee Convention and related 
international obligations. Commenters explained that implementing these 
standards includes providing a realistic opportunity for asylum seekers 
to have their claims developed, heard in full, and fairly decided. 
Commenters alleged that the 15-day filing deadline, the mandatory 
rejection of incomplete applications, the charging of asylum 
application fees, and the 180-day adjudication deadline are not fair 
procedures because they do not take into account the difficulties and 
needs of asylum-seekers, such as lack of English language skills, lack 
of counsel, unfamiliarity with the U.S. legal system, and the lasting 
effects of trauma, among others. Rather, commenters alleged that the 
changes appear to be intended to prevent asylum seekers from applying 
for relief.
    Response: This rule is consistent with the United States' 
obligations as a party

[[Page 81708]]

to the 1967 Protocol, which incorporates Articles 2 through 34 of the 
1951 Refugee Convention. This rule is also consistent with U.S. 
obligations under Article 3 of the CAT, as implemented in the 
immigration regulations pursuant to the implementing legislation. These 
treaties are not directly enforceable in U.S. law, but some of their 
obligations have been implemented by domestic legislation and 
implementing regulations. See INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 428 & n.22 
(1984); Al-Fara v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 733, 743 (3d Cir. 2005) (``The 
1967 Protocol is not self-executing, nor does it confer any rights 
beyond those granted by implementing domestic legislation.''); Foreign 
Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (``FARRA''), Public Law 
105-277, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2631-822 (8 U.S.C. 1231 note); 8 
CFR 208.16(b) and (c), 208.17 and 208.18; 1208.16(b) and (c), 1208.17, 
and 1208.18. Similarly, the UDHR does not create enforceable 
obligations on its own. Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 734 
(2004) (``But the [UDHR] does not of its own force impose obligations 
as a matter of international law.'').
    The Department disagrees that this rule contravenes the UDHR's 
article stating that everyone has the right to seek asylum protections 
in other countries. The rule does not prohibit anyone from seeking 
asylum. Instead, the rule simply requires all applicants to comply with 
established filing requirements, including, for aliens in asylum-and-
withholding-only proceedings, complying with delineated filing 
deadlines. Further, in the rare instances where an applicant has good 
cause to miss the filing deadline, the immigration judge may extend the 
filing deadline after considering the relevant facts.
    Immigration laws should enable the granting of immigration relief 
or protection to eligible individuals, and the prompt removal of those 
who are ineligible. This revision will expedite the consideration of 
meritorious claims and help such aliens obtain relief quickly while 
similarly reducing the likelihood that those with non-meritorious 
claims will be able to remain in the United States for longer and 
substantial periods of time. It is in the national interest and is 
consistent with U.S. non-refoulement obligations that meritorious 
claims are granted as quickly as possible while unwarranted claims are 
similarly screened out expeditiously.
    The Department disagrees with comments that the rule's requirement 
that the applicant must pay the required fee, if any, for submitting a 
Form I-589 for the purposes of asylum violates non-refoulement 
obligations.\18\ Because the rule does not impose a fee for statutory 
withholding of removal or protection under the CAT regulations,\19\ the 
rule would still be consistent with the provisions of the 1951 Refugee 
Convention, 1967 Protocol, and the CAT. See R-S-C- v. Sessions, 869 
F.3d 1176, 1188 n.11 (10th Cir. 2017) (explaining that ``the Refugee 
Convention's non-refoulement principle--which prohibits the deportation 
of aliens to countries where the alien will experience persecution--is 
given full effect by the Attorney General's withholding-only rule''); 
Cazun v. Att'y Gen. U.S., 856 F.3d 249, 257 & n.16 (3d Cir. 2017); 
Ramirez-Mejia v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 240, 241 (5th Cir. 2016); Maldonado v. 
Lynch, 786 F.3d 1155, 1162 (9th Cir. 2015) (explaining that Article 3 
of the CAT, which sets out the non-refoulement obligations of 
signatories, was implemented in the United States by the Foreign 
Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (``FARRA'') (Pub. L. 105-
277, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2631-822 (8 U.S.C. 1231 note)) and 
its implementing regulations); see also INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 
U.S. 421, 429, 441 (1987) (``[Withholding of removal] corresponds to 
Article 33.1 of the Convention . . . . [Asylum] by contrast, is a 
discretionary mechanism which gives the Attorney General the authority 
to grant the broader relief of asylum to refugees. As such, it does not 
correspond to Article 33 of the Convention, but instead corresponds to 
Article 34.'') (emphasis in original).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ Comments objecting to that fee are beyond the scope of the 
rule and the Department generally. Whether a fee is required for the 
Form I-589 is a matter determined by DHS, not by the Department. See 
8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii). DHS issued a final rule imposing a $50 fee 
for asylum applications--other than for genuine unaccompanied alien 
children (UAC) who file for asylum while in immigration proceedings 
before EOIR--that was scheduled to go into effect on October 2, 
2020. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Fee Schedule and 
Changes to Certain Other Immigration Benefit Request Requirements, 
85 FR at 46791. That rule was enjoined on September 29, 2020, 
Immigrant Legal Res. Ctr. v. Wolf, --- F. Supp. 3d ----, 2020 WL 
5798269 (N.D. Cal. 2020). See supra. While that injunction is in 
effect, EOIR cannot charge a fee for asylum applications in its 
proceedings. Further discussion of the rule's provisions regarding 
the requirement of aliens to pay a fee is below in section II.c.4.d.
    \19\ This rule only provides that ``a fee must be submitted if 
DHS requires one.'' As DHS noted in its final rule regarding a fee 
for an asylum application: ``No fee would apply where an applicant 
submits a Form I-589 for the sole purpose of seeking withholding of 
removal under INA section 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), or 
protection from removal under the regulations implementing U.S. 
obligations under Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and 
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT).'' 
85 FR at 46793 n.17. As noted, supra, the DHS final rule is 
currently enjoined and, thus, has not yet taken effect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also notes that rejecting incomplete or deficient 
asylum applications does not violate non-refoulement principles. Again, 
this rule does not alter any applicant's substantive rights regarding 
eligibility for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and 
protection under the regulations issued pursuant to legislation 
implementing the CAT. When applicants comply with the filing 
requirements, including submission of a completed application, and are 
otherwise eligible for consideration, their applications receive full 
review and deliberation. Additionally, even where the applicant errs in 
submitting an incomplete application, the applicant has the opportunity 
to correct any deficiencies within 30 days. Rejection of an application 
for failure to comply with these reasonable filing deadlines and 
requirements does not conflict with the United States' international 
obligations. See, e.g., Hui Zheng v. Holder, 562 F.3d 647, 655-56 (4th 
Cir. 2009) (``[T]he U.N. Protocol [and] the CAT [are] . . . effectuated 
through a statutory scheme that Congress has established, and which the 
Attorney General has implemented through regulations governing both the 
BIA and the procedures available to aliens seeking entry to the United 
States.''); Yuen Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143, 159 (2d Cir. 2008); Chen 
v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1028, 1033 (9th Cir. 2008); Foroglou v. Reno, 241 
F.3d 111, 113 (1st Cir. 2001).
    Finally, as stated before, it is widely accepted that meritorious 
claims should be granted as rapidly as possible while acknowledging 
that frivolous or untenable claims be identified as soon as is feasible 
in the screening process. This rule benefits legitimate asylum claims 
by clarifying statutory requirements and streamlining the asylum 
process.
4. Concerns With Changes Regarding I-589 Filing Requirements
a. 15-Day Filing Deadline in Asylum-and-Withholding-Only Proceedings
i. General Opposition to the Deadline
    Comment: The majority of commenters expressed opposition to the 15-
day deadline. Commenters asserted that establishing a 15-day deadline 
would likely prevent legitimate claims from being submitted or would be 
too short for legitimate claims to adequately be raised; thus 
commenters alleged that the rule would effectively end the U.S. asylum 
system and ensure deportations.

[[Page 81709]]

    Response: As an initial point, few, if any, commenters acknowledged 
that existing regulations have contained a 10-day application filing 
deadline for many years for a particular category of asylum seekers, 
with no noted opposition or complaints. 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1)(ii). 
Similarly, most commenters ignored or downplayed the rule's provision 
of an extension of the 15-day filing deadline for good cause without 
addressing why the possibility of such an extension would not respond 
to concerns about timing. Similarly, most commenters asserted that the 
rule required the submission of both an application and all supporting 
documents with no further opportunity to update or supplement it, but 
the rule requires no such thing. The rule requires only the filing of 
an application by a deadline and does not alter existing provisions 
regarding the supplementation of an existing application. 8 CFR 
1208.4(c); cf. Matter of Interiano-Rosa, 25 I&N Dec. 264 (BIA 2010) 
(distinguishing between the submission of an application itself and the 
later submission of supporting documents). To the extent that 
commenters ignored or misstated the actual provisions of the rule, 
otherwise failed to engage with the safeguards provided by the rule, or 
conflated different types of filings, the Department acknowledges such 
comments but declines to adopt them based on such misapprehensions.
    Further, commenters' hyperbolic statements that the imposition of a 
filing deadline that is nevertheless subject to extension somehow 
effectively precludes asylum eligibility or prevents the filing of an 
asylum application are without merit. Moreover, such statements ignore 
the reality that those with meritorious claims typically want their 
claims heard as quickly as possible to avoid evidence becoming stale 
and to receive the benefits associated with asylee status. The 
Department seeks to continue extending protection and relief to aliens 
with meritorious claims, but the realities of the size of EOIR's 
pending caseload and the continued increase in notices to appear filed 
in immigration court cannot be understated. See EOIR, Adjudication 
Statistics: Pending Cases, New Cases, and Total Completions (Oct. 13, 
2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1242166/download. 
Accordingly, as noted in the NPRM, this rule is designed to ensure that 
protection and relief is not delayed for meritorious claims and that 
evidence is preserved to the fullest extent possible. See 85 FR at 
59696 (``[D]elaying filing of the claim risks delaying protection or 
relief for meritorious claims and increases the likelihood that 
important evidence, including personal recollections, may degrade or be 
lost over time.''). The Department believes that establishing this 
deadline, as well as availability of an extension for good cause and 
the retained ability to supplement or amend the application later in 
proceedings, will best facilitate those aims. See 8 CFR 1208.4(c), (d).
    Further, this deadline appropriately eliminates unnecessary delays 
in what should be a streamlined proceeding, notwithstanding the 
possibility of an extension for good cause in unusual situations. 
Moreover, as discussed, supra, aliens subject to proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c)(1) generally are detained, and the filing deadline is in 
keeping with the instruction that detained aliens should receive 
``expedited consideration'' of their asylum claims. Id.
    Moreover, commenters alleged that establishing a 15-day deadline 
violated the APA for various reasons, as has been addressed at length, 
supra. See section II.C.4.a.iii for further discussion regarding this 
issue.
    Comment: Commenters expressed general opposition to the 15-day 
deadline in light of other regulatory changes that commenters alleged 
would drastically increase the number of aliens subject to the 15-day 
filing deadline by increasing the number of aliens in asylum-and-
withholding-only proceedings. Commenters explained that these changes 
are contrary to the small number of alien crewmembers subject to the 
current 10-day filing deadline, to which the Department compared the 
proposed rule.
    For example, commenters cited the Department's proposed joint rule 
with DHS, 85 FR 36264, which commenters explained would expand the 
number of aliens subject to asylum-only proceedings, would allow 
immigration judges to pretermit asylum applications that failed to 
establish prima facie claims for relief, and would expand the 
definition of a ``frivolous'' claim. Commenters stated that the impact 
of this rule and that proposed rule, if implemented, would result in a 
massive amount of people subject to the new filing deadline.
    Similarly, commenters asserted concerns that the Department failed 
to consider the impact of DHS's expansion of expedited removal 
authority, which commenters stated would further increase the number of 
affected aliens. See Designating Aliens for Expedited Removal, 84 FR 
35409 (July 23, 2019); see also Make the Rd. New York, 962 F.3d at 618.
    Response: As an initial point, the number of aliens who may be 
placed in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings is both speculative 
and unpredictable because a precise chain of events has to occur--
involving, inter alia, international migration flows, the possibility 
of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, and legal determinations 
by adjudicators--in order to reach that result, and those events, both 
discretely and especially in combination, cannot be predicted with any 
degree of precision; moreover, several links in that chain are wholly 
outside the Department's control. See Home Box Office, Inc. v. FCC, 567 
F.2d 9, 35 n.58 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (per curiam) (``Moreover, comments 
which themselves are purely speculative and do not disclose the factual 
or policy basis on which they rest require no response. There must be 
some basis for thinking a position taken in opposition to the agency is 
true.''). For example, under the recently-finalized joint rule, 
Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and 
Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney General and the Acting 
Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 2020, the Department is 
unable to accurately predict the future number of aliens who would 
enter or seek to enter the United States illegally, be subjected to a 
credible fear screening by DHS, receive a positive credible fear 
determination by either DHS or an immigration judge, and, in turn, be 
placed into asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings. Similarly, DHS has 
autonomy over its own enforcement-related decisions and is tasked by 
Congress with ``[e]stablishing national immigration enforcement 
policies and priorities.'' Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 
107-296, sec. 402(5), 116 Stat. 2135, 2178 (codified at 6 U.S.C. 
202(5)). Consequently, the Department has neither control over nor the 
means to predict how many aliens DHS may subject to expedited removal 
procedures as opposed to other enforcement options or the exercise of 
prosecutorial discretion. Thus, while the Department is aware that 
these other rules may have some impact on immigration proceedings 
relevant to this rule, the size and nature of that impact is 
speculative and unknowable because of intervening factors, namely 
levels of illegal immigration and DHS's exercise of its prosecutorial 
discretion authority. Moreover, even if that impact were predictable, 
the Department has determined, as a matter of policy, that

[[Page 81710]]

the benefits of the rule--e.g., better effectuation of statutory 
directives, the expedited consideration of meritorious asylum claims, 
and the elimination of provisions that are immaterial to EOIR--far 
outweigh any negative impacts that the rule would have, either 
singularly or in tandem with other rules.
    Moreover, assuming, arguendo, that other rules increase the number 
of aliens subject to asylum-and-withholding proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c), the provisions of this rule would remain important to 
effectuate. As discussed, supra, aliens subject to proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c) are generally subject to detention unless paroled by DHS. 
Both parties, especially in cases of aliens with meritorious claims, 
and the immigration courts have an interest in the expeditious 
consideration of asylum claims made by detained aliens. In fact, 
current regulations already provide for such expedited consideration, 8 
CFR 1208.5(a), and commenters did not explain why detained aliens 
should not receive expedited consideration of their asylum claims nor 
challenge the application of 8 CFR 1208.5(a). In short, regardless of 
whether the rule is considered alone or in conjunction with other 
rules, it simply reaffirms the importance of well-established 
principles, namely adhering to statutory deadlines and providing 
expedited consideration of asylum claims for detained aliens, 
particularly for meritorious claims. Commenters' suggestions that the 
Department should depart from these principles are unpersuasive.
    Furthermore, the Department's reasoning for the 15-day deadline 
does not rely on or involve the number of aliens who may be affected. 
In other words, the proposed rule at 85 FR 36264--nor the finalized 
rule, Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear 
and Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney General and the 
Acting Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 2020--had no 
bearing on the reasoning underlying the deadline in the rule at hand. 
In the proposed rule, 85 FR at 59693-94, the Department explained that 
aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings are ``generally 
already subject to removal orders, denials of applications for 
admission, or denials of permission to land in the case of crewmembers, 
and are often also detained . . . . [T]heir only avenues for relief or 
protection are applications for asylum, statutory withholding of 
removal, and protection under the regulations issued pursuant to 
legislation implementing U.S. obligations under the [CAT ] . . . and 
they would not be in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings if they 
had not already claimed a fear of persecution or torture upon being 
returned to their home countries.'' The Department subsequently 
concluded that because asylum and withholding of removal are the ``sole 
issues to be resolved in the proceeding and are squarely presented at 
the outset of the proceeding . . . there is no reason not to expect the 
alien to be prepared to state his or her claim as quickly as 
possible.'' 85 FR at 59694. In addition, the Department provided 
further reasoning for its decision to establish a deadline: Delayed 
filing risks delayed protection or relief for meritorious claims; 
delayed filing increases the likelihood that evidence may degrade or be 
lost; and applicants may simply delay proceedings, thus causing 
inefficiencies in what should be a streamlined proceeding. See id. The 
Department also noted that a deadline was consistent with current 
regulations establishing a 10-day deadline for detained crewmembers to 
file an asylum application, 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1)(ii), and directing the 
agency to provide ``expedited consideration'' to asylum applications 
filed by detained aliens, 8 CFR 1208.5(a). Id. None of these factors 
relies upon or is altered based on the number of aliens subject to 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1).\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ The Department notes, however, that to the extent 
commenters argue more aliens will be in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings and subject to the 15-day filing deadline in the future, 
such arguments further the Department's reasoning rather than 
counter it. In other words, the Department's concerns to ensure 
efficiency, accurate recall of claims, and avoiding gamesmanship are 
greater if more proceedings are benefited than fewer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters claimed the rule's inclusion of the possibility 
of an extension of the filing period for good cause was disingenuous 
for several reasons. First, commenters claimed that case quotas and 
performance metrics would incentivize judges to deny requests for 
extensions. Second, commenters claimed that adjudicating an extension 
request, which takes time and effort from all parties involved, did not 
align with the Department's purported aims of streamlining the process.
    Response: As an initial point, immigration judges are not subject 
to any performance metric related to the length of a case adjudication; 
thus, whether they would grant an extension or not would have no 
bearing on any applicable performance measure.\21\ Even if immigration 
judges were subject to a performance measure that was relevant to the 
rule, immigration judges are well aware that it is not appropriate to 
base continuance or extension decisions solely on case-completion 
goals. See, e.g., Matter of L-A-B-R-, 27 I&N Dec. 405, 416-17 (A.G. 
2018) (stating that it is inappropriate to base a decision on a 
continuance request solely on case completion goals). As discussed, 
supra, commenters' suggestions that immigration judges are biased or 
incompetent and will either ignore applicable law or will make 
decisions on factors other than the record and the law are not well-
taken. The Department is confident that EOIR's immigration judge corps 
adheres to the highest levels of professionalism and will continue to 
apply their independent judgment and discretion, 8 CFR 1003.10(b), when 
evaluating good cause in relation to requests for extensions. Further, 
immigration judges regularly adjudicate requests for continuances as 
part of their duties, and there is no reason to expect that any new 
requests as a result of this rule would exacerbate the time required 
for adjudication of these motions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Non-supervisory immigration judges are subject to a 
biannual performance work plan based on three elements and a 
combined total of fourteen sub-elements. A non-supervisory 
immigration judge's seven performance measures are one of six sub-
elements of one of three job elements. Although one of the 
performance measures--i.e., one of seven sub-sub-elements of one of 
six sub-elements of one of three elements--is a case completion 
goal, the establishment of a filing deadline has little correlation 
with how many cases an immigration judge may ultimately complete. 
Moreover, the failure to meet any performance measure does not 
automatically result in the lowering of an immigration judge's 
performance rating. For instance, for the rating cycle that 
concluded at the end of FY 2019, although not all non-supervisory 
immigration judges met the numeric performance measures, every non-
supervisory immigration judge nevertheless received a performance 
rating of satisfactory for the job element encompassing those 
measures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Multiple commenters alleged that the extension for good 
cause was limited to 10 days and disagreed with a 10-day limit.
    Response: Commenters misread the rule. The extension for good cause 
is not limited to 10 days; rather, the immigration judge in his or her 
discretion determines the length of the extension.
ii. 15 Days Is Too Short
(1) Evidence-Related Concerns
    Comment: Commenters asserted that a 15-day deadline is an improper 
solution to the Department's evidence concerns because 15 days is 
insufficient to collect relevant evidence. Commenters explained that 
gathering evidence--including declarations, corroborating documents 
such as medical and police

[[Page 81711]]

reports, letters from witnesses, country conditions documentation, and 
reports from expert witnesses--and then paying for certain documents to 
be translated takes much longer than 15 days, especially considering 
that evidence may be located abroad or possessed by a foreign 
government.
    Commenters stated that the government should have an interest in 
considering the complete facts of a claim. Commenters alleged, however, 
that immigration judges would not have all of the evidence before them 
for consideration because (1) aliens would be unable to submit evidence 
in such a short timeframe, or (2) the short deadline would rush aliens 
and inevitably cause contradictions or omissions in the evidence, 
thereby creating unnecessary false credibility issues.
    Commenters explained that aliens who need or request more than 15 
days are not trying to circumvent the immigration process; rather, 
those aliens seek to engage in the legal immigration process by 
gathering all relevant information and evidence for their claim, which 
commenters emphasized takes longer than 15 days. Further, commenters 
explained that aliens who unnecessarily delay their proceedings accept 
the risk of degradation or loss of evidence. Commenters stated that 
such concern should incentivize aliens to act efficiently but does not 
warrant a 15-day deadline.
    Response: As discussed, supra, commenters either misread the rule 
or misstated its contents. Nothing in the rule requires that all 
supporting evidence be submitted within 15 days. Nothing in the rule 
precludes amending or supplementing an application after it has been 
filed in accordance with existing regulations. Further, nothing in the 
rule requires an immigration judge to render a decision within 15 days 
or to schedule a hearing at any particular time, subject to the general 
deadline contains in INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii).
    Similarly, commenters did not address why aliens in proceedings 
under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1), who are the one of the subjects of the rule, 
should not receive expedited consideration of their asylum claims 
because they are detained. The rule ensures that such aliens receive 
expedited consideration of their applications consistent with existing 
regulations, 8 CFR 1208.5(a), but it does not alter an alien's ability 
to submit evidence in support of an application.
    The rule does not limit evidence-gathering to 15 days; rather, it 
requires the application and available supporting evidence to be 
submitted within 15 days of the alien's first hearing before the 
immigration judge. See 8 CFR 1208.4(d) (``[T]he immigration judge . . . 
shall set a deadline of fifteen days from the date of the alien's first 
hearing before an immigration judge by which the alien must file an 
asylum application''). The Department believes the 15-day deadline 
appropriately balances the concern regarding risk of degradation or 
loss of evidence with the need to provide adequate time for preparation 
and the need to provide expedited consideration of the claims of 
detained aliens, especially those with meritorious claims.
    The Department notes that the 15-day deadline begins from the date 
of the alien's first hearing with the immigration judge, which may not 
occur until several weeks after the alien was first encountered by DHS 
\22\ and, in some cases, until after the alien has already resided in 
the United States for an extended length of time.\23\ Thus, contrary to 
commenters' suggestions, aliens are not limited to a 15-day period to 
prepare an application or to gather evidence, and many aliens will have 
had a considerably longer period of time to prepare their claims. In 
fact, some aliens subject to the rule will have already filed an asylum 
application even before the 15-day deadline begins. Compare 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1)(i) (alien crewmembers subject to asylum-and-withholding-
only proceedings before an immigration judge), with 8 CFR 
1208.5(b)(1)(ii) (requiring an alien crewmember seeking asylum to file 
the application with DHS first--and giving the alien ten days to do so, 
subject to an extension for good cause--before being placed in 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)). Moreover, aliens in DHS custody 
who express a desire to seek asylum or a fear of return are provided an 
asylum application at that time,\24\ and that expression necessarily 
occurs before an alien is placed in proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1) or (2) and before the alien's first hearing is 
subsequently scheduled. 8 CFR 208.5(a), 1208.5(a). Thus, aliens will 
always have had time beyond the 15-day deadline in order to complete 
the application, and few, if any, commenters acknowledged this 
additional time in their opposition to the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ As of October 23, 2020--and excluding aliens detained in 
the Institutional Hearing Program and the Migrant Protection 
Protocols program, detained aliens with competency issues, and 
detained UAC in the custody of the Department of Health and Human 
Services--the median time between the issuance of a notice to appear 
for a detained alien and the filing of a notice to appear with an 
immigration court is seven days, and the median time between the 
receipt of a notice to appear for a detained alien and that alien's 
first hearing is sixteen days. Thus, detained aliens will, on 
average, have 23 days before the 15-day deadline even begins to run, 
and commenters did not persuasively explain why 38 days, which is 
more than five weeks and may be extended due to good cause, is an 
insufficient amount of time for an alien to file an asylum 
application, especially for an alien who has recently made a claim 
of a fear of return to his or her country of nationality.
    \23\ For example, aliens who have overstayed an authorized 
period of admission under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) and later 
seek asylum under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)(iv) may have already spent 
years in the United States prior to applying for asylum and, thus, 
will have already had ample time to prepare their case. See, e.g., 
Matter of D-M-C-P-, 26 I&N Dec. 644, 644-45 (BIA 2015) (alien 
admitted under the VWP in 1999 but did not make an asylum claim in 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) until 2011).
    \24\ Although DHS does not have a duty to provide an asylum 
application to a detained alien pending a credible fear 
determination, it may do so upon request. 8 CFR 208.5(a). Thus, 
aliens may be able to obtain an asylum application even before a 
credible fear determination. Even in cases in which DHS does not 
provide an asylum application while a credible fear determination is 
pending, once a detained alien receives a positive credible fear 
determination--and, thus, may become subject to proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c)(1)--DHS would provide an application at that point 
consistent with 8 CFR 208.5(a). Moreover, although it was not 
addressed by commenters, the Department notes that, in conjunction 
with DHS, it proposed a rule in June 2020 that was recently 
finalized, Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; 
Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney 
General and the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 
2020, and--if it goes into effect, see note 12, supra--would 
explicitly codify this requirement and ensure that it applies to 
aliens in detention following the receipt of a positive credible 
fear determination. 85 FR at 36267 (``Additionally, to ensure that 
these claims [i.e., asylum claims by aliens who have received a 
positive credible determination and are subject to proceedings under 
8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)] receive the most expeditious consideration 
reasonably possible, the Departments propose to amend 8 CFR 208.5 
and 8 CFR 1208.5 to require DHS to make available appropriate 
applications and relevant warnings to aliens in its custody who have 
expressed a fear in the expedited removal process and received a 
positive determination.''). In short, all detained aliens subject to 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) will have already received an 
asylum application before those proceedings commence and before the 
first hearing is even scheduled. Thus, aliens subject to the rule 
will actually receive more than 15 days to file an asylum 
application, even without an extension under 8 CFR 1208.4(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the aliens affected by the 15-day filing deadline 
have necessarily already considered and made a claim for asylum or 
protection, either through the credible fear process or when faced with 
removal or the denial of an application for admission under other 
provisions. Accordingly, there is no reason to believe--and commenters 
did not provide one--that such aliens cannot memorialize the claim they 
recently made on an asylum application. To the contrary, the Department 
expects that aliens with meritorious claims will generally welcome the 
opportunity to have their

[[Page 81712]]

claims heard expeditiously by an immigration judge so that they may 
obtain protection and the benefits of asylum as quickly as possible.
    The Department again emphasizes that the alien may also seek an 
extension of the filing deadline for good cause. 8 CFR 1208.4(d). Thus, 
in appropriate circumstances, an alien may receive an extension of the 
deadline in which to file an application, obviating the concerns 
connected to many of the hypothetical scenarios raised by commenters.
    The Department also reiterates that aliens may amend or supplement 
the application later in proceedings, pursuant to an immigration 
judge's discretion. Accordingly, aliens and counsel are welcome to 
begin gathering evidence, including translating or coordinating 
delivery of certain documents as referenced by commenters, at any time 
and, subject to any separate filing deadlines set by the immigration 
judge, may submit additional supporting evidence as it becomes 
available.
    The Department also notes that an alien's testimony alone ``may be 
sufficient to sustain the applicant's burden without corroboration, but 
only if the applicant satisfies the trier of fact that the applicant's 
testimony is credible, is persuasive, and refers to specific facts 
sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant is a refugee.'' INA 
208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Thus, particularly for 
meritorious claims, an alien may not need extensive documentation to 
support his or her claim because an alien can meet the relevant burden 
of proof through credible, persuasive, and specific testimony. 
Commenters did not explain why aliens who would testify credibly, 
persuasively, and specifically would need lengthy amounts of time to 
file an application or to obtain supporting documentation, and the 
Department is unaware of any such reasons.
    The deadline itself does not preclude an immigration judge's full 
consideration of the facts of a claim. Because applicants for asylum 
and for withholding of removal bear the full burden of proof, see INA 
240(c)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(4)(A) (asylum); INA 241(b)(3)(C), 8 
U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(C) (withholding of removal), the alien is responsible 
for ensuring that the immigration judge has all relevant facts to 
consider. If, for example, an alien needs additional time to file an 
application, the alien may request an extension for good cause. 8 CFR 
1208.4(d). Likewise, if the application needs to be amended or 
supplemented later in the proceedings due to evidence-issues, the alien 
may request to amend or supplement the application. 8 CFR 1208.4(c). 
Similarly, nothing in the rule prohibits an immigration judge from 
granting a continuance to obtain corroborating evidence in appropriate 
cases. Matter of L-A-C-, 26 I&N Dec. 516 (BIA 2015). Moreover, the rule 
itself provides that immigration judges themselves may submit relevant 
evidence consistent with their duty to develop the record in 
appropriate circumstances. Through these mechanisms, the Department 
provides aliens a full opportunity to present all relevant facts to an 
immigration judge within the deadline, and there is no reason why the 
establishment of a filing deadline for the application--as opposed to 
supporting documents--would necessarily create a credibility issue for 
the alien.
    Although the rule referenced the possibility that, without a 
deadline, aliens may attempt to delay proceedings, the Department does 
not believe that is the case for all aliens, nor did the rule 
exclusively consider or rely on that point in establishing the 
deadline. For the reasons discussed above and in section II.C.4.a.iii, 
the Department established the deadline and believes 15 days is an 
appropriate timeframe in which an alien must file an application. The 
Department disagrees with the commenters' conclusion that evidence-
related risks should simply incentivize aliens to reduce delays or else 
accept those risks. The impact of delayed proceedings reaches far 
beyond the alien's case; delays result in inefficiencies that affect 
the entire immigration system. See generally 85 FR at 59694. In part 
for that reason, the rule established the 15-day deadline rather than 
rely on aliens responding to incentives or accepting the risks 
associated with delays.
(2) Events Outside of the Alien's Control
    Comment: Commenters argued that the 15-day filing deadline is too 
short in effect due to various circumstances outside of the alien's 
control that may preclude submission of the application within the 
required time period. Commenters explained that the U.S. Postal Service 
(``USPS'') or other carriers may be delayed. Relatedly, commenters said 
that aliens' documents may have been lost or stolen in transit to the 
United States.
    Some commenters also alleged that DHS would seize documents at the 
border, such that aliens would no longer have them in their possession 
to include with an application for protection or relief.
    Response: As an initial point, the Department notes that filing 
delays and missing filing deadlines due to third-party carriers such as 
the USPS are already a possibility in the current system for 
considering asylum applications, and the rule does not alter that risk. 
The Department is also unaware of any systemic issues with third-party 
carriers delaying filings, and any isolated anecdotal instances 
identified by commenters are redressable through existing procedures 
such as a motion to accept an untimely filing. Immigration Court 
Practice Manual, ch. 3.1(d)(ii), (iii) (July 2, 2020).
    Moreover, as discussed supra, most aliens subject to the filing 
deadline will be detained. Because detained hearings are generally 
expedited, there is a greater possibility that the alien will be able 
to file the application directly with the court and, thus, not need to 
rely on an outside carrier. Nevertheless, even in cases in which there 
is a legitimate carrier delay, nothing in the rule precludes an alien 
from filing either a motion to accept the untimely filing, id., or an 
extension of the filing deadline, 8 CFR 1204.8(d).
    In addition, the Department emphasizes that an alien may begin the 
application at any time. The 15-day deadline is merely 15 days from the 
date of the first hearing with the immigration judge; thus, aliens are 
not prohibited from beginning an application prior to the first 
hearing, nor are they limited to only a single 15-day period to gather 
evidence. As noted above, detained aliens will have already a copy of 
an asylum application from DHS prior to their first hearing before an 
immigration judge and, thus, will have had already more than 15 days to 
complete the application even without an extension.
    The Department is unaware of any practice by DHS of routinely 
seizing documents from aliens at the border and failing to maintain or 
to return them, as appropriate. In the Department's experience, any 
documents seized from aliens that are not returned are maintained in 
DHS's administrative file on the alien and are available to the DHS 
attorney representing the agency before the immigration judge. 
Mechanisms for DHS to return documents to aliens in custody are 
substantially beyond the scope of the rule. Nevertheless, as officers 
of the court with an interest in justice in all immigration 
proceedings, the Department expects that DHS attorneys would submit any 
probative evidence in DHS's possession in the course of a proceeding 
under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) or (2) and would ensure that no

