Professional Paper No. 22 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

FOREST CONDITIONS 

lN 'fHE -

Series H, Forestry, 7 

\ 

SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST HESERVE, ARIZONA 

BY 

JOHN B. LEIBERG, THEODORE F. RIXON, AND ARTHUR DODWELL 

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 

F. G. PLUMMER 

·wASHINGTON 

G 0 Y E R N 1\I E N T I' HI N T IN G 0 ];' F I C E 

1904 

CONT .. ENTS. 

Page .. 

Letter of transmittaL_. _ _._._. ____ -_._._._ .. _._ .. _ .. _. ______ . __ _._._._- _ _._. ________ ._· __________ .~ __ . ____ . __ .___ 9 

Introdnetion.·.-_-_. ______________ ._._._._._._._. ___ .. _______ . ___ -_._. __ . ___________ . ____ . _. _________ ---- _ ___ 11 

Boundaries·. ___ .----- ___ .·.·-·-·-·-·-·-·-_._. __ . __________ ._ .. _.._._. ______ . _______________ . _____ .___ 11 

Surface features ___ . _ _- .. ·: ______ ._._._ .. ·.-___ .· _ _. _ _. __ . _ _. ___________ .: ___________ . ________ ._______ 13 

Soil·. _. _: _. _ .. __ _. .. _ . _. __ .. _ _. .· .. · .... _. _. _..: ____ _. __ . __ _. .· _ _.. __ . ___ .. __ . __ . __ . __ .. _____ . ___ .. 15 

Drainage_._. _ _. ___ . _____________________ . __________ _.:. _ _. ________ . ____ . ___ ------_________ 15 

Forest and womllan<.l .· __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . _____ ·- : _ .. · _____ . ___________ . ____ .· __ . _____ . _ ....... _ _ 17 

Zones or types of arborescent growth_ . _ .·. _. __ .: _. __ . _ : _ _. ... ____ . _______ . __ . __ . _ .. _ .. ___ . _ 18 

Aspect and character of timber belts ____ . _ _._._. ___ . __ _.._ .. _._._._._._._. ___ ._ ... _._._.___ 19 

Undergrowth and ground cover . _: _. _ . _. _. _ . _ . :. _ . _.. _ , _ ... ·. _ . _. _________ . ___ . _. _ . _____ . _ 20 

Species· of trees. _. _. _ _. __ .· .. _ _.-_.:. __ .... _, _. _: _ ... ___ . _ , _. ________ . _______________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Yell ow pine . _ :. _ _. , _ . _ : . _ _. , ____ . ____ " . ____ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Limber pine __ :: __ : __ .. :. _: _.:: __ _ : __ . __________________ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Bristle-cone pine ______ . _____ :. __ .:: _: ___ :: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

Piiion : . ... _ :::. _. ___ . _:. ___ : _: __ . _______ _ : :: _________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 . 

Single-leaf piiion _ .. _. _. _____ _ .: _____ . ____ _ : _: _ :· _________ . _______ _._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ·21 

Red fir : _ : __ : . .... ___ ... _ . ___ . _ : __ .. __ : ____ .. _____ . __ . _______________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 

White fir ______ . __ . ___ . __ . ___________ : ___ _ : _: __ .. ______ . __ . ___ . _____ . _. _______ . _ 21 

·Arizona fir. __ .... ____ . ___ . ______ : ___ _ : _: _. ___ . _____ . _. _. _. _ . _. _____ ~ ___ . _ . _. _. 21 

-·Engelmann· spruce ; . _. _. ___ . ___ . ______ _ : _________ . _. _. _ ... _. _. _. _. _. _. ___ . ___ . 21 

One-seed juniper _ . _.: _ : . . __ . _. _. _. _. ___ . ___ . _____ . _ . _. _. _. _. ___ . ___ . _ . _. __ .. _. 21 

Alligator juniper_._. ___ ... _._._. ___ ._:_.:._. ___ . _____ ._. ___ ._. __ : ____ . __ . __ .__ 21 

Arizona cypress . _. _.:. _ ... _ . _ . _ . ___ . _ . _ . :. : . _. _. _ . ____________ . ______________ . 22 

Commercial value of timber belts _ . _ ... ___ . _. _ . :. _ . _·: _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

Capacity of the forest in mill timber_ ..... _____ ::. _:;:: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 

Destruction of the forest _____ . ______ ... __________________ . _______ .. ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 

Cutting ·_. ____ . _ .. __ . _. _________ . __ : .. _. ___ . _. __________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 

G rar-ing ....... _ .. _· _ ..... _ ... _ . __ .. __________ : _____________ . _ . ____ . ________ . _ . 25 

Fire:: ... _ ..... ____ .. ____ .. _________ .. _. __ ._. _______ . _____ .___________________ 26 

Reproduction·: ....... _ .. _ .. : . .... _ .. _. ___ .. __ : ___ . _ . _____________ . ________________ . _ _ _ 28 

Influence of the forest on run-off .. _. __ _ .... : __ ;. ________ . _____ . __ ... _. _______ . _ ..... _. _ 30 

Grazing value of the reserve _ .. : . .. _ .. : .. _ ..... _ .. _ . : _: . .. _________ . _. _______ .:. _ . _. _.. 31 

.Effects of sheep herding- on forest floor . _ .. _ .. __ : .·; _. _ . _. _ . _____ . ___ . ___ . _. _. _____ . _ _ _ _ _ 34 

Nontimberecl 'tracts ..•. _ ... _._. __ _._ .. _ ..... __ . _. __ ..... _- ______ . ___ ... _ ..... _ ..... _ ... _.. 35 

Agricultural value ....•.••••..••... ·.: .. : ... __ ._ ....... :._ .. __ ._._ ....... _._._._._._-.-.. 35 

3 
4 CONTENTS. 

Page, 

Detailed descriptions .................................... _ ........... , __ · ____ .............. 35 

Township 15 north, range 6 east .. __ ... __ .. __ ... _____ . __ , ..... _ ... ___ .. _ ..... _ .. _ _ _ 35 

Township 15 north, range 7 east _ .. ___ .. _. _........................................ 36 

Township 15 north, nmge_8 east .. _ ..... _ .. _ .. __ ............................... __ .. 36 

Township 15 north, range 9 east .. _ .. _ ..... _ .............................. _........ 36 

Township 15 north, range 10 east ............................................ __ .... 37 

Township 15 north, range 11 east .. _ ............................ _ .... ...... ...... .. 37 

Township 16 north, range 5 east_------.----- ___ ................................... 38 

Township 16 north, range 6 east _____ .. ___ ... ______ ....... ______ ... _ .... , __ ......... 38 

Township 16 north, range 7 east................................................... 38 

Township 16 north, range 8 east ____ ... __ ... ___ . _ ... ___ . _. ____ . ___ . _. ____ ..... _. _.. 39 

Township 16north, range 9 east ........ __ ........................ _................ 39 

Township 16 north, range 10 east .................................... _ .. _........... 40 

Township 16 north, range 11 east .. _______ . ___ ... _. __ . _. _. __ . _. __ : .. _ .. __ . ___ . _ . _. _ 40 

Township 17 north, range 4 east ... _ ............. _. _ .. _ .. _. _ .... _. _ .... _ .. _........ 41 

Township 17 north, range 5 east................................................... 41 

Township 17 north, range 6 east .... · ...... _._ ..................... _................ 41 

Township 17 north, range 7 east................................................... 41 

Township 17 north, range 8 east· .......... ___ ..................... __ ............... 42 

Township 17 north, range 9 east ...... _ .............. _ .................. _ ... _...... 42 

Township 17 north, range 10 east .... _ ........................... __ ......... __ ... _. 43 

Township 17 north, range 11 east_ ................. _............................... 43 

Township 18 north, range 4 east .................. _ .... _ .. _ .. _ ....... _ .... __ ....... 43 

Township 18 north, range 5 east ................ _ .............. _.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 43 

Township 18 north, range 6 east _.................................................. 44 

Township 18 north, range 7 east _.................................................. 44 

Township 18 north, range 8 east ................. _._............................... 45 

Township 18 north, range 9 east .... _ .... __ .. _ .. _ ..... ___ . _ ... __ .... __ ..... __ ... _ _ _ 45 

Township 18 north, range 10 east ..... _ .. _ .. _ .......... _ ........... _ ............ _.. 46 

Township 18 north, range 11 east ....... __ ........... _ ............ _................ 46 

Township 1\l'north, range l east ....... _ .. _ ............. _ ......... _ ............... _ 47 

Township 19 north, range 2 east................................................... 47 

Township 19 north, range 3 east................................................... 47 

Township 19 north, range 4 east ....................................... _ ......... _ 48 

Township 19 north, range 5 east _ ................... _ ..... _ ...... · ....... _ .... _ .... _ 48 

Township 19 north, range 6 east_ ............... _ ...... _ ...... _ ........... _........ 49 

Township 19 north, range 7 east ....... _ .... _ ............. _: .......... _ .. _ ........ _ 49 

Township 19 north, range 8 east . __ ........... _ ..... _ .. __ ... _ .. _ .. _ ...... _......... 50 

Township 19 north, range 9 east _ .. _ ... _. ___ . __ . _ ... _ .. _____ .. __ .. _. _ .. _ .. _ ... __ . _. 50 

Township 19 north, range 10 east ..... __ .... __ ..... _ ........ _ ............... __ .... _ 50 

Township 20 north, range 1 east _ ............ _ ............ _ .... __ .... _ ...... _ .. __ __ 51 

Township 20 north, range 2 east .... __ ... ______ ........ _ ...... _ .. ___ .. __ .. ____ .... _ 51 

Township 20 north, range 3 east ..... __ ............ __ ........ _ .. _ ............ _ .. _.. 52 

Township 20 north, range 4 east ........ _ .. _ ...... _ .. _ .......... _ .. _ .. _ ........ __ .. 52 

Township 20 north, range 5 east .... ___ .... __ ..... _ ... _ .... _. _. _ ........... __ .... _. 53 

Township 20 north, range 6 east __ ........ _ .... _ ........... ___ ...... _..... ..... .... 53 
CONTENTS. 5 

Page. 

Detailed descriptions-Continued. 

Township 20 north, range 7 east ....................................•... ".......... · 54 

Township 20 north, range 8 east . . . . . . . .... . .. . ... . .. .. ...... •.. . . .. . . .. .. . . ... . . . . 55 

Township 20 north, range 9 east .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

Township 20 north, range 10 east.................................................. 56 

Township 21 north, range 1 east . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . ... .. . . . . .. .. . . 56 

Township 2lnorth, range 2 east . . . ... . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .. 56 

Township 21 north, range 3 east . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Township 21 north, range 4 east .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Township 21 north, range 5 east .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

Township 21 north, range 6 east . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 59 

Township 21 north, range 7 east . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

Township 21 north, range 8 east . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 60 

Township 21 north, rangP- 9 east . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . • . 61 

Township 22 north, range 1 east ....................................... __ . . . . .. . . . . 61 

Township 22 north, range 2 east . . .. . .. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

Township 22 north, range 3 east . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 62 

Township 22 north, range 4 east . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 62 

Township 22 north, range 5 east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. • • . 63 

Township 22 north, range 6 east ............... : ........... , . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 63 

Township 22 north, range 7 east . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . 64 

Township 22 north, range 8 east ............... :. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . 65 

Township 22 north, range 9 east . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

Township 23 north, range 3 east ................................... ·... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

Township 23 north, range 4 east .... " ... ' ........................... :.............. 67 

Township 23 north, range 5 east .................... , .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . 68 

Township 23 north, range 6 east . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

Township 2:3 north, range 7 east . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70 

Township 23 north, range 8 east . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Township 23 north, ra;,ge 9 east . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 7l 

Township 24 north, range 3 east .. . . . . ................. .. .. . . . . ... ... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 72 

Township 24 north, range 4 east . . ............. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . .. 73 

Township 24 north, range 5 east . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 73 

Township 24 north, range 6 east ................................. ·.............. ... . 74 

Township 24 north, range 7 east . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . 7-5 

Township 24 north, range 8 east ................................... :.. . .. . . . . .. .... 76 

Township 24 north, range 9 east ... . ... .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. ... . .. .. . . .. .. . . . .... . 77 

Tow~ship 25 north, range 3 east . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Township 25 north, range 4 east . . .......... ..... . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . ................. 78 

Township 25 north, ran~e 5 'east................................................... 78 

Township 25 north, range 6 east . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... .. . .. . . .. .... .. .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .. 79 

Township 25 north, range 7 east .... .'.... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. ... .. .. ..... 80 

·Township 25 north, range 8 east .......................................... · ... ·...... 80 

Township 25 north, range 9 east . . .. .... .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .... . .. ...... 81 

Summary ... _.......................................................................... 81 

Index.................................................................................... 93 

I J, J, U S T R A T I 0 N S . 

Page. 

PLATE I. Map of San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona, showing classification of 

lands ..................•......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In pocket. 

11. Diagram o[ San .Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona, showing stand .of 

timber and distribution of species............................................... 16 

III. A, Burnt timber on slopes of San Francisco Peak; B, Yell ow pine, pinon, and juniper. 20 

lV. A and B, Fire scars on yell01Y pine . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

V. A, Engelmann spruce; B, Mill site on Arizona Central Railroad..................... 28 

VI. A, Bill Williams Mountain; B, Fair stand of yellow pine_ .. _....................... 30 

VII. A, Yellow pine on the Verde slope; B, Band of 2,200 sheep .................... _.... 34 

7 

... 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES Gl<JOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

WaslLington, D. 0., October 10, 1903. 

Sm: I transmit herewith, for publication in the series of Professional Papers, 

a report on forest eonditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, 

Arizona, prepared by Mr. F. G. Plummer from the preliminary report of Mr. John 

B. Lei berg and notes by Messrs. Theodore F. Rixon and Arthur Dod well. 

. Very respectfully, 

Hon; CHARLES D. vV ALCOTT, 

D·irector Un#ed States· Geological 81lrVei.J. 

HENRY GANNETT, 

Geographer. 

9 

FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS 

FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

By JoHN B. LEIBERG, THEODORE F. RIXON, and ARTHUR DoDWELL. 

IN'l'RODUC'l'ION. 

By F. G. PLUM~mR. 

BOUNDARIES. 

By proclamation of President McKi~ley dated August 17, 1898, the San Francisco Mountains Forest Heserves were created in the Territory of Arizona, being 

described by sections of land as follows: 

"The even-numbered section::; in townships twenty-five (25), twenty-four (24), 

and twenty-three (23) north, ranges three (3) to nine (9) cast, both inclusive; townships twenty-two (22) and twenty-one (21) north, ranges one (1) to nine (9) east, both · 

inclusive; townships twenty (20) and nineteen (19) north, ranges one (1) to ten (10) 

east, both inclusive; townships eighteen (18) and seventeen (17) north, ranges four 

(4) to eleven (11) east, both inclusive; township sixteen (16) north, ranges five (5) to 

eleven (11) east, both inclusive; sections two (2), four (4), six (6), eight (8), ten (10), 

twelve (12), fourteen (14), sixteen (16), and eighteen (18), township fifteen (15) north, 

range six (6) east; sections two (2), four (4), six (6), eight (8), ten (10), twelve (12), 

fourteen (14), sixteen (Hi), eighteen (18), twenty (20), twenty~two (22), and twentyfour (24), township fifteen (15) north, range seven (7) east; sections two (2), four (4), 

six (6), eight (8), ten (10), twelve (12), fourteen (14), sixteen (16), eighteen (18), twenty 

(20), twenty-two (22), and twenty-fonr (24), township fifteen (15) north, range eight 

(8) east; sections two (2), four (4), six (6), eight (8), ten (10), twelve (12), fourteen 

(14), sixteen (16), and eighteen (18), township· fifteen (15) north, range nine (9) east; 

sections two (2), four (4), and six (6), township fifteen (15) north, range ten (10) east, 

and sections two (2), fo1

ur (4), nnd six (6), township fifteen (15) north, range eleven 

(11) east." 

On April 12, 1902, President Roosevelt issued a proclamation "for the purpose 

of consolidating into one reserve the lands heretofore embraced i11 the San Francisco 

Mountains Forest Reserves and of including therein the other adjacent lands within 

11 
12 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

the description hercimtfter given." The consolidated area is now know:n as the San 

Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, and is described hy metes and bound;,; as 

follows: 

''Beginning· at the northwest corner of township twenty-two (22) north, range 

one (1) east, Gila and Salt River meridian, Arizona; thence southerly along the said 

meridian, allowing for the proper offset on ~he fifth (5th) standard parallel north, to 

the southwest corner of Township nineteen (19) south, range one (1) east; thence 

easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township liM to the point for the northwest corner of township eighteen (18) north, range four (4) east; thence southerly 

along the unsurveyed range line to its intersection with the fourth (4th) standard' 

parallel north; thence easterly along said parallel to the point for the northwest 

corner of township sixteen (16) north, range five (5) east; thence southerly to the 

point for the southwe;,t corner of said township; thenee easterly to the point for the 

northwest corne1· of township fifteen (15) north, range six (6) cast; thence southerly 

to the point for the southwest corner of section eighteen (18), said township; thence 

easterly along the unsurveyed section line to the point for the northwest corner of 

section nineteen (19), township fifteen (15) north, range seven (7) east; thence 

southerly to the southwest corner of said section; thence easterly along the unsurveyed 

section lines to the southwest corner of section nineteen (19), township fifteen (15) 

north, range nine (9) east; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said section; 

thence easterly along the section line to the southeast corner of section thirteen (13), 

said township; thence northerly to the northeast corner of section twelve (12), said 

township; thence easterly along the section lines to the southeast corner of section 

one (1), township fifteen (15) north, range eleven (11) east; thence northerly along 

the range line to its intersection with the fourth (4th) standard parallel north; thence 

westerly along said parallel to the southeast corner of township seventeen (17) north, 

range eleven (11) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range 

line to the point for the northeast corner of township eighteen (18) north, range 

eleven (11) east; thence westerly to the southeast corner of township nineteen (19) 

north, range ten (10) east; thence northerly along the range line to its intersection 

with the fifth (5th) standard parallel north; thence westerly along said parallel to the 

point for the southeast corner of township twenty-one (21) north, range nine (9) east; 

thence northerly along the unsurveyed range line, allowing for the proper offset on 

the sixth (6th) standard parallel north, to the point for the northeast cornet· of 

township twenty-five (25) north, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the 

surveyed and unsurveyed township line to the point for the northwest corner of 

township twenty-five (25) north, range three (3) east; thence southerly along the 

surveyed and unsurveyed range line, allowing for the proper offset on the sixth (6th) 

standard parallel north, to the northeast corner of township twenty-two (22) north, 

range two (2) east; thence westerly along the township line to the northwest corner 

of township twenty-two (22) north, range one (1) east, to the place of beginning." 

Mr .• John B. Leiberg began the field work in this reserve in the early part 

of June, 1901, and by DecPmber 1 had examined thirty-seven townships in the 

. northern portion and five and one-half townships in the southwe.o;tern portion. 
BOUNDARIES .A.ND SURE'.A.CE FEATURES. 13 

During the winter of 1901-2 Mr. Leiberg prepared a full detailed preliminary 

report on these areas, which are outlined on the key diagram on Pl. I. 

The examinatioi1 was concluded during the season of 1902 by Mr. Theodore F. 

Rixon and Mr. Arthur Dodwell. 

For the plil;pose of publishing the results of these examinations as one professional paper, Mr. Leiberg's rep01:t has been supplemented by the data collected 

by Messrs. Rixon and Dodwell. 'fo avoid unnecessary repetition, and for simplicity of reference, each topic or subhead and each table contains the results of 

the examining parties in the same manner as if the field work had been in charge 

of one person, and the entire area treated by one author. 

Each section of 640 acres was separately cruised and reported upon in detail. 

The Michigan practice was used in estimating the timber, and includes trees 

which have a diameter as small as 8 inches at a height of 2 feet from the ground. 

The practice of Arizona lumbermen will average about 70 per cent of the Michigan 

practice estimates as given, in this report. 

In the preparation of the land classification map, Pl. 1, it was not at!.empted 

to show barren tracts which naturally support neither woodland nor forest. The 

larger tracts aggregate 362,0'75 acres, but the actual area is considerably greater 

than these figures imply, as numerous lanes and irregular openings interrupt the 

woodland growth. The map is a graphic representation of the existing conditions, 

which are set forth in greater detail in the following report. 

SURFACE FEATURES. 

,. 

This reserve comprises portions of the broad summit, and in localities also the 

slopes of an elevated tract of land in north-central Arizona. The altitude ranges 

from 3, 500 feet at Oak Creek in the south western portion, to 12, '794 feet at the 

summit of San Francisco Peak. In a general way the region may be regarded a~ a 

plateau-an extension southward of the· Colorado Plateau-gashed by numerous I 

deep canyons in the southern part and dotted by several hundred volcanic cones, 

principally in the northern areas. The general slopes arc toward the northeast and 

southwest from a sinuous and ill-defined crest line which traverses the country 

from northwest to southeast. The northeast slope has .a low gradient and leads to 

the valley of Little Col01;ado River; the southwestern slopes are steeper and at last 

break off precipitously into the valley of Verde Riv_er. 

The plateau originated in the uplift of a vast block of territory. Volcanic 

vents opened in many localities over its surface and poured out great floods of lava, 

after which from many craters were ejected vast masses of cinders and pumice-like 

sc01·ire, all of which helped to build up the plateau to its present level. Most of the 

region is therefore buried under various forms of volcanic ejecta, and only in 
14 SAN FRANCISCO :MOUNTAINS E'OREBT RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

occasional localities and in the bottoms of the deeper canyons do the underlying 

limestones outcrop. 

The top of the plateau consists, in a general way, of rolling land. The high 

portion of the region is composed mostly of terraces, which mark successive flows 

of lava from many points of eruption. Except where the plateau breaks off to the 

Verde drainage, these terraces terminate in comparatively low fronts, which are 

seldom more than 300 feet in height, more frequently not over 50 to 100 feet. 

Their slopes arc often steep and abrupt, and mostly rocky and talus strewn. The 

different volcanic foci scattered over the plateau, which accentuate the high 

relibf, consist of (1) low, truncated, more or less symmetrical cones, built up of loose 

lava, scorire, or of cemented volcanic tuff; (2) larg·e craton; around which in the 

course of many successive eruptions there accumulated lnva, cinder, and slag until 

the masses attained the height and proportions of mountains; (3) irregular ridges 

composed of various sorts of volcanic uutttcr, rarely exceeding a mile in length and 

1,200 feet in height; and (4) blocks of limestone, sometimes 1,500 feet in height 

and 3,800 feet in diameter. 

The cones vary in height from 300 to 1,000 feet, and even attain 1,200 feet 

in one or two instances. Their diameters, a.t the base, vary from 1,400 to 4,500 

feet. Their summits appear flat and truncate, when viewed from a distance, but 

a near inspection usually reveals 11 central depression, sometimes in the shape of 

an inverted cone, sometimes a shallow dish-like concavity. On many of the <~ones 

the depression is situated slightly to one side or occurs far down on the slopes. 

The centers of eruption around which sufficient lava and cinders accumulated 

to form mountains, nre San Francisco Mountains, Kendrick Peak, Sitgreaves Peak, 

Bill vVilliarns Mountain, Mormon Mountain, and Apache Maid. The last-named is 

a very prominent peak, although the lowest ·of those mentioned. San Francisco 

Mountains and Kendrick Peak were not built up from the ejecta of one crater, 

but from the outpourings of many; several craters, in the case of San Francisco 

Mountains, eventually coalescing and causing the formation of one large central 

.cone, while in Kendrick Peak they remain separate, grouped on either side of a 

central ridge. Sitgreaves Peak, on the other hand, appears to have been built 

up by lava tlows welling out through fissures, and the ancient craters, if any 

existed, are not clearly traceable. 

. The low portion of the region consists of runs, gullies, ravines, and canyons. 

In the northern areas of the reserve these depressions are shallow and unimportant, except such as head in the high mountains. In the southern portion of 

the ~eservc are three principal canyons with numerous tributaries. Sycamore and 

Oak Creek canyons have high precipitous walls, in places aggregating 2,000 feet 

of inaccessible cliffs. Beaver Creek Canyon is similar, but the slopes are not 

as abrupt and are generally free from rock bluffs and cliffs. 
INTRODUCTION. 15 

SOIL. 

The priucipal classes of soil in the reserve are as follows: Gravelly loam, loamy 

gravel, scoriaceous soil, cinder,. aucl adobe. 

The gravelly lottm is the prevailing type of soil. It consists of loamy' or 

adobe constituents mixed with varying percentag-es of volcanic debris in the 

areas covered with lava, and with limestone fragments when outcrops of that rock 

occur. The loamy gravel occurs in the limestone belt and in the northeast corner 

of the reservB, where it abuts on the desert areas of the Little Colorado. The 

scoriaeeous soils prevail on the slopes of the volcanic cones and ridges and in 

theit· immediate neighborhood. They are distributed throughout the reserve, and 

are composed of tL mixture of slag and pumice-like detritus, red, gray, or yellow, 

with small quantities of lottmy matter intermixed. The cinder soils occur in 

situations similar to those of the scoriaceous ones,, but are especially typical of the 

volcanic areas lying· between the eastern foot of Sari Francisco Peak and the 

Little Colorado Desert. This class of soil consists ttlmost wholly of coarse, black, 

volcanic cinders, almost lacking loamy admixtures. The adobe soils are derived 

from the decomposition of certain kinds of lava. They occur throughout the 

reserve, but are best developed on the slopes leading to Verde Valley in the southwest portion of the reserve. They also constitute the bottom of all the temporary 

lakes and ponds in the region. 0 

The loamy soils are moderately pervious to water; the cinder and scoriaceous 

soils absorb water as readily as a sponge and pttrt with it f1S freely. The adobe 

soils are not readily pervious; they quickly shed most of the water wh~ch falls 

upon tbem, except where badly cracked, when the fissures take up large quantities. 

However, they retain what is absorbed with great tenacity. The loamy soils are 

adapted to the growth of forests best of any in the reserve; next comes the scoriaceous soils with lomuy admixtures. The pure cinder soils are extremely barren 

and sterile, while the pure adobe soils, owing to the cracking propensity of the 

surface, are ill ttdaptecl to forest growth: 

Most of the surface is bowlder strewn or covered· with small fragments of 

lava, or, in the vicinity of volcanic vents, with coarse slag and scoriaceous matter. 

On many tracts the soil is extremely thin and imperfectly covers the underlying 

rough lava, constituting what is here termed "scab land." 

DRAINAGE. 

The visible portion of the run-off, or penmwent surface flow, is small, ail 

most of the precipitation sinks either within the reserve or in the desert and 

semidesert tracts which border it. Oak, Beaver, and Sycamore creeks are per-
! 16 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, .ARIZONA. 

manent streams, as is also Smith Creek, an insignificant runlet which rises on 

the eastern slopes of the crater rim of San Francisco Peak and flows a distance 

of 1 or 1t miles before sinking. A portion of its water~.> is impounded and piped 

to 'Flagstaff, which town depends upon it for supply. It is evident that the 

visible run-off accounts for only a small portion of the annual precipitation, most 

of which undoubtedly sinks into the fissures of the lava bed and does not again 

appear inside the reserve nor on the contiguous tracts. 

A few springs exist here and there, which are small and of little importance 

except to the particular locality. Natural tanks, which are hollows in the rocky 

beds of small creeks, are scattered over the reserve, and.. artificial tanks have been 

constructed in various localities. Most of these are small, and during the _summer 

are exposed to the trampling and wallowing of stock and become excessively 

filthy. Mormon Lake a~d Stonm;nan Lake are both dry, and at present are used 

either for pasture or agricqlture. Eight years ago both lakes were full of water, 

Mormon Lake having a depth of 10 to 15 feet and being plentifully stocked with 

fish. Several smaller lakes in the southern portion of the reserve are in a similar 

condition. 

The normal annual precipitation which falls on the central portions of the 

reserve between the 6,000- and 7,800-foot levels amounts approximately to 25 

inches. There are,-however, great fluctuations in the amounts, the records showing 

as low as 7 inches per annum at Flagstaff. The precipitation rapidly diminishes in 

quantity as the northern, eastern, and western areas of the reserve arc approached, 

until finally a region is reached where semidesert conditions exist. With a rise 

in elevation above the 7,800-foot level there is evidently an increase in the 

annual rate of precipitation, but no records are in existence that show the amount 

of rainfall. There are two rainy seasons, one in July and August, the other 

from October to Mareh or April. During the prevalence of the former the 

rains come from the southeast and east and are accompanied by a good deal of 

electrical disturbance and display, and are frequently torrential in character. 

The effect of electrie storms upon the timber of the reserve is quite n_oticeable; 

in places as high as 5 per cent of the standing trees have been struck and killed 

by lightning, and it is a reasonable estimate that 1 per cent of the entire timber 

is destroyed by this means. The fall rains begin in October and come intermittently till spring opens, changing to snow as the season advances. These storms 

eome from tile southwest ancf often are accompanied by violent gales. 

None of the elevations in the reserve reach the permanent snow line for this 

latitude, hut on the northeast slopes of San Francisco Peak small drifts occasionally 

remain through the summer. 
U.S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO . 22 PL.II 

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DIAGRAM OF SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE 

SHOWING STAND AND COMMERCIAL SPECIES OF TIMBER 

Vertical scale of stand 

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INTRODUCTION., 17 

FOREST AND WOODLAND. 

List o.f the con~fers in San Francisco .i\founta,ins Forest Reserve. 

Yell ow pine ...... , . ' ........................................... ~ .... Pinus ponderosa. 

Limber pine ................. : ......................................... Pinus flexilis. 

Bristle-eone pine ...................... __ , __ ..... : ...................... Pinus aristata. 

Pinon ............................ , __ .................................... Pinus edulis. 

Single-leaf pifion .................................................. Pinus monophylla. 

Red fir ......................................................... ?seudotsuga taxifolia. 

White fir ............................................................. Abies concolor. 

Arizona fir .... , ....................................................... Abies arizonica. 

Engelmann spruce .................. ' ............................... Picea engelmanni. 

One-seed juniper ....................•............. Juniperus occidentalis monosperma. 

Alligator juniper .............................................. Juniperus paehyphlrea. 

Arb:ona cypress ............................................. Oupressus guadalupensis. 

A complete list of the broad-leafed trees in not available, but is in part 

as follows: 

List o.f broad-leafed trees in San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve. 

Aspen .......................................................... Populus tremuloides. 

Black eottonwood ...... _ ............................... · .. _ ...... Populus trichocarpa. 

Boxelder _ c _ •.•.•• _ .......................... _ ........................ Acer negundo. 

Sycamore .. ' ...... _ .. _ .... _ ... : ....... 1 ............................. Platanus racemosa. 

U tab oak .......................................................... Quercus utahensis. 

Rocky Mountain oak ............................................... Quercus undulata. 

Ash. 

Blaek ash. 

Walnut. 

Mesquite. 

Among the coniferous species the yellow-pine claims first rank, constituting 

over 99 per cent of the merchantable timber and about 90 per cent of the total 

forest. It is followed by one-seed juniper and pinon. The other coniferous trees 

form individually but small percentages of the total growth, and are confined to 

more or less circumscribed tracts. Among the broad-leafed species, aspen takes 

first rank, but is closely followed by the oaks. The rest of the species of this class 

consists of isolated trees or small groups scattered on ·the breaks to the larger 

canyons. 

In the classification shown on Pl. I the woodlands are tracts which carry in 

part-sometimes almost exclusively-species of trees which in this region never 

attain mill-timber dimensions. As such they comprise areas supporting pure or 

mixed stands of juniper, pinon, and cypress. A few tracts covered with pure stands 

of small aspen likewise are included in the wooded areas, and in some localities a 

few isolated yellow pines may be included. The forested areas, on the other hand, 

are defined as tracts producing trees which grow to mill-timber dimensions. 

520-No. 22~04--2 
18 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

ZONES OR TYPES OF ARBORESCENT GROWTH. I 

.The arborescent growth in the reserve falls naturally into three chief types m· 

divisions, with one which is intermediate or transitional. These types in their altitudinal extensions, and in the species which compose them, correspond in a general 

way to the different ratio;; of precipita'tion which prevail over the various district;; in 

which they arc found. Yet here, as elsewhere, the ;;oil moiHture, not always closely 

proportioned to the am~ual precipitation, comes into play and limits the range of 

the difl'erent types or extends it into areas where otherwise they would not occur. 

The lowest type of growth, as regards altitudinal limitations, is that which constitutes the woodlands, a region where semiarid climatic and soil conditions obtain. 

Its chief range lies between the 5, 700- and 6,200-foot levels, but ·soil aridity due 

to porous and nonretentive soil constituents may extend its altitudinal range to 

7,000 feet, or even 7,500 feet. It mostly forms a fringe below the yellow-pine belt 

to the desert, treeless areas beyond. Occasionally it occurs on the slopes and . 

summits of cinder cones, far in among the yellow-pine belt, alw!tys in such cases as 

a result of soil aridity. 

The zone next aboyc that of the woodlands with their juniper and pinon stands 

is that of the yellow pine. It corresponds in a general way to subhumid climatic 

coziditions. Its chief altitudinal range is between the 6,200- and the 8,500-foot 

levels. On the warm and dry southern.and eastern slopes of San Francisco Peak the 

type extends to elevations of 9;200 feet, ranging into the lower limits of the humid 

area. The type forms 99 per cent of the forest in the reserve, and its chief coniferous tree ·is the yellow pine.. Here and there it is mixed with small percentages of 

red fir, alligator juniper, aspen, and oak. 

Above the yellow~pin.e type comes the transition type. It lies as a comparatively narrow and irregular belt between the humid areas of the. zone above 

and· the subhumid h;acts of the yellow-pine forests below. Its altitudinal range 

lie!' chiefly between the 8,500- and 9,800-foot levels, dipping in some localities 

considerably lower, and in, others rising to 10,000 feet. It occupies the middle 

slopes of San Francisco Peak, Kendrick Peak, and the middle and upper slopes 

of. Sitgreaves Peak. The type is composed of red fir, white fir, and Arizona 

fir-the latter in small proportions only-limber pine, aspen, scattered yellow 

p~nes~ and, on San .Francisco Peak, a few straggling Engelmann spruce. 

The upper zone of timber ffl formed by the subalpine type o£ forest, and 

he~~ is characteristic of climatic condition;; verging into the humid. Its altitudinal range lies between the 9,800- and the 12,400-foot levels, and therefore is 

confin!')d to the summits of Kendrick :Mountain and the upper slopes of San 

Francisco Peak. The type is composed of aspen, Engelmann spruce, bristle-cone 

pine, with small proportions of Arizona ~r at sn~h points along its lower levels 
ASPECT AND CHARACTER OF THIBER BELTS. / 19 

where it overlaps the transition belt of timber. Among the different conifers 

which compose the type, Engelmann spruce is the dominant species. Above the 

belt of subalpine forest lies a narrow treele:-~s tract generally considered as situated. 

above timber line, and for this reason devoid of forest. If such is the case, then 

the timber line on San Francisco J:>eak runs along the 12,000-foot level, leaving 

the highest peak projecting nearly 800 feet above timber line. 

ASPECT AND CHARACTER OF TIMBER BELTS. 

The woodland growth of juniper, pifion, and cypress is mostly ~ade up of a 

multitude of scattering trees, small groups, copses, and stands of medi~m density, 

the latter of which occupy areas containing 100 to 300 acres. Occasionally the 

stands· cover much larger tracts, as in township 24 north, range 6 east~ where 

stands occur covering 6,000 to 8,000 acres. But, as a rule, the woodland type 

consists of many blocks of timber everywhere interrupted by numerous tortuous 

lanes of bare ground, varying in width from 15 to 150 feet, and irvegular tracts 

containing 20 to 100 acres, which are either wholly devoid of trees or carry only 

a few scattering· individuals. 

The yellow-pine type of forest consists of open, continuous stands, here and 

there interrupted by tracts denuded of their ,forests through close logging. The 

stands surround and inclose many areas. entirely devoid of arborescent growthso-called "parks." These parks are of varying extent, from a mere glade of 5 

acres up to tracts embracing 14,000 acres, as in township 21 north, range 4 cast. 

Surrounding the base· of San Francisco Peak, Kendrick P~ak, and, in a lesser 

degree, Sitgreaves Peak, the yellow-pine forest is mixed with aspen. The 

aspen occurs either in stands of pure growth, coveri~g tracts of 5 to 250 acres, 

where it represents the first restocking of ancient fire glades, or the species is 

scrtttered in small bunches or as isolated trees among the yellow pines. Most, of 

the aspen stands or mixtures occur on elevations above the 7 ,200-foot level. 

Below this altitude the a.spen is largely replaced by oak as a component of the 

type. In the northern areas of the reserve the oak rarely forms stands of pm·e 

growth except on tracts logged to exhaustion, as in township 21 north, ranges 7 

and 8 east, where the restockings are largely composed of oak. Usually the 

species occurs as isolated trees, or in small clumps, often as mere brush forrnin&" 

undergrowth. On the north slope of many of the small. cinder cones situated 

north of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, the yellow-pine forests 

contain admixtures of red fir standing in SJ1mll copses or as seattering trees. 

The quantity of this species is insignificant. 

The forest which forms the transition type consists of closely stocked standFJ, 

whose density is clue to great quantities of aspen of all ages, in which the coniferous 

\· 
I 

20 HAN l!'RANCISCO MOUNTAINS E'OREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

species arc set in small groups, thin lines, or as isolated trees. The aspen stands 

, are especially heavy and extensive on the north side of Kendrick Peak and on the 

north, west, and south slopes of San Francisco Peak. On the eastern side of the 

peakl'l and on the slopes of Sitgreaves Peak the aspen groves are much thinner, 

and the coniferous stands of the type more compact and extensive. The aspen 

stands in every case represent primary restocking after exceedingly destructive fires 

which wiped out most of the original coniferous growth. 

The Rubalpine type of forest at its lower elevations is formed of closely stocked 

stands; of thin, scattered, low, and scrubby growths at the higher altitudes. Part 

of the type. is composed of densely stocked stands of small aspen, inclosing blocks of 

Engelmann spruce; part of it consists of Engelmann spruce set in pure stands, or 

J:!1ixed in varying propo:r;tions of aspen, Arizona fir, and bristle-cone pine. As elevation increases, the aspen. and Arizona fir .disappear, until we ~·each stands composed 

chiefly of bristle-cone pine, with small percentages of Engelmann spruce, or stands 

where the relative proportion of the two species is reversed~ ,Here, as elsewhere in 

the reserve, the pure aspen stands mark the first reforestations after fires which 

ravaged the region during Indian occupancy. 

The subalpine forest is not composed of uniform continuous stands. Everywhere 

it is broken by open, grass-covered tracts, rocky areas, where the soil cover is too 

shallow for forest growth, and large fire glades, especialfy on the eastern slopes of 

San Franci~co Peak, where no reforestation of the burned-over areaR has yet begun. 

UNDERGROWTH AND GROUND COVER. 

Only small quantities of undergrowth occur in the woodland and yellow-pine 

types of forest. In the former type Oowania mexicana, Ji'allugia paradoxa, Berberis .fremont,i; together with seedlings and small saplings of the juniper and pinon, 

constitute the undergrowth. In the yellow-pine type aspen and oak brush form 

the principal kinds of undergrowth. In the transition and subalpine types the 

undergrowth is mostly composed of seedling trees, wild gooseberry, and raspberry. 

The ground cover, when present, consists of tufted and sword-forming species of 

grass, and occasionally a thin layer of pine needles. The sward occurs almost 

exclusively in the woodland stands, and is composed of mesquite gra.ss, Boutelouo 

oligostacwya. It is rarely continuous over any considerable area, but rather forms 

irregular mats divided by intervals of bare ground. The tufted grasses prevailing 

in the yellow pine belt consist ehietly of species of Poa, Fest'ltca, and Agropyron. 

Most of them are strongly rooted species, and where not much pastured, grow in I 

large, strong tufts which sometimes become tussocks. Mixed with the grass is a 

I 

thin layer of pine needles, its depth depending on the time that has passed since 

the last fire swept over the ground. There is very little ground cover in the 
U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 22 PL. JU 

• 4.. BURNT TIMBER ON SLOPES OF SAN FRANCISCO PEAK. B . YELLOW PINE, PINON, AND JUNIPER . 
U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 22 PL. IV 

B 

FIRE SCARS ON Y ELLOW PINE. 
UNDERGROWTH AND TREE SPECIES. 21 

subalpine forest. The transition type hat~ a cover which in the more open stands 

does not greatly differ from that of the yellow pine forest, while in the close-set 

stands, where the grass growth is nearly choked out, a thin layer of decaying leaves 

forms· the ground cover. 

· SPECIES OF TREES. 

Yellow pine.-At the pr'esent time this is the only tree whi<\h is being logged 

for timber within the reserve, it being the most easily accessible and forming the 

bulk of the forest. Its average total height is 85 feet, with about 10 feet of clear 

trunk. The diameter will average 18 inches, which will correspond to an age of 180 

years. Very few trees were found that exceed 3 feet in diameter, but occasionally a 

veteran reaches 4 feet in diameter and attain.s an age of 350 years. 

Limber pine.-This is usually a low tree with a large conical crown, and the 

clear trunk seldom exceeds 10 feet. The height of mature . trees varies from 30 

to 50 feet. 

Bristle-cone pine.-This is a low, much-branched tree, which at its lo,wer limit 

of growth seldom exceeds 20 to 24 inches in basal diameter and 20 to 30 feet in 

height. At timber line it is a mere shrub, or its trunk, 8 to 10 feet in length, lieR 

prostrate and the branches rise vertically from along its sides. 

Pinon.-The average size of this tree through the entire 

inches in diameter at the base, and 12 to 15 feet in height. 

rs a fair average age. 

woodhtnds is 8 to 10 

Probably 100 years 

Single-leaf pinon.-A small and unimportant tree of the woodland type. 

Red fir.-This tree will average about 22 inches in diameter and 75 feet high, 

of which 12 feet is clear trunk. The estimated average age is 125 years. Veterans 

attain a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 4 feet in extreme cases. Occasionally the clear trunks will measure 25 feet. 

White .fiP.-This tree does not differ materially from the dimensions given for 

red fir. 

Arizona fir.-This is a, slender tree, seldom more than 12 inches in diameter 

at the base, more frequently only 10 inches. It attains a height of 50 to 65· feet. 

Eaqelnwnn spr1tce.-As it occurs here, this is always a comparatively small 

tree. In close-set stands it averages 10 to 16 inches in basal diameter and varies 

from 50 to 75 feet in height. At timber line it is reduced to a mere shrub, 4 to 8 

feet in height, but with basal diameter of the main stem varying from 10 to 14 

inches. 

One-seed jttnipe1·.-An important tree of the woodland type, having a ba8al 

diameter of 10 inches and a height of 12 to 15 feet. 

Alliqatm· }'uniper.-An unimportant tree in this reserve, but more numerous 

to the south. It frequently grows to large diametrical dimensions at the butt, 

' 
22 SAN E'RANCISCO MOUN'l'AINS l!'OREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

the largest seen measuring 39 inches in diameter 14 inches from the ground . 

. The main stem was 8 feet high, forking several times, and the total height :was 

25 feet. 

·Arizona cypress.-This is an important tree of the woodland areas in the 

southern portions of the reserve. Its average total height is between 12 and 15 

feet, but it sometimes attains a diameter of 24 inches. .The main trunk is generally 

hollow butted and bas value only for fencing aild fuel. 

COMMERCIAL VALUE OF TIMBER BELTS. 

The following trees have commercial values: 

As fueL .............. ·- .... All the species. 

As fencing materiaL ..... _. Oak, aspen, yellow pine, juniper, cypress. 

As mill timber ............ Yellow' pine, limber pine, red fir, white fir, Arizona fir, Engelmann spmce. 

As regards the various types, zones, or belts of timber, the woodland type 

supplies only fuel and fence posts; the yellow pine, mill ti{nber and fencing 

material. The transition and subalpine forests, owing to their situation on remote 

tracts and at considerable elevations, have not a:,; yet been dmwn upon, but could 

supply limited quantities of mill timber and considerable quantities of fencing 

and fuel. 

. The most valpable tree in the woodland type is the juniper, or, as it is locally 

called, "cedar." It is commonly cut for fence posts, especially on the Verde 

slopes. Owing to its habit of branching close to the ground, only a small percentage of the stand~ not over 20 per cent, is fit to be eut for such purposes. 

The pinon is of value only for fuel. 

The chief lumber tree is the yellow pine. It is extensively cut and furnishes 

all of the mill timber sawed, used in, and exported from the regiori. The aspen 

is cut here and there for local usc by settlers living in the reserve. Its chief 

use 1s for fence posts and rails. 

CAPACITY OF THE FOREST IN MILL TIMBER. 

In the area of forest examined; viz, 812,500 am·es, the stand of mill timber is 

as follows: 

Stand u.f mill timber in .f01·est w·ea. , Feet B. M. 

Yell ow pine ........... : ..................... -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 725, 288, 000 

Red fir .......................... -................ -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 436, 000 

White fir ........... _ ...... _ .......... _ ... __ ... _. ___ .. ____ .... __ .. _. _______ .. ___ . _ 

Englemann spruce ............................................................. __ .. 

Other species ....................................•................. _ ..... __ . _. _. __ 

Total ................................................ . 

5,181,000 

4,449,000 

204,000 

2,743,558,000 
CAPACITY' OF FOREST. 

This amount of standing timber gives an airerage of 3,3'7'7 feet B. M. per 

acre. These· figures do not, however, give a true idea of the average capacity 

of the uncut forest in m:ill timber, for the reason that the acreage included in 

forested areas, as given above, comprises many tracts covered with sapling stands, 

and others logged in all degrees from mere et1llings tepresenting 5 to 20 per 

cent of the volume of mill timber on the particular tract, to logging operations 

where 80 to 90 per c~nt have been removed. 

It is very evident that the yellow-pine stands, even where entirely untouched 

by the· ax, do not carry an average crop of more than 40 per cent of the 

timber they are capable ,of producing, and that the crop in the transition and 

lower subalpine belts do~s not exceed 8 per cent of the timber producing capacity 

of these areas. These conditions are chiefly attributable to the numerous fires 

which have swept over the region within the laRt two hundred years, carrying 

with them the inevitable consequences of suppression .and destruction of seedling 

and sapling growth. · 

A yellow-pine forest, as nearly pure as the one in this region, always has an. 

open growth, but not necessarily as lightly and insufficiently f:;tocked as is the case 

in this forest reserve. The open character of the yellow-pine forest is due partly 

to the fact that the yellow pine flourishes best when a considerable distance sepa 

rates the different trees or groups of trees. ln part, also, the open stands are 

due to the habitat of the species, which chiefly is on tracts where the average ratio 

of soil moisture is too low to support heavily stocked stand:;;. That owing to a 

low ratio of precipitation and the existence of a loose and permeable, nonretentive 

forest floor, the soil-moisture ratio is low on the areas in the reserve occupied by 

the yellow-pine type is clear enough, but yet_ it is sufficiently high to support 

much heavier stands than the present average, as is clearly proved by the 

quantity of timbe~· standing· on tracts not much subjected to fires during long 

periods. Taking the average stand of yellow pine on the uncut and nnculled 

areas at 4,000 feet B. M. per acre, and estimating this stand as representing 40 

per cent of the ultimate capacity in mature mill timber for the entire forested 

portion of the reserve, there would be an average of 10,000 feet B. M. per acre 

as the stand of mature timber, were the forest stocked to its full capaeity. The 

present stand of mill timber in the uncut areas varies from 500 to 13,000 feet 

B. M. per acre. The light stands in many cases represent tracts which were 

burned cleiu, or nearly so, oue hundred or one hundred and twenty years ago, 

and now are stocked chiefly with sapling growths, ranging in age from 35 to 90 

years. The heavily stocked stands are largely com·posed of standards nearly 

approaching even-aged g-rowths, and occur on tracts where, from some cause, fires 

were excluded mostly during the first fiye or six decades of the sapling age of 

the stands. 
24 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

The transition type and tlie lower areas of the subalpine forest are c~>pable 

of producing stands of Englemann spruce and of mixed forests yielding 30,000 

to 40,000 feet B. M. per acre. Such stands now exist on the west slopes of San 

Francisco Peak in a few small areas fully stocked with Englemann spruce. At 

present most of the stands of these forest types consist of mere irregular remnants after fires; carrying from 0 to 1,200 feet B. M. per acre of mill timber. 

DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST. 

The chief agencies through which the forests in the reserve are being destroyed 

are cutting, grazing, and fire. 

Outtin,q.-Logging operations are or have been carried on in most of the 

forested areas in the central portion of the reserve, which are or have been tributary ·to railroads. In the more northern areas and over the greater portion of 

the southern areas the cutting has been light and in widely separated localities. 

The following table exhibits the total acreage on which the forest has been culled 

or cut, together with the percentages, broadly stated, of such culling or logging 

in the different areas: 

Amount of culling and logging in forested areas. 

Per cent. Acres. 

----

Culled -- .. -- ... --------- 0- 5 14,270 

Do. ______________ 5- 15 15,160 

Do.--····-····--- 15- 35 8,055 

Do _______________ 35- 60 11,070 

Cut ______ . _______ • __ . 60- 95 24, 780 

Do_,_. _____ ._. __ . 95-100 75,510 

TotaL ___ -_. _____ .. ___ . _.. 148, 845 

The timber cut on these trach.; has been converted into tie, stull, or round 

mining timber and saw logs. On the tracts where the culling runs less than 15 

per cent chiefly tic timber has been taken, measuring from 10 to 16 inches in 

diameter 2 feet from the ground, and having sufficient clear length of trunk to 

cut two or more ties. Much of this sort of culling took place when the Atlantic 

and Pacific Railroad, now the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, was buil~ing through 

the region. ·in some cases the tie cutters worked as much as 10 miles back on either · 

side of the road and cut on both even and odd numbered seetions alike, if the 

timber proved of suitable dimensions. Of the areas culled or cut more than 15 

per cent have supplied both tie and mill timber. Stull timber has come chiefly 

from tracts cut more than 75 per cent. It has been the custom first to cut out 

the timber with saw-log dimensions, thPn after a few years to recut the tract 
DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST. 25 

for its stull timber. In the recent cuttings, however, all classes o£ timber having 

a marketable value are removed at the first cuttings, and nothing is allowed 

to remain but a few slender saplings of no commercial value. On most of the 

traets listed as cut 95 to 100 per cent of the cutting has been of this character. 

A lumber company has. extended a logging railway from the town of Williams 

into township 20 north, range 3 east, and up to the present time has cut over 

10,~80 acres which will approximate 51,000,000 feet B. M. Their logging and 

mill plant is up-to-date in all respects, and can h~ndle 75,000 feet B. M. daily. 

Ano'ther lumber company takes the output of a small mill located in 

township 20 north; range 8 east. Ahout 17 sections have been cut, estimated 

at 34,000,000 feet B. M., principally for ties. 

Grazing.-Grazing, especially sheep herding, is ruinous to the very young 

forest-that is, the seedling growth-and has been so ever since stock in large 

and close ba;nds were first driven in. Cattle are fond of the young aspen which 

spring up as the first restockage on the nonforested park lands situated at the 

base and on the slopes of San Francisco Mountains. They browse on the tender 

seedlings as well as on the sprouts and suckers sent up by older roots of this 

species oi tree. Sheep, however, are fa1: more destructive to the young aspen 

growth than cattle, appearing to prefer the tender seedling and sucker growth 

to the tougher and less succulent gTasscs. Cattle oecasionally browse on the 

young coniferous growth, especially on the season's shoots before they have 

acquired a resinous flavor. As this destroys the terminal buds, the trees so 

browsed on grow low, stunted, and brushy. In places like the region around 

Leroux Spring, in township 22 north, range 6 cast, where a great deal of stock 

collects for water, one may see thousands of yellow pines 3 to 5 feet high 

which thus have lost the apical and lateral terminal buds of the season's 

growth. Most of the damage to the forest by grazing is caused by the 

different bands of sheep which are herded back and forth over much or all of 

the reserve. The damage is not done to the large pines, but to the seedling 

growth while still in the cotyledon stage. The seedling growth of the yellow 

pine springs up in the latter part of .July and the beginning of August, following 

close on the beginning of the first summer rains. These seedlings come from seeds 

shed late in the previous fall. t;eedling growth may lik~wise start up in the early 

spring. There is no good reason why it ~,;hould not do so, as thousands of tender 

yellow-pine seedlings 1 to 2 inches in height had appeared in many .localities by 

the 15th of August. By following the drift of a band of sheep, which was passing 

over localities where these seedlings were at all numerous, a very accurate knowledge was obtained regarding the various modes in which such tender growths are 

destroyed by these animals. It was found that the destruction of seedlings on any 
26 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESEHVE, .ARIZON.A. 

particular tract of land ranged from 50 per cent to total after a single passage over 

such ground by a 2,000-head, close-bunched band of sheep. Some of the seedlings 

were bitten off just below the cotyledons; .some were nipped in the center of the 

rosette of these leaves; many were simply broken off and trampled into the ground, 

·while in other eases the entire seedling, with the seed or the husk of the. seed 

attached to the roots, had been dug up and thrown out of the ground by the hoof 

of the passing sheep. As the bands of sheep nre frequently driven over the same 

ground, day after day, during several weeks, the, chance of any seedlin~ growth 

surviving on such areas is exceedingly small. Comparatively little attention, if 

any, seems to have been given hy investigators to the destruction of the yellow 

pine while in the cotyledon stage. The plants are then so small that the growth 

of weeds or grass among which they nestle renders them inconspicuous, and furthermore, their aspect at this period of their existence is so very unlike a pine 

tree that ordinary observers would almost invariably mistake them for some kind 

of herbaceous plant. It is while in the cotyledon stage that greater and more 

widespread injury is done to the yellow pine and coniferouR growth in general, by 

grazing animals, than at any subsequent time. In a region grazed so. closely by 

sheep as is this reserve the destructio;1 of the tender cotyledon growth must be 

immense, and the wonder is that any seedling pines escape. Some do, however, 

in the worst sheep-traversed tracts, but upon seeking the reason for this it is 

found that the majority of the plants preserved from destruction have come from 

seeds which accidentally lodged under stones or among various sorts of litter which 

afforded a measure of protection from the destructive hoofs and teeth of the 

animal~. After the young pines have reached the age of three or four years the 

danger of destruction from grazing animals is small. 

fi1re.-Fires have been of frequent occurrence in all portions of the reserve, 

and the aspect of the present forest, as regards its capacity of mill timber in the 

yellow-pine type and its relative eompoRition and yield in the transition and subalpine types, has been largely determined by this element. In recent years there 

has been very little destmction in the southern portion of the reserve, for although 

in places fires have run through the timber and consumed the dry grasses and brush, 

they have not been of sufficient intensity to ignite the standing timber. 

The fi1:es which burned during Indian occupancy and soon after the arrival of 

the present settlers in the region were far more widespread and destructive than 

those of recent years. As the yellow-pine forest is by far the most resistant to fires 

of any type of forest in the Pacific United States, it follows that the forest of the 

composite type has suffered more severely than any of the others. For these 

reasons the higher slopes of San Francisco Peak, Kendrick Peak, and Sitgreaves 

Peak, which are mostly covered with this type of fore,st, show more extensive 
/ 

DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST. 27 

ravages by ancient fires than any other localities in the reserve, unless one is disposed to regard thfl numerous lanes throughout the woodlands and nontimbered 

pal'ks in the yellow-pine belt as representing fire glades which have never restocked. 

This theory may be the true one, for it is a fact that the most severe and the most 

extensive of the fires of modern date have burned in the woodlands in township 24 

north, range 9 east, where on a tract, or on several connecting tracts aggregating 

4,500 acres, the juniper and pinon stands have been completely burned out, creating 

just such non timbered lanes and " parks" as one finds in many other localities in the 

reserve, the origin of which is not so clearly traceable as in the present case. The 

most extensive and serious of the latest fires, during Indian occupancy, in the composite type of forest have burned on the southern, western, and northern slopes of 

San .Francisco Peak, covering altogether 18,000 acres. It took place about 100 or 

110 years ago, and utterly laid waste a heavily stocked stand of Engelmann spruce 

and Arizona fir covering about 600 acres. The badly burned areas on which the 

destruction has been 60 per cent or more aggregate 6, 790 acres . 

.Fires in the yellow-pine belt have marked with basal scars and sears 75 per cent 

of all the trees having standard dimensions. These sears vary from 6 inches to 12 

feet in length and from 3 inches to 2 feet in superficial width. The loss of merchantable timber.due to fire sears and scars with attendant rot, gum cracks, bending 

and twisting of the tree stems amounts, in the yellow-pine forest, to 6 per cent. 

The greatest loss from fire in the yellow-pine type consists in the destruction of 

seedlings and sapling trees. Owi'l1g to the heavy grass growth which prevails on all 

areas not sheeped off, surface fires develop considerable heat and flame, and death is 

certain to all seedling growth in the cotyledon stage which may happen to stand in 

the path of the fire. At the same time a good deal of sapling growth, 5 to 15 years 

old, is sure to be consumed. 

The origin of fires in recent yenrs may, in part, be ascribed to carelessness of 

sheep herders, in ;part to sparks from the engines on the Atchison, Topeka and 

Santa Fe Rttilroad. The region is not good hunting or camping ground and few 

fires originate from the camps of ~unting parties. But by far the larger number of 

firm; are due to lightning strokes, and this cause has, of course, always operated. 

Electric storms are very numerous in this region during July and August. It is 

highly probable that not one passes over the reserve area without doing more 

or less damage to the forest through the medium of lightning stroke. Trees 

struck hy lightning are everywhere met with, but are especially numerous north of 

the Atchison, Topeka and. Santa Fe lhilroad, and particularly in the blocks of forest 

growing on the cinder fiats and slopes east of San Francisco Peak. Sections exist 

here on which 50 per cent of the mature yellow pine is either wholly or in part 

killed by lightning strokes. 'Vhile most of the thunder showers are accompanied 
28 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

by rain, some are not, and when a tree is struck by lightning dudng a storm of this 

sort, a fire of more or Jess severity is sure to follow. 

REPRODUC~ION. 

Reproduction of the yellow pine is, generally, ·extremely deficient as regards 

seedling and young sapling growth, except in an area lying east of Stoneman Lake 

and· south of Mormon Lake. Apparently there has be(m an almost complete cessation of reproduction over very large areas during·the past twenty or twenty-five· 

years, and there is no evidence that previous to that time it was at any period very 

exuberant. The low rcprodu~tive ratio is due to various causes, some depending on 

the oper~tion 'of natural agencies, others on human intervention. Those originating 

in ·nat~ral agencies manife;t themselves chiefly in deficient seed production, a factor 

which strikes at the vc~y root of the e~istence of the species; those due to the acts 

·of man depend on the destruction of the individual trees. 

The yellow-pine forest in the reserve is, broadly· speaking, a forest long since 

past its prime and now in a state of decadence. It is not meant to imply by this 

statement that forests will not grow· on· this part of the Arizona Plateau after the 

present one is gone, but that owing to climatic conditions which are slowly approaching aridity, the yellow pine is here gradually diminishing in reproductive vigor, 

and the ultimate result will be extinction of the species on these areas. The yellowpine forest on this part of the central Arizona Plateau grows on an area exposed 

to all the effects of severe arid pressure from the east and west. From the west 

the aridity of .the Colorado Desert is slowly creeping eastward; from the east 

the desert-like areas bordering Little Colorado River are extending westward. 

Along the north line ?f the reserve a broad band of semiaridity, the penumbra, 

as it were, of the advancing desert, already has joined these two regions and split 

asunder the continuity of the yellow-pine forests of northern Arizona. 

The lack of reproductive vigor in the yellow pine in the reserve manifests 

itself in two ways, viz., first, in the paucity of cone production-that is, more specifically, only a small number of male and female flowers, or their aggregations as 

cones or. aments, are produced on each tree, and years may pass without any such 

production; second, in imperfect fertilization of the ovules. The first of these two. 

causes is due to some inherent lack of vegetative force in the tree, a cause wholly 

obscure to the kt~owledge of man. The second is entirely dependent on climatic 

features.· It was observed that, during the time the staminate flowers of the pine were 

-----------:aevelopmg, hot dry winds blowing from across Color::tdo Desert were apt t<'i prevail. 

On most of the trees these winds dried up the stmninate aments before maturity 

of the pollen, thereby destroying its vitalizing power. As the. fertilization of 

the ovules, in the case of the pine, is a matter largely depending on the distribution 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 22 PL. V 

A. ENGELMANN SPRUCE. 

B. MI!..L SITE ON ARIZONA CENTRAL RAILROAD. 
,, 

REPRODUCTION. 29 

of the pollen by the wind, great quantities of the latter substance are required. 

Any considerable diminution of it in this respect lessens the chanees for the 

fertilization of the ovules, and the imperfect or nonpollm;ization of the ovules 

means abortive seeds whose germinating power, if not wholly lacking, is, in any 

ease, low. lt was also noticed that occasionally, owing to these bot dry winds, 

the young cones with ovules pollenized or nonpollenized dried up after a few 

weeks of growth. This state of affairs is not a matter of recent years alone. It 

probably has existed for centuries. The percentage of perfect seeds produced 

in any one year is therefore exceedingly small; one bas only to examine the cones 

representing different years of growth that lie under the tree~:> to become convinced of this fact. Not over 1 per cent of their. ovules have developed into 

perfect seeds. 'Vlien it is considered that only a very small percentage of the 

perfect seeds stand any ehance of germinating so long as the wind is the only 

medium of dispersion, and acddental covering the only chance for growth,. and 

that the number of seeds capable of germination produced in any, one year is 

exceedingly ·small when taken in connection with the great number of trees of 

cone-bearing age existing in the reserve, the reason for the low ratio of yellowpine seedling growth in this region is patent enough. 

At the higher elevations, where the transition and subalpine types of forests 

grow, the hot dry winds lose all or much of their intensity. They are cooler and 

carry more humidity. The consequence is that the production of pollen and the 

subsequent pollcnization of the ovules are less or not at all interfered with, and 

abundant seed production is the result. The same thing happens on areas of the 

yellow pine belt situated in the lee of the higher peaks during the prevalence of 

'the southwest and westerly gales of early summ~r. 

The excessively close logging, which is a common practice on the private holding on the reserve, does not provide for a sufficiency of seed trees to restock the 

denuded areas. It was noticed that on some of the logged areas along the line of 

the Central Arizona Railroad the removal of the mature trees resulted in the 

retardation or death of the young growth. In this same district an area which had 

been logged clean was fired to remove the litter, and the result was also a complete 

destruction of the humus. On the tracts cut seedling growth generally is wholly 

lacking, and, aside from the natural deficiency of such growth arising from lack 

of seed production while the forest existed, these areas have mostly been deprived 

of their seed trees, making their restocking dependent on the chance ~:>eed blown 

in from localities where seed tree~:> exist, or on a possible future seed production, 

fifty to seventy-five years hence, of the few saplings left after the cutting. 