[[Page 81713]]

misrepresentations are made to an immigration judge.
    Comment: Commenters explained that it usually takes USCIS three to 
five weeks to issue the receipt that the rule requires be attached to a 
``complete'' application; thus, submitting a complete application 
within 15 days is impossible and outside of a practitioner's or alien's 
control.
    Response: The Department acknowledges the commenters' concerns 
regarding timing with USCIS to receive a fee receipt, although in the 
Department's experience, USCIS typically provides a one-day turnaround 
in issuing fee receipts and most receipts are issued within seven days. 
Moreover, USCIS allows electronic payment for some of its most common 
applications, USCIS, Forms Available to File Online (June 11, 2020), 
https://www.uscis.gov/file-online/forms-available-to-file-online, and 
the Department does not know whether USCIS intends to allow electronic 
payment for asylum applications if the injunction on charging a fee is 
lifted. Nevertheless, in response to commenters' concerns, the 
Department has amended 8 CFR 1208.4(d) and related cross-references to 
that regulation to allow for submission of alternative proof of payment 
in the event that an alien has not received a fee receipt from USCIS 
within the filing deadline. See section I.C.1 for further discussion 
regarding this change.
(3) Concerns Related to the Complexity of the Form I-589
    Comment: Commenters argued that the 15-day filing deadline is too 
short due to the complexity of the Form I-589 and most applicants' lack 
of English-language proficiency. Commenters explained that aliens must 
usually find a translator, interpreter, and counsel to fill out the 
form and prepare certain documents. Commenters alleged that this 
process often takes weeks but that such assistance is crucial.
    Response: Again, the Department notes that regulations have 
contained a 10-day application filing deadline for many years for a 
particular category of asylum seekers, with no noted opposition or 
complaints, including concerns about the complexity of the form or its 
requirement to be completed in English. 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1)(ii). 
Further, as discussed above, the rule provides an alien an opportunity 
to request an extension of the deadline if the alien needs additional 
time to complete the form. Additionally, most aliens with pending 
asylum cases, 85 percent, have representation, and an alien's 
representative can assist with completing the application or, as 
appropriate, requesting an extension of the filing deadline. EOIR, 
Current Representation Rates (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062991/download.
    As discussed, supra, in practice, aliens subject to the rule will 
have additional time beyond 15 days to complete an asylum application, 
even without an extension, and the Department disagrees with commenters 
that the Form I-589 is too complex for aliens to complete within weeks. 
The substantive portion of the Form I-589 is currently eight pages, 
half of which call for biographic information and half of which request 
information about the alien's claim.\25\ Tens of thousands of aliens--
and hundreds of thousands in recent years, EOIR, Total Asylum 
Applications (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download--whose first language is not English file for asylum 
every year, and there is simply no indication that applicants cannot 
complete the application and file it within a few weeks.\26\ In short, 
although the Department acknowledges the commenters' concerns and has 
fully considered, they are ultimately unpersuasive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ If the recent joint rulemaking, Procedures for Asylum and 
Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, 
signed by the Attorney General and the Acting Secretary of Homeland 
Security on December 2, 2020, goes into effect, the substantive 
portion of the Form I-589 will increase to thirteen pages, though 
only nine of those pages call for information about an alien's 
claim.
    \26\ The Department also notes there is a plethora of 
information regarding asylum available to aliens in multiple 
languages from pro bono or nonprofit organizations or from 
international organizations. For example, the UNHCR maintains a 
Spanish-language translation of the instructions for the Form I-589, 
https://www.unhcr.org/585ae89c4.pdf (last visited Dec. 4, 2020), and 
multiple advocacy organizations within the United States, including 
ones affiliated with commenters opposing the rule, have created 
Spanish-language versions of the form itself, e.g., Immigration 
Justice Campaign, I-589 in Spanish, https://immigrationjustice.us/get-trained/asylum/application-declaration-evidence/sample-i-589-in-spanish/ (last visited Oct. 31, 2020). Although non-English versions 
of the I-589 are not official, they reflect a much greater 
availability of information to asylum seekers in languages other 
than English--and thus a greater capacity to complete the form in a 
timely manner--than most commenters acknowledged.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department believes the 15-day deadline provides sufficient 
time for the alien, in coordination with counsel, an interpreter, or 
translator if the alien so chooses, to apply for relief, particularly 
because the actual deadline will be more than 15 days in practice and 
because an alien may request an extension as appropriate. Further, the 
Department reiterates that the 15-day timeframe begins from the date of 
the first hearing before the immigration judge. An alien is not 
precluded from beginning the application or seeking assistance from 
counsel, an interpreter, or a translator to prepare the application 
before the first hearing.
(4) Concerns Related to Aliens' Personal Circumstances and Challenges
    Comment: Commenters also explained that aliens often have limited 
financial resources, are usually uneducated or even illiterate, have 
experienced trauma, and are in need of mental health resources. 
Considering those facts, commenters explained that 15 days was 
especially insufficient to secure representation or complete the form 
on their own, let alone pay the filing fee.
    Response: For many of the same reasons noted above, the Department 
finds these concerns to be both gross generalizations and unpersuasive. 
The Department does not have data--and commenters did not provide any--
and, thus, declines to agree with a blanket characterization that most 
aliens applying for asylum are illiterate or in need of mental health 
treatment. Further, commenters raising these issues did not engage 
with, inter alia, the existence of a longstanding 10-day deadline for 
filing an asylum application for a particular category of applicants, 8 
CFR 1208.5(b); the availability of an extension of the 15-day deadline 
for good cause; the fact that most aliens applying for asylum are 
represented; the fact that all aliens subject to the rule will, in 
reality, have more than 15 days to file the application; the 
demonstrated ability of approximately 200,000 aliens to file for asylum 
in FY 2019 and FY 2020; the desire of aliens with meritorious claims to 
have those claims adjudicated quickly; the longstanding regulatory 
directive to complete asylum cases of detained aliens expeditiously; 
and, the risks associated with needless delays in asylum adjudications, 
including the degradation of evidence. To the extent that commenters 
posited hypothetical scenarios about particular characteristics of 
aliens, the Department notes that if such scenarios are reflected by 
actual applicants, then the immigration judge can consider whether any 
of the factors referenced by the commenters warrant an extension of the 
filing deadline.
(5) Concerns That the Deadline Is Too Short for Preparation by Counsel
    Comment: Commenters explained that even if an alien was able to 
timely hire counsel, counsel would need more than 15 days to prepare 
and submit the

[[Page 81714]]

application. Commenters provided examples of common challenges faced by 
counsel when working with detained aliens, which they claimed have only 
been exacerbated by the pandemic. Examples include: Difficulty in 
arranging meetings with aliens at detention centers, especially with 
pandemic-related restrictions on visitors; difficulty in securing 
interpreters; and gathering evidence. Many commenters explained that 
representation made a significant difference to the likelihood of 
aliens' success.
    Commenters also stated that the 15-day period is too short of a 
time period to prepare a sufficient application that is sufficiently 
thorough to meet the higher burden of proof required for success on the 
application as opposed to the lower standard for credible fear reviews. 
Commenters explained that the rule failed to acknowledge the difference 
between the burden of proving ``significant possibility'' of succeeding 
on an asylum claim required to establish credible fear and the burden 
of proving every element of an asylum claim under Matter of A-C-A-A-, 
28 I&N Dec. 84 (A.G. 2020). Relatedly, other commenters claimed the 
rule's reasoning that ``there is no reason not to expect the alien to 
be prepared to state his or her claim as quickly as possible,'' 85 FR 
at 59694, improperly conflated the significant possibility standard 
used in the credible fear interview with the preponderance of the 
evidence standard used at the hearing. Commenters explained that the 
distinction between these standards--one imposing a reduced burden 
while the other imposed a greater burden that requires a fully 
developed record to satisfy all elements of the claim--demonstrates 
that aliens who satisfy the lesser burden are not necessarily ready to 
satisfy the greater burden in such a short timeframe. In short, given 
the increased burden of proof, commenters stated that 15 days would be 
far too short to prepare the application, despite the alien having met 
the lesser burden of proof in the credible fear interview.
    Response: Again, commenters either misread or affirmatively 
misstated the contents of the rule. Nothing in the rule limits the 
alien, or the alien's representative, to a single 15-day period to 
prepare the application; rather, the application must be submitted 
within 15 days of the alien's first hearing before the immigration 
judge. Thus, the alien will have more than 15 days to prepare the 
application, an alien or the alien's representative may begin to 
prepare the application or gather evidence at any time, the alien may 
seek an extension of the filing deadline as appropriate, and the alien 
may supplement the application consistent with existing regulations. To 
the extent that commenters raise concerns that COVID-19 has created or 
exacerbated logistical challenges for representatives, the Department 
notes that cases of detained aliens, such as those who are subject to 
the rule, have generally been heard during the pandemic to avoid 
raising significant questions about prolonged detention and that DHS 
has made arrangements to ensure unimpeded communications between aliens 
and representatives. See, e.g., Nat'l Immigration Project of Nat'l 
Lawyers Guild v. Exec. Office for Immigration Review, 456 F. Supp. 3d 
16, 22-23 (D.D.C. 2020) (summarizing DHS actions taken to ensure 
communication between detained aliens and representatives continue 
during the outbreak of COVID-19). In isolated instances in which 
communication between a representative and a detained alien has been 
interrupted due to COVID-19, the Department reiterates that the rule 
provides for an extension for good cause, 8 CFR 1208.4(d).
    The Department did not conflate the burdens of proof in credible 
fear interviews and the merits of asylum adjudications. The Department 
recognizes the distinction between the burdens of proof in the 
interview and the hearing but believes the rule's timeframe is 
sufficient for aliens to file their application and meet the requisite 
burden of proof. See INA 240(c)(4)(a), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(4)(A) (burden 
of proof for asylum); INA 241(b)(3)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(C) (burden 
of proof for withholding of removal). The Department referenced the 
interview in the proposed rule simply to demonstrate that aliens who 
pass the credible fear interview are on notice of their eligibility for 
various forms of relief or protection, that such aliens would logically 
be expected to want to perfect an application for asylum and soon as 
possible thereafter, and that it is not unreasonable to expect an alien 
who has passed a credible fear screening to be anticipating and 
preparing for consideration of their ultimate application for asylum, 
including the preparation of their application and gathering of 
evidence, especially if the alien's claim is meritorious.
(6) The 15-Day Filing Deadline Will Limit the Availability of Low Cost 
or Pro Bono Legal Services
    Comment: Commenters alleged that the 15-day deadline would put 
undue pressure on services funded by local governments, as well as 
nonprofit organizations and pro bono volunteers, including clinics and 
law students, to assist aliens with their applications in an effort to 
reduce the likelihood that applications would be rejected. Commenters 
specifically asserted that the deadline would interfere with local 
government investments into funding legal service providers, 
specifically such providers' case management processes. Relatedly, 
commenters explained that the deadline would require nonprofit 
organizations and clinics to substantially change their operations and 
would limit the number of aliens they could assist. For example, 
because students working in law clinics take a full course load in 
addition to taking a pro bono case, commenters explained that they 
would be unable to devote the hours necessary to meet the 15-day 
deadline, thus preventing them from taking cases, which in turn would 
harm aliens who rely on such assistance.
    Response: For all of the reasons previously given--including, inter 
alia, the existence of a longstanding 10-day deadline for a particular 
category of asylum applicants with no noted effects on low cost or pro 
bono representation, the similar longstanding existence of immigration 
judge authority to set deadlines for filing applications for relief, 
the availability of an extension of the 15-day deadline for good cause, 
the desire of aliens with meritorious claims to have those claims 
adjudicated quickly, the longstanding regulatory directive to complete 
asylum cases of detained aliens expeditiously, and, the risks 
associated with needless delays in asylum adjudications, including the 
degradation of evidence--the Department believes that a general 15-day 
filing period, while providing for exceptions where the immigration 
judge finds good cause, strikes the appropriate balance between 
expediency and fairness and would not impact the availability of low 
cost or pro bono representation. To the contrary, ensuring that 
detained aliens file an asylum application expeditiously may help 
ensure that a law school clinic can assist the alien before a student 
completes the clinical course or graduates. Cf. Registry for Attorneys 
and Representatives, 78 FR 19400, 19404 (Apr. 1, 2013) (declining to 
require law students to register with EOIR due to, among other things, 
``the transient nature of law students' participation in clinical 
programs and the limited circumstances under which students can 
represent individuals before EOIR . . . . the absence of any mechanism 
to inform EOIR when a student leaves a program . . . [and the lack of 
a]

[[Page 81715]]

regulatory provision permitting a law student to appear before EOIR if 
not enrolled in a `legal aid program or clinic,' [making] it . . . 
problematic for those students to remain registered after leaving a 
clinical program''). Similarly, because lengthy delays in immigration 
proceedings often dissuade pro bono representation, ensuring 
expeditious consideration of asylum applications filed by detained 
aliens may encourage more pro bono representation. See, e.g., HRF 
Report supra. To the extent that commenters posited hypothetical 
scenarios about particular low cost or pro bono service providers or 
particular types of aliens, the Department notes that if such scenarios 
are reflected by actual applicants, then the immigration judge can 
consider whether any of the factors referenced by the commenters 
warrant an extension of the filing deadline.
    Further, nothing in this rule requires the diversion of resources 
or alteration of the mission of any low cost and pro bono legal service 
providers, including nonprofit organizations, pro bono volunteers, 
clinics and law students, and government-funded representatives, beyond 
what is already required by existing regulations and professional 
responsibility requirements. In other words, immigration judges already 
possess the authority to set application filing deadlines, 8 CFR 
1003.31(c), and asylum cases of detained aliens are already subject to 
expeditious processing, 8 CFR 1208.5(a). Further, practitioners are 
already prohibited from taking on more work than they can handle 
competently. 8 CFR 1003.102(q)(1). Thus, pro bono organizations already 
operate under the conditions outlined in this rule, and commenters did 
not identify any changes that the rule itself would require that are 
independent of longstanding and well-established regulatory 
requirements.
    Furthermore, the Department believes that low cost and pro bono 
legal service providers, including nonprofit organizations, pro bono 
volunteers, including clinics and law students, and government-funded 
representatives, can meet this deadline, absent situations in which the 
deadline may be extended for good cause. Given the alien's already-
limited available avenues for relief, the common goal of providing 
relief or protection to aliens with meritorious claims as quickly as 
possible, and the risk of loss or degradation of evidence with the 
passing of time--none of which were challenged by commenters, including 
low cost and pro bono organizations themselves--the Department believes 
it is prudent to establish the 15-day deadline. Although the Department 
acknowledges that nonprofit organizations, pro bono volunteers, and 
government-funded representatives, like all legal representatives, may 
face unforeseen challenges confronting deadlines set by a judge, the 
Department is confident that such representatives will be able to 
handle such deadlines, just as they do in other courts and just as they 
handle all regulatory changes inherent across government agencies, and 
will continue to be able to provide assistance and resources to aliens 
in proceedings before EOIR.
    Finally, the Department notes that nothing in the rule prohibits 
nonprofits, pro bono groups, local government-funded representatives, 
or any other class of representatives from taking on an alien's case at 
a later point in the proceedings. An alien who obtains counsel may 
choose a representative at any point in the proceedings, including 
after the filing of an application, and the ability to provide 
representation does not require assistance from the very first hearing. 
Thus, low cost or pro bono organizations, local government-funded 
representatives, and law school clinics realistically have more 
opportunities to provide assistance that many commenters suggested.
iii. 15-Day Deadline Is Arbitrary
(1) In General
    Comment: Commenters generally characterized the 15-day deadline as 
being arbitrarily short. Commenters expressed concern that the 
Department failed to include specific data regarding the selection of 
15 days as the specific deadline for filing an asylum application in 
asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings rather than some other period 
of time. Commenters alleged that the Department's reasoning for the 
deadline conflated efficiency with speed.
    Commenters also stated that the deadline was arbitrary because the 
Department's reasoning was flawed: Commenters stated the application 
process and the adjudication process were distinct from one another 
with separate time periods. Thus, commenters alleged that changing the 
time limit for the application process would not affect the separate 
period of time required for adjudication.
    Response: The Department disagrees that the 15-day deadline is 
arbitrary, unrealistic, or unjust. First, the current regulation at 8 
CFR 1208.5(a) directs that ``[w]here possible, expedited consideration 
shall be given to applications of detained aliens'' (emphasis added). 
The Department believes that establishing a deadline will better 
provide expedited consideration for aliens described in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1) and 1208.4(b)(3)(ii). Second, and relatedly, EOIR has had 
a longstanding policy of allowing asylum merits hearings for detained 
aliens to be scheduled within 14 days of a master calendar hearing with 
no noted objections or problems with that policy. See, e.g., EOIR 
Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum (``OPPM'') 00-01, Asylum 
Request Processing at 8 (Aug. 4, 2000) (``Generally, when setting a 
case from the Master Calendar to the Individual Calendar, a minimum of 
14 days should be allowed before the case is set for the Individual 
Calendar.''); EOIR OPPM 13-03, Guidelines for Implementation of the ABT 
Settlement Agreement at 6 (Dec. 2, 2013) (``Generally, when setting a 
detained [asylum] case from a master calendar hearing to an individual 
calendar hearing, a minimum of 14 days should be allowed.'').\27\ 
Because--for over two decades with no noted challenge--the Department 
has found two weeks a potentially sufficient amount of time to prepare 
a case for a merits hearing on a detained alien's asylum application, 
it finds that 15 days is similarly a sufficient time to simply file the 
application, particularly because, as discussed, supra, the alien will 
actually receive more than 15 days to do so. Third, in determining an 
appropriate deadline, the Department considered the current regulation 
establishing a 10-day deadline for detained crewmembers to file an 
application for asylum. 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1)(ii). Because detained 
crewmembers are listed in the regulation at 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) as a 
class of aliens subject to asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings, the 
Department determined it was appropriate to set a comparable deadline 
for other classes of aliens subject to asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings included in 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1), as well as aliens subject 
to withholding-only proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Although OPPM 13-03 has been rescinded because the ABT 
Settlement Agreement expired in 2019, EOIR maintains a policy of 
providing at least 14 days between a master calendar hearing and an 
individual hearing on an asylum application for detained aliens.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding commenters' concerns about the lack of supporting data, 
the Department notes first that because each asylum application is 
adjudicated on a case-by-case basis and each application will vary 
accordingly in its facts and support, there is no common metric for 
determining how long it will typically

[[Page 81716]]

take an alien to fill out and submit a Form I-589 because there is not 
a ``typical'' asylum case. Thus, the data suggested by commenters is 
not available and is untraceable due to the inherently fact-specific 
nature of each case. Moreover, commenters did not suggest that such 
data was available or could be obtained. To the extent that the PRA, 44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq., offers data and a potential metric for completing 
and submitting an asylum application, the Department notes that--in 
contrast to commenters' concerns--it supports an even quicker deadline 
than that proposed by the Department. See Form I-589 Instructions at 14 
(Aug. 25, 2020), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-589instr.pdf (providing a response time of 12 hours, 
``including the time for reviewing instructions, and completing and 
submitting the form'').\28\ As discussed, the provision of the rule 
setting a deadline follows from well-established comparable regulations 
or policies and is not intended to turn on data. Nevertheless, even if 
it were, the best available data regarding the time it takes to 
complete the Form I-589--i.e., the PRA determination--supports the 
deadline chosen by the Department.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ If the recent joint rulemaking, Procedures for Asylum and 
Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, 
signed by the Attorney General and the Acting Secretary of Homeland 
Security on December 2, 2020, goes into effect, the response time 
for the Form I-589 will increase to 18.5 hours. That length of time 
to complete the application would still support the Department's 
position that between 15 and 38 days--if not longer based on 
extensions due to good cause--is sufficient time to complete the 
Form I-589. See also note 22, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Department emphasizes that the deadline is an 
exercise of the Attorney General's statutory authority and judgement to 
``establish such regulations, prescribe such forms of bond, reports, 
entries, and other papers, issue such instructions, review such 
administrative determinations in immigration proceedings, delegate such 
authority, and perform such other acts as the Attorney General 
determines to be necessary for carrying out this section.'' INA 
103(g)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g)(2). Congress acknowledged that there may be 
instances in which the Attorney General may have to act in order to 
effectuate the statutory scheme. And, given the statute's silence on a 
filing timeframe for aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings, 
the Department presumes Congress intended for the Attorney General to 
determine such timeframe as necessary.
    In drafting the rule, the Department considered that the particular 
aliens affected--those in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings--are 
(1) already subject to removal orders, denied applications for 
admission, or, for crewmembers, denied permission to land; (2) 
generally detained; and (3) solely limited to claims for asylum and 
withholding of removal, which are presented at the outset of the 
proceeding. See 85 FR at 59694. Given the unique position of these 
aliens, the Department concluded there was ``no reason not to expect 
the alien to be prepared to state his or her claim as quickly as 
possible,'' thereby enabling timely provision of relief or protection 
for meritorious claims. Id. The rule also noted that delaying 
proceedings risked degradation or loss of evidence, which could affect 
adjudication of the claim.
    The Department recognizes that the deadline for filing the 
application is distinct from the general 180-day deadline for 
adjudicating the application established by INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), and the rule as a whole addresses both the 
filing deadline and the adjudication deadline. Finally, the Department 
notes that the rule does not conflate an interest in efficiency with 
pure speed, as commenters claimed. As discussed throughout, the rule is 
rooted in concerns about the expeditious consideration of claims made 
by detained aliens, the need to ensure meritorious claims are 
adjudicated as swiftly as possible, the risk of evidence becoming 
stale, and the expectation that aliens who have recently claimed a fear 
of persecution or torture will be well-situated to perfect that claim 
quickly through the filing of an asylum application. In short, the 
Department--as well as asylum applicants and DHS--has a strong interest 
in adjudicating cases expeditiously, particularly cases of valid claims 
for asylum, and the rule does not simply make proceedings more 
efficient for the sake of speed alone.
(2) Arbitrary Because the Deadline Demands Expediency Not Followed by 
the Government Itself
    Comment: Some commenters alleged that the rule creates an arbitrary 
deadline because it demands expediency that commenters alleged EOIR and 
DHS do not follow. Commenters alleged that DHS routinely fails to file 
notices to appear (``NTA'') with EOIR for more than a year. Likewise, 
commenters alleged that it takes EOIR six months to a year to schedule 
a hearing. Commenters explained that these delays by EOIR and DHS 
impose an unreasonable burden on aliens to constantly check the 
automated system to determine when they can file.
    In a similar vein, commenters surmised that the Department-
facilitated general Legal Orientation Program (``LOP'') would be unable 
to meet alien's needs from the 15-day deadline. Citing to the LOP 
Cohort Analysis Phase II study,\29\ commenters emphasized that 24% of 
participants failed to receive any services until after their first 
hearing, while participants who received services prior to their first 
hearing received services on average only seven days prior to the 
hearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See Executive Office for Immigration Review, LOP Cohort 
Analysis: Phase II (Jan. 29, 2019), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/1125621/download.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated that the 15-day deadline was arbitrary 
because backlogs in the immigration courts would preclude review of 
such applications for months or years. Commenters stated that the rule 
failed to address the inefficiencies caused by the Department itself, 
such as hiring new immigration judges without hiring support staff, 
restricting immigration judges' ability to manage their dockets, and 
shifting prioritization of particular dockets.
    Response: As an initial point, many commenters failed to apprehend 
that most aliens subject to the rule will be detained. Consequently, 
DHS is unlikely to wait over a year to file a charging document, cf. 8 
CFR 287.3(d) (except in an emergency or exceptional circumstance DHS 
will determine within 48 hours of detention whether to file an NTA), 
and EOIR is unlikely to wait six months to a year to schedule a 
hearing, EOIR Policy Memorandum 20-07, Case Management and Docketing 
Practices at 2 (Jan. 31, 2020) (detained cases should be entered into 
EOIR's case management system within three days of filing the charging 
document), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1242501/download. 
Similarly, detained aliens are unlikely to need to check the automated 
case system to determine when to file an application.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Even if an alien is not detained, he or she would not need 
to check the automated case system to determine when to file. The 
rule clearly states that the application deadline is 15 days after 
the first hearing, which the alien will have attended. Thus, an 
alien will always know when the application is due.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This rule does not purport to address every inefficiency in the 
U.S. immigration system. The 15-day filing deadline instead is designed 
to increase one efficiency in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings--
the timeframe for aliens in such proceedings to file an application for

[[Page 81717]]

protection or relief.\31\ As explained above, that timeframe is not 
arbitrary; rather, it was promulgated to address a number of the 
Department's concerns. See generally 85 FR at 59693-94. Thus, the 
commenters' concerns with other inefficiencies at DHS and EOIR, 
including the automated system and the LOP,\32\ are outside the scope 
of this particular rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ In recent rulemakings, the Department has sought, in part, 
to reduce various inefficiencies throughout the immigration system. 
See, e.g., Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in 
Immigration Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 52491 (Aug. 
26, 2020) (proposed) (addressing inefficiencies in case 
adjudications at the BIA); Expanding the Size of the Board of 
Immigration Appeals, 85 FR 18105 (Apr. 1, 2020) (interim rule) 
(adding two Board member positions to the BIA so that the BIA may 
more efficiently and timely adjudicate appeals); Organization of the 
Executive Office for Immigration Review, 84 FR 44537 (Aug. 26, 2019) 
(interim rule) (providing, in part, for more efficient disposition 
of cases through a delegation of authority); EOIR Electronic Filing 
Pilot Program, 83 FR 29575 (June 25, 2018) (public notice) (creating 
a pilot program to test an electronic filing system that would 
greatly improve immigration adjudication processing in the 
immigration courts and eventually the BIA).
    \32\ The Department notes that the same study cited by 
commenters disclosed that the general LOP cost the government over 
$100 million annually, increased an alien's length of detention, did 
not generally affect an alien's case outcome, and did not increase 
representation for detained aliens. See EOIR, LOP Cohort Analysis at 
4 (Sept. 5, 2018), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/1091801/download; cf. 5 CFR 2635.101(b)(11) (requiring the disclosure of 
government waste). Consequently, even prior to the NPRM, the general 
LOP provided no benefit to detained aliens, and the rule's impact on 
detained aliens served by the general LOP is accordingly minimal, if 
any.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department disagrees with commenters' allegation that the rule 
is arbitrary because the backlog would nonetheless delay hearings for 
such applications. Again, commenters generally did not apprehend that 
the rule will apply principally to detained aliens, whose cases are 
generally adjudicated within 180 days already, EOIR, Median Completion 
Times for Detained Cases (Oct. 23, 2019), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1163621/download, and do not constitute a backlog. Because 
detained cases are already subject to expeditious consideration, 8 CFR 
1208.5(a), the rule should not create new delays, contrary to 
commenters' assertions.
(3) Arbitrary Because the Rule Failed To Analyze Certain Impacts of the 
Rule
    Comment: Commenters asserted that the rule was arbitrary because it 
failed to analyze the impact of other proposed or enacted regulatory 
changes that commenters explained would increase the number of aliens 
subject to the 15-day filing deadline.\33\ Commenters noted this 
increase is contrary to the small number of alien crewmembers subject 
to the current 10-day filing deadline, to which the Department compares 
the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ See also section II.C.4.a.i above for further discussion of 
these proposed changes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: As discussed, supra, the number of aliens who may be 
placed in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings and, thus, subject to 
the deadline established by the rule is speculative, unpredictable, and 
ultimately wholly outside the Department's control. See Home Box 
Office, 567 F.2d at 35 n.58 (``Moreover, comments which themselves are 
purely speculative and do not disclose the factual or policy basis on 
which they rest require no response.''). The Department is unable to 
accurately or precisely predict the future number of aliens who would 
both enter or seek to enter the United States illegally and, in turn, 
be placed into asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings following a 
positive credible fear or reasonable fear interview; further, 
commenters did not offer a prediction, apart from unsupported 
generalizations. Similarly, DHS has autonomy over its own enforcement-
related decisions and is statutorily tasked by Congress with 
``[e]stablishing national immigration enforcement policies and 
priorities.'' Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, 
section 402(5), 116 Stat. 2135, 2178 (codified at 6 U.S.C. 202(5)). 
Consequently, the Department has neither control over nor the means to 
predict how many aliens DHS may subject to expedited removal procedures 
as opposed to other enforcement options or the exercise of 
prosecutorial discretion. Thus, while the Department is cognizant that 
other rules may have some impact on immigration proceedings relevant to 
this rule, the size and nature of that impact is speculative. Moreover, 
even if that impact were predictable, the Department has determined, as 
a matter of policy, that the benefits of the rule--e.g., better 
effectuation of statutory directives, the expedited consideration of 
meritorious asylum claims, and the elimination of provisions that are 
immaterial to EOIR--far outweigh any negative impacts that the rule 
would have, either singularly or in tandem with other rules. Such 
balancing of preferences is not arbitrary and capricious.
    Moreover, assuming, arguendo, that other rules increase the number 
of aliens subject to asylum-and-withholding proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c), the provisions of this rule would remain important to 
effectuate. As discussed, supra, aliens subject to proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c) are generally subject to detention unless paroled by DHS. 
Both parties, especially in cases of aliens with meritorious claims, 
and the immigration courts have an interest in the expeditious 
consideration of asylum claims made by detained aliens. In fact, 
current regulations already provide for such expedited consideration, 8 
CFR 1208.5(a), and commenters did not explain why it would be arbitrary 
and capricious for detained aliens to receive expedited consideration 
of their asylum claims consistent with existing regulations. The rule 
simply reaffirms the importance of well-established principles, namely 
adhering to statutory deadlines and providing expedited consideration 
of asylum claims for detained aliens, especially meritorious claims. 
Such re-affirmation is not arbitrary and capricious.
    Furthermore, the Department's reasoning for the 15-day deadline 
does not rely on or involve the number of aliens who may be affected. 
In other words, the proposed rule at 85 FR 36264, and the recently-
finalized rule, had no bearing on the reasoning underlying the deadline 
in the rule at hand. In the proposed rule, 85 FR at 59693-94, the 
Department explained that aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings are ``generally already subject to removal orders, denials 
of applications for admission, or denials of permission to land in the 
case of crewmembers, and are often also detained . . . . [T]heir only 
avenues for relief or protection are applications for asylum, statutory 
withholding of removal, and protection under the regulations issued 
pursuant to legislation implementing U.S. obligations under the [CAT] . 
. . and they would not be in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings if 
they had not already claimed a fear of persecution or torture upon 
being returned to their home countries.'' The Department subsequently 
concluded that because asylum and withholding of removal are the ``sole 
issues to be resolved in the proceeding and are squarely presented at 
the outset of the proceeding . . . there is no reason not to expect the 
alien to be prepared to state his or her claim as quickly as 
possible.'' 85 FR at 59694. In addition, the Department provided 
further reasoning for its decision to establish a deadline: Delayed 
filing risks delayed protection or relief for meritorious claims; 
delayed filing increases the likelihood that evidence may degrade or be 
lost; and applicants may simply delay proceedings, thus causing 
inefficiencies in what should be a

[[Page 81718]]

streamlined proceeding. See id. The Department also noted that a 
deadline was consistent with current regulations establishing a 10-day 
deadline for detained crewmembers to file an asylum application, 8 CFR 
1208.5(b)(1)(ii), and directing the agency to provide ``expedited 
consideration'' to asylum applications filed by detained aliens, 8 CFR 
1208.5(a). Id. None of these factors relies upon or is altered based on 
the number of aliens subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1).\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ The Department notes, however, that to the extent 
commenters argue more aliens will be in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings and subject to the 15-day filing deadline in the future, 
such arguments further the Department's reasoning rather than 
counter it. In other words, the Department's concerns to ensure 
efficiency, accurate recall of claims, and avoiding gamesmanship are 
greater if more proceedings are benefited than fewer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 706(2)(A), an agency must 
articulate a ``rational connection between the facts found and the 
choice made.'' Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 
168 (1962). Those facts must be ``relevant'' and considered with no 
``clear error in judgment,'' see Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. 
Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971), but a court will ``uphold a decision 
of less than ideal clarity if the agency's path may reasonably be 
discerned.'' Motor Vehicles Mfrs. Ass's of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm 
Mutual Auto. Ins., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (quoting Bowman Transp. Inc. 
v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974)). Under that 
standard, the rule is not arbitrary and capricious. The rule clearly 
discussed the relevant factors considered in establishing the 15-day 
filing deadline, at least to an extent that the rule was ``reasonably 
discerned.'' See 85 FR at 59693-94; see also section II.C.4.a.iii.(1), 
supra.
    Factors over which the Department has no control were considered, 
but as discussed, they do not impact the nature of the rule. For 
example, DHS's expansion of expedited removal stems from DHS's ``sole 
and unreviewable'' authority to determine the scope of aliens to whom 
expedited removal provisions may be applied. INA 235(b)(1)(A)(iii)(I), 
8 U.S.C. 1235(b)(1)(A)(iii)(I). The Department and DHS are separate 
agencies with distinct authorities and responsibilities, and EOIR 
played no part in developing or implementing that notice. Further, the 
notice bore no effect on the Department's decision to establish a 
filing deadline for aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings 
in an effort to address inefficiencies in the system and reduce delayed 
protection or relief for meritorious claims. And, to the extent that 
DHS's action may result in more aliens subject to proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c)(1), that outcome, which is highly speculative, would not 
undermine or alter the rule for the reasons given.
    Comment: In addition, commenters explained that the rule should 
have analyzed the impact of the deadline on aliens, counsel, and court 
operations, including the reliance interests of those parties on the 
current timeframe to seek and engage representation. Commenters stated 
that the rule's lack of a cost benefit analysis on the 15-day deadline 
evidenced the Department's failure to assess the harms caused by the 
rule.
    More specifically, commenters stated that the Department failed to 
consider the ``severe consequences'' on aliens from imposing a 15-day 
deadline, which they alleged could lead to denials of thousands of 
asylum applications and subsequent orders of removal under the BIA's 
decision in Matter of R-C-R-, 28 I&N Dec. 74 (BIA 2020). Commenters 
stated this would deprive pro se aliens the opportunity to request 
extensions or build a record to explain why they did not meet the 
deadline. In regard to nonprofits, commenters stated that the 
Department failed to consider that with such a short deadline, pro bono 
attorneys would be less willing to take cases and nonprofits would be 
unable to place attorneys with detained aliens. In regard to court 
operations, commenters stated that the Department failed to consider 
that courts would be overwhelmed by the number of pro se cases.
    Response: As an initial point, commenters did not quantify the 
asserted ``severe consequences'' they alleged would flow from the rule, 
and because the Department believes such consequences are unsupported, 
hypothetical, unrealistic, or based on an incorrect understanding of 
the rule, it declines to seek to develop a metric for measuring them. 
Moreover, most of the alleged ``harms'' asserted by commenters are, in 
reality, founded in policy disagreements over a belief that not enough 
asylum applications are being granted or simply repeat tendentious or 
spurious claims about how the Department considers asylum cases under 
the applicable law.
    As with other rules issued by the Department, many, if not most, 
commenters asserted that this rule was ``arbitrary and capricious,'' 
though nearly all of those assertions were ultimately rooted in the 
rule's failure to adopt the commenters' policy preferences rather than 
the identification of specific legal deficiencies. The Department has 
considered all comments and looked at alternatives. The Department 
understands that many, if not most, commenters opposing the rule 
believe that most asylum applications are meritorious and, thus, would 
prefer that nearly all applications for asylum be granted, that border 
restrictions be loosened accordingly if not eliminated, and that the 
Department, as a matter of forbearance or discretion, decline to follow 
the law in situations where doing so would be beneficial to aliens. For 
all of the reasons discussed in the NPRM, and reiterated herein, 
however, the Department declines to adopt those positions. In short, 
although the Department has considered the issues raised and policy 
perspectives advanced by commenters, it finds them unpersuasive and 
insufficient to warrant withdrawing the rule.
    Similarly, the Department further understands that, at the least, 
most commenters would prefer to maintain the status quo, believing that 
it is preferable to the changes in the rule. The Department has been 
forthright in acknowledging the changes created by the rule from the 
status quo, but has also explained the reasoning behind those changes, 
including the better effectuation of statutory directives, the 
expedited consideration of meritorious asylum claims, and the 
elimination of provisions that are immaterial to EOIR. The Department 
has acknowledged changes in positions, where applicable, it has 
provided good reasons for those changes, it believes the changes are 
better implementations of the law than the status quo, and it has 
provided a ``reasoned analysis'' for the changes, which is contained in 
the NPRM and reiterated herein in response to the comments received; in 
short, the rule is not ``arbitrary and capricious'' under existing law. 
See FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 515 (2009).
    Many of commenters' concerns are also addressed, supra, and the 
Department reiterates its prior responses accordingly. For example, 
commenters did not engage with the many reasons supporting the deadline 
in the rule--e.g., the existence of a longstanding 10-day deadline for 
a particular category of asylum applicants with no noted effects on pro 
bono representation, the similar longstanding existence of immigration 
judge authority to set deadlines for filing applications for relief, 
the availability of an extension of the 15-day deadline for good cause, 
the desire of aliens with meritorious claims to have those claims 
adjudicated quickly, the longstanding regulatory directive to complete 
asylum cases of detained aliens expeditiously, and, the risks