Sapling growth under 20 years of age is almost eyerywhere scanty. Above 

this age limit it is moderately abundant, and in most cases, on the uncut or moder-
30 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

ately logged sections, sapling and pole stands varying in age from 36 to 80 years 

exist in sufficient nnm bers to restock the stands to. their present volume of mill·· 

timber, or, in the case 'of t~ose cut less than 80 per cent, to the volume previous to 

cutting. Most of the tracts cut 80 per cent and over do not eontain sufficient 

sapling growth to restock, for the reason that where the forest has been cut to 

that extent much of the older sapling or rwlttiring timber, 10 to 12 inches in .basal 

diameter, has likewise been cut to make stull timber, and t,hese closely logged lands 

will not again bear u forest equal to the one cut off during the next 220 or 250 

years. 

The reproduction of the aspen is everywhere, within the limits of its range, 

abundant. _ So likewise is that of the oak and of the different species forming the 

transition and subalpine belts of forest. The lowest reproductive ratio among the 

trees in these belts .is that of the limber pine, closely followed by the bristle-eone 

pine and Arizona fir. 

·The speeies of trees ehai·ueteristic of the woodland growth reproduee ·slowly. 

The seeds of the juniper appear· largely to be abortive. Sueh is also the case, at 

least_insome :seasons, with the seeds of the pinon; besides; the seeds of this species 

_ are greatly relished by hosts of rodentia, which devour large quantities of theni. · 

INFLUENCE OF THE FOREST ON RUN-OFF. 

It is generally believed by the people of this region that the forest cover of the 

reserve is a potent factor in regulating the run-off from the plateau, and various 

irregularities in the flow of the Verde, and such of its tributaries as head on the· 

plateau, are ascribed to the cutting ·of the :forests there: In point of fact there is not. 

an iota of evidence to prove that the yellow pine forest on this plateau is, in any 

marked degree, a factor in the regulation of the run-off from the region. 

\ A forest to be of any importance in the retardation of the run'-off from any' 

particular region mu:st, first.of all, be thickly set; it must be of dense growth, the 

closer the better; it must contain a liberal amount of undergrowth, herbaceous 

plants, Hhrnbs, seedling and sapling trees, and a humuS layer as a COVer to the soi[ of 

the forest floor. There is not a pure yellow-pine forest in the western United States 

that fills these indispensable conditions. So far as the water-shedding capacity of 

the areas within the reserve covered with yellow-pine forest is concerned, the entire 

f01·cst cover could be cut away and the run-off ~would be as regular as at present, and 

no larger. The pure yellow-pine forest is -always too open and scattered to 

afford much shade .. The hot dry winds cireulate freely and the evaporation i:-; 

probably nearly as great as would be the case did no forest exist. Besides, the pure 

yello~V.-pine type (tlways g-rows on areas where suhhumid conditions bordering on 

semiaridity prevail, and at the best there can not possibly exist a very large quantity 

of water to conserve on such tracts. 
A. BILL WILLIAMS MOUNTAIN. 

B. FAIR STAND OF YELLOW PINE. 
INFLUENCE OF J<'ORES'I ON RUN·OF1<'. ::n 

The real surface regulator of the run-off in this reserve is the ground cover of 

tufted or sward-fonning gTasses which hold the soil in place, split up and spread out 

the little rivulets of water that form ciuring rains or while the spring bl'eak-up lasts, 

give time for their absorption by the soil, and thus prevent, to some extent, violent 

r1,1shes of water into the channels o{ the different streams and runs. .Much of the 

water absorbed by the soil finds its \vay into the fissures of the underlying rock, to 

reappear as springs in the canyons or a~ong· the brea~s of the plateau. "Whatever 

interferes with the ground cover of grass influences the· character and rapidity of 

the run-off, because a bare surface on a slope offers no impediment to the formation 

, o£ torrential currents which soon gully and remove the soil cover. For these 

reasons the felling of timber on the plateau does not accelerate in any pronounced way the run-off, but the excessive grazing to which most of the reserve is 

subject, and which in every case sooner or later exterminates the grass cover, will 

and does operate to hasten the run-off, and that in no uncertain manner. 

The transition and subalpine belts of timber comprise most o£ the features 

which should exist in stands of forest capable of exerting any influence on the 

run-off. In this reserve they occupy such a·limited scope of country that, except 

in one instance, their beneficent work is not at all of any particular consequence. 

The one instance occurs. on the· eastern slope of San Francisco Peak, in the central 

crater of the mountain, now the drainage basin p£ Smith Creek. The watershedding capacity of this basin is of importance to the people of Flagstaff, because 

.from Smith Creek they obtain their supply. Most of this basin was stripped 

of its forest by fires of 35 or 40 years ago. Very few of the recent burns are 

reforesting. There is no ground cover of grass, or it is exceedingly scanty, 

hence after a rain of any considerable magnitude the little creek for a few hours 

carries a rushing torrent of water, which brings down great masses of loose rock 

and sand. The basin previous to .the fire supported a heavily stocked stand of 

subalpine forest, and should be permitted to restock as rapidly as possible by the 

rigid suppression of fires and absolute exclusion of grazing animals from all its 

portions .. The water supply afforded by the creek is at times insufficient fo~· the 

needs of the town. A fully stocked forest covering the basin would increase the 

flow by retarding and compelling absorption of the surface water during storms, 

and by the shade aml protection it would afford against too rapid melting of the 

snows at the head of the creek in spring and early summer. 

Glt.A.ZING VAT~UE OJ<"' 'l'IIJ<J HI<JSEHV.E. 

The areas of the northern Arizona Plateau now comprised within the reserve 

limits orig~nally produced a luxuriant growth of grass. It yet is vigorous and 

abundant on tracts where, owing to various causes, chiefly lack of watering places 

for stock, excessive. pasturing has not prevailed. To give an idea of the richness 
32 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

of the gramineous flora, as well as to show the composition of the ground cover of 

grass, there is appended a Jist of grasses collected in the northern part of the 

reserve. It should be added that the list probably does not represent more than 

60 per cent of the number of species actually growing within the reserve. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

Gra.~ses collected in northern po1·tion of Sun Francisco J.founta'ins Forest Reserve. 

[Determined by J. B. Leiberg.] 

Agropyron pseudorepens 8. & S. 26. F. ovina supina (Schur.) Hack. 

A. violacenrn (Hornem.) Vasey. 27. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. 

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. 28. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. 

A. vertieillata Vill. 29. Melica parvifiora (Porter) Serib. 

Andropogon glomeratns (Walt.) B. S. P. 30. Muhlenbergia porteri Serib. 

A. hallii Haek. 31. M. racemosa ( Michx.) B. S. P. 

A. hirtifiorus Knuth. 32. M. wrightii Vasey. 

Aristida arizonica Vasey. 33. Munroa squarrosa ( Nutt.) Torr. 

A. longiseta fendleriana (Stend.) S. & M. 34. Oryzopsis micrantha (T. & R.) Thurb. 

Blepharonenron tricholepis (Tow.) Nash. 35. Phlenm alpinum L. 

Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. 36. Panicnm barbipnlvinatum S. & W. 

Bouteloua curtipendula ( Michx.) Torr. 37. P. bnlbosnm H. B. K. 

B. eriopoda Torr. , 38. P. hallii Vasey. 

B. microstachya (Fourn.) Dewey. 39. Poa brevipanienlata S. & W. 

B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. 40: P. coloradensis Vasey. 

B. prostrata Lag. 41. P. eatoni W ats. 

Bromns richardsonii Link. 42. Sitanion brevifiornm J, G. S. 

Chrotochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scrib. 43. Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees) Thurb. 

Deschampsia cmspitosa (L.) Beauv. 44. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. 

Elymns canadensis L. 45. S. cryptandrus fiexuosns Thurb. 

Epicarnpes rigens Benth. 46. S. interruptus Vasey. 

Eragrostis major Host. 47. s: ramnlosus Kunth. 

E. neomexicana Vasey. 48. Stipa comata Trin. & Rnpr. 

Festuca ovina arizoniea (Vasey) Hack. 49. S. vaseyi Scrib. 

F. ovina pseudovina Hack. 50. Trisctum snbspicatmn ( L.) Beauv. 

The ground cover in the yellow-pine forest is chiefly composed of the following 

species: 

Grasses collected in yellow-pine fom~t of San Franci.~co Jfountains Forest Reserve. 

1. Agropyron psendorepens. 80. Muhlenbergia porteri. 

7. Andropogon hirtiflorus. 37. Panicum bnlbosum. 

8. Aristida arizonica. 41. Poa eatoni. 

9. A. longiseta fendleriana. 42. Sitanion brovifiornm. 

23. Eragrostis neomexicana. 48. Stipa comata. 

24. Festnca arizonica. 49. S. vaseyi. 

28. Koeleriwcristata. 

Among these species Nos. 7, 8, 24, 41, and 49 comprise 90 per cent of the entire 

cover, and supply the chief pasturage of the region. These species are strongly 
GRAZING V .ALUE. 33 

rooted grasses, growing in tufts, and where not pastured attain a height, at flowering 

time, of 16 to 24 inches. Nos. 21 and 30 occur in abundance along the margins of 

the various runs and in the open "parks" where water stands in the early spring. 

Tliey form broad tufts, sometimes vergingto a tussocky condition. Nos. 9 and 15 

are a low sward-forming species, occurring in the drier areas of the yellow--pine 

forests, and extending into the woodlands. · 

In the woodlands No. 15 is the most common species. It is a sward--forming 

grass, never, when undisturbed, growing in tufts. It does not form a continuous 

sward, rather patches. of .sward inter~upted by narrow intervals of bare ground, 

and is the common mesquite grass of the region. The tufted species of the woodlands 

comprise a few of those which grow in the yellow pine forests, such as N,0s. 7, 8, 

24, and 48. In the cinder fields east of San Francisco Peak, the chi.ef one of the 

tufted species, and often the only one over considerable areas, is No. 6. 

The ground cover in the transition and subalpine types of forest is chiefly 

composed of the following species: 

Grasses in transition and subalpine types of forest in San Francisco Jl'fountains Forest Reserve. 

2. Agropyron violaceum. 28. Koeleria cristata. 

3. Agrostis hyemalis. 35. Phleum alpinum. 

17. Bromus richardsonii. 40. Poa coloradensis. 

19. Deschampsia c>espitosa. 41. Poa eatoni. 

25. Festuca ovina pseudovina. 50. Trisetum subspicatum. 

Among these, Nos. 2, 17, 25, 40, and 41 constitute 70 per cent of the cover. 

When the various grasses here enumerated are closely and persistently pastured, 

particularly by sheep, they die out or become much reduced in size and vegetative 

activity, and various changes take place in the character of the subsequent vegetation I 

on such tracts. Thus, in the woodland the destruction of the turf-forming grass, 

No. 15, is followed by exuberant growths of various low desert shrubs and herbaceous Compositre, partic_ularly species of sunflowers. T)ley color the landscape 

brilliantly yellow, but have little value for pasturage. Where the woodlands and 

the forest blend, or occasionally overlap, the destruction of the different tufted and 

sward-forming grasses is followed by thick growths of tall weedy Compositre allied 

to the sunflower tribe, species of milk weed, wild tobacco, etc. In the yellow pine 

belt the exte;mination of the tufted grasses is followed by the growth of the following annual species of grass, namely: Bouteloua prostrata and Sporobovus ramulosus. 

The latter species is particularly abundant and invariably occupies the worn-out 

sheep runs to the almost complete exclusion of all other species except Agropyron 

pseudorepens. The two annual grasses named are of rio value for pasturage purposes. 

The grazing capacity of the reserve is, at the present time, too heavily taxed. 

Most of the area south of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad is eaten or 

520-No. 22-04--3 
34 S.AN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, .ARIZONA. 

sheeped out, and like conditions prevail on most of the west half, as well as on the 

north and east tiers of townships in the area of the reserve situated north of that 

railroad. The region having the best grazing value is now confined to a circle of 

9 or 10 miles radius, with San Francisco Peak for its center. 

The destruction of the pasturage is chiefly due to excessive sheep herding, more. 

particularly to tht; trampling of the herd than to grazing. After July 1 sheep eat 

comparatively little of the larger and coarser grasses. They browse extensively on 

weeds, young aspen when obtainable, and on some of the more tender sprouts or 

stalks of the less conspicuous sorts of grass; but the trampling continues, and on a 

run where any considerable number .of sheep have been herded for three or four 

weeks the strongest and most vigorous growth looks as though some mighty leveling 

or crushing machine had passed over it. 

EFFECTS OF SHEEP HERDING ON FOREST FLOOR. 

The immediate effect of excessive sheep herding is invariably to loosen and 

pulveriie. the soil to a· dustclike consistency~ The pulverizing effect may extend 

to a depth of 2 to 4 inches during a season, depending on ·the numbet; of bands 

passing over any given area and the length of time they are confined to or herded 

on any particular run. The loosening of the top soil facilitates its wasting and 

washing by· rains and running water, and as several successive loosenings and 

washings may occur during a season on the same area, the amount of soil removed 

may be considerable. The evil effects that follow the breaking up of the surface 

of the forest floor ilre much intensified where the sward of grass or the tufted 

species of this class of vegetation have been cropped off clean,. and the wastage of 

the soil by running water is thus greatly accelerated on. such areas. The character of 

the slope, whether steep or of easy gradient, is an important factor. In the portion 

of the reserve north of the Atchison,.Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad the slope is 

slight and in many places rather indefinite; hence, with the exception of the immediate slopes of San Francisco Peak, Kendrick Peak, .and Sitg'reaves Peak the loosening of the soil, so far as it affects its wastage into the different runs and stream 

channels, is of little consequence. But on the areas south of that line of railroad the 

reserve abounds in ravines and canyons with steep rocky. slopes. Th'e sheeping of 

these slopes, with attendant destruction of the grass cover and loosening of the soil, 

. is productive of· a steady, if not rapid denudation of these areas down to. the underlying bed rock. It is true there can never be any very deep gullying in this· region, 

because the ~>oil cover is too thin,,and the underlying .hard lava does not wear to 

any appreciable extent in the course of centuries; but the productive soil is being 

removed, the barren bed rock is coming to the surface, and the lower areas of the 

Verde are being more and more subjected to sudden torrential floods from the 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSION AL PAPER NO. 22 PL. VII 

A . Y EL LOW PINE ON THE VERD E SLOP E. 

B . BAND OF 2,200 SHEEP, 
INTRODUCTION. 35 

canyons- heading in the plateau. This latter state of affairs is not brought about 

by the cutting of the timber on the plateau, but is due to the destruction of the 

grass cover and to the denudation of the underlying bed rock through the effects 

following the. excessive sheep herding and other forms of close pasturing in, the 

south half of the reserve. 

NONTIMBERED TRACTS. 

The nontimbered lands are such in part owing to aridity of soil and climate, 

in part because the lands are too rocky and the soil cover too thin to support forest; 

others-small tracts only-are situated at limits above arboreal growth; other tract~ 

possess an exceptionally sterile soil, while a considerable portion of these timberless 

lands consist of the so-called "parks." Some of the nontimbered tracts owe their 

condition to deforestation by fire and deficient restockage, and a few consist of 

bottoms of intermittent ponds and lakelets. Aridity of soil and climate are, however, responsible for the largest acreage of timberless land. The most extensive 

areas are. in the townships bordering the north, east, and west boundaries of the 

reserve. Large " parks" occur in townships 21 and 22 north,. ranges 4 and 5 east, 

one of them containing 16,000 acres. Smaller t,racts of nontimbered land are scattered throughout the reserve, chiefly as arid slopes and summits of cinder cones and 

ridges. Usually the timberless lands are grassed over, or, where sheeped out 

or otherwise too closely pastured, bear more or less close or open growths of 

low-growing desert or semidesert shrubs; but much of the nontimbered cinder fiats 

and slopes of San Francisco Peak bear no vegetation of any. sort. Some of the 

nontimbered areas are capable of reforestations, and large tracts will in time restock 

with forest, provided fires and grazing are reduced to a minimum; but there still 

remains a large percentage of these lands too arid for the growth of forest-forming 

species of trees, or· even of the woodland type. 

AGRICULTURAL VALUE. 

The reserve is not an agricultural region, the. area und~r tillage aggregating 

only about 2,500 acres. The lands under tillage are situated chiefly in the dry beds 

· of Stoneman and Mormon lakes, along Oak Creek, in hollows in the lava sheet, 

or at the foot of t·idges where local areas of seepage exist. The crops produced 

consist of oats, wheat, and potatoes. Fruits are not raised, not even any of the 

bush fruits. 

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS. 

TowNsHIP 15 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

Sections 1 to 18, inclusive, are within the reserve, and are situated on the lower 

terraces of Colorado Plateau drained by Verd.e River. The soil is mainly black 

adobe. The woodland growth consists chiefly of one-seed juniper and single-leaf 

• 
36 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

pinon, which arc mostly small, although the juniper reaches fence-post dimensions, 

for which purpose it is frequently cut. Reproduction is not su:fficie'nt to maintain 

the present density of sta.nd nor is there any advance over the nontimbered areas. 

In the south half of this township, outside of this reserve, there are divers small 

areas of Beaver Creek bottom lands under cultivation, aggregating about 60 acres. 

The township has little value for pasturage, as it was long ago thoroughly sheeped. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 15 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

Sections 1 to 24, inclusive, are within the reserve and are drained by Beaver 

f Creek, a tributaryof Verde River. The surface is steep, rough, and broken, lying 

on the upper terraces of Colorado Plateau. The soil is adobe with· considerable 

stone. 

There is no timber. 

Stand of Bpecies in T. 15 N., R. 7 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress .... _ ..................... _ ......................... __ -... _. 2, 300 

TowNSHIP 15 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAsT. 

Sections 1 to 24, inclusive, are within the reserve. The surface is steep, rolling, 

and broken, with a stony adobe soil. The drainage is westward into Beaver Creek. 

Stand of species in T. 15 N., R. _8 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ......• __ . __ .. _____________________ . ____________ _ 

Arizona cypress .......... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 3, 820 

Oak ............•.. ·_ .................... · ............. -.. . . . . . . 700 

TotaL . _ .................... _ .......... _ ......... __ . . . . 4, 520 

Forest conditions in T. 15 N., R. 8 E. 

J<'eetB. M. 

6,500,000 

Average total height of yellow pine._ ......... __ ......... __ ....... _ ..... feet._ 75 

Average height, clear ........ __ .... __ ... __ ......... __ ...... __ .. __ ... _ .. do... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high . ____ ......... ___ ...... ·"_, ............ inches.. 16 

Dead .................. ------ ...... ---- ................... __ .. __ .. per cent._ 5 

Diseased .............. ----._ ... --- ... ___ ................... _ .. _ ....... do... 20 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 160 

Reproduction .......... _ ........... _ .............................. ___ ... ~. Poor. 

TowNSHIP 15 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

Sections 1 to 18, inclusive, are within the reserve. It is a rolling and broken 

area situated on the broad divide between Little Colorado and Verde rivers. The 

yellow pine is very scattering and of _poor quality. It will log best to the south and 

west. 
DESCRIPTIONS OE' TOWNSHIPS. 

Stand of species in T. 15 N.,. R. 9 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine _______________ ................................ . 

Oak .................... _ .... _ ..... _ ..... _ ............. ·. . .. . 480 

Forest conditions in T. 15 N., R. 9 E. 

FeetB.M. 

17,000,000 

Average total h~ight of yellow pine ..• _, .••• _ ..... _ ...... _ ...... _ ...... _feet._ 75 

Average height, clear .................................................. do ... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ...... ____ .......... _ ...... _ .. _ ........ inches .. 15 

Dead ...................... ___ .......... _ ..... _ ..... _ ....... _ ..... per cent .. 

Average age .......................................................... years .. · 150 

Reproduction ......................................................... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 15 NoRTH, RANGE 10 EAsT. 

37 

Only sections 1 to 6, inclusive, of this township are within the reserve. The 

tract is situated on a high plateau with a gently rolling or sloping surface which 

drains into ldt~le Colorado River through Sunset Canyon, which is outside the 

reserve boundary. The soil is stony adobe and supports a scatterin.g forest and 

woodland of poor trees. 

&and of .species in 1'. 15 N., R. 10 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ................................................ . 

Arizona cypress ........................ _·..................... 235 

Oak......................................................... 850 

TotaL ................................................. 1,085. 

Forest conditions in 1'. 15 N., R. 10 E. 

Feet B. M. 

4,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..................................... feet.. 75 

Average height, clear .................................................. do... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high .......... J. ........................... inches.. 16 

Dead ........................... , ................................. per cent.. 3 

Diseased ........................................................ · ...... do... 15 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 160 

Reproduction ........................................... , ................. Poor. 

TowNSHIP 15 NoR'l'H, RANGE 11 EAST. 

Only sections 1 to 6, inclusive, are within the 

rolling surface which drains into Sunset Canyon. 

supports only a very light scattering woodland. 

·There is no timber. 

reserve. The tract has a gently 

The soil is a stony adobe which 

Stand of species in T. 15 N., R. 11 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress ............................................................ 900 

'--. 
38 SAN l!'RANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RES;I<cRVE, ARIZONA. 

TowNSHIP Hi NonTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. 

The northern area consists of rolling plateau land capped with laya. In the 

central portion the plateau breaks off. to the valley of the Verde, forming a series 

of magnificent cliffs 1,000 to 2,000 feet in height. The soil is gravelly loam, here 

and there changing to adobe. In the southern part of the township the soil is mixed 

with limestone debris from the cliffs. 

There is no permanent flow of water except where Oak Creek crosses the northwest corner of the township. The northern tier ·of sections is wooded with singleleaf pinon and one-seed juniper. The growth is thin and scattering, and the trees 

are low, limby, and knotty; and grow mostly in places that are inaccessible. There 

is no reproduction. The accessible portions of this township were long since oversheeped and the grasses have not yet recovered. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 16 NouTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

In the northern portion are steep terraces where the Colorado Plateau breaks 

into Verde Valley. The southern portion is rolling land, cut by numerous gullies 

and ravines, and intersected by an intermittent tributary of Beaver Creek. The soil 

is loamy adobe with a stony and bowlder-strewn surface. Large areas bordering 

Beaver Canyon have no soil, a rough vesicular lava forming the surface. There 

is no permanent surface flow of water. The woodlands are chiefly in the southwest quarter and consist of one-seed juniper, single-leaf pinon, and a few yellow 

pine and oak, all of which are short, stunted, limby, and knotty, and have only 

a fuel value. 

Reproduction of juniper is extremely slow and uncertain, and the small 

quantity of yellow pine. is not increasing, nor does there appear to be any advance 

over the nontimbered areas. The lands, wherever accessible, have been sheeped 

so long that the grass has been exterminated. 

Thei"e is no timber. 

Tow)"SHIP 16 No&Tii, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

The northern half of this township consists of sloping lava terraces constituting 

the upper breaks of Colorado Platetm to Verde Valley. The southern half is 

rolling land; in the eastern sections the surface rises into ridges and cones of 

volcanic origin. It is cut by rocky runs, ravines; and gorges tributary to Beaver 

Creek. The soil is loamy adobe, cindery, and scoriaceous near the cones and 

volcanic ridges, and the entire surface is stony and bowlder strewn. 

There are no perpetual streams or springs, but in section 7, in a rocky ravine, 

are three small natural tanks-mere hollows in the rocky bed of the stream-
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 39 

which serve as catch basins for limited quantities of storm water which they hold 

throughout the year. The woodland is chiefly in the south half and bears one-seed 

juniper and single-leaf pinon. The growth is generally low, but the juniper attains 

sufficient size to yield fence posts, for which purpose it is occasionally used. , 

There is but little reproduction, and the tendency is seemingly toward extinction 

of lhe species. The township has no pasturage value, having long since' been 

sheeped out. 

There is no timber . 

. TowNsHIP 16 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

The surface is rolling and broken. The axis of a small secondary divide 

crosses the township from southeast to northwest and results in some erratic 

drainage, which, however, is all into Verde River via the tributaries of Beaver 

Creek. The soil is stony adobe. The area known as Stoneman Lake· is now dry 

and a portion of it is farmed. It is bounded. on the north, east, and south by 

precipitous walls 500 to 600 feet high, and on the west the rim is 100 feet in 

height. As late as 189~ this lake contained water. 

Stand of species in T. 16 N., R. 8 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine •• ___ : ____________ , ________________ . ___ :. _ .• ___ _ 

Arizona cypress _______ . __ . ______ ... __ •.......... ______ . . . . . 2, 670 

Oak .. _ .....•.... ______ .. ___ .... __ .... __ . ___ ....•••...•..... 1,140 

Total . _ .. -.... ______ . _ ............. _____ ........... _.. 3, 810 

Fm·est conditions in T. 16 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet B. M. 

3~,000,000 

Average total heightof yellow pine--------------·--·- ·---------------feet .. SO 

Average height, clear ...•..... ___ ........•.•..... _ .. ___ .....•......... do.___ 10 

Average diameter, breast-high .....•....... _____ ..................... inches.. 16 

Dead _ .. _. ______ ............ _. __________ . .- ......... __ .. _________ ... per cent._ 5 

Diseased ..... _ ....... ____ . ___ ....... ______ . __ . __ ................ ___ .. do.... 20 

Average age. ____ . __ . __ ........ __ . __ ..... _ ....... __ .. ___ .. __ .• _ ...... years._ 165 

Reproduction, in northeastern portion ....... ______ ............... __ .... _. Good. 

Reproduction, elsewhere. __ ....... _ .. _ ...... __ ... _ .... __ : ___ . __ ..... ___ Medium. 

TowNsHIP 16 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

This township lies upon the main divide between Little ColQrado and Verde 

rivers, and although presenting no features of high relief has a ro.lling and broken 

surface, which reaches an elevation of 8,000 feet above the sea. The soil is a 

stony adobe which supports an old-growth forest of good-quality timber along 

the creek beds and ravines. On the higher elevations the timber is rough and 

of poorer quality. Pine Spring is located in section 13. 
40 S.AN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, .ARIZONA. 

Stand of spe~~s in T. 16 N., R. 9 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine •.•.............. _ ... _. _____ .................•. 

Oak .... _____ ....... __ .................•. _. _______ .•..•.•.. 10, 620 

Forest conditions in T. 16 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

66,500,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ............. __________ ............ feet.. 90 

Average height, clear.._._ ................. _ ....... _ ....... _, ________ .do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high .......... _. __________ ............. __ .. inches.. 20 

Dead ..• --........................................... ___ ._ ........ per cent.. 2 

Diseased .....•••.......... _ .. _______ ~ __ . __ ....... _ ....... _ .... _ . _____ do. . . . 15 

Average age ............................... __________ ....... · ......... years .. 180 

Reproduction ........ _______ .............. _ .•.............. ~ ______ ~ _.. Medium: 

TOWNSHIP 16 NORTH, RANGE 10 EAST. 

/ 

This township has a rolling surface with a gentle s.lope toward the east, draining 

into the Little Colorado River through Sunset Canyon. The stony adobe soil supports a fair stand of yellow pine,' of which only 30 per cent is good quality, but 

which can be logged to the north or cast very cheaply: 

Stand of species in T. 16 N., R. 10 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ................ : _ .... __________ ............. __ 

Arizona cypress._ ...... __ .......... ,. ____ ....... __ . _________ 16, 200 

Oak . _ ................ _____________ . ___ ...... _______ ... _ _ _ _ 4, 270 

. Total. _ .... ___________ ........ ______ . _ ....... ____ . _ _ _ 20, 4 70 

Forest conditions in T. 16 N., R. 10 E. 

FeetB.M. 

12,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ...... ___ .......... ___ ..... ____ .. ___ .feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ________ .............. __ ....... __ ...... __ ._~_ ••... do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ....... __ . _____ ............ _. _ .••••••.. inches.. 18 

Dead .- ______ ............................. _ ........... _____ ......•. per cent.. 5 

Diseased ... -........ , _______ ............... _ ............. _ ....... ____ .do.... 20 

Average age .............................. __ .... __ .. __ ................ years .. 175 

Reproduction ... , ............................ : ......... ____ .... -........ _.. Poor. 

TowNSHIP 16 NoRTH, RANGE 11 EAST. 

The general surface is rolling, cut by two deep gulches of the Sunset Canyon 

drainage, tributary to which are numerous. small ravines. The soil is adobe, mixed 

with a large proportion. of stone, and .. supports a heavy and evenly distributed 

woodland of Arizona cypres~ and alligator juniper. 

There is no timber.· 

Stand of 8pecies in T. 16 N., R. 11 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress. _________ ... : ... ~ ... : .......... ~ •••.. ~ •.....••..••.. _ . . . . 46, 050 

Alligator juniper ..•..•••••........ _ .. __ ........................... Unimportant 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 41 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

The western areas consist of rolling tracts of limestone and lava terraces, rising 

in the eastern portion into perpendicular cliffs 1,500 to 2,000 feet high, which here 

form in part the western breaks of the Colorado Plateau. The soil is a gravelly 

loam, chiefly derived from decomposition of the lava. There are no permanent 

surface streams, springs; or tanks. There is no wooded area, but here and there 

occur scattered trees of single-leaf pinon and one-seed juniper. The accessible areas 

have long since been sheeped off. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAST. 

This township lies on the western breaks of Colorado Pl~teau, and has a very 

rough and broken surface. ·Oak Creek, a perpetual stream, flows across the southeast quarter in a very deep rocky canyon, and a smaller tributary canyon cuts the 

township north and south. The surface is barren, rocky land, with a thin covering 

of loam or adobe in places, and supports no woodland save a few scattering Arizona 

cypress, alligator juniper, cottonwood, sycamore, and oak. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

This township is a high plateau of rolling land, deeply cut by the canyon of Oak 

Creek in its northwest quarter and by tributary cany,ons which drain southward. 

The surface is mostly stony, with some adobe on the plateau, and supports a scattered 

woodland and a heavy undergrowth along Oak Creek of oak, cottonwood, willow, 

and sycamore. 

There is no timber. 

Stand of species in T. 17 N., R. 6 E. · Cords. 

Arizona cypress._ ..... _ ·- ..... _ ....... _ ................ " ..........•... _ .. _. 5, 850 

Oak .•. _._ ••. _ ••......................................•......••...•....•.. 1, 950 

TotaL ................................. _ ...• _... . . • . • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 800 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

This irregular township lies on the upper breaks of Colorado Plateau, and has 

a rolling surface cut by numerous canyons. The soil is adobe. The timber is 

chiefly upon the high plateau, and its natural outlet would be southward, although 

it can be logged northward should occasion require. 

Stand of species in T. 11 N., R. 7 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ..................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 

Arizona cypress ........................................ _ .... 3, 200 

Oak ........................................ ·'-····-........ 3,160 

TotaL . . . . .. • . .. . . . .. . . . . • .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 6, 360 

Feet B. M. 

15,500,000 
49 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Forest conditions in 1: 17 N., R. 7 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine' ..........•.••.••....•.......•.....•. feet.. 75 

Average height," clear. ..•...........•........•...........•....• c ••••••• do. . . . 9 . 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................•................... inches.. 17 

Dead........ . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............•....•........•..........• per cent.. 5 

Diseased ........ 0 0 •• 0 ••• .' ••••••••••••••• , 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• do.... 20 

Average age ...... 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• : • •••••••••••••••••• : ••••••••• years .. 170 

Reproduction ............................................... 0 •••• ,. ~ •••••• Poor. 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

The surface is rolling and broken, and is cut by numerous small canyons and 

ravines, which form in part the flood drainage of Beaver Creek. The soil is a 

very stony adobe, with a slight admixture of loam. About 40 per cent of the 

yellow pine is of good quality. 