[[Page 81719]]

associated with needless delays in asylum adjudications, including the 
degradation of evidence. The Department considered those issues, as 
well as the ones raised by commenters, but determined for the reasons 
given that a general 15-day filing period, while providing for 
exceptions where the immigration judge finds good cause, strikes the 
appropriate balance between expediency and fairness.
    The Department further finds that the rule would not impact the 
availability of pro bono representation. To the contrary, as discussed, 
supra, ensuring expeditious consideration of asylum applications filed 
by detained aliens may promote increased pro bono representation which 
is often dissuaded by lengthy delays in immigration proceedings. See, 
e.g., HRF Report supra (``In a February 2016 survey conducted by Human 
Rights First of 24 pro bono coordinators at many of the nation's major 
law firms, nearly 75 percent of pro bono professionals indicated that 
delays at the immigration court are a significant or very significant 
negative factor in their ability to take on a pro bono case for legal 
representation before the court.''). To the extent that commenters 
posited hypothetical scenarios about particular pro bono groups or 
particular types of aliens, the Department notes that if such scenarios 
are reflected by actual applicants, then the immigration judge can 
consider whether any of the factors referenced by the commenters 
warrant an extension of the filing deadline.
    Overall, the Department believes that nonprofit organizations and 
pro bono volunteers can meet this deadline, absent situations in which 
the deadline may be extended for good cause. Given the alien's already-
limited available avenues for relief, the common goal of providing 
relief or protection to aliens with meritorious claims as quickly as 
possible, and the risk of loss or degradation of evidence with the 
passing of time--none of which were challenged by commenters, including 
pro bono organizations themselves--the Department believes it is 
prudent to establish the 15-day deadline. Although the Department 
acknowledges that nonprofit organizations and pro bono volunteers, like 
all legal representatives, may face unforeseen challenges confronting 
deadlines set by a judge, the Department is confident that such 
representatives will be able to handle such deadlines, just as they do 
in other courts and just as they handle all regulatory changes inherent 
across government agencies, and will continue to be able to provide 
assistance and resources to aliens in proceedings before EOIR.
    The Department further notes that nothing in the rule prohibits 
nonprofits, pro bono groups, or any other class of representatives from 
taking on an alien's case at a later point in the proceedings. An alien 
who obtains counsel may choose a representative at any point in the 
proceedings, including after the filing of an application, and the 
ability to provide representation does not require assistance from the 
very first hearing. Thus, pro bono organizations have more 
opportunities to provide assistance that many commenters suggested.
    In drafting this rule, the Department considered the potential 
impacts of the deadline on various referenced groups, but finds 
assertions of deleterious impacts unsupported, grossly speculative, and 
ultimately unpersuasive. The rule's extension for good cause, 8 CFR 
1208.4(d), and the retained provision allowing for future amendments or 
supplements to the application, 8 CFR 1208.4(c), stem from 
consideration of aliens, counsel (including pro bono counsel), and 
nonprofit organizations who may encounter unusual situations that 
prevent them from meeting the deadline. 85 FR at 59694. Commenters' 
concerns regarding ``thousands'' of denied applications and subsequent 
orders of removal are speculative and overwrought almost to the point 
of histrionic. In fact, commenters' concerns on this point appear to 
tacitly suggest that most asylum claims are non-meritorious, as 
commenters generally failed to address the need for detained aliens 
with meritorious claims to have those claims adjudicated as efficiently 
as possible.
    The deadline, in and of itself, does not prevent aliens from 
requesting an extension or explaining why they did not meet the 
deadline. Aliens may request an extension at any point during the 15-
day timeframe following their initial hearing. See 8 CFR 1208.4(d). 
Further, the deadline is not subject to retroactive application and 
does not infringe on the reliance interests of aliens subject to the 
current regulations.
    In addition, a significant motivation for establishing the deadline 
stemmed from the Department's consideration of inefficiencies in court 
operations due to the delayed filing of applications. See 85 FR at 
59693-94. Commenters' concerns that courts will be ``overwhelmed'' with 
pro se cases is both speculative and unsupported by evidence. To be 
sure, immigration courts have seen an increase in cases in recent years 
due to increased illegal immigration, but the rule will neither 
increase nor decrease the number of overall cases filed with the 
immigration courts. See EOIR, Workload and Adjudication Statistics, New 
Cases and Total Completions--Historical, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1139176/download (reflecting that DHS filed a record number 
of new cases--over 500,000--in FY 2019 and then filed the second 
highest number of new cases--over 361,000--in FY 2020). Furthermore, 
most asylum cases have legal representation notwithstanding this 
dramatic increase in new case filings. See EOIR, Workload and 
Adjudication Statistics, Current Representation Rates, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062991/download. Nothing in the rule 
would logically cause representation rates to decline or suggests a 
reason why aliens would be unable to secure representation. Moreover, 
ample resources for pro se aliens are available in immigration court. 
See, e.g., EOIR, List of Pro Bono Service Providers, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/list-pro-bono-legal-service-providers; EOIR, Pro 
Bono Portal, https://probono.eoir.justice.gov/; EOIR, Immigration Court 
Online Resource, https://icor.eoir.justice.gov/en/;cf. EOIR Launches 
Resources to Increase Information and Representation (Oct. 1, 2020), 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/pr/eoir-launches-resources-increase-information-and-representation. In short, suggestions that immigration 
courts will be ``overwhelmed'' by pro se cases are not rooted in the 
current reality of asylum adjudications.
    Finally, the Department considered the potential impact of the 
deadline on nonprofit or pro bono organizations as discussed above. See 
section C.4.a.ii(6), supra.
iv. Deadline Removes Immigration Judge Discretion
    Comment: Commenters opposed the deadline because they alleged that 
it removed all immigration judge discretion by requiring judges to deem 
an application abandoned if a deadline is not met. Commenters stated 
that if immigration judges did not exercise discretion in considering 
the unique circumstances in each case, due process would be violated. 
Commenters explained that such discretion was necessary for immigration 
judges to manage their dockets, given that immigration judges were best 
suited to set filing deadlines. Commenters also contended that the rule 
allegedly did not allow for an immigration judge to further extend a 
filing deadline beyond the initial extension for good cause.

[[Page 81720]]

    Response: Again, commenters misapprehend the rule, existing 
regulations, and the Department's administrative interests. Current 
regulations, 8 CFR 1003.31(c), already provide that the ``Immigration 
Judge may set and extend time limits for the filing of applications and 
related documents and responses thereto, if any,'' and that ``[i]f an 
application or document is not filed within the time set by the 
Immigration Judge, the opportunity to file that application or document 
shall be deemed waived.'' The rule does not change this longstanding 
principle, and many commenters failed to acknowledge that immigration 
judges already have well-established authority to set filing deadlines 
and are already authorized to find applications abandoned for failing 
to comply with such deadlines.
    Instead, the rule acknowledges the inefficiency of the current 
case-by-case system in which immigration judges may set varying filing 
deadlines for similarly-situated cases. Such a situation is ripe for 
rulemaking. See Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 244 (2001) (observing 
that ``a single rulemaking proceeding'' may allow an agency to more 
``fairly and efficiently'' address an issue than would ``case-by-case 
decisionmaking'' (quotation marks omitted)); Marin-Rodriguez v. Holder, 
612 F.3d 591, 593 (7th Cir. 2010) (``An agency may exercise discretion 
categorically, by regulation, and is not limited to making 
discretionary decisions one case at a time under open-ended 
standards.''). The Department is appropriately using rulemaking to 
provide guidance in order to streamline determinations consistent with 
its statutory authority. Although the Department acknowledges that the 
rule may proscribe immigration judge discretion to a degree, the rule's 
promotion of consistency, clear deadlines, and continued expeditious 
treatment of asylum claims, especially meritorious asylum claims, by 
detained aliens far outweigh its limitation on immigration judge 
discretion. See Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458, 467 (1983) (``The 
Court has recognized that even where an agency's enabling statute 
expressly requires it to hold a hearing, the agency may rely on its 
rulemaking authority to determine issues that do not require case-by-
case consideration . . . A contrary holding would require the agency 
continually to relitigate issues that may be established fairly and 
efficiently in a single rulemaking proceeding.'' (internal citations 
omitted)); see also Lopez, 531 U.S. at 243-44 (``[E]ven if a statutory 
scheme requires individualized determinations, which this scheme does 
not, the decisionmaker has the authority to rely on rulemaking to 
resolve certain issues of general applicability unless Congress clearly 
expresses an intent to withhold that authority. The approach pressed by 
Lopez--case-by-case decision-making in thousands of cases each year--
could invite favoritism, disunity, and inconsistency.'' (internal 
citations omitted)).
    In addition, immigration judges are appointed by the Attorney 
General and act as his delegates in cases that come before them. 8 CFR 
1003.10(a). They exercise delegated authority in accordance with the 
Act and from the Attorney General by way of regulations. 8 CFR 
1003.10(b); see also INA 103(g)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g)(2). As generally 
explained by the Supreme Court, ``[i]f Congress has explicitly left a 
gap for the agency to fill, there is an express delegation of authority 
to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the statute by 
regulation.'' Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-44 (1984). This section of the 
rule was promulgated in light of the Act's silence on a timeframe for 
filing applications in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings. 
Regardless of whether immigration judges previously had discretion 
under the regulations to set deadlines, this rule amends the 
regulations to establish in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings a 
15-day deadline from the date of the alien's first hearing to file an 
application. EOIR acknowledges this is a change from the previous 
regulation; however, agencies are ``free to change their existing 
policies'' if they provide a reasoned explanation for the change. 
Encino Motor Cars, LLC v. Navarro, 136 S. Ct. 2117, 2125 (2016) (citing 
Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n. v. Brand X internet Services, 545 U.S. 
967, 981-982 (2005)). That explanation was provided in the proposed 
rule, 85 FR at 59693-94, and is reiterated throughout this final rule. 
Generally, the Department established a 15-day deadline, subject to an 
extension for good cause, in order to reduce the risk of degradation or 
loss of evidence, reduce the risk of delayed grants of protection or 
relief for meritorious claims, accomplish the regulatory directive that 
detained aliens receive ``expedited consideration'' of their 
applications, and reduce inefficiencies caused by delayed filings. See 
id.
    Accordingly, consistent with applicable law and existing 
regulations, the rule removes individual immigration judge discretion 
only as it applies to the initial deadline for filing an application 
for asylum and withholding of removal. See 85 FR at 59694. It does not 
preclude immigration judges from managing their dockets. In fact, the 
rule expressly provides discretion to immigration judges to extend the 
filing deadline for good cause shown, 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1), and the rule 
does not affect immigration judges' discretion to allow an alien to 
amend or supplement the application later in the proceedings, 8 CFR 
1208.4(c).
    This does not violate due process. Due process in immigration 
proceedings requires notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard, 
neither of which are affected by this rule. See LaChance, 522 U.S. at 
266 (``The core of due process is the right to notice and a meaningful 
opportunity to be heard.''). Aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings will continue to be provided notice of removability, 8 CFR 
235.6, 1003.13 (defining ``charging document'' used by DHS to initiate 
immigration proceedings before an immigration judge); have an 
opportunity to present the case to an immigration judge, INA 
235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 8 CFR 1208.2(c); and 
have an opportunity to appeal, 8 CFR 1003.1(b)(9).
    Without an initial filing deadline, aliens have no established 
timeframe in which to expect consideration of their applications for 
relief or protection. The Department is unaware of any reason why an 
alien with a valid claim for asylum would oppose a clear, defined 
filing deadline, especially one that expeditiously allows the alien to 
obtain the benefit he or she seeks (including release from detention), 
in favor of uncircumscribed discretion that could delay consideration 
of the alien's claims.\35\ In addition, without an initial filing 
deadline, proceedings may be delayed, resulting in degradation or loss 
of evidence that is oftentimes crucial to an alien's claims. The 
Department is similarly unaware of why an alien would oppose a deadline 
that facilitates expeditious presentation of oftentimes time-sensitive 
evidence that may be

[[Page 81721]]

crucial to the outcome of the alien's case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ The Department recognizes and agrees with the Supreme 
Court's observation that ``as a general matter, every delay works to 
the advantage of the deportable alien who wishes merely to remain in 
the United States.'' Doherty, 502 U.S. at 323. Thus, it is aware 
that aliens without valid claims may likely prefer substantial 
delays in the adjudications of their cases and, accordingly, oppose 
any efforts to increase the efficiency of such adjudications. 
Nevertheless, the Department finds any rationale for encouraging or 
supporting the dilatory adjudication of cases both inherently 
unpersuasive and wholly outweighed by the importance of timeliness 
and fairness--especially to detained aliens with meritorious 
claims--in adjudicating asylum applications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, commenters misinterpret the rule in regard to the 
extension provision. There is no limitation to a single good-cause 
extension. The only requirement for the extension would be that the 
alien must demonstrate good cause for any extension. Cf. Matter of L-A-
B-R-, 27 I&N Dec. at 405 (providing non-exhaustive factors for 
consideration when determining whether or not a party has demonstrated 
good cause for a continuance).
v. Deadline Raises Efficiency Concerns
(1) Agency Incorrectly Prioritizes Efficiency Above All Else
    Comment: Commenters alleged that the deadline improperly 
prioritizes efficiency over all other concerns and factors.
    Response: Commenters are correct that this section of the rule 
relates to efficiency. See 85 FR at 59694 (``[T]he deadline would 
ensure only that the application is filed in a timely manner consistent 
with the streamlined and focused nature of asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings.''). However, commenters are incorrect that the Department 
considered only efficiency to the exclusion of all other factors. As 
discussed throughout this rule, the Department considered, inter alia, 
that most aliens subject to the rule are detained, that aliens with 
meritorious claims have a strong incentive to obtain relief--and 
release from detention--as quickly as possible, that aliens who have 
recently claimed a fear of persecution or torture will be well-situated 
to perfect that claim quickly through the filing of an asylum 
application, that most asylum applicants have representation, that 
filing deadlines are a well-established part of immigration court 
practice and are utilized by courts at all levels, that an even shorter 
filing deadline has existed for many years for a particular class of 
asylum applicants with no noted challenges or complaints, that delays 
in adjudication may risk evidence degradation and may make it more 
difficult to obtain pro bono representation, that the deadline is not 
absolute because it may be extended in appropriate circumstances, and 
that the rule does not alter longstanding rules and practices allowing 
aliens to supplement an application and to seek to have an immigration 
consider late-filed evidence. The Department has also fully considered 
the issues raised by commenters and finds them largely unavailing for 
the reasons given. Moreover, even if the comments were more founded or 
persuasive, the Department nevertheless believes that the concerns 
asserted by most commenters are outweighed by the benefits provided by 
the rule, namely consistency in setting filing deadlines, better 
effectuation of the regulatory directive to provided expeditious 
consideration to adjudicating asylum applications of detained aliens, 
faster resolution of meritorious claims, and better protection against 
claims going stale due to delay.
    In drafting the rule, the Department considered that the particular 
aliens affected--those in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings--are 
(1) already subject to removal orders, denied applications for 
admission, or, for crewmembers, denied permission to land; (2) 
generally detained; and (3) solely limited to claims for asylum and 
withholding of removal, which are presented at the outset of the 
proceeding. See 85 FR at 59694. Given the unique position of these 
aliens, the Department concluded there was ``no reason not to expect 
the alien to be prepared to state his or her claim as quickly as 
possible,'' thereby enabling timely provision of relief or protection 
for meritorious claims. Id. The rule also noted that delaying 
proceedings risked degradation or loss of evidence, which could affect 
adjudication of the claim(s).
    To be sure, the realities of the pending caseload and the continued 
increase in new cases filed by DHS in immigration court should not be 
underestimated. See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: New Cases and Total 
Completions--Historical (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1139176/download; see also EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: 
Pending Cases, New Cases, and Total Completions (Oct. 13, 2020), 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1242166/download. Further, the 
regulation at 8 CFR 1208.5(a) provides that detained aliens should 
receive ``expedited consideration.'' Consistent with those 
observations, this deadline appropriately eliminates unnecessary delays 
in what should be a streamlined proceeding.
    Nevertheless, although the rule referenced the possibility that, 
without a deadline, aliens may attempt to delay proceedings, the rule 
did not exclusively rely on that point in establishing the 15-day 
deadline. Further, most commenters failed to appreciate the rule's 
acknowledgment of ``unusual situations'' in which an alien may need 
additional time to file an application. Id. In such situations, despite 
efficiency concerns, the regulation authorizes the immigration judge to 
extend the deadline for good cause. 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1). In short, 
contrary to commenters' arguably tendentious views, efficiency does not 
trump due process, and nothing in the rule suggests otherwise.
    Comment: As an overarching concern, commenters claimed that the 
Department is attempting to speed up proceedings, by imposing the 15-
day deadline, in the name of efficiency. Commenters alleged such action 
violates due process because aliens and counsel are deprived of 
meaningful presentation of their cases.
    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments, supra, and adds the following further response. Due process 
in immigration proceedings requires notice and a meaningful opportunity 
to be heard, neither of which are affected by this rule. See LaChance, 
522 U.S. at 266 (``The core of due process is the right to notice and a 
meaningful opportunity to be heard.''). The Department will continue to 
provide aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings notice of the 
charges of removability, 8 CFR 235.6, 1003.13 (defining ``charging 
document'' used by DHS to initiate immigration proceedings before an 
immigration judge); an opportunity to present the case to an 
immigration judge, INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii), 
and 8 CFR 1208.2(c); and an opportunity to appeal, 8 CFR 1003.1(b)(9). 
In short, nothing in the rule compromises the provision of notice to an 
alien or an alien's ability to be heard on any asylum application. To 
the contrary, the rule provides an alien clearer notice of the relevant 
filing deadline and seeks to ensure that an alien will have the 
opportunity to be heard before memories or other evidence fade. See 
generally 85 FR at 59693-94.
    Further, nothing in the rule inhibits an alien's ability to 
meaningfully present his or her case. The alien will, in reality, have 
more than 15 days to file an asylum application, and the immigration 
judge does not adjudicate the application at the same time that it is 
filed. An alien's testimony alone ``may be sufficient to sustain the 
applicant's burden without corroboration, but only if the applicant 
satisfies the trier of fact that the applicant's testimony is credible, 
is persuasive, and refers to specific facts sufficient to demonstrate 
that the applicant is a refugee.'' INA 208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Thus, particularly for meritorious claims, an alien 
may not need extensive documentation or preparation to support and 
present his or her claim because an alien can meet

[[Page 81722]]

the relevant burden of proof through credible, persuasive, and specific 
testimony. In appropriate cases, aliens can also request an extension 
of the filing deadline and, if necessary, a continuance of any hearing. 
In short, commenters' allegations that the rule prohibits aliens and 
representatives from presenting their cases are wholly unfounded.
(2) Deadline Does Not Promote Efficiency
    Comment: Commenters stated that the 15-day deadline would 
incentivize the use of ``placeholder'' applications and boilerplate 
language, increased filings of motions to amend and supplement, and 
subsequent piecemeal submission of supplemental evidence. Commenters 
stated that the Department failed to consider these administrative 
burdens on both DHS, adjudicators, and court staff. The commenters 
asserted that allowing at the outset adequate time to submit a well-
prepared application, rather than rush an application that consequently 
needs further paperwork, would benefit the entire immigration system.
    Response: As an initial point, commenters did not explain why these 
allegations are unique to the rule. Many aliens currently file 
``placeholder'' applications and boilerplate language, file motions to 
amend and supplement, and submit supplemental evidence for review 
piecemeal; thus, immigration judges are already well-accustomed to such 
scenarios. Commenters' suggestion that the rule will cause more of 
these actions is speculative at best, but even if it were more well-
founded, the Department expects any additional burdens to be minimal 
because it would represent little change from the adjudicatory status 
quo and immigration judges are already experienced at handling these 
actions.
    Additionally, commenters again misstate or misapprehend the rule. 
It does not require all paperwork to be filed by the 15-day deadline--
only the application. Because the alien, by definition, will have 
recently made his or her claim to DHS, the claim should be fresh and 
ripe for memorialization. In fact, because memories fade over time, it 
will generally be to the benefit of the alien to memorialize the claim 
and file the application as soon as possible. Further, commenters 
simply discount the availability of an extension of the deadline to 
file the application, 8 CFR 1208.4(d), even though it should obviate 
concerns about allegedly too-soon filing deadlines. Further, as stated 
in the proposed rule, the purpose of the initial 15-day deadline was to 
``ensure only that the application is filed in a timely manner 
consistent with the streamlined and focused nature of asylum-and-
withholding-only proceedings.'' 85 FR at 59694. The Department 
promulgates this rule in part to effectuate the regulatory directive of 
8 CFR 1208.5(a) to provide these aliens with expedited consideration.
    Finally, commenters' suggestions on this point may also implicate 
ethics or professional responsibility issues. Although placeholder 
applications with boilerplate language are not uncommon currently, in 
certain circumstances the filing of such documents may warrant 
disciplinary sanction. See 8 CFR 1003.102(u) (``Repeatedly files 
notices, motions, briefs, or claims that reflect little or no attention 
to the specific factual or legal issues applicable to a client's case, 
but rather rely on boilerplate language indicative of a substantial 
failure to competently and diligently represent the client'').\36\ To 
the extent that commenters assert that the rule will cause 
representatives to violate their ethical and professional 
responsibility obligations, that assertion is not well-taken. The 
Department expects that all representatives will comport themselves in 
accordance with relevant ethics and professional responsibility rules, 
and nothing in the rule excuses engaging in conduct or behavior that 
may constitute grounds for disciplinary sanctions. See 8 CFR 
1003.101(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ Conduct in violation of 8 CFR 1003.102(u) may implicate 
other disciplinary grounds as well. For example, 8 CFR 
1003.102(j)(1) prohibits engaging in frivolous behavior, which 
includes a practitioner who ``knows or reasonably should have known 
that his or her actions lack an arguable basis in law or in fact, or 
are taken for an improper purpose, such as . . . to cause 
unnecessary delay.'' Further, 8 CFR 1003.102(o) states that a 
practitioner may be subject to disciplinary sanctions if he or she 
``[f]ails to provide competent representation to a client. Competent 
representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, 
and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation. 
Competent handling of a particular matter includes inquiry into and 
analysis of the factual and legal elements of the problem, and use 
of methods and procedures meeting the standards of competent 
practitioners.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters explained that the vague ``good cause'' 
standard for extension requests was prone to inconsistent application 
that would lead to confusion and an increased number of appeals. 
Commenters stated this result conflicts with the rule's purported 
efficiency justifications.
    Response: The Department appreciates commenters' concerns about the 
ambiguity of a ``good cause'' standard and the possibility of 
inconsistent application. For those reasons, among others, the 
Department recently proposed regulatory clarifications of the 
definition of ``good cause'' in the context of continuance requests in 
immigration proceedings. See Good Cause for a Continuance in 
Immigration Proceedings, 85 FR 75925 (Nov. 27, 2020). Although that 
rulemaking is not final, the Department expects that when it is 
finalized, it will provide helpful guidance to adjudicators considering 
questions of ``good cause'' across different situations. Until guidance 
in that rule is finalized, however, immigration judges will continue to 
adjudicate requests alleging ``good cause''--including extension 
requests, which are tantamount to requests for a continuance--as they 
currently do so.\37\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ The phrase ``good cause'' currently appears in at least 26 
places in the Department's regulations in 8 CFR chapter V. See, 
e.g., 8 CFR 1003.20(b), 1003.29, 1240.6. As noted, the Department 
acknowledges that ``good cause'' is not currently defined in the 
regulations and, thus, may be subject to inconsistent application. 
Nevertheless, the Department did not propose defining ``good cause'' 
in the NPRM for this final rule because continuance requests are not 
limited solely to cases involving asylum applications and, thus, a 
separate rulemaking on the subject applicable to all cases was more 
appropriate. See 85 FR at 75926-28 (discussing the application of 
the ``good cause'' standard in multiple contexts, including those 
unrelated to an asylum application). Accordingly, the Department 
does not believe that interjecting a new definition in the final 
rule would be appropriate, particularly because commenters did not 
supply a workable suggestion for such a definition. Nevertheless, 
the Department will consider commenters' concerns about the 
ambiguity of the ``good cause'' standard and the possibility of 
inconsistent application when it finalizes the separate rule on 
``good cause.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that commenters believe an increased number of 
appeals will result from the rule, such a concern is speculative, 
ignores the inherently fact-specific and case-by-case nature of asylum 
adjudications, and tacitly suggests that most asylum claims are 
unmeritorious necessitating the need for an appeal. Commenters did not 
support this assertion regarding appeals, and the Department declines 
to endorse the speculative and unfounded bases for it.
vi. Deadline Deprives Aliens of Right to Counsel \38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ This section focuses specifically on representation by 
attorneys because commenters' concerns focused specifically on 
attorneys. However, the Department notes that aliens may also be 
represented by a wide range of representatives beyond traditional 
attorneys. See generally 8 CFR 1292.1 (providing who may represent 
aliens in proceedings before EOIR).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters alleged that the 15-day deadline, including the 
extension for good cause, violates an alien's right to counsel at no 
expense to the government.\39\ Commenters alleged

[[Page 81723]]

that the deadline restricts aliens' access to meaningful representation 
because 15 days is too short to hire counsel and for such counsel to 
prepare the application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ In removal proceedings before an immigration judge or the 
Board aliens ``have the privilege of being represented (at no 
expense to the Government) by such counsel, authorized to practice 
in such proceedings, as he shall choose.'' INA 292, 8 U.S.C. 1362; 
see also INA 240(b)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(A). Although the 
proceedings subject to the rule under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) are not 
removal proceedings, they are generally governed by the same 
procedural rules as removal proceedings set forth in 8 CFR part 
1240, subpart A. 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(3)(i). Thus, they incorporate by 
reference an alien's privilege of being represented at a hearing 
conducted under 8 CFR 1208.2(c). See 8 CFR 1240.3 (``The respondent 
may be represented at the hearing by an attorney or other 
representative qualified under 8 CFR part 1292.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters referenced case law that held that denial of a 
continuance to seek counsel deprives aliens of their rights--Chlomos v. 
INS, 516 F.2d 310, 313-14 (3d Cir. 1975) and Njoroge v. Holder, 753 
F.3d 809, 812 (8th Cir. 2014). Commenters stated that those cases are 
analogous to the 15-day deadline's deprivation of an alien's right to 
counsel.
    Relatedly, commenters alleged that the 15-day deadline would 
undermine the practice of informing aliens of pro bono services at 
their master calendar hearings, pursuant to 8 CFR 1240.10(a)(2) and 
(3), thus defeating the purpose of pro bono organizations' inclusion in 
the ``List of Pro Bono Legal Service Providers.''
    Response: As discussed both above and below in more detail, the 
rule does not affect an alien's authority or ability to obtain counsel 
at no expense to the government in proceedings subject to the rule. 
Accordingly, the Department reiterates its response to similar comments 
elsewhere in the rule and adds the following further response.
    The rule does not limit an alien to 15 days to find counsel. The 
15-day deadline applies to the time in which an alien must file an 
application, absent an extension for good cause, and begins from the 
date of the first hearing before the immigration judge. The deadline 
does not establish a time period in which an alien must secure 
representation, and an alien may secure representation at any time--
before, during, or after the alien files an asylum application.
    In particular, nothing precludes an alien from hiring counsel 
before the first hearing, and as noted above, some aliens subject to 
the rule may have already been in the United States for a considerable 
amount of time and, thus, have had years to procure counsel. An alien 
may procure representation at multiple points between the time the 
alien expresses a fear of return and the commencement of the 15-day 
period, as the alien receives information that may assist in procuring 
counsel multiple times before the 15-day period runs, even without an 
extension of that period.
    As an initial point, every alien detained by DHS, including those 
subject to the rule, is ``notified that he or she may communicate with 
the consular or diplomatic officers of the country of his or her 
nationality in the United States.'' 8 CFR 236.1(e). Through that 
communication, an alien's consulate may assist the alien with obtaining 
representation, including an ``accredited official'' of the alien's 
country of nationality. See 8 CFR 1292.1(a)(5) (authorizing an 
accredited official, defined as ``[a]n accredited official, in the 
United States, of the government to which an alien owes allegiance, if 
the official appears solely in his official capacity and with the 
alien's consent,'' to represent an alien in immigration court 
proceedings).
    Although aliens alleging persecution by the government of their 
country of nationality may not be expected to utilize that same 
government to obtain representation, other mechanisms also exist to 
assist aliens with understanding their situation and obtaining 
representation. For example, DHS detention standards authorize the 
presentation of information to detained aliens regarding U.S. 
immigration law and procedures and their rights and options within the 
U.S. immigration system. See, e.g., Standard 6.4(I), National Detention 
Standards (rev. 2019), https://www.ice.gov/doclib/detention-standards/2019/6_4.pdf (``Facilities shall permit authorized persons to make 
presentations to groups of detainees for the purpose of informing them 
of U.S. immigration law and procedures, consistent with the security 
and orderly operation of each facility. ICE/ERO encourages such 
presentations, which instruct detainees about the immigration system 
and their rights and options within it.''). Additionally, DHS detention 
centers typically provide detainees with EOIR's list of pro bono 
representatives and also provide links to that list publicly. See, 
e.g., Laredo Detention Center, Legal & Case Information, Nationwide pro 
bono representatives listing, https://www.ice.gov/detention-facility/laredo-detention-center. Thus, aliens may be informed of options and 
the availability of representation while in DHS custody.
    Additionally, for aliens subject to credible fear procedures, 
following an alien's indication to apply for asylum, expression of fear 
of persecution or torture, or expression of fear of return to his or 
her country, the referring officer provides a written disclosure on 
Form M-444 that describes the alien's ``right to consult with other 
persons prior to the interview and any review thereof at no expense to 
the United States Government.'' 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4)(i)(B), 
1235.3(b)(4)(i)(B). Next, prior to the credible fear interview, the 
alien is ``given time to contact and consult with any person or persons 
of his or her choosing.'' 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4)(ii), 1235.3(b)(4)(ii). Once 
the asylum officer determines that an alien has a credible fear, the 
alien is provided Form I-863, Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge, 
see 8 CFR 235.6(a)(2), 1235.6(a)(2), which includes an advisal 
regarding the alien's right to representation at no expense to the 
government and an attached copy of EOIR's pro bono list. Cf. INA 
239(a)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1229(a)(1)(E) (requiring the provision of a list 
of available pro bono representatives at the time a notice to appear is 
issued). Moreover, for all cases subject to the rule, DHS provides a 
copy of the pro bono list as part of the notice to the alien when it 
issues the Form I-863.
    Finally, at the first hearing, the immigration judge also (1) 
advises the alien that he or she may apply for asylum in the United 
States or withholding of removal to those countries; (2) makes 
available the appropriate application forms; (3) advises the alien of 
the privilege of being represented by counsel at no expense to the 
government and of the consequences, pursuant to section 208(d)(6) of 
the Act, of knowingly filing a frivolous application for asylum; and 
(4) provides to the alien a list of persons who have indicated their 
availability to represent aliens in asylum proceedings on a pro bono 
basis. 8 CFR 1240.11(c)(1)(i)-(iii). These procedures are enshrined in 
current regulations and are not altered by the rule. In other words, 
existing regulations already suggest that an immigration judge will 
provide an alien with an asylum application and the pro bono list at 
the same hearing and, presumably, will also set a deadline for the 
filing of the application provided. Commenters did not address this 
existing procedure, did not appear to recognize that the rule does not 
alter it, except to provide a clear filing deadline subject to an 
extension, and did not explain why this existing procedure is 
problematic.\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ Most, if not all, commenters also failed to acknowledge 
that the INA provides only a minimum 10-day window for an alien to 
obtain representation before an alien's first hearing in removal 
proceedings, INA 239(b)(1), (3), 8 U.S.C. 1229(b)(1), (3), and by 
practice EOIR extends that period to asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings. Thus, an alien will have the statutorily-required 
minimum amount of time to obtain counsel, and the rule does not 
alter that procedure.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 81724]]