Stand of species in T. 17 N., R. 8 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ...........................•.............•..•.• 

Oak .•.••..•.••..•. 0 •••••••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12, 800 

Arizona cypress............................................ 360 

TotaL... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 160 

Forest conditions in T, 17 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet B. Jlf. 

71,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ............. ---- ..•...•...•.......•. feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ..... , ............................................ do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ...•..•..•.......... -.- .................. inches.. 16 

Dead --------------------··-------·-··-------··-------·-----------Percent.. 3 

Diseased .........••...•............ · •..•..•••...............•.....•... do.... 1'5 

Average age ....•....••...........•.•.........•..•. · .......•... __ •..•.. yearsc. 175 

Reproduction • . . • • • . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . • • Medium. 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

This township lies on both sides of the main divide between Little Colorado and 

Verde rivers, and has a steep, rough, and broken surface, and a stony adobe soil. 

It supports a fair stand of timber, of which about 40 per cent is of good quality. 

Stand of species in T. 17 N., R. 9 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ............................................ _ .. . 

Oak ........................................................ 6, 775 

Forest conditions in T. 17 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. lii. 

80,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..................................... feet .. 80 , 

Average height, clear ................................................. do:... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 16 

Dead ........................................ o 0 0 c .............. 0 .. per cent. 0 2. 

Diseased ...................................... 0 •• 0 .................... do.... 15 

Average age ......................................................... y~ars .. 175 

Reproduction ................................................. 0... . . • . Medium. 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 43 

TowNSHil' 17 NoRTH, RANGE 10 EAsT. 

Nearly all of this township is situated upon a broad and nearly level portion of 

Colorado Plateau at the head of the Canyon Diablo drainage, and has less relief than 

any other township in the reserve. The surface soil is a very stony adobe. 

Stand of species in T. 17 N., R. 10 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine •••••.....•...................... · ................... . 

Oak...................... . ................................ 4, 800 

Arizona cypress ...•.. .' ..••••................................. 1, 785 

TotaL .•••••••••.•.•.................................. 6,585 

Forest conditions in T. 17 N., R. 10 E. 

Feet B. 1\L 

38,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ...• _ .•••.........•...... _ ....... _ ... feet..· 85 

Average height, clear ................•...........••............. : ..... do .... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches .. 18 

Dead.····'· ........ · ..................•.................... : ...... per·cent.. 4 

Diseased ...................... _ ............................ _ ..•...... do.... 20 

Average age ..... _ .. __ ...... __ .................................. ___ .. years. . 180 

Reproduction .............. ·. _ ... _ .......... _ •..................... _. . . . . . . Poor. 

TowNSHIP 17 NoRTH, RANGE 11 EAsT. 

The surface is a gently sloping area at the head drainagl;l of Canyon Diablo and 

has few features of relief. The soil is stony with an admixture of adobe and sand, 

and supports only a fair woodland, evenly distributed. 

There is no timber. 

Stand of species in T. 17 N., R. 11 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress ..... _ .................................................... 58, 150 

TowNSHIP 18 NoRTH, ·RANGE 4 EAsT. 

The surface is rolling mesa land, along the west line breaking off to Sycamore 

Canyon in a series of cliffs 1,500 to 2,000 feet high. The sQil is sandy and gravelly 

loam, in places adobe like, in others mixed with limestone debris. There are no 

permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. All the accessible portions hl'Lve been 

thoroughly sheeped. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. 

The northern and western tiers of sections are upon high mesa land, which 

breaks by cliffs 1,000 to 1,200 feet high into a very rough and rocky basin, which is 

tributary to Oak Creek. There is very little adobe in the rocky soil. 

Stand of species in T. 18 N., R. 5 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine .............................................. . 

Arizona cypress._ ............ _... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. 1, 450 

Feet B. 1\I. 

11,750,000 
44 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Forest conditions in T. 18 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total' height of yellow pine ..................................... feet.. 75 

Average height, clear .....•.•........................................• do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 16 

Dead ......................................................... __ .. per cent.. 4 

Diseased ............... · ...............•.......................... __ .. do.... 15 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 160 

Reproduction ..........................•.................................. Poor. 

ToWNSHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

This township is gashed by the canyon o£ Oak Creek, which is walled by 

limestone cliffs 1,000 to 1,200 feet high. The entire area is steep, rough, and 

broken, with a stony soil containing some adobe. Oak Creek is perennial. 

Stand of species in T. 18 N., B. 6 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine .........................................•..• __ _ 

Oak ..•••••••.•...•.......•......................... _....... 6, 305 

Arizona cypress ................................ _ . _ .. , . . . . . . . 3, 625 

TotaL ............•. _- ................................ : 9, 920 

Forest conditions in 1: 18 N., B. 6 E . . 

Feet B. M. 

13, 500, 000 . 

Average total height of yellow pine ........ _ ..... _ ....... __ .....•... ___ .feet.. 80 

Average height, clear------------- .... __ . _____ .... __________________ :_do.... 9 

Average diameter, breast-high ................ _ .. ~ ................... inches. . 20 

Dead ..••.•. _- .................................................... per cent.. 4 

Diseased ............................................................. do.... 10 

Average age ............................. _ ........... : ... __ .......... years .. 175 

Reproduction ....................... : ................................ _. Medium. 

TowNsHIP lS NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

This irregular township lies on the upper breaks o£ Colorado Plateau, has 

a rolling surface .cu~ by numerous ravines and on the west side covers in part 

the upper terraces of Verde Valley. The soil is very stony adobe, and supports 

a fair woodland and some very good quality of timber, which can be logged 

northward to good advantage. 

Stand of species in '1: 18 N., R. 7 E. 

Cord. 

Yellow pine ............. __ ............ __ ..... _ ........... . 

Oak ....................................................... 10,150 

Arizona cypress .................................. _ ........ _ 990 

Total .................................... __ ..... __ .. 11, 140 

Feet B. llf. 

55,250,000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 45 

Forest conditions in T. 18 N., R. 7 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine ..................................... feet.. 85 

Average height, clear ................................................. do .... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ......... __ .................. _ ......... inches.. 20 

Dead .. __ .......... __ ... __ ........ _ .......... __ .. _._ .......... __ .. per cent.. 2 

Diseased ··-··--········-............................................. do .... 10 

Average age ............................... · .......................... years .. 180 

Reproduction .......................................................... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

This township is upon the Little Colorado-Verde divide, which here reaches an 

~levation of 8,400 feet at Mormon Mountain, in sections 2 and 11. The relief is 

not great, as the mountain rises only 1,000 feet above the adjoining areas of plateau, 

which present a gently rolling surface. The soil is a stony adobe. On the exposed 

elevations the timber is short and rough, but in the protected areas and along 

the ravines there is some very good quality yellow pine, which can be logged 

northward. 

&and of species in T. 18 N., R. 8 E. 

Cords. 

Oak ....................................................... 9, 400 

Yellow pine .............................................. . 

Red fir ........ _ .............. , ........................... . 

TotaL .............................................. . 

Forest ·conditions in 7: 18 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet B. M. 

105,000,000 

1,750,000 

106,750,000 

Average total height of timber trees ................. ; ................... feet.. 90 

Average height, clear ................................................. do .... 11 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 20 

Dead ............................................................. per cent.. 2 

Diseased ............................................................. do .... 10 

Average age ................• · .............. c ......................... years. . 180 

Reproduction ............................................................. Good. 

TowNsHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAST. 

There are three features of surface relief in this township. The eastern half 

is a nearly level plateau, which marks the summit of the divide between the 

drainage of Canyon Diablo and Walnut Canyon. The greater portion of. the west 

half of the township is a depression about 200 feet deep, which until 1894 held a 

body of water 10 to 15 feet deep, known as Mormon Lake, but which to-day is 

sufficiently dry to be crossed by wagon roads and to furnish some good pasturage 

land. The Little Colorado-Verde divide borders the lake bed on the west, and its 
48 SAN ]'RANCISOO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

lower slopes furnish the only bold topography in the township. The soil is a stony 

adobe. About 40 per cent of the yellow pine is of good quality, and can be 

cheaply logged northward. 

Stand of species in T. 18 N., R. 9 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ............................................. _ . _ 

Oak ........................... :. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . 3, 405 

Arizona cypress .... -- .......................... i... . .. . . . .. .. 1, 170 

Total .... -..................... _ ........ __ .... _. ____ . _ . 4, 575 

Forest conditions in T. 18 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

24,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..................................... feet.. 95 

Av:eragf) height, clear .................................................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ........................................ inches.. 22 

Dead ............................................................. per cent.. 2 

Diseased .............................. " .............................. do.... 15 

Average age .................................................... ___ .years .. 190 

Reproduction ....... _· .............................. _ ........ _·...... .. . • Medium. 

TowNSHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 10 EAsT. 

The surface is gently rolling excepting along the east boundary, where numerous 

ravines tributary to Canyon Diablo make some relief. The stony adobe soil supports 

a very scattering woodland and ·a small area of P?Or timber. It is easily accessible 

from any direction and can be logged cheaply. · 

Stand of species in T. 18 N., R. 10 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ............................................... ·. . . .. .. 

Arizona cypress ......................................... _ ..... 3, 975 

Forest conditiJJns in T. 18 N., R. 10 E. 

l<'eet B. M. 

4,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..................................... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 20 

Dead.'-·-- ................................................. __ .... per cent.. 5 

Diseased ........................................ __ ................... do.... 15 

Average age .......................................................... years .. 180 

Reproduction...... . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . • .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . Poor. 

TowNSHIP 18 NoRTH, RANGE 11 EAsT. 

The rolling surface of this township is drained by numerous ravines into one of 

the principal tributaries of Canyon Diablo. The stony adobe soil supports a good, 

evenly distributed woodland. There is no timber. 

Stand of species in T. 18 N., R. 11 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress ................... : .......... ; .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. 73, 500 

Alligator juniper ....................... ~ .......................... Unimportant .. 
DESCRil'TIONS 0]' TOWNSHIPS. 47 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 1 EAsT. 

The surface is rolling, with a slope to the southwest into Hall Canyon, a tributary of Verde River. The soil is an adobe, much mi.X:ed with stone, and supports a 

very thin and scattering woodland. There is no t1mber. 

Stand of specie.g in T. 19 N., R. 1 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypress ......................................................... _·_ 3, 810 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 2 EAsT. 

The upper terraces of Colorado Plateau cross this township, resulting in a 

very steep, rolling, and broken surface, with a rocky soil containing some adobe. 

Tlie woodland is somewhat evenly distributed, but the timber is all above the brink 

and only about 30 per cent is of good quality. ,. . 

Stand of species in· T. 19 N., R. 2 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ................... : .......................... . 

Arizona cypress...... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19, 250 

Oak . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . 400 

TotaL ................ , .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 19, 650 

Forest conditiom ·in T. 19 N., R. 2 E. 

Feet B. 111. 

13,500,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..•.......... _ ......................• feet.. 90 

Average height, clear .. __ ............ ____ .............. __ ............. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 20 

Dead .. ____ .......... ___ .............. ___ ............ __ ......... _ .. per cent.. 2 

Diseased ...... · ___ .......... __ ............... :. __ ... , ........ _ ........ do...... 10 

Average age .......... _ ............... ~ .............................. years .. 200 

Reproduction ... _ ............................................ _ ........ Medium. 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAST. 

The greater portion of this towmd:i.ip is situated on a broad divide between Hall 

Canyon and Sycamore Canyon, and has a very steep, rough, and broken surface 

which will make the timber difficult and expensive to handle. Above the upper terraces of Verde Valley the yellow pine is evenly distributed, and about 50 per cent 

is of good quality. 

·Stand of species ·in T. 19 N., R. 8 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ................................ · .............. . 

Oak ... __ ..................... ". .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. 7, 500 

Arizona cypress............................................ 3, 675 

TotaL ............................................... 11, 175 

Feet B. 111. 

81,500,000 
48 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, .ARIZONA. 

Forest conditions in 1'. 19 N., R. 3 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine ........... ---- .. ----- .. ------------.feet.- 80 

Average height, clear ------------------------'-------------------------do ... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ___ ..... __ .. -------- .. -- .... -.--------- .inches.- 17 

Dead ___________________ .. ___________ . __ . ___ . _ ........... --- .... -.per cent. - 3 

Diseased ____ . _______________________________ . ____________ ....... -..... do... 20 

Average age ________________ ; _________ . _____ ... _. __ ...... _- .......... years .. 190 

Reproduction ___________________ .. ___ ..... __ ... _. _. ____ --- .. __ ·_ .... --. l\iedium. 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

This township is divided by Sycamore Canyon which has a depth of from 

1,000 to 1,500 feet. All the surf~ce is steep, rolling, and broken and will make the 

timber difficult and expensive to handle. The yellow pine is exceptionally fine for 

this district, although not large nor clear on the average. The soil is stony with 

some adobe. 

Stand of species in 1'. 19 N., R. 4 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pin<) ____________ . ____ . _____ . __ . ___________________ _ 

Oak. _____________ • ____ .___________________________________ 9, 420 

Arizona cypress ____ . _____ .. : ..........•... ___ ........... __ . 550 

TotaL·. ______ . ___ . __ . ___________ .. ___ . ______________ . 9, 970 

Forest conditions in 1'. 19 N., R. 4 E. 

Feet B. M. 

54,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ______________ . _____ . ___________ . ___ .feet._ 80 

Average height, clear _. ____________ • ___ . __________________ . ____ . ______ .do.__ 10 

Average diameter, breast-high. ___ -- ___________ --. ___ .. _____ ._-____ ..•. inches.. 17 

Dead ........•.................... ~ ............... ~- .............. per cent.. 2 

Diseased _______________ .. ________________________________________ .• __ .do.__ 20 

Average age .... , . _ .... __ .................. _ •...... -.......... ___ ..• _years_ _ 170 

Reproduction ......•..... _ ............. -----.--- ___ .-----_---- .. ~ ...... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAST. 

This township lies on a broad fiat divide between Sycamore Canyon and Oak 

Creek. The surface is rolling and gently sloping with a stony adobe soil. About 

50 per cent of the timber is of good quality and will log northward to the best 

advantage. 

Stand of speC'ies in 1'. 19 N., R. 5 E. 

Yellow pine __ ... __ .......•...• ; .....• _ .... -••......•.... _ . 

Oak. ______ .••.•• _ •••••• __ •... _ ••..•• _ ••.•• __ -.. ____ . . • • • • • 4, 925 

Arizona cypress .... -- . -. -.. -.... - -.. ___ .. -- : .. -..•••. -.... _ 2, 800 

TotaL . _____________ .. _ -- _ . __ .. _________ -- _ : _ . __ _ _ _ _ _ 7, 725 

Feet B. M. 

85,750,000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 49 

Fore.st.conditions in .T. 19 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine. : .... , .... , _ ...... _ .. _ . _ ..........• -feet.- · 85 

Average height, clear .. : ... :.------------------------------------------do ... 14 

Average diameter, breast~ high. _____ · .. __ · __ .. _.-~--_. ____ ... _: ... __ ... inches.. 20 

Dead ___ ••.. ___ •.• _____ • __________ . ___ .. _ :. _. _ .. __ . ~ ___ : __ . ___ .... per cent.. 2 

Diseased.----- _____ .. __________ ._. __ ... ____ . _____ ·, ____ .. _. ___ ......... do.·.· 18 

Average age ... _ .. ____ . __ . __ .. _ ...... _ .· .... __ . _. __ .. _ ..... _ .. _ ...•... years.. 200 

Reproduction._ .... _ ... __ . _ .•. _ .... _ ... _. __ . __ . __ ... __ ...• __ . _ ......... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

This. irregular township covers a large and very irregular basin at the head 

of Oak Creek and is a Tough and broken area. With the exception of a small 

tract along the east line of the township, it will be very difficult and expensive 

to log. About 40 per cent of the yellow pine is of good quality. Along the 

creek is a dense undergrowth of oak, sycamore, cottonwood, willow, and pine. 

Stand of species in T. 19 N., R. 6 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ..... __ ... __ • _ ... _ .. _ .• __ .•• _ . __ .. ___ .... __ ... _ 

Oak .• __ ...... _ ..... _ .... ___ .. _._._._. ___ • __ ._ ..•. :_._. ____ 21, 400 

Forest conditions in T. 19 N., R. 6 E. 

Feet B. M. 

78,750,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ____________________________________ feet .. 80 

Average height, clear.-----------. __ .... __ ._---------·-. ____ ..... ------ .do... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ......... _. _. ___ ...... _. ___ . _ ......... inches.. 17 

· Dead ................. _. _. _ .............. _ .... __ ...• _ .... _ ........ per cent.. 2 

Diseased .. _ .... _ . _ . __ .•.. _ ..... ___ • _ • _____ ......... :. _ . __ ..... _ .. _____ do .. _ 17 

Average age ...................................... _ .................. years_ . 165 

Reproduction . _. _ ......... _ ......• _ •... __ ..... __ . _. __ .... __ ..... _ ..•. _ _ Medium. 

'fOWNSHIP 19 NORTH, RANGE 7 EAST. 

This irregular township straddles the main divide between Little Colorado 

and Verde rivers and has a rolling and gently sloping surface. About 50 per 

cent of the yellow pine is of good quality and can be logged very cheaply 

northward. 

Stand of species in T. 19 N., R. 7 E. 

Cords .. 

Yell ow pine_ ... _ ...... ___ . _ ................... __ ... _ ...... . 

Oak •.................... _ ................... ___ .... _ ..... __ 5, 395 

Forest conditions in T. 19 N:, R. 7 E. 

Feet B. M. 

91,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine .. _._. ___ .. _ .. ___ .. _. __ .. _ .. __ • ___ .feet._· 85 

Average height, clear ..... -- ..................... __ .. _ . ____ .... _ .... ___ . do___ 11 

Average diameter, breast high ....................... _ ... _ .. _ .... _ .. inches.. 18 

Dead.--.-------------- .. : ................ ----- ......... _ .. ___ , .... per cent.. 2 

Diseased .. ----- .... -- .. ---- ....... "·. __ .... "·_,· __ .. ___ . ___ ----------- .do.__ 15 

Average age ..................... , ..... · ... -........ __ .. ___ ............ years. _ 180 

Reproduction ... · .. -.................................. _ .... _. _ ..... ___ • . Medium. 

520~No. 22-04-4 
50 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

TowNSHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

The rolling and broken surface of this township is drained by Walnut Canyon 

and supports an evenly distributed stand of timber of which about 40 per cent is of 

good quality. A logging railroad has been operated from the north as far as section 

8 with a sawmill in T. 20 N., R.-8 E. 

Stand of species in T. 1.9 N., R. 8 E. 

. cords. 

Yell ow pine ............... _ . _____ . ____ .... ____ .. ___ . _____ . _ 

Oak .. ___ . ______ . _ ••• __ . _ . ___ . _ . _. _ . _. ___ . _____ .. _ . ___ . . . . . . 1, 580 

Forest condit·ions in T. 19 .N., R. 8 E.~ 

Feet B. M. 

56,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine . _ ..........•..................••.... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear_ ...•... -..... _ ..................... · .........•....• do.... 11 

Average diameter, breast-high ........ __ ._ .. _ ...... _ ..... __ ..... _ ..... inches.. 18 

Dead .............................................................. per cent._ 5 

Diseased ....... __ ._.~._ ...... _ .... __ ... _._ ............................ do._.. 20 

Average age ..... ___ ..... _ ..... _ .... _____ .. _. __ ..... _._ .. _ .. :. __ ...... years .. iso 

Reproduction ..... _. _ ...... _ ..... _ ..•....................•............ _ Medium. 

TowNsHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. · 

The surface of this township is gently rolling, except some of the terraces of the 

Little Colorado drainage, which are steep. The timber is mostly old growth and 

about 40 per cent is of good quality and easily accessible. A logging railroad was 

built into this township, but has been abandoned and the rails removed. 

Stand of species in T. 19 N., R. 9 E. 

Cords. 

·Yellow pine . _. _ ... :. _ ..... _ .... , ... _ ..... _ ... _ .... _. _ ..... 

Arizona cypress _ ...... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 850 

Oak • _ . __ . ____ . _ . ___ . ____ •..•. __ ....... __ .. ____ . ____ . __ . __ . 3, 545 

Total ___ ... _. _ .... _. ____ .. ____ ... _. _. _ . __ ..... _ .. ____ . 16, 395 

Forest conditions in T. 19 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

23,500,000 

Average total height of yellow pine ..•.. __ ........ __ .. ________________ •. feet.. 90 

Average height, clear._. __ ... _ ... _ ... __ ..•...•........ _ .. _._._ ... _. __ .. do .. _. 11 

Average diameter, breast-high ........•..•............. _. _ . _ ..... ____ .inches.. 18 

Dead ........ __ . _ . __ ............... _ .. __ ................... __ . _ . _ . _per cent. _ 5 

Diseased. __ ....... _ ..... , .............................. __ .... __ ._ ... _ .do.... 15 

Average age ...... : ................................. __ .. ~ ...... _ .... _ .years .. 185 

Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .. • . • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . Poor. 

TowNsHIP 19 NoRTH, RANGE 10 EAST. 

The southwestern portion of this township is nearly level plateau land which 

breaks by a steep terrace into the slopes of the Canyon Diablo tributaries. The 

soil is a stony adobe. 
I 

DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 51 

There is no timber-only a few scattering yellow pines. 

Stand of species in T. 19 N., R. 10 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cypre~s.......... . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . 40, 875 

Oak ...... __ ...••.•....•..•.•....••...•....•..•••...........•.•... _ . . • . . . 500 

TotaL ................................•....•....................... 41, 375 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 1 EAsT. 

This township contains the northern end of the upper terraces of Verde 

Valley and presents a rolling and broken surface, except in the northeast portion, 

which is comparatively unbroken. The soil is a stony adobe. Both woodland 

and forest show a rather poor growth and the timber will be difficult and 

expensive to handle. 

.S~and of species in T. 20 N., R. 1 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ..... _ ............ __ ...... _. _ .. ___ .. _. __ ...... __ _ 

Arizona cypress ................ _ ... : .... : ................... _ 2, 425 

Oak ..................................... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 

TotaL ................................................. 3, 335 

Forest conditions in T. 20 N., R. 1 E. 

~·eet B.M. 

9,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine .................................... .feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do..... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high .................................. _ ..... inches.. 18 

Dead ..... · ................................................. _ ...... per cent.a 5 

Diseased ............................................................. do._.. 20 

Average' age ......................................................... years .. 170 

Reproduction ................... , ......................................... Poor. 

TowNSHIP 20 NORTH, RANGE 2 EAST. 

The surface is nearly all rough and broken, with steep terraces and numerous 

deep ravines. A secondary divide crosses this township and suggests that it be 

logged both northward and southward, although at the best it will be difficult and 

expensive logging. The best of the timber is along the eastern boundary and by 

means of a railway can be made tributary to the city of Williams, 

Stand of species in T. 20 N., R. 2 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow pine ................ _ ........................ _ ..... . 

Oak .......................•..•.....• ~........ . • • • . . . . . . . . . 5, 675 

Arizona cypress. . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . . 720 

Total. . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . .. • • . . . .. .. . . • .. .. • . • . .. .. . . . . . . 6, 395 

Feet B. M. 

69,000,000 
52 SAN E'RANCISOO MOUNTAINS J<'OREST ;RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Porest conditions in T. 20 N., R. 2 E. . 

Average total height of yellow pine ........... _ .....................•••. feet. . 90 

Average height, clear ...... ____ ..... _, .... _ .... _. _ ... _. _ .............. do .. _. 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ----.-----------------------------------inches .. 20 

Dead . __ .... __ . __ . __ . __ . __ ... _ . _ ... _ .... __ . _ ... __ •... __ ........... per cent. . 5 

Diseased _. _ ..... _ .... __ .. _ ........................................... do .. _. 20 

Average age . __ ...... _ ..... __ .......... __ ...•. __ · __ .. __ .... __ .......•. years .. 190 

Reproduction .. __ ... _. __ ............ __ ..... __ .... __ ..•....... _ ..... _ .. Medium. 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAST. 

The surface is rolling, with a gentle slope toward the east, and is drained by 

Sycamore Canyon. The soil is adobe and very stony. The timber can be logged 

northward to good advantage. Some years ago a lumber company had a line of 

logging railroad across the northern part of this township and cut most of the 

timber tributary to it, but at present they are operating farther west. The timber 

now standing is about 40 per cent good quality. 

Stand of species in T. 20 N., R. 3 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ..••.......... __ ..•. _ ..... _ .•.•.....•.. _ ...• _ .. 

Oak _ . _ .•. _ .•.••.••••. __ ...•. _ .................. _ ..... _ • • • • 6, 925 

l?orest conditions in '1'. 20 N., R. 3 E. 

Feet B. M. 

82,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine. __ ... _ ..... __ .. __ ..... _________ .. __ .feet.. 85 

Average height, clear .... --------------------------------------- ...... do.... 10 

A vemge diameter, breast-high ... _ ..... _ .... __ •.•.. _ .. _ .. __ .... __ .. _ .inches.. 17 

Dead._._ ..... ______________ ....... __ ._ ....... _ ..... ___ .. ____ ._._ .per cent.. 3 

Diseased ___ ........ _. _. _. _ .......... _. _. _. _ ..... _ ..... __ .... __ ... _._.do. __ . 22 

Average age . __ ... _ . _ ..... __ .. _ . ___ . _ ... _ .... __ .... __ ..... _ ...... _ ... years_ . 185 

Reproduction .... ____ . ___ .... __ ._._._ ...... ___ . ___ ..... _ ..... _ ......... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

This township is badly cut up bJr six deep canyons tributary to Sycamore 

Canyon and the high land is rough and broken. There is a good stand of timber, 

which is unevenly distributed and about 50 per cent of it is of good quality. It 

will have to be logged southward and will be difficult and expensive to handle. 

Stand of species in T. 20 N., R. 4 E. 

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yell ow pine ....•... _ ...... _ .... _ ...... _ ..... _ ..... _ ...... _ . 97, 500, 000 

Oak ..•. __ ••.••• ---- .................... __ . __ •.. -----·...... 5, 555 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 

Forest conditions in T. 20 N., R. 4 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine .......... · ....•..................•... feeL. 90 

.Average height, clear ................................................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 18 

Dead .............................................................. per cent.. 2 

Diseased ............................................................. do .. '.. 20 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 190 

Reproduction .......................................................... · Medium. 

TOWNSHIP 20 NORTH, RANGE 5 EAST. 

Areas' along the north and west boundaries are upon the rough and broken 

slopes of Sycamore Canyon, but the rest of the township is on Colorado Plateau 

and has a rolling surface. The soil is adobe and stone and supports an exceptionally heavy forest of yellow pine, of which about 50 per cent. is of good 

quality. All the timber on the plateau can be logged northward very cheaply. 

Stand ·oj species in T. eo N., R. 5 E. 

Cords. Feet B. M: 

Yellow pine ...................................... ".. . .. • .. 151, 500, 000 

Oak ......................................... -- . . . .. . . • .. .. . 6, 885 

Forest conditions in T. 20 N., R. 5 E . . 

Average total height of yellow pine .................. , .. ; ............. , . feet.. 95 

Average height, clear ............. ' ............. , ..................... do.... 11 

Average diameter, brea.~t-high ....... ~ ..... , ................. .'.~ ..... inches.. 22 

Dead . ______ ...................... 0 ............................... per cent.. 2 

Diseased ... __ ........................................ _ ............... do. . .. 15 

Average age ..... _ ................................................... years .. 215 

Reproduction .................. · ... _ ................. :. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. Medium. 

TowNsnn· 20 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

The surfaee is rolling, ~ith terraces and long gentle slopes formed by successive flows of lava and cinde~· cones 500 to 600 feet high on sections 3 and 8. Long 

ridges and combs composed of lava and scoriaeeous matter intersect the township 

in various directio~s. The eastern tier of sections forms a portion of a broad 

terrace of lava with a steep rocky front facing the east, which forms in part the 

divide between ·Oak Creek and Sycamore Canyon. The soil consists of sandy or 

gravelly loam. ln depressions where water stands during a portion of the year 

the soil is l;llack adobe. Most of the surface is covered with small stones and a 

portion is strewn with large bowlders of lava or scorire. In most localities the 

soil is very thin and the underlying rough lava outcrops. 
54 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

There are no permanent streams. Springs of sma1l volume break out in sections 3, 8, 13, and 24. Vernal lakes arc located in sections 5, 6, 31, and 32. 

Stand of timber speeies in T. 20 N., R. 6 E. 

];'eetB. M. 

Yellow pine .. __ ............. ___ .... _. _ ....... _ .............. _ .... _.. 94, 500, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 20 N., R. 6 E. 

Average total height-----··'·-···---·-·--·- --------------------------feet .. 85 

A,·erage height, clear. ___ ~_._. __ . __ ... ____ . _ .. _. ___ .... __ . _ ..... ___ ... do._._ 10 

Average diameter, breast-high . _ .. _. __ . _ ... _. __ . _ .. __ .. _. _: __ .... __ .inches.. 20 

Diseased ...... _ .. : . ........ _. __ .. _ ... __ ...... _ .. - _ . _ .......... ___ .per cent._ 3 

Average age .... ___ ............ ______ ........... __ .................. years .. 190 

Reproduction, east half of township. __ .. _ .... __ ... ____ ._._ .. __ .... __ ..... Good. 

Reproduction, west half of township .... __ ..... __ .. _. _ .. _ ... __ . _ .. _ .. __ .. None. 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

Most of this township consists of broad, gently rolling limestone terraces, interspersed with lo~ ridges and hummocks, here and there capped with outflows of 

lava, and in seotions 12 and 33 rising_ into low cinder conel:l and ridges of volcanic. 

origin. Most of the soil consists of gravelly or sandy loam mixed with limestone 

debris. In depressions on the limestone terraces in the eastern part of the township much of the soil consists of fine, silty loam. The southern and western 

portions, which are more or less blanketed with outflows of lava, have a thin, in 

some places, adobe-like soil with a stony or bowlder~strewn surface, and constitute 

scab land. 

There arc no permanent streams, 'but in sections 7 and 12 are small springs, 

and in sect~on 19 is a spring which furnishes a considerable quantity of water 

for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad,station at Flagstaff. Small tracts 

in the north half of the township possess a fair grazing value, being ·covered with 

a close growth of strongly rooted, tufted grasses, but most of the township has 

been closely :-;beeped, and its grazing value is exceedingly low. 

Stand of timber SJ>ede8 in T. 20 N., R. 7 E. 

Feet B. :r.r. Yell ow pine . _ .•. _ .......... _ .. _ ................................... : _ 50, 340, 000 

Forest conditions ·in T. 20 N., R. 7 E. 

Average total height . -•.....................................•.. : ..•... feet.. 90 

Average height, clear-·-· ... ___ ...... ____ .... __ ..................... _ .do •.. : 12 

·Average diameter, breast-high .................. ----------- ........•. inches.. 22 

Average age .•... -.-....... -.- ..... -....... -..•.... -....... --- ..•. _ .. years .. 210 

Reproduction .•.•. ____ ..•... ____ ..•• __ ..•••.. :_ . •••• ----••. Slow and uncertain. 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. I . 55 

TowNsHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAsT. 

Walnut Canyon crosses this township from southeast to northwest. Along the 

north and west boundaries is some steep and broken land, 'but the greater portion of 

the surface is nearly level or rolling. The soil is a very stony adobe. The timber 

is easily accessible to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad at Flagstaff 

by logging railway to the sawmill in section 34. The daily capacity of the mill 

is 25,000 feet B. M. The best of the yellow pine is in the northwest corner of 

the township and about 30 per cent of it is of good quality. 

Stand of species in T. 20 N., R. 8 E. 

Cords. 

Yellow. pine ___ .. _ ......................................... . 

Arizona cypress ........ · ............ ·.·.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 700 

Oak •.•....................................••........•...... 1,410 

Total .............. ;·······----······----·---··----·· 7,110 

Forest conwitions in T. 20 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet B. l\L 

24,000,000 

Average total height of yellow pine .......... _ ....... _ ................ feet.~ 75 

Average height, clear ····················---··"·····-······'--········do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ........ , .. _. _ ...........•............ inches.. 20 

Dead ... ~ .....................•.........•................ .' ........ per cent.. 6 

Diseased ............................................................. do. . . . 20 

Average age ................................. : ................... : ... years._ 180 

Reproduction ......... _ ................................................... Poor. 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAST. 

The upper terraces of the broad divide between Y.,T alnut Canyon and Canyon 

Padre cross the southern part of this township and result in some steep and broken 

ground. Below the terraces the land is gentl~ sloping. There is a heavy woodland, 

but the only timber is in the southwest corner. 

Stand of species in T. 20 N., R. 9 E. 

Cords.· 

Yellow pine ...............•.••••••••••..................... 

Arizona cypress ......... · •....•.•.•..•.......... ". . . . . . . . . . • 65, 900 

Oak ......•.••••..•.•.•...• ·•...••...•.•••••....•....•••.•.•• 2, 035 

Total. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . 67, 935 

Forest conditions in T. 20 N., R 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

1,000,000 

Average total. height of yellow pine .....•.....•.....................•. feet.. 75 

Average height, clear ·············--------------------····: .......... do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high----·------------------·-···-···-· ... .inches .. 16 

Dead ....•..............• _ ...•..•...... ~ .... __ ._ ••••.. __ ••. _._ .•.. per cent.. 5 

Diseased ...•.. __ .. _._ .. ___ ._. __ . __ ._ ... _. __ ._. __ . ____ • __ .... _. __ . __ .• do.... 25 

Average age .•••. _ .. __ ._._ .... _______ .. ____ .... ____ ._ .. _. __ ._ •. _ •. _ .. years._ 180 

Reproduction .• __ .... __ .. ____ ..... _ ... __ ... __ .•. _ .•• _ ...•................. Poor. 
56 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

TowNSHIP 20 NoRTH, RANGE 10 EAsT. 

This township lies on the gentle slopes near the head of Canyon Padre; and 

supports only an evenly distr·ibuted but light woodland. 

There is no timber. 

Sta~d of sper:ies 'in '1'. 20 N., R: 10 E. 

Cords. 

Arizona cyprt')ss. __ . _ .. -.. _ " _ .... '· _ ..•.... _ ..•••••. _ ..•. '· .. _ . _ •••• _ . _ • _. __ . . 7, 200 

TOWNSHIP 21 NORTH, RANGE 1 EAST. 

The surface is rolling with some steep areas in the vicinity of Bill Williams 

Mountain. The timber ·is mostly of poor quality, bu~ is easily accessible to the 

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, which crosses the northern portion o£ 

the township. 

Stand of sper:ies in T. ·21 N., R. 1 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine _ ••••.. __ .. __ •. __ . ___ • _____ . _ • __ •. _ ..•. _ . _ .. _ • __ . . . __ _ 

Arizona cypress_ .... _ . __ . _ ..•. _ .. _ ..•. __ ...... __ ...... __ .••.. 2, 833 

Oak _ .. ___ . __ • _ •.. ___ • _ . __ • __ .... __ • __ ••. _____ .•. _ •. _ .•.. __ • . . 185 

TotaL ___ •. _ .......... ____ ...... _ .. _ ... _ ..• _ ..• __ .. • .. . 3, 018 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 1 E. 

Feet B. M. 

8,250,000 

Average total height of yellow pine~_ ....... _ ...•......••... _ ...•.• --- •• feet.. 75 

Average height, clear ...... _ ........ _ ....... _._ ....... __ ..... --_._--_._ do .. 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ..••. _ .. _._._ •. ~ •... __ ..•... ___ .......... inches.. 16 

Dead-..... ___ -.-- ........ _ .. -.-- ... _ .. _ .... _ .. __ ...... _--.-... ____ ..... per cent.. 4 

Diseased _ .... _____ ..... __ ........ ____ ... __ ... ____ ........ __ . _ ......... do __ .. 25 

Av~rage age _ .... __ ... __ ..• · ......... ,... , .... , .... --~. ~ ...... ____ .... y~ars .. 160 

Reproduction .. ____ ..... __ ...... _ ................ _ .......... : ........... __ Poor. 

TowNsHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 2 EAsT. 

This township includes within its boundaries nearly all of Bill Williams 

Mountain, which reaches an elevation of 9,264 feet, or about 2;500 :feet above the 

adjoining plateaus. -About 40 per cent of .the standing timber is of good _quality, 

and is accessible to the logging railroad, which is in operation in this to,wnship. 

The timber on the slopes of Bill Williams Mountain will be difficult and expensive 

to handle, as the surface· is steep and rough. 

Stand of sper:ies in T. 21 N., B. 2 E. 

Cords. 

Yell ow pine ........ -.... -- ... -- -- -- . --- . -- --- -- -- .. -- -- • ---

Oak ........ __ ............. -- ....... -............. ; ........... --. 1, 170 

Feet B. M. 

36,000,000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 2 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine ..........•.....•..........• ~ ... ~ •••• feet.. 85 

Average height, clear •••.• --~- •.••....................•............... do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....•..•.......•..........•....•..... ,.inches.. 18 

Dead ..••••................. -..........•....................••..... per cent.. 2 

Diseased .......... , ............ ~ .............................•....... do. . . . 10 

Average 11ge .....•.•...........•................. · .......... : ... · .. : •.. years. . 170 

Reproduction .•..............••................................ , . . . . . . . . . . Poor. 

TowNSHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAsT. 

57 

This township drains southward into Sycamore Canyon. The surface is level 

or gently rolling land, terraced by thin flows of lava which frequently inclose or 

partly surround small level areas. Cinder cones or their slopes, together with low 

ridges of volcanic origin, occur in sections 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 31, and 32, 

and vary in height from 300 to 800 feet, with long slopes. The soil is gravelly 

loam, largely mixed with volcanic .detritus. On several of the lev~ls, especially 

such as hold water during a portion of the year, the soil is black or gray adobe. 

Most of the surface· is stony or bowlder strewn and on many of the flats and 

terraces the soil is too thin to cover the underlying rough lava, and the tracts 

constitute scab land. 

There are no permanent flowing streams, but in Sycamore Canyon, in section 

35, water usually stands in communicating pools d~ring most of the year.· 

Springs of small volume occur in sections 14, 23, 27, and 33, while. artificial tanks, 

made by damming small rims and ravines, exist here and there. The pasturage 

value of the township is low. 

Stand of species ·in T. 21 N., R. 3 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . 40, 335, 000 

Forest conditions in 1'. 21 N., R. 3 E. 

Average total height .....•....•......••.••••...•••....••.•...•....••..• feet.. 85 

·Average height, clear ....• : .....•...••...•.•.•. -~--- ....•......... · .... do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ...•.•...•....... • .•........ ~ .......... inches.. 20 

Average age ...•.•....•............•.•.........•...........•.......... years .. 190 

Reproduction ..•••....•....•.......... _-.......•. -.. . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . Poor. 

TowNsHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE ·4 EAsT. 

The larger portion of this t.ownship consists of level or gently rolling 

prairie, or park land, as it is locally known, margined on the west and east by 

ranges of low hills of volcanic origin, .formerly c~nder cones, having long since 

lost their c:;pnical form through erosion. There are a few shallow rocky runs in 
58 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

the east and west tiel's of sections. The soil is gravelly loam, becoming scoriaceous 

and cindery on the hilly areas. Portions of the surface are bowlder strewn. 

The dr:ainage is to Verde River through Sy~amore Canyon. There is no 

permanent surface flow, but a few small -springs or tanks exist on section 32 

in the bed of one of the heads of the canyon. In section 18 is a shallow well 

supplying small quantities of water. The township has been closely sheeped and 

the grazing value is. therefore only moderate. It is pastured each year by cattle 

and sheep in· excess of the recuperative power of the grass and a few years hence 

will have little or no pasturage value. 

Stand of timber species in T. 21 N., R. 4 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ............. _._ .................................. , ..•....•• 39, 350, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 4 E. 

Average total height ...................... .- ......................•..... feet.. 85 

Average height, clear ........•. ~- .......................... __ .. __ ..... do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ··-------------------------------------inches .. 20 

Average age .. : .............. _ .............. , .................. -- .... years .. 190 

Reproduction, on sections 25, 32, 33, 34 ... _ ............. _ ........... _ ..... _ Good. 

Reproduction, elsewhere ................ ____ ---- ... _ -- .. ---- ____ ---------- Poor. 

TowNsHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. 

This township consists in part of rolling and in part of level tracts of land, 

the western tier of sections rising into ranges of hills of volcanic origin 300 to 

800 feet high. The northern half of the township is terraced by successive flows 

of lava, the southern half consists of short terraces and occasional low hillocks 

of limestone, here and there overlain with thin blankets of lu,va outflows from 

local fissures. The different runs_ and gullies which cut the northern half of 

the township are few and shallow. In the south· half they increase in number, 

deepen rapidly, and cut through the limestqne formations with box-shaped canyons 

30 to 120 feet deep. The soil in the north half of the township is a gravelly 

loam occasionally changing into black or gray adobe. In the south half the soil 

is much mixed with limestone debris and becomes a loamy gravel. 

There are large springs in sections 10 and 11 and smaller springs in . section 4. There are several artificial tanks, the largest of. which are in sections 

10 and 11, and supply wate.r to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa .Fe Railroad 

station at Belmont. All the drainage is into Verde River.· 

Stand of timber species in T. 21 N., R. 5 E. 

Feet B. llf. 

Yell ow pine ••••••....•...•••....•...•••.•....... , .......... _. _. . . • • 109,. 520, 000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 59 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total height ................................................... feet.. 90 

Average height, clear ............... : ................................. do.,.. 12 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 22 

Average age ........................... : ............................. years .. 210 

Reproduction, on sections 13, ·14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 27, 34 ....................... Poor. 

Reproduction, elsewhere ........................ _._ ................... : .... · Good. 

TowNSHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

The surface is chiefly rolling, with terraces formed principally by. successive 

flows of lava, also, possibly, through elevations by faulting. Cindei· cone:; and 

low hills of volcanic origin occur in sections 2, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, and 27. Most of 

section 25 is covered by a cone rising 250 to 300 feet above the general level, 

with a central depression comprising- about 150 acres. The soil is a gravelly loam, 

changing to cindery and scoriaceous on the s~opes of the cinder cones. On the 

flats, wherever water stands during a. portion of the year~ as· in sections 31 and 

32, it consists of black ·or gray adobe. Most of the surface is exceedingly stony 

and bowlder strewn and constitutes scab land. 

There is no perman.ent surface stream. Small springs occur on sections 14 

and 20 and a shallow well on section 25. Rogers Lake and the depression mentioned on section 25 hold water in the early spring and· then form small lakes. The 

township has long been closely sheeped and its grazing value is now very low or 

insignificant. 

Stand of timber specie.~ in T. 21 N., R. 6 E. Feet B. 111. 

Yellow pine ......................................................... 42,275,000 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 6 E. 

Average total height .................................................. feet.. 80 

Average height, clear .............................. ·.· ................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................... .' ............... inches.. 18 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 175 

Reproduction, on sections 23, 25, 29, 32, 33 ................................ Good. 

Reproduction, elsewhere ............................................. Very little. 

TowNSHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

Sections 1 and 2 comprise rocky southern slopes of Elden Mesa, rising 2,000 

to 2,200 feet a~ove the adjoining levels. The remainder of the township consists of low, broad lava terraces or mesa land, alternating in the southern sections 

with level depressions which change to a succession of low swells of limestone 

outcrops separated by box . canyons. The northern half of the township is cut 

by a few shallow runs~and gullies; the south hal£ is intersected by numerous 

ravines, which in sections 35 and 36 develop into deep and rocky canyons arld form, 
60 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

in part, the head of Walnut Canyon. The soil consists of sandy or gravelly 

loam, in the south half much mixed with limestone debris. There is no permanent surface flow. There is a small spring on section 4. The value of the lands 

for pasturage is low. Sheep herding has been carried on for many years in excess of the recuperative power of the grass, and, with the exception of some of 

the sections in the south half of the township, weedy growths have replaced the 

former turf or tufted specie~ of grass. 

&and o/timber species in T. 21 N., R. 7 E. 

Feet B.11f. 

Yellow pine ......•..........•... _ ....................... ~..... .. . . . • 33, 040, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 7 E. 

Average total height ..................................... : ............. feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do ... _ 10 

Average diameter, breast high ...................................... inches.. 18 

Average age ......................................................... years .. 1.75 

Rep~oduction .................... -~ ................... , __ ............ _ .... Poor. 

TowNSHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

The north half is rolling land, terraced with successive flows of lava, intersected 

by low ridges' of volcanic origin, and rising into small cinder cones in sections 1, 2, 

4, 5, 9, and li. Part of section 6 is on the rooky slope of ·Elden Mesa, rising 500 

to 1,800 feet above the ,adjacent levels. The south half of the township consists of 

low outcropping limestone ridges and terraces, occasionally buried under outflows 

of lava, gashed and seamed with short, shallow runs and ravines tributary to Walnut 

Canyon. This canyon is 450 to 600 feet deep, with steep rocky slopes, about onefourth of a mile wide between its brinks, and debouches eastward into nearly level 

areas of the Little Colorado slopes. The soil is mostly.gravelly loam. In the south 

half it is mixed with limestone debris and in the north half with comminuted slag 

and scorire. 

There is no permanent surface flow, nor are there any springs or natural tanks. 

The township is sheeped each season, besides being more or less pastured by cattle 

and· horses. Its grazing value is yet moderate, but will not last many years longer .. 

Some of the northern sections have been 'sheeped out, and now chiefly produce coarse 

weeds. 

Stand of timber species in T. 21 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet· B. M. 

Yellow pine ............ _ .................................... _ ......... · 42, 778.000 

Forest conditions in T. 21 N., R. 8 E. 

Average total height ........................... -~- ..................... feet.. 80 

Average height, Clear ............................................. · ..... do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast high ........ " . " ................... _ ........ inches... 18 

Average age .. _ --·--------------------...... __ ... ··--- __ •••• ___ ....... years .. 175 

Reproduction.--------~----------------------- ................. ; .......... Poor. 
DESCRIPTIONS OJ!' TOWNSHIPS. 61 

TowNSHIP 21 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

The surface is mostly level or gently rolling, with low terraces, mounds, and 

·short. ridges, all of volcanic origin,. in the northern tier of sections. Walnut 

Canyon traverses the township from southwest to northeast, and is from 400 to 

500 feet deep, with steep rocky slopes. In the northern tiers of sections the soil 

consi::;ts chiefly of black volcanic cinders, with small loamy admixtures. Elsewhere 

it is gravelly loam, with a stony or bowlder-strewn surface. 

There are no permanent surface streams, spring·s, or tanks. Water flows 

through Walnut Canyon only after heavy rains, or while the spring break-up 

lasts. The woodlands bear stands of one-seed juniper, pinon, and scattered yellow 

pine along the breaks of \Valnu:t Canyon. The reproduction is slow and scanty. 

The grazing value is low, for the lands have been sheeped long and closely and 

much of the grass is either eaten or trampled out. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 1 EAST. 

The surface is . level or rolling and supports a very light and scattering 

woodland and forest in the southeast corner. 

Stand of species in T. 22 N;, R. 1 E. 

Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine _ ••. _ ....... __ . _ ..... ___ ... ___ .... ___ . _. __ .... _ . _: .... _.. 750, 000 

Arizona cypress._ .. _ . _ . _____ . __ ..... _ ..... _ ... ___ . __ .. _ .. __ .. _ _ _ _ 40 

Forest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 1 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine ... __ ._._. ___ •.. ___ ...•. _ ...•...•.•.. feet.. 75 

Average height, clear __ ........ _ .... " .... _ .... : ____ . _. __ .. _. _. _ ..... _.do_.__ 8 

Average diameter, breast high ----------------------------------·----inches .. 16 

Dead .... _. _ ... ___ . ____ . _ . _. _ ... _. ____ . ______ .. ___ .... _ .. __ ... _ ... per cent._ 5 

Diseased _. _ .. _ ....... _ .... _. _ ....•............ _ ...... _ ..... _. _ ....... do .. _. 25 

Average age._. _____ .. __ .... , _____ ..... _ .... __ .. _______________ . ___ ... years .. 160 

Reproduction ___ ._. ____ ... _ ........... _·_ ............. ___ ._. __ ............. Poor. 

T~?WNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 2 EAsT. 

There is some steep and broken land along the south line of this township, but 

the rest is nearly all rolling or level. The timber is' all rough and of poor 

quality can be logged cheaply, and is easily accessible to the large sawmill at 

Williams. 

Stand of 8pl:.cies in T. 22 N., R. 2 E. 

· Cords. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine .•.. : .•.... _ ..... _ .....•... , ...... _. _ .. _ ..... :. . . . . 5, 000, 000 

Oak ..... -------- •. __ ... _. ___ ..•. ___ .............. _. ____ ..... __ 325 

Arizona cypress ............. ____ . __ . __ ...... ___ . ____ . ___ ._----· 25 

TotaL _ .... __ ... _ ........ _ ...... __ ........... __ . _ . _ ... _ . . 350 
62 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Forest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 2 E. 

Average total height of yellow pine . ___ . _ .. _ ....... _ ..... _ ..... _. _ ... _._.feet.. 70 

Average height, clear __ ---- ..... _ ...... _ ..... ____ . _______ . __ .. ____ ._ ... do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high_ .... __ ..... _ .. _ .. __ ..... ___ ... __ ... __ .. inches .. 16 

Dead------ ___ ... __ ...................... ------ ____ ---- ...... __ .... per cent.. 5 

Diseased .............................................................. do ... '. 25 

Reproduction •.............. _--- ........ ____ .... _ ............. _ ... ·--. Medium. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAST. 

Most of the surface is level or gently rolling, broken by low terraces of lava. 

Cinder and slag cones and ridges of volcanic origin rise in sections 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 

19, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, and 34. None of them cover any large acreage, and 

their height is fnconsiderable, rarely exceeding 350 feet. Section 28 chiefly consists 

of a shallow, nearly circular depression holding water in spring and early summer. 

The soil is gravelly loam, here and there changing to black adobe. Almost all 

the land in the township. has an exceedingly stony and bowlder-strewn surface. 

There is no permanent surface stream. The present .value of this township for 

grazing is exceedingly low, as it has been oversheeped for many years. 

Stand of timber species in T. 22 N., R. 8 E. 

Feet B. l\f. 

Yellow pine ..................................... -- ..• -- ..... --- ..... · 15,074,000 

Forest condit-ions in T. 22 N., R. 8 E. 

Average total height ................................................... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 18 

Average age-............... :._ .. __ ... ___ ............................. years .. 175 

Reproduction .. _ .. _. _ .... _ ..... _ ................... .' .................. Medium. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

The surface consists of broad levels alternating with rolling land, the relief 

being chiefly due to successive flows of lava, which here and there have built up 

terraces. Extinct volcanic cones and ridges, the latter formed by outpourings 

from various eruptive foci, occur in sections 1, 7, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 23, 28, 30, 

and 36. None rise more than 700 feet above the general level. The cones are 

truncated, with crateriform central or sublateral depressions at their summits. 

Their slopes arc usually steep and their sides are littered with blocks of slag and 

sconre. The soil is gravelly loam, sometimes changing to black adobe. Most of the 

the surface is stony or bowlder strewn, forming scab land. 

There is no permanent surface flow of water. There is a very small. spring in 

section 24 and another in section 28. In the north half of the township is a moderate 

growth of grass, partly tufted species, partly mesquite sward. It is pastured by 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 63 

cattle and sheep, and in some localities is sufl'ering from overgrazing. The south 

half has been badly overgrazed, and has little pasturage at present. 

Stand of timber species in T. 22 N., R. 4 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ............................... _ ....... ; .......... _ .. _ .. _ 19, 849, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 4 E. 

Average total height ................................................... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear .. _ .............................................. do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 18 

• Average age ........................................ · ................. years.. 17 5 

Reproduction ..................... _ ...................................... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAST. 

The surface comprises low ridges of volcanic origin and terraced lava flows, 

here and there inclosing or bordering small flats. Extinct volcanic cones or slopes 

leading to their summits occur on sections 3, 15, 19, 20, 22, 31, and 33. They are 

isolated, and are from 200 to 300 feet high. The cone in section 33 is being taken 

by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. Railroad for road ballast, for which purpose 

the scoriaceous material is well adapted. The soil is gravelly loam, the proportion of gravel varying; where the quantity i~ small it assumes the character of 

adobe. The surface is stony and bowlder strewn everywhere. On the tops and 

along the breaks of the terraces the layer of soil is often very thin and imperfectly covers the underlying rough lava, and for this reason fully 75 per cent of the 

township is scab land. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The grazing value 

of the township is moderate. The level tracts have been sheeped out, and the 

terraced arerts are grazed each season by cattle and sheep. They bear a sparse 

growth of tufted grasses, chiefly species of Poe[ and }i'estuca. 

Stand of timber species ·in T. 22 N., R. 5 E. ~·eel. B. M., 

Yell ow pine ............................ ~ . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 320, 000 

· Forest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total height ................................................... feet.. 85 

Average height, clear ................. -............ _ ................... do.... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches.. 20 

Average age .................... _ .... -................................ years .. 190 

Reproduction ................. _ ................................. __ .... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAST. 

Most of the lands are rolling terrac~d lava flows, rising from 100 to 400 feet 

above the small levels which they inclose or border in the central portions of the 
64 SAN FR.ANOISOO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

towm;hip. The surface of these lava flows is extremely broken, abounding in low 

hummocks, ridges, shallow runs, deeper ravines, and short abrupt canyons. Sections 1, 2, and 12 are upon the foothills of San Francisco Peak, and are very rough 

and broken flows of lava. In section 20 is Wing Mountain, an extinct isolated 

volcanic cone rising 1,000 feet above the adjacent level, on which a large dish-shaped 

central depression marks the site of the ancient crater. Section 31 also contains a 

cinder cone. Sections 23, 26, and 27 are almost level prairie~ The soil is sandy, 

gravelly loam, deep on the level areas and shallow on the rolling lava terraces, where 

it imperfectly covers the underlying rough lava, and is mostly scab land. 

There is no permanent surface stream. There are small springs on sections 12 

and 14, one of the latter being Leroux Spring, which is a famous watering place for 

stock. In the vicinity of Leroux Spring the lands have been overgrazed, but elsewhere the growth of strongly rooted, tufted . species of grass is good. 

Stand of timber species in T. 22 N., R. 6 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ..•................ _________ ..... ,..... . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . 82, 416, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 6 E . 

.Average total height ...•.......... _________ ......................... _._feet.. 85 

Average height, clear ______ .. ___ .... ____ .... ______________ .......•..... do... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high. ____ . __ -.------ ......•... ---- ... _____ .. inches.. 20 

Average age _ .............•................ ____ ..................•... years__ 190 

Reproduction, sections 10, 11, 13, 15,16 .....•. ------------------ ---------Good. 

Reproduction, sections4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 25 ......... ---'--.-------- Medium. 

Reproduction elsewhere ____ ..•..........•........... ___ .· __ . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . Poor. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAST. 

The greater portion of the surface is very rough and mountainous, including a 

part of the southern slope of San Francisco Peak and a rough outlying spur known 

as Elden Mesa. The spurs from San Francisco Peak terminate in terraces formed 

by successive flows of lava which stretch to the south for a distance' of 6 or 7 miles. 

The upper terraces are narrow and break away with steep rocky fronts, but those 

lowet· present broad, easy-sloping tracts of rolling land, cut and seamed with gullies 

and canyons. Elden Mesa is an ancient volcanic center, greatly differing in its 

structure from the mass of San Francisco Peak and the numerous cones of the region. 

"While called Elden Mesa, it is not at all what may correctly be termed a mesa, but 

is in fact a group of craters nowgreatly eroded, which at the close of their eruptive 

activity were situated around a central backbone. It rises with a steep almost 

precipitous rocky front from the levels which adjoin it on the east, west, and south, 

attaining a height of 2,000 to 2,500 feet above them. 

The soil is gravelly loam, derived from decomposed lava, more or· less mixed 

with volcanic detritus. The eastern sections are covered with great bowlder and 
DESCRIP'I;IONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 65 

gravel deposits, perhaps due to glacial wear of the high eastern slopes of San Francisco Peak. There is no permanent surface flow. There are four ~:;mall springs, two 

at the southern and eastern foot of Elden Mesa. and two on the southern slopes of 

San Francisco Peak, but the volume is small and unimportant. In the southern tier 

of sections the grazing value is low, but in most of the remainder of the township it 

is excellent, consisting of strongly rooted, tufted species of Poa and Feshtca. At 

high elevations in sections 2, 3, 4:, and 5 some tracts produce no grass, and in tbe 

thickest stands of pure aspen it is nearly lacking. 

Stand of timber species ·in T. 22 N., R. 7 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yell ow pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 108, 000 

\Vhite fir ....... _ .......... __ ............... __ ............... : . .... _ . a, 398, 000 

Red fir .................................. :........................... 2, 124, 000 

Engelmann spruce ................................................... · 850, 000 

TotaL ......................................................... 42, 480, 000 

,Forest conditi011.s in T. 22 N, R. 7 E. 

Average total height .............................. ~ ........ _·_ .......... feet._ 80 

Average height, clear .. _____ ..................... __ ... ____ .. __ ......... do... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ____ . ________ ... ____ .. -.- _____ .......... inehes.. 16 

Average age ......................................................... years. . 160 

Reproduction of yellow pine .......... _ .. _ .... _ ..... _ ........ ·_ ....... _ .... _ Poor. 

Reproduction of other species ........ __ .. __ ...... _ .. _... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Good. 

TowNSHIP 22 NoRTH, UANGE 8° EAST .. 

The surface is mostly gently rolling land, the undulating features being due 

to intersecting combs and ridges of volcanic origin, short and low lava terraces, 

low hummock~:; of lava, and shallow runs and ravines. Cinde1 cones and other 

forms of ancient eruptive centers occur in sections 12, 15, 22, 24:, · 25, 26, 27, and 

34. The cones arc low and of small extent. Parts of sections 18, 19, 30, and 31 

form the eaBtern slope of Elden Mesa and rise into extremely rocky, steep, and, 

in some places, perpendicular escarpments. In the western sections the soil is a 

gravelly loam, gradually changing to cinders and seor·ire until, in the eastern 

areas, it consists of black cinders wjth very slight admix~ures of loam or none 

whatever. 

There is no permanent surface flow., except two small excavation:; at the foot 

of Elden Mesa holding a few gallons each, and fed by percolations through 

fissures in the rocky ledges. In the southeast corner of the township are two roek 

basins in the bed of a small ravine, known as Turkey- Tanks, which are filled 

during storms and hold water throughout the year. The i:itorm waters, which at 

times fill the various runs aud channels, never reach beyond· this point. 

520-No. 22-04-.fi 
/ 

.. 

6t:i SAN FRANOISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST REi:lERVE, ARIZONA. 

The western half of the township is well grassed with strongly rooted, tufted 

species of Poa, Festuca, and· St1'pa. In the eastern hal£ the grass consists chiefly 

of mesquite sward, which, on the nontimbered tracts, has been badly sheeped, 

and is being g-radually crowded out by close growths of coarse weeds. 

Stand of l'imher species in T. 22 N, R. 8 B. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine __________________ .. ____ . _ . _________ .. __________ .. ___ .... 51, 178, 000 

\Yhite fir ______________________________ . _________________________ .___ 129, 000 

Reel fir .. ____ . ______ . ___ .......... __ : . ____ .... __ ... ___ . _ : __ . ~ ....•... 128,000 

TotaL ______ . ______ .. ___ ._. ___ . _____ ... _._.,._._. ___ ._ .. _._ .... 51, 41:15, 000 

Fbrest conditions in T. 22 N., R. 8 E. 

Average total height .. _________ .. ____ ... __ . _____ . _____ ... _________ .. __ .feet._ 80 

Average height, clear ... _ ... _________ ... __ ... _________ .... __ .. ________ .do.__ 10 

A vorage diameter, breast -high _______________________________________ inches__ 18 

Average age _ ... :. _ .... __ ... __ .......... __ .. ____ ..... _ .... __ : __ . __ ... years_ _ 180 

Reproduction _____ . _____ .. ____ . _______________________ . __________ ----- Medium. 

TOWNSHIP 22 NORTH, RANGE g EAST. 

The entire area of this township is covered with outpourings of lava and 

black cinders, the result of comparatively recent volcanic energy .. Nearly every 

8ection contains cinder cones and craters which once were active in ejecting these 

streams of lava and vast banks and mountains of cinders. Some of the cones stand 

isolated, as, for example, Sunset Peak, situated partly in section 6. This peak is 

the most _splendid and imposing example of the cinder cones found in the reserve. 

It rises to a height of 1,200 to 1,300 feet above the adjacent plain, forms a truncated 

cone with steep sid~s, and contains two immense funnel-shaped depressions in its 

center 300 to 350 feet in depth. Most of the craters in the township are grouped 

around central ridges or combs of lava, and form short ranges of hills. The tracts 

inte::.-vening between the cones and hills are level, rolling, or t~rraced by successive 

lava flows. The soil consists of black cinders and scorire, here and there of a brickred color, sometimes with slight loamy admixtures, but generally lacking this ingredient. There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. Only the 

southwest quarter of the township posse;ses a slight grazing value. 

Stand of tirnher species in T. 22 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ........... __ ..... _ ... _______ ~ _ .. ____ . ___________ .. _ . _. _ _ _ 9, 730, 000 

Forest conditiorts in T. 22 N., R. 9 E. 

Average total height. ___ . __________________________ .... ______________ .. feet._ 80 

Average height, 'clear .. _ .. __ .. ________ ... _ .. ____ .......... ____ .. ___ ... do .. _._ 10 

Average <liameter, breast-high _ .. _______ .. _, .. ____ .. _______________ .. inches.. 18 

Average age __ .... __________ .. __ .. _______________ .. ________________ .. years .. 175 

Reproduction . _____ . ___ . ____________ .. _ .. , _____ .... ___ , ____________ .. _ Medium. 
DESCRIPTIONR OE' TOWNSHIPS. 67 

TowNSHU' 23 NoRTH, RANGE 3 /BAsT. 

Nearly twocthirds of this township consists of level or gently rolling land. In 

sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 26, and 27 rise low extinct volcanic cones, none 

over 550 feet in height. t\ome of these cones are isolated, others are in groups and 

exist as low rang·es of hills. Their slopes are not generally steep and their symmetry 

is largely gone owing to erosion. On the lower levels the soil is gravelly loamgumbo, or loamy material mixed with varying proportions of volcanic detritus. ln 

most of the sections the surface is stony and bowlder strewn, forming scab land. 

There are no permanent. sudacc streams, springs, or tanks. 

The grazing value is comparatively small. The ground cover of tufted grasses 

is low, thin, and scattering, except in portions of sections 25 and 26. The grass in 

the nontimbercd areas, originally consisting of mesquite sward, has been closely 

sheeped, and the ground is now covered with a growth of eoarse weedR, chiefly wild 

sunflower~ or low semidcsert suffrutescent vegetation. 

Stand of timber species in T. 23 N., R. S E. 

Feet B. liL 

Yellow pine.---------- ............. · ..................... ------ ...... 24~ 1:35,000 

Forest cond·itions in T. 183 N., R. 3 E. 