    Given the multiple points at which aliens are advised of the 
availability of consultation or representation prior to the completion 
of the 15-day deadline and the availability of an extension of that 
deadline for good cause, the Department rejects commenters' assertions 
that the rule inhibits or eliminates an alien's meaningful opportunity 
to obtain representation.\41\ Moreover, as noted elsewhere, in 
practice, aliens have far more time than 15 days to obtain 
representation. Similarly, the rule does not deprive counsel of time to 
prepare an alien's claim. Because the government is not required to 
provide aliens with representation, the alien is responsible for 
securing or consulting with counsel, and the time afforded counsel is 
often a function of how diligent an alien is in seeking representation. 
See INA 240(b)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(A); Cf. Hidalgo-Disla v. 
INS, 52 F.3d 444 (2d Cir. 1995) (finding an immigration judge's 
decision to proceed with a hearing after providing an alien 26 days to 
seek counsel was not erroneous and dismissing as frivolous an appeal 
asserting that it was); Ghajar v. INS, 652 F.2d 1347, 1348-49 (9th Cir. 
1981) (``Ghajar's assertion that she was denied due process because she 
was not granted a second continuance to allow her attorney further time 
to prepare for the deportation hearing is without merit . . . . One 
full month elapsed between the date of the show cause order and the 
date on which the hearing ultimately took place . . . . The immigration 
judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing to grant a second 
continuance.''). Further, a representative may seek an extension of the 
deadline to file an application and may seek a continuance of any 
scheduled hearing. Thus, the rule's 15-day deadline itself does not 
deprive counsel of adequate time to prepare the application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ Despite the availability of the option for representation 
at no expense to the government in proceedings subject to this rule, 
8 CFR 1240.3, and the fact that the overwhelming majority of aliens 
seeking asylum obtain representation, the Department recognizes that 
a certain small percentage of aliens do not obtain representation. 
The Department understands that some aliens do not secure 
representation because they do not wish to pay the fee charged by a 
potential representative. The Department also understands that many 
representatives, due to ethical or professional responsibility 
obligations, will not take cases of aliens who are ineligible or 
present weak claims for relief or protection from removal because 
they do not wish to charge money for representation when 
representation is unlikely to affect the outcome of the proceeding. 
These situations illustrate only that some aliens may not ultimately 
secure representation for reasons common to issues of representation 
in all civil cases--i.e., the cost of the representation and the 
strength of the case--not that aliens are limited or prohibited from 
obtaining representation by this or any other Department regulation. 
See United States v. Torres-Sanchez, 68 F.3d 227, 231 (8th Cir. 
1995) (``Although Torres-Sanchez expressed some frustration over his 
attempt to obtain counsel, that frustration, in our view of the 
record, stemmed from his realization that he faced the inevitable 
consequence of deportation, not from a lack of opportunity to retain 
counsel. In any event, the mere inability to obtain counsel does not 
constitute a violation of due process.''). As the Department is not 
involved in discussions between respondents and potential 
representatives, it cannot definitively state every reason that an 
alien who seeks representation may not obtain it. Nevertheless, it 
can state that this rule does not limit or restrict any alien's 
ability to obtain representation in immigration proceedings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To reiterate, the deadline does not affect an immigration judge's 
ability to grant a continuance for good cause, see 8 CFR 1003.39, 
including one to find counsel.\42\ The 15-day deadline applies to the 
time period in which an alien must file an application, absent an 
extension for good cause; it does not establish a time period in which 
an alien must secure counsel and thus does not interfere with an 
immigration judge's discretion to grant a continuance in that regard. 
For these reasons, the deadline does not deprive an alien of the 
opportunity to obtain counsel of his her choosing at no expense to the 
government.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ The Department recognizes that aliens should receive a fair 
opportunity to secure counsel. Matter of C-B-, 25 I&N Dec. 888 (BIA 
2015). The Board has not specifically defined what a reasonable 
amount of time is for purposes of obtaining representation, and the 
respondent in Matter of C-B- was given only eight days between the 
issuance of an NTA and his first hearing, in apparent contravention 
of INA 239(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1229(b)(1). See id. at 889. Nevertheless, 
Matter of C-B- cannot be interpreted to contradict the INA, and the 
INA clearly indicates that 10 days between the service of a notice 
to appear and the first hearing is a sufficient amount of time to 
obtain representation. See INA 239(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1229(b)(3). 
Accordingly, this rule is not in tension with Matter of C-B- and 
does not deviate from recognizing the statutory parameters for 
providing time for an alien to obtain representation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Likewise, the deadline does not affect the requirement that an 
immigration judge advise the alien of (1) the right to representation 
at no expense to the government, and (2) the availability of pro bono 
legal services and whether the alien received a list of such pro bono 
legal service provider, see 8 CFR 1240.10(a)(1) and (2), at the first 
hearing, nor does it affect the requirement of the immigration judge to 
provide certain advisals to aliens with an intent to apply for asylum, 
including the provision of an asylum application and a copy of the pro 
bono list, 8 CFR 1240.11(c)(1). In fact, the rule makes it explicit 
that immigration judges must follow those procedures in proceedings 
conducted under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) and (2). 8 CFR 1208.4(d).
vii. Deadline Is Biased in Favor of the Government
    Comment: Commenters explained that, under recently enacted rules, 
the government could ``file evidence without it being contested,'' 
thereby increasing bias toward the government in these proceedings.
    Response: In response to commenters' specific concerns with 
evidence filed by the government, that concern relates to a separate 
rulemaking and is thus outside the scope of this final rule.
    In regard to a general concern of bias towards the government, 
which the Department understands comments to have implicitly 
referenced, the Department disagrees that the deadline disfavors aliens 
or shows bias in favor of the government. The deadline is intended to 
effectuate efficient processing, consistent with the regulatory 
directive that applications of detained aliens be given ``expedited 
consideration'' where possible, 8 CFR 1208.5(a), and is fully 
consistent with longstanding authority to set deadlines in immigration 
proceedings, 8 CFR 1003.31(c). Efficient processing benefits both the 
government and aliens, especially aliens who have meritorious 
claims.\43\ Given the pending caseload and the recent uptick in 
proceedings initiated by DHS,\44\ the government has an interest in 
timely adjudications, consistent with applicable law and regulations, 
so that it may continue to accomplish its mission of fairly, 
expeditiously, and uniformly interpreting and administering the 
nation's immigration laws. Likewise, detained aliens should want their 
claims considered in a timely fashion in order to receive relief or 
protection and subsequent release from detention as quickly as 
possible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ To the extent commenters suggest that the rule 
disadvantages aliens without meritorious claims by making it more 
difficult for such aliens to delay their removal from the United 
States, the Department finds such a suggestion unavailing. Overall, 
the Department finds any rationale for encouraging or supporting the 
dilatory adjudication of cases, especially cases lacking merit, both 
inherently unpersuasive and wholly outweighed by the importance of 
timeliness and fairness--especially to detained aliens with 
meritorious claims--in adjudicating asylum applications.
    \44\ See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: New Cases and Total 
Completions--Historical (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1139176/download; see also EOIR, Adjudication 
Statistics: Pending Cases, New Cases, and Total Completions (Oct. 
13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1242166/download.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, as discussed supra, the Department rejects any insinuation 
that its adjudicators are biased or that it is

[[Page 81725]]

engaging in this rulemaking for biased reasons against either party in 
immigration proceedings. Generalized, ad hominem allegations of bias or 
impropriety are insufficient to ``overcome a presumption of honesty and 
integrity in those serving as adjudicators.'' Withrow, 421 U.S. at 47. 
Accordingly, the Department declines to accept commenters' unfounded 
suggestions of bias. Chem. Found., Inc., 272 U.S. at 14-15 (``The 
presumption of regularity supports the official acts of public 
officers, and, in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, courts 
presume that they have properly discharged their official duties.'').
viii. Conflicts With the INA
    Comment: Commenters argued that the 15-day filing deadline 
conflicts with the INA for multiple reasons. For example, many 
commenters argued that the 15-day filing deadline conflicts with the 
statutory one-year bar for asylum applications. INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B). Commenters further argued that applying the 15-
day filing deadline to aliens' applications for withholding of removal 
and protection under the CAT conflicts with the Act because Congress 
did not include any similar filing deadline requirement for those 
applications. See generally INA 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3).
    Response: As an initial point, most, if not all, commenters on this 
issue failed to recognize or address (1) the existence of the 10-day 
filing deadline in 8 CFR 1208.5(b) with no noted challenges to its 
alleged inconsistency with the INA; (2) the longstanding ability of 
Department adjudicators, under 8 CFR 1003.31(c) and Matter of R-R-, 20 
I&N Dec. 547, 549 (BIA 1992) (``The Board has long held that 
applications for benefits under the Act are properly denied as 
abandoned when the alien fails to timely file them.''), to set filing 
deadlines, including for asylum applications within one year of an 
alien's arrival in the United States; (3) the affirmation of the 
enforcement of such deadlines by the Board and by Federal courts, 
including for deadlines set well within one year of arrival, see, e.g., 
Matter of R-C-R-, 28 I&N Dec. 74, 75-77 (BIA 2020) (affirming a 
decision finding an alien's opportunity to file for asylum abandoned 
for an alien who entered the United States on March 13, 2019, and 
failed to file an asylum application by the deadline set by the 
immigration judge of December 6, 2019); Jie Zhu v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 648 
F. App'x 957, 960-62 (11th Cir. 2016) (affirming a decision finding an 
alien's opportunity to file for asylum abandoned for an alien who 
entered the United States on June 8, 2014, and failed to file an asylum 
application by the deadline set by the immigration judge of September 
3, 2014); Rageevan v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 151 F. App'x 751, 753-56 (11th 
Cir. 2005) (affirming a decision finding an alien's opportunity to file 
for asylum abandoned for an alien who arrived in the United States on 
January 18, 2004, and failed to file a complete asylum application by 
the deadline set by the immigration judge of May 7, 2004); cf. 
Alsamhouri v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 117, 123 (1st Cir. 2007) (``The IJ was 
then well within his discretion to find that, as against [the alien's] 
disregard of a known deadline, the government's strong interest in the 
orderly and expeditious management of immigration cases justified the 
denial of a continuance.''); (4) Federal case law holding that a filing 
deadline can be applied to an application for withholding of removal 
under the INA and for protection under the CAT, see, e.g., Taggar v. 
Holder, 736 F.3d 886, 889-90 (9th Cir. 2013) (``Taggar separately 
argues that no deadline can lawfully be imposed on applications for 
relief under the Convention Against Torture. This is incorrect.''); 
Lakhavani v. Mukasey, 255 F. App'x 819, 822-23 (5th Cir. 2007) (``Other 
circuits have held that petitioners can waive CAT or asylum claims by 
failing to raise them at the time designated by the IJ under 8 CFR 
1003.31. The IJ gave Lakhavani the opportunity to file an application 
for withholding at his April 2002 hearing, and he failed to do so. The 
BIA correctly affirmed the IJ's decision denying Lakhavani leave to 
file an untimely application for withholding of removal.'' (internal 
citations omitted)); cf. Foroglou v. Reno, 241 F.3d 111, 113 (1st Cir. 
2001) (``On review, Foroglou's main argument is that the Board's time 
limit on petitions to reopen is itself invalid because it would result 
in denying relief to deportees who might then suffer torture, contrary 
to the [CAT] and to the policies embodied in federal legislation and 
regulations that implement the [CAT] or otherwise protect the rights of 
aliens. The short answer to this argument is that Foroglou points to 
nothing in the [CAT] or legislation that precludes the United States 
from setting reasonable time limits on the assertion of claims under 
the [CAT] in connection with an ongoing proceeding or an already 
effective order of deportation. Even in criminal cases, constitutional 
and other rights must be asserted in a timely fashion.''); and, (5) the 
logical and legal ramifications of the position that an immigration 
judge must wait in every case of an alien who has been in the United 
States less than one year--and regardless of whether the alien is 
detained--until one year has elapsed from the time of an alien's 
arrival in the United States before proceeding with the case to ensure 
that an alien is provided one year in which to file for asylum. To the 
extent that commenters' concerns on this point failed to address 
relevant law or to engage with the implications of their position, 
especially for detained aliens, the Department finds them unavailing.
    Under what is commonly referred to as the ``one-year bar,'' an 
alien seeking asylum must generally file his or her application within 
one year of arrival in the United States. INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(a)(2)(B) (providing that an alien may not apply for asylum 
``unless the alien demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that 
the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of the 
alien's arrival in the United States''); see also 8 CFR 1208.4(a)(2). 
An alien may be excepted from the one-year requirement due to ``changed 
circumstances [that] materially affect the applicant's eligibility for 
asylum or extraordinary circumstances related to the delay in filing an 
application within'' the one-year period. INA 208(a)(2)(D), 8 U.S.C 
1158(a)(2)(D); see also 8 CFR 1208.4(a)(4) and (5).
    The ability of immigration judges to set and enforce filing 
deadlines for applications does not conflict with the statutory one-
year bar. Immigration judges have long maintained the authority to set 
and enforce time limits on the filing of applications for asylum and 
withholding of removal in the proceedings before them. See Matter of 
Jean, 17 I&N Dec. 100, 102 (BIA 1979) (explaining that ``it is well 
within the authority of the immigration judge . . . to set reasonable 
time limits for the filing of written applications for asylum'') 
Similarly, immigration judges have long maintain the authority to set 
and enforce time limits on the filing of applications for protection 
under the CAT. Taggar, 736 F.3d 890 (holding that immigration judges 
can set and enforce deadlines for the filing of CAT applications). This 
authority reflects ``the government's strong interest in the orderly 
and expeditious management of immigration cases.'' Gomez-Medina v. 
Holder, 687 F.3d 33, 37 (1st Cir. 2012). Although Congress enacted a 
maximum outer limit of one year from arrival for aliens to apply for 
asylum in INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B),

[[Page 81726]]

nothing in that provision \45\ or the INA precludes immigration judges 
from setting a specific deadline for the filing of an asylum 
application in immigration proceedings in order to promote the 
``orderly and expeditious management of immigration cases.'' Gomez-
Medina, 687 F.3d at 37.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ Congress enacted the one-year bar in INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) against the backdrop of longstanding Department 
regulations and practice finding asylum applications to be abandoned 
if they were not filed by a deadline specified by an immigration 
judge, e.g., Matter of R-R-, 20 I&N Dec. at 549 (``The Board has 
long held that applications for benefits under the Act are properly 
denied as abandoned when the alien fails to timely file them.''), 
and it could have easily phrased it in the affirmative to state that 
an alien shall be afforded one year from the date of arrival in 
order to apply for asylum, rather than by framing it in the negative 
as an outer deadline, INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) 
(``paragraph (1) shall not apply to an alien unless the alien 
demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the application 
has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien's arrival 
in the United States''). In other words, the statutory phrasing 
indicates that an alien has, at most, one year after arrival to 
apply for asylum--not at least one year, as urged by commenters. 
Moreover, Congress's phrasing against the backdrop of longstanding 
agency practice is additional evidence that the language in in INA 
208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) was not intended to displace 
the Department's ability to set filing deadlines in immigration 
proceedings for asylum applications. Cf. NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co. 
Div. of Textron, Inc., 416 U.S. 267, 275 (1974) (``[C]ongressional 
failure to revise or repeal the agency's interpretation is 
persuasive evidence that the interpretation is the one intended by 
Congress''). Indeed, as discussed, infra, if commenters were 
correct, then the Department's practice of setting filing deadlines 
prior to the enactment of INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) 
was arguably inappropriate because the INA provided no deadline for 
an alien to apply for asylum and, thus--according to the commenters' 
logic--immigration judges could never have set a deadline consistent 
with the statute. However, there is no evidence, either before or 
after the enactment of INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) that 
Congress intended to displace an immigration judge's authority to 
set filing deadlines in order to manage dockets efficiently.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, if the Department accepted commenters' logic, aliens in 
removal proceedings would, for example, be able to delay their 
proceedings for up to a year by simply stating that they intend to file 
an asylum application by some future date. See Matter of Jean, 17 I&N 
Dec. at 102 (``To allow otherwise would permit a deportable alien to 
avoid the conclusion of his deportation case and thus his departure by 
merely requesting the relief but not choosing to file the claims.''). 
This is an erroneous reading of the statute and regulations and would 
eviscerate immigration judges' ability to manage proceedings. See, 
e.g., 8 CFR 1240.1(c) (providing immigration judges the ability to 
``regulate the course of the hearing'').
    Commenters' reading of INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) 
would also raise additional issues, including potential constitutional 
issues related to prolonged detention. For example, under the 
commenters' view, a detained alien, such as one covered by the rule, 
could continue to delay his or her proceedings up to a year after 
arrival without filing for asylum while simultaneously raising 
arguments that he or she should be released from custody because the 
prolonged detention has implicated constitutional rights. See, e.g., 
Velasco Lopez v. Decker, 978 F.3d 842, 852 (2d Cir. 2020) (``Detention 
under [INA 236(a),] Sec.  1226(a) is frequently prolonged because it 
continues until all proceedings and appeals are concluded. . . . The 
longer the duration of incarceration, the greater the deprivation.''). 
Nothing in INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B), however, 
contemplates its use as a basis for either prolonging immigration 
proceedings or as a wedge to obtain an alien's release from detention, 
especially in situations where Congress has otherwise indicated that 
proceedings should be expedited. Cf. Matter of L-N-Y, 27 I&N Dec. 755, 
759 (BIA 2020) (``The Immigration Courts and the Board expedite the 
adjudication of cases involving detained aliens, recognizing the 
liberty interest of detained aliens and the interest of the Government 
to reasonably limit the expense of detention.''). Additionally, if 
commenters were correct that INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) 
provides an alien with an absolute right to file for asylum at any time 
within one year after arrival in the United States, then, by that same 
logic, the lack of a filing deadline prior to the enactment of that 
provision meant that previously aliens had an absolute right to apply 
for asylum at any time after arrival. However, the Department is 
unaware of any court adopting such a position, nor is it aware of any 
court adopting the view urged by commenters regarding the relationship 
between INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) and the 15-day 
deadline in the rule. In short, although the Department acknowledges 
and has fully considered commenters' assertions on this point, it finds 
them unavailing and unpersuasive for all of the reasons given herein.
ix. Recommendations
    Comment: Many commenters provided a wide range of recommendations 
to the Department.
    For example, commenters suggested that if EOIR imposed this short 
deadline, then government should provide aliens with attorneys and 
translators to ensure that they can meet the deadline. Some commenters 
acknowledged the Department's concern regarding degradation or loss of 
evidence, but they suggested a deadline longer than 15 days to balance 
evidence-related concerns with concerns that aliens need adequate time 
to gather evidence.
    Commenters suggested that the Department should include an 
exception to the filing deadline for pandemic-related delays, such as 
filing delays due to COVID-19.
    Commenters asserted that aliens should be granted a ``per se 
extension'' whenever due process rights are threatened, such as the 
right to counsel, to ensure those rights are not violated. For example, 
the commenters explained that an alien who seeks to retain counsel 
should get an automatic extension on the 15-day deadline to find 
representation who can assist with the application. The commenters 
predicted that the exceptions would render the rule unworkable.
    One commenter, who generally supported the Department's inclusion 
of the 15-day submission deadline, recommended that the Department 
provide the same 15-day deadline for aliens in ``withholding-only'' 
proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2).
    Response: The Department acknowledges and appreciates the 
commenters' recommendations. It has considered all of them and adopted 
one as discussed below. Some recommendations are beyond the scope of 
this rulemaking and potentially beyond the scope of rulemaking 
altogether. For example, the Department cannot simply provide aliens a 
right to counsel or to personal translators in all immigration cases by 
regulation due to the significant amount of Congressional 
appropriations--far in excess of EOIR's current budget--that would be 
required to effectuate such a rule. Further, as such a proposal was not 
part of the NPRM--and implicates a potentially massive overhaul of 
immigration court procedures--it would not be appropriate to include it 
in a final rule without additional comment and study.
    Regarding recommendations related to exceptions to the deadline, 
the Department believes that the rule's allowance of an extension of 
that deadline for good cause addresses and responds to those 
recommendations, as well as the continued availability of continuances 
in appropriate cases, which is not affected by the rule. The Department 
recognizes that no rule can cover every potential scenario, 
particularly in the context of hundreds of thousands of cases with 
asylum applications. Consequently, it declines to establish any per se 
rules about

[[Page 81727]]

whether an extension or a continuance is warranted and expects that 
immigration judges will adjudicate such requests consistent with 
applicable law and mindful of an alien's detention status and the 
direction in 8 CFR 1208.5(a) to adjudicate such cases expeditiously.
    The Department agrees with the commenter who recommended applying 
the 15-day deadline to applications for statutory withholding of 
removal and protection under the CAT for aliens in proceedings under 8 
CFR 1208.2(c)(2). The Department sees no reason to distinguish between 
aliens subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1) and those 
subject to proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2), as both groups are 
generally detained. Moreover, the reasons underpinning the application 
deadline for 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)--e.g., most aliens subject to the rule 
are detained, that aliens with meritorious claims have a strong 
incentive to obtain relief or protection--and potentially release from 
detention--as quickly as possible, that aliens who have recently 
claimed a fear of persecution or torture will be well-situated to 
perfect that claim quickly through the filing of an application, that 
filing deadlines are a well-established part of immigration court 
practice and are utilized by courts at all levels, that an even shorter 
filing deadline has existed for many years for a particular class of 
asylum applicants with no noted challenges or complaints, that delays 
in adjudication may risk evidence degradation and may make it more 
difficult to obtain pro bono representation, that the deadline is not 
absolute because it may be extended in appropriate circumstances, and 
that the rule does not alter longstanding rules and practices allowing 
aliens to supplement an application and to seek to have an immigration 
consider late-filed evidence--apply with equal force to proceedings 
under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2). Accordingly, in response to the 
recommendation of at least one commenter, the final rule adopts the 
commenter's suggestion and edits the language in 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(1) to 
make the 15-day deadline, with the possibility of an extension for good 
cause, applicable to aliens in proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(2) 
seeking statutory withholding of removal or protection under the CAT.
b. Concerns With Changes Regarding Refiling Incomplete Applications
i. Completeness Requirement
    Comment: Commenters expressed concerns about requiring the 
immigration court to reject applications that are incomplete or that 
have other minor mistakes without providing any exceptions. Commenters 
explained that this provision would result in applications being 
rejected for technicalities or due to minor instances of confusion, 
citing, for example, hypotheticals of the immigration court denying the 
application of an asylum seeker without a middle name or children 
because the corresponding name and children boxes were purposefully 
left blank.
    Commenters asserted that the rule was unnecessary and complained 
that the Department did not address why the change was necessary--
specifically, why applicants could no longer complete their 
applications before the court during a hearing.
    Commenters also stated that it will be difficult, if not 
impossible, for some applicants to submit a complete application due to 
a lack of command of the English language, a lack of access to 
supporting evidence, and the effects of trauma. Other commenters noted 
that the structure of the form itself increases this difficulty because 
of the number of questions and blank boxes; the formatting of multiple 
boxes or lines per questions; and a lack of clarity regarding how to 
address a question that does not apply based on answering ``no'' to the 
immediately preceding question. Commenters noted that their concerns 
may be even greater in the future if DHS moves forward with codifying 
proposed amendments to the Form I-589, Instructions, which would add to 
the form's length and general complexity.
    Other commenters suggested that inaccuracies and mistakes will be 
inevitable for aliens subject to the filing deadline imposed by the 
rule.
    Numerous commenters compared the rule's requirement to what 
commenters described as USCIS's policy of rejecting applications that 
fail to follow form instructions, namely answering every question. 
Commenters explained that the USCIS policy has led to confusion and 
inconsistencies, and commenters predicted that the rule will create 
similar issues before the immigration courts.
    Lastly, commenters expressed concerns that the rule removes the 
completeness determination from immigration judges and places it on 
untrained agency staff; such a shift, commenters alleged, is 
inefficient and will further strain an already overburdened system.
    Response: As an initial mater, commenters misconstrue the changes 
implemented by this rule or fail to acknowledge what the rule does not 
actually change. For instance, it does not create a new completeness 
requirement for the submission of Forms I-589. Indeed, this requirement 
already exists in the relevant regulations. See 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3) 
(``An asylum application that does not include a response to each of 
the questions contained in the Form I-589, is unsigned, or is 
unaccompanied by the required materials specified in paragraph (a) of 
this section is incomplete.''); see also Form I-589 Instructions, Pt. 
1, Sec. V. (``You must provide the specific information requested about 
you and your family and answer all the questions asked. If any question 
does not apply to you or you do not know the information requested, 
answer ``none,'' ``not applicable,'' or ``unknown.'') (emphasis in 
original). This rule merely clarifies this existing standard by 
including the necessity to follow the Form I-589 instructions and other 
filing-related regulations.
    In response to commenters who requested an explanation for why 
applicants would no longer be allowed to supply missing information 
during a hearing before an immigration judge, the Department notes that 
such a process does not comply with these existing regulations.\46\ By 
ensuring that applications are complete at filing, the parties and 
court can be confident that they are proceeding with an adjudication on 
the full application and, as noted in the proposed rule, that the 
application is completed as timely as possible. Further, requiring a 
complete application protects the alien by ensuring that there are no 
incorrect assumptions regarding the facts of an alien's claim or 
personal status as set out in the application.\47\ Moreover, allowing 
applicants to complete applications in court is inefficient and uses 
valuable court time that is better spent adjudicating issues in 
dispute. See 8 CFR 1240.11(c)(3) (requiring a hearing

[[Page 81728]]

on an asylum application only when necessary ``to resolve factual 
issues in dispute''). As noted in the proposed rule, however, aliens 
may continue to supplement or amend a previously filed asylum 
application after the application is filed, subject to an immigration 
judge's discretion. See 8 CFR 1208.4(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ To the extent that immigration courts may have previously 
failed to follow the existing regulations, the Department reiterates 
that its employees are expected to follow all applicable 
regulations.
    \47\ The Department further notes that the recently-finalized 
joint rule, Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; 
Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney 
General and the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 
2020, codifies an immigration judge's authority to pretermit asylum 
applications that fail to present a prima facie claim for relief. 
See 85 FR at 36277. Even if that codification does not go into 
effect, immigration judges nevertheless possess authority to 
pretermit legally deficient asylum applications in certain 
instances. Id. Thus, this rule would ensure that aliens are afforded 
all opportunities to correct deficiencies in their applications in 
order to ensure that their claim for relief is fully presented 
before an immigration judge would consider any questions of 
pretermission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also disagrees with concerns regarding agency staff 
making completeness determinations rather than adjudicators and 
categorically rejects the ugly, underlying insinuation that its legal 
support employees are too ignorant or incompetent to determine whether 
an application is complete. By requiring all questions to be answered, 
there is no room for discretion as to what responses are necessary; 
thus, all applicants are subject to the same requirements. Similarly, 
commenters did not explain why the acceptance of an incomplete 
application would be either desirable or efficient, and the Department 
is aware of no bases for doing so. The completeness requirement 
provides a clear, logical, and straightforward guidepost and one that 
most individuals understand. Moreover, a completeness requirement has 
existed in the regulations for many years with no noted difficulties; 
to the contrary, asylum applications have risen significantly in recent 
years, even with the requirement that the application be complete. See, 
e.g., EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Total Asylum Applications (Oct. 
13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download. 
Immigration court staff receive training on reviewing filings for 
sufficiency and regularly reject deficient filings as part of their 
duties.
    Regarding commenters' concerns about the grammatical structure of 
the Form I-589's questions, the amount of questions, or the English 
language requirement, the Department notes that this rule does not make 
any changes to the Form I-589 itself. Further, to the extent that 
commenters' suggest that the Department should amend the Form I-589 to 
address such concerns, the Department notes that although the Form I-
589 is a shared form between EOIR and DHS, it is managed and updated by 
DHS. Accordingly, altering the form is beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking and the Department's authority, and commenters' concerns 
about the form itself are most appropriately directed to DHS.
    Similarly, commenters' concerns about USCIS are beyond the scope of 
this rulemaking, as USCIS is a separate agency beyond the purview of 
the Department. Further, the Department reiterates that the 
completeness requirement is not novel; rather, it has been an existing 
requirement for many years, and the Department is unaware of any 
issues, challenges, or complaints regarding it previously. Thus, 
commenters' suggestion that an existing regulation will lead to future 
confusion at EOIR is purely speculative and unpersuasive.
    Regarding concerns about applicants' past trauma and limited access 
to evidence, and its effect on applicants' ability to complete their 
applications, the Department reiterates that the completeness 
requirement has existed for many years and that allegations of trauma 
or access to evidence have not previously been alleged to be such a 
pervasive or systemic issue as to warrant an exception to the general 
rule that applications should be filled out completely. The Department 
certainly recognizes the potential existence of trauma for aliens with 
meritorious claims and associated difficulties, but this rule, overall, 
helps ensure that such aliens receive expeditious consideration of 
their claims and favorable adjudications so that they can obtain the 
relief they deserve without any undue delay. Moreover, at a minimum, 
every applicant must present his or her case for adjudication, which 
requires filing an application in accordance with the regulations and 
form instructions. This includes responding to every question on the 
Form I-589 and submitting any supporting evidence.
    The Department rejects the notion that the completeness requirement 
is unnecessarily complicated or confusing, and it is unaware of any 
situation--and commenters did not provide one--in which an incomplete 
application is deemed acceptable or even desirable. Rather, the 
Department believes that incomplete applications may cause confusion 
and that such confusion will be eliminated by requiring applications to 
be fully completed before they are filed and accepted for adjudication. 
The Department believes requiring completion of the Form I-589 will 
avoid potentially differing interpretations from immigration staff as 
to what is ``complete'' and will prevent the possibility of uneven 
filing acceptance practices at the immigration courts. In addition, by 
following this requirement, applicants can ensure that they did not 
inadvertently fail to complete any fields and can be confident that the 
immigration judge is adjudicating a complete asylum application.
    Lastly, commenters' assertions that incomplete applications will be 
rejected and result in a denial of relief are incorrect. The return of 
an incomplete application is not an adjudication on the merits and does 
not automatically result in an immediate ``denial'' of relief. Rather, 
incomplete applications will be returned to the applicants, who will 
have 30 days to complete and return the application. This is discussed 
in more detail in section II.C.4.b.iii.
ii. Removal of Deadline for Immigration Court
    Comment: Many commenters objected to the proposed amendment at 8 
CFR 1208.3(c)(3) that an alien's incomplete asylum application would 
not be deemed complete if the immigration court failed to return the 
incomplete application within 30 days. Instead, the immigration courts 
would continue to reject incomplete applications in a ``timely'' manner 
but without a maximum allowable period of time.
    Commenters objected that the rule would give the immigration courts 
an indeterminate amount of time to reject asylum applications for 
incompleteness. Commenters raised concerns that the lack of a deadline 
would make proceedings less predictable and make it more difficult for 
asylum seekers to appropriately budget their savings before being able 
to possibly obtain work authorization.
    Other commenters argued that the removal of the deadline for the 
immigration courts is contrary to the Department's justifications 
elsewhere in the rule to ensure that proceedings occur in a timely and 
predictable manner and noted that shortening the 30-day time period for 
the rejection of applications, rather than removing the deadline 
altogether, would instead be more efficient. Other commenters argued 
that the Department did not sufficiently justify this provision in 
general.
    Further, commenters stated that the rule's requirement that 
immigration courts return incomplete asylum applications to applicants 
in a ``timely fashion'' to be vague and arbitrary and argued that the 
Department should provide some sort of definition or specific standard. 
At least one commenter expressed concern that the standard is vague 
enough to allow gamesmanship, citing a hypothetical where the 
immigration judge waits to reject an application as incomplete until 
just after the alien's one-year filing deadline expires.
    Moreover, commenters expressed general disbelief that the courts 
would return incomplete applications or alert aliens of deficient 
applications in a timely manner, noting, for example, general 
processing delays by USCIS or other agencies.
    Commenters also thought it was generally unfair that asylum seekers

[[Page 81729]]

would be held to time restrictions, such as a 30-day correction 
deadline, while immigration courts are not held to a similar standard.
    Response: As an initial point, the Department categorically rejects 
the suggestion of at least one commenter that an immigration judge 
would engage in gamesmanship by purposefully delaying the rejection of 
an application solely to be able to deny it.\48\ As discussed, supra, 
commenters' attacks on the integrity of immigration judges are 
unfounded and have no place in this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ The Department notes, parenthetically, that the commenter's 
hypothetical is also legally inaccurate. An alien whose asylum 
application is filed before the one-year deadline but is rejected as 
incomplete may be able to demonstrate extraordinary circumstances 
excusing the application of the deadline provided that the alien 
refiles the application within a ``reasonable period thereafter,'' 
which the 30 days allowed for by this rule would certainly be. 8 CFR 
1208.4(a)(5)(v). Thus, the commenter's hypothetical, even if it were 
realistic, would not result in the denial of the alien's application 
as untimely.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, comments about USCIS are beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking, as USCIS is a separate agency beyond the purview of the 
Department. USCIS is part of DHS, while EOIR is part of the Department. 
See Department of Homeland Security, Operational and Support Components 
(Nov. 17, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components. To the extent that commenters have concerns about 
procedures utilized by USCIS, those concerns are most appropriately 
directed to DHS.
    As discussed above in section II.C.4.b.i, all asylum applications 
must be submitted ``in accordance with the instructions on the form.'' 
8 CFR 1208.3(a). The instructions, in turn, inform applicants that they 
``must provide the specific information requested about [their] family 
and answer all the questions asked.'' See Form I-589, Application for 
Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, Instructions, 5 (Aug. 25, 2020), 
https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-589instr.pdf 
(emphasis in original). Further, ``[a]n asylum application that does 
not include a response to each of the questions contained in the Form 
I-589, is unsigned, or is unaccompanied by the required materials 
specified in [8 CFR 1208.3(a)] is incomplete.'' 8 CFR 1208.3(c)(3). 
Accordingly, the Department disagrees with commenters' general concerns 
that the Department should not remove the 30-day deadline for the 
immigration court to return an incomplete application or else have the 
application deemed complete. Without this change, the provision at 8 
CFR 1208.3(c)(3) is inconsistent with the overarching requirement that 
aliens must submit the asylum application in accordance with the 
instructions on the form--in other words, completely filled out.
    Additionally, the Department finds that the removal of the 30-day 
return period will better ensure that all asylum claims before the 
immigration courts for adjudication are fully presented for 
adjudication and review. Incorrectly deeming an incomplete application 
complete does not ensure that the alien is able to fully pursue his or 
her claim as the missing information may in fact be integral to the 
alien's claim for relief, and the Department does not want to risk 
having an immigration judge consider an incomplete application without 
the relevant information.\49\ For this reason, the Department further 
rejects commenters' alternative suggestions that the Department should 
instead shorten the 30-day time period as an alternative way to 
increase efficiencies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ Again, the Department reiterates that, as noted in footnote 
47 above, this provision would further benefit aliens who may wish 
to prevent an immigration judge from considering whether to 
pretermit an incomplete application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In general, commenters failed to explain why the default in the 
existing regulation--i.e., an immigration court accepts an incomplete 
application--based on a legal fiction that an incomplete application is 
deemed complete if the immigration court fails to return the 
application as incomplete provides any benefit to the alien, DHS, or 
the immigration courts. To the contrary, an application that is 
incomplete in fact--regardless of whether it is ``deemed'' complete by 
regulation--benefits neither the parties nor the immigration judge. It 
risks creating credibility issues for the respondent based on the parts 
that are incomplete even if those parts do not go to the merits of the 
claim. INA 208(b)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) 
(inconsistencies may form the basis of an adverse credibility 
determination without regard as to whether they go to the heart of an 
alien's claim). It inhibits the ability of the opposing party--and 
potentially the immigration judge--to prepare for a hearing on that 
application and risks springing surprises on the opposing party at the 
hearing that may require a postponement to investigate further. It 
further increases inefficiency in the overall proceeding, particularly 
at the merits hearing where the parties and the immigration judge may 
have to go over each incomplete part first to determine its bearing on 
the case before being able to proceed to the merits of the case. In 
short, commenters did not identify any reasonable benefit provided by 
filing and accepting an incomplete application and the Department is 
unaware of any; moreover, the costs associated with such an application 
in terms of the risk of an adverse credibility finding, unfair surprise 
to the opposing party, and overall inefficiency in adjudicating the 
case all strongly militate in favor of the Department's decision to 
replace the current regulatory language with that contained in this 
rule.
    In addition, commenters are incorrect regarding the effect this 
provision would have on the calculation of aliens' possible eligibility 
for employment authorization.\50\ To reiterate, existing regulations 
already provide that the filing of an incomplete application does not 
begin the timeframe by which DHS adjudicates an application for 
employment authorization based on an asylum application, and nothing in 
this rule alters that longstanding principle. Accordingly, the 
Department disagrees that an alien who submits a Form I-589 that is 
incomplete would begin to accrue time towards his or her employment 
authorization eligibility. In short, aliens seeking employment 
authorization have an incentive to submit a complete asylum application 
as soon as possible, and nothing in this rule either affects that 
incentive or changes the Department's position that the submission of 
an incomplete application does not begin the timeframe to adjudicate an 
employment authorization application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ As a general matter, the Department emphasizes that 
questions of employment authorization eligibility are adjudicated by 
DHS and not by the Department. Indeed, that is why this rule removes 
regulatory provisions from chapter V of 8 CFR pertaining to alien 
employment authorization. Nevertheless, the Department addresses 
commenters' concerns to the extent they are directly related to the 
provisions of this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters are incorrect that EOIR will be unable to return 
incomplete asylum applications in a timely manner following the removal 
of the 30-day period. To the contrary, as discussed throughout this 
rule, EOIR has a powerful incentive to ensure that proceedings are 
conducted in as expeditious manner as possible consistent with due 
process. The rule's ``timely fashion'' requirement obligates 
immigration courts to act promptly in returning incomplete asylum 
applications, and the insulting suggestion that EOIR's employees lack 
the competence or diligence to effectuate that requirement is

[[Page 81730]]

unsupported. Immigration court staff receive training on how to process 
filings, and defective filings are already subject to review and 
return, as appropriate.
    Finally, the Department believes that commenters are incorrect in 
asserting that the rule is unfair because asylum seekers are being held 
to time restrictions, while immigration courts are not. As discussed, 
supra, the Department has powerful incentives to promptly return 
incomplete asylum applications to ensure efficiency, especially as the 
number of asylum applications file has risen astronomically in recent 
years. EOIR, Workload and Adjudication Statistics, Total Asylum 
Applications (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download. Moreover, the Department is held to a 180-day 
adjudication deadline for asylum applications absent exceptional 
circumstances, INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), and 
that deadline is only triggered once an alien files a complete asylum 
application. Thus, there is no asymmetry between asylum seekers and the 
immigration courts; rather, both are held to intertwined and mutually-
reinforcing deadlines regarding asylum applications.
iii. 30-Day Correction Deadline
    Comment: Commenters expressed concern about the rule's requirement 
that aliens only be allowed a 30-day period to re-file an application 
that is rejected for being incomplete. According to commenters, the 
imposition of a 30-day time period is arbitrary and too limited for 
aliens to correct any errors with the application or gather missing 
evidence. Commenters asserted that by establishing such a timeframe, 
the Department is inappropriately prioritizing efficiency over all 
other concerns.
    Some commenters requested that the deadline, if any, be extended to 
45 days rather than 30 days.
    Commenters also worried the 30-day correction deadline will lead to 
unnecessary and inadvertent waivers of aliens' right to seek asylum. 
For example, some commenters stated that a failure by a mail carrier 
could result in the foreclosing of relief. Other commenters expressed 
general disbelief that the government will timely return or alert 
aliens of deficient applications.
    Some commenters asserted that the rule was both redundant and 
unduly restrictive because immigration judges already possess the 
authority to set and extend filing deadlines without requiring the 
alien to demonstrate the high exceptional circumstances standard. 
Commenters also claimed that applicants would not understand the 
rejection from the court nor how to remedy it.
    Commenters also argued that the Department's assertion that a 30-
day period is sufficient for remediation of application defects because 
of EAD incentives is incorrect. Commenters disagreed with the 
Department regarding this alleged incentive due to the combined effect 
of DHS's recent regulatory changes extending the minimum timeline for 
obtaining EAD eligibility and the Department's clarification in this 
rule regarding the 180-day timeline for the adjudication of asylum 
applications.
    Response: As an initial point, commenters provided no evidence that 
asylum applications are routinely filed in such a grossly incomplete 
manner with errors so great that they cannot be corrected within one 
month, and the Department is unaware of any systemic trend of asylum 
applications being filed in such a manner. Accordingly, the Department 
declines to address further commenters' hyperbolic and unfounded 
assertions regarding the scale of deficiencies in initial asylum 
applications.
    The Department rejects commenters' assertions that that 30-day 
deadline to re-file an application is too short, arbitrary, or 
prioritizes efficiency above all other concerns. The Department 
believes that 30 days is a reasonable time period that balances both 
the time necessary for a respondent to amend and return a complete 
application and the needs of the immigration court to operate 
efficiently. The Department notes that affected applicants must 
necessarily have already attempted to file an application, so any 
additional changes should be few in number and limited only to those 
fields that were incomplete. Applicants in general must meet their 
obligation to file an application that is full and complete as part of 
the applicant's burden of proof for relief as an initial matter and 
should not be relying on this additional 30-day time period to make 
significant changes to their applications. The Department also notes 
that this 30-day timeline only applies to the Form I-589 itself and 
does not prevent applicants from filing additional supporting 
documentation after the deadline, provided such filings comply with any 
deadlines set by the immigration court.
    Further, the 30-day timeline is fully consistent with existing 
regulatory provisions requiring the refiling of incomplete asylum 
applications ``within a reasonable period'' after return in order to 
demonstrate extraordinary circumstances and avoid the application of 
the one-year bar. 8 CFR 1208.4(a)(5)(v). Moreover, 30-day filing 
deadlines are already well-established in immigration proceedings--
e.g., a motion to reconsider, 8 CFR 1003.23(a)(1); an appeal to the 
Board, 8 CFR 1003.38(b)--and the resubmission of an asylum application 
is roughly analogous to these other procedures because it requires the 
correction of an initial determination. Accordingly, the Department 
finds that 30 days is an appropriate amount of time to correct an 
incomplete asylum application and disagrees that an additional 15 days 
would result in any meaningful benefit, especially when aliens already 
have a strong incentive to file quickly in order to begin the process 
of attaining eligibility for work authorization and ultimately obtain 
relief or protection.
    The Department rejects commenters' assertions that the rule is both 
redundant and unduly restrictive because immigration judges already 
possess the authority to set filing deadlines and are able to extend 
these deadlines without establishing exceptional circumstances. See 8 
CFR 1003.31(c). When an immigration judge sets a filing deadline under 
8 CFR 1003.31, he or she is setting a deadline for the initial filing 
of applications and supporting evidence. If an applicant fails to 
comply with the deadline, the opportunity to file such applications or 
evidence is deemed waived. Id. In contrast, this 30-day deadline 
focuses on applicants who have already attempted to file their 
application and must merely fix an incomplete application. This re-
filing deadline ensures that applications are ready for adjudication in 
a reasonable time period and serves to increase the uniformity, 
fairness, and efficiency of the adjudication process. In addition, the 
Department believes that the ``exceptional circumstances'' exception is 
appropriate in this context because the 30-day deadline commences only 
after the initial filing period.
    Additionally, as discussed, supra, the Department notes that 
commenters' concerns that general delays, including mail carrier 
mistakes, could prevent applicants from submitting the Form I-589 
within the deadline are true for every deadline--including other 
important 30-day deadlines such as for filing appeals to the Board, 8 
CFR 1003.38(b)--and that risk is not altered by the rule. Again, the 
Department recognizes that no rule can cover every hypothetical 
scenario, and the existence of speculative assertions does not warrant 
the removal of deadline

[[Page 81731]]

requirements, particularly when other similar deadlines have existed 
for years without the ``parade of horribles'' posited by commenters 
occurring. The Department believes--and commenters have not 
meaningfully or persuasively disputed--that 30 days is a reasonable 
time period for applicants to correct minor mistakes and re-file the 
application.
    As to commenters' concerns regarding applicants' understanding of a 
rejection, the Department notes that the rule does not change the 
rejection process. EOIR will continue to follow current practice in 
rejecting documents, which includes returning the filing with an 
explanation for the rejection. See Immigration Court Practice Manual, 
Ch. 3.1(d)(i), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1258536/download 
(last revised July 2, 2020) (``If an application, motion, brief, 
exhibit, or other submission is not properly filed, it is rejected by 
the Immigration Court with an explanation for the rejection.''). 
Commenters have not expressed confusion with the existing process, and 
it is well-established. As such, the Department finds changes to these 
existing processes unnecessary.
    Finally, the Department disagrees with commenters and reiterates 
the discussion in the proposed rule that aliens who seek to file asylum 
applications are motivated to do so promptly in part because of the 
possibility of obtaining employment authorization. See 85 FR at 59624. 
While employment authorization eligibility is adjudicated solely by 
DHS, the Department finds that the possibility of employment 
authorization is generally a desirable benefit for asylum seekers, and 
it is illogical that the possibility of obtaining such a benefit would 
not be a motivating factor to promptly file a complete asylum 
application.
    The Department disagrees that DHS's extension of the waiting period 
to be eligible to apply for asylum-based employment authorization from 
150 days to 365 days would negatively affect this incentive, though it 
notes that DHS's extension has been temporarily enjoined with respect 
to the individual members of the Plaintiff organizations, CASA de 
Maryland, Inc. (``CASA'') and Asylum Seeker Advocacy Project 
(``ASAP''). See Casa de Md. v. Wolf,--F.Supp.3d--, 2020 WL 5500165 (D. 
Md. Sept. 11, 2020) (preliminarily enjoining, inter alia, DHS's 
increase to the waiting period for employment authorization eligibility 
for individual members of Plaintiffs CASA and ASAP). Rather, the 
Department finds that the longer period would only further increase the 
incentive for aliens to start their accrual period for employment 
authorization as quickly as possible.
    The Department acknowledges comments that the 180-day asylum 
adjudication period in INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), which this rule incorporates as discussed, infra, 
counter-balances the 180-day statutory period before which an alien who 
has filed an asylum application can apply for employment authorization 
under INA 208(d)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(2), but notes that counter-
balanced system was established by Congress. Thus, to the extent that 
commenters disagree with the interplay of those statutory sections, 
their comments are beyond the Department's authority in this rulemaking 
and are more appropriately addressed to Congress. The Department 
disagrees that this system reduces an alien's incentive to file 
promptly for the purposes of earning time towards employment 
authorization. Many asylum applications are not currently adjudicated 
within 180 days due to operational constraints and the size of the 
pending caseload, and the presence of exceptional circumstances causes 
adjudicatory delays beyond the 180-day mark for other cases. Moreover, 
litigation has effectively forced DHS to adjudicate employment 
authorization applications within 30 days after an alien files such an 
application once the alien's asylum application has been pending for 
the applicable period of time, Gonzalez Rosario v. USCIS, 365 F.Supp.3d 
1156, 1163 (W.D. Wash. 2018), and DHS's efforts to change its 
regulations to adjust the time periods for adjudicating such 
applications have also been enjoined, Casa de Md. v. Wolf,--F.Supp.3d--
, 2020 WL 5500165 (D. Md. Sept. 11, 2020). Consequently, aliens retain 
very strong incentives to file complete asylum applications as soon as 
possible, and nothing about this rule or the relevant statutory 
framework reduces those incentives, particularly in light of the 
persistent litigation on this issue.
c. Submission of Form I-589 Fee
    Comment: Many commenters broadly criticized the existence or 
requirement of a fee for asylum applications, regardless of the dollar 
amount of the fee. In addition, commenters objected to the rule's 
requirement that aliens must submit a required filing fee in connection 
with an asylum application at the time of filing. Commenters stated 
that the Department failed to provide any reasoning to justify the 
imposition of a fee or to consider the negative impact of the fee. At 
least one commenter argued that the Department must separately justify 
the inclusion of a fee for the submission of a Form I-589 and cannot 
just rely on DHS's determinations without independent analysis or 
justification.
    The majority of commenters who discussed the fee for asylum 
applications raised concerns that asylum applicants would not be able 
to afford a $50 filing fee and that their applications would be 
rejected as a result.\51\ Accordingly, commenters stated that the rule 
violates the United States' non-refoulement obligations. Commenters 
provided a wide range of reasons for why asylum seekers would not be 
able to afford the $50 fee, including asserting that asylum seekers do 
not have the funds to pay such a fee given that those seeking asylum 
are often fleeing conflict and arriving to the United States lacking 
any resources. Moreover, commenters stated that many asylum seekers are 
already severely impoverished, a condition which commenters claim has 
only been exacerbated by COVID-19. Several commenters were especially 
concerned that asylum seekers who are either detained or subject to the 
Migrant Protection Protocols (``MPP'') would be unable to pursue asylum 
applications due to an inability to afford the fee. Commenters 
explained that detained asylum seekers are only able to earn a trivial 
amount of income in detention facilities and noted that many are 
currently quarantined, and unable to work at all, during their first 14 
days in detention due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, commenters 
explained that individuals subject to the MPP have limited access to 
funds. Several commenters also urged the Department to allow fee 
waivers for asylum seekers, particularly for individuals who are 
detained or subject to MPP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ DHS recently established a $50 fee for Form I-589 submitted 
for the purposes of applying for asylum in most circumstances. See 
85 FR at 46791. This fee would have entered into effect on October 
2, 2020, but, as noted supra, it is currently enjoined as a result 
of litigation. Immigrant Legal Res. Ctr. v. Wolf, 2020 WL 5798269 
(N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2020) (granting nationwide preliminary 
injunction barring DHS from implementing or enforcing any part of 
the rule).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters were also concerned with the possible impact that other 
pending EOIR rules \52\ would have on this provision. Commenters 
asserted that because these pending rules have not been published as 
final rules yet, it is impossible for them to be able to fully

[[Page 81732]]

comment on this rule's provisions regarding the requirement to pay a 
fee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ For example, some commenters were specifically concerned 
with the impact that the Department's pending fee rule would have on 
this provision. See Executive Office for Immigration Review Fee 
Review, 85 FR 11866 (Feb. 28, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters further voiced concern about the alleged difficulties 
that unrepresented detained asylum seekers would face in trying to 
``fee in'' a Form I-589 with DHS due to the possible methods of 
payment. Similarly, commenters stated that asylum seekers in Mexico 
would not be able to visit a DHS office in the United States to ``fee 
in'' a Form I-589. Commenters further noted that children, who do not 
have bank accounts or their own funds, would have unique difficulties 
paying a fee to submit the I-589.
    Response: Overall, commenters' concerns related to a fee for an 
asylum application were both beyond the scope of the rulemaking and 
misguided or inapposite in three principal respects. First, few, if 
any, commenters acknowledged that the INA authorizes charging a fee for 
an asylum application, provided that such a fee does not exceed the 
cost of adjudicating the application. INA 208(d)(3), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(3). Thus, to the extent that commenters oppose charging a fee 
for an asylum application under any circumstance and believe that such 
a fee is unauthorized or unlawful, their comments are both beyond the 
scope of this rulemaking and are more appropriately addressed to 
Congress.
    Second, few, if any, commenters acknowledged that the fee for an 
asylum application is set by DHS because the asylum application is a 
DHS form. Longstanding EOIR regulations make clear that ``[t]he fees 
for applications published by the Department of Homeland Security and 
used in immigration proceedings are governed by [DHS regulations].'' 8 
CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii). As stated in the proposed rule, given this 
longstanding cross-referenced fee provision, the inextricable nature of 
the two agencies' asylum processes and the benefit of not treating 
applicants differently for substantially similar benefits based on 
whether they file with DOJ or with DHS, the Department did not propose 
to alter that provision. See 85 FR 59698. Thus, this rule maintains the 
same provision as proposed regarding a fee for an asylum application 
and does not impose a new fee for such an application. To the extent 
that commenters challenge the propriety of DHS assessing a fee under 
INA 208(d)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(3) for an asylum application, their 
concerns are more appropriately addressed to DHS. Third, and relatedly, 
this rule does not alter the longstanding procedures regarding how DHS 
forms are treated in immigration court. 8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii). Rather, 
this rule merely adds instructions regarding the submission of the Form 
I-589 fee, if any, to a provision of EOIR's regulations that is 
topically specific to the conditions and requirements for filing an 
asylum application. Although language already exists elsewhere in 
EOIR's regulations, see, e.g., 8 CFR 1103.7(a)(3) (``The Department of 
Homeland Security shall return to the payer, at the time of payment, a 
receipt for any fee paid, and shall also return to the payer any 
documents, submitted with the fee, relating to any immigration 
proceeding. The fee receipt and the application or motion shall then be 
submitted to the Executive Office for Immigration Review.''), this 
amendment is meant as an aid to the public should a fee be enforced at 
a future date. Thus, to the extent that commenters challenge the 
appropriateness of the prior promulgation of 8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii), 
those concerns are also well beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
    To reiterate, as a general matter, commenters' broad concerns 
regarding the appropriateness of requiring a fee for asylum 
applications, the specific amount of the fee, and whether to allow for 
a fee waiver for the Form I-589 are outside the scope of this rule.\53\ 
DHS determines the fee amounts for DHS-maintained forms such as the 
Form I-589, and the Department did not change this longstanding 
practice in this rule. See, e.g., 8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii) (``The fees 
for applications published by the Department of Homeland Security and 
used in immigration proceedings are governed by 8 CFR 103.7.'') and 
1103.7(c) (``No waiver may be granted with respect to the fee 
prescribed for a Department of Homeland Security form or action that is 
identified as non-waivable in regulations of the Department of Homeland 
Security.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ As noted supra, the $50 asylum application fee established 
by DHS is currently enjoined as the result of litigation. Immigrant 
Legal Res. Ctr. v. Wolf, 2020 WL 5798269 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2020) 
(granting a nationwide preliminary injunction barring DHS from 
implementing or enforcing any part of the rule). Nevertheless, the 
response to commenters' concerns in this section discusses the 
enjoined $50 fee, as discussed by commenters, given the possibility 
of its future application as litigation proceeds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Overall the imposition of a non-waivable $50 fee for the Form I-589 
for the purposes of asylum is a decision made by DHS following 
publication of a proposed rule and the consideration of the public 
comments received thereon. See 84 FR 62280 (proposed rule), 85 FR 46788 
(final rule). This rule does not amend the well-established regulatory 
provisions distinguishing between fees for DHS forms and fees for EOIR 
forms, and fees for DHS forms adjudicated by EOIR, including the Form 
I-589, continue to be set by DHS. Rather, this rule merely clarifies 
when the Form I-589 fee, as determined by DHS, must be paid in the 
course of EOIR adjudications.
    Nevertheless, even though these concerns are outside the scope of 
this rulemaking, the Department disagrees with commenters' concerns 
that a $50 filing fee is inappropriate or would be unaffordable, thus 
discouraging or preventing individuals from filing meritorious asylum 
claims. Cf. Ayuda, Inc. v. Att'y Gen., 661 F. Supp. 33, 35 (D.D.C. 
1987) (rejecting concern that increased fees would limit access to 
courts), aff'd sub nom. Ayuda, Inc. v. Att'y Gen., 848 F.2d 1297 (D.C. 
Cir. 1988). The Department has no evidence--and commenters did not 
provide any--to dispute DHS's assessment that a $50 fee ``could be paid 
in one payment, would not require an alien an unreasonable amount of 
time to save, would generate some revenue to offset costs, discourage 
frivolous filings, and not be so high as to be unaffordable to even an 
indigent alien.'' 84 FR at 62320. Almost by definition, aliens seeking 
asylum have demonstrated access to financial resources by the very 
nature of their ability to travel to the United States, further 
suggesting that $50 is not an unreasonable amount to charge for an 
asylum application.\54\ For

[[Page 81733]]

similar reasons, the Department sees no reason for DHS not to assess a 
$50 fee for asylum applications filed by categories of aliens cited by 
commenters: Aliens in detention, aliens in removal proceedings who were 
returned to Mexico pursuant to the MPP, and children.\55\ The 
Department also notes that unverified generalized statements and 
anecdotal reports about asylum seekers' financial status do not provide 
information about actual hardship, particularly when they do not also 
address or account for how the alien obtained financial resources to 
make the journey to the United States in the first instance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ The Department also observes that most, if not all, aliens 
seeking asylum have, almost by definition, already demonstrated 
access to financial resources in order to travel to the United 
States, further suggesting that $50 is not an unreasonable amount to 
charge for such an application:
    While there's no fee to apply for asylum, it's not the case that 
there are no resources involved in the process. Those migrating from 
Europe or Asia need to pay for transit to the United States, as well 
as for visas allowing them onto U.S. soil. (You can't apply for 
asylum unless you're in the United States.) Those fees start at 
about $160.
    If you're migrating from Central America, you may need to pay to 
ensure you make it to the border safely.
    The New York Times reported last year that a family from El 
Salvador paid $6,000 to smugglers to transport them to the U.S.-
Mexico border. Part of the goal of the migrant caravans that have 
come north in recent months is to provide a low-cost, safe way for 
migrants to get north.
    Philip Bump, Most migration to the U.S. costs money. There's a 
reason asylum doesn't. Wash. Post (Apr. 30, 2019) (referencing a New 
York Times report about an El Salvadorean family who paid $6,000 to 
smugglers to transport them to the U.S. southern land border). 
Similarly, the Department also notes that 85 percent of pending 
asylum applicants in immigration proceedings, more than 507,000 
cases, have representation. EOIR, Workload and Adjudication 
Statistics, Current Representation Rates, (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062991/download). Although some of 
those approximately 507,000 cases with representation may have 
obtained representation pro bono, most did not. As of September 30, 
2020, EOIR records identified approximately 14,400 asylum cases with 
pro bono representation, out of over 507,000 asylum cases with 
representation overall. The ability of most aliens applying for 
asylum to retain representation at cost further suggests that a $50 
fee is not unreasonable.
    \55\ As mentioned in note 18, supra, DHS has determined to 
exempt UAC in removal proceedings from the $50 fee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department further notes that an application for statutory 
withholding of removal under section 241 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1231, or 
protection under the regulations implementing the CAT does not require 
a fee. See 8 CFR 106.2(a)(20) (establishing a $50 fee when the Form I-
589 is submitted ``[f]or filing an application for asylum status''). 
Accordingly, commenters are incorrect that the rule violates the United 
States' non-refoulement obligations set forth in the 1951 Refugee 
Convention, the 1967 Protocol, and the CAT. See R-S-C- v. Sessions, 869 
F.3d 1176, 1188 n.11 (10th Cir. 2017) (explaining that ``the Refugee 
Convention's non-refoulement principle--which prohibits the deportation 
of aliens to countries where the alien will experience persecution--is 
given full effect by the Attorney General's withholding-only rule''); 
Cazun, 856 F.3d at 257 & n.16; Ramirez-Mejia, 813 F.3d at 241; 
Maldonado, 786 F.3d at 1162 (explaining that Article 3 of the CAT, 
which sets out the non-refoulement obligations of signatories, was 
implemented in the United States by FARRA (Pub. L. 105-277, sec. 
2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2631-822) and its implementing regulations); 
see also Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 429, 441 (``[Withholding of 
removal] corresponds to Article 33.1 of the Convention. . . . [Asylum] 
by contrast, is a discretionary mechanism which gives the Attorney 
General the authority to grant the broader relief of asylum to 
refugees. As such, it does not correspond to Article 33 of the 
Convention, but instead corresponds to Article 34.'') (emphasis in 
original).
    Regarding commenters concerns that the Department must separately 
justify the establishment of an asylum application fee, the Department 
reiterates that it is not altering its longstanding treatment of fees 
related to DHS applications. 8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii). DHS has assessed a 
fee for most asylum applications, and concerns about the justifications 
for that fee are beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
    Regarding commenters' concerns about the interplay between this 
rule and other rules proposed by the Department, none of the 
Department's pending rules would impact this provision. As noted in 
other rules, and as discussed above, DHS determines whether or not to 
impose filing fees for asylum applications. None of the Department's 
pending rules, including its fee review, propose to change this 
regulatory scheme. As such, commenters' concerns over not being able to 
fully comment on this provision without seeing certain pending rules 
published as final rules are unpersuasive.
    In addition, regarding commenters' concerns about the ability of 
aliens to pay the $50 fee given USCIS's available methods of payment 
and commenters' concerns regarding the supposed difficulties that 
detained unrepresented asylum seekers and aliens subject to MPP will 
face in paying the fee, although such concerns are far beyond the scope 
of this rulemaking and more appropriately addressed to DHS, the 
Department does note that aliens who submit payments to DHS for forms, 
applications, or motions for EOIR adjudications may submit a wide range 
of payment methods to USCIS, including personal check, cashier's check, 
certified bank check, bank international money order, or foreign draft 
drawn on a financial institution in the United States and payable to 
the ``Department of Homeland Security'' in United States currency. In 
addition, aliens may have a third party provide the payment on their 
behalf. Nevertheless, as with the determination of whether to charge a 
fee for the Form I-589, the available methods of payment are determined 
by USCIS as the payment processing entity for the immigration courts. 
See 8 CFR 103.7(a)(1), 1103.7(a)(3).\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ The Department further notes that USCIS accepts electronic 
payments in certain contexts, and the Department expects that the 
availability of electronic payment methods will continue to expand 
over time. USCIS, Forms Available to File Online (June 11, 2020), 
https://www.uscis.gov/file-online/forms-available-to-file-online.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Impact on Discrete Populations \57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ The Department notes that many of the concerns commenters 
raised with respect to the effect that this rule would have on 
discrete populations are similar to concerns that commenters also 
raised with respect to asylum applicants, generally. To the extent 
there is overlap, the Department reiterates the discussion above in 
section II.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters raised a broad range of concerns with respect 
to the rule's impact on various populations that commenters have 
identified as uniquely vulnerable groups, including, inter alia, 
alleged victims of gender-based persecution, detained individuals, 
familyasylum applicants, indigenous language speakers or non-English 
speakers, children, teenagers in custody, individuals with 
disabilities, LGBTQ individuals, and individuals with mental-competency 
issues. Commenters were primarily concerned with the ability of these 
categories of aliens to meet the 15-day filing deadline or 30-day re-
filing correction deadlines.
    Commenters expressed concerns that members of such groups need more 
time than other applicants to prepare, submit, and present their cases 
in support of their applications for a variety of reasons. For example, 
commenters stated that due to severe trauma or post-traumatic stress, 
some of these populations might need additional time and the assistance 
of medical and mental health services to articulate their claims. 
Additionally, commenters stated, certain populations might face unique 
difficulties obtaining corroborative evidence to support their claims; 
for example, commenters stated that victims of gender-based violence 
may have been prevented by their traffickers or perpetrators from 
owning items that might serve as evidence. Commenters also asserted 
that some populations, such as children, might need additional time to 
familiarize themselves with processes and become comfortable with their 
advocates.
    Commenters asserted that some groups faced other unique challenges 
in preparing, submitting, and presenting their applications that may 
require additional time. For example, applicants submitting family-
based claims might need child care during proceedings because they may 
not want to speak about the harm they have suffered in front of their 
children. Additionally, commenters stated, indigenous-language speakers 
may be unable to find an interpreter to translate the Form I-589 or 
documents for submission within the regulatory deadlines. Commenters 
anecdotally asserted that some indigenous-language speakers did not 
receive credible fear interviews before

[[Page 81734]]

being placed into proceedings because the government was unable to find 
an interpreter within the requisite period of time.
    Commenters also asserted that some applicants, such as children or 
those with mental competency issues, need or require counsel to assist 
with preparation, submission, and presentation of their claims. For 
example, commenters explained that the deadline would present 
challenges for counsel working with children because their age, 
development, dependence on adults, particular vulnerabilities, and 
experienced traumas (if any) typically increase the time necessary to 
develop and corroborate their asylum claims. Further, commenters 
explained that children in government custody would have a particularly 
difficult time discussing the persecution they faced. Accordingly, 
commenters stated that immigration judges should have discretion to set 
and extend deadlines pursuant to children's specific and unique needs.
    Additionally, commenters asserted that recent changes to the law, 
such as Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 316 (A.G. 2018), have rendered 
certain claims uniquely complex. Some commenters asserted that Congress 
had recognized a specific obligation to treat children humanely and 
fairly, and EOIR had recognized that cases involving children could be 
uniquely complex. Commenters asserted that some uniquely situated 
applicants, such as detained individuals and children, already face 
logistical barriers to access to counsel and legal information. 
Accordingly, commenters asserted, such applicants may be especially 
disadvantaged by the rule to the extent that it would limit or further 
exacerbate their already limited access to counsel.
    Furthermore, with respect to individuals with mental competency 
issues, some commenters expressed concerns that issues of incompetence 
might not be identified until an individual had made several court 
appearances. One organization anecdotally stated that it had accepted 
National Qualified Representative Program (NQRP) cases, see EOIR, 
National Qualified Representative Program (Feb. 18, 2020) (hereinafter 
``EOIR, NQRP''), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/national-qualified-representative-program-nqrp, in which detained clients had 
appeared in court for months before anyone raised the issue of 
incompetence. Commenters also generally asserted that the 15-day 
deadline for submitting applications might would proceed in violation 
of their rights such rights would be violated. Lastly, commenters 
alleged that the rule would violate the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. See 
29 U.S.C. 794(a).
    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments, supra, and adds the following further response. In general, 
commenters on this point misapprehended the rule; provided speculative 
hypothetical generalizations that do not account for the case-by-case, 
individualized decision-making associated with adjudicating asylum 
applications; and made assertions rooted in the rule's failure to align 
with the commenters' policy preferences, rather than the identification 
of specific legal deficiencies or other factors the Department should 
consider. See Home Box Office, 567 F.2d at 35 n.58 (``In determining 
what points are significant, the `arbitrary and capricious' standard of 
review must be kept in mind. Thus only comments which, if true, raise 
points relevant to the agency's decision and which, if adopted, would 
require a change in an agency's proposed rule cast doubt on the 
reasonableness of a position taken by the agency. Moreover, comments 
which themselves are purely speculative and do not disclose the factual 
or policy basis on which they rest require no response. There must be 
some basis for thinking a position taken in opposition to the agency is 
true.'').
    Asylum seekers come from a wide range of backgrounds and personal 
circumstances, and the Department recognizes that no rule can account 
for the backgrounds and circumstances of the hundreds of thousands of 
aliens who seek asylum. Nevertheless, the Department disagrees that the 
sorts of speculative challenges raised by the commenters are sufficient 
to outweigh the benefits obtained from this rule's implementation, 
including benefits that would inure to those with meritorious asylum 
claims. Further, in a vacuum, the Department has difficulty responding 
to commenters' generalized statements about various populations, trauma 
experienced by those populations, and other asserted difficulties 
because asylum applications are adjudicated based on their specific 
facts, not on generalized speculative assertions.\58\ The Department 
believes that the timelines set are generally appropriate for the 
majority of cases for the reasons discussed above, and that 
determinations about extending such deadlines are more appropriately 
made on a case-by-case basis rather than providing a categorical 
exception for certain types of applicants, as commenters suggest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ For example, commenters' concerns about mental illness, 
trauma, and developmental challenges may certainly fall within the 
rule's good-cause exception for the filing deadline or within the 
exceptional circumstances exception to the statutory 180-day 
adjudication deadline in particular cases if those concerns are 
credible. However, the Department cannot make a blanket 
determination based solely on generalizations without context that 
such situations will always constitute exceptions because each case 
is considered on its own merits. Moreover, the credibility of such 
assertions will always be at issue because they provide an exception 
to the general rule, and it is difficult, if not impossible, for the 
Department to make generalized credibility determinations in a 
rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Neither the 15-day filing deadline nor the 30-day correction 
deadline imposes one-size-fits-all deadlines. In cases where 
applicants' unique circumstances necessitate additional time to 
prepare, submit, or present their asylum applications, the Department 
reiterates that the immigration judge is authorized to consider 
extending these timelines on a case-by-case basis. See 8 CFR 
1208.3(c)(3) (stating that failure to correct deficiencies within 30 
days will result in abandonment of an application and waiver of the 
opportunity to file such application ``absent exceptional circumstances 
as defined in Sec.  1003.10(b)''); 8 CFR 1208.4(d) (stating, with 
respect to the 15-day filing deadline, that ``[t]he immigration judge 
may extend the deadline for good cause.''). In general, determining 
whether ``good cause'' or ``exceptional circumstances'' exist would 
likely include consideration of the factors that commenters asserted 
arise with respect to the broad types of asylum applicants identified 
by the commenters.
    In addition, the Department notes that an immigration judge's 
discretionary determination with respect to whether an alien merits 
either an extension of the 15-day deadline or demonstrated exceptional 
circumstances to extend the 30-day refiling deadline may be appealed to 
the Board in cases where the issue has been properly preserved for 
appeal. Accordingly, further review and protection is available for 
these classes of applicants.
    In short, the Department acknowledges commenters' concerns about 
discrete groups of individuals and has fully considered them; however, 
the rule does not single out any discretely-labeled groups, nor does it 
preclude the groups identified by commenters from pursuing their 
claims. To the extent that aliens within those groups have meritorious 
claims, the rule will, in fact, ensure that those claims are 
adjudicated expeditiously, especially for aliens in detention. The rule 
also provides sufficient safeguards in situations in which individuals 
may need additional time, and commenters' unfounded