Average total height .................. __ .. _· __ .......................... feet.. 85 

Average height, clear .................................................... do ... _ 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ............................. : __ ........ inches._ 20 

Average age ................ ----- ............. ___ .................. _.years .. 190 

Reproduction, nt;ar Mount Sitgreaves ................ _ .... _____ . _ ........ _. Good. 

Reproduction, elsewhere ... _ .. ____ ...... ,. ...... _____ .............. ___ .____ Poor. 

TowNsHu~ 23 NoRTHf RANGE 4 EAsT. 

The surface 1s level or moderately undulating, except about 6,000 acres in the 

southwest portion, which lies on Sitgreaves Peak, and also excepting extinct 

volcanic cones in-sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, which 

are generally isolated and rise to a height of 850 feet in some cases. Sitgr;eaves 

Peak appears to have been originally an uplift of limestone, through which 

opene<;l small vents and fissures, especially on the southern slope, from which 

issued great volumes of lava. The soil, except on the cones, is a ·gravelly loam, 

inclining to sandy in the northern foothill region of Sitgreaves Peak and occasionally assuming a gumbo-like ·character in the northern tier of sections. The lower 

levels are generally stony or bowlder strewn. 

There are no permanent surface streams. Springs and artificial tanks, the 

latter made by throwing embankments across shallow· runs to intercept storm 

waters, occur in sections 8,·15, and 27. The grazing value is low, as most of the 

township has been closely grazed by sheep, horses, and cattle. 
68 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST .RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Stand of timber species 1:n 7~ 23 N., · R. 4 E. 

Feet B. l\L 

Yell ow pine . __ . _____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65, 672, 000 

Red fir _____________________________ . _ _ _ ________ ....... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 394, 000 

Wh.ite fir _________________________ .__________________________________ 171,000 

Lim bcr pine __________ ... __ . ___ . ________________ ............ _____ . __ _ 171, 000 ---- Totai. ______________ ~ _____________ . ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 68, 408, 000 

Fore8t conditions in T. 28 N., R. 4 R. 

Average total height _: __________ . ___ . ___ . ___ ·_ ... _________________ : ___ .feet._ 80 

A vcrage height, clear _ ............................. _ ........... _______ do ___ . lO 

Average diameter, breast-high---·------------· ______________________ inches .. 18 

Average age ___ .. ___ ._. _____________________________ .. __ . ___ . __ · __ .... years .. 180 

Reproduction, sections4, 5, 27, :12 _______________________________ ,, _________ Poor. 

Reproduction, elsewhere _______________________________ . _______ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ Medium. 

TowNSHIP 23 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. ··-~ 

Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 15 form the wcstem and southern declivities 

of Kendt:iek Peak, of which the summit has an elevation, iu section 2, of 9,800 feet. 

These tracts arc made up of steep, roeky :,;lopes, short spurs, and narrow terraces 

of successive lava flows which commonly terminate in precipitous fronts. Sections 

1, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 35, and 36 consist of level or moderately 

undulating land, roughened by low ridges and hummocks of volcanic rock due 

to inequalities in flow of _underlying lava. Sections 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 

28, 30, 31, 33, and 34 are more or less completely eovered with the remains of 

ancient cinder cones, which rise steeply and vary in height from 250 to 900 feet, 

possessing. a centi·al or sublateral depression which marks the ancient crater. 

Shallow ravines, runs, and gullies furrow the township in various directions. On 

the lowerlevels most of the soil is gravelly loam derived from comminuted voleanic 

detritus and iH littered with sto11es and bowlders. 

There arc no permanent surface streams or springs. The township has an 

excellent value for grazing, as the g-rass consists of close set, strongly rooted, tufted 

species of the genera Poa and Fe8tnca. Tt is not mueh grazed except in the 

northern sections, owing to lack of watering places. Section 22 and the adjoining 

ones are more closely sheeped, an artificial tank in seetion 22 affording a moderate 

amount .of stock water. 

Stand of timber species 1:n T. 23 N., R. 5 E. 

Yellow pine ___ . _ .. _ .. _ ............ . 

Engelmann spruce __________ . ____ ... _. ____ .. __ ... _ ..... __ ... _. __ .. _. 

Red fir ____ . ___ • ____________ . ____________________ .. ____ . _ ... _________ _ 

White fir ... ______ . _. ___ .. _ . _____ . _ _ _ _ ... _ .. _________ .. __ 

Lim her pine __ .. _. __ .. ___ . ___ .. __ ... _ ... ____ ~ _ .. _ _ ......... _. _. ·- ______ . _ 

TotaL _ ....... " ... - -. _ .............. _ . _ . _ ... _ .............. -... -.. . 

Feet B. M. 

74,729,000 

1,528,000 

100,000 

40,000 

13,000 

76,·410, 000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 69 

Fmoest conditionB in '1'. 23 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total height ................................................... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ...................... ; .......................... do .. ~. 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ..... -.· ............................. · ... inches.. 18 

Average age ................. : . ...................................... years .. ·130 

Reproduction, sections 10 and lL .......... , ............................... Good. 

Reproduction, sections 9, 17, 23, 24, 25, and 36 .......................... ;\fedium. 

Reproduction elsewhere ................................................... Poor. 

TowNSHIP 23 NoRTH, RANGE 6 RAsT. 

From the foot of San Francisco Peak this township stretches away in rolling 

lands sloping partly to the west, partly to the north, terraced with successive lava 

flows, intersected ~y low ranges of volcanic hi,lls, and dotted with extinct truncated 

cinder cones, the more prominent of which occur in sections 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 

14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, and 27. The cones vary in height from 250 to 950 feet, 

usually with steep side~> and with central or sublateral crateriform depressions. 

Most of them stand isol~ted but some are in groups, as in sections 15 and 16. On 

. the lower levels the soil fsgravelly loam, frequently rich and deep, especially in the 

swales which have for centuries received the washings from adjacent hills. In most of 

tllC township the surface is stony and bowldm: strewn; partieularly on the declivities 

of San Francisco Peak, where glaciation may have assisted in piling up the masses of 

bowlders which there litter the slol?es. , 

There are no permanent surface streams, but there are a number of small springs 

in sections 14, 22, and 26, and tanks and wells supplying considerable quantities of 

water exist ii1 sections 11, 14, 22~ 23, 26, and 36. The grazing value of the township 

is good, and large numbers of cattle and horses are here pastured, while sheep are 

occasionally herded on the slopes of San Francisco Peak. The gr~mnd cover consists 

of a close growth of strongly rooted, tufted grasses, chiefly species of Poa and 

Fest1wa, and wm afford good gra:;~ing _for many years to come, provided sufficient 

rains fall during the growing season and the region is not overstocked. 

Stand of timber species in T. 23 N., R. 6 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine .................................................... , .. . . i 7, 794, 000 

Red fir .................... ·. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391, 000 · 

Total... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 185', 000 

;Forest conditions in T. 28 N., R. 6 E. - Average total height ............. -----.-~---- ................... ; ...... feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do.___ 10 

Average diameter, brea!lt-high ......................... _ ............. inches.. 18 

Average age .......................................................... years. . 180 

Reproduction of yellow pine .................................. c ...... "· .. _ .. Poor. 

Reproduction of other species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Good. 
70 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

TowNsHrr 23 NonTH, RANGE 7 EAST. 

This township consists of the ~ain mass of San Francisco Peak, together with 

the larger area of its foothill region, and consequently possesses features of high 

relief. The surface o:f the foothill region is rolling and broken, being formed by 

a serie.s of terraces developed by successive lava flows which issued from the . 

slopes and base of the former great central cone. '~'he terraces are intersected 

by occasional ridges and spurs of lava, raised above the surrounding levels a few 

hundred feet, and here and there bear .a few low circular cones. Their fronts are 

steep and rocky, and they are seamed and gashed by numerous narrow canyons, 

ravines, and gullies heading in thesteep slopes of the central mass of the mountain. 

The soil of the foothill region is composed of gravelly loam, the gravelly ingredients 

consisting of volcanic debris, cinders, scorire, fragments of lav~, and the like. It 

is mostly thin, and over large areas .imperfectly covers the underlying rough lava, 

hence the greater portion of the foothill region consists of scab land. The inte~:­

mediate slopes of ~he. mountains are covered with soil similar in character to that 

of the :foothills at their lower elevations.. At the higher altitudes and at the summits,. the surbce is slag, scorire, and cinders. In every section in the township · 

bowlders and smaller fragments of rock litter the surface. 

Smith Creek is a small but' permanent stream heading in springs situated in 

sections 27 and 28. Normally the volume of its surface flow is insignificant, but 

auring heavy rains, or when the spring break-up occurs, .its volume becomes torrential. Its total length at a IJ1aximum stage is between 5 and 6 miles, when it reaches 

level area and sinks. During the greater portion of the year its length is not over 

1 mile. This stream is of great importance because it supplies water consumed in 

the town of Flagstaff. Most of its normal surface flow, and some of its overflow, 

· is intercepted in section 27, and thence piped down to tho city, a distance of 15 

miles. Owing to lack of proper dams to impound and store the flow when at its 

maximum, most of the water carried by th13 'stream during its torrential stages is 

lost, as is also much of the subflow. 

The :foothill areas and portions of sections 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34, and 35, situated 

on the high slopes of San Francisco Peak, afford good grazing. They are pastured 

each s~ason by cattle and sheep. The grass consists of strongly rooted, tufted 

species of Poa, Festwa, .Aqropyron, and Stipa. 

Stand of timber species in T. 28 N., R. 7 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine __ -·----·-----·-·-- __ .- ..... _ .... __ -·-.--··-.-·---· ...... 39,827,000 

Engelmann spruce _ ....... :- .. _ .. _ . _ .... __ .... __ .. _ . : _. __ ... ___ . __ • . . .1, 531, 000 

'Vhite fir .. ___ ............. ,. __ ... _ ... _ ... _. __ ..... __ .... ___ .. _ .. ___ .. .1, 443,000 

Red fir._ ....... _-_,_ .•.......• ____ .• _._. __ .. _. ___ .. ____ ..• _ .... ___ .. ___ 919,000 

Total. .. _ -. -. -.. --.. -- . _ . _ -..... _ ..... __ .... ___ .. _ ... __ . _ . _ . _ _ _ 43, 720, 000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF. TOWNSHIPS . 71 

. Forest conditions in T. 23 N., R. 7 ·E. 

Average total height ....... -.-- ........ , .. -~---.--- ... , .................. feeL. 80 

Average )leight, clear . , ................... -.- ..... : .................... do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ......................................... inches.. 16 

Average ag~ .................... : ·~ ............. : ~ .................... years .. 165 

Reproduction ......................................................... 'Medium .. 0 

TowNsHn, 23 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAsT. 

The surface is exceedingly irregular, although most of it does ·not present 

features of. high relief.· The most conspicuous elevation is O'Leary Peak, a mass 

of ancient lava rising about 2,300 feet above the surrounding plain. This peak is 

flanked on, the south, east, and west by cinder cones of varying magnitude which 

present, with the exception of those in township 22 north, range 8 east, the 

most remarkable exhibition of volcanic action to be found within the reserve. 

J!'rom O'Leary Peak the township stretches to the northwest as moderately rolling 

ground, while to the southwest it rises into terraces originating in the lava flows 

from San Francisco Peak. On all the eastern r.nd central portions of the township 

the soil is volcanic debris, chiefly red and black cinders. Here and there, particularly in the central areas, the cinders contain small quantities of loamy matter. In 

the western areas the soil contains more .loam and less cinders. 

There are no permanent surface streams, sprin_gs, or tanks. The central and 

eastern tiers of sections bear a good growth of grass composed of strongly rooted, 

tufted species of Poa, Festuca, and Stipa, with some patches of mesquite sward . 

. If watering places existed the tract would be valuable for pasturage. Sheep are 

grazed there in the late fall and agaiu in the eariy spring, but not to any considerable 

extent, owing .to the lack' of water. 

Stand of timber species in T. 23 N., R. 8 E. Feet B. 1\L 

Yell ow pinE( .................... : ... ~ . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 660, 000 

Forest conditions· in T. 23 N., R. 8 E. 

Average total height ......................................... , ........ feet.. 80 

Average height, clear ................................................. do.. . . 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ................ ·~ ...... · ................ inches.. 18 

Average age ......................................................... years.. 175 

Reproduction, sections 3, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 35, and 36 .................... Poor. 

Reproduction, elsewhere ............ ·.· ................................. Medium. 

TowNSHIP 23 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

The surface features consist of extensive groups of extinct craters and cones 

rising 400 to 800 feet above the general level, tracts of rolling land deeply buried 

under vast deposits of coal-black cinders; ridges and combs of black vesicular lava 
72 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

rising here and there out of the mass o:f scoriaceous matter, and great circular or 

oval pits :from 100 to 200 feet in depth in the rolling or level areas, from which 

were ejected, in part, the cinders and scorire which cover the region. The soil 

infrequently contains· a small proportion of loam, but as a rule is very barren and 

sterile. 

There is no permanent, and probably no temporary, surface flow, nor are there 

any springs or tanks. The township is worthless :for grazing purposes, owing to its 

extremely sparse and scattered grass growth. 

Stand of timber spec:ies in 1'. 23 N., R. 9 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine._. __ .• _ . _____________ . __ . ____ .. ________ • _____ . _. ___ .• _ •. _ 6, 625, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 23 N., R. 9 E. 

Average total height._ •• _ .• ____ .•.• _. ___________ .. _. __ .. _ .. ______ .. __ .. feet._ 75 

Average height, clear •••••. _ ... ___ . ___ . ____ . __ ...... _ ................. do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high._ •...... · .... _ ...... _ .... _ ............. inches._ 16 

Average age ....•.. __ --- ... _. _ ....................... _ .. _ ............ years .. 160 

Reproduction .. ___ ............. __ ...................... ___ ..... _ ..... __ .. _ Poor. 

TowNSHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAST. 

The northern tiers and most of the west-central sections of this township 

consist of level or gently rolling areas, varied by terraces due to low breaks in 

the underlying volcanic rocks or to successive flows o:f lava. Sections 15, 23, 24, 

25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 are mostly covered with the remains o:f extinct 

craters. They occur as ranges o:f hills connected by ancient streams of lava, and 

generally lack the conoidal symmetry which distinguishes so many of the smaller 

eruptive foci elsewhere in the reserve. Their slopes are steep, commonly covered 

with red and black slag and scorire.. A few of them are composed of tu:faceous 

material in which erosion has scupttired deep gullies and ravines. The soil in 

proximity to the different cinder and slag ridges of the southern sections is 

composed of volcanic debris. The surface is bowlder strewn, and the top soil 

contains small admixtures of loamy materiaL In the northern sections much o:f 

the soil consists of adobe more or less mixed with coarse and fine volcanic 

detritus. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. Most o:f the 

township has been sheeped in excess of the recuperative power of the mesquite 

grass which here forms the bulk of the gramineous flora. The result has been 

an increase of coarse, valueless weeds and the extermination of the grass. 

Stand of timber species in T. 24 N., R. 3 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yell ow pine ............... _ .................. _ ~ .• __ .................. _ •·. 95, 000 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. 73 

Forest conditions in T. 24 N., R. 3 E. 

Average total height ..........•.•••...•••..................•...•....... feet.. 75 

·Average height, clear ................................................. do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high .........................•............. inches.. 16 

Average age .................................•....................... years.. 160 

. Reproduction ..•.•..... · .................................................... Poor. 

TowNsHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

More than one-half of this township consists of level and moderately rolling 

larid-lava plains roughened with low hillocks and reefs of vesicular or homogeneous 

lava and intersected by shallow, rocky gullies and runs. Extinct volcanic cones, 

· 3~0 to 650 feet high, rise in sections 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31, 'while 

sections 25, 35, and 36 chiefly comprise rough, irregular, isolated hills of lava, 

possibly -outflows from local fissures. Most of the cones lie in groups and form 

·short ranges of hills. The soil cover on the level and rolling areas consists of 

black adobe more or less mixed with fine volcanic detritus, hence forming a sort 

of gravelly loam. The surface is stony and bowlder strewn, often excessively so. 

There is no permanent surface flow or spring.· In section 34 an emb~tnkment, 

thrown across the opening of a gully, has raised the level of a previously existing 

natural pool 6 or 7 feet, resulting in a small lake, which after the spring break-up 

covers an area of about 100 acres and retains water throughout the year. The 

township practically has no present pasturage value, owing to excessive she~?P 

herding continued through many years. 

Stand of tin~ber species in T. 24 N., R. 4 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 591, 000 

Forest conditions in T. 24 N., R. 4 E. 

Average total height ........................................... , .. .' .... feet.. 75 

Average height, clear ................................................. do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high .......................... ·: ............ inches.. 16 

Average age .......................•................................ years .. 160 

Reproduction, seedling growth .............................. ·.......... Very poor. 

Reproduction, 50 to 90 year old saplings ................................. : .. Good. 

TowNSHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. 

The two northern tiers of sections in this township comprise rolling and hilly 

areas alternating with tracts of nearly level ground, and are situated at a general 

altitude of 7,000 feet. · The central tiers of sections and the southwest quarter of the 

township consist of a broad, undulating terrace formed by many successive flows of 

lava from a'ucient craters of Kendrick Peak. Sections 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, and, in 

part, 32 and 33, form northern slopes and spurs of Kendrick Peak, which is situated 
74 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZ ON A. 

in sections 34 and 35, and attains an elevation of 9,200 feet. The terrace, which constitutes most of the central portion of the township, has an elevation of 600 to 800 

feet above the level and rolling areas comprised in the northern tim:s of sections. It 

breaks 'off to these lower levels with a very t-!teep and rocky front, which in sections 

19, 30, and 31 abounds in precipitous escarpments and is seamed and cut by short, 

deep, extremely rocky canyons. Kendrick Peak is of volcanic origin, being 

formed by a number of ·ancient craters which long since lost their symmetry by 

erosion and no~ are merely heads of rayines: The soil is a gravelly loam throughout 

the entire township, the percentage of the gravelly constituents varying with .the 

degree ·of slope~high where it is steep, low on the lev;els and where the declivity is 

gentle .. The surface is commonly stony and bowlder strewn, but small tracts insections 26 and 36 are free from surface rock. 

There is no permanent surface stream in the township. In section $6 a crateriform depression on a summit of a small cinder cone holds a dimjnutive pool which 

contains water during the greater portion qf the year. In the same section are two 

small springs which have. their origin aJ.Ilong the western spurs of Kendrick Mountain. Tp~ township has a moder.ate grazing value. The nontimbered areas have · 

been sheep139. until they produce nothing but coarse weeds, .but the yellow pine 

forests have a grqund cover of strongly ,rooted, tufted species of Poa and .F'e8t·uca 

as yet but little grazed. The direct and higher slopes of l(endrick Peak . have no 

grazing value, owing to the thickset .. stands of young timber ~hich :completely 

choke out all growth of grass. 

Stand of timber species in 1: 24, N., R. 5 E . . , Feet B. l\I. 

Yellow pine ___ -......... _____ . _ .. __ ..... _ .. ____ . _. - _______ . ______ .. _ 58, ll30, 000 

Red fir __ .. ___ . _ .. ______ . ___ .. _________ . _____ . ____ . _____ ... __ .. ___ ... 630, 000 

Engelmann spruce. ____ : . _______ . ________________________ : ___________ _ 

Arizona fir .. _______ . _ .. _ .. ____________________ ;· ____________________ _ 

540,000 

20,000 

TotaL ____ .. _. ____ . _ .. ________ . __ . ___ . ____________ •. _. _. _. _ _ _ _ _ 59, 520, 000 

Fore.st conditions in T. 24 N., R. 5 E. 

Average total height _____________________________________ . _____________ feet._ 80 

Average height, clear ..... ------------------------,--- ______________ do ____ 10 

· Average diameter, breast-high _________________ . _________ . __________ . inches._ 18 

Average age _________ . : ____ : ____ · __ · ___ : . __ . · __________ .. ____ · ___________ years. • 180 

Reproduction, yellow pine on sections 1 and 2. _. ___ . __ . ______ . ____ .. _______ Good. 

Reproduction, yellow pin? elsewhere._. __ "' .. _____ .. _._ .. ____ .. _____ .. _ .. _. J;'oor. 

Reproduction, other species ___ . _______ . __ , _____________________ . __________ Good. 

TowNSHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT .. 

The north tier of sections consists of rolling scab land made up of· terraced 

lava flows which issued from ·craters situated in the main mass· of San Francisco 

Peak. The two eastern tiers of sections, together with sections 28, 29, 30, 31, and 
·DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS. ·75 

32, are mostly covered with cinder and slag cones, which in some cases are dispersed 

singly; but more generally occur in groups or as ranges of hills. Their height 

varies from 250 to 300 feet in the western areas of the township to 900 to 1,000 

feet in the eastern tiers of sections. These cones show evidence of considerable 

erosion, here indicative of gr·eat ·age. Their craters have been cut down until 'they 

constitute mere heads' of large· gullies, and the slopes have acquired easy gradients. 

Between the cones lie tracts of more or less level and rolling land. The· soil is 

gravelly loam; the gravel consisting of finely comminuted volcanic debris. In the 

northern· tiers of sectiohs much of the soil is· black adobe with comparatively 

small admixture of gravel. Most of the surface is bowlder strewn or covered 

with great quantities of small stones derived from the underlying ~beet of lava. 

There are no permanent surface streams,springs, or tanks. The north tier of 

sections, and some of those along the east rparg·in of the township, chiefly 12, 13: 

23, and 24, have been sheeped in excess of the recuperative power of the grass and 

now have a low pasturage value. Elsewhere the g1·ound supports a strong, close 

growth of tufted grasses, species of Poa, Fest~wa, and Aqmpyron, as yet but little 

pastured owing to lack of water. w'ere water obtainable in the neighborhood, 

the grazing value of these tracts would be high for many years to come. 

Stand of timber species in T. 24 N., R. 6 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yelfow pine ... :.~ ............. , ...................................... 52,980,000 

Forest conditions in T. 24 N., R. 6 E. 

Average total height ....... : ..... : . . .' ............ ~ ...... : ............. feet.. 85 

Average height, clear ...... ~----················c·.--·: .. ~·-·.--·········do .... 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ...................................... inches.. 20 

Average age .............. .' .......... ~ ... : ........... ~ ... : ... ~ ....... years .. 190 

Reproduction on sections 10,. 11, 25, 35 ...... ~ .. ~ ...... ~ ..... · . .-........... Poor. 

Reproduction elsewhere · ... · ....... : ......... · .............. ~ ............ :Medium. 

TowNsHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 7 EAsT. 

, Most of the areas comprised within the limits of this township are c~vered with 

extinct volcanic cones. Between the cones lie rolling or level tracts of ground, ' . chiefly containeP, in sections 1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25. The sonth 

tier of sections forms the outer· margin of the northern foothill region of the 

San Francisco Mountains . and consists of an extremely stony and. rough lava 

terra,ce, rising 200 to 400 feet above the central and northern portions of the 

township. The front of this terrace, striking th1;ough sections 31, 32, 33, 35, and 

36, is· rocky and steep, and is cut by numerous stony and bowlder-strewn gullies 

and ravines heading in the slopes of San Francisco Peak. The·cones a:re arranged 

·either singly or in ranges of hills and vary in height from 350 to 900 feet; with 

steep slopes, and most of them have a central or sublateral crateriform depression. 
76 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, .ARIZONA. 

The soil in the northern and most of the central portions of the township 

consists of volcanic detritus, more .or less finely comminuted and mixed with small 

proportions of loam. The southern tiers of sections have a loamy soil, thinly 

and imperfectly covering the rough vesicular lava which underlies it, and hence 

is mostly composed of scab land. Much of the land in the central and northern 

portions of the township has the surface ,littered with blocks of volcanic eject.a. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The present grazing 

value is low, as all of the township, with the exception of the forested tracts, has 

been badly overgrazed, the original grass growth eaten· or trampled out, and in 

place thereof close growths of weeds have sprung up. In the forested areas there 

is a moderat~ly thick ground cover of strongly rooted, tufted species of Poa and 

· Fe.~t11oa still available for pasturage. 

&and of timber specie.~ in T. 24 N., R. 7 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ............. ___ .••.. _____ ........ __ .. ___ .. ------------- __ 12,985,000 

Forest conditions in T. 24 N., R. 7 E. 

Averagetotal height ... -- ... ____ .... , ... _____ .... ----- .....•.. ___ .. __ ... feet._ 80 

Average height, clear ...... _______ ............ __ ..... __ ..... __ .. ___ ... do .. __ 10 

Average diameter, breast-high ........ ___ ........ __ ......•... __ ... _ .. inehes. _ 18 

. Average age' ..... ---.---- ............ --- ....................... __ .... years .. 175 

Reproduction on sections 20, 28, 29 . __ ..................... __ .. _ .... __ ... _. Poor. 

Reproduction elsewhere ..... _ .............................. , ... _ ...... Medium. 

TowNSHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGE 8 EAST. 

The land in this township chiefly consists of level or gently rolling areas in 

the eastern sections, rising in the southeastern areas to low terraces formed by 

lava flows from ancient craters near O'Leary J.>eak in the township adjoining on 

the south. Low cinder and slag cones rise in sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, and 

19, while sections 33, 34, 35, and 36 comprise slopes and terracgd lava flows 

flanking O'Leary Peak. The level areas are furrowed by shallow runs and gullies, 

while ravines and short canyons cut into the front of the lava terraces in the 

southeast quarter of the township. The soil is formed from comminuted volcanic 

debris, mixed with a small proportion of loam. Most of the southeast quarter of 

the township is covered with deposits of moderately fine black cinders derived 

from the great cinder cones around Sunset Peak in the- township adjoining on 

the south. This cinder cover is practically without any loam admixtures on much 

of the land in sections. 24, 25, 35, and 36, and drifts about with the wind. 

Elsewhere the black cinder surface is smoothed out with loamy admixtures and 

has acquired stability. 

There are no ·permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The pasturage 

value is generally low, as there is no grass growth in the wooded areas, and the 

.. 
.DESCRIPTIONS OF TOWNSHIPS; 77 

nontimbered tracts have, for the most part, been closely sheeped, and on the 

forested tracts the ground cover of tufted grasses is sparse and scattering. 

Stand of timber species ·in T. 24 N., R. 8 E. · ·Feet B.l\1. 

Yellow pine. _________ ......... __ ... __ ..... __ ... ·: .................... 1, 600,000 

Forest conditions in T .. 24 N., R. 8 R. 

Average total height------.-----.-- ... ---.------ ... ---- .... :. ____ ...... feet.. 75 

Average height, clear_ .................. : ............... ~ ............. do. . .. 8 

Average diameter; breast-high. _ ............................ ~ ........ inches. . 16 

Average age. __ ...... ----.--- ____ .. ____ ............ ---- ...... _ ........ years .. 160 

Reproduction._ .. ____ ._ ...... __ ........................................... Poor. 

TowNSHIP 24 NoRTH, RANGJ<J 9 EAsT. 

Sections 1 to 27, inclusive, comprise level and gently rolling tracts of land, here 

and there rising into low ridges and cones of lava, or terraced with thin, succesRive 

lava flows. A low einder cone rises in section 18. Section~-! 28, 29, 30, and 31 consist of au extremely rough and rugged flow of lava which appears to have welled 

out from fissures or cones existing in the vicinity of O'Leary Peak. Sections 32 and 

34 comprise low cinder cohe~ and their slopes. The soil is composed of volcanic 

debris with slight loamy admixturef<, or lacks these latter constituents altogether. 

Much of it is of the black cinder type; some of it is made up of yellow or even 

. white scoriaceous or pumice-like material. ln most localities in the township, 

the surface of the cinder blanket ha:,; acquired a moderate degree of stability,· but 

in sections 19, 20, 29, and 30 the loose cindery soil drifts about with the shifting 

winds. 

Tbei·e are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The township bas 

no value for pasturage, as the grass growth has always been extremely spai·se and 

scattered, and sheep herding during many years bas closely cleaned up the little 

grass originally growing there. 

Stand of timber species in T. 24 N., R. 9. E. Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine. __ .. __ ... __ ................. __ ............. __ ............ 1, :380, 000 

Forest cond:itions in T. 24 N., R. 9 E. 

Average total height ........ __ ...... __ ............ __ ......... " ...... __ .. feet.. 75 

Average height, clear .............. : ... __ ................... -..... ____ .do .. __ 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ........... : ........................... inches.. 16 

Average age __ ....................... __ ... _ .. _. __ ..... : .. ;._ ...... __ . years._ 160 

Reproduction .............................................................. -Poor. 

TowNSHIP 25 NoRTH, RANGE 3 EAst. 

This township consists of level or gently i·olling tracts of land, in sec.tions 24 

and ~5 rising into low conical hills of volcanic origin, ~nd along the west lines of 

section· 18, forming in part the ea::;tern slopes· of an extremely rough mesa, com-
78 SAN FRANCISCO MOUN'l'A.INS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. , 

posed of lava, which covers most of the area of the township adjoining on the west. 

The southe1:n tiers of sections are cut by shallow dry runs and intersected with reefs 

and combs of lava which barely r·ise 3 or 4 feet above the surface, while here and 

there ]ow breaks in the lava sheet, which underlies the entire township, form small 

terraces with rocky steep fronts . . I The soil· is composed of volcanic debris-small 

fragments of lava, scm·ire, and cinders-more or less mixed with blocks of loose lava, 

in part derived from the reefs and in part from tali of the various escarpments. 

Most of the surface is free from accumulations of bowlders and consists of small 

pebbly material with some vegetable mold. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. There is a woodland 

growth of pinon and one-seed juniper, of which the reproduction is poor. The 

grazing value of the township is low, as owing to aridity the grass is short and 

scattering even at its best. It is chiefly mesquite grass, Bouteloua oligostaclw, 

The southern sections have been pastured fairly close by sheep. 

There is no timber. 

TowNsHIP 25 NoRTH, RANGE 4 EAsT. 

Most of the land in this township is level or gently rolling. Sections 10, 11 (in 

part), 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 contain low extinct volcanic cones, situated singly or in 

groups, cindery or tufaceous in character, none covering a large area. The slopes 

of these cones are usually steep. A few contain a central depression at the top. 

Mostly, however, the craters are lateral. In sections 14 and 15 the surface features 

are rather more rough and rolling than, elsewhere. The soil is generally composed 

of volcanic debris-scorire aud cinders-the surface often strewn with blocks of 

vesicular lava and slaggy masses of the same. It is a barren soil containing only a 

very small proportion of vegetable mold, while humus is wholly lacking. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The wooded areas 

bear stands of pinon and one-seed juniper, with some underbrush consisting of mountain mahogany, rock rose, and other less conspicuous herbs of the semiarid region 

of northern Arizona. Reproduction is slow. Most of the township has been 

closely sheeped and its value fo~ grazing is low. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHn' 25 NoRTH, RANGE 5 EAsT. 

The noi"thern, western, and portions of the southern sections of this township 

consist of level or gently rolling areas, varied by low breaks in the lava sheet or 

intersected by shallow, rocky ravines. Sections 20, 21, 28, 29, 34, and 35 are 

covered wholly or in part with the remains of extinct volcanic cones, usually low, 

but occasionally, as in sections 28 and 29, rising 1,000 feet above the plateau level. 

In most places throu~hout the township the soil is composed of more or less 
DESCRIPTIONS . OF. TOWNSHIPS. '79 

finely comminuted volcanic debris, some of which consists of coarsely .pulverized 

slag or scorire. 

There are no permanent streams. A spring exists in the crater of a C;inder cone 

situated in sections 20 and 21, but it is of small capacity, a mere trickle din·ing the 

dry portion of the year and probably fails altogether some years. The northern 

and central portions of the township have been only moderately shceped, but the 

southern sections are badly overgrazed and in places the grass has been completely 

destroyed. 