[[Page 81735]]

assertions to the contrary are not persuasive. The rule is consistent 
with due process, aids in the protection of the groups identified, and 
provides benefits that far outweigh any concrete concerns raised by 
commenters.
    With respect to commenter concerns regarding mental competency 
issues, the Department notes that there is existing agency protocol for 
ensuring that proceedings involving such individuals are fair, 
including forensic competency evaluations and implementing safeguards, 
where appropriate. See Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I&N Dec. 474, 474, 477, 
480-81 (BIA 2011); EOIR, NQRP. The Department acknowledges, as 
commenters stated, that mental competency issues might arise after 
numerous hearings. However, as case law has always considered, mental 
competency ``is not a static condition.'' Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I&N Dec. 
at 480. ``It varies in degree. It can vary over time. It interferes 
with an individual's functioning at different times in different 
ways.'' Id. (quotation omitted). Thus, immigration judges must 
``consider indicia of incompetency throughout the course of proceedings 
to determine whether an alien's condition has deteriorated or, on the 
other hand, whether competency has been restored.'' Id. The Department 
notes that ``neither party bears a formal burden of proof to establish 
the respondent's mental competency or incompetency.'' Matter of J-S-S-, 
26 I&N Dec. 679, 681 (BIA 2015). Thus, if an immigration judge observes 
indicia of incompetency, regardless of whether a party argues that such 
indicia are present, an immigration judge must make a competency 
determination and implement the appropriate safeguards, where 
necessary. Id. at 680, 681 (citing Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I&N Dec. at 
474, 477, 480-81).
    Although an immigration judge must make a competency determination 
when indicia of competency are present, this does not mean that an 
immigration judge should delay proceedings indefinitely simply because 
indicia might arise later in any particular case. The Department 
believes that the existing protocols, in conjunction with the 
immigration judge's authority to extend filing deadlines in appropriate 
situations and the various exceptions provided by the rule, are 
sufficient to ensure fairness towards applicants with mental competency 
issues. Moreover, the Department disagrees with commenter concerns that 
this rule would violate the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. See 29 U.S.C. 
794(a). This rule is broadly applicable to all applicants, does not 
impose any particular requirements on applicants with disabilities, 
does not prevent applicants with disabilities from participating in 
immigration proceedings, and provides that immigration judges may 
extend regulatory timelines in appropriate situations.
e. Impact on Pro Se Aliens
    Comment: Commenters were concerned that the filing deadlines would 
disproportionately and detrimentally affect pro se aliens and interfere 
with the ability of those aliens to seek and obtain counsel. As a 
result, commenters alleged that the Department was engaging in a 
pattern or practice of discrimination against a discrete and insular 
minority comprised of current and future pro se asylum applicants. The 
commenters alleged that the deadline deprived pro se asylum seekers 
equal protection under the law and therefore violated the Fifth 
Amendment's equal protection guarantee. See U.S. Const. amend. V.
    Further, for pro se aliens, commenters were concerned that the 
rule's deadlines were too short for pro se aliens to complete the 
complex application on their own, particularly considering language 
barriers, trauma, education levels, and lack of familiarity or 
understanding of complex immigration laws.
    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments, supra, and adds the following further response. In general, 
commenters on this point again misapprehended the rule; provided 
speculative, hypothetical generalizations that do not account for the 
case-by-case and individualized decision-making used to adjudicate 
asylum applications; and, made assertions rooted in the rule's failure 
to align with the commenters' policy preferences rather than the 
identification of specific legal deficiencies or other factors the 
Department should consider.
    The rule does not harm pro se aliens and does not impact the 
availability of pro bono representation. To the contrary, expeditious 
consideration of the asylum applications that detained aliens file may 
increase pro bono representation. See, e.g., HRF Report supra. To the 
extent that commenters posited hypothetical scenarios about particular 
characteristics of pro se aliens, the Department notes that if such 
scenarios are reflected by actual applicants, then the immigration 
judge can consider whether any factors referenced by the commenters 
warrant an extension of the filing deadline.
    Given the limited available avenues for relief or protection; the 
common goal of providing relief or protection to aliens with 
meritorious claims as quickly as possible, especially those who are 
detained; and the risk of loss or degradation of evidence with the 
passing of time, the Department believes the benefits of the rule, on 
balance, far outweigh the speculative concerns raised by commenters.
    The Department further notes that nothing in the rule prohibits 
nonprofit organizations, pro bono groups, or any other class of 
representatives from taking an alien's case at a later point in the 
proceedings. An alien who obtains counsel may also choose a 
representative at any point in the proceedings, including after filing 
an application. Thus, pro se aliens have more opportunities to obtain 
assistance that many commenters suggested.
    The Department also notes that 85% of aliens with pending asylum 
cases have representation. EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Current 
Representation Rates (Oct. 13, 2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir//file/1062991/download. For those who do not, 
there are multiple avenues they may pursue to obtain representation. 
See EOIR, Find Legal Representation (Oct. 1, 2020), available at 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/find-legal-representation.\59\ 
Nevertheless, the Department has fully considered the possible impacts 
of this rule on the relatively small pro se population of aliens who 
seek asylum before EOIR. However, the rule does not single such aliens 
out for particular treatment under EOIR's procedures. Moreover, 
immigration court procedures are generally not excused for pro se 
respondents, just as they are not excused generally for pro se civil 
litigants. See, e.g., McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993) 
(``[W]e have never suggested that procedural rules in ordinary civil 
litigation should be interpreted so as to excuse mistakes by those who 
proceed without counsel.''); Edwards v. INS, 59 F.3d 5, 8-9 (2d Cir. 
1995) (rejecting a pro se alien litigant's arguments for being excused 
from Federal court procedural

[[Page 81736]]

requirements due to his pro se status). Although the Department 
acknowledges the challenges faced by pro se litigants and recommends 
that all aliens obtain representation, nothing in the rule singles out 
pro se aliens or has the effect of exacerbating their situation.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Although the Department acknowledges that nonprofit 
organizations and pro bono volunteers, like all legal 
representatives, may face unforeseen challenges confronting new 
rules or procedures, the Department is confident that such 
representatives will be able to handle such changes, just as they do 
in any other court system, and will continue to be able to provide 
assistance and resources to aliens in proceedings before EOIR. 
Moreover, as discussed throughout this rule, most of this rule's 
provisions are simply codifications of longstanding principles that 
have been applicable to practitioners for years, including the 
ability of an immigration judge to establish and extend filing 
deadlines, to introduce evidence, and to ensure asylum applications 
are adjudicated consistent with regulatory and statutory 
authorities.
    \60\ There is no evidence that the shorter filing deadline in 8 
CFR 1208.5(b) has discriminated against pro se aliens in any way, 
and commenters did not allege that it had. Further, even if that 
deadline had a discriminatory impact, as commenters alleged the rule 
will, it would not--and the rule does not--violate the Fifth 
Amendment's equal protection guarantee, see U.S. Const. amend. V., 
because it does not burden fundamental rights. See Heller v. Doe, 
509 U.S. 312, 319 (1993) (affording a strong presumption of validity 
to a classification that does not involve fundamental rights or 
proceedings along suspect lines).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, there is at least a rational basis for the rule's 
deadline. Establishing a deadline, as explained in 85 FR at 59694, 
reduces the risk of delayed filing, which, in turn, reduces the risk of 
delayed grants of protection or relief for meritorious claims and 
reduces the risk of degradation or loss of evidence over time. Cf. 
DeSousa v. Reno, 190 F.3d 175, 184 (3d Cir. 1999) (``[D]isparate 
treatment of different groups of aliens triggers only rational basis 
review under equal protection doctrine. . . . Under this minimal 
standard of review, a classification is accorded `a strong presumption 
of validity' and the government has no obligation to produce evidence 
to sustain its rationality.'') (citing Francis v. Immigration and 
Naturalization Serv., 532 F.2d 268, 272 (2d Cir. 1976) (internal 
citations omitted). It is also consistent with a similar existing 
deadline in 8 CFR 1208.5(b), a regulatory directive in 8 CFR 1208.5(a) 
to adjudicate cases of detained aliens expeditiously, and the 
longstanding authority in 8 CFR 1003.31(c) of immigration judges to set 
deadlines. In short, the rule does not violate due process for pro se 
aliens, just as it does not violate due process for any category of 
aliens.
    Additionally, the Department disagrees that pro se aliens cannot 
meet the 15-day filing deadline or cure any deficiencies in their 
applications within 30 days. The Form I-589 spans eight pages--plus an 
additional page for signatures and supplemental pages, as needed--and 
DHS estimates the time necessary to review the instructions and 
complete and submit the form is 12 hours. See U.S. Citizenship and 
Immigration Services, Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for 
Withholding of Removal, OMB No. 1615-0067 (Aug. 25, 2020), available at 
https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-589.pdf; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Form I-589, Application for 
Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, Instructions, OMB No. 1615-0067 
(Aug. 25, 2020), available at https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files//forms/i-589instr.pdf. Instructions to Form I-589 are available 
and written to assist applicants with or without representation. See 
id.; see also note 26, supra (discussing the wide availability of 
information on applying for asylum, including information in multiple 
languages).
    Further, apart from seeking representation, many pro se aliens may 
access various resources to assist them in completing this form. Within 
the Department's Office of Legal Access Programs, a wide variety of 
self-help materials and legal centers, workshops, and orientations are 
available to assist aliens if they so choose. See Executive Office for 
Immigration Review, Office of Legal Access Programs (Feb. 19, 2020), 
available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/office-of-legal-access-programs. Considering that aliens in asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings are only eligible for relief available through Form I-589, 
see 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(3)(i), the Department believes that the 15-day 
deadline is sufficient to complete the Form I-589 and that 30 days is 
sufficient to correct any deficiencies, including for a pro se alien. 
The existence of the possibility of an extension of those deadlines 
further provides a safety net for pro se aliens to ensure that their 
applications are completed in a timely and accurate manner.
5. Concerns With Form I-589 Procedures
a. Supplementing the Record
i. Evidence From Non-Governmental Sources
    Comment: Commenters raised concerns with the rule's clarification 
on the evidentiary standards for the admission of non-governmental 
source evidence. Commenters claimed that the rule would create a double 
standard by treating governmental sources as automatically reliable 
while requiring foreign government and non-governmental sources to meet 
a ``credible and probative'' standard. Commenters stated that this was 
particularly problematic because United States governmental sources are 
subject to political pressures and often do not present accurate or 
complete depictions of conditions in other countries. One commenter 
claimed that this would violate the Refugee Act, which aimed to remove 
political or foreign policy influence from asylum determinations.
    Commenters were also concerned that the ``credible and probative'' 
standard was a new, higher standard than the existing probative 
standard for evidentiary submissions and that the term ``credible'' 
only exists in asylum law as it relates to oral testimony. Commenters 
further claimed that requiring a ``credible and probative'' standard 
would limit or exclude the evidence that an alien could submit, which 
would in turn violate an alien's due process right to present evidence.
    Moreover, commenters expressed concern that the ``credible and 
probative standard'' could be used in conjunction with a separate 
proposed rulemaking which would establish that evidence promoting 
cultural stereotypes was inadmissible, to inappropriately exclude 
evidence that would support an applicant's claim. See 85 FR at 36264. 
Specifically, commenters expressed concern that immigration judges 
would mischaracterize the ``quality'' of submitted evidence in order to 
bar admission of evidence that might support an applicant's claim and, 
under the other proposed rule, refuse to submit evidence based on the 
substance. Commenters suggested that it would be inappropriate for 
immigration judges to bar the admission of evidence that might in 
substance support an applicant's claim based on the ``quality of the 
messenger.'' Additionally, commenters stated that the standard would 
minimize the value of non-governmental sources such as non-governmental 
organization reports, which commenters claimed were very reliable, and 
would thereby diminish the credibility of such sources.
    Lastly, commenters requested the Department provide a definition of 
``credible and probative,'' claiming that the standard was unclear and 
could fail a vagueness challenge.
    Response: As an initial point, commenters did not generally explain 
why it would be appropriate for an immigration judge to consider 
evidence from non-credible source or that is not probative, and the 
Department is aware of no such reason. Evidence from non-credible 
sources of that is not probative provides no assistance to an 
adjudicator almost by definition, and the Department is unaware of any 
justification for allowing the consideration of such evidence. 
Similarly, commenters' assertions that immigration judges would 
mischaracterize evidence rest on the tacit suggestion that immigration 
judges are incompetent or unethical and are either incapable or 
unwilling to adhere

[[Page 81737]]

to applicable law. As discussed elsewhere in this final rule, that 
assertion is unsupported and appears to stem from the personal biases 
or policy preferences of commenters, rather than any objective 
evaluation of immigration judges. Chem. Found., Inc., 272 U.S. at 14-15 
(``The presumption of regularity supports the official acts of public 
officers, and, in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, courts 
presume that they have properly discharged their official duties.''). 
Moreover, such unsupported and tendentious assertions provide no basis 
for the Department to alter the NPRM.
    Further, this rule does not change the longstanding standards for 
the admission of evidence in immigration proceedings--whether the 
evidence is probative and its admission is fundamentally fair. See 
Matter of Y-S-L-C-, 26 I&N Dec. 688, 690 (BIA 2015) (explaining that 
``the test for admitting evidence is whether it is probative and its 
admission is fundamentally fair''); Nyama v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 812, 
816 (8th Cir. 2004) (stating that the ``traditional rules of evidence 
do not apply to immigration proceedings'' and that the ``sole test for 
admission of evidence is whether the evidence is probative and its 
admission is fundamentally fair'') (quoting Espinoza v. INS, 45 F.3d 
308, 310 (9th Cir. 1995)). Once admitted, the immigration judge must 
then weigh the evidence to determine whether the burden of proof has 
been met. See, e.g., Le Bin Zhu v. Holder, 622 F.3d 87, 92 (1st Cir. 
2010) (affording less evidentiary weight to an unauthenticated foreign 
local government notice); Song Wang v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 615, 622 (7th 
Cir. 2007) (giving ``little weight'' to an unauthenticated foreign 
certificate). In weighing the evidence, the immigration judge may look 
to the credibility of the source. The rule simply clarifies that 
foreign government and non-governmental \61\ sources are not 
automatically presumed credible, and evidence from these sources is not 
presumed probative, as the prior regulatory language may have 
unintentionally implied.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ The Department notes that, consistent with common 
understanding and typical linguistic usage, an alien testifying in 
support of his or her own application is not considered a ``non-
governmental source.'' Whether an alien's testimony in support of 
his or her own application is credible will continue to be assessed 
based on applicable law. See, e.g., INA 208(b)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (outlining the bases for the credibility 
determination of an asylum applicant).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Contrary to commenters' claims, this clarification has no effect on 
the ability of aliens to present evidence. See, e.g., Colmenar v. INS, 
210 F.3d 967, 971 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding a due process violation when 
the alien was not provided a reasonable opportunity to present 
evidence). Instead, immigration judges will continue to review all 
evidence presented and determine admissibility and weight accordingly. 
The rule is also not intended to make any implicit negative judgments 
on the general credibility of foreign government or non-governmental 
sources and does not change the immigration judges' process of weighing 
evidence in applying burdens of proof. See, e.g., 8 CFR 1240.8 (burdens 
of proof in removal proceedings).
    Moreover, the rule does not mean that evidence from governmental 
sources is always admissible, as such evidence must still be relevant 
or probative. For example, in an asylum case involving an alien from 
Guatemala, the State Department report on conditions in Australia would 
not be probative of conditions in Guatemala. In general, however, State 
Department reports are considered ``highly probative evidence and are 
usually the best source of information on conditions in foreign 
nations.'' Matter of H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I&N Dec. 209, 213 (BIA 2010) 
(abrogated on other grounds by Hui Lin Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 
(2d Cir. 2012)); see also Sowe v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1281, 1285 (9th 
Cir. 2008) (``U.S. Department of State country reports are the `most 
appropriate and perhaps the best resource for information on political 
situations in foreign nations.' '') (quoting Kazlauskas v. INS, 46 F.3d 
902, 906 (9th Cir. 1995)); accord 8 CFR 1208.11 (expressly allowing 
immigration judges to seek comments from the State Department regarding 
asylum applications). In particular, State Department reports offer 
both a country-wide perspective and localized comparisons that are 
particularly relevant for internal relocation determinations, 8 CFR 
1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (2)(ii), and are often missing from reports from 
other sources. See, e.g., Department of State, Bureau of Conflict and 
Stabilization Operations, Northern Triangle Country Conditions: Ranking 
the Highest and Lowest Areas of Reported Homicides, Disappearances, and 
Extortion (May 2019), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1180706/download (discussing rates of homicides, disappearances, and extortion 
at a municipality level in countries with high rates of asylum 
applications).
    Despite commenters' concerns, once admitted as evidence, State 
Department reports warrant particular consideration because of their 
credible source: The ``collective expertise and experience of the 
Department of State, which has diplomatic and consular representatives 
throughout the world.'' Matter of H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I&N Dec. at 213. 
The same logic applies to documents from other United States 
governmental agencies within their areas of expertise.
    Based on this assessment, the Department believes that immigration 
judges should continue to rely on United States governmental sources, 
if relevant or probative, and should generally consider them as 
evidence when deciding an asylum case. The Department notes that the 
rule does not prevent asylum applicants from submitting additional 
probative evidence from credible sources if they believe that evidence 
from a United States governmental source has not provided a complete 
account of conditions in a foreign country or from arguing why, in a 
particular case, an immigration judge should afford less weight to any 
particular evidence, including evidence from government sources. 
Similarly, the rule does not prevent the immigration judge from 
weighing such information together in making the judge's final 
determination on whether the parties have met their burden of proof.
    The Department disagrees with commenters that this rule could be 
used in conjunction with an earlier proposed rule which, if finalized, 
would bar admission of pernicious, unfounded evidence that is 
predicated upon harmful stereotypes from being entered into the record, 
to improperly reject evidence that may support an applicant's claim. 85 
FR at 6282; cf. Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 336 n. 9 (``On this 
point, I note that conclusory assertions of countrywide negative 
cultural stereotypes, such as A-R-C-G-'s broad charge that Guatemala 
has a `culture of machismo and family violence' based on an unsourced 
partial quotation from a news article eight years earlier, neither 
contribute to an analysis of the particularity requirement nor 
constitute appropriate evidence to support such asylum 
determinations.''). Both rules are ultimately about barring admission 
of baseless, incredible, and non-probative evidence, whether because of 
the source or the content of the evidence. To the extent that 
commenters suggest that immigration judges would choose to bar evidence 
that does not support a particular narrative, i.e., suggesting that 
immigration judges are partial to a particular narrative or 
disposition, the Department strongly disagrees. As discussed at length, 
infra, section II.C.5.a.ii, EOIR's immigration judges are impartial 
adjudicators, and are not

[[Page 81738]]

expected to predetermine the admissibility of evidence based upon 
whether it supports a particular narrative.
    Finally, the Department does not believe that the credible and 
probative standards require any additional definitional language, as 
these have been part of the evidentiary standards for decades without 
apparent confusion. See, e.g., Trias-Hernandez v. INS, 528 F.2d 366, 
369-70 (9th Cir. 1975) (applying the probative evidence test).
ii. Authority of the Immigration Judge To Supplement the Record
    Comment: Commenters expressed concerns that the rule would 
undermine the immigration judge's neutrality or exacerbate an existing 
lack of neutrality. Specifically, commenters stated that the rule would 
improperly expand an immigration judge's power and that allowing 
immigration judges to introduce evidence into the record conflicts with 
their role as neutral arbiters of the law. Other commenters complained 
that immigration judges are already biased, citing some immigration 
judges' previous employment history with DHS, decisions from the 
Federal courts that acknowledge biased decisions from immigration 
judges, and records alleging EOIR misconduct. Commenters stated that 
allowing immigration judges to submit their own evidence would put them 
in the posture of a prosecutor or defense attorney rather than a judge. 
Some commenters suggested that immigration judges would work in tandem 
with DHS attorneys to deny asylum claims. Commenters stated that a rule 
that undermined an adjudicator's impartiality would undermine aliens' 
due process rights. Commenters expressed concerns that immigration 
judges would have pre-prepared country conditions evidence packets to 
submit during removal proceedings, which they alleged would be 
improper.
    Commenters generally stated that this rule would be harmful to 
aliens, and several commenters alleged that the rule would be 
particularly harmful to certain discrete populations or pro se aliens. 
Commenters asserted that pro se aliens may be less able to present 
evidence on their own behalf in support of their claims. Additionally, 
commenters stated that the rule does not explicitly state whether pro 
se aliens will be told that they have a right to object to the 
evidence.
    Commenters expressed concern that the rule did not provide 
sufficient guidance or protections for aliens in proceedings in which 
the immigration judge introduces evidence into the record. For example, 
commenters expressed concern that the rule did not specify the period 
of time in which parties must respond to evidence submitted by the 
immigration judge or provide guidance that parties could respond to 
such evidence. Commenters suggested that the rule's language stating 
that parties should have an opportunity to respond or object to 
evidence was at odds with the chapter 3.1(b) of the Immigration Court 
Practice Manual, which requires parties to submit evidence at least 15 
days before a hearing.
    Commenters suggested that immigration judges would not fairly hear 
challenges to the evidence the immigration judge may have submitted. 
Some commenters speculated that parties, particularly pro se immigrants 
and vulnerable populations, would be too intimidated to raise 
objections to evidence submitted by the immigration judge. Other 
commenters expressed concerns that the rule failed to provide guidance 
regarding what types of evidence immigration judges may include. 
Further, commenters opposed the rule because they claimed it failed to 
specify whether parties would have the opportunity to submit comments 
or objections in writing to evidence submitted by the immigration 
judge.
    Commenters were concerned that non-English speakers would not 
understand English-language documents submitted by an immigration 
judge. Commenters stated that there was no provision allowing for a 
continuance for the parties to review and respond to the newly 
introduced evidence.
    Commenters stated that the rule would violate section 240(b)(1) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(1), which provides that ``[t]he immigration 
judge shall administer oaths, receive evidence, and interrogate, 
examine, and cross-examine the alien and any witnesses.'' Specifically, 
commenters asserted that Congress did not intend to confer authority on 
immigration judges to submit evidence because the statute specified 
only that the immigration judge may receive evidence but was silent 
with respect to whether the immigration judge could submit evidence. 
Commenters further stated that, prior to the IIRIRA amendments, the Act 
authorized immigration judges to ``present and receive evidence,'' 
which commenters believed further demonstrated that Congress did not 
intend for immigration judges to have the authority to submit evidence 
into the record. Commenters similarly stated that the rule conflicts 
with the regulations at 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (stating that immigration 
judges may ``receive evidence'') and 8 CFR 1240.1(c) (stating that 
immigration judges may ``receive and consider material and relevant 
evidence'').
    Some commenters suggested that the rule was at odds with other 
recent agency rulemakings, such as 85 FR 36264 (addressing 
admissibility of stereotype evidence) (proposed), and 85 FR 52491 
(limiting immigration judges' discretion by restricting their sua 
sponte authority to reopen cases) (proposed).
    Some commenters stated that the rule would be ineffective at 
addressing inconsistencies and defects in immigration courts, such as, 
the commenters claimed, disparate patterns in immigration-judge 
decisions. Commenters stated that the rule would similarly be 
ineffective at achieving its purpose of allowing decisions to be made 
after full consideration of the evidence.
    Some commenters stated that the rule would be inefficient at 
reducing overloaded dockets because immigration judges would be 
responsible for searching for evidence and consulting with parties 
about such evidence, which the commenter opined would require a great 
deal of time and resources and result in more appeals to the Federal 
circuit courts.
    Commenters recommended a number of changes to the rule, including 
allowing immigration judges to submit only favorable evidence to the 
alien. Commenters suggested that such a rule would be similar to 
procedures already in place at other government agencies, such as the 
Social Security Administration and Department of Veterans Affairs.
    Commenters were concerned that the rule did not provide sufficient 
guidance regarding how immigration judges should consider and respond 
to objections to their admission of evidence on the record.
    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments, supra, and adds the following further response. As an initial 
point, few, if any, commenters acknowledged that immigration judges 
have been tasked with developing the record in asylum cases for many 
years, including by submitting evidence on their own authority, with no 
noted concerns, challenges, or complaints. See 85 FR at 59695 
(collecting authorities). Indeed, ``various guidelines for asylum 
adjudicators,'' including ones such as the UNHCR whose views most 
commenters otherwise supported, ``recommend the introduction of 
evidence by the adjudicator.'' Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I&N Dec. at 729 
(citing UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and

[[Page 81739]]

Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and 
the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees paras. 203, 204, 
at 48 (1992)). Thus, the rule merely codifies a long-accepted and well-
recognized practice.
    As discussed, supra, the Department strongly disagrees with 
commenters' suggestions that immigration judges are biased or 
incompetent and will ignore applicable law or make decisions on factors 
outside of the record and the law. The Department is confident that 
EOIR's immigration judge corps adheres to the highest levels of 
professionalism and will continue to apply their independent judgment 
and discretion, 8 CFR 1003.10(b), when evaluating asylum applications. 
Generalized, ad hominem allegations of bias or impropriety are 
insufficient to ``overcome a presumption of honesty and integrity in 
those serving as adjudicators.'' Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. at 47. As 
such, the Department declines to accept commenters' broad and unfounded 
asseverations that immigration judges are biased against aliens and 
will utilize this rule to effectuate those biases. Chem. Found., Inc., 
272 U.S. at 14-15 (``The presumption of regularity supports the 
official acts of public officers, and, in the absence of clear evidence 
to the contrary, courts presume that they have properly discharged 
their official duties.'').
    Relatedly, most commenters failed to recognize or acknowledge the 
inherent neutrality and impartiality of immigration judges. See 
Executive Office for Immigration Review, Ethics and Professionalism 
Guide for Immigration Judges, sec. V (Jan. 26, 2011), available at 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/sibpages/IJConduct/EthicsandProfessionalismGuideforIJs.pdf (``An Immigration Judge shall 
act impartially and shall not give preferential treatment to any 
organization or individual when adjudicating the merits of a particular 
case.''); see also 5 CFR 2635.101(b)(8) (``[Federal Government] 
[e]mployees shall act impartially and not give preferential treatment 
to any private organization or individual.''). Further, commenters 
failed to understand that evidence is designed to assist the 
factfinder--i.e., the immigration judge--rather than to benefit one 
party over another. In short, commenters' tendentious views that 
immigration judges are routinely biased against aliens and that the 
rule will promote their biases is wholly unfounded in law and practice 
\62\ and completely inapposite to the purposes served by evidentiary 
submissions in an immigration hearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ The Department further notes that complaints of misconduct 
against immigration judges have declined for three consecutive 
fiscal years, even as the size of the corps has grown to its largest 
level in the Department's history. See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics 
(Oct. 23, 2019), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1163621/download; Immigration Judge (IJ) Complaints (Oct. 2020), available 
at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1104851/download.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department disagrees with commenters' concerns that this rule 
would undermine the immigration judge's role as a neutral arbiter. The 
rule amends the regulations so that immigration judges may, in their 
discretion, consider evidence that has not been presented by the 
parties in order to make their determinations. Nothing in the rule has 
any bearing on judicial interpretations of such evidence. The 
Department fully expects, as mandated by regulation, that in complying 
with this rule, immigration judges to continue to conduct themselves as 
neutral arbiters of the law. See 8 CFR 1003.10(b); see also 5 CFR 
2635.101(b)(8).
    Notably, immigration judges have long had the authority and duty to 
manage immigration court hearings, including creating and controlling 
the record of proceeding, and to fully develop the record, while 
impartially adjudicating cases before them. 8 CFR 1003.10(b); see also 
8 CFR 1003.36 (``The Immigration Court shall create and control the 
Record of Proceeding.''). It is also consistent with an immigration 
judge's duty to develop the record. See 85 FR at 59695 (collecting 
authorities).
    Commenters' suggestions that immigration judges might create 
standard country conditions packets of evidence that they might enter 
into the record did not explain why such evidence would be 
inappropriate or improper. As a matter of standard practice, both 
parties already submit standard (and voluminous) packets of country 
conditions evidence of varying degrees of probative value. In cases 
where country conditions evidence is lacking--e.g., the most recent 
relevant State Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices--
many immigration judges already provide copies of such evidence to both 
parties. Commenters did not explain why allowing immigration judges to 
provide standard country conditions reports--longstanding and credible 
sources of directly relevant information that frequently require the 
submitting party to print out hundreds of pages--would be improper, and 
the Department is unaware of any reason to conclude that it would be. 
Further, such a procedure, which, again, is already commonly employed 
by immigration judges, particularly pursuant to Matter of S-M-J-, would 
not undermine the immigration judge's neutrality or the fairness of 
proceedings. The immigration judge would weigh such evidence, like any 
evidence submitted into the record pursuant to this rule, against all 
other evidence of record in issuing a final determination. Moreover, to 
the extent that commenters' concerns are actually rooted in a tacit 
belief that additional probative evidence exists that has not been 
submitted by an asylum applicant and would call into doubt the validity 
of the applicant's claim, the Department finds the suggestions that 
immigration judges should decide cases without as much probative 
evidence as possible or that it is preferable for immigration judges to 
decide cases with less probative evidence utterly unpersuasive.
    The Department reiterates its rejection of any implication that 
EOIR's corps of immigration judges is biased. Immigration judges, who 
have been selected based on merit, are required to adjudicate cases in 
an ``impartial manner,'' 8 CFR 1003.10(b), exercise ``independent 
judgment and discretion,'' id., and ``should not be swayed by partisan 
interests or public clamor,'' Executive Office for Immigration Review, 
Ethics and Professionalism Guide for Immigration Judges, sec. VIII 
(Jan. 26, 2011), available at https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/05/23/EthicsandProfessionalismGuideforIJs.pdf. 
Regardless of previous experience, immigration judges are sworn in and 
governed by the same regulations and ethical standards to be neutral 
and impartial. Nothing in this rule affects those obligations, and 
commenters' unfounded accusations of bias leading to due process 
violations are insufficient to ``overcome a presumption of honesty and 
integrity in those serving as adjudicators.'' Withrow v. Larkin, 421 
U.S. at 47.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ Although the Department acknowledges prior high-profile 
criticisms of immigration judge bias by circuit courts, see, e.g., 
Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2006) (``Unfortunately, 
this is not the first time that the courtroom conduct of IJ 
[Jeffrey] Chase has been later questioned by this Court. By our 
count, this is the seventh time that we have criticized IJ Chase's 
conduct during hearings. Our recent opinion . . . described IJ 
Chase's `apparent bias against [the applicant] and perhaps other 
Chinese asylum applicants,' . . . and five summary orders in our 
Circuit have expressed similar concerns about IJ Chase's remarks and 
demeanor while conducting hearings.'') (internal citations omitted), 
and notes that commenters also cited to federal court cases that 
discuss or touch upon immigration judge bias, Ali v. Mukasey, 529 
F.3d 478 (2d Cir. 2008); Wang v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 423 F.3d 260 
(3d Cir. 2005); Zuh v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 504 (4th Cir. 2008); 
Floroiu v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 970 (7th Cir. 2007); Tun v. Gonzales, 
485 F.3d 1014 (8th Cir. 2007), the concerns reflected by these cases 
are more than a decade old. More recent information reflects that 
complaints of misconduct against immigration judges have fallen for 
three consecutive fiscal years despite a significant increase in the 
size of the corps. See Executive Office for Immigration Review, 
Adjudication Statistics: Immigration Judge (IJ) Complaints (Oct. 
2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1104851/download. Nevertheless, to the extent that commenters remain 
concerned about the bias or other conduct of immigration judges, the 
Department notes that EOIR has developed a mechanism for raising 
such complaints specifically for the purpose of addressing bias by 
EOIR adjudicators. See Executive Office for Immigration Review, EOIR 
Adjudicator Complaint Process Summary (rev. Oct. 15, 2018), 
available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file//download (``In 
instances where concerns regarding the conduct of an immigration 
judge, board member, or administrative law judge (collectively, 
adjudicator) arise, EOIR is committed to ensuring that any 
allegations of judicial misconduct are investigated and resolved in 
a fair and expeditious manner.'').

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 81740]]

    The Department rejects commenters' insinuations that immigration 
judges would not be impartial in entering evidence to the record or 
would only introduce evidence that would be damaging to an alien's 
claim. Immigration judges are bound by regulation to ``resolve the 
questions before them in a timely and impartial manner.'' 8 CFR 
1003.10(b) (emphasis added); see also 5 CFR 2635.101(b)(8) 
(``[Immigration judges] shall act impartially and not give preferential 
treatment to any private organization or individual.''). The rule 
permits immigration judges to submit probative evidence from credible 
sources into the record. Such evidence may benefit either party, 
depending on the larger context and facts of the case, but the purpose 
of the rule is not to assist either party. The purpose is to allow the 
adjudicator, consistent with current practice and case law, to develop 
the record sufficiently to make an informed decision regarding the 
merits of the case. Allegations regarding whether such procedures, 
which are already well-established, will benefit one party over another 
are both grossly speculative and wholly inapposite. Additionally, this 
rulemaking does not bar parties from submitting their own evidence, so 
long as it is admissible. It merely permits the immigration judge to 
submit additional evidence where necessary and in an exercise of 
discretion, so that the immigration judge may render a decision based 
upon a fully developed and probative record.
    The Department disagrees with commenters' concerns that authorizing 
the immigration judge to supplement the record would harm pro se 
aliens. To the contrary, immigration judges already have a well-
established obligation to develop the record in cases of pro se aliens. 
See Mendoza-Garcia v. Barr, 918 F.3d 498, 504 (6th Cir. 2019) 
(collecting cases); see also Al Khouri v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 461, 464-
65 (8th Cir. 2004) (``[I]t is the IJ's duty to fully develop the 
record. Because aliens appearing pro se often lack the legal knowledge 
to navigate their way successfully through the morass of immigration 
law, and because their failure to do so successfully might result in 
their expulsion from this country, it is critical that the IJ 
scrupulously and conscientiously probe into, inquire of, and explore 
for all the relevant facts.'') (citations and internal quotation marks 
omitted). Further, this rule will ensure pro se aliens, who may not be 
as aware as an immigration judge of available probative evidence from 
credible sources of country conditions, receive due process and full 
consideration of their claims. This provision of the rule is consistent 
with an immigration judge's regulatory directive to ``take any action 
consistent with their authorities under the Act and regulations that is 
appropriate and necessary for the disposition of [individual cases 
before them],'' 8 CFR 1003.10(b); see also 85 FR at 59695, and the 
immigration judge's unique role to ensure full consideration of all 
relevant evidence and full development of the record for cases 
involving a pro se respondent, see Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I&N Dec. at 729 
(noting that ``various guidelines for asylum adjudicators recommend the 
introduction of evidence by the adjudicator'').
    Commenters' concerns that, under this rule, parties would not have 
the opportunity to respond to evidence that the immigration judge 
submits, are plainly refuted by the regulatory language, which requires 
that the parties ``have had an opportunity to comment on or object to 
the evidence prior to the issuance of the immigration judge's 
decision.'' 8 CFR 1208.12(a). Additionally, the Department has 
previously explained that requiring the immigration judge to provide a 
copy of submitted evidence to both parties was specifically intended to 
``give the parties an opportunity to respond to or address the 
information appropriately.'' 85 FR at 59695.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ The NPRM declined to propose a bright line rule for 
precisely how a party may have an opportunity to comment on the 
evidence because the reasonableness of a party's opportunity to 
comment will vary based on the overall context of the case and the 
nature of the evidence the immigration judge proposes to submit. For 
example, if the record already contains thousands of pages of 
country conditions evidence submitted by attorneys for both parties 
and the immigration judge merely submits the most recent State 
Department Country Report on Human Rights Practices that the parties 
simply forgot to submit, the opportunity to comment should not be 
lengthy. In contrast, if an immigration judge submits hundreds of 
pages of country conditions evidence in a proceeding involving a pro 
se alien who does not speak English, then a continuance may be 
warranted to allow the alien an opportunity to comment on the 
evidence. The Department recognizes that the nature of the 
opportunity to comment will vary from case to case based on the 
particular facts of each case, and it expects immigration judges to 
address such situations consistent with applicable laws and 
policies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department disagrees with commenters' concerns that immigration 
judges would be unable to adequately address objections to evidence 
that they submit. Immigration judges have been hired based upon their 
merit and receive ``comprehensive, continuing training and support'' 
directed at ``promot[ing] the quality and consistency of 
adjudications.'' 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(1)(vii). The Department believes that 
immigration judges are well-equipped to address any arguments raised 
with respect to evidence that they submit, including how to weigh that 
evidence against all other evidence of record and, if appropriate, 
acknowledging successful challenges to its admission.
    Further, parties will have the opportunity to object to the 
evidence, and the Department expects that if parties have an objection, 
they will make it contemporaneously when the immigration judge submits 
the evidence in order to preserve the issue for appeal. The Department 
believes that existing appellate procedures would mitigate commenter 
concerns, though unfounded as an initial matter, that immigration 
judges may be unwilling to fairly consider objections to evidence that 
they submitted or that parties may not have sufficient time to respond 
to such evidence.
    With respect to commenter concerns that non-English speakers may 
not be able to understand English documents that the immigration judge 
may choose to submit into the record, the Department notes that there 
is no existing requirement for immigration judges to translate 
documents submitted into evidence into an alien's native language when 
developing the record. See Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I&N Dec. at 727 
(observing that ``if background information is central to an alien's 
claim, and the Immigration Judge relies on the country conditions in 
adjudicating the alien's case, the source of the Immigration Judge's 
knowledge of the particular country must be made

[[Page 81741]]

part of the record'' but nowhere requiring that such information be 
submitted in the alien's native language). Further, most commenters 
failed to acknowledge that all evidence submitted in an immigration 
hearing, regardless of who submits it, is to be submitted in English or 
with an English translation. 8 CFR 1003.33.\65\ Additionally, nothing 
in the statute or regulations requires that evidence of record be 
written or explained in the respondent's native language. Cf. Singh v. 
Holder, 749 F.3d 622, 626 (7th Cir. 2014) (``[i]n the immigration 
context, personal service in English to a non-English-speaker typically 
satisfies due process because it puts the alien on notice that further 
inquiry is needed, leaving the alien to seek help from someone who can 
overcome the language barrier.'''); Ojeda-Calderon v. Holder, 726 F.3d 
669, 675 (5th Cir. 2013) (``Due process allows notice of a hearing to 
be given solely in English to a non-English speaker if the notice would 
put a reasonable recipient on notice that further inquiry is 
required.''). Finally, as discussed supra, and notwithstanding the 
longstanding rule that evidence must be submitted in English or with a 
certified translation, the Department also expects immigration judges 
to account for an alien's native language when considering what 
opportunity to provide to the alien to respond to evidence submitted by 
an immigration judge, particularly for the small minority of aliens who 
are pro se.\66\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ The Department notes that there is no existing requirement 
that evidence submitted by DHS be translated into an alien's native 
language or even that an alien's representative translate all 
evidence submitted on the alien's behalf into the alien's native 
language.
    \66\ The Department notes that the State Department Country 
Reports on Human Rights Practices, which are the most common 
evidence submitted by immigration judges, are available in multiple 
languages, including Spanish. See, Department of State, 2019 Country 
Reports on Human Rights Practices Translations, available at https://www.state.gov/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices-translations/ (last visited Nov. 20, 2020). Nothing in this rule 
precludes an immigration judge from providing a translated copy of 
the Country Report to an alien in addition to the English-language 
version.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department disagrees with comments alleging that the rule is 
inconsistent with section 240(b)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(1), 
which provides that ``[i]mmigration judges shall administer oaths, 
receive evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien 
and any witnesses,'' and commenters did not reconcile their 
interpretation of that provision with case law allowing, if not also 
requiring, immigration judges to submit evidence in order to develop 
the record, see 85 FR at 59695 (collecting cases). As commenters noted, 
the statute does not explicitly direct immigration judges to submit 
evidence into the record, but it does not purport to represent the 
complete and exclusive scope of immigration judge authority with regard 
to proceedings. Further, the Department disagrees with commenters that 
the amendments to the statutory language from ``present and receive 
evidence'' to simply ``receive evidence'' indicate a prohibition on the 
ability of immigration judges to introduce evidence, given the 
continued duty of immigration judges to develop the record. See 
Constanza-Martinez v. Holder, 739 F.3d at 1102 (``The parties agree it 
is unclear why `present' was removed from the INA. Even so, IJs 
maintain an affirmative duty to develop the record.'').\67\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ See also 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (``In deciding the individual 
cases before them, . . . immigration judges shall exercise their 
independent judgment and discretion and may take any action 
consistent with their authorities under the Act and regulations that 
is appropriate and necessary for the disposition of such cases.''); 
8 CFR 1003.36 (``The Immigration Court shall create and control the 
Record of Proceeding.''); Yang v. McElroy, 277 F.3d 158, 162 (2d 
Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (``[T]he IJ whose decision the Board 
reviews, unlike an Article III judge, is not merely the fact finder 
and adjudicator but also has an obligation to establish the 
record.''); Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 410 (1971) (finding 
that an administrative law judge ``acts as an examiner charged with 
developing the facts''); Charles H. Koch, Jr. & Richard Murphy, 
Administrative Law and Practice Sec.  5.25 (3d ed. 2020) (noting 
that ``[t]he administrative judge is pivotal to the fact-finding 
function of an evidentiary hearing and hence, unlike the trial 
judge, an administrative judge has a well-established affirmative 
duty to develop the record''); Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I&N Dec. at 729 
(noting that ``various guidelines for asylum adjudicators recommend 
the introduction of evidence by the adjudicator'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters' concerns that the regulations do not allow immigration 
judges to submit evidence into the record need not be addressed because 
this rule, enacted through the appropriate APA procedures, amends the 
Department's regulations to specifically authorize immigration judges 
to do so. Moreover, as discussed, supra, ample case law already 
provides a basis, independent of regulatory one, for immigration judges 
to submit evidence. And, as also discussed elsewhere, the Department 
does not believe that this rule would undermine the neutrality of 
immigration judges and accordingly rejects commenters' arguments that 
this rule conflicts with the regulations requiring immigration judges 
to act with impartiality.
    The Department disagrees with commenter's concerns that this 
rulemaking will overburden immigration judges and exacerbate docket-
management issues. To the contrary, this rule empowers immigration 
judges with additional tools to resolve the cases before them based on 
a full and complete record. It does not mandate immigration judges 
introduce evidence in any case or otherwise require additional work if 
an immigration judge determines it is not needed or would be 
inefficient in a particular case.
    Commenters made a number of recommendations regarding changes or 
alternatives to this provision of the rule, including incorporating a 
checklist for immigration judges to follow to prevent bias in assessing 
country conditions evidence; altering the rule so that immigration 
judges do not submit evidence themselves but instead suggest to the 
parties the inclusion of evidence, such as country conditions evidence 
from the EOIR database, they would like to consider; or only permitting 
immigration judges to submit evidence that is favorable to the alien. 
The Department appreciates the recommendations submitted by commenters, 
but each one is problematic, and none is preferable to the rule.
    For example, the suggestion for a checklist is premised on the 
assertion that immigration judges may be biased, but as discussed 
previously, that assertion is wholly unfounded. Moreover, immigration 
judges are well-versed in assessing the admissibility and weight of 
evidence, and there is no indication that a checklist would aid them in 
that regard. Suggesting that the parties introduce particular evidence, 
rather than allowing the immigration judge to introduce it, would not 
aid pro se aliens who may lack the resources or access to print tens or 
hundreds of pages of country conditions reports. Finally, the 
suggestion that immigration judges only submit evidence favorable to 
aliens would be anathema to an immigration judge's role as a neutral 
adjudicator and would violate both an immigration judge's ethical and 
professional responsibility obligations, see Ethics and Professionalism 
Guide for Immigration Judges, sec. V (Jan. 26, 2011), available at 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/sibpages/IJConduct/EthicsandProfessionalismGuideforIJs.pdf (``An Immigration Judge shall 
act impartially and shall not give preferential treatment to any 
organization or individual when adjudicating the merits of a particular 
case.''); see also 5 CFR 2635.101(b)(8) (``[Immigration judges] shall 
act impartially and not give preferential treatment to any private 
organization or individual.''), and an immigration

[[Page 81742]]

judge's regulatory duty of impartiality, 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (``In all 
cases, immigration judges shall seek to resolve the questions before 
them in a timely and impartial manner'').
    The Department also disagrees with commenters' concerns that this 
provision of the rule conflicts with recent rules proposed--and now 
finalized--by the Department, specifically those (1) limiting EOIR 
adjudicators' sua sponte authority, 85 FR 52491 (``The Board shall not 
sua sponte remand a case unless the basis for such a remand is solely a 
question of jurisdiction over an application or the proceedings.'') 
(proposed)), and (2) barring admissibility of stereotype evidence, 85 
FR 36264.
    Regarding stereotype evidence, the Department proposed to exclude 
the admission of pernicious, unfounded evidence that is predicated upon 
harmful stereotypes from being entered into the record, 85 FR at 36282; 
cf. Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 336 n.9, and finalized that proposal 
with some minor, non-substantive edits for clarity in response to 
commenters' concerns, Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; 
Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, signed by the Attorney 
General and the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security on December 2, 
2020. Nothing in this rule would encourage immigration judges to submit 
pernicious, unfounded evidence that is predicated upon harmful 
stereotypes. As plainly noted in the regulation, evidence submitted by 
an immigration judge must be ``relevant . . . if the source is credible 
and the evidence is probative,'' see 8 CFR 1208.12(a), and evidence of 
pernicious stereotypes about a country would not meet those criteria.
    Commenters' concerns with respect to EOIR adjudicators' sua sponte 
authority is unrelated to this rulemaking. Indeed, the rule focuses on 
the adjudication of asylum applications in pending cases, whereas sua 
sponte authority is used to reopen a case in which a decision has 
already been rendered. Nothing in the present rule interacts with or is 
connected to the Department's proposal to limit the Attorney General's 
delegation of sua sponte authority to EOIR adjudicators.
b. Asylum Adjudication Clock
    Comment: Commenters stated that, despite recognizing the statutory 
180-day asylum adjudication deadline in the Act, INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 
8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), it was unreasonable for the Department to 
implement this regulation due to the significant number of pending 
cases at EOIR. Commenters explained that requiring asylum applications 
to be completed within 180 days would not allow attorneys and aliens 
sufficient time to prepare cases for adjudication, would require 
immigration judges to unfairly delay non-asylum cases on their dockets, 
would strip immigration judges of the ability to manage their dockets, 
would prevent asylum seekers from fully presenting their cases due to a 
lack of individual hearing slots, would result in a significant number 
of suddenly advanced hearings, would lessen the ability of asylum 
seekers to obtain counsel, and would cause unsuccessful applicants to 
be removed before pending ancillary relief with USCIS could be 
adjudicated.
    Commenters claimed that Congress's use of the word ``shall'' when 
discussing the 180-day asylum adjudication deadline was permissive 
rather than mandatory and, therefore, EOIR should not issue regulations 
indicating a mandatory deadline.
    Commenters also raised concerns about the 180-day asylum 
adjudication deadline's effect on child asylum applicants. Commenters 
stated that child applicants face unique challenges in presenting their 
claims and are deserving of enhanced procedural protections, such as an 
exception to the adjudication deadline. In addition, commenters 
questioned whether the 180-day adjudication deadline would apply to 
USCIS's initial adjudication of asylum applications filed by UAC.
    Commenters were separately concerned about the 180-day asylum 
adjudication deadline and its effect on work authorization. Commenters 
stated that the rule would prevent asylum seekers from obtaining work 
authorization, particularly in light of recent DHS regulatory changes 
increasing the minimum wait time, which would result in the inability 
of asylum seekers to afford representation.\68\ Commenters recommended 
that the Department replace 8 CFR 1208.7 with language clarifying 
EOIR's role in the work authorization process rather than remove and 
reserve the section entirely, which would remove guidance for the 
parties and the court from the regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ This provision is currently subject to a preliminary 
injunction in Casa de Maryland v. Wolf, No. 8:20-cv-02118-PX (D. Md. 
Sept. 11, 2020), appeal docketed, No. 20-2217 (4th Cir. Nov. 12, 
2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments, supra, and adds the following further response. To the extent 
that commenters disagreed with the general existence of a 180-day 
adjudication deadline for asylum applications absent exceptional 
circumstances, the Department notes that deadline is established by 
statute, INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), and cannot 
be altered by rulemaking. Accordingly, such concerns are beyond the 
scope of this rulemaking and the Department's rulemaking authority and 
therefore more appropriately addressed to Congress.
    Specifically, as commenters recognize, adjudicating asylum 
applications within 180 days of filing is a statutory requirement set 
by Congress. See INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). 
Therefore, issuing regulations to implement this requirement 
effectuates congressional intent that asylum applications be promptly 
adjudicated.\69\ Complaints that the Department should not issue 
regulations implementing this deadline because immigration courts are 
overburdened is not a valid reason to simply ignore congressional 
mandates. Rather, ensuring that asylum applications are adjudicated 
within a 180-day timeframe will help to decrease immigration court 
backlogs and ensure that asylum applicants are not forced to wait in 
limbo in the United States for extended periods of time to receive a 
determination on their applications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ To the extent commenters assert that the Department failed 
to previously adhere to the law regarding this adjudication period, 
the Department acknowledges a lack of prior diligence in maintaining 
compliance. Nevertheless, there is no reason to continue to ignore a 
clear statutory directive, and the Department has maintained a 
policy that seeks to comply with that directive for more than two 
years. EOIR Policy Memorandum 19-05, Guidance Regarding the 
Adjudication of Asylum Applications Consistent with INA Sec.  
208(d)(5)(A)(iii) (Nov. 19, 2018), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1112581/download. This rule will 
bolster that policy and further emphasize the importance of adhering 
to statutory directives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With regard to commenters' concerns about the effect of the 180-day 
asylum adjudication deadline on the ability of asylum seekers to obtain 
counsel and prepare their case, the Department again notes that 
Congress set the 180-day deadline. See INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). By implementing this provision, Congress 
necessarily expressed their belief that 180 days is a reasonable time 
period for asylum seekers to prepare and present their case once they 
have filed their application. In addition, the Department emphasizes 
that this 180-day adjudication period does not begin until the asylum 
application is filed and not from when DHS serves the alien with a 
charging document or at some other earlier point in the proceeding. 
Once the

[[Page 81743]]

asylum application is filed, applicants and their attorneys would have 
additional time within the 180 days to obtain any additional necessary 
supporting evidence and to prepare for any hearings on the application, 
which the Department believes is a reasonable time period, as reflected 
by the congressional enactment.
    The Department disagrees with commenters that this rule will 
prevent immigration judges from managing their dockets or providing 
sufficient hearing time to asylum applicants or that it will result in 
the unfair delay of non-asylum cases. As an initial point, immigration 
judge authority is circumscribed by both the Act and applicable 
regulations. 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (providing that ``immigration judges . . 
. may take any action consistent with their authorities under the Act 
and regulations that is appropriate and necessary for the disposition 
of such cases'') (emphasis added)), 1240.1(a)(1)(iv) (providing that 
immigration judges have the authority in removal proceedings ``[t]o 
take any other action consistent with applicable law and regulations as 
may be appropriate'') (emphasis added)). Thus, the codification of a 
statutory requirement in the Act in applicable regulations does not 
alter the pre-existing limits on an immigration judge's authority. 
Further, this rule makes no changes to immigration judges' authority to 
manage their dockets, and commenters have not adequately explained how 
implementing a statutorily-required adjudication deadline, which 
immigration judges are already expected to follow as a matter of both 
law and policy would alter this authority. See 8 CFR 1003.10(b). The 
Department has no concerns that immigration judges will fail to provide 
sufficient hearing time to asylum applicants as necessary to the 
adjudication of the application. See, e.g., INA 240(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1229a(b)(1) (providing immigration judges with authority to ``receive 
evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien and any 
witnesses''); 8 CFR 1240.11(c)(3) (requiring a hearing on an asylum 
application only ``to resolve factual issues in dispute'').
    In regard to commenters' concerns that adjudicating asylum 
applications within the statutorily-mandated timeframe will prevent 
immigration judges from adjudicating other cases, the Department notes 
that this rule does not prioritize any application or case over 
another. Rather, the rule merely implements a statutorily-mandated 
adjudication deadline for asylum applications. To the extent that 
implementing this deadline may affect the adjudication of other cases, 
the Department believes that the timely adjudication of asylum 
applications will help to reduce the immigration court backlog, thereby 
allowing immigration judges to more quickly adjudicate the cases before 
them.
    Regarding concerns about EOIR advancing hearings, the Department 
notes that such concerns are speculative, particularly in the current 
operational environment in which many hearings are postponed due to the 
outbreak of COVID-19. Nevertheless, there is no reason to expect this 
rule to result in an overwhelming number of advanced hearings once 
EOIR's operating posture returns to normal, as most immigration judges 
already have a significant number of deadline-eligible asylum 
applications pending on their immediate dockets. And, in the event that 
an immigration judge does choose to advance a case, practitioners can 
request a continuance as appropriate, 8 CFR 1003.29, although as the 
Department has discussed, supra, it is not clear why aliens with valid 
asylum claims would desire further delay in the adjudication of their 
case.
    The Department also disagrees with commenters that this provision 
raises due process concerns. In immigration proceedings, due process 
concerns are only implicated if proceedings are ``so fundamentally 
unfair that the alien was prevented from reasonably presenting his 
case.'' Gutierrez v. Holder, 662 F.3d 1083, 1091 (9th Cir. 2011) 
(citations omitted). Requiring asylum applications to be adjudicated 
within 180 days of filing, as explicitly required by statute, does not 
itself make proceedings fundamentally unfair or prevent an alien from 
exercising the statutory right to present evidence. See INA 
240(b)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(B). For example, detained applicants 
routinely have their applications adjudicated within 180 days without 
apparent due process concerns stemming from this timeframe.
    In regard to concerns about the asylum adjudication deadline and 
its effect on pending non-asylum applications with USCIS, the 
Department notes that this rule does not make any changes for non-
asylum applications, including those pending with USCIS. Moreover, a 
separate pending application with USCIS does not prevent the 
immigration court from proceeding on the asylum application to ensure 
its timely adjudication. In addition, once the immigration court has 
timely adjudicated the asylum application, this rule does not prohibit 
applicants from requesting a continuance under the ``good cause'' 
standard or working with DHS counsel to file a motion to dismiss based 
on a pending application with USCIS. See 8 CFR 1003.29, 1239.2(c).
    The Department understands and has considered the comments related 
to UAC but finds them either largely inapplicable to the rule, 
insufficiently persuasive, or outweighed by the rule's benefits to 
warrant changing the rule. First, the timeframes applied by USCIS to 
adjudicating asylum applications filed by genuine UAC are beyond the 
scope of this rulemaking because USCIS is a DHS component, and the 
Department offers no opinion regarding USCIS's views on section 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). Second, for 
purposes of immigration judge adjudication, the provisions of section 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), apply to 
``final administrative adjudication of the asylum application, not 
including administrative appeal'' and, thus, would only become 
applicable to the asylum application filed by a UAC in removal 
proceedings after that application has been returned by USCIS back to 
the immigration court following USCIS's decision not to grant it. In 
other words, the 180-day adjudication deadline in immigration 
proceedings for an asylum application filed by a UAC in removal 
proceedings would not be triggered until after USCIS has made its 
initial determination on that application under section 208(b)(3)(C) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(3)(C). Moreover, nothing in this rule affects 
USCIS's initial adjudication of asylum applications filed by UAC. Id.
    Significantly, Congress did not exempt UAC asylum applications from 
the provisions of section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), as it did for other provisions. Compare INA 
208(a)(2)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(E) (exempting UAC asylum applications 
from limitations imposed by asylum cooperative agreements and the one-
year filing deadline). This evinces congressional judgment that all 
asylum applicants should have their applications adjudicated within 180 
days of filing, regardless of the applicant's individual 
characteristics or status. This also makes particular sense for UAC 
asylum applications, as USCIS will already have adjudicated their 
asylum application, and the child applicant will only be renewing that 
application with EOIR, as opposed to submitting an entirely new claim.
    In short, the Department has fully considered the issues raised by 
commenters pertaining to UAC. As noted, most of the concerns reflect a

[[Page 81744]]

misapprehension of the rule's contents, are directed at statutory 
provisions that cannot be changed by rulemaking, or confuse 
adjudications by the Department with those by USCIS. The Department is 
aware of the special circumstances and needs of genuine UAC and 
maintains clear policies to ensure that their cases are adjudicated 
efficiently and consistent with due process. See EOIR, Operating 
Policies and Procedures Memorandum 17-03: Guidelines for Immigration 
Court Cases Involving Juveniles, Including Unaccompanied Alien Children 
(Dec. 20, 2017), available at.gov/eoir/file/oppm17-03/download. Nothing 
in the rule alters those policies, and the Department finds that the 
rule will not have any greater effect on UAC than on any other group of 
aliens. If anything, the rule will have minimal to no effect on UAC 
because they are unlikely to fall within the classes of aliens in 8 CFR 
1208.2(c) and their asylum applications are subject to INA 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), regardless of this 
rule. Accordingly, on balance, commenters' assertions regarding the 
rule's impact on UAC are unfounded and ultimately unpersuasive.
    In response to commenters' concerns about this rule's effect on the 
ability of aliens to receive work authorization, particularly in light 
of recent DHS regulatory changes, the Department notes that Congress 
explicitly intended for asylum applications to be adjudicated before 
the asylum seeker is eligible for work authorization. Compare INA 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii) (requiring adjudication 
of asylum applications within 180 days of filing), with INA 208(d)(2), 
8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(2) (permitting work authorization only after a minimum 
of 180 days has elapsed from the filing of an asylum application). In 
this manner, eligibility for worth authorization is meant to be the 
exception for aliens whose cases exceed the reasonable period of time 
for adjudication, as set by Congress, but not the standard or 
expectation for asylum seekers as a matter of course.
    Relatedly, and contrary to commenters' assertions, this rule does 
not interfere with an asylum seeker's statutory right to 
representation, INA 240(b)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(A), due to an 
inability to receive work authorization and thus afford an attorney. 
Rather, aliens who are unable to afford fee-based counsel may seek pro 
bono representation or avail themselves of other programs to obtain 
information to prepare their cases. Moreover, as noted supra, this 
statutory provision has been in effect for more than 20 years, and the 
current representation rate of 85% strongly suggests it has not 
impacted an alien's ability to obtain representation.
    Lastly, the Department considered the commenters' suggestion that, 
rather than remove and reserve existing 8 CFR 1208.7, the Department 
should amend 8 CFR 1208.7 with clarified regulatory language regarding 
EOIR's role related to work authorization. After consideration, the 
Department continues to believe that regulatory language regarding work 
authorization is better located solely within DHS's regulations because 
DHS has sole authority over work authorization. Further, as discussed 
in the NPRM, removing and reserving 8 CFR 1208.7 would avoid any 
potential future conflict should DHS amend 8 CFR 208.7. See 85 FR at 
59695. In short, EOIR plays no part in adjudicating applications for 
alien EADs, and there is no reason to maintain vestigial regulations 
related to a process in which EOIR has no role.\70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ The Department notes that retaining 8 CFR 1208.7 would have 
no effect on EOIR operations--other than risking confusion by the 
parties regarding which agency is responsible for adjudicating an 
EAD application--because its previous provisions simply do not apply 
to EOIR. To the contrary, EOIR already excludes applicant-caused 
delays that meet the exceptional circumstances standard from 
calculating the statutory 180-day asylum adjudication clock as noted 
in 8 CFR 1208.7(a)(2). See EOIR Policy Memorandum 19-05, Guidance 
Regarding the Adjudication of Asylum Applications Consistent with 
INA Sec.  208(d)(5)(A)(iii) at 2-3 (Nov. 19, 2018) (``But, absent 
delays that qualify as exceptional circumstances, 8 CFR 1208.7(a)(2) 
does not relieve Immigration Judges of their obligation to 
adjudicate asylum claims within 180 days.''), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1112581/download. Further, although 
EOIR provides DHS with access to a separate ``clock'' for purposes 
of adjudicating EAD applications, EOIR does not adjudicate EAD 
applications themselves and, thus, does not interpret the time 
period related to EAD applications in INA 208(d)(2), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(2). Accordingly, although retention of 8 CFR 1208.7 would 
not alter EOIR's existing processes, its superfluousness and the 
risk of confusion related to maintaining it regarding which agency 
is responsible for adjudicating EAD applications militate strongly 
in favor of removing it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters were opposed to the rule's ``exceptional 
circumstances'' definition, stating that there are many situations that 
may not rise to the level of exceptional circumstances as defined in 
the rule but nevertheless should be sufficient to grant additional time 
beyond 180 days. As examples, commenters pointed to asylum seekers 
requiring mental health services before they can fully discuss their 
asylum claim or the need to obtain corroborating evidence from their 
home countries. Commenters stated that the definition as drafted would 
result in increased appeals and remands. Similarly, commenters stated 
that the Department should not mirror the statutory ``exceptional 
circumstances'' definition in section 240(e)(5) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1229a(e)(5), because failing to appear at a hearing has different 
equities than needing more time to support an asylum application. 
Commenters also stated that the exceptional circumstances requirement 
should apply to DHS attorneys and the immigration judge as well. One 
commenter likewise requested that the Department modify the final rule 
to explicitly include immigration judge requests for Department of 
State comments to qualify as an exceptional circumstance.
    Response: In regard to concerns with the ``exceptional 
circumstances'' standard, the Department first notes that Congress 
mandated this standard. See INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii). The Department has reasonably chosen to interpret 
this language in accordance with its explicit definition elsewhere in 
the statute to ensure consistency within the statute and the long-held 
definition used by parties and the courts. See INA 240(e)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1229a(e)(1). The Department acknowledges commenters' concerns that 
there may be circumstances in which an alien may not meet the standard, 
but that is true of any standard. Congress provided an undefined 
standard in the Act, and the Department has determined that an existing 
statutory definition elsewhere in that statute is a reasonable 
interpretation of a phrase connoting circumstances that are generally 
considered ``severe impediments.'' See Chevron, 467 U.S at 844 
(requiring deference to an agency's reasonable interpretation of an 
ambiguous statute); see also Singh-Bhathal v. INS, 170 F.3d 943, 947 
(9th Cir. 1999) (interpreting exceptional circumstances to involve 
``severe impediment[s]''). Commenters have not provided support for the 
contention that implementing such a definition will result in increased 
appeals or remands or explained why the Department should not adopt a 
compelling existing statutory definition, particularly one that 
comports with common-sense notions of ``exceptional circumstances.''
    The Department declines to create any specific exceptions to the 
definition, and it recognizes that no rule can cover every possible 
factual scenario, particularly when considering the existence of more 
than 500,000 pending asylum applications currently. See Executive 
Office for Immigration Review, Adjudication Statistics: Total Asylum 
Applications (Oct. 13, 2020),

[[Page 81745]]

available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download. 
Thus, although the Department has considered commenters' suggestion to 
list Department of State comment requests as constituting an 
extraordinary circumstance, see 8 CFR 1208.11, the Department declines 
to provide that specific exception. Rather, the Department will allow 
immigration judges, who are better positioned to evaluate the specific 
facts in each case, to make a case-by-case determination on whether 
extraordinary circumstances exist. See, e.g., Arredondo v. Lynch, 824 
F.3d 801, 805 (9th Cir. 2016) (explaining that, in the failure to 
appear context, the court must look to the particularized facts in each 
case when determining whether exceptional circumstances exist).
    Similarly, in a vacuum, the Department cannot respond to 
commenters' generalized statements about various proposed exceptions 
because asylum applications are adjudicated based on their specific 
facts, not on generalized speculative assertions or extrapolations. For 
example, a commenter's suggestion that a need for mental health 
services is an exceptional circumstance may be true in some cases 
because it may be indicative of ``serious illness of the alien;'' 
however, unmoored from any larger context, the Department cannot say 
that it would be exceptional in all cases, particularly if it is 
unrelated to the claim at issue.\71\ Further, some aliens with valid 
claims who are receiving mental health treatment may not wish to use 
that treatment as a basis to delay adjudication of their case because 
they seek to obtain relief as quickly as possible. The Department 
cannot make a blanket determination based solely on generalizations 
without context that such situations will always constitute an 
exceptional circumstance because each case is different and considered 
on its own merits. Moreover, the credibility of such assertions will 
always be at issue because they provide an exception to the general 
rule, and it is difficult, if not impossible, for the Department to 
make generalized credibility determinations in a rulemaking. Rather, 
the Department believes that the definition established by the rule is 
appropriate and determinations regarding which facts may meet the 
standard are more appropriately made on a case-by-case basis by an 
immigration judge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ For instance, the Department notes that individuals may 
receive treatment for a variety of mental health conditions--e.g., 
obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea; caffeine intoxication; tobacco 
withdrawal; gambling disorders--that are not normally associated 
with grounds for asylum and would ordinarily not be considered 
exceptional circumstances. See American Psychiatric Association, 
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th 
ed. 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in response to other commenters' concerns, the Department 
notes that the definition of exceptional circumstances is not limited 
to circumstances faced by aliens. Although the rule provides examples 
of exceptional circumstances that may affect the alien, which the 
Department excepts will be the most common situation, the rule 
explicitly states that exceptional circumstances are those ``beyond the 
control of the parties or the immigration court.'' 8 CFR 1003.10(b) 
(final rule) (emphasis added). Consequently, exceptional circumstances 
may involve those affecting DHS, an immigration judge, or the alien.
6. Retroactivity
    Comment: Several commenters were concerned with the rule's silence 
on the issue of retroactive applicability. Commenters asserted that the 
rule should not apply to anyone whose latest entry into the United 
States was prior to the rule's effective date or to any case where an 
NTA has been filed. Commenters also urged the Department to explicitly 
specify that the rule does not have any retroactive effect or, in the 
alternative, specifically identify the individuals and claims to which 
the rule would apply.
    Commenters believed that applying the rule retroactively would 
create waste, uncertainty, and inefficiency in the immigration court 
system and overburden DHS. For example, commenters stated that DHS 
trial attorneys, immigration judges, court staff, and asylum officers 
would be immediately overwhelmed if they were forced to adjudicate all 
current pending cases within the rule's 180-day timeframe. Moreover, 
commenters noted that work may need to be repeated to conform to the 
rule's new evidentiary standards. Commenters raised concerns that court 
staff would have to spend an inordinate amount of unnecessary hours 
going through recently submitted I-589 forms that have not yet been 
deemed complete to see whether every box is filled.
    Moreover, commenters claimed that thousands of asylum seekers have 
relied on and structured their lives around the current asylum system 
and would be seriously harmed if the rule was applied retroactively. 
For example, commenters pointed out that many asylum seekers have spent 
significant amounts of money on legal representation to prepare and 
file asylum applications that, according to commenters, would be 
unprovable if the rule is applied retroactively. Furthermore, 
commenters asserted that asylum seekers likely would have made 
different decisions when pursuing immigration relief had they known the 
rules would change before their claims were adjudicated. Commenters 
stated that the Department failed to adequately consider such reliance 
interests on the current legal structure. Several commenters were also 
specifically concerned with the impact that retroactivity would have on 
pro se asylum seekers.
    Furthermore, commenters stated that applying the rule retroactively 
would violate both the APA and aliens' due process rights. In addition, 
commenters asserted that the rule's retroactive application would 
conflict with congressional intent.
    Other commenters questioned whether the 180-day asylum adjudication 
deadline provisions apply retroactively to pending cases. Commenters 
stated that the rule would create difficulties if applied retroactively 
because large numbers of pending cases would need to be advanced at the 
same time. Alternatively, commenters stated that prospective 
application of the rule would result in existing cases being 
indefinitely delayed as new asylum applications are required to be 
adjudicated within 180 days of filing.
    Response: The Department recognizes that the potential 
retroactivity of the rule was not clear in the NPRM. To the extent that 
the rule changes any existing law, the Department intends to apply it 
prospectively to apply to all asylum applications--as well as 
applications for statutory withholding of removal and protection under 
the CAT regulations where applicable--that are filed \72\ on or after 
the rule's effective date and, for purposes of the 15-day filing 
deadline, to all proceedings initiated under 8 CFR 1208.2(c) on or 
after the rule's effective date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ For purposes of the 30-day correction period for an 
incomplete or deficient asylum application, this rule will apply to 
any asylum application that is attempted to be filed on or after the 
effective date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that the rule merely codifies existing law or 
authority, however, it will apply to pending cases. For example, the 
provisions of the rule incorporating section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), into the regulations are simply 
adoptions of existing law. In fact, as statutory provisions in effect 
for decades, the Department has already been applying them to asylum 
cases, independently of