Stand of timber species ·in T. 25 N.,. R. 5 E. 

Feet B. M. 

Yellow pine ................ · ......................... ~ ............... 2,572,000 

Forest conditions in T. 25 N., R. 5 R. 

Average total height· ................................................... feet., 75 

Average height, clear ....... _ ........ _ .... ~ ....... : ...... ~ ............ do.... 8 

Average diameter, breast-high ....................................... inches •. 16 

Average age _ ..................... _ . _ ....... _ . _ ............. _ .. _ . , ... years. . 160 

· Reproductions, sections 20, 21, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36 ............ __ ...... _ ..... _ .. Medium. 

Reproduction elsewhere ..... _ .. _. _. ___ .......... _ .. __ ...... :. _ ..... __ ... _. Poor. 

TowNSHII' 25 NoRTH, RANGE 6 EAsT. 

The eastern sections comprise land nearly level or gently rolling. The northern 

tiers of sections consist of a low mesa formed of limestone, thinly capped with lava 

in some places, deeply buried under outflows of volcanic matter in others. It is cut 

by shallow, rocky runs and gullies, which occasionally develop a canyon formation 

where they open into the level areas of the eastern ~eetions. The southern portion 

of the township consists of a terrace or mesa of vesicular and scoriaceous lava. 

Along a line running through sections 18, 17, 16, 21, 26, and 35 this terrace breaks 

off with a steep, rocky front, 250 to 400 feet high, to the lower areas of the northern 

sections of the township. The terrace is very rocky and bowlder strewn, and is cut 

at frequent intervals by gullies and short canyons. . Cinder and slag cones, marking 

ancient volcanic vents, rise in the southwest quarter of section 16, and in sections 30 

and 31. The cones are low, none above 250 feet high, with gentle slopes which are 

strewn with red and black scorire, slag, and cinders ejected from the ancient craters 

of these cones. The northern portion of the township has a s:tndy or gravelly soil 

largely derived from the decomposition of the limestone outcrops in the two northern 

tiers of sections. The soil in the southern areas consists of adobe, or where mixed 

with Yolcanic cinders it assumes the character of gravelly loam. The surface of the 

eastern sections is, as a rule, smooth and pebbly. 

There are no permanent surface streams. There" are four small springs in 

section 20 and one in section 28 which rise through crevices in the lava along the 

foot of the escarpment. Their flow is insignificant, and is u::;ecl for watering stock. 
80 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

The woodland contains pinon and one-seed juniper, with a few yellow pine, red 

fir, walnut, cottonwood, and willows. The grazing value is low. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 25 NoRTH, RANGl<J 7 EAsT. 

The most conspicuous features of the township are the numerou;.; extinct 

volcanic cones. One or more rises in every section except sections 26 and 27. 

Some of these cones stand as isolated buttes, others are grouped or occur as 

ranger; of hills varying in height from mere slag heaps 10 to 50 feet high, to 

rounded r;ymmetrical truncated cones 400 to 800 feet high. Generally they posse:;~ 

a distinct circi1lar depression on their summits. Sometimes the depression is 

lateral, while in other cases the rims of the ancient craters have been largely 

removed by erosion and all that remains are the headi:i of deep gullies cutting into 

the cones. The cones and hills are separated by level tracts mostly of small extent. 

The soil consists almost wholly of volcanic debris. On the slopes of the cones the 

soil is very thin, often .entirely lacking, in which case the surface is covered with 

coarse fragments of slag, sc01·iro, and vesicula.r lava. On the le\'el areas separating 

the hills the volcanic debris is finer and the soil of a gravelly charaeter, occasion-

. ally topped with an accumulation of loam. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. The woodland 

contains pinon, one-seed juniper, and a few scattered yellow pines. Reproduction 

is slow arid uncertain. The land has been closely grazed by sheep and cattle. 

Much of the original growth of mesquite grass_ has been destroyed, and coarse, 

valueless weeds have come in its place. The pasturage value is very low. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 25 NoRTH, RANGE H EAsT. 

Most of this towm.;hip consists of level or gently rolling land. In sections 

17, 18, 19, 20, ~9, 30, 31, 34, and 35 rise low extinct volcanic cones,' some of which 

occur singly, others in groups. They vary in height from 400 to 900 f~ct, with 

steep slopes, and generally with well-defined cratcriform depressions on their 

summits. The soil throughout is composed of volcanic ejecta. On the slopes 

and i.n the vicinity of the cones it is slaggy or clinker like. On the level 

areas and at some distance from the ancient vents the volcanic debris is more 

comminuted and the soil is distinctly of a gravelly or pebbly character. 

Ther.e are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tanks. There is a woodland growth of pinon and one-seed juniper in which the reproduction is limited. 

The pasturage value is very" low. It has been grazed so long and elose by sheep, 

cattle, and horses that the growth of mesquite grass, never very luxuriant, is 

practically killed, and coarse and valueless weeds have come in and occupied 
·-

SUMMARY, 81 

the ground. Most of the sheeping and stock grazing m this township and adjoining ones takes place during the winter months when the melting of the snow and 

the occasional rains supply the necessary water. 

There is no timber. 

TowNSHIP 25 NoRTH, RANGE 9 EAsT. 

Most of the land in the township is gently rolling. The entire tract is .underlain with lavn. flows of variom; ·ages. Successive flows, stooping short of· the 

points reached by preceding ones, have caused the formation of irregular terraces 

usually presenting low rocky or cinder-covered fronts. Shallow· runs intersect 

the township in various directions, and in sections 13, 14, 15, ·16, 20, 23, and 24 rise 

low extinct volcanic eones which arc commonly asymmetrical in outline, owing to 

erosion and to successive eruptions through different orifices of the same eone. 

The soil is composed of more or less finely comminuted volcanic debris mixed with 

small proportions of loamy constituents. A great deal of the soil . consists of 

lapilli ejected from the great cinder cones in T. 23 N., R. 8 E., about 12 miles to 

the southwest, having' been transpmted either by water or wind. The general 

quality of the soil might be characteri?:ed as a gravelly or sandy loam, but it is 

decidedly barren and sterile. 

There are no permanent surface streams, springs, or tank~. The woodland 

contains pinon and one~seed juniper, of which the reproduction is slow and uncertain.· 

The pasturage value of the tract is low. 

There is no timber. 

.SUMMARY. 

Clas!Sification of lands in San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, by townships. 

Township. Range. Timbered area. 

Acres. 

15 north_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 east_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; _ . , ____ _ 

Wooded area. Burned I area. Cn t area. a 

Acres. Acres. .1 Acres. 

--"-- '' --~---'-- "-. 

Barren 

ar~a.b 

Acres. 

4,480 

15 north_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7 east. ____________ . _ -- _______ __ 

15 north_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8 east_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6, 400 

7, 040 

15,360 

8,960 :::::::::1::::::::: ::::· .:::: 

15 north ____________ 9east______________ 11,520 

15 north______ _ _ _ _ __ 10 east__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 2, 600 

15 north _______ . _ _ __ 11 east_ _______________________ _ 

16 north____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 east. _______ · ______ • -- ________ _ 

16 north _______ ,____ 6 east _________________________ _ 

16 north__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 east. _____________ •.. _ •.. ___ .. 

16 north __ . _____ .___ 8 east _____________ _ 

16, north. _______ .___ 9 east. ________ . ___ . 

. 15,400 

23,040 

1,240 

3,840 

3,640 

9,600 

10,880 

7,100 ::::::::::I:::::::::: a Logged more than 65 per cent or until remaining stand is too small to be classed as timber. 

bNaturally timberless areas, including lakes. 

520-No. 22-04-6 

19,400 

13,440 

12, 160 

540 
82 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Cl(Ylsijication of lands in San Fmncisco .ltfountains Forest Reserve, by townships-Continued, 

Township. R>tnge. Timbered area. 

Acres. 

16 north............ 10 east............. 8, 300 

16 north ............ 11 east ....... ------------------

17 north ............ 4east_ _____________ ........... . 

17 north ............ 5east ........... , .. ------------

17 north ...•... ___ .. 6 east ..... ----- ........ ___ .... . 

17 north. __ ... . .. .. . 7 east........ . . .. . . 8, 400 

17 north ............ 8east.............. 21,100 

17 north ... _._ ....... 9 east.............. 23,040 

17 north .. __ ........ 10 east .. ·........... 12, 800 

17 north............ 11 east ........ __ ~ ...... __ . ____ . 

18 north ...... __ .... 4 east ....................... ~ .. 

18 north __ .. __ .. __ .. 5 east .. __ .......... 6, 000 

18 north .... __ .... __ 6 east.............. 7, 680 

18 north ..... __ .. __ . 7 east. __ ......... .. 

18 north ............ 8east ............ .. 

16, 100 

23,040 

18 north .... __ .. .. .. 9 east ......... ~.... 8, 300 

18 north. ____ ....... 10 east .. ____ .. .. .. . 3, 000, 

18 north ........ ____ 11.ewot ...... ---- ............ __ __ 

19 north ............ 1 east ......................... . 

19 north .. ________ .. 2 east. ........ __ ... 6, 000 

19 north .......... __ 3 east ............. . 

19 north.... .. .. .. .. 4 east .. __ ......... . 

19 north ..... __ ..... 5 east ..•..........• 

19 north __ ...... __ .. 6 east ............ __ 

19 north .. __ .... .. .. 7 east ............. . 

19 north ........ __ .. 8 east ............ __ 

19 north............ 9 east ............. . 

21, 100 

23,040 

23,040 

25,680 

20,400 

20,480 

15,300 

19 north .. __ ........ 10 east. ..................... __ .. 

20 north ........ ____ 1 east ............ __ 6, 500 

20 north ............ 2 east ............. . 

20 north . _ . . . .. • .. . . 3 east. ........... .. 

20 north ............ 4east ............ .. 

20. north ........... _ 5 east ............ .. 

20 north ............ 6 east ............ .. 

19,500 

17,500 

23,040 

. 23,040 

21,570 

20 north.. .. .. .. .. .. 7 east. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8, 440 

20 north............ 8 east.............. 7, 700 

20 north .. __ ...... ~. 9 east .. ____ ........ 1, 000 

20 north .......... __ 10 east ........ __ ........... __ .. 

21 north............ 1 east.............. 5, 900 

21 north ....... ;.... 2 east .. __ .. __ ...... 18, 080 

W <??ded area. 

Acres. 

14,740 

22,500 

23,040 

9,100 

1,940 

10,240 

Burned 

area. 

Acres. 

Cut area, Barren area. 

Acres. Acres. 

540 

23,040 

23,040 

23, 040 - -- -- - - -- - . - -- -- -- -- - -- -- - -- --

-- -- - -- -- -- - --- - . -- - - - - - -- - -- -- 23, 040 

4,000 

15,360 

1,400 

6,700 

20,040 

23,040 

23,040 

13,040 

8,040 

17, o4o· .. ____ .......... __ ........ __ __ 

1,940 

----- . ----. - ----- - - -- 2, 560 ---.------

7, 000 ---------- ---------- 740 

23,040 

16,540 

2,900 

6,400 

22,040 

23,040 

. --.------ ' 

640 

5, 540 ----------

1,470 

14,420 

8,200 

180 

740 

17,140 ---------- ______ , ___ --------'· 

4, 960 -- -- -- -- --
SUMM.A.RY. 83 

Class~fication of lands in San Francisco M~ountains Forest Reserve, by townships-Continued. 

Township. Range. 

21north ............ 3east ............. . 

21north ....... · ..... 4east ............ . 

21 north............ 5 east ............. . 

21 north .. :......... 6 east ............. . 

21 north ______ . ______ 7east ............. . 

21 north............ 8 east. ............ . 

Timbered area. 

Acres. 

9,300 

7,885 

18,770 

15,215 

11,215 

14,825 

21 north ............ 9east ......................... . 

22 north............ 1 east ........ _..... 1, 500 

22 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 east. . , . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 800 

22 north............ 3 east.............. 4, 390 

22 north ............ 4east ............. . 

22 north ...... "' ..... 5east. ............ . 

22 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 east ............. . 

22 north ............ 7east ............. . 

22 north ........ •'•.. 8 east ..... -... -.---

22 north ............ 9east ............. . 

'23 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 east. ...•... · ..... . 

23 north ............ 4east: ...•......... 

23 north ............ 5 east ............ . 

23 north ............ 6 east..~ .......... . 

23 north............ 7 east ............. . 

23 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 east. ............ . 

23 north ......•..... 9east ............. . 

24 north ...... : ..... 3east ....... · ...... . 

24 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 east ............. . 

24 north ............ 5east ............. . 

24 north ............ 6east ............. . 

24 north ... _ ..••..... 7east ............. . 

8,305 

17,480 

18,900 

21,040 

13,960 

4, 5.85 

6,405 

15,930 

16,220 

16,970 

17,870 

11,610 

3,790 

740 

5,845 

16,285 

14,350 

5,085 

Wooded area. 

Acres. 

585 

5, 715 

17,920 

2;500 

19,240 

135 

315 

1,545 

18,075 

2,590 

290 

200 

750 

4,190 

14,730 

21,610 

6,360 

2,250 

4,480 

8,235 

24 north. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 470 9, 890 

24 north .......... , .. 9east.............. 2,240 20,800 

25 north ............ 3east.............. ............ 23,040 

Burned 

area. 

Acres. 

Cut area. 

Acres. 

12,975 

1, 440 

4,270 

7,825 

11,240 

2,500 

4,500 ......... . 

200 

2,570 

8,870 

5,170 

2,720 

1!485 

1,000 

40 ......... . 

.... ...... 50 

50 

250 

1,200 

80 ......... . 

100 ········-· 

Barren. 

area. 

Acres. 

765 

13,715 

620 

19,040 

15,945 

5,865 

390, 

1,420 

6,535 

380 

14,005 

6,770 

6,770 

5,620 

3,220 

7,240 

4,520 

690 

10,835 

4,425 

4,210 

9,720 

10,580 

25 north............ 4 east._... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 080 

25 north ............ 5east.............. 1,490 19,805 120. .......... 1,625 

25north ............ 6east.............. ..•......... 15,360 250 .......... 7,430 

25 north-- ... --..... 7 east ...... -..... -- . --... . • . . • . 8, 320 .... -.---. --- .... --- 14, 720 

25 north ............ 8east.............. ............ 1,280 .......... .......... 21,760 

25 north ....... , .... 9 east ............... _. .. . . . . . . . . 9, 280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13,760 

--------f-------~------1------- 812; 500 658, 370 . 6, 790 99, 905 362, 075 

Total area of reserve 1,939,640 acres. 
84 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS lfOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Stand and class·ification of merchantable timber in San Francisco Mountwins Forest Reserve, by townships. 

Township. Range. Total stand. 

Average 

stand 

per acre. Yellow pine._ Red fir. White fir. Engelmann Other 

spruce. species. 

-----1-----1-----------------1-----1-----------1----

Feet B. 1lf. FeetB.M. Feet B. AL Feet B. AL Feet 11. Af Feet B. AL Feet B. AI. 

15 north .. 6 east, __ ..• _. _. _. _. ___ --.- ... - ... _ ................... - -.... -... __ .... ,. __ .- ....... . 

15 north.. 7 east .... _ ... __ .. _ ... _ ... _ .......... __ ............... __ : ... _ ... ___ ... ___ .. -....... . 

15 north._ 8 east... 6, 500, 000 1, 016 6, 500, 000 ...... _ ... _ ... __ ... __ .... _ ... __ ...... . 

15 north .. 9 east ... 

15 north.. 10 east.. 

17,000,000 1' 467 

4,000,000 1,539 

17,000,000 ....... · .. ·. -····-···· ··---·--·· ········· 

4,000,000 ...... : ... ···-······ -······---- -------· 

15 north.. 11 east. .......................................... _ .... __ ... _ ... __ .. ___ .... _ ..... _. 

16 north .. 5east .................... , .................. ....... : __ .......... ····--·-·· ....... . 

Hi north.. 6 east. .. _ ...... _ .. _ ...... _ ....................... _______ . _. _ .... ____ . __ . __ . __ .. __ . 

16 north. _ 7 east. .. _ ... _ ....... __ .. ·. _ .... _ .................. __ ... __ ... _ . _ . _ ..... : ..... _ . '_ .. __ 

16 north_.· 8 east .. _ 34, 000, 000 2, 210 34, 000, 000 .. _ .... _ .. _ ..... _ ... _. ___ . __ . _ ...... _. 

16 north ... 9 cast... 66, 500,000 2, 886 66,500,000 ...... _ ... _ ·_. ___ .... _. _ .. _____ . __ .... _ 

1'6 north .. lOeast.. 12,250,000 1,475 12,250,000 ····--···- -~-------- -----~'---- ----·--· 

16 north.. 11 east. ........ _ .... _ ........ , ................ _ .... ____ . ~ .. _. _ . __ . _ . -.. __ ... _____ . _ 

17 north .. 4east. __ ............................................... · ................... ·-------

17 north .. 5east ................. ···---·' .............. -.. : ....... -·-------- .. : ....... _ --------

17 north .. 6east ....................................... .. : ....... . : ........ ·-·----··- .... ----

17 north .. 7easL .. · 15,500,000 1,845· 15,500,000 .................................... .. 

17north .. ·8east... -71,000,000 3,361 71,000,000 .................................... .. 

17 north .. 9east... 80,000,000 3,472 80,000,000 .............................. ----·--· 

17 north._ 10 east.. 38, 250, 000 3, 000 38, 250, 000 .... _ ... _ ....... __ .................. . 

17 north .. 11 east. ....................................................................... -.. .. 

18nortp .. 4east .............. ~ .................... : ........................................ . 

18north .. 5east ... 11,750,00!) 1,958 · 11,750,000 .................................... .. 

18 north .. 6 east... 13,500,000 1, 758 13, 500,000 ........... __ ............ _ ...... ____ .. . 

18 north.. 7 east... 55,250,000 3, 432 55, 250,000 .. _ ......................... _ ....... _ 

18 north .. 8 east... 106,-750,000 4, 633 105,000,000 1, 750,000 ............. _ .. __ .... : .. .. . 

18 north.. 9 cast... 24, 250, 000 3, 000 24, 250, 000 ... _ .... _ .... _ ....... _ ............... . 

18 north.. 10 east.. 4, 000, 000 1, 334 4, 000, 000 .... _ ............................... .. 

IS north .. 11 east.·.: ..... : .................................................. _ ..... _._ ...... .. 

19' north .. 

19 north .. 

19 north .. 

19 north .. 

19 north .. 

19 north .. 

19 north .. 

Hi north .. 

19 north .. 

least ... : .......... -............................................... · .............. .. 

2 east... 13,500,000 2, 250 13,500,000 ............................... _ .. _ .. . 

3 east... 81, 500, 000 3, 768 81, 500, 000 

4 east ... 54,250,000 2,355 54,250,000 ~~~~~~~~~: ::~~:::~:: :~::::::::1:::::::: 5 east ... 85,750,000 3, 722 85,750,000 

6 east. .. 78,750,000 3,418 78,750,000 

7 east ... 91,250,000 3,965 91,250,000 

8 east. .. 56,000,0QO 2, 734 56,000,000 

9 east ... 23,500,000 1,536 23,500,000 

19 north .. lOeast., ........................................................................ .. 

20 north.. 1 east... 9, 250, 000 1, 423 9, 250, 000 ......................... _ .......... .. 

20 north.. 2 east... 69, 000, 000 3, 538 69, 000, 000 .............. _ ............... ' ...... .. 
·SUMMARY. 85 

Stand· and classification of merchantable timber in San Francisco .tlfountains Forest Reserve, by townshcip.~~ 

Continued. 

Township. Range. Total stan<!. 

Average 

stand 

per acre. Yellow pine. White fir. Engelmann Other !'iJ?ruce. specie~. Red fir. 

----1~---1------'1~--- ------1-----1------·-------

20 north .. 

20 north .. 

3 eruit. .• 

4 east. .. 

Feet B, ,11. 

82,'000, 000 

97,500,000 

FeetB .• lf. 

4,685 

4,210 

Feet B. ,11. 

82,000,000 

97,500,000 

Feet B. N. Feet B. N. Feet B. N. Feet B. M. 

20 north.. 5 east.:. 151,500,000 6, 575 151,500,000 .................................... .. 

20 north.. 6east. .. 94,500,000 4, 381 94, 500, 000 .................................... .. 

20 north.. 7east ... 50,340,000 5, 340 50, 340, 000 .................................... .. 

20 north.. Scast ... . 24, 000, 000 3, 118 24,000,000 ....................... , ....... · ..... .. 

20 north .. 9 east... 1, 000, OCO 1, 000 1, 000,000 .................................... .. 

20 north .. 10 east. ................................................................. -.- ...... .. 

21 north._ 1 ea;;t... 8, 250,000 1, 400 8, 250,000 ...... _ .. __ . __ .. _ ... ___ ............. _. 

21north .. 2east ... · 36,000,000 1,562 36,000,000 .......... ---------- ................. . 

21 north .. 3east... 40,335,000 4,337 40,335,000 --------------------------------------

21 north .. 4east... 39,350,000 4,990 39,350,000 ------------------------------ _______ _ 

21 north .. 5'east ... 109,520,000 5,835 109,520,000 .......... -------------------- ...... .. 

21 north .. 6 east.__ 42, 275,000 2, 779 42, 275, 000 _ ................... _ .............. .. 

21 north ... ieast... 33,040,000 2,946 33,040,000 -------------------- .......... --------

21 north.. 8 east._. 42, 778,000 2, 886 42, 778,000 ............. _ ............. __ ..... _ ... . 

21 norlh.: 9 east. __ ........................................... _ .................. _ .......... . 

22 north,. 1 east... 750, 000 500 750, 000 .. ____ ... _ . ___ ... _______ ... ___ ... ___ .. 

22 north._ 5, 000, 000 ....................... __ ..... 1 ...... .. 

22 north.. 15, 07 4, 000 ...... ____ .............. --, ........ _ .. . 

2 east ... 5,000,000 1,315 

15,074,000 3,434 

22 north .. 

22 north .. 

22 north .. 

22 north._ 

22 north .. 

22 north __ 

2;) north .. 

23 north .. 

23 north_. 

23 north .. 

23 north._ 

23 north .. 

23 north .. 

24 north .• 

24 north .. 

24 north .. 

24 north .. 

24 north._ 

24 north .. 

24 north .. 

25 north .. 

3 east_ .. 

4 east ... 19,849,000 

5 east ... 79,320,000 

6 cast.· .. 82,416,000 

7 east. .. 42,480,000 

8 east ... 51,435,000 

9 east ... 9,730,000 

3 east._. 24,135,000 

4 east .. _ 68,408,000 

5 east. .. 76,410,000 

6 east. .. 78,185,000 

7 east..,. 43,720,000 

8 east_ .. 24,660,000 

9 east ... 6,62'i,OOO 

3 east. .. 95,000 

4east ... 8, 591,000 

5 east. .. 59,520,000 

6 east ... 52,980,000 

2,390 

4,538 

4,361 

2,002 

3,684 

2,122 

3, illS 

4,445 

4, ill 

4,607 

2,447 

2,124 

1, 748 

28 

1, 470 

3,655 

3, 700 

Hl, 849,000 

79,320,000 

82,416,000 

3!l, 108, 000 2, 124, 000 3, 398, 000 850, 000 .... - -.,. 

51,178,000 

9,730,000 

24,135,000 

128, 000 129, 000 --' -... - - . - --' -: .. 

65, 672, 000 2, 394, 000 

74, 729,000 100,000 

171, 000 -- .... :... 171,000 

40, ooo 1, 528, ooo I 13, ooo 

77,794,000 

39,827,000 

24,660,000 

6,625,000 

95,000 

8,591,000 

58,330,000 

391,000 ......... '-- .. --: "l" .... - 919, 000 1, 443, 000 1, 531, 000 '--------

! 

:::::::::::::::::::: ::::::~:::t:::::::: 

630, 000 ..... __ ... 540, 000 20, QOO 

52, 980, 000 .. -.-- -- .•.. ' ... --.- ·-. -.- .... -- .· .... -.--

7 east... 12, 985, 000 , 2, 554 12, 985, 000 . ___ ...... __ ........... ___ .... _ ...... . 

8 east .. _ 1, 600, 000 I 648 ~. 600, 000 .................. : . ...... _ ......... .. 

9 east.__ 1, 380, 000 616 1, 380, ~00 ... __ ... -- . ____ . __ ..... ___ ........ _ .. . 

3east. ................ ________ -------------- .................... ------------------
86 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZ ON A. 

Stand and clas!Sification of merchantable timber in San Francisco llfountainlf Fo1·est Reserve, by townshipsContinue(!. 

Average Engelmann Other Township. Range. Total stand. stand per Yellow pine. Red fir. White fir. spruce. species. acre. 

---- ---~- ----

Feet B. 111. FeetB.M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. Feet B. M. FeetB.M. 

25 north .. 4east ... ----------·--- ·-·----· -----------·-· -·-·-----· .: ... - .... ---------·· -·------

25north .. 5east_ __ 2,572,000 1,726 2,572,000 ·-·--··-----------------------·-------

25 north .. Beast ... -------------·--------------------···-·--·--------------··----~-------------· 

25 north .. 7 east- ........ _----··- ...... __ -----·-·.----· ------ _, __ ------ ---· ..... ·---·- _ ·-·----

25 north_ . 8 east_ .. __ ~ ........ ___ ......... ___ --... -. .. . _ - -.. - _ .. ___ -.. _ ... _ _ __ .. ~ _ .. _ ..... _ .. 

25 north .. 9 east. ...... ____ ... _ ..... ____ . _,. _ .. ___ ......... __ ..... _ .. __ . __ .... ___ . ___ . ___ .. _. 

1------1---------------1-----1-----1·---

TotaL _ ........ 2, 743, 558, 000 . __ . __ .. _ 2, 725,288, 000 8, 436, 000 5, 181,000 4, 449,000 204,000 

Percentages of merchantable and nonmerchantable species in San Franci.~co Mounta·ins Forest Reserve, by 

townHhips. 

oi 

"' ,_; ,_; " ... dl "' gj ~ .e- ·o; "' " 1.11 aJ c5 ::: ~ "' " ::: ... " .2. " Township. Range. '8 ::: ,.. -~ -~ <.::1 ,_; " ... 'tl " "' ::: ... ,_; " "' s B " " ~ " <i "' § ~ Ql " ill d " ... .s .0 0 ~ "' dl 1l " " s '" 'tl -~ :5 ()f) 

~ .bi .<: 

:>< ;:i ~ 0) 

-< ~ ::: ~ " " "!:1 ~ l"ii 0 --< 0 --< 0 --~~---1------1---- --------

15 north ____ 6 east ____ _ 

15 north_ .. _ 7 cast ..... 

15 north __ .. 8 east ___ , . 

15 north.... 9 east ... .. 

15 north.... 10 east ... . 

15 north ____ 11 east ___ _ 

16 north_ .. _ 5 east . _ ... 

16 north_ ... 6.east ___ __ 

16 north.... 7 east ..... 

16 north._ .. 8 cast'_. __ . 

16 north ____ 9 east ____ _ 

16 north._.. 10 east . __ . 

16 north_ .. _ 11 cilst _ ... 

17 north. _ _ _ 4 east _ .. __ 

17 north _ . .. 5 east .... . 

17 north ___ . 6 east _ .. .. 

17 north .... 7 east ... ,_ 

17 north.... 8 cast . _ .. . 

17 north .. .. 9 east . ___ . 

17 north .... 10 east---· 

17 north.... 11 cast .. .. 

18 north ____ 4 east .... . 

18 north._ _ _ 5 east . _ ••• 

100 

60 ---- ·--- ---- .... ---- ·----- --·--· ------ ·----· 6 34 ----

97 ··-- ----. ---· -------- ·----· -·---· ·----· ------

80 .... ---- --·- ·--· ---- ·----- ...... -----· ------

90 .. -.. ·--· ---- .... ---- ------ ...... ------ ·-----

86 ---------------- -·-- ...... ·----- -·---- -----· 

37 

3 ----------

15 5 

100 ----

3 7 ----

14 ------ ----

13 50 

100 -· --

...... ---- .... ____ I ____ ---------------·------ ___ , __ -·---·------ .. ,. 

::::::1:::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::::: :::::: ·:::::: :::::: ·-·;~- ---;~· :::: 

71 .. - - .. .. .. .. -- -. -... ----.. .. -- -. - -.. .. . --.. - 14 15 

84' .... ·--- .... -------- ·-·--- ------ ·----- ------ 1 15 

91 ---· .... ------------ ------ ·----- ·----- ...... 9 . ----. -·--

85 ll 4 ·---

100 ----

... ~;- :::: :::: :::: :::: ::::'::: : : :I:::: : t :::::I:::::: :::::: --- ~ ~. :::: 
·SUMMARY. 

Percentage of merchantable and nonmerchantable species in San Francisco 1\fountains Forest Reserve, by 

townships-Continued. 

Township. Range. 

18 north .... 6 east_< ___ _ 

18 north... . 7 east .... . 

18 north... . 8 east .... . 

18 north. . . . 9 east .... . 

18 north .... 10 east---· 

18 north. . . . 11 east .... 

19 north .... 1 east-----

19 north. _ . . 2 east .... . 

19 north. __ . 3 east .... . 

19 north.... 4 east .... . 

19 north.... 5 east .... . 

19 north .... 6 east-----

19north .... 7 cast-----

19 north.___ 8 east .... . 

19 north ... _ 9 east .... . 

19 north. __ . 10 east ... . 

20 north.___ 1 east .... . 

20 north._., 2 east .... . 

20 north. . . . R east .... . 

20 north .... 4 east-----

20 north. . . . 5 east .... . 

20 north.... 6 east .... . 

20 north,_. . . 7 east .... . 

20 north. __ . 8 east .... . 

20 north._ .. 9 east . __ .. 

20 north .... 10 east ___ _ 

21 north. . . . 1 east ____ . 

21 north .... 2 east-----

21 north . _ . . 3 east .... . 

21 north.. . . 4 east .... . 

21 north.. . . 5 east .... . 

21north .... 6 east ____ _ 

21 north.... 7 east ..... 

21 north .... 8 east ____ _ 

21 north..... 9 east .... . 

22 north.... 1 east .... . 

22 north. . . . 2 east _ ... . 

22 north.... 3 east ..••. 

58 

83 

90 

o.i 

" .; .; g 

~ -~ " "' d "" " ·a 

" .; " " .;; " ·a "' .; " '" "" .. .; " "' s £ " " .; "' " s a3 "' " " .0 0 

s 6 0 "" -~· :a "" ~s -~ "' " '" " ~ 8 ~ "" "" :>j -<1 ~ f>< ~ ----------------------

···- ---· ------------------ ........... ·~;··--- ------ .--- - ·-- 2 ---- --.- ------ -.. --- ------ ------

g3 

~ .; 

"" ·S "· 0 " " ~ " '" 0 ,;. " "' 6 ·,:: -5 -<1 0 

--------

27 15 

15 2_ 

8 ------ ----

84 - --- -.-- ---- - -- - -- -- - ---- - --- --- ------ --- - -- 12 

50 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ----·- ------ --·--- ------

4 

50 

100 

100 

41 -·-- --------.----.--- - ..•. - - 58 .. --- ------ ·-- --- 1 

88 ---- ·--- ---- -·-- ---- --··-- ···--- ---·-- --···- 8 

84 ---- -.-- . --- ---. -.-- --- ... -·-- .. - ... --- -.---- 15 ~ ~~~~~ 92 -··----- ---- -- -· --·-- ------.------ ·-··-- -- --·- 5 3 

79 ------------ ---· -·-· ·····- ..•.•. ------ ·---·· 

IH 

97 

60 ---- ---- ·-·- --·· ---- ------ ------ ------ ---··-

------ -------------------- ------ _____ _/ ______ ------

73 - -·------------- ---- --- -·- ------ ------ ------

93 

92 ---------------- ---- ------ ------------ ------

95 -- -- -- -- -- -- --- - --- - - --- -- . -- -- - --- -- - --- -- -

96 -------- ------------ ------------ ------ ------

96 -------------------- ------ --·--- ------ ------

100 

77 

21 -- -- -- -- - -

-6 - ----- ----

3 ----------

9 

1 

7 

6 

31 

99 

20 

1 

8 ------ ·---

5 ------ ·---

4 ------ ----

4 

5 

1 -------------------------- ------ ------.----- 2 

18 

97 

100 

73 ---- ---- ---- -- - - ---- - --- -- ---.-- -- - -- ' - - ----

97 

98 ---- ---------------- ------ ----·- ------ ------

100 

96 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------1--.--- --:--- ------ 98 

95 ---- ---- 1 ---- 2 ------ -------- ---- ------

91 6 ---- -------- ------ 1 1 ------

2 25 

3 ----·· ---· 

2 ------ .... 