[[Page 81746]]

the rule.\73\ Accordingly, they do not have an impermissible 
retroactive effect applied to pending cases. See Sterling Holding Co., 
LLC, 544 F.3d at 506 (``Thus, where a new rule constitutes a 
clarification--rather than a substantive change--of the law as it 
existed beforehand, the application of that new rule to pre-
promulgation conduct necessarily does not have an impermissible 
retroactive effect, regardless of whether Congress has delegated 
retroactive rulemaking power to the agency.'' (emphasis in original)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ The Department recognizes that the precise regulatory 
definition of ``exceptional circumstances'' in 8 CFR 1003.10(b) for 
purposes of section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), is new. Accordingly, that precise definition 
will apply only to asylum applications filed on or after the 
effective date of the rule, even though the provisions of section 
208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), continue 
to apply to all asylum applications currently pending that were 
filed on or after April 1, 1997.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the dictates of Matter of S-M-J- and applicable case 
law, e.g., 85 FR at 59695, regarding an immigration judge's authority 
to submit evidence and develop the record are pre-existing authorities 
that are merely incorporated into the regulations by this rule. 
Accordingly, the provisions incorporating that authority also apply to 
pending cases. In fact, as with section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), the Department has already been applying 
these principles to asylum cases independently of this rule.
    Otherwise, the Department declines to adopt commenters' assertions 
about potential implications of the rule's application to pending cases 
because those comments are wholly speculative due to the case-by-case 
and fact-intensive nature of many asylum adjudications. See Home Box 
Office, 567 F.2d at 35 n.58 (``In determining what points are 
significant, the `arbitrary and capricious' standard of review must be 
kept in mind . . . Moreover, comments which themselves are purely 
speculative and do not disclose the factual or policy basis on which 
they rest require no response. There must be some basis for thinking a 
position taken in opposition to the agency is true.''). Moreover, as 
noted, the Department is applying much of the rule prospectively, and 
the provisions that are not prospective are already applicable to 
pending cases through either the Act itself or binding precedent. Thus, 
the alleged underlying factual premise of the commenters' concerns is 
erroneous.
7. Miscellaneous
a. Independent Immigration Courts
    Comment: Commenters generally expressed concerns that the rule 
undermines the independence of the immigration courts from political or 
other inappropriate influence. At least one commenter stated that the 
rule highlighted the need for the immigration courts and immigration 
judges to be ``independent'' and outside the executive branch.
    Response: These commenters' recommendations are both beyond the 
scope of this rulemaking and the Department's authority. Congress has 
provided for a system of administrative hearings for immigration cases, 
and the Department believes that system should be maintained. See 
generally INA 240, 8 U.S.C. 1229a (establishing administrative 
procedures for removal proceedings); cf. Strengthening and Reforming 
America's Immigration Court System: Hearing before the Subcomm. on 
Border Sec. & Immigration of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 115th Cong. 
1 (2018) (written response to Questions for the Record of James 
McHenry, Director, Executive Office for Immigration Review) (``The 
financial costs and logistical hurdles to implementing an Article I 
immigration court system would be monumental and would likely delay 
pending cases even further.''). Only Congress has the authority to 
create a new Article I court or other framework for the adjudication of 
immigration cases.
    Moreover, the Department reiterates that immigration judges already 
exercise ``independent judgment and discretion'' in deciding cases, 8 
CFR 1003.10(b), and are prohibited from considering political 
influences in their decision-making, Ethics and Professionalism Guide 
for Immigration Judges, sec. VIII (``An Immigration Judge should not be 
swayed by partisan interests or public clamor.'') (Jan. 26, 2011). 
Thus, contrary to commenters' assertions, immigration judges are 
already independent adjudicators who do not render decisions based on 
political influence or political interests. As commenters' claims are 
unfounded in law or practice and well beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking, the Department declines to base revisions to the rule on 
them.
b. Requests for Data
    Comment: Multiple commenters included specific requests for further 
information or data points together with their comments. For example, 
one commenter requested, inter alia, the ``[n]umber of successful 
asylum claims as a percentage of total asylum claims filed, broken down 
by immigration court, broken down by represented v. pro se 
applicants.''
    Response: The Department believes that it is has provided the 
relevant needed justifications and explanations for this rule in both 
the preamble to the proposed rule and the discussion above. To the 
extent commenters seek further specific information, the Department 
first notes that raw data from EOIR's case management database is 
available online, EOIR, FOIA Library: EOIR Case Data (Nov. 12, 2020), 
available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/foia-library-0, and that EOIR 
maintains a number of publicly-available statistics and reports, 
including those related to asylum applications, see EOIR, EOIR Workload 
and Adjudication Statistics (Oct. 30, 2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/workload-and-adjudication-statistics. The 
Department also reminds commenters of the ability to submit requests to 
the Department pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Such 
requests should be submitted to the EOIR Office of General Counsel: 
U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, 
Office of General Counsel--FOIA Service Center, 5107 Leesburg Pike, 
Suite 2150, Falls Church, VA 22041; Email address: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4b0e040219650d04020a192e3a3e2e383f380b3e382f2421652c243d"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="5712181e057911181e16053226223224232417222433383d79303821">[email protected]</span></a>; FOIA Public Liaison: Crystal Souza; 
Telephone: 703-605-1297.

Further information regarding EOIR's FOIA request procedures is 
available on the EOIR website at: https://www.justice.gov/eoir/freedom-information-act-foia.
8. Concerns With Regulatory Requirements
    Comment: Commenters generally expressed concern that the Department 
did not comply with Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 because the 
Department did not adequately consider the costs and possible 
alternatives to the provisions in the rule due to the significance of 
many of the rule's provisions. For example, commenters asserted that 
the rule's effects on filing deadlines, the availability of 
continuances, and evidentiary submissions would in fact impact aliens 
in proceedings, particularly pro se individuals, and immigration 
practitioners, contrary to the Department's assertions in the proposed 
rule.
    Similarly, commenters disagreed with the Department's assertion, 
pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act requirements, that the rule 
would ``not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number 
of small entities''

[[Page 81747]]

and that the rule only regulates individuals and not small entities. 85 
FR at 59697. For example, commenters stated that the combined effect of 
the rule's provisions would, inter alia, affect how practitioners 
accept cases, manage dockets, or assess fees. Commenters asserted that 
these effects would, in turn, impact the overall ability of 
practitioners to provide services and affect aliens' access to 
representation. In addition, commenters stated that these changes 
demonstrate the rule would in fact regulate small entities, namely law 
firms or other organizations that appear before EOIR. Commenters 
compared the rule to other recent proposed rule where the Department 
acknowledged the effect on practitioners,\74\ which the commenters 
stated is further evidence of the rule's effect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ See, e.g., 85 FR at 52491.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At least one commenter argued that the rule should be considered a 
``major rule'' under the Congressional Review Act (``CRA'') because the 
rule's effect will exceed the $100 million threshold. The commenter 
explained that the rule's economic effect would result from increased 
DHS detention costs due to increased application rejections, effects on 
reduced employment authorization availability, and increased costs to 
government agencies or subsidized entities that administer social 
services programs.
    Response: The Department reiterates its response to similar 
comments regarding the rule's alleged effects on particular groups, 
supra, and adds the following further response. Overall, the Department 
disagrees with commenters' contention that it did not comply with 
Executive Orders 12866 and 13653. The Department considered all costs 
and possible alternatives to the provisions in the rule, and the fact 
that the Department did not adopt an alternative suggested by 
commenters--or did not retain the status quo--does not mean that such 
alternatives were not considered.
    As noted in the NPRM, the Department believes that the rule will 
provide a significant net benefit by allowing for the expeditious and 
efficient resolution of asylum cases. 85 FR at 59698. These benefits 
will ensure that the Department's case volume does not increase to an 
insurmountable degree, which in turn will leave additional resources 
available for a greater number of asylum seekers. Contrary to 
commenters' claims, the rule will not prevent aliens from submitting 
asylum applications, requesting continuances, or presenting evidence in 
immigration court. Moreover, the rule is not imposing any new costs on 
asylum seekers. Respondents are already required to submit completed 
asylum applications in order to have them adjudicated, and immigration 
judges already have the authority to set deadlines. Additionally, any 
costs imposed on attorneys or entities will be minimal and limited to 
the time it will take to become familiar with the rule.\75\ Immigration 
practitioners are already subject to professional responsibility rules 
regarding workload management, 8 CFR 1003.102(q)(1), and are already 
accustomed to preparing and filing documents related to asylum claims 
according to deadlines established by immigration judges. Further, the 
Department notes that attorneys have been aware of the 180-day 
adjudication deadline for asylum applications for over two decades. 
Finally, the generally prospective application of the rule--other than 
the parts that are already established by statute or precedent and 
under which practitioners have been practicing for over 20 years--
further diminishes the already-minimal effect of the rule on 
practitioners, as no practitioners will be required to reevaluate any 
cases or arguments that they are currently pursuing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ As discussed, supra, substantial parts of the rule merely 
incorporate existing law, including principles enshrined in statute 
or binding precedent. The new portions include: A new filing 
deadline for aliens in proceedings under 8 CFR 1208.2(c), a new 
deadline for returning asylum applications rejected as incomplete or 
deficient, a new definition of ``exceptional circumstances'' for 
purposes of section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(iii), and clarification of the evidentiary status of 
government and non-government reports. None of what is new should 
require an extensive amount of time to review or understand by 
practitioners who are already experienced at meeting deadlines, 
correcting incomplete applications, and arguing both whether a 
particular circumstance meets the definition of an exceptional 
circumstance and the weight that an adjudicator should accord to 
various evidentiary submissions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also rejects the assertion that the rule would have 
a significant impact on small entities. The rule applies to asylum 
applicants, who are individuals, not entities. See 5 U.S.C. 601(6). The 
rule does not limit in any way the ability of practitioners to accept 
cases, manage dockets, or assess fees. Indeed, nothing in the rule in 
any fashion regulates the legal representatives of such individuals or 
the organizations by which those representatives are employed, and the 
Department is unaware of cases in which the RFA's requirements have 
been applied to legal representatives of entities subject to its 
provisions, in addition to or in lieu of the entities themselves. See 5 
U.S.C. 603(b)(3) (requiring that an RFA analysis include a description 
of and, if feasible, an estimate of the number of ``small entities'' to 
which the rule ``will apply''). To the contrary, case law indicates 
that indirect effects on entities not regulated by a proposed rule are 
not subject to an RFA analysis. See, e.g., Mid-Tex Elec. Co-op, Inc. v. 
FERC, 773 F.2d 327, 342-43 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (``[W]e conclude that an 
agency may properly certify that no regulatory flexibility analysis is 
necessary when it determines that the rule will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities that are 
subject to the requirements of the rule. . . . Congress did not intend 
to require that every agency consider every indirect effect that any 
regulation might have on small businesses in any stratum of the 
national economy. That is a very broad and ambitious agenda, and we 
think that Congress is unlikely to have embarked on such a course 
without airing the matter.''); Cement Kiln Recycling Coalition v. EPA, 
255 F.3d 855, 869 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (``Contrary to what [petitioner] 
supposes, application of the RFA does turn on whether particular 
entities are the `targets' of a given rule. The statute requires that 
the agency conduct the relevant analysis or certify `no impact' for 
those small businesses that are `subject to' the regulation, that is, 
those to which the regulation `will apply.' . . . The rule will 
doubtless have economic impacts in many sectors of the economy. But to 
require an agency to assess the impact on all of the nation's small 
businesses possibly affected by a rule would be to convert every 
rulemaking process into a massive exercise in economic modeling, an 
approach we have already rejected.'' (citing Mid-Tex, 773 F.2d 327 at 
343)); see also White Eagle Co-op Ass'n v. Conner, 553 F.3d 467, 480 
(7th Cir. 2009) (``The rule that emerges from this line of cases is 
that small entities directly regulated by the proposed [rulemaking]--
whose conduct is circumscribed or mandated--may bring a challenge to 
the RFA analysis or certification of an agency. . . . However, when the 
regulation reaches small entities only indirectly, they do not have 
standing to bring an RFA challenge.'').
    Further, no commenters on this point acknowledged or recognized 
that the Department reached a similar conclusion in 1997 involving a 
far more sweeping and comprehensive rulemaking regarding asylum 
adjudications. See Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; 
Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of

[[Page 81748]]

Removal Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR 444, 453 (Jan. 3, 1997) 
(certifying that the rule would not have a significant impact on a 
substantial number of small entities because it ``affects only Federal 
government operations'' by revising the procedures for the 
``examination, detention, and removal of aliens''). That conclusion was 
reiterated in the interim rule, 62 FR 10312, 10328 (Mar. 6, 1997), 
which was adopted with no noted challenge or dispute.
    This final rule is far less significant in scope than the 1997 
rulemaking, and part of the rule simply incorporates principles that 
are already in effect through statutory enactment or binding precedent. 
Moreover, this final rule is similar to previous rules, in that it, 
too, affects only the operations of the Federal government by amending 
a subset of the procedures the government uses to process certain 
aliens.\76\ The Department thus believe that the experience of 
implementing prior rules supports its conclusion that there is no 
evidence that the current rule will have a significant impact on small 
entities as contemplated by the RFA or an applicable executive order.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ The Department's position for decades has been that for 
purposes of the RFA and rulemakings related to EOIR proceedings, 
rulemakings which directly regulate aliens--rather than directly 
regulating practitioners--do not regulate small entities. See, e.g., 
Powers and Duties of Service Officers; Availability of Service 
Records, 51 FR 2895 (Jan. 22, 1986) (proposed rule for changes to 
EOIR's fee schedule for appeals and motions and stating, ``In 
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 605(b), the Attorney General certifies that 
the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.'') and 51 FR 39993, 39994 
(Nov. 4, 1986) (final rule adopting in pertinent part the proposed 
changes to the fee schedule and maintaining the position that 
changes to the fee schedule will not have a significant impact on a 
substantial number of small entities). Even when the Department has 
directly regulated practitioners, it has found no significant impact 
on a substantial number of small entities when the rule is simply 
similar to existing regulatory procedures. See, e.g., Professional 
Conduct for Practitioners--Rules and Procedures, and Representation 
and Appearances, 73 FR 76914, 76922 (Dec. 18, 2008) (``The Attorney 
General, in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 
605(b)), has reviewed this regulation and, by approving it, 
certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities. This rule affects only 
those practitioners who practice immigration law before EOIR. This 
rule will not affect small entities, as that term is defined in 5 
U.S.C. 601(6), because the rule is similar in substance to the 
existing regulatory process.''). The Department is unaware of any 
reasonable dispute or challenge to this longstanding position and 
finds no reason to depart from its previous well-established and 
accepted view.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule does not limit in any way the ability of practitioners to 
accept cases, manage dockets, or assess fees. Nothing in the rule 
directly, or indirectly, regulates practitioners or entities; rather, 
the rule regulates individual asylum seekers. Practitioners remain free 
to accept cases, manage dockets, and charge fees as they see fit. 
Moreover, commenters' concerns regarding how practitioners will be 
affected by the rule either are wholly speculative due to the case-by-
case nature of asylum adjudication, fail to account for the provisions 
of the rule that have already been in effect for decades, or are beyond 
the scope of this rulemaking. As such, the Department finds that 
further analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act is not warranted. 
In short, there is no evidence that the rule will have a significant 
impact on small entities as contemplated by the Regulatory Flexibility 
Act or an applicable executive order.
    Furthermore, the Department does not believe that the rule should 
be considered a ``major rule'' under the CRA. Assertions that the rule 
will result in increased DHS detention costs, decreased employment 
authorization availability, and increased costs to government agencies 
and subsidized entities are purely speculative. In fact, the rule will 
likely reduce costs to the government by allowing for a more 
streamlined and efficient asylum process. Additionally, the commenter 
who raised this concern presented no evidence that the rule would 
result in an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more, and 
the Department is aware of no such evidence.

III. Regulatory Requirements

A. Administrative Procedure Act

    This final rule is being published with a 30-day effective date as 
required by the Administrative Procedure Act. 5 U.S.C. 553(d).

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Department has reviewed this rule in accordance with the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act and has determined that it will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
5 U.S.C. 605(b). The rule will not regulate ``small entities'' as that 
term is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601(6). Only individuals, rather than 
entities, are eligible to apply for asylum, and only individuals are 
placed in immigration proceedings. The Department also incorporates by 
reference herein the discussion in Section II.C.8, supra.

C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    This rule will not result in the expenditure by State, local, and 
Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more in any one year, and it will not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed 
necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 
1995.

D. Congressional Review Act

    This rule would not be a major rule as defined by section 804 of 
the Congressional Review Act. 5 U.S.C. 804(2). This rule will not 
result in an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; a 
major increase in costs or prices; or significant adverse effects on 
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on 
the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-
based enterprises in domestic and export markets.

E. Executive Orders 12866, 13563 and 13771

    The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of the Office of 
Management and Budget (``OMB'') has determined that this rule is a 
``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of Executive Order 
12866. Accordingly, the regulation has been submitted to OMB for 
review. The Department certifies that this regulation has been drafted 
in accordance with the principles of Executive Order 12866, section 
1(b), Executive Order 13563, and Executive Order 13771.
    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health, and safety effects; distributive impacts; and equity). 
Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of using the best 
available methods to quantify costs and benefits, reducing costs, 
harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
    The Department believes that this rule will effectuate 
congressional intent to resolve cases in an expeditious manner and will 
provide significant net benefits relating to EOIR proceedings by 
allowing the agency to resolve cases more quickly. Section 1(b)(6) of 
Executive Order 12866 states that ``[e]ach agency shall assess both the 
costs and the benefits of the intended regulation and, recognizing that 
some costs and benefits are difficult to quantify, propose or adopt a 
regulation only upon a reasoned determination that the benefits of the 
intended regulation justify its costs,'' As of October 13, 2020, EOIR 
had over

[[Page 81749]]

580,000 pending cases with an application for asylum and withholding of 
removal, and the median processing time for a non-detained case with an 
asylum application is 1133 days. EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Total 
Asylum Applications (Oct. 13, 2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1106366/download. This rule will assist 
EOIR in adjudicating new asylum cases more efficiently to ensure that 
this volume does not increase to an insurmountable degree. No costs to 
the Department or to respondents are expected. Respondents are already 
required to submit complete asylum applications to have them 
adjudicated, and immigration judges already have authority to set 
deadlines.
    The Department notes that this rule will not impose any new fees. 
Consistent with the treatment of other applications referred by USCIS 
that are renewed in immigration proceedings, an alien filing a USCIS 
Form I-589 with USCIS who is then referred to DOJ for immigration 
proceedings would pay the application fee only once. The Department's 
fees for applications published by DHS are established in accordance 
with 8 CFR 1103.7(b)(4)(ii), which, in turn, cross-references the DHS 
fee schedule. Given the inextricable nature of the two agencies' asylum 
processes and the benefit of not treating applicants for substantially 
similar benefits differently if they file with DOJ or with DHS, the 
Department's regulations have included this cross-reference for several 
years, and this rule does not alter it. The Department is also not 
authorized, per regulation, to waive the application fee for an 
application published by DHS if DHS identifies that fee as non-
waivable. 8 CFR 1103.7(c). The proposed rule does not alter that 
regulatory structure.
    The Department believes that this rule will impose only minimal, if 
any, direct costs on the public. Any new minimal cost would be limited 
to the cost of the public familiarizing itself with this rule, though 
because parts of the rule merely codify longstanding statutory 
provisions and certain precedents or otherwise reflect longstanding 
pre-existing regulatory provisions, there is little new in the rule 
that requires familiarization. An immigration judge's ability to set 
filing deadlines is already established by regulation, and filing 
deadlines for both applications and supporting documents are already a 
well-established aspect of immigration court proceedings guided by 
regulations and the Immigration Court Practice Manual. See generally 
EOIR, Immigration Court Practice Manual (Nov. 25, 2020), available at 
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/office-chief-immigration-judge-0. The rule 
also does not require an immigration judge to schedule a merits hearing 
at any particular time after the application is filed, as long as the 
application is adjudicated within 180 days absent exceptional 
circumstances, which is an existing and longstanding statutory 
requirement, see INA 208(d)(5)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(A)(iii).
    Moreover, this rule does not require that an alien wait until the 
immigration judge sets a filing deadline before filing an application, 
and an alien remains free to file his or her asylum application with 
the immigration court before the first hearing. Asylum applications are 
frequently filed prior to or at an initial immigration court hearing 
already, and existing regulations allow for supplementing an initial 
application as appropriate, subject to an immigration judge's 
discretion. Most aliens filing asylum applications in pending 
immigration proceedings--85 percent--have representation, see EOIR, 
Current Representation Rates (Oct. 13, 2020), available at https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062991/download, and the proposed rule 
is not expected to increase any burdens on practitioners, who are 
already subject to professional responsibility rules regarding workload 
management, 8 CFR 1003.102(q)(1), and who are already accustomed to 
preparing and filing documents related to asylum claims according to 
deadlines established by an immigration judge. The Department 
acknowledges that establishing a fixed deadline to file an asylum 
application in some types of immigration proceedings may reduce the 
availability of prior dilatory tactics as a matter of strategy, though 
it also recognizes that attorneys have been aware of the 180-day 
adjudication deadline for asylum applications for over two decades and 
are familiar with the similar existing 10-day deadline for alien 
crewmember asylum applications in 8 CFR 1208.5(b)(1)(ii).
    No costs to the Department are associated with the rule. The 
changes do not create an incentive that would cause DHS to file more 
cases and, thus, are not expected to result in an increase in the 
number of cases to be adjudicated by EOIR. Further, the changes provide 
guidance for administrative decision-making but do not require 
immigration judges to make more decisions or to prolong immigration 
proceedings. This costs of this rule are considered de minimis for 
purposes of Executive Order 13771.

F. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

    This rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States, 
on the relationship between the National Government and the States, or 
on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various 
levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with section 6 of 
Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this rule does not have 
sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a 
federalism summary impact statement.

G. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

    This rule meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a) 
and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.

H. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13, 44 
U.S.C. chapter 35, and its implementing regulations, 5 CFR part 1320, 
all agencies are required to submit to OMB, for review and approval, 
any reporting requirements inherent in a rule. This rule may require 
edits to the USCIS Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for 
Withholding of Removal, because the filing of an asylum application now 
requires submission, for any required fee, of a fee receipt or 
alternate proof of payment. If necessary, a separate notice will be 
published in the Federal Register requesting comments on the 
information collection impacts of this rule and the revised USCIS Form 
I-589.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 1003

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, Legal 
services, Organization and functions (Government agencies).

8 CFR Part 1103

    Administrative practice and procedure, Authority delegations 
(Government agencies), Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 1208

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 1240

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens.

    Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the preamble, and by the 
authority vested in the Director, Executive Office for Immigration 
Review, by the Attorney

[[Page 81750]]

General Order Number 4910-2020, the Department amends 8 CFR parts 1003, 
1103, 1208, and 1240 as follows:

PART 1003--EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW

0
1. The authority citation for part 1003 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 6 U.S.C. 521; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 
1154, 1155, 1158, 1182, 1226, 1229, 1229a, 1229b, 1229c, 1231, 
1254a, 1255, 1324d, 1330, 1361, 1362; 28 U.S.C. 509, 510, 1746; sec. 
2 Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950; 3 CFR, 1949-1953 Comp., p. 1002; 
section 203 of Pub. L. 105-100, 111 Stat. 2196-200; sections 1506 
and 1510 of Pub. L. 106-386, 114 Stat. 1527-29, 1531-32; section 
1505 of Pub. L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-326 to -328.


0
2. In Sec.  1003.8, revise paragraph (a)(1) to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.8  Fees before the Board.

    (a) * * *
    (1) When a fee is required. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) 
of this section and 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(3), a filing fee prescribed in 8 
CFR 1103.7, or a fee waiver request pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) of 
this section, is required in connection with the filing of an appeal, a 
motion to reopen, or a motion to reconsider before the Board.
* * * * *

0
3. In Sec.  1003.10, add three sentences at the end of paragraph (b) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  1003.10  Immigration judges.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * In the absence of exceptional circumstances, an 
immigration judge shall complete administrative adjudication of an 
asylum application within 180 days after the date an application is 
filed. For purposes of this paragraph (b) and of Sec. Sec.  1003.29 and 
1240.6 of this chapter, the term exceptional circumstances refers to 
exceptional circumstances (such as battery or extreme cruelty to the 
alien or any child or parent of the alien, serious illness of the party 
or immigration judge, or serious illness or death of the spouse, child, 
or parent of the alien, but not including less compelling 
circumstances) beyond the control of the parties or the immigration 
court. A finding of good cause does not necessarily mean that an 
exceptional circumstance has also been established.
* * * * *

0
4. In Sec.  1003.24, revise paragraph (c)(1) to as follows:


Sec.  1003.24  Fees pertaining to matters within the jurisdiction of an 
immigration judge.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) When filed during proceedings. When an application for relief 
is filed during the course of proceedings, the fee for that application 
must be paid in advance to the Department of Homeland Security in 
accordance with 8 CFR 103.7 and 8 CFR part 106. The fee receipt must 
accompany the application when it is filed with the immigration court 
except as provided by 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(3).
* * * * *

0
5. Revise Sec.  1003.29 to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.29  Continuances.

    The immigration judge may grant a motion for continuance for good 
cause shown, provided that nothing in this section shall authorize a 
continuance that causes the adjudication of an asylum application to 
exceed 180 days in the absence of exceptional circumstances, consistent 
with section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act and Sec.  1003.10(b).

0
6. In Sec.  1003.31, revise paragraphs (b) and (c) to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.31  Filing documents and applications.

* * * * *
    (b) Except as provided in 8 CFR 1240.11(f) and 1208.4(d)(3), all 
documents or applications requiring the payment of a fee must be 
accompanied by a fee receipt from the Department of Homeland Security, 
an alternate proof of payment consistent with Sec.  1208.4(d)(3), or by 
an application for a waiver of fees pursuant to Sec.  1003.24. Except 
as provided in Sec.  1003.8(a) and (c), any fee relating to Immigration 
Judge proceedings shall be paid to, and accepted by, any Department of 
Homeland Security office authorized to accept fees for other purposes 
pursuant to Sec.  1103.7(a) of this chapter.
    (c) Subject to Sec.  1208.4(d) of this chapter, the immigration 
judge may set and extend time limits for the filing of applications and 
related documents and responses thereto, if any, provided that nothing 
in this section shall authorize setting or extending time limits for 
the filing of documents after an asylum application has been filed that 
would cause the adjudication of an asylum application to exceed 180 
days in the absence of exceptional circumstances, consistent with 
section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act and Sec.  1003.10(b). If an 
application or document is not filed within the time set by the 
immigration judge, the opportunity to file that application or document 
shall be deemed waived.
* * * * *

PART 1103--APPEALS, RECORDS, AND FEES

0
7. The authority citation for part 1103 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1304, 1356; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 28 
U.S.C. 509, 510.


0
8. In Sec.  1103.7, revise paragraph (a)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  1103.7  Fees.

    (a) * * *
    (3) All other fees payable in connection with immigration 
proceedings. Except as provided in 8 CFR 1003.8, the Executive Office 
for Immigration Review does not accept the payment of any fee relating 
to Executive Office for Immigration Review proceedings. Instead, such 
fees, when required, shall be paid to, and accepted by, an office of 
the Department of Homeland Security authorized to accept fees, as 
provided in 8 CFR 103.7(a)(1) and 8 CFR part 106. The Department of 
Homeland Security shall return to the payer, at the time of payment, a 
receipt for any fee paid, and shall also return to the payer any 
documents, submitted with the fee, relating to any immigration 
proceeding. The fee receipt and the application or motion shall then be 
submitted to the Executive Office for Immigration Review except as 
provided by 8 CFR 1208.4(d)(3). Remittances to the Department of 
Homeland Security for applications, motions, or forms filed in 
connection with immigration proceedings shall be payable subject to the 
provisions of 8 CFR 103.7(a)(2) and 8 CFR part 106.
* * * * *

PART 1208--PROCEDURES FOR ASYLUM AND WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL

0
9. The authority citation for part 1208 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1158, 1226, 1252, 1282; Title 
VII of Pub. L. 110-229; Pub. L. 115-218.


0
10. In Sec.  1208.3, revise paragraph (c)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.3  Form of application.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) An asylum application must be properly filed in accordance with 
the form instructions and with Sec. Sec.  1003.24, 1003.31(b), and 
1103.7(a)(3) of this chapter, including payment of a fee, if any, as 
explained in the instructions to the application. For purposes of 
filing with an immigration court, an asylum application is incomplete 
if it does not include a response to each of the

[[Page 81751]]

required questions contained in the form, is unsigned, is unaccompanied 
by the required materials specified in paragraph (a) of this section, 
is not completed and submitted in accordance with the form 
instructions, or is unaccompanied by any required fee receipt or other 
proof of payment as provided in Sec.  1208.4(d)(3). The filing of an 
incomplete application shall not commence the period after which the 
applicant may file an application for employment authorization. An 
application that is incomplete shall be rejected by the immigration 
court. If an applicant wishes to have his or her application for asylum 
considered, he or she shall correct the deficiencies in the incomplete 
application and refile it within 30 days of rejection. Failure to 
correct the deficiencies in an incomplete application or failure to 
timely refile the application with the deficiencies corrected, absent 
exceptional circumstances as defined in Sec.  1003.10(b) of this 
chapter, shall result in a finding that the alien has abandoned that 
application and waived the opportunity to file such an application;
* * * * *

0
11. In Sec.  1208.4, add paragraph (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.4  Filing the application.

* * * * *
    (d) Filing deadline. (1) For any alien in asylum-and-withholding-
only proceedings pursuant to Sec.  1208.2(c)(1) and paragraph 
(b)(3)(iii) of this section, the immigration judge shall comply with 
the requirements of Sec.  1240.11(c)(1)(i) through (iii) of this 
chapter and shall set a deadline of fifteen days from the date of the 
alien's first hearing before an immigration judge by which the alien 
must file an asylum application, which includes an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act and 
protection under Sec. Sec.  1208.16 through 1208.18. The immigration 
judge may extend the deadline for good cause. If the alien does not 
file an asylum application by the deadline set by the immigration 
judge, the immigration judge shall deem the opportunity to file such an 
application waived, and the case shall be returned to the Department of 
Homeland Security. For any alien in proceedings pursuant to Sec.  
1208.2(c)(2), the immigration judge shall comply with the requirements 
of Sec.  1240.11(c)(1)(i) through (iii) and shall set a deadline of 
fifteen days from the date of the alien's first hearing before an 
immigration judge by which the alien must file an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, which 
includes an application for protection under Sec. Sec.  1208.16 through 
1208.18. The immigration judge may extend the deadline for good cause. 
If the alien does not file an application by the deadline set by the 
immigration judge, the immigration judge shall deem the opportunity to 
file such an application waived, and the case shall be returned to the 
Department of Homeland Security.
    (2) If the alien must pay a fee for submission of the asylum 
application, the alien must submit the DHS-issued fee receipt together 
with the application by the deadline set by the immigration judge in 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
    (3) If the alien has paid any required fee but has not received the 
fee receipt from DHS by the deadline set by the immigration judge, the 
alien must instead provide to the immigration court a copy of proof of 
the payment to DHS with the asylum application. The alien must then 
submit a copy of the fee receipt by a new deadline set by the 
immigration judge. If the immigration judge does not set a deadline, 
the alien must submit the fee receipt no later than 45 days after the 
date of filing of the application.


Sec.  1208.7  [Removed and Reserved]

0
12. Remove and reserve Sec.  1208.7.


Sec.  1208.9  [Removed and Reserved]

0
13. Remove and reserve Sec.  1208.9.

0
14. In Sec.  1208.12, revise paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.12  Reliance on information compiled by other sources.

    (a) In deciding an asylum application, which includes an 
application for withholding of removal under 241(b)(3) of the Act and 
protection under Sec. Sec.  1208.16 through 1208.18, or in deciding 
whether the alien has a credible fear of persecution or torture 
pursuant to Sec.  1208.30, or a reasonable fear of persecution or 
torture pursuant to Sec.  1208.31, an immigration judge may rely on 
material provided by the Department of State, other Department of 
Justice offices, the Department of Homeland Security, or other U.S. 
Government agencies, and may rely on foreign government and non-
governmental sources if those sources are determined by the judge to be 
credible and the material is probative. On his or her own authority, an 
immigration judge may submit relevant evidence into the record, if the 
source is credible and the evidence is probative, and may consider it 
in deciding an asylum application, which includes an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act and 
protection under Sec. Sec.  1208.16 through 1208.18, provided that a 
copy of the evidence has been provided to both parties and both parties 
have had an opportunity to comment on or object to the evidence prior 
to the issuance of the immigration judge's decision.
* * * * *

PART 1240--PROCEEDINGS TO DETERMINE REMOVABILITY OF ALIENS IN THE 
UNITED STATES

0
15. The authority citation for part 1240 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1103, 1158, 1182, 1186a, 1186b, 1225, 1226, 
1227, 1228, 1229a, 1229b, 1229c, 1252 note, 1361, 1362; secs. 202 
and 203, Pub. L. 105-100 (111 Stat. 2160, 2193); sec. 902, Pub. L. 
105-277 (112 Stat. 2681).


0
16. Revise Sec.  1240.6 to read as follows:


Sec.  1240.6  Postponement and adjournment of hearing.

    After the commencement of the hearing, the immigration judge may 
grant a reasonable adjournment either at his or her own instance or, 
for good cause shown, upon application by the respondent or the 
Department of Homeland Security, provided that nothing in this section 
shall authorize an adjournment that causes the adjudication of an 
asylum application to exceed 180 days in the absence of exceptional 
circumstances, consistent with section 208(d)(5)(A)(iii) of the Act and 
Sec.  1003.10(b) of this chapter.

James R. McHenry III,
Director, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of 
Justice.
[FR Doc. 2020-27210 Filed 12-15-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-30-P


</pre><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body>
</html>