4 ----·· ----

2 

2 ------ .... 

1 ---------· 

95 

90 ~~~~ ~::: :~~: :::::::: ::::::~~:~~~: :::~~: :::::: ----~- 5 

1 --.-

100 ..•. ···- ------------ ____ :_1 ______ ----------------------------
88 SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RJ<~SERVE, ARIZONA. 

Percentages of merchantable and nonmerchantable .~pecies in San Pranci.~co l.(f.!untains ForeNt Reserve, by 

townships-Continued. 

Township. 

22 north., .. 

22 north .... 

22 north .... 

22 north .... 

22 north .... 

22 north .... 

23 north .... 

23 north .... 

23 north .... 

23 north.~ .. 

23 north----

23 north .... 

23 north .... 

24 north .... 

24 north .... 

24 north .... 

24 north .... 

24 north .... 

24 north._. 

24 n'Orth .... 

25 north .... 

25 north ... ~ 

25 north .... 

25 north .... 

25 north .... 

25 north .... ' . 

oi 

R~tnge. 

" .; .; " " " o5 ... -~ p. gj 

oi tE- ·s ... ,; 

" ,_; " .;:!. .;:!. p. .::: 

" ;.., 

·a " "" . .; "' '" "" ... " " .; "' "" El .8 " "' ~ 

" .; "' " s ], " ~ .; " ... .0 0 0 -~ '" " .!<i ll " ~ "" N :s '" " ~ " ~ " ~ " ~ .:a 

il: p:; ~ ~ 0 ..: 0 0 ----~11~--~--------- --------

4 east ..... 

5 east ..... 

6 east ..... 

7 east ----- 8 east ..... 

9 east ----- 3 east ..... 

4 east 

5 east 

6 east 

7 cast 

8 east 

9 east 

3 east -----

4 east -----

5 east -----

6 east 

7 cast 

il eaRt -----

9 east ----- 3 east 

4 east 

5 cast 

ti east 

7 east 

8 east 

100 

1'00 

72 

61 

97 

77' 

95 

88 

80 

53 

69 

70 

65 

30 

94 

83 

98 

84 

90 

90 

----

2 

3 

2 

1 

----

----

1 

18 

2 

22 

15' 

48 

5 

1 

1 

14 

7 

2 

1 ---- ---- ------ ------ ------ 27 :::::T::: 

7 2 13 6 -- ---- ---- -- 9 

.1 ------ ------

2 2 7 ------

7 1 5 

2 1 3 10 

-----

32 -- -- -- -- -- --

14 ------ ..... 

8 ------------ -----

20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

22 ------------ -----

::~: ·::: :::: ::::~: ::::~: .... :. ::::~: :::::1::::: 

2 ------------

:l ------ ------ ----------

8 

.65 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 12 ------ ------ _-_----

--~----'- -~~---'-------- -~-- ---- -.--- ---- --- ·j·----- -----------------_- ---- --~------ ~~~ 25 north .... 9 east 
SUMMA.RY. 89 

Compusition of the nonmlffchamable arborescent growth on the wooded areas of San Francisco .Mountains 

Forest Reserve, by townships and percentages. 

_Range. Yellow 

pine. 

Limber 

pine. Jumper. JUmper. press. specws. 

Pifion. ~llil!'ator I Qne:seed Aspen. Oak. ~~~i~~: I Other 

-----1-----1----1---------------------·-----

15 north ___ . 6 east ______ .--. _ .. __ ... ____ ........... _ .. . 99 -------- -------- ------ 1 

15 north .. .. 7 east ..... _______ : ........ -------- ........ ----------------·-------- 100 ------

15 north .. .. 8 east .... . X X 

15 north ... . 9 east .... . X X 

15 north.. .. 10 east ___ _ X X X 

15 north .. __ 11 east __ ............ __ ........ ____ ................ ·-- ............ .. X [ ...... 

16 north .. _. 5 east ...... _. __ ............ , . __ .. _ ....... . 99 . __ ------ --------------

16 north_._. 6 east _____ ........... _ . ___ .. __ .... __ .... _. 99··-------- --------------

16 north .. __ 7 east .. _ .... __ .. __ ..... _ ..... c _ .. _ ...... :. 

1fi north____ 8 east .... _ 

16 north __ .. 9 east .. _ .. 

X 

X 

99·. X 

X 

X X X 

1fi north .. __ 10 east .................... _____ ............. __ .... · ........ __ ...... x 

16 north .. _. 11 east . __ .. _ .. ___ .. _ .. __ . _ ..... _.. x ........... _ .. _ .. - .... _. x 

17 north.___ 4 east .... _ .... _ .. _ .......... _ .... . 

17 north .. __ 5 east .... _ ...................... .. X X X 

17 north.... 6 east .... _ ...... __ .......... _ ........... __ .... __ .. ___ .... _ x 

17 north.. .. 7 east .. _ ............ __ .. ______ .. __ ... ~ .. __ ... _ .. __ .. . .. .. . x X 

17 north·.·._. 8 east __ .. _ x __ . _. ___ . _ ..... _ . _. __ . __ ... _ ........ __ .. x 

17 north .. __ 9 east .. __ _ X X X 

17 north .... 10 east____ x ........ ________ ........ ________ .............. .. X 

17 north .... 11 east ____ ........ _____ ... -------- ................ ________ ...... .. X 

X 

X 

1 

1 

18 north. _ _ _ 4 east . ____ . _ ......... _ .. _ .. __ ... _ ....... __________ ...... _ . ___ .. ___ . ___ ... ____ ·. 

18 north.... 5 east . _, ............. ___ ............ _ ................... _. x x 0 

18 north .. __ 6 east __ ... X X X X 

18 north. . . . 7 east . ___ . X X X 

18 north .. __ 8 east .. _ .. X X 

18 north.. .. 9 east ___ __ X x, X 

18 north.... 10 east _ ... X X 

18 north .... ll east ____ ........ ________________ x ________ ........ ........ x 

19 north .. _ _ 1 east .. _ .... _ ....... __ .... __ .. _ ... __ ' ___ .. _ ............ _.. . .. .. .. .. x .... '.'l. 

19 north .. __ 

19 north .... 

19 north .. __ 

19 north. __ . 

19 north .. __ 

19 north. __ . 

19 north .. __ 

19 north .. __ 

19 north .... 

20 north __ .. 

2 east ----- 3 east ----- 4 east ----- 5 east -----

6 east -----' 7 east -----

8 east ---.- 9 east ----- 10 east ---- 1 east -----

X X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X 

X X X 

(x) Represented. 
90 8AN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE, ARIZONA. 

Composition of the nonmerchantable arborescent growth on the wooded areas ·of San Francisco lrfountains 

Forest Reserve, by townships and percentages-Continued. 

Township.· Range. Yellow 

pine. 

Limber 

pine. Pifion. Alligator One-seed juniper. juniper. Aspen. Oak. 

Arizona cy- Oth_er 

press. spemes. 

-----1---------1-------·1----1------------------

20 north. . . . 2 east .... . X X X X 

20 north. . . . 3 east .... . X X 

20 north .. : . 4 east .... . X X X 

20 north.... 5 east . . . . . x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x ........... . 

20 north. . . . 6 east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 

20 north. . . . 7 east ......................................... -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 

~~ :::~~:: ~: : :::: :::::I:::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::,:::::::: :::::::: : : 

20 north.... 10 .east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 

21 north. . . . 1 east ........ ·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . X X 

21 north. . . . 2 east ..... X X X 

21 north ..... 3 east ........................................................................ . 

21 north. . . . 4 east ............ -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 

21 north .... 5 east ............. ---------~---------------------- ........................... . 

21 north. . . . 6 east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... · ..... . 

21 north. . . . 7 east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 x 10 ............... ,. . . . . . . . .... . 

21 north.... 8 east .. .. . 1 .. . . . .. . 44 55 .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. x 

21 north.... 9 east ................... .. 40 60 ................ ------ .... .. 

22 north .... 1 east..... x ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ x .......... .. 

22 north .... 2 east ................... ·.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. x ........... . 

22 north.. . . 3 east . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 90 . . .. .. .. 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .... . 

22 north.... 4 east .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. x .................................. .. 

22 north.... 5 east ....................................................................... .. 

22 north.... 6 east ............................................... -... : ......... -- .... ---- .. 

22 north.... 7 east .. . .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 .. .. .. .. .. .. . . x 

22 north.. .. 8 east .. .. . 7 .. . .. .. . 85 8 .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. • .... . 

22 north.... 9 east .. .. . 2 .. .. . .. . 48 .. .. .. .. . 50 .......................... .. 

23 north .... 3 east..................... 75 25 .......................... .. 

23 north.... 4 east .. .. . 1 .. .. .. .. 97 2 .......................... .. 

~3 north .... 5 east ...................... : ................................................. . 

23 north .... 6 east............. x ........ ........ ........ 100· .................. .. 

23 north .... 7 east............. x ........ ........ ........ 100 .................. .. 

23 north .... 8 east............. x 65 35 .......................... .. 

23 north.... 9 east . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 60 ........................... . 

24n6rth .... 3 east..... 1 ........ 74. 25 .......................... .. 

24north .... 4east............. ........ 71 29 ........................... . 

24north .... 5 east..... x 85

1

........ 15 -------- ........ ······ ------

24 north.... 6 cast ........ : ........... " 90 .. .. .. .. 10 .......................... .. 

24 north .... 7 east..................... 65 1......... 35· .......................... .. 

24 north .... 8 cast..................... 25 · ....... ·.. 75 ........................... .. 

(x) Represented. 
SUl\IMARY. 91 

Compositjon of the nonmeTchantable arborescent growth on the wooded areas of San Francisco ]fountains 

Forest Reserve, by townships and percentage.~-Continued. 

Township. Range. Yellow 

pine. 

Limber 

pine. Pinon. Alligator One-seed juniper. juniper. Aspen. Oak. ~~i~~: Oth_er pre~S. spemes. 

-----1------J----------------J----J-----1-------

24 north ____ 9 east __ · ___ ----------------

25 north_ _ __ 3 east _ __ _ _ __ _____________ _ 

25 north __ .. 4 east ___________________ .. 

25 north ____ 5 east _____ --------------·--

25 north_ _ _ _ 6 east _ _ _ _ _ 1 

25 north __ .. 7 east __ _ _ x 

25 north_ _ _ _ 8 east ____________________ _ 

25 north_ _ _ _ 9 east _ _ _ _ _ __ _____________ _ 

30 

62 

so 

85 

84 

70 

70 

30 

(x) Represented. 

70 -- ---- - - -- - - - -- - -- - -- - -- -- - -

38 ---------------------- ------

20 ---------------- ------ ------

15 

15 ---------------------- ------

30 ---------------------- ------

30 -------- -------- ------ ------

70 - --- -- -- -- - -- - -- --- -- -

INDEX. 

Abiea arizonica. See Fir, Arizona. 

Abies concolor. See Fir, white. 

Acer negundo. See Boxelder. 

Alligator juniper. See Juniper, alligator. 

!'age. 

Altitudes-in Reserve ______________ ---·--____________ 13 

Apache Maid Peak, origin of.______________________ 14 

Arizona Central Railroad, mill s:to on, view of, 

plate showing___________________________ 23 

Arizona cypress. See Cypress, Arizona. 

Aspen, occurrence of, by townsl:lips __ .. __ _ __ __ __ __ 89, 90 

percentage of, by townships~ ______________ .... 88,90 

reproduction of. ________________________ .... ____ 30 

Barren areas, table showing extent of, by townships------------------------------------ 81-83 

Beaver Creek,· canyon of, character of____________ 14 

Bill Williams Mountain, origin of ______ _____ ______ 14 

view of, plate showing__________________________ 30 

Broad-leaved trees, list of species of. __________ .... 17 

Burnccl areas, table showing extent of, hy townships ------------ ______ ______ ______ ______ 81-83 

Burnt timber on slopes of San Francisco Peak, 

view showing __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 20 

Cedar. See .Juniper. 

Conifers, list of species of __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 17 

Cut areas, table showing extent of, by townships 81-83 

Cutting, destruction of forests by-------------.---- 24-25 

Cypress, Arizona, occurrence of, by townships.__ 89,90 

percentage of, by townships __________________ 86-87,89 

sizes of __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ '22 

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Cupressus guadalupensis.· See Cypress, .Arizona. 

Dod well, Arthur, work of. _______________________ __ 

Drainage, features of. ___ . ________________________ __ 

Elden Mesa, elevation uf _______ ------------ ---· ___ _ features of ___ , ___________________________ .. ___ __ 

Engelmann spruce. See Spruee, Engelmann. 

Fir, Arizona, percentage of, by townships--------

sizes of------ __________________ ---------- ______ __ 

Fir, red, ainonnt of_---------------------- _________ _ 

amount of, in forest ar..-:'a _______________ _______ _ 

percentage of, by townships __________________ _ sizes of __________ . -~- ___________________________ _ 

For definite localities, sec Townships. 

Fir, white, amount of ____________________________ __ 

percentage of. by townships _________________ __ 

sizes of _____ - __ __ .. _____________________________ · 

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Fire, destruction of forests by _________ .. __ · ______ __ 

Fire scars on yellow pine, view showing ______ .. _. 

Forest, yellow pine, character of ________________ __ 

Forest areas, capacity of, in mill timber ________ __ definition of._ .. _______________________________ __ 

grass species in, list of'. ........ ____________ ----· 

timber of,aspeet and types of ....... ---··· , __ _ 

For definite localities, see Townships. 

13 

15-16 

59 

87,88 

. 21 

84,85 

22 

87-83 

21 

22,8ii 

87,88 

21 

26-28 

24 

23 

22-24 

17 

33 

18-20 

Forests, destruction of, agencies of ____ : _________ __ 

influence of, on l'un-off ----------- ---·- --------. 

reproduction of species in. _________ ------_-----

Grasses, species of, collected in northern portion 

of the Reserve .. _____ --------------.,.:.,. 

' specieg of, forming ground cover--------------

Grazing, destruction of forests by----------------· 

effects of, on forest floor-------.-~------~-~-- ___ _ 

value of the Reserve for ___________ , ___ : ....... 

Ground cover, character of ____ ---------- ____ ------

grass species composing, list of------_---------

Juniper, '¥iew of ____ ~----- ______ -------------:------

JunipN", alligator, occurrence of, by town· 

Page. 

24-28 

30-81 

23-1:0 

2f;_26 

'34-.% 

·~-!# 

20-21 

3'2 

20 

ships ______________________ .. ____ .. ______ 89, 90,91 

percentage of, by townships------------------- 87,83 

sizes of ______ .: .... _______ : __________ ------------ 21-22 

Juniper, one-seed, percentage of, by townships... 83, 

sizes of __________________ ------ ------------------

89, 90,91 

21 

Juniperus occidentalis mon03perma. See Juniper, 

one-seed. 

.Juniperus pachyphlcea. See Juniper, alligator. 

Kendrick Peak, character of ________________ ...... 73-74 

features of ____________ ------____________________ 68 

origin of. _______ ,_______________ __ ________ 14,73-74 

Lands, classification of, by townships, table show- ing .. _____________ .... ____________________ 81-83 

Leiberg, J. B., work of. ___ ............... _ 

Logging, effect of, on seed reproduction _________ _ 

Mormon Lake, character of_ _____________ ----------

Mormon Mountain, origin of_ _____________________ _ 

12-13 

29 

16 

14 

Nontimberedareas, character of..... ............ Hii 

table showing extent of, by townships ____ .... 81-83 

Oak, occurrence of, by townships__________________ 89,90 

percentage of, by townships .. ____________ .. ___ 86-88 

Fol' definite localities, see Townships. 

Oak Creek, Ariz., elevation of _______ --------------

Oak Creek canyon, cliffs of ______________ ----------

O'Leary Peak, features of .. ____ .... ____________ ----

Picea engelmanni. See Spruce, Engelmann. 

Pine, bristle-cone, sizes of ________ _ : ____ .. _______ .. _ 

Pine,' limber, occurrence of, by townships ____ ... , 

percentage of, by townships------- ______ ------ sizes of ______ .. _________________________________ _ 

For definite loQalities, see Townships. 

13 

14 

71 

21 

90 

88,90 

21 

Pine, white, sizes of-------------------------------- 21 

Pine, yellow, amount of, by townships, table 

showing __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ 84-86, 90, 91 

amount of, in forest area .. _____________________ 2"2, 23 

fire scars on, view showing-------------------- 24 

occm·rence of, by townships __________ -------- 89,90,91 

percentage of, by townships-------____________ 86-88 

range of, in altitude---------------------------- 18 

reproduction of _________________________________ · 28,29 

stand of, in forest area_________________________ ll2,23 

93 
'· '•. 

94: INDEX. 

Page. 

Pine, yellow, views of, plates showing----------- 20,30,34 

For definite localitie.r.;, see Townships . . 

Pinon, percentage of, by townships ____________ 87-88,00,91 

sizes of-------------·-----·--------------,------- 21 

view of-------------·-- __ · ___________ ------------ 20 

Pinon, single-leaf, sizes of__________________________ 21 

Pinus arista ta. See Pine, bristle-cone. 

Pinus edulis. See Piiion. 

Pinus ft.exilis. See Pine, limber. 

Pinus.monophylla, See Pinon, single-leaf. 

Pinus ponderosa. See Pine, yellow. 

Platanus racemosa. See Sycamore.· 

Populus tremuloides. See Aspen. 

Populus trichocarpa: See Cottonwood, black. 

Pseudotsuga taxifolia. See Fir, red. 

Quercus undulata. See Oak, Rocky Mountain. 

Quercus ut.ahensis. See Oak, Utah. 

Rainfall, amount of ____ ---·-- ------ __ ·------- ______ 16' 

Range in altitude of tree species _ _____ ____ ____ ____ 18 

Rixon, Theodore F., work of_ ____ ---·----------·--- 13 

Rmi-off, influence of forests on._____________ 30-31 

San Francisco Mountains, origin·of________________ 14 

San Franc:sco Mountains Forest Reserve, agricultural value of __ ----------- ____ ------____ 35 

altitudes in __ ---- _______ ------------------------- 13 area of ------ ___ , ______ ------------ ____ ______ ____ 83 

broad-leaved trees in, list of species of________ 17 

conifers in, list oL ____ ------ ____ ______ ______ ____ 17 

creation and boundaries of_------ ____ : _______ :_ 11-12 

drainage features of_ _______ ---- _____ --·-- ____ ·- 15-16 

lands in, classification of, by townships.______ 81-83 

map of ________ .. _________ : __________________ In pocket. 

precipitation in. __ ·--- ____________ --------______ 16 

soils in___________________________________________ 15 

timber in, diagram showing stand of, and distribution of species_--------------------

timber in, merchantable classification and 

16, 

stand of, by townships__________________ 84-85 

timber in, nonmerchantable, composition of__ 89-91 

percentages of merchantable and nonmerchantable species in, by townships____ 86-88 

topography of_ _________________________ : 1::!-14 

volea.nic cones i:1 _______________ ------- _ ----- 14: 

San Francisco Peak, altitude of_ ________ .-·________ 13 

burnt timber on slopes of, plate showing______ 20 

features of ________________ ·--- .--- _____ .. ___ ·--- 70 · 

She p,viewofflockof,plateshowing_____________ 34 

Sheep herding, destruction of forests by__________ 25-26 

destruction of pasturag' by ______________ ------ 34 

effects of, on forest floor---·-- ________ . __ ------ 34-&'; 

Sitgreaves Peak, featuresoL _______ ------------ -· _ Ri 

origin of_ ________ ·------------------------------- 14 

Smith Creek, water supply obtained from _______ lii-16, 70 

Soils, classes of ____ . _______ ·--- ________ ---- ____ ------ 15 

Spruce, Engelmann, amount of_ _______ ------------ 85 

sizes of ---·-- ------------ _, __ : __ --·-- -;;--- ______ 21 

stand of, in forest area __ ------ ________ · ____ ------ 22,24 

view of, plate showirur ________ ------------------ 28 

For definite localities, see Townships. 

Stoneman Lake, character of ________________ ·-----

Subalpine forest, character oL ___________________ _ 

Sunset Peak, elevation of _________________________ _ 

features of ____ ------_----- ____ ---------- ____ , __ _ 

16,39 

19-20 

66 

66 

Sycamore Creek, canyon of, cliffs oL_____________ 14 

Timber, estimates of amount of, Michigan prac- tice in _______ ·-- ______________________ ---- 13 

burnt, view of, plate showing__________________ 20 

Page. 

Timber, species represented---------------------- 17,21-22 

stand of, in forest areas ____ -------------------- 22-24 

stand of, diagram showing_____________________ 16 

merchantable, stand and classification of, by 

townships, table showing-------------- 84-86 

merchantable and nonmerchantable, percentages of, by townships, table showing__ 86-88 

nonmerchantable, composition of, by township and percentages, table showing ____ '-------- _____________ -----________ 89-lll 

F'or definite locCLlities, see Townships. 

Timber belts, aspect and character of ___ ------____ 19-20 

commercial values oL -------------- ______ ------ 22 

Timbered areas, extent of, by townships, tublo 

showing---------------------------·-____ 81-83 

Topography, character of_ _________ ----------·----- 13-14 

Townships, conditions in: 

T. 15 N., R. 6 E ________ ---·-- ______________ :_ 35-86,81,89 

T. 15 N., R. 7 E ______ ---------------- ·------- 36,81,86,89 

T.15 N., R. 8 E ____ ·-- -------------------- 36,81,84,86,89 

T. 15 N., R. 9 E ____ ·--- __ -- _______ ----- 31hq7,81, 84,86, 89 

T. 15 N., R. 10 E_ ----------- ______ · ____ ---- R7,81,84,86,89 

T.15 N., R. 11 E _____ ----------·- ------ ______ 37,81,86,89 

T. 16 N., R. 5 E_ ---------- ----'----- ------------ 3J,8i,89 

T.16 N., R. 6 E ---·c- ---------------------- ____ 36,81,89 

T. 16 N., R. 7 E__- ------ --·-- _ ----------- ____ 38-39,81,89 

T. 16 N., R. 8 E ______ ------'----------·--- 39,81,84,86,89 

T. 16 N., R."9 E_ -----------------. --·-- 39-40,81,84,86,89 

T. 16 N., R. 10 E ____ ----- _ ---------------- 40,82,84,86, 89 

T.16 N., R. 11 E ----------------------------- 40,82,86,89 

T. 17 N., R. 4 E -·-------- ----------------------- 41,82,89 

T. 17 N., R. 5 E ___________________ ·--- ---------- 41,82,89 

T.17 N., R. 6 E ___________ -------------- ---·-- 41,82,86,89 

T.17 N., R. 7 E----------·-------------- 41-42,82,84,86,89 

T.17 N., R. 8 E--------------------------- 42,82,84,86,89 

T. 17 N., R. 9 E--------------------------- 42,82,84,86,89 

T. 17 N., R. 10 E ____ ---------------------- 43,82, 84,86,89 

T. 17 N.,"R. 11 E------------- ---------------- 4::!,82,86,89 

T. 18 N., R. 4 E--------------------·---------·-- 4::!,82,89 

T. 18 N., R. 5 E ______ ------------------ 43-44,82,84,86,89 

T. 18 N., R. 6 E--------------------------- 44,82,84,87,89 T.18 N., R. 7 E ________________________ 44-45,82,84,87,89 

T.18 N., R. 8 E ___________ ---------------- 4.5,82,84,87,89 

T.18N., R. 9 E ________________________ 45-46,82,84,87,89 

T.l8 N., R. 10 E ______ --·------- __________ 46,82,84,87,89 

T. 18 N., R. 11 E ____ ------ ----------~----- 46,82,84,87,89 

T, 19 N., R. 1 E __ ·--- ______ -------------- ____ 47,82,87,89 

T.19N., R.2E--------------------------- 47,82,84,87,89 

T. 19 N., R. 3 E ______ ------------------ 47-48,82,84,87,89 

T.19 N., R. 4 E_ __________________________ 48,82,M,87,89 

T. 19 N., R. 5 E_ ----- -·-- -------------- 48-49,82,84,87,89 

T. 19 N., R. 6 E _______ -------------- _ -·--- 49,82,84, 87,89 

T. 19 N., R. 7 E_ -------------------------- 49,82,84,87,89 

T.l9 N., R. 8 E--------·------------------ 50,82,84,87,89 

T.J9 N., R. 9 E ______ ---------------------- 50,82,84,87,89 

T. 19 N., R. 10 E ______ ----. --·-- ____ ------ 50-li1,82, 87,89 

T. 20 N., R. 1 E.-----------------·-------- 51,82,84,87,89 

T. 20 N., R. 2 E------ ------------------ 51~<;2,82,84,87, 90 

T. 20 N., R. 3 E ______ -----'--------------- 52,82,85,87,90 

T. 20N., R. 4 E------------------------ 52-53,82,85,87,90 

T. 20·N., R. 5 E ______ ------------------ ·-- 53,82,85,87,90 

T. 20 N., R. 6 E ____ ------------ ·--- ~--- 53-54,82,85,87,90 

T. 20 N., R. 7 E _________ ------------------ 54,82,85,87,90 

T. 20 N., R. ~ E_ -------------------------- 55,82,85,87,90 

T. 20 N., R. 9 E. ____ --------·---.--------- 55,82,85,87, !lO 

T. 20N., R.10E----------------------------- 56,8:!,87,90 

T. 21 N., ~- 1 E ____ ---·-- ----------------- 56,82,85, 87,90 
INDEX. 95 

Townships, conditions in-Continued. Page. Townships, conditions in-Continued. Page 

T. 21 N., R. 2 E ........ ---------------- 5&-57,82,85,87, 90 T. 23 N., R. 8 E _____________ -------------- 71,&3,85,88, 90 

T. 21 N., R. 3 E ______ --------------------- 57,82,85,87, 90 

T. 21 N., R. 4 E __________________ ------ 57-58,83,85,87,90 

T. 23 N., R. 9 E .... ____ ---- ____________ 71-72,83,85,88,90 

T. 24 N ., R. 3 E.~---------- ____________ 72-73,83,85,88,90 

T. 21 N., R. 5 E _____ : __________________ 58-59,83,85;87,90 T. 24 N., R. 4 ~------ ---------------- _____ 73,83,85,88,90 

T. 21 N., R. 6 E ___________________________ 59,83,85,87,90 T. 24 N., R. 5 E. _______________________ 73--74,83,85,88,90 

T. 21 N., R. 7 E ______________ ------ ____ 59-60,83,85,87,90 T. 24 N., R. 6 E. _____ ------------------ 74-75,83,85,88,90 

T. 21 N., R. 8 E .. --------------------- ____ 60,83,85,87, 90 T. 24 N., R. 7 E ...... ---·--.-----.----- 75-76,83,85,88,90 

T. 21 N., R. 9 E __________ -------------------- 61,83,87,90 T. 24 N., R. 8 E. _______ . ________ -------- 76-77,83,85,88,90 

T. 22 N., R. 1 E .... ----------------------- 61,83,85,87,90 . T. 24 N., R. 9 E. ____ ------ _____ : _________ : 77,83,85,88,91 

T. 22 N., R. 2 E ______________ ----------- 61-!l2,83,85,87, 90 T. 2.5 N., R. 3 E-.------------------------- 77-78,83,88,91 

T. 22 N., R. 3 E ________ ---------------------- 62,83,8fi,90 T. 25 N., R. 4 E. _____________ ------ __________ 78,83,88,91 

Q T. 22 N ., R. 4 E ________________ -------- 62-!l3,83, 85,88, 90 T. 25 N., R. 5 E ...... ____________ ------ 78-79,83,86,88,91 

T. 22 N., R. 5 E __________________ --------- 63,83,85,88,90 T. 25 N., R. 6 E .... __________ ---------- ______ 79-80,83,91 

T. 22 N., R. 6 E ______________ ---------- 6.~,83,85,88, 90 T. 25 N., R. 7 E.------_, ________ _-_______________ 80,83,91 

T. 2'2 N., R. 7 E ______ ------ ______ ------ 64-6.5,83,85,88, 90 T. 25 N., R. 8 E ______________ ------------ ____ 80-81,83,91 

T. 2"2 N., R. 8 E ______ ---- ______________ 6.5-!l6,83, 85,88, 90 T. 25 N., R. 9 E-----------------------~--------- 81,83,91 

T. 2"2 N., R. 9 E.-------- ______ ------ ______ 66,83,85,88, 90 Undergrowth, character of________________________ 20-21 

T. 23 N., R. 3 E .. ------------------------- 67,83,85,88,90 Volcanic cones, features of.------ ______ ------------ 14 

T. 23 N., R. 4 E ________________________ 67-!l8,A3,85,88, 90 Woodland, areas of, table showing, by townships. 81-83 

T. 23 N., R. 5 E .... -------------------- 68-!l9,83,85,88,90 

T. 23 N., R. 6 E ______ ------ --------------~ 69,83,85,88, 90 

Woodlands, definition of--------------------------- 17 

grass species common in------------~ ____ ------ 33 

T. 23 N., R. 7 E------------------------ 70-71,83,85,88,90 range of, in altitude---- __________________ ------ 18 

0 

PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

[Professional Paper No. 22.] 

4. The forests of Oregon, by Henry Gannett. 1902. 36 pp., 7 pls. 

5. The forests of Washington, a revision of estimates, by Henry Gannett. HlO'Z. 38 pp., 1 pl. 

· 6. Forest conditions in the Cascade Range, Washington, between the Washington and Mount Rainier forest 

reserves, by F. G. Plummer. 1902. 42 pp., 11 pls. 

7. Forest conditions in the Olympic Forest Reserve, Washington, from notes by Arthur Dodwell and T. F. 

Rixon. 1902. 110 pp., 20 pls. 

8. Forest conditions in the northern SierraN evada, California, by J. B. Lei berg. 1902. 194 pp., 12 pls. 

9. Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon, by A. D. Langille, F. G. Plummer, Arthm· 

Dod well, T. F. Rixon, and J. B. Lei berg, with an introduction by Henry Gannett. 1903. 298 pp., 41 pls. 

22. Forest conditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona, by J. B. Leiberg, T. F. Rixon, 

and Arthur Dod well, with an Introduction by F. G. Plummer. 1004. 95 pp., 7·pls. 

Besides the foregoing, three volumes on forestry have been published, as Pt. V of the Nineteenth, Twentieth, 

and Twenty-first annual reports, each consisting of several papers. 

Correspondence should be addressed toMAY, 1904. 

520-~o. 22--04----7 

' THE DIRECTOR,-

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

WASHINGTON, D. C